Field of Study in College and Lifetime Earnings in the United States

PubMed Central

Kim, ChangHwan; Tamborini, Christopher R.; Sakamoto, Arthur

2016-01-01

Our understanding about the relationship between education and lifetime earnings often neglects differences by field of study. Utilizing data that matches respondents in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to their longitudinal earnings records based on administrative tax information, we investigate the trajectories of annual earnings following the same individuals over 20 years and then estimate the long-term effects of field of study on earnings for U.S. men and women. Our results provide new evidence revealing large lifetime earnings gaps across field of study. We show important differences in individuals’ earnings trajectories across the different stages of the work-life by field of study. In addition, the gaps in 40-year (i.e., ages 20 to 59) median lifetime earnings among college graduates by field of study are larger, in many instances, than the median gap between high school graduates and college graduates overall. Significant variation is also found among graduate degree holders. Our results uncover important similarities and differences between men and women with regard to the long-term earnings differentials associated with field of study. In general, these findings underscore field of study as a critical dimension of horizontal stratification in educational attainment. Other implications of the empirical findings are also discussed. PMID:28042177

Marketization, occupational segregation, and gender earnings inequality in urban China.

PubMed

He, Guangye; Wu, Xiaogang

2017-07-01

This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Danwei Profitability and Earnings Inequality in Urban China*

PubMed Central

Xie, Yu; Wu, Xiaogang

2009-01-01

Prior research has debated the relative importance of such factors as human capital, political capital and region in determining workers’ earnings in reform-era urban China. This article argues that a main agent of social stratification in contemporary China continues to be the danwei, the work unit. Using data from a 1999 survey we conducted in three large Chinese cities, Wuhan, Shanghai and Xi’an, we assess the extent to which workers’ earnings (including regular wages, bonuses and subsidies) depend on the profitability of their danwei. Results show that the financial situation of the danwei is one of the most important determinants of earnings in today’s urban China. Furthermore, the importance of danwei profitability does not vary by city or by employment sector. PMID:20445771

State earnings analysis for the Administrator's Annual Report. analysis memorandum. [Use of Regional Earnings Impact System (REIS)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sandoval, A.D.; Schnapp, R.M.; Wenger, R.S.

1978-05-01

The 1978 EIA Annual Report to Congress, Volume II, considers a series of energy projections that incorporate different assumptions about energy resource availability, economic growth, and the price of imported oil. A version of the Regional Earnings Impact System (REIS) is used to estimate the 1985 State earnings associated with five of those energy projections. The projections are: Series A: high energy resources and high economic growth; Series B: low energy resources and high economic growth; Series C: mid-level energy resources and economics growth; Series D: high energy resources and low economic growth; and Series E: low energy resources andmore » low economic growth. The series assume a $13.00 constant real price for imported oil. Besides depicting the obvious relationship between earnings in the energy-resource states and the assumed level of energy production, the REIS results show that earnings in the industrial states, particularly in the Midwest and in New England, vary the most under different projections. In contrast, earnings in the predominantly agricultural states and in the District of Columbia vary little between projections.« less

Factors Considered by Vocational Rehabilitation Professionals in Employability and Earning Capacity Assessment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, John M.; Dunn, Patrick L.; Bast, Steve; Giesen, Judy

2006-01-01

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that contributed to vocational rehabilitation assessment of earning capacity. Rehabilitation professionals who attended a national forensic rehabilitation conference were asked to rate the importance of 26 variables in development of opinions of earning capacity. Exploratory factor analysis…

Post-Service Earnings of Veterans: A Survey and Further Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

its impact on a veteran’s earnings potential in the civilian sector becomes extremely important. A potential enlistee’s decision to join the military...to investments in human capital and their subsequent influence on the earnings ability of veterans entering the civilian sector . Although human...non-veterans in the early years of their civilian worklife (Bryant and Wilhite, 1990; Daymont and Andrisani, 1986) but have higher earnings growth

Expanding the Reach of Dual-Enrollment Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bailey, Thomas; Karp, Melinda Mechur

2005-01-01

Dual-enrollment programs, which allow high school students to enroll in college courses and earn college and high school credit simultaneously, are one method to introduce students to the idea of college and to its academic and social demands. The college credits that high school students potentially can earn also tend to be free or low-cost--a…

26 CFR 1.1402(a)-1 - Definition of net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... individual reporting income on the accrual method) in the taxable year from a trade or business even though... 26 Internal Revenue 12 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definition of net earnings from self-employment... from any trade or business carried on by such individual, less the deductions allowed by chapter 1 of...

Lifetime earnings patterns, the distribution of future Social Security benefits, and the impact of pension reform.

PubMed

Bosworth, B; Burtless, G; Steuerle, E

2000-01-01

In order to assess the effect of Social Security reform on current and future workers, it is essential to accurately characterize the initial situations of representative workers affected by reform. For the purpose of analyzing typical reforms, the most important characteristic of a worker is the level and pattern of his or her preretirement earnings. Under the current system, pensions are determined largely by the level of the workers' earnings averaged over their work life. However, several reform proposals would create individual retirement accounts for which the pension would depend on the investment accumulation within the account. Thus, the pension would also depend on the timing of the contributions into the account and hence on the exact shape of the worker's lifetime earnings profile. Most analysis of the distributional impact of reform has focused, however, on calculating benefit changes among a handful of hypothetical workers whose relative earnings are constant over their work life. The earnings levels are not necessarily chosen to represent the situations of workers who have typical or truly representative earnings patterns. Consequently, the results of such analysis can be misleading, especially if reform involves introducing a fundamentally new kind of pension formula. This article presents two broad approaches to creating representative earnings profiles for policy evaluation. First, we use standard econometric methods to predict future earnings for a representative sample of workers drawn from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Our statistical estimates are based on a simple representation of typical career earnings paths and a fixed-effect statistical specification. Because our estimation file contains information on each worker's annual earnings from 1951 through 1996 as reported in the Social Security Administration's earnings files, we have a record (though an incomplete one) of the actual earnings that will be used to determine future benefit payments. Our estimates of the earnings function permit us to make highly differentiated predictions of future earnings for each member of our sample. By combining the historical information on individual earnings with our prediction of future earnings up through the normal retirement age, our first approach produces tens of thousands of predicted career earnings paths that can be used in microsimulation policy analysis. Our second approach to creating lifetime earnings profiles is similar in some ways to the traditional method. For example, it is based on the creation of only a handful of "stylized" career earnings patterns. An important difference with the traditional method, however, is that we define the career earnings patterns so that they are truly representative of patterns observed in the workforce. We use simple mathematical formulas to characterize each stylized earnings pattern, and we then produce estimates of the average path of annual earnings for workers whose career earning path falls within each of the stylized patterns we have defined. Finally, we calculate the percentage of workers in successive birth-year cohorts who have earnings profiles that match each of the stylized earnings patterns. Although this method may seem simple, it allows the analyst to create stylized earnings patterns that are widely varied but still representative of earnings patterns observed among sizable groups of U.S. workers. The effects of policy reforms can then be calculated for workers with each of the stylized earnings patterns. Our analysis of U.S. lifetime earnings patterns and of the impact of selected policy reforms produces a number of findings about past trends in earnings, typical earnings patterns in the population, and the potential impact of reform. The analysis focuses on men and women born between 1931 and 1960. Along with earlier analysts, we find that men earn substantially higher lifetime wages than women and typically attain their peak career earnings at a somewhat earlier age. However, the difference in career earnings patterns between men and women has narrowed dramatically over time. Workers with greater educational attainment earn substantially higher wages than those with less education, and they attain their peak career earnings later in life. For example, among men with the least education, peak earnings are often attained around or even before age 40, whereas many men with substantial postsecondary schooling do not reach their peak career earnings until after 50. Our tabulations of the lifetime earnings profiles of the oldest cohorts (born around 1930) and projections of the earnings of the youngest profiles (born around 1960) imply that the inequality of lifetime earnings has increased noticeably over time. Women in the top one-fifth of female earners and men in the top one-fifth of male earners are predicted to receive a growing multiple of the economy-wide average wage during their career. Women born between 1931 and 1935 who were in the top fifth of female earners had lifetime average earnings that were approximately equal to the average economy-wide wage. In contrast, women born after 1951 who were in the top fifth of earners are predicted to earn almost 50 percent more, that is, roughly 150 percent of the economy-wide average wage. Women with a lower rank in the female earnings distribution will also see gains in their lifetime average earnings, but their gains are predicted to be proportionately much smaller than those of women with a high rank in the distribution. Men with high earnings are also predicted to enjoy substantial gains in their relative lifetime earnings, while men with a lower rank in the earnings distribution will probably see a significant erosion in their typical wages relative to the economy-wide average wage. That is mainly the result of a sharp decline in the relative earnings of low-wage men born after 1950. In creating stylized earnings profiles that are representative of those of significant minorities of U.S. workers, we emphasized three critical elements of the earnings path: the average level of earnings over a worker's career, the upward or downward trend in earnings from the worker's 30s through his or her early 60s, and the "sagging" or "hump-shaped" profile of earnings over the worker's career. That classification scheme yields 27 characteristic patterns of lifetime earnings. Surprisingly, the differnce between men and women within each of those categories is quite modest. The main difference between men and women is in the proportions of workers who fall in each category. Only 14 percent of men born between 1931 and 1940 fall in earnings categories with the lowest one-third of lifetime earnings, whereas 53 percent of women born in those years have low-average-earnings profiles. On the other hand, women born in those years are more likely to have a rising trend in lifetime earnings, while men are more likely to have a declining trend. We find that the distribution of lifetime earnings contains relatively more workers with below-average earnings and relatively fewer with very high earnings than assumed in the Social Security Administration's traditional policy analysis. For example, the "low earner" traditionally assumed by the Office of the Chief Actuary is assigned a level of average lifetime earnings that we find to be higher than the average earnings of persons in the bottom one-third of the lifetime earnings distribution. The stylized earnings profiles developed here can be used for policy evaluation, and the results can be compared with those from the more traditional analysis. That comparison produces several notable findings. Because earnings profiles that are actually representative of the population tend to have lower average earnings than assumed in the traditional analysis, workers typically accumulate somewhat less Social Security wealth than implied in the traditional analysis. On the other hand, because the basic benefit formula is tilted in favor of lower-income workers, the internal rate of return on Social Security contributions is somewhat higher than detected in the traditional analysis. Moreover, the primary insurance amount measured as a percentage of the worker's average indexed earnings tends to be higher than implied by the traditional analysis. Finally, the stylized earnings patterns can be used to compare benefit levels enjoyed by workers under the traditional Social Security formula and under an alternative plan based on individual investment accounts. That comparison shows, as expected, that the traditional formula favors low-wage workers and one-earner couples, while an investment account favors single, high-wage workers. Comparing two workers with the same lifetime average earnings, the traditional formula favors workers with rising earnings profiles (that is, with lifetime earnings heavily concentrated at the end of their career), while investment account pensions favor workers with declining earnings profiles (that is, with earnings concentrated early in their career).

Moral consequences of becoming unemployed

PubMed Central

Barr, Abigail; Miller, Luis; Ubeda, Paloma

2016-01-01

We test the conjecture that becoming unemployed erodes the extent to which a person acknowledges earned entitlement. We use behavioral experiments to generate incentive-compatible measures of individuals’ tendencies to acknowledge earned entitlement and incorporate these experiments in a two-stage study. In the first stage, participants’ acknowledgment of earned entitlement was measured by engaging them in the behavioral experiments, and their individual employment status and other relevant socioeconomic characteristics were recorded. In the second stage, a year later, the process was repeated using the same instruments. The combination of the experimentally generated data and the longitudinal design allows us to investigate our conjecture using a difference-in-difference approach, while ruling out the pure self-interest confound. We report evidence consistent with a large, negative effect of becoming unemployed on the acknowledgment of earned entitlement. PMID:27071100

Hidden Benefits: The Impact of High School Graduation on Household Wealth. Issue Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alliance for Excellent Education, 2007

2007-01-01

Several recent reports have highlighted the earnings gap between high school graduates and dropouts; however, earnings tell only part of the story. Families rely on income from salary for regular expenses, but real economic security requires accumulated wealth. Education can be the key to higher earnings, but it is even more importantly linked to…

Associations of serious mental illness with earnings: results from the WHO World Mental Health surveys

PubMed Central

Levinson, Daphna; Lakoma, Matthew D.; Petukhova, Maria; Schoenbaum, Michael; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Angermeyer, Matthias; Borges, Guilherme; Bruffaerts, Ronny; de Girolamo, Giovanni; de Graaf, Ron; Gureje, Oye; Haro, Josep Maria; Hu, Chiyi; Karam, Aimee N.; Kawakami, Norito; Lee, Sing; Lepine, Jean-Pierre; Browne, Mark Oakley; Okoliyski, Michail; Posada-Villa, José; Sagar, Rajesh; Viana, Maria Carmen; Williams, David R.; Kessler, Ronald C.

2010-01-01

Background Burden-of-illness data, which are often used in setting healthcare policy-spending priorities, are unavailable for mental disorders in most countries. Aims To examine one central aspect of illness burden, the association of serious mental illness with earnings, in the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Method The WMH Surveys were carried out in 10 high-income and 9 low- and middle-income countries. The associations of personal earnings with serious mental illness were estimated. Results Respondents with serious mental illness earned on average a third less than median earnings, with no significant between-country differences (χ2(9) = 5.5–8.1, P = 0.52–0.79). These losses are equivalent to 0.3–0.8% of total national earnings. Reduced earnings among those with earnings and the increased probability of not earning are both important components of these associations. Conclusions These results add to a growing body of evidence that mental disorders have high societal costs. Decisions about healthcare resource allocation should take these costs into consideration. PMID:20679263

Home behavioral economics: Childcare decisions in the United States and Norway.

PubMed

Wilson, Katharine F; Hantula, Donald A

2016-06-01

This research investigated how a couple decides which parent stays home as a childcare provider by attempting to determine the economic value on maternal care versus paternal care while examining the potential effects of nationality, gender role attitudes, and social support. We collected data from 240 American participants and 250 Norwegian participants who were asked to decide how much a mother needs to earn to allow her husband to stay at home to provide childcare and how much a father needs to earn to allow his wife to stay at home and provide childcare, in addition to items assessing gender role attitudes. No effect of social support was found, but Norwegians were slightly more likely than Americans to place a heavier earning burden on the husband. There were few differences in gender role attitudes by nationality. The impact of public policy and social desirability on the results and childcare decision making are discussed. © 2016 Scandinavian Psychological Associations and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Is child labor harmful? The impact of working earlier in life on adult earnings.

PubMed

Emerson, Patrick M; Souza, André Portela

2011-01-01

This paper explores the question: is working as a child harmful to an individual in terms of adult outcomes in earnings? Although this is an extremely important question, little is known about the effect of child labor on adult outcomes. Estimations of an instrumental variables earnings model on data from Brazil show that child labor has a large negative impact on adult earnings for male children even when controlling for schooling and that the negative impact of starting to work as a child reverses at around ages 12–14.

Agile software development in an earned value world: a survival guide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kantor, Jeffrey; Long, Kevin; Becla, Jacek; Economou, Frossie; Gelman, Margaret; Juric, Mario; Lambert, Ron; Krughoff, Simon; Swinbank, John D.; Wu, Xiuqin

2016-08-01

Agile methodologies are current best practice in software development. They are favored for, among other reasons, preventing premature optimization by taking a somewhat short-term focus, and allowing frequent replans/reprioritizations of upcoming development work based on recent results and current backlog. At the same time, funding agencies prescribe earned value management accounting for large projects which, these days, inevitably include substantial software components. Earned Value approaches emphasize a more comprehensive and typically longer-range plan, and tend to characterize frequent replans and reprioritizations as indicative of problems. Here we describe the planning, execution and reporting framework used by the LSST Data Management team, that navigates these opposite tensions.

Sweet sixteen: changing time preferences in the transition from middle school to high school, for different scenarios.

PubMed

Lahav, Eyal; Shavit, Tal; Benzion, Uri

2015-01-01

Teenagers earn, save and spend large amounts of money. Therefore, understanding teenagers' time preference and how it affects their economic behavior is very important. The current study investigates time preferences of high school and middle school students, and the effect of different intertemporal choice scenarios on teenagers' subjective discount rate. One scenario used a standard intertemporal choice question while the other was a wage scenario. We found higher future orientation (lower subjective discount rate) among high school students than among middle school students when using a standard scenario but found no difference between groups in the wage scenario. For both groups, we found the subjective discount rates increased when the teenagers are asked to delay receipt of wages they earned by working (wage scenario). Other variables, like participation in sports and an allowance given by parents, were found to affect teenagers' time preferences. © Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

Do Financial Incentives Influence GPs' Decisions to Do After-hours Work? A Discrete Choice Labour Supply Model.

PubMed

Broadway, Barbara; Kalb, Guyonne; Li, Jinhu; Scott, Anthony

2017-12-01

This paper analyses doctors' supply of after-hours care (AHC), and how it is affected by personal and family circumstances as well as the earnings structure. We use detailed survey data from a large sample of Australian General Practitioners (GPs) to estimate a structural, discrete choice model of labour supply and AHC. This allows us to jointly model GPs' decisions on the number of daytime-weekday working hours and the probability of providing AHC. We simulate GPs' labour supply responses to an increase in hourly earnings, both in a daytime-weekday setting and for AHC. GPs increase their daytime-weekday working hours if their hourly earnings in this setting increase, but only to a very small extent. GPs are somewhat more likely to provide AHC if their hourly earnings in that setting increase, but again, the effect is very small and only evident in some subgroups. Moreover, higher earnings in weekday-daytime practice reduce the probability of providing AHC, particularly for men. Increasing GPs' earnings appears to be at best relatively ineffective in encouraging increased provision of AHC and may even prove harmful if incentives are not well targeted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Retaining nurses in their employing hospitals and in the profession: effects of job preference, unpaid overtime, importance of earnings and stress.

PubMed

Zeytinoglu, Isik Urla; Denton, Margaret; Davies, Sharon; Baumann, Andrea; Blythe, Jennifer; Boos, Linda

2006-11-01

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of job preference, unpaid overtime, importance of earnings, and stress in retaining nurses in their employing hospitals and in the profession. Data come from our survey of 1396 nurses employed in three teaching hospitals in Southern Ontario, Canada. Data are analyzed first for all nurses, then separately for full-time, part-time, and casual nurses. Results show that the key to understanding the effects of these variables may be to pay attention to the work status of nurses. With regards to retaining nurses in their hospitals, working in their preferred type of job is important, particularly for part-time nurses. Working unpaid and longer than agreed hours is also a factor for increasing the likelihood of part-time nurses to leave the profession. All nurses are less inclined to leave as the importance of their earnings for the family increases, but it is particularly important for part-time nurses. Stress is an ongoing concern for retaining nurses in their hospitals and within the profession. We suggest managers and policy makers pay attention to employing nurses in jobs they prefer, decrease unpaid overtime, and consider the importance of earnings for them and their families in developing policies and programs to retain nurses. More importantly, stress levels should be lowered to retain nurses.

Of public houses and private lives: female hotelkeepers as domestic entrepreneurs.

PubMed

Wright, C

2001-01-01

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, women played a key role in the control and management of the Australian hotel industry. Their importance as publicans has often been overlooked by historians of drinking culture and the liquor trade, due to the representation of the pub as a male domain to which women were either socially peripheral or actively opposed. Rather, the complex spatial arrangements of the public house, where domestic and commercial activities were deeply interconnected, allowed many women the opportunity to earn a respectable and prominent living as hotelkeepers.

Southeast Asia Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-14

trade deficit. For this year, in addition to importing from the Philippines such tradi- tional commodities as coconut oil , copper ore, timber and...overseas family remittances and one-third from aid. In 1983, total export earnings were 27.5 million tala, with coconut oil making up 41.07 per cent...of this figure. In 1984, total export earnings were 27.5 million tala, with coconut oil making up 41.07 per cent of this figure. In 1984, earnings

Selection, Language Heritage, and the Earnings Trajectories of Black Immigrants in the United States

PubMed Central

Hamilton, Tod G.

2014-01-01

Research suggests that immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean surpass the earnings of U.S.-born blacks approximately one decade after arriving in the United States. Using data from the 1980–2000 U.S. censuses and the 2005–2007 American Community Surveys on U.S.-born black and non-Hispanic white men as well as black immigrant men from all the major sending regions of the world, I evaluate whether selective migration and language heritage of immigrants’ birth countries account for the documented earnings crossover. I validate the earnings pattern of black immigrants documented in previous studies, but I also find that the earnings of most arrival cohorts of immigrants from the English-speaking Caribbean, after residing in the United States for more than 20 years, are projected to converge with or slightly overtake those of U.S.-born black internal migrants. The findings also show three arrival cohorts of black immigrants from English-speaking African countries are projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born black internal migrants. No arrival cohort of black immigrants is projected to surpass the earnings of U.S.-born non-Hispanic whites. Birth-region analysis shows that black immigrants from English-speaking countries experience more rapid earnings growth than immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. The arrival-cohort and birth-region variation in earnings documented in this study suggest that selective migration and language heritage of black immigrants’ birth countries are important determinants of their initial earnings and earnings trajectories in the United States. PMID:24854004

34 CFR 694.23 - What additional activities are allowable for State GEAR UP projects?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... associate's or a bachelor's degree), including school designs that give students early exposure to college-level courses and experiences and allow students to earn transferable college credits or an associate's... allow drop-outs to complete a secondary school diploma and begin college-level work. (Authority: 20 U.S...

34 CFR 694.23 - What additional activities are allowable for State GEAR UP projects?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... associate's or a bachelor's degree), including school designs that give students early exposure to college-level courses and experiences and allow students to earn transferable college credits or an associate's... allow drop-outs to complete a secondary school diploma and begin college-level work. (Authority: 20 U.S...

34 CFR 694.23 - What additional activities are allowable for State GEAR UP projects?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... associate's or a bachelor's degree), including school designs that give students early exposure to college-level courses and experiences and allow students to earn transferable college credits or an associate's... allow drop-outs to complete a secondary school diploma and begin college-level work. (Authority: 20 U.S...

State earnings analysis for the administrator's annual report. Analysis Memorandum AM/IA/78-03

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1978-05-01

The 1978 EIA Annual Report to Congress, Volume II, considers a series of energy projections that incorporate different assumptions about energy resource availability, economic growth, and the price of imported oil. A version of the Regional Earnings Impact System (REIS) is used to estimate the 1985 State earnings associated with five of those energy projections. The projections are: high energy resources and high economic growth; low energy resources and high economic growth; mid-level energy resources and economic growth; high energy resources and low economic growth; and low energy resources and low economic growth. The above series assume a $13.00 constantmore » real price for imported oil.« less

Earned Value-Added

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jansen, Michael

2005-01-01

Earned value management [EVM] ...either you swear by it, or swear at it. Either way, there s no getting around the fact that EVM can be one of the most efficient and insightful methods of synthesizing cost, schedule, and technical status information into a single set of program health metrics. Is there a way of implementing EVM that allows a program to reap its early warning benefits while avoiding the pitfalls that make it infamous to its detractors? That s the question recently faced by the International Space Station [ISS] program.

Earnings and Financial Compensation from Social Security Systems Correlate Strongly with Disability for Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

PubMed

Kavaliunas, Andrius; Wiberg, Michael; Tinghög, Petter; Glaser, Anna; Gyllensten, Hanna; Alexanderson, Kristina; Hillert, Jan

2015-01-01

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients earn lower incomes and receive higher benefits. However, there is limited knowledge of how this is correlated with their disability. To elucidate sources and levels of income among MS patients with different disability, assessed with the Expanded Disability Status Scale. A total of 7929 MS patients aged 21-64 years and living in Sweden in 2010 were identified for this cross-sectional study. Descriptive statistics, logistic and truncated linear regression models were used to estimate differences between MS patients regarding earnings, disability pension, sickness absence, disability allowance, unemployment compensation, and social assistance. The average level of earnings was ten times lower and the average level of health- related benefits was four times higher when comparing MS patients with severe and mild disability. MS patients with severe disability had on average SEK 166,931 less annual income from earnings and SEK 54,534 more income from benefits compared to those with mild disability. The combined average income for MS patients was 35% lower when comparing patients in the same groups. The adjusted risk ratio for having earnings among MS patients with severe disability compared to the patients with mild disability was 0.33 (95% CI 0.29-0.39), while the risk ratio for having benefits was 1.93 (95% CI 1.90-1.94). Disease progression affects the financial situation of MS patients considerably. Correlations between higher disability and patient income were observed, suggesting that earnings and benefits could be used as measures of MS progression and proxies of disability.

Is It All about Money? Work Characteristics and Women's and Men's Marriage Formation in Early Adulthood.

PubMed

Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan; Raley, R Kelly

2016-06-01

Using data from the NLSY 97, this paper investigates how work characteristics (earnings and autonomy) shape young adults' transition to first marriage separately for men and women. The results suggest that earnings are positively associated with marriage and that this association is as strong for women as men in their mid-to-late twenties. Additionally, occupational autonomy-having the control over one's own work structure-facilitates entry into first marriage for women in their mid-to late-20s but, for men, occupational autonomy is not associated with marriage at these ages. These results suggest that even as women's earnings are increasingly important for marriage, other aspects of work are also important for stable family formation.

Educators' Degrees Earned on Internet Raise Fraud Issues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trotter, Andrew

2004-01-01

This article discusses how the degrees earned by a dozen educators on the Internet have raised fraud issues. Small firms known as "credential evaluators" help states and school districts detect educators who present phony or flimsy academic credentials from overseas institutions--a safeguard that is becoming more important with the…

Pregnant at work: time for prenatal care providers to act.

PubMed

Karkowsky, Chavi Eve; Morris, Liz

2016-09-01

Fifty years ago, when a woman became pregnant, she was expected to stop working. Today, however, most women who work are the primary, sole, or co-breadwinner for their families, and their earnings during pregnancy are often essential to their families' economic well-being. Medical data about working during pregnancy are sparse but generally show that both low-risk and high-risk women can tolerate work-related duties well, although some work accommodations (eg, providing a chair for sitting, allowing snacks, or modifying the work schedule) may be necessary. However, some employers refuse to accommodate pregnant women who need adjustments. This can result in a woman being forced to make the choice between working without accommodations and losing her income and health insurance or even her job. Prenatal care providers can play an important role by implementing changes in their own practice, shaping public policy, and conducting research to increase protections for pregnant women and to ensure that they receive medically recommended accommodations while continuing to earn income for their growing families. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Is It All about Money? Work Characteristics and Women’s and Men’s Marriage Formation in Early Adulthood

PubMed Central

Kuo, Janet Chen-Lan; Raley, R. Kelly

2014-01-01

Using data from the NLSY 97, this paper investigates how work characteristics (earnings and autonomy) shape young adults’ transition to first marriage separately for men and women. The results suggest that earnings are positively associated with marriage and that this association is as strong for women as men in their mid-to-late twenties. Additionally, occupational autonomy—having the control over one’s own work structure—facilitates entry into first marriage for women in their mid-to late-20s but, for men, occupational autonomy is not associated with marriage at these ages. These results suggest that even as women’s earnings are increasingly important for marriage, other aspects of work are also important for stable family formation. PMID:27158176

How Universities Can Increase Enrollment by Advertising Internships: The "Message" and the "Medium"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tucciarone, Kristy

2015-01-01

This study investigates how universities can increase enrollment by advertising internships to prospective students during the college search process. The primary reason students earn a college degree is to secure a good-quality career with earning potential. Internships--the single most important credential for recent graduates--are the key…

75 FR 977 - Carbazole Violet Pigment 23 From India: Preliminary Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-07

... Scheme (DEPBS) The DEPBS program enables exporting companies to earn import duty exemptions in the form... Determination, at ``Duty Entitlement Passbook Scheme.'' Therefore, CVP-23 exporters were eligible to earn DEPBS... the POR under the programs listed below: 1. Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCGS). 2. Export...

40 CFR 1045.145 - Are there interim provisions that apply only for a limited time?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... You may sell or install fuel tanks that do not meet the specified permeation standards without...: (1) You may earn an evaporative emission allowance from one fuel tank certified to EPA's evaporative... this evaporative emission allowance by selling one fuel tank that does not meet the specified...

40 CFR 1045.145 - Are there interim provisions that apply only for a limited time?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... You may sell or install fuel tanks that do not meet the specified permeation standards without...: (1) You may earn an evaporative emission allowance from one fuel tank certified to EPA's evaporative... this evaporative emission allowance by selling one fuel tank that does not meet the specified...

40 CFR 1045.145 - Are there interim provisions that apply only for a limited time?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... You may sell or install fuel tanks that do not meet the specified permeation standards without...: (1) You may earn an evaporative emission allowance from one fuel tank certified to EPA's evaporative... this evaporative emission allowance by selling one fuel tank that does not meet the specified...

Trajectories of Black Men from Baccalaureate Degree Attainment through Career Transition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carty, Karenann

2010-01-01

College degree attainment is an important predictor of labor market outcomes. Earning a degree beyond high school has an impact on participation in the labor force, occupational status, and earnings. Black males in the United States are at risk of not pursuing or completing post-secondary education and are underrepresented in professional and…

Women of Color and Pay Equity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gee, Marguerite; Mitchell, Denise

Pay equity is the most important issue affecting all women (but especially women of color) seeking economic equity in the workplace. Over the last two decades, the earnings of White women as a percentage of the earnings of White men have remained constant at about 60%. The wages of women of color, on the other hand, increased dramatically (as a…

Spousal Mobility and Earnings

PubMed Central

MCKINNISH, TERRA

2008-01-01

An important finding in the literature on migration has been that the earnings of married women typically decrease with a move, while the earnings of married men often increase with a move, suggesting that married women are more likely to act as the “trailing spouse.” This article considers a related but largely unexplored question: what is the effect of having an occupation that is associated with frequent migration on the migration decisions of a household and on the earnings of the spouse? Further, how do these effects differ between men and women? The Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2000 U.S. decennial census is used to calculate migration rates by occupation and education. The analysis estimates the effects of these occupational mobility measures on the migration of couples and the earnings of married individuals. I find that migration rates in both the husband’s and wife’s occupations affect the household migration decision, but mobility in the husband’s occupation matters considerably more. For couples in which the husband has a college degree (regardless of the wife’s educational level), a husband’s mobility has a large, significant negative effect on his wife’s earnings, whereas a wife’s mobility has no effect on her husband’s earnings. This negative effect does not exist for college-educated wives married to non-college-educated husbands. PMID:19110900

Transient extracellular glutamate events in the basolateral amygdala track reward seeking actions

PubMed Central

Wassum, KM; Tolosa, VM; Tseng, TC; Balleine, BW; Monbouquette, HG; Maidment, NT

2012-01-01

The ability to make rapid, informed decisions about whether or not to engage in a sequence of actions to earn reward is essential for survival. Modeling in rodents has demonstrated a critical role for the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in such reward-seeking actions, but the precise neurochemical underpinnings are not well understood. Taking advantage of recent advancements in biosensor technologies, we made spatially discrete near-real time extracellular recordings of the major excitatory transmitter, glutamate, in the BLA of rats performing a self-paced lever-pressing sequence task for sucrose reward. This allowed us to detect rapid transient fluctuations in extracellular BLA glutamate time-locked to action performance. These glutamate transients tended to precede lever pressing actions and were markedly increased in frequency when rats were engaged in such reward seeking actions. Based on muscimol and tetrodotoxin microinfusions these glutamate transients appeared to originate from the terminals of neurons with cell bodies in the orbital frontal cortex. Importantly, glutamate transient amplitude and frequency fluctuated with the value of the earned reward and positively predicted lever pressing rate. Such novel rapid glutamate recordings during instrumental performance identify a role for glutamatergic signaling within the BLA in instrumental reward-seeking actions. PMID:22357857

Alternative caregiving figures and their role on adult attachment representations.

PubMed

Zaccagnino, Maria; Cussino, Martina; Saunders, Rachel; Jacobvitz, Deborah; Veglia, Fabio

2014-01-01

The present work represents the first Italian study investigating whether and how mothers who describe unloving experiences with both parents during childhood could become more secure as adults (termed earned-secures). The sample consisted of 94 women from northern Italy. All the subjects were administered the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and fill in a screening test evaluating depressive symptoms. No significative differences were found regarding depressive symptomatology across the different attachment classifications. The majority of the samples (84%) remember an important alternative support figure during childhood (before 12 years old). Earned-secures significantly differ from continuous-secure and insecure groups (F = 27.202; p ≤ 0.01) on the amount of the emotional support from the main alternative support figure and on the average amount of emotional support across alternative support figures (F = 10.44; p ≤ 0.01). The majority of alternative support figures (80%) were grandparents. A corrective emotional experience allows the subject to work through his negative childhood experiences and acquire modalities of interaction that enable him/her to function more effectively in the world. The clinical implications of this study will be discussed. Attachment theory. Clinical implications of attachment experiences. Corrective emotional experience. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

25 CFR 700.163 - Expenses in searching for replacement location-nonresidential moves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., including— (a) Transportation computed at prevailing federal per diem and mileage allowance schedules; meals and lodging away from home; (b) Time spent searching, based on reasonable earnings; (c) Fees paid to a...

25 CFR 700.163 - Expenses in searching for replacement location-nonresidential moves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., including— (a) Transportation computed at prevailing federal per diem and mileage allowance schedules; meals and lodging away from home; (b) Time spent searching, based on reasonable earnings; (c) Fees paid to a...

Earned Time: An Answer to the Dilemma of Benefits Administration.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tambling, Joan M.; Wulf, Gary W.

1981-01-01

A personnel benefits program that allows employees to combine all paid days off, including holidays, into a block of time that has cash value is highly flexible and beneficial. Several different plans are illustrated. (MSE)

Allowance for funds in construction: accounting stepchild and regulatory football

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Coughlan, P.B.

AFC (allowance for funds in construction) is an accounting method of recording the use of additional capital needed to compensate the capital already invested in construction work in progress (CWIP) where CWIP is excluded from the utility's rate base. As a practical matter, the compensation in the form of interest on debt, dividends on preferred and common stocks, and reinvested earnings is paid or recorded currently. Since the CWIP is not included in rate base and current customers are not paying any revenues to support the CWIP capital, the cash to pay the interest comes from a variety of sources,more » including cash revenues covering depreciation and reinvested earnings on rate base capital as well as from sales of additional bonds and stock. Commissions and courts have examined AFC in some depth, but many problems remain. Four unresolved areas are examined in this paper: (1) should AFC be compounded, whether directly or indirectly; (2) who should benefit from the current tax reduction associated with the interest component of AFC; (3) is AFC really a noncash accounting gimmick; (4) what happens when you sell AFC-bearing construction work in progress to a third party. The author presents examples to show why he believes AFC represents valid, good-quality earnings for utilities. It properly represents cash income if certain prerequisite conditions are present and prerequisite procedures followed in its calculation. Among the factors cited in favor of such an allowance by regulators is an avoidance of regulatory lag in much the same way as provided by automatic cost adjustments. (MCW)« less

The fiscal consequences of ADHD in Germany: a quantitative analysis based on differences in educational attainment and lifetime earnings.

PubMed

Kotsopoulos, Nikolaos; Connolly, Mark P; Sobanski, Esther; Postma, Maarten J

2013-03-01

To estimate the long-term fiscal consequences of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the German government and social insurance system based on differences in educational attainment and the resulting differences in lifetime earnings compared with non-ADHD cohorts. Differences in educational attainment between ADHD and non-ADHD cohorts were linked to education-specific earnings data. Direct and indirect tax rates and social insurance contributions were linked to differences in lifetime, education-specific earnings to derive lost tax revenue in Germany associated with ADHD. For ADHD and non-ADHD cohorts we derived the age-specific discounted net taxes paid by deducting lifetime transfers from lifetime gross taxes paid. The lifetime net tax revenue for a non-ADHD individual was approximately EUR 80,000 higher compared to an untreated ADHD individual. The fiscal burden of untreated ADHD, based on a cohort of n=31,844 born in 2010, was estimated at EUR 2.5 billion in net tax revenue losses compared with an equally-sized non-ADHD cohort. ADHD interventions providing a small improvement in educational attainment resulted in fiscal benefits from increases in lifetime tax gains. ADHD results in long-term financial loss due to lower education attainment and lifetime reduced earnings and resulting lifetime taxes and social contributions paid. Investments in ADHD interventions allowing more children to achieve their educational potential may offer fiscal benefits generating a positive rate of return.

Development of a Multi-Target Contingency Management Intervention for HIV Positive Substance Users.

PubMed

Stitzer, Maxine; Calsyn, Donald; Matheson, Timothy; Sorensen, James; Gooden, Lauren; Metsch, Lisa

2017-01-01

Contingency management (CM) interventions generally target a single behavior such as attendance or drug use. However, disease outcomes are mediated by complex chains of both healthy and interfering behaviors enacted over extended periods of time. This paper describes a novel multi-target contingency management (CM) program developed for use with HIV positive substance users enrolled in a CTN multi-site study (0049 Project HOPE). Participants were randomly assigned to usual care (referral to health care and SUD treatment) or 6-months strength-based patient navigation interventions with (PN+CM) or without (PN only) the CM program. Primary outcome of the trial was viral load suppression at 12-months post-randomization. Up to $1160 could be earned over 6 months under escalating schedules of reinforcement. Earnings were divided among eight CM targets; two PN-related (PN visits; paperwork completion; 26% of possible earnings), four health-related (HIV care visits, lab blood draw visits, medication check, viral load suppression; 47% of possible earnings) and two drug-use abatement (treatment entry; submission of drug negative UAs; 27% of earnings). The paper describes rationale for selection of targets, pay amounts and pay schedules. The CM program was compatible with and fully integrated into the PN intervention. The study design will allow comparison of behavioral and health outcomes for participants receiving PN with and without CM; results will inform future multi-target CM development. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Recruiting Women to a Mobile Health Smoking Cessation Trial: Low- and No-Cost Strategies.

PubMed

Abbate, Kristopher J; Hingle, Melanie D; Armin, Julie; Giacobbi, Peter; Gordon, Judith S

2017-11-03

Successful recruitment of participants to mobile health (mHealth) studies presents unique challenges over in-person studies. It is important to identify recruitment strategies that maximize the limited recruitment resources available to researchers. The objective of this study was to describe a case study of a unique recruitment process used in a recent mHealth software app designed to increase smoking cessation among weight-concerned women smokers. The See Me Smoke-Free app was deployed to the Google Play Store (Alphabet, Inc., Google, LLC), where potential participants could download the app and enroll in the study. Users were invited in-app to participate in the study, with no in-person contact. The recruitment activities relied primarily on earned (free) and social media. To determine the relationship between recruitment activities and participant enrollment, the researchers explored trends in earned and social media activity in relation to app installations, examined social media messaging in relation to reach or impressions, and described app users' self-reported referral source. The researchers collected and descriptively analyzed data regarding recruitment activities, social media audience, and app use during the 18-week recruitment period (March 30, 2015-July 31, 2015). Data were collected and aggregated from internal staff activity tracking documents and from Web-based data analytics software such as SumAll, Facebook Insights (Facebook, Inc.), and Google Analytics (Alphabet, Inc., Google, LLC). Media coverage was documented across 75 publications and radio or television broadcasts, 35 of which were local, 39 national, and 1 international. The research team made 30 Facebook posts and 49 tweets, yielding 1821 reaches and 6336 impressions, respectively. From March 30, 2015 to July 31, 2015, 289 unique users downloaded the app, and 151 participants enrolled in the study. Research identifying effective online recruitment methods for mHealth studies remains minimal, and findings are inconsistent. We demonstrated how earned media can be leveraged to recruit women to an mHealth smoking cessation trial at low cost. Using earned media and leveraging social media allowed us to enroll 3 times the number of participants that we anticipated enrolling. The cost of earned media resides in the staff time required to manage it, particularly the regular interaction with social media. We recommend communication and cooperation with university public affairs and social media offices, as well as affiliate programs in journalism and communications, so that earned media can be used as a recruitment strategy for mHealth behavior change interventions. However, press releases are not always picked up by the media and should not be considered as a stand-alone method of recruitment. Careful consideration of an intervention's broad appeal and how that translates into potential media interest is needed when including earned media as part of a comprehensive recruitment plan for mHealth research. ©Kristopher J Abbate, Melanie D Hingle, Julie Armin, Peter Giacobbi Jr, Judith S Gordon. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 03.11.2017.

Recruiting Women to a Mobile Health Smoking Cessation Trial: Low- and No-Cost Strategies

PubMed Central

Hingle, Melanie D; Armin, Julie; Giacobbi Jr, Peter; Gordon, Judith S

2017-01-01

Background Successful recruitment of participants to mobile health (mHealth) studies presents unique challenges over in-person studies. It is important to identify recruitment strategies that maximize the limited recruitment resources available to researchers. Objective The objective of this study was to describe a case study of a unique recruitment process used in a recent mHealth software app designed to increase smoking cessation among weight-concerned women smokers. The See Me Smoke-Free app was deployed to the Google Play Store (Alphabet, Inc., Google, LLC), where potential participants could download the app and enroll in the study. Users were invited in-app to participate in the study, with no in-person contact. The recruitment activities relied primarily on earned (free) and social media. Methods To determine the relationship between recruitment activities and participant enrollment, the researchers explored trends in earned and social media activity in relation to app installations, examined social media messaging in relation to reach or impressions, and described app users’ self-reported referral source. The researchers collected and descriptively analyzed data regarding recruitment activities, social media audience, and app use during the 18-week recruitment period (March 30, 2015-July 31, 2015). Data were collected and aggregated from internal staff activity tracking documents and from Web-based data analytics software such as SumAll, Facebook Insights (Facebook, Inc.), and Google Analytics (Alphabet, Inc., Google, LLC). Results Media coverage was documented across 75 publications and radio or television broadcasts, 35 of which were local, 39 national, and 1 international. The research team made 30 Facebook posts and 49 tweets, yielding 1821 reaches and 6336 impressions, respectively. From March 30, 2015 to July 31, 2015, 289 unique users downloaded the app, and 151 participants enrolled in the study. Conclusions Research identifying effective online recruitment methods for mHealth studies remains minimal, and findings are inconsistent. We demonstrated how earned media can be leveraged to recruit women to an mHealth smoking cessation trial at low cost. Using earned media and leveraging social media allowed us to enroll 3 times the number of participants that we anticipated enrolling. The cost of earned media resides in the staff time required to manage it, particularly the regular interaction with social media. We recommend communication and cooperation with university public affairs and social media offices, as well as affiliate programs in journalism and communications, so that earned media can be used as a recruitment strategy for mHealth behavior change interventions. However, press releases are not always picked up by the media and should not be considered as a stand-alone method of recruitment. Careful consideration of an intervention’s broad appeal and how that translates into potential media interest is needed when including earned media as part of a comprehensive recruitment plan for mHealth research. PMID:29101091

Valuable Learning or "Spinning Their Wheels"? Understanding Excess Credits Earned by Community College Associate Degree Completers. CCRC Working Paper No. 44

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zeidenberg, Matthew

2012-01-01

Substantial numbers of students who earn an associate degree from a community college accumulate more college credits than are required. This is an important phenomenon for at least two related reasons. First, it raises the issue of efficiency: Are students getting their degrees in the most expeditious manner, both in terms of time out of the…

The Economic Foundations of Cohabiting Couples' Union Transitions.

PubMed

Ishizuka, Patrick

2018-04-01

In recent decades, cohabitation has become an increasingly important relationship context for U.S. adults and their children, a union status characterized by high levels of instability. To understand why some cohabiting couples marry but others separate, researchers have drawn on theories emphasizing the benefits of specialization, the persistence of the male breadwinner norm, low income as a source of stress and conflict, and rising economic standards associated with marriage (the marriage bar). Because of conflicting evidence and data constraints, however, important theoretical questions remain. This study uses survival analysis with prospective monthly data from nationally representative panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1996-2013 to test alternative theories of how money and work affect whether cohabiting couples marry or separate. Analyses indicate that the economic foundations of cohabiting couples' union transitions do not lie in economic specialization or only men's ability to be good providers. Instead, results for marriage support marriage bar theory: adjusting for couples' absolute earnings, increases in wealth and couples' earnings relative to a standard associated with marriage strongly predict marriage. For dissolution, couples with higher and more equal earnings are significantly less likely to separate. Findings demonstrate that within-couple earnings equality promotes stability, and between-couple inequalities in economic resources are critical in producing inequalities in couples' relationship outcomes.

77 FR 15739 - Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-16

... Regulation Supplement (DFARS) Business Systems-Definition and Administration; DFARS 234, Earned Value... (DFARS) Business Systems-Definition and Administration; DFARS 245, Contractors Property Management System... to three days after submission to verify posting (except allow 30 days for posting of comments...

Alcohol Consumption and Long-Term Labor Market Outcomes.

PubMed

Böckerman, Petri; Hyytinen, Ari; Maczulskij, Terhi

2017-03-01

This paper examines whether alcohol consumption is related to long-term labor market outcomes. We use twin data for Finnish men and women matched to register-based individual information on employment and earnings. The twin data allow us to account for the shared environmental and genetic factors. The quantity of alcohol consumption was measured by weekly average consumption using self-reported data from three surveys (1975, 1981 and 1990). The average of an individual's employment months and earnings were measured in adulthood over the period 1990-2009. The models that account for the shared environmental and genetic factors reveal that former drinkers and heavy drinkers both have almost 20% lower earnings compared with moderate drinkers. On average, former drinkers work annually approx. 1 month less over the 20-year observation period. These associations are robust to the use of covariates, such as education, pre-existing health endowment and smoking. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Understanding the impact of career academy attendance: an application of the principal stratification framework for causal effects accounting for partial compliance.

PubMed

Page, Lindsay C

2012-04-01

Results from MDRC's longitudinal, random-assignment evaluation of career-academy high schools reveal that several years after high-school completion, those randomized to receive the academy opportunity realized a $175 (11%) increase in monthly earnings, on average. In this paper, I investigate the impact of duration of actual academy enrollment, as nearly half of treatment group students either never enrolled or participated for only a portion of high school. I capitalize on data from this experimental evaluation and utilize a principal stratification framework and Bayesian inference to investigate the causal impact of academy participation. This analysis focuses on a sample of 1,306 students across seven sites in the MDRC evaluation. Participation is measured by number of years of academy enrollment, and the outcome of interest is average monthly earnings in the period of four to eight years after high school graduation. I estimate an average causal effect of treatment assignment on subsequent monthly earnings of approximately $588 among males who remained enrolled in an academy throughout high school and more modest impacts among those who participated only partially. Different from an instrumental variables approach to treatment non-compliance, which allows for the estimation of linear returns to treatment take-up, the more general framework of principal stratification allows for the consideration of non-linear returns, although at the expense of additional model-based assumptions.

How do marital status, work effort, and wage rates interact?

PubMed

Ahituv, Avner; Lerman, Robert I

2007-08-01

How marital status interacts with men's earnings is an important analytic and policy issue, especially in the context of debates in the United States over programs that encourage healthy marriage. This paper generates new findings about the earnings-marriage relationship by estimating the linkages among flows into and out of marriage, work effort, and wage rates. The estimates are based on National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panel data, covering 23 years of marital and labor market outcomes, and control for unobserved heterogeneity. We estimate marriage effects on hours worked (our proxy for work effort) and on wage rates for all men and for black and low-skilled men separately. The estimates reveal that entering marriage raises hours worked quickly and substantially but that marriage's effect on wage rates takes place more slowly while men continue in marriage. Together; the stimulus to hours worked and wage rates generates an 18%-19% increase in earnings, with about one-third to one-half of the marriage earnings premium attributable to higher work effort. At the same time, higher wage rates and hours worked encourage men to marry and to stay married. Thus, being married and having high earnings reinforce each other over time.

Genetic parameters of eventing horse competition in France

PubMed Central

Ricard, Anne; Chanu, Isabelle

2001-01-01

Genetic parameters of eventing horse competitions were estimated. About 13 000 horses, 30 000 annual results during 17 years and 110 000 starts in eventing competitions during 8 years were recorded. The measures of performance were logarithmic transformations of annual earnings, annual earnings per start, and annual earnings per place, and underlying variables responsible for ranks in each competition. Heritabilities were low (0.11/0.17 for annual results, 0.07 for ranks). Genetic correlations between criteria were high (greater than 0.90) except between ranks and earnings per place (0.58) or per start (0.67). Genetic correlations between ages (from 5 to 10 years old) were also high (more than 0.85) and allow selection on early performances. The genetic correlation between the results in different levels of competition (high/international and low/amateur) was near 1. Genetic correlations of eventing with other disciplines, which included partial aptitude needed for eventing, were very low for steeplechase races (0.18) and moderate with sport: jumping (0.45), dressage (0.58). The results suggest that selection on jumping performance will lead to some positive correlated response for eventing performance, but much more response could be obtained if a specific breeding objective and selection criteria were developed for eventing. PMID:11333833

Sudden jump in VAP spurs QI to cut rate to near zero.

PubMed

2005-07-01

New device allows staff to brush ventilated patients' teeth three times a day. Just-in-time training for teams includes reorientation to cause/effect diagrams, control charts. Benchmarking data helps earn trust, business support of high-volume payer.

76 FR 70187 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-10

... rates. In effect, the Exchange is obtaining wholesale rates from the carriers and then charging a markup... a markup to allow the Exchange to cover its administrative costs and to earn a profit on its...

Ethnic stratification amid China's economic transition: evidence from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

PubMed

Wu, Xiaogang; Song, Xi

2014-03-01

This paper analyzes a sample from the 2005 mini-census of Xinjiang to examine ethnic stratification in China's labor markets, with a special focus on how ethnic earnings inequality varies by employment sector. We show that Han and Uyghur Chinese dominated different economic sectors. Excluding those in agriculture, Uyghurs were more likely to work in government or institutions than either Han locals or migrants, and also more likely to become self-employed. The Han-Uyghur earnings gap was negligible within government/public institutions, but increased with the marketization of the employment sector. It was the largest among the self-employed, followed by employees in private enterprises and then employees in public enterprises. Han migrants in economic sectors enjoyed particular earnings advantages and hukou registration status had no impact on earnings attainment except in government/public institutions. These findings have important implications for understanding social and economic sources of increasing ethnic conflicts in Xinjiang in recent years. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Post Program Earnings Differences between the Associate in Applied Science and Applied Baccalaureate Degrees: Companion Report to "Applied Baccalaureate Degrees: Policy and Outcomes Evaluation." Research Report 15-3

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges, 2015

2015-01-01

Gainful employment and earnings to support a family living are significant policy goals of the applied baccalaureate program. Therefore, employment is an important metric to study; however, there are limitations in the data and process used in past reports that make understanding the true impact of applied baccalaureate programs on an individuals'…

Lifetime distributional effects of Social Security retirement benefits.

PubMed

Smith, Karen; Toder, Eric; Iams, Howard

This article presents three measures of the distribution of actual and projected net benefits (benefits minus payroll taxes) from Social Security's Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) for people born between 1931 and 1960. The results are based on simulations with the Social Security Administration's Model of Income in the Near Term (MINT), which projects retirement income through 2020. The base sample for MINT is the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation panels for 1990 to 1993, matched with Social Security administrative records. The study population is grouped into 5-year birth cohorts and then ranked by economic status in three ways. First, the population is divided into five groups on the basis of individual lifetime covered earnings, and their lifetime present values of OASI benefits received and payroll taxes paid are calculated. By this measure, OASI provides much higher benefits to the lowest quintile of earners than to other groups, but it becomes less redistributive toward lower earners in more recent birth cohorts. Second, people are ranked by shared lifetime covered earnings, and the values of shared benefits received and payroll taxes paid are computed. Individuals are assumed to split covered earnings, benefits, and payroll taxes with their spouses in the years they are married. By the shared covered earnings measure, OASI is still much more favorable to persons in the lower income quintiles, although to a lesser degree than when people are ranked by individual covered earnings. OASI becomes more progressive among recent cohorts, even as net lifetime benefits decline for the entire population. Finally, individuals are ranked on the basis of their shared permanent income from age 62, when they become eligible for early retirement benefits, until death. Their annual Social Security benefits are compared with the benefits they would have received if they had saved their payroll taxes in individual accounts and used the proceeds to buy either of two annuities that provide level payments from age 62 until death: a unisex annuity that is based on the average life expectancy of the birth cohort or an age-adjusted annuity that is based on the worker's own life expectancy. On the permanent income measure, OASI is generally more favorable to people in higher income quintiles. Moreover, it is particularly unfavorable to those in the lowest quintile. Because people in the lowest quintile have a shorter life expectancy, they receive OASI benefits for a shorter period. This group would receive greater benefits in retirement if they invested their payroll taxes in the age-adjusted annuity. OASI is more favorable to them than the unisex annuity, however, OASI is becoming more progressive in that the net benefits it provides drop more rapidly among higher income quintiles than lower ones. This article also examines how OASI affects individuals by educational attainment, race, and sex. On both the lifetime covered earnings and the permanent income measures, OASI is more favorable to workers with less education and more favorable to women. The results by race and ethnicity are mixed. When people are ranked by the present value of their shared lifetime covered earnings, OASI appears more favorable to non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics than to non-Hispanic whites. When people are ranked by shared permanent income in retirement, however, OASI produces negative returns for both non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites in the most recent birth cohorts, with non-Hispanic blacks faring relatively worse. The changes across cohorts occur partly because of changes in tax rates and benefits, but more importantly because of changing demographics and earnings patterns of the workforce. Of particular importance is the increasing share of beneficiaries who receive worker benefits instead of auxiliary benefits as wives or widows. OASI benefits are based on the lifetime covered earnings of current or former married couples, as well as on earned retirement benefits of individuals. The reduced importance of auxiliary benefits (due to the higher lifetime covered earnings of women) and the increased proportion of divorced retirees make OASI more progressive--even as net benefits decline--for current and future cohorts than for cohorts who retired in the 1990s. Analysis of these findings suggests that simulations of policy changes in Social Security must take into account the decreasing importance of auxiliary benefits across birth cohorts and the complex changes in individuals' marital histories.

The effects of childhood ADHD on adult labor market outcomes.

PubMed

Fletcher, Jason M

2014-02-01

Although several types of mental illness, including substance abuse disorders, have been linked with poor labor market outcomes, no current research has been able to examine the effects of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because ADHD has become one of the most prevalent childhood mental conditions, it is useful to understand the full set of consequences of the illness. This article uses a longitudinal national sample, including sibling pairs, to show the important labor market outcome consequences of ADHD. The employment reduction is between 10 and 14 percentage points, the earnings reduction is approximately 33%, and the increase in social assistance is 15 points, figures that are larger than many estimates of the Black people/White people earnings gap and the gender earnings gap. A small share of the link is explained by educational attainments and co-morbid health conditions and behaviors. The results also show important differences in labor market consequences by family background and age of onset. These findings, along with similar research showing that ADHD is linked with poor education outcomes and adult crime, suggest the importance of treating childhood ADHD to foster human capital. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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76 FR 70199 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

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... rates. In effect, the Exchange is obtaining wholesale rates from the carriers and then charging a markup... a markup to allow the Exchange to cover its administrative costs and to earn a profit on its...

Sex-based differences in income and response to proposed financial incentives among general practitioners in France.

PubMed

Weeks, William B; Paraponaris, Alain; Ventelou, Bruno

2013-11-01

Women represent a growing proportion of the physician workforce, worldwide. Therefore, for the purposes of workforce planning, it is increasingly important to understand differences in how male and female physicians work and might respond to financial incentives. A recent survey allowed us to determine whether sex-based differences in either physician income or responses to a hypothetical increase in reimbursement exist among French General Practitioners (GPs). Our analysis of 828 male and 244 female GPs' responses showed that females earned 35% less per year from medical practice than their male counterparts. After adjusting for the fact that female GPs had practiced medicine fewer years, worked 11% fewer hours per year, and spent more time with each consultation, female GPs earned 11,194€, or 20.6%, less per year (95% CI: 7085€-15,302€ less per year). Male GPs were more likely than female GPs to indicate that they would work fewer hours if consultation fees were to be increased. Our findings suggest that, as the feminization of medicine increases, the need to address gender-based income disparities increases and the tools that French policymakers use to regulate the physician supply might need to change. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Twitter sentiment around the Earnings Announcement events

PubMed Central

Grčar, Miha

2017-01-01

We investigate the relationship between social media, Twitter in particular, and stock market. We provide an in-depth analysis of the Twitter volume and sentiment about the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, over a period of three years. We focus on Earnings Announcements and show that there is a considerable difference with respect to when the announcements are made: before the market opens or after the market closes. The two different timings of the Earnings Announcements were already investigated in the financial literature, but not yet in the social media. We analyze the differences in terms of the Twitter volumes, cumulative abnormal returns, trade returns, and earnings surprises. We report mixed results. On the one hand, we show that the Twitter sentiment (the collective opinion of the users) on the day of the announcement very well reflects the stock moves on the same day. We demonstrate this by applying the event study methodology, where the polarity of the Earnings Announcements is computed from the Twitter sentiment. Cumulative abnormal returns are high (2–4%) and statistically significant. On the other hand, we find only weak predictive power of the Twitter sentiment one day in advance. It turns out that it is important how to account for the announcements made after the market closes. These after-hours announcements draw high Twitter activity immediately, but volume and price changes in trading are observed only on the next day. On the day before the announcements, the Twitter volume is low, and the sentiment has very weak predictive power. A useful lesson learned is the importance of the proper alignment between the announcements, trading and Twitter data. PMID:28235103

Twitter sentiment around the Earnings Announcement events.

PubMed

Gabrovšek, Peter; Aleksovski, Darko; Mozetič, Igor; Grčar, Miha

2017-01-01

We investigate the relationship between social media, Twitter in particular, and stock market. We provide an in-depth analysis of the Twitter volume and sentiment about the 30 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, over a period of three years. We focus on Earnings Announcements and show that there is a considerable difference with respect to when the announcements are made: before the market opens or after the market closes. The two different timings of the Earnings Announcements were already investigated in the financial literature, but not yet in the social media. We analyze the differences in terms of the Twitter volumes, cumulative abnormal returns, trade returns, and earnings surprises. We report mixed results. On the one hand, we show that the Twitter sentiment (the collective opinion of the users) on the day of the announcement very well reflects the stock moves on the same day. We demonstrate this by applying the event study methodology, where the polarity of the Earnings Announcements is computed from the Twitter sentiment. Cumulative abnormal returns are high (2-4%) and statistically significant. On the other hand, we find only weak predictive power of the Twitter sentiment one day in advance. It turns out that it is important how to account for the announcements made after the market closes. These after-hours announcements draw high Twitter activity immediately, but volume and price changes in trading are observed only on the next day. On the day before the announcements, the Twitter volume is low, and the sentiment has very weak predictive power. A useful lesson learned is the importance of the proper alignment between the announcements, trading and Twitter data.

Does maternal employment augment spending for children's health care? A test from Haryana, India.

PubMed

Berman, P; Zeitlin, J; Roy, P; Khumtakar, S

1997-10-01

Evidence that women's employment and earnings foster increased allocations of household resources to children's well-being have led to advocacy of investment in women's employment as a method for targeting the social benefits of enhanced economic opportunity. Work and associated earnings are hypothesized to empower women, who can then exercise their individual preferences for spending on child well-being as well as influence household spending patterns. This paper presents results from a small detailed household and community study of maternal employment and child health in northern India (one of six studies in a research network), which sought to show that such effects did indeed occur and that they could be linked to work characteristics. Careful analysis of employment and earnings showed that they are multidimensional and highly variable over occupations and seasons. Contrary to expectations, spending on health care for children's illness episodes was negatively associated with maternal employment and earnings variables in econometric analysis. The expected individual effects on women of work and earnings, if they did occur, were not sufficient to alter the general spending pattern. We conclude that the attributes of work as well as the social and cultural environment are important mediators of such effects, suggesting a confluence of 'individual' and 'collective' behavioural determinants meeting in the locus of the household.

Labs that Mean Business.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benedict, Richard; Rochon, Angela

1987-01-01

The authors describe vocational experiential learning programs, called "Enterprise Programs," at St. Clair County Skill Center in Michigan. These programs feature small groups of vocational students engaged in profit-making businesses that allow them to apply what they have learned and earn some money. The authors claim the program helps with…

Estimating Gender Wage Gaps: A Data Update

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDonald, Judith A.; Thornton, Robert J.

2016-01-01

In the authors' 2011 "JEE" article, "Estimating Gender Wage Gaps," they described an interesting class project that allowed students to estimate the current gender earnings gap for recent college graduates using data from the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE). Unfortunately, since 2012, NACE no longer…

Coin Counter: Gamification for Classroom Management

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carlson, John; Harris, Ranida; Harris, Ken

2017-01-01

In recent years, gamification has been utilized in a number of different contexts, including educational applications. This paper describes a unique application of coin-based gamification classroom management system in undergraduate programming classes. The coin-based gamification allowed students to earn and spend coins as a form of classroom…

Dual Enrollment Programs. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

What Works Clearinghouse, 2017

2017-01-01

"Dual enrollment" programs allow high school students to take college courses and earn college credits while still attending high school. Such programs, also referred to as "dual credit" or early college programs, are designed to boost college access and degree attainment, especially for students typically underrepresented in…

29 CFR 548.100 - Introductory statement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... simplify bookkeeping and computation of overtime pay. 1 The regular rate is the average hourly earnings of... AUTHORIZATION OF ESTABLISHED BASIC RATES FOR COMPUTING OVERTIME PAY Interpretations Introduction § 548.100... requirements of computing overtime pay at the regular rate, 1 and to allow, under specific conditions, the use...

42 CFR 21.75 - Procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of the officer; (ii) Social security number of the officer; (iii) Duty station location of the... inclusion in computation of the officer's disposable earnings: (i) Basic pay; (ii) Basic allowances for... under title II of the Social Security Act when the withholding is required by law; (ii) FICA. (3...

Social Security: A Present Value Analysis of Old Age Survivors Insurance (OASI) Taxes and Benefits.

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-12-01

private sector plans and provides a spreadsheet model for making this comparison of plans using different assumptions. The investigation was done by collecting data from various books, Government publications, and various Government agencies to conduct a spreadsheet analysis of three different wage-earning groups, assuming various real interest rates potentially earned in the private sector . A comparison of Social Security with alternative private sector plans is important to the DoD/DoN because less constrained budgets could

12 CFR 652.50 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... accordance with generally accepted accounting principles: (1) The par value of outstanding common stock; (2) The par value of outstanding preferred stock; (3) Paid-in capital, which is the amount of owner investment in Farmer Mac in excess of the par value of stock; (4) Retained earnings; and, (5) Any allowances...

Beauty and the Sources of Discrimination

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Belot, Michele; Bhaskar, V.; van de Ven, Jeroen

2012-01-01

We analyze discrimination against less attractive people on a TV game show with high stakes. The game has a rich structure that allows us to disentangle the relationship between attractiveness and the determinants of a player's earnings. Unattractive players perform no worse than attractive ones, and are equally cooperative in the prisoner's…

40 CFR 35.3550 - Specific capitalization grant agreement requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... accounting system used for the DWSRF program must allow for proper measurement of: (1) Revenues earned and... services. (i) Use generally accepted accounting principles. A State must agree to ensure that the State and public water systems receiving assistance will use accounting, audit, and fiscal procedures conforming to...

Earning and Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haughton, Lesley

2010-01-01

The higher education landscape has changed considerably in the past decade, with the introduction of a range of flexible work-related opportunities to allow working people to study and progress at higher levels. This includes the development of modes of delivery such as distance and e-learning options, but also new ways of working between…

Attitudes toward Sexual Discrimination and Nontraditional Roles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dillon, Linda S.

1986-01-01

The author surveyed the attitudes of 1,551 North Carolinians toward sexual discrimination and nontraditional work roles. Sixty-three percent of all respondents thought that women had not been treated equally with men in being allowed to earn enough money to support themselves independently. Women were significantly different than men in their…

DANWEI AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN CHINA

PubMed Central

Xie, Yu; Lai, Qing; Wu, Xiaogang

2009-01-01

Prior research showed that danwei, the work unit, was very important in determining workers’ social, economic, and political lives in pre-reform urban China. In this paper, we argue that danwei continues to be an agent of social stratification in contemporary urban China. Using data from a 1999 survey we conducted in three large Chinese cities, Wuhan, Shanghai, and Xi’an, we assess the extent to which workers’ socioeconomic well-being depends on the financial conditions of their danwei. Results show that the financial situation of danwei remains one of the most important determinants of earnings and benefits. However, the explanatory power of danwei’s financial situation is much greater for earnings than for benefits. PMID:20191102

Student perceptions: Importance of and satisfaction with aspects of an online biology course

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendry, Sheila R.

Research of student satisfaction with various facets of an online biology course, as well as the perceived importance of these aspects, was conducted during the summer and fall 2004 semesters within a course, History of Biology, at a university in the southeastern United States. This research is based on the theory of transactional distance, which involves dialogue between the teacher and student, the physical environments of both the student and teacher, and the emotional environments of each. Student ratings of importance and satisfaction regarding aspects of convenience, grade earned/knowledge learned, emotional health, communication, and student support were collected toward the end of each semester, via the online course, using the researcher-designed Student Perceptions Survey. Statistics with repeated measures ANOVA, using an alpha of 0.05, determined differences between importance and satisfaction ratings for each of these aspects. Students perceived grade earned/knowledge learned to be the most important aspect of learning online, although it is not an aspect unique to online courses. All of the aspects included in the study were found to be at least somewhat important. Convenience was the aspect with which students were most satisfied, with students at least somewhat satisfied with the other aspects. Although convenience is an inherent strength of the online course format, instructors should be aware of how important it is to design requirements of the online class to help students acquire knowledge while allowing them to do so at their own pace. Well-structured content, prompt feedback, encouragement of quality student-instructor communication, and student support are all parts of a positive online course experience. The Student Perceptions Survey, created specifically for this research, can have substantial value both in the creation of new online courses and in the evaluation of pre-existing courses. It can provide important information that can be used in developing or modifying an online course, to determine whether revisions have been effective, or to assess changes in student perceptions. In addition, as changes in technology occur, the survey can be further revised, with maintenance of core items, so that it will remain an effective evaluation tool for online courses.

Analysis of consultants' NHS and private incomes in England in 2003/4

PubMed Central

Morris, Stephen; Elliott, Bob; Ma, Ada; McConnachie, Alex; Rice, Nigel; Skåtun, Diane; Sutton, Matt

2008-01-01

Summary Objective Consultants employed by the NHS in England are allowed to undertake private practice to supplement their NHS income. Until the introduction of a new contract from October 2003, those employed on full-time contracts were allowed to earn private incomes no greater than 10% of their NHS income. In this paper we investigate the magnitude and determinants of consultants' NHS and private incomes. Design Quantitative analysis of financial data. Setting A unique, anonymized, non-disclosive dataset derived from tax returns for a sample of 24,407 consultants (92.3% of the total) in England for the financial year 2003/4. Main outcome methods The conditional mean total, NHS and private incomes earned by age group, type of contract, specialty and region of place of work. Results The mean annual total, NHS and private incomes across all consultants in 2003/4 were £110,773, £76,628 and £34,144, respectively. Incomes varied by age, type of contract, specialty and region of place of work. The ratio of mean private to NHS income for consultants employed on a full-time contract was 0.26. The mean private income across specialties ranged from £5,144 (for paediatric neurology) to £142,723 (plastic surgery). There was a positive association between mean private income and NHS waiting lists across specialties. Conclusions Consultants employed on full-time contracts on average exceeded the limits on private income stipulated by the 10% rule. Specialty is a more important determinant of income than the region in which the consultant works. Further work is required to explore the association between mean private income and waiting lists. PMID:18591691

Drinking, Cigarette Smoking, and Employment Among American College Freshmen at a Four-Year University.

PubMed

Bono, Rose S; Barnes, Andrew J; Dick, Danielle M; Kendler, Kenneth S

2017-01-28

For American college students, alcohol and cigarette use are important health concerns, and employment concurrent with school attendance is on the rise. Given the lifelong importance of employment and substance use trajectories begun in college, parsing out the relationship between the two is meaningful. This study's purpose is to determine whether employment during college is associated with substance use. Cross-sectional associations between employment (work hours, earnings) and substance use (drinking frequency, drinking quantity, smoking frequency) were estimated using partial proportional odds models in a sample of N = 1457 freshmen attending a large, public 4-year university in 2011, after accounting for demographics, personality, social environment, and parental influences. Working 10 more hours and earning $50 more per week as a freshman had modest positive associations with higher smoking frequency and with moderate drinking frequency and quantity prior to adjustment. After adjustment, work hours remained modestly associated with moderate drinking frequency and quantity. No adjusted associations were found among employment measures and smoking or between weekly earnings and drinking frequency. Different relationships emerged for moderate versus heavy alcohol use frequency and quantity. Both employment and substance use are commonplace among college freshmen. After extensive controls for potential confounders, the relationship between the two appears modest. Employment may yet play a role in college student substance use, but work hours and earnings are likely only small parts of a larger web of influences on drinking and smoking.

Drinking, Cigarette Smoking, and Employment among American College Freshmen at a Four-Year University

PubMed Central

Bono, Rose S.; Barnes, Andrew J.; Dick, Danielle M.; Kendler, Kenneth S.

2017-01-01

Background For American college students, alcohol and cigarette use are important health concerns, and employment concurrent with school attendance is on the rise. Given the lifelong importance of employment and substance use trajectories begun in college, parsing out the relationship between the two is meaningful. Objectives This study’s purpose is to determine whether employment during college is associated with substance use. Methods Cross-sectional associations between employment (work hours, earnings) and substance use (drinking frequency, drinking quantity, smoking frequency) were estimated using partial proportional odds models in a sample of N=1457 freshmen attending a large, public 4-year university in 2011, after accounting for demographics, personality, social environment, and parental influences. Results Working 10 more hours and earning $50 more per week as a freshman had modest positive associations with higher smoking frequency and with moderate drinking frequency and quantity prior to adjustment. After adjustment, work hours remained modestly associated with moderate drinking frequency and quantity. No adjusted associations were found among employment measures and smoking or between weekly earnings and drinking frequency. Different relationships emerged for moderate versus heavy alcohol use frequency and quantity. Conclusions Both employment and substance use are commonplace among college freshmen. After extensive controls for potential confounders, the relationship between the two appears modest. Employment may yet play a role in college student substance use, but work hours and earnings are likely only small parts of a larger web of influences on drinking and smoking. PMID:27754728

7 CFR 1767.25 - Retained earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 12 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Retained earnings. 1767.25 Section 1767.25....25 Retained earnings. The retained earnings accounts identified in this section shall be used by all RUS borrowers. Retained Earnings 433-439 [Reserved] Retained Earnings 433-439 [Reserved] ...

The role of occupational attributes in gender earnings inequality, 1970-2010.

PubMed

Mandel, Hadas

2016-01-01

Grounded in the research on the important role of social structures in forming gender inequalities, this study examines the effect of occupational attributes on the gender earnings gap over four decades. Using the IPUMS-USA from 1970 to 2010, the paper shows that occupational attributes cannot be reduced to the aggregate attributes of their individual incumbents. Rather, the effect of occupations on the gender earnings gap goes far beyond both the distributive role of occupational segregation and the effect of individual wage-related characteristics. Furthermore, occupations not only explain a significant portion of net gender pay gaps, but have also contributed to the narrowing of the gaps over the past several decades, as occupational attributes that favor women's pay have become more dominant over time. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica.

PubMed

Gertler, Paul; Heckman, James; Pinto, Rodrigo; Zanolini, Arianna; Vermeersch, Christel; Walker, Susan; Chang, Susan M; Grantham-McGregor, Sally

2014-05-30

A substantial literature shows that U.S. early childhood interventions have important long-term economic benefits. However, there is little evidence on this question for developing countries. We report substantial effects on the earnings of participants in a randomized intervention conducted in 1986-1987 that gave psychosocial stimulation to growth-stunted Jamaican toddlers. The intervention consisted of weekly visits from community health workers over a 2-year period that taught parenting skills and encouraged mothers and children to interact in ways that develop cognitive and socioemotional skills. The authors reinterviewed 105 out of 129 study participants 20 years later and found that the intervention increased earnings by 25%, enough for them to catch up to the earnings of a nonstunted comparison group identified at baseline (65 out of 84 participants). Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The male-female earnings gap for nurses in Germany: A pooled cross-sectional study of the years 2006 and 2012.

PubMed

Muench, Ulrike; Dietrich, Hans

2017-07-14

Nursing is one of the largest occupations for women in every country. Evidence suggests a substantial male-female pay gap for registered nurses in the U.S., possibly contributing to disparities between genders more broadly. Differences in motivation and skills between men and women have long been considered important factors in the gender earnings gap, but these factors are difficult to measure. Because of country specific educational pathways and limited upward job mobility in Germany, nurses tend to be more homogenous in their motivation to work and their work skills compared to the U.S. To study male-female earnings in the nursing labor market in Germany. This is a pooled cross-sectional study of survey data collected for the years 2006 and 2012. We used a representative survey of nurses (n=828) who are active labor force participants. In a multivariate ordinary least squares regression, the analysis estimated the log of monthly earnings for male and female nurses. The full model accounted for demographic, human capital, and geographic characteristics, in addition to employment characteristics, such as hours worked, additional education obtained, years of nursing experience, years of labor market experience, career inactivity, years with the employer, and responsibilities at work, among other factors. We conducted follow-up analyses to test alternative explanations for the pay gap, examining earnings for nurses who no longer worked in nursing and testing potential differences in motivation with the likelihood of working nightshifts and length of time with current employer. Unadjusted monthly earnings for full-time male nurses were 30% higher, or 700 Euros more, than monthly earnings for full-time female nurses. In the fully adjusted analysis, male nurses out-earned female nurses by approximately 9.3%, or 260 Euros per month. Follow-up analyses suggested that better outside options exist for male than female nurses in the German labor market, while we found no support for gender differences in motivation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

20 CFR 404.1574a - When and how we will average your earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... has been no change in the substantial gainful activity earnings levels, we will average your earnings... time during which the substantial gainful activity earnings levels change, we will average your earnings separately for each period in which a different substantial gainful activity earnings level...

20 CFR 404.1574a - When and how we will average your earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... has been no change in the substantial gainful activity earnings levels, we will average your earnings... time during which the substantial gainful activity earnings levels change, we will average your earnings separately for each period in which a different substantial gainful activity earnings level...

Bringing Career Support into the Undergraduate Academic Experience

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Aimée Eubanks

2017-01-01

Braven partners with universities to help students put their hard-earned degrees to work. The credit-bearing career acceleration course is embedded within the undergraduate experience at San José State University and Rutgers-University Newark. This format allows students--many of whom are commuters and work full-time outside school--to fit career…

Benefits Access for College Completion: Innovative Approaches to Meet the Financial Needs of Low-Income Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Postsecondary and Economic Success, 2014

2014-01-01

Benefits Access for College Completion (BACC) was designed to help colleges develop new policies that increase low-income students' access to public benefits, easing their financial burden to allow them to finish school and earn postsecondary credentials. Colleges participating in BACC have developed and institutionalized scalable, sustainable…

Different Approaches to Dual Enrollment: Understanding Program Features and Their Implications. Insight

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edwards, Linsey; Hughes, Katherine L.; Weisberg, Alan

2011-01-01

Dual enrollment programs allow high school students to take college courses and earn college credit. While dual enrollment has historically focused on high-achieving students, these programs can have significant benefits for underperforming students as well, particularly if integrated with a career focus. This research shows that student…

Postsecondary Enrollment Options (PSEO) Reference Guide

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minnesota Department of Education, 2017

2017-01-01

The PSEO program is a dual credit program that allows high school students to simultaneously earn high school and college credit through enrollment in and successful completion of college-level courses on a college campus or online. Students may take PSEO courses on a full- or part-time basis. The PSEO program provides students with a greater…

41 CFR 302-17.10 - Claims for payment and supporting documentation and verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... supporting documentation and verification. 302-17.10 Section 302-17.10 Public Contracts and Property... INCOME TAX (RIT) ALLOWANCE § 302-17.10 Claims for payment and supporting documentation and verification..., net earnings (or loss) from self-employment income shown on attached Schedule SE (Form 1040): Form(s)W...

Endowments Celebrate a Streak

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van der Werf, Martin

2007-01-01

The return of college endowments from the depths of the market earlier this decade continued to gain momentum. Endowments returned an average of 10.7 percent in the 2006 fiscal year, up from the previous year's return of 9.3 percent. The largest endowments earned the best returns, allowing the wealthiest of colleges to put even more distance…

76 FR 47647 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request for Regulation Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-05

... Code allows an individual engaged in a farming business to elect to reduce his or her regular tax liability by treating all or a portion of the current year's farming income as if it had been earned in... of automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology; and (e) estimates of...

12 CFR 955.6 - Risk-based capital requirement for acquired member assets.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... ASSETS AND OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS ACQUIRED MEMBER ASSETS § 955.6 Risk-based capital requirement for acquired member assets. (a) General. Each Bank shall hold retained earnings plus general allowance for... NRSRO in an amount equal to or greater than the outstanding balance of the assets or pools of assets...

The NCAA's New Hammer

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wolverton, Brad

2012-01-01

A series of unprecedented scandals has eroded confidence in big-time sports, increasing the appetite for change. Some critics have a tough time seeing the NCAA as a savior; they say the real problem is the NCAA structure itself, which allows athletes to generate billions of dollars for colleges while earning no compensation themselves. Mark A.…

14 CFR 158.39 - Use of excess PFC revenue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Application and Approval § 158.39 Use of excess PFC revenue. (a) If the PFC revenue remitted to the public agency, plus interest earned thereon, exceeds the allowable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Use of excess PFC revenue. 158.39 Section...

14 CFR 158.39 - Use of excess PFC revenue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Application and Approval § 158.39 Use of excess PFC revenue. (a) If the PFC revenue remitted to the public agency, plus interest earned thereon, exceeds the allowable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Use of excess PFC revenue. 158.39 Section...

14 CFR 158.39 - Use of excess PFC revenue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Application and Approval § 158.39 Use of excess PFC revenue. (a) If the PFC revenue remitted to the public agency, plus interest earned thereon, exceeds the allowable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Use of excess PFC revenue. 158.39 Section...

14 CFR 158.39 - Use of excess PFC revenue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Application and Approval § 158.39 Use of excess PFC revenue. (a) If the PFC revenue remitted to the public agency, plus interest earned thereon, exceeds the allowable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Use of excess PFC revenue. 158.39 Section...

14 CFR 158.39 - Use of excess PFC revenue.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...) AIRPORTS PASSENGER FACILITY CHARGES (PFC'S) Application and Approval § 158.39 Use of excess PFC revenue. (a) If the PFC revenue remitted to the public agency, plus interest earned thereon, exceeds the allowable... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Use of excess PFC revenue. 158.39 Section...

Does It Pay to Complete Community College--and How Much? Research Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Belfield, Clive; Bailey, Thomas

2017-01-01

This brief reviews new findings from a series of extensive studies by the Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment (CAPSEE) researchers. The research makes use of large state datasets that include student transcripts merged with individual quarterly earnings records, which allow for the analysis of returns to particular…

12 CFR Appendix C to Subpart A to... - Concentration Measures

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.../publications/handbook/LeveragedLending.pdf, but do not include all of the criteria in the handbook. • Loans or...; or 6 Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. • Loans or securities that are... residential loan products that allow the borrower to defer repayment of principal or interest and includes all...

An Analysis of the Effect of Marital and Family Status on Retention, Promotion, and On-the-Job Productivity of Male Marine Corps Officers

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-03-01

workers earn more than single male co-workers is well established in labor economics literature. Studies indicate that a marriage earnings premium exists in...determination, which are valued in both the labor and marriage markets. The explanation of the marriage wage premium is an important subject in labor economics because...subject in labor economics . Of all the examined determinants, marital status has been found to be one of the most robust ones. Kol and Ryu (2002), in their

A Nation-Wide Study on the Percentage of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Patients Who Earn Minimum Wage or Above.

PubMed

Davidson, Michael; Kapara, Ori; Goldberg, Shira; Yoffe, Rinat; Noy, Shlomo; Weiser, Mark

2016-03-01

Although it is undisputable that patients with severe mental illness have impaired ability to work, the extent of this is unclear. This is a nation-wide, cross-sectional survey of patients who have been hospitalized with severe mental illness earning minimum wage or above. Data from the Israeli Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry were linked with nation-wide data from the National Insurance Institute (the equivalent of US Social Security) on personal income. Hospitalization data were obtained on all consecutive admissions to any psychiatric hospital in the country between 1990-2008 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, other nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder (N = 35 673). Earning minimum wage or more was defined as earning at least 1000 USD/month, which was equivalent to minimum wage in Israel in December 2010. The percentages of patients with only 1 admission who were earning minimum wage or above in December 2010 were as follows: 10.6% of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia; 21.6% of patients with a diagnosis of nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 24.2% of patients with bipolar disorder. The percentages of patients with multiple admissions who were earning minimum wage or above were as follows: 5.8% of patients with schizophrenia; 11.2% of patients with nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 19.9% of patients with bipolar disorder. Despite potential confounders, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia, nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder have a poor employment outcome, even if they have only been admitted once. These results emphasize the importance of improving interventions to re-integrate these individuals into the work force. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

A Nation-Wide Study on the Percentage of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Patients Who Earn Minimum Wage or Above

PubMed Central

Davidson, Michael; Kapara, Ori; Goldberg, Shira; Yoffe, Rinat; Noy, Shlomo; Weiser, Mark

2016-01-01

Objective: Although it is undisputable that patients with severe mental illness have impaired ability to work, the extent of this is unclear. This is a nation-wide, cross-sectional survey of patients who have been hospitalized with severe mental illness earning minimum wage or above. Method: Data from the Israeli Psychiatric Hospitalization Case Registry were linked with nation-wide data from the National Insurance Institute (the equivalent of US Social Security) on personal income. Hospitalization data were obtained on all consecutive admissions to any psychiatric hospital in the country between 1990–2008 with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, other nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder (N = 35 673). Earning minimum wage or more was defined as earning at least 1000 USD/month, which was equivalent to minimum wage in Israel in December 2010. Results: The percentages of patients with only 1 admission who were earning minimum wage or above in December 2010 were as follows: 10.6% of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia; 21.6% of patients with a diagnosis of nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 24.2% of patients with bipolar disorder. The percentages of patients with multiple admissions who were earning minimum wage or above were as follows: 5.8% of patients with schizophrenia; 11.2% of patients with nonaffective psychotic disorders; and 19.9% of patients with bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Despite potential confounders, the results indicate that patients with schizophrenia, nonaffective psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder have a poor employment outcome, even if they have only been admitted once. These results emphasize the importance of improving interventions to re-integrate these individuals into the work force. PMID:25796051

Education and Lifetime Earnings in the United States.

PubMed

Tamborini, Christopher R; Kim, ChangHwan; Sakamoto, Arthur

2015-08-01

Differences in lifetime earnings by educational attainment have been of great research and policy interest. Although a large literature examines earnings differences by educational attainment, research on lifetime earnings--which refers to total accumulated earnings from entry into the labor market until retirement--remains limited because of the paucity of adequate data. Using data that match respondents in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to their longitudinal tax earnings as recorded by the Social Security Administration, we estimate the 50-year work career effects of education on lifetime earnings for men and women. By overcoming the purely synthetic cohort approach, our results provide a more realistic appraisal of actual patterns of lifetime earnings. Detailed estimates are provided for gross lifetime earnings by education; net lifetime earnings after controlling for covariates associated with the probability of obtaining a bachelor's degree; and the net present 50-year lifetime value of education at age 20. In addition, we provide estimates that include individuals with zero earnings and disability. We also assess the adequacy of the purely synthetic cohort approach, which uses age differences in earnings observed in cross-sectional surveys to approximate lifetime earnings. Overall, our results confirm the persistent positive effects of higher education on earnings over different stages of the work career and over a lifetime, but also reveal notably smaller net effects on lifetime earnings compared with previously reported estimates. We discuss the implications of these and other findings.

The effects of Earned Income Tax Credit payment expansion on maternal smoking.

PubMed

Averett, Susan; Wang, Yang

2013-11-01

The Earned Income Tax Credit is the largest antipoverty program in the USA. In 1993, the Earned Income Tax Credit benefit levels were changed significantly based on the number of children in the family such that families with two or more children experienced an exogenous expansion in their incomes. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, we use a triple-difference plus fixed effects framework to examine the effect of this change on the probability of smoking among low-educated mothers. We find that the probability of smoking for White low-educated mothers of two or more children significantly decreased relative to those with only one child, and this result is robust to various specification tests. This result provides new evidence on the protective effect of income on health through changes in a health-related behavior and therefore has important policy implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

26 CFR 1.312-7 - Effect on earnings and profits of gain or loss realized after February 28, 1913.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Effect on earnings and profits of gain or loss realized after February 28, 1913. (a) In order to... earnings and profits for any period beginning after February 28, 1913. For example, since the earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, or the earnings and profits of the taxable year, are earnings...

Power Scaling of Petroleum Field Sizes and Movie Box Office Earnings.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haley, J. A.; Barton, C. C.

2017-12-01

The size-cumulative frequency distribution of petroleum fields has long been shown to be power scaling, Mandelbrot, 1963, and Barton and Scholz, 1995. The scaling exponents for petroleum field volumes range from 0.8 to 1.08 worldwide and are used to assess the size and number of undiscovered fields. The size-cumulative frequency distribution of movie box office earnings also exhibits a power scaling distribution for domestic, overseas, and worldwide gross box office earnings for the top 668 earning movies released between 1939 and 2016 (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/). Box office earnings were reported in the dollars-of-the-day and were converted to 2015 U.S. dollars using the U.S. consumer price index (CPI) for domestic and overseas earnings. Because overseas earnings are not reported by country and there is no single inflation index appropriate for all overseas countries. Adjusting the box office earnings using the CPI index has two effects on the power functions fit. The first is that the scaling exponent has a narrow range (2.3 - 2.5) between the three data sets; and second, the scatter of the data points fit by the power function is reduced. The scaling exponents for the adjusted value are; 2.3 for domestic box office earnings, 2.5 for overseas box office earnings, and 2.5 worldwide box office earnings. The smaller the scaling exponent the greater the proportion of all earnings is contributed by a smaller proportion of all the movies: where E = P (a-2)/(a-1) where E is the percentage of earnings, P is the percentage of all movies in the data set. The scaling exponents for box office earnings (2.3 - 2.5) means that approximately 20% of the top earning movies contribute 70-55% of all the earnings for domestic, worldwide earnings respectively.

Education and Lifetime Earnings in the United States

PubMed Central

Tamborini, Christopher R.; Kim, ChangHwan; Sakamoto, Arthur

2015-01-01

Differences in lifetime earnings by educational attainment have been of great research and policy interest. Although a large literature examines earnings differences by educational attainment, research on lifetime earnings—which refers to total accumulated earnings from entry into the labor market until retirement—remains limited because of the paucity of adequate data. Using data that match respondents in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to their longitudinal tax earnings as recorded by the Social Security Administration, we estimate the 50-year work career effects of education on lifetime earnings for men and women. By overcoming the purely synthetic cohort approach, our results provide a more realistic appraisal of actual patterns of lifetime earnings. Detailed estimates are provided for gross lifetime earnings by education; net lifetime earnings after controlling for covariates associated with the probability of obtaining a bachelor’s degree; and the net present 50-year lifetime value of education at age 20. In addition, we provide estimates that include individuals with zero earnings and disability. We also assess the adequacy of the purely synthetic cohort approach, which uses age differences in earnings observed in cross-sectional surveys to approximate lifetime earnings. Overall, our results confirm the persistent positive effects of higher education on earnings over different stages of the work career and over a lifetime, but also reveal notably smaller net effects on lifetime earnings compared with previously reported estimates. We discuss the implications of these and other findings. PMID:26100983

Profiles of higher earning wives in Hong Kong and the implications for marital satisfaction.

PubMed

Zhang, Huiping; Law, Frances Yik Wa; Hu, Debao; Fan, Susan; Yip, Paul Siu Fai

2015-01-01

Higher earning wives are emerging as a global phenomenon; however, the profiles of higher earning wives and the implications for marital satisfaction remain unknown in Hong Kong. On the basis of a representative household survey of 689 Hong Kong Chinese couples in 2012, this study aimed to explore the profiles of higher earning wives in Hong Kong and examine the effect of wives' income advantage on the couples' marital satisfaction. Results indicated that higher earning wives were clustered into 2 groups. One group of higher earning wives was older, was better educated, held managerial and professional jobs, and lived in high-income families compared with lower earning wives. The other group of higher earning wives was not well educated, held nonprofessional jobs, and lived in low-income families. Higher earning wives reported similar marital satisfaction with lower earning wives as well as their husbands. However, higher earning wives with nonprofessional jobs and from low-income families reported lower life and marital satisfaction than did those with better socioeconomic status. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Effect of Registered Partnership on Labor Earnings and Fertility for Same-Sex Couples: Evidence From Swedish Register Data.

PubMed

Aldén, Lina; Edlund, Lena; Hammarstedt, Mats; Mueller-Smith, Michael

2015-08-01

The expansion of legal rights to same-sex couples is a foot in a number of Western countries. The effects of this rollout are not only important in their own right but can also provide a window on the institution of marriage and the rights bundled therein. In this article, using Swedish longitudinal register data covering 1994-2007, we study the impact of the extension of rights to same-sex couples on labor earnings and fertility. In 1994, registered partnership for same-sex couples was introduced, which conferred almost all rights and obligations of marriage--a notable exception being joint legal parenting, by default or election. The latter was added in the 2002 adoption act. We find registered partnership to be important to both gays and lesbians but for different reasons. For gays, resource pooling emerges as the main function of registered partnerships. For lesbians, registered partnership appears to be an important vehicle for family formation, especially after the 2002 adoption act. In contrast to heterosexual couples (included for comparison), we find no evidence of household specialization among lesbians. The lack of specialization is noteworthy given similar fertility effects of registered partnership (after 2002) and the fact that lesbian couples were less assortatively matched (on education) than heterosexual couples--children and unequal earnings power being two factors commonly believed to promote specialization.

At Their Own Pace: Interim Findings from an Evaluation of a Computer-Assisted, Modular Approach to Developmental Math

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gardenhire, Alissa; Diamond, John; Headlam, Camielle; Weiss, Michael J.

2016-01-01

Community colleges nationwide are looking for solutions to help students complete developmental (remedial) math--a known barrier to graduation. Some are offering computer-assisted, modular developmental math courses that allow students to earn credits incrementally and move through the curriculum at their own pace. One of these modularized…

Sacrificing Their Careers for Their Families? An Analysis of the Penalty to Motherhood in Europe

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gash, Vanessa

2009-01-01

This paper examines the extent of and the mechanisms behind the penalty to motherhood in six European countries. Each country provides different levels of support for maternal employment allowing us to determine institutional effects on labour market outcome. While mothers tend to earn less than non-mothers, the penalty to motherhood is…

26 CFR 1.535-3 - Accumulated earnings credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... section 243(b)(3) and § 1.243-5 (relating to effect of 100-percent dividends received deduction under... way create an inference that an accumulation in excess of $150,000 ($100,000 in the case of taxable...,000 and that a deduction has been allowed under section 535(b)(6) in the amount of $5,000. Since the...

Early College High School Initiative. Evaluation Year End Report: 2003?2004

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berger, Andrea R.; Cole, Susan; Melton, Janet; Safran, Stephanie; Vogel, Tyler; Walton, Laura; Adelman, Nancy; Hall, Catherine; Keating, Kaelie Knowles; Murray, Samantha; Nielsen, Natalie; Schaffner, Monika

2005-01-01

This is the first year-end report produced as part of the on-going evaluation of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's Early College High School Initiative. The program provides funding and support for the establishment of Early College High Schools, which are organized to allow all enrolled students the opportunity to earn a high school diploma…

NREL Research Earns Three Prestigious R&D 100 Awards | News | NREL

Science.gov Websites

more cost-effective lithium-ion batteries. "The IBC allows for the development of new thermal battery life and improve safety at an affordable cost. With forecasts of more than half a million hybrid Peter Ralbovsky, Jean-Francois Mauger, and Gilles Widawski. TetraSun's High-Efficiency, Cost-Effective

Youth Apprenticeships in Canada: On Their Inferior Status Despite Skilled Labour Shortages

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lehmann, Wolfgang; Taylor, Alison; Wright, Laura

2014-01-01

In Canada, youth apprenticeships have been promoted as an educational alternative that leads to the development of valuable skills, allows for the opportunity to earn an income while learning and helps youth to gain a head start into lucrative, creative and in-demand careers. Yet, these programmes have remained rather marginal and continue to be…

5 CFR 831.1209 - Termination of disability annuity because of restoration to earning capacity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... immediately before retirement is made by the employing agency at the time the disability retirement is allowed... will inform the employee of the proper rate at the time the disability annuity is awarded. This rate of... in writing and included at the time the agency submits the application for disability retirement. OPM...

Gamification: Questing to Integrate Content Knowledge, Literacy, and 21st-Century Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kingsley, Tara L.; Grabner-Hagen, Melissa M.

2015-01-01

This article showcases the use of gamification as a means to turn an existing curriculum into a game-based learning environment. The purpose of this article is to examine how gamification, coupled with effective pedagogy, can support the acquisition of 21st-century skills. Gamifying content allows students to earn experience points, badges, and…

"They're Not Keeping a Journal of Feelings": Literacy Initiatives and Career and Technical Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kohnen, Angela M.

2015-01-01

Career and Technical Education (CTE) centers offer an opportunity for students to engage in authentic reading and writing activities. In many states, "embedding" English and math credits (i.e., allowing students to earn traditional core subject credits in the context of their CTE programs) has become a popular trend. This article reports…

American Indian Law: A Surge of Interest on Campuses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mangan, Katherine

2008-01-01

Interest in Indian law is growing as the economic clout and political influence of the nation's 562 federally recognized tribes have expanded. Arizona State's Indian Legal Program allows students who are pursuing their J.D.'s to simultaneously earn certificates in Indian law. They study the differences between the legal systems of tribes and that…

Task-Specific Optimization of Mammographic Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

in Appendix II. 5.3 The results from the previous step will guide the creation for recommendations on the minimum allowable dose for...Degrees Earned Robert Saunders graduated with a doctorate in physics from Duke University in May 2006. Research Opportunities Received based on ...of dose in digital mammography has a measurable but modest impact on diagnostic accuracy.

Volunteer Income Tax Assistance: A Community Coalition for Financial Education and Asset Building

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koonce, Joan; Scarrow, Andrea; Palmer, Lance

2016-01-01

Free tax programs, such as Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA), allow recipients of the earned income tax credit (EITC) to have their returns filed for free. VITA and other free tax programs are nationwide. However, each program is distinct, and the services provided by these programs differ. This article discusses a successful and unique…

Establishing and Maintaining Program Coherence in a Cohort-Based Graduate Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lamb, Lisa Clement; Jacobs, Victoria R.

2009-01-01

One characteristic of master's programs that has received little attention in the literature is the opportunity that cohorts allow for creating intellectually coherent programs rather than a collection of independent courses. We thus describe how the faculty who taught in a cohort for students earning a master of arts degree in K-8 mathematics…

Validating College Course Placement Decisions Based on CLEP Exam Scores: CLEP Placement Validity Study Results. Statistical Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Godfrey, Kelly E.; Jagesic, Sanja

2016-01-01

The College-Level Examination Program® (CLEP®) is a computer-based prior-learning assessment that allows examinees the opportunity to demonstrate mastery of knowledge and skills necessary to earn postsecondary course credit in higher education. Currently, there are 33 exams in five subject areas: composition and literature, world languages,…

26 CFR 1.959-3 - Allocation of distributions to earnings and profits of foreign corporations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of ownership described in section 958(a)(2) shall be reduced by any income, war profits, or excess... allowable under section 901 in a case in which distributions are made by a second-tier corporation or a... and profits for such taxable year of the second-tier corporation shall be considered first...

The Transition Process: Towards Exclusion or Financial Sufficiency. A French-Irish Comparison.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grelet, Yvette; Mansuy, Michele; Thomas, Gwenaelle

Data from longitudinal school leavers' surveys in France and Ireland were compared to determine types of transition pathways leading to unsuccessful conclusions. Focus was on outcomes of the transition process for school leavers unemployed five years after leaving and for employed young people whose earnings did not allow them to be financially…

Voices of Early College High School Graduates in Texas: A Narrative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woodcock, JoDee Baker; Olson Beal, Heather K.

2013-01-01

School districts across the U.S. are experimenting with various reforms in an attempt to bridge the gap between secondary and postsecondary education and create greater access to postsecondary education for all students. One such reform initiative is the Early College High School (ECHS) model, which allows high school students to earn a diploma…

3 CFR 8366 - Proclamation 8366 of April 28, 2009. National Equal Pay Day, 2009

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... earned—is not possible. This problem is particularly dire for women who are single and the sole... genetics and earned a Nobel Prize. These and countless other women have broken barriers and changed the course of our history, allowing women and men who followed them the opportunity to reach greater heights...

Competencies for master and doctoral students in epidemiology: what is important, what is unimportant, and where is there room for improvement?

PubMed

Brunner Huber, Larissa R; Fennie, Kristopher; Patterson, Holly

2015-06-01

In 2008, members of the American College of Epidemiology's Education Committee began work on a project to facilitate discussion on identifying domains and core competencies for epidemiologic training at the master and doctoral levels. Two online surveys were created and participants (N = 183; n = 147 [established epidemiologists] and n = 36 [recent graduates]) rated the importance of 19 domains and 66 competencies. A total of 17 competencies were viewed as important or very important for individuals earning various master- or doctoral-level degrees in epidemiology, whereas eight competencies were reported as being unimportant for all individuals earning graduate degrees in epidemiology. Twenty additional competencies were viewed as important or very important only for individuals receiving doctoral training. In addition, recent master-level graduates identified nine domains in which they felt less prepared, and recent doctoral-level graduates identified two such domains. Additional research is warranted to ensure that all epidemiologists receive sufficient training in identified areas. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5 CFR 844.402 - Restoration of earning capacity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Restoration of earning capacity. 844.402... Reinstatement of Disability Annuity § 844.402 Restoration of earning capacity. (a) Earning capacity... current rate of basic pay of the position occupied immediately before retirement, the annuitant's earning...

18 CFR 367.4360 - Account 436, Appropriations of retained earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., Appropriations of retained earnings. 367.4360 Section 367.4360 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL... NATURAL GAS ACT Retained Earnings Accounts § 367.4360 Account 436, Appropriations of retained earnings. This account must include appropriations of retained earnings as follows: (a) Appropriations required...

Geographic Differences in the Earnings of Economics Majors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winters, John V.; Xu, Weineng

2014-01-01

Economics has been shown to be a relatively high-earning college major, but geographic differences in earnings have been largely overlooked. The authors of this article use the American Community Survey to examine geographic differences in both absolute earnings and relative earnings for economics majors. They find that there are substantial…

48 CFR 52.234-4 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Earned Value Management....234-4 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 34.203(c), insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (JUL 2006) (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management system (EVMS...

48 CFR 52.234-4 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Earned Value Management....234-4 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 34.203(c), insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (JUL 2006) (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management system (EVMS...

48 CFR 52.234-4 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Earned Value Management....234-4 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 34.203(c), insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (MAY 2014) (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management system (EVMS...

48 CFR 52.234-4 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Earned Value Management....234-4 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 34.203(c), insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (JUL 2006) (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management system (EVMS...

48 CFR 52.234-4 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Earned Value Management....234-4 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 34.203(c), insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (JUL 2006) (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management system (EVMS...

12 CFR 704.19 - Wholesale corporate credit unions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Earnings retention requirement. A wholesale corporate credit union must increase retained earnings if the prior month-end retained earnings ratio is less than 1 percent. (1) Its retained earnings must increase... month-end retained earnings ratio is less than 1 percent and the core capital ratio is less than 3...

The gender earnings gap among pharmacists.

PubMed

Carvajal, Manuel J; Armayor, Graciela M; Deziel, Lisa

2012-01-01

A gender earnings gap exists across professions. Compared with men, women earn consistently lower income levels. The determinants of wages and salaries should be explored to assess whether a gender earnings gap exists in the pharmacy profession. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the responses of male and female pharmacists' earnings with human-capital stock, workers' preferences, and opinion variables and (2) assess whether the earnings determination models for male and female pharmacists yielded similar results in estimating the wage-and-salary gap through earnings projections, the influence of each explanatory variable, and gender differences in statistical significance. Data were collected through the use of a 37-question survey mailed to registered pharmacists in South Florida, United States. Earnings functions were formulated and tested separately for male and female pharmacists using unlogged and semilog equation forms. Number of hours worked, human-capital stock, job preferences, and opinion variables were hypothesized to explain wage-and-salary differentials. The empirical evidence led to 3 major conclusions: (1) men's and women's earnings sometimes were influenced by different stimuli, and when they responded to the same variables, the effect often was different; (2) although the influence of some explanatory variables on earnings differed in the unlogged and semilog equations, the earnings projections derived from both equation forms for male and female pharmacists were remarkably similar and yielded nearly identical male-female earnings ratios; and (3) controlling for number of hours worked, human-capital stock, job preferences, and opinion variables reduced the initial unadjusted male-female earnings ratios only slightly, which pointed toward the presence of gender bias. After controlling for human-capital stock, job-related characteristics, and opinion variables, male pharmacists continued to earn higher income levels than female pharmacists. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Determinants of reinforcer accumulation during an operant task.

PubMed

McFarland, J M; Lattal, K A

2001-11-01

Responses by rats on an earn lever made available food pellets that were delivered to a food cup by responses on a second, collect, lever. The rats could either collect and immediately consume or accumulate (defined as the percentage of multiple earn responses and as the number of pellets earned before a collect response) earned pellets. In Experiment 1, accumulation varied as a function of variations in the earn or collect response requirements and whether the earn and collect levers were proximal (31 cm) or distal (248 cm) to one another. Some accumulation occurred under all but one of the conditions, but generally was higher when the earn and collect levers were distal to one another, particularly when the earn response requirement was fixed-ratio (FR) 1. In Experiment 2, the contributions of responses and time to accumulation were assessed by comparing an FR 20 earn response requirement to a condition in which only a single earn response was required at the end of a time interval nominally yoked to the FR interval. When 248 cm separated the earn and collect levers, accumulation was always greater in the FR condition, and it was not systematically related to reinforcement rate. In Experiment 3, increasing the earn response requirement with a progressive-ratio schedule that reset only with a collect response increased the likelihood of accumulation when the collect and earn levers were 248 cm apart, even though such accumulation increased the next earn response requirement. Reinforcer accumulation is an understudied dimension of operant behavior that relates to the analysis of such phenomena as hoarding and self-control, in that they too involve accumulating versus immediately collecting or consuming reinforcers.

Determinants of reinforcer accumulation during an operant task.

PubMed Central

McFarland, J M; Lattal, K A

2001-01-01

Responses by rats on an earn lever made available food pellets that were delivered to a food cup by responses on a second, collect, lever. The rats could either collect and immediately consume or accumulate (defined as the percentage of multiple earn responses and as the number of pellets earned before a collect response) earned pellets. In Experiment 1, accumulation varied as a function of variations in the earn or collect response requirements and whether the earn and collect levers were proximal (31 cm) or distal (248 cm) to one another. Some accumulation occurred under all but one of the conditions, but generally was higher when the earn and collect levers were distal to one another, particularly when the earn response requirement was fixed-ratio (FR) 1. In Experiment 2, the contributions of responses and time to accumulation were assessed by comparing an FR 20 earn response requirement to a condition in which only a single earn response was required at the end of a time interval nominally yoked to the FR interval. When 248 cm separated the earn and collect levers, accumulation was always greater in the FR condition, and it was not systematically related to reinforcement rate. In Experiment 3, increasing the earn response requirement with a progressive-ratio schedule that reset only with a collect response increased the likelihood of accumulation when the collect and earn levers were 248 cm apart, even though such accumulation increased the next earn response requirement. Reinforcer accumulation is an understudied dimension of operant behavior that relates to the analysis of such phenomena as hoarding and self-control, in that they too involve accumulating versus immediately collecting or consuming reinforcers. PMID:11768714

Trends in mortality differentials and life expectancy for male social security-covered workers, by socioeconomic status.

PubMed

Waldron, Hilary

2007-01-01

This article presents an analysis of trends in mortality differentials and life expectancy by average relative earnings for male Social Security-covered workers aged 60 or older. Because average relative earnings are measured at the peak of the earnings distribution (ages 45-55), it is assumed that they act as a rough proxy for socioeconomic status. The historical literature reviewed in this analysis generally indicates that mortality differentials by socioeconomic status have not been constant over time. For this study, time trends are examined by observing how mortality differentials by average relative earnings have been changing over 29 years of successive birth cohorts that encompass roughly the first third of the 20th century. Deaths for these birth cohorts are observed at ages 60-89 from 1972 through 2001, encompassing roughly the last third of the 20th century. The large size and long span of death observations allow for disaggregation by age and year-of-birth groups in the estimation of mortality differentials by socioeconomic status. This study finds a difference in both the level and the rate of change in mortality improvement over time by socioeconomic status for male Social Security-covered workers. Average relative earnings (measured as the relative average positive earnings of an individual between ages 45 and 55) are used as a proxy for adult socioeconomic status. In general, for birth cohorts spanning the years 1912-1941 (or deaths spanning the years 1972-2001 at ages 60-89), the top half of the average relative earnings distribution has experienced faster mortality improvement than has the bottom half. Specifically, male Social Security-covered workers born in 1941 who had average relative earnings in the top half of the earnings distribution and who lived to age 60 would be expected to live 5.8 more years than their counterparts in the bottom half. In contrast, among male Social Security-covered workers born in 1912 who survived to age 60, those in the top half of the earnings distribution would be expected to live only 1.2 years more than those in the bottom half. The life expectancy estimates in this article represent one possible outcome under one set of assumptions. These projections should not be regarded as an accurate depiction of the future. Specifically, this study adopts a simple projection method in which differentials are assumed to follow the pattern observed over the last 30 years of the 20th century for the first 30 years of the 21st century. This assumption lacks theoretical underpinnings because the causes of the widening differentials observed over the past 30 years have not been determined. On the one hand, if the trend of widening mortality differentials by year of birth observed over the past 30 years does not continue, the projection method used in this analysis could lead to an overestimation of future differences in life expectancy between socioeconomic groups. On the other hand, if mortality differentials do not narrow by age as observed in the past, the projection method used could lead to an underestimation of the differences in life expectancy between socioeconomic groups aged 60 or older.

Increasing Financial Security

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kiss, Elizabeth

2006-01-01

Earning, spending, saving and investing, and using credit are important aspects of money management that teens need to understand as they move into adulthood. Family and consumer sciences (FCS) professionals have a long history of addressing this important life skill. This brief article describes the High School Financial Planning Program (HSFPP),…

Increasing Earnings Inequality in Faculty Labor Markets.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monks, James

This study examined earnings inequality for college and university faculty, using data from the National Study of Postsecondary Faculty to examine whether earnings for this group increased from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. The study was the first to decompose faculty earnings inequality into the proportion of the earnings inequality that is…

26 CFR 1.1502-33 - Earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... has no effect on the earnings and profits of P and S.) Example 2. Section 355 distribution. (a) Facts... section 312(h). Thus, P's earnings and profits rather than S's earnings and profits may be eliminated...) of this section, P's earnings and profits may be reduced under section 312(h) as a result of the...

26 CFR 1.1502-33 - Earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... has no effect on the earnings and profits of P and S.) Example 2. Section 355 distribution. (a) Facts... section 312(h). Thus, P's earnings and profits rather than S's earnings and profits may be eliminated...) of this section, P's earnings and profits may be reduced under section 312(h) as a result of the...

26 CFR 1.1502-33 - Earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... has no effect on the earnings and profits of P and S.) Example 2. Section 355 distribution. (a) Facts... section 312(h). Thus, P's earnings and profits rather than S's earnings and profits may be eliminated...) of this section, P's earnings and profits may be reduced under section 312(h) as a result of the...

26 CFR 1.1502-33 - Earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... has no effect on the earnings and profits of P and S.) Example 2. Section 355 distribution. (a) Facts... section 312(h). Thus, P's earnings and profits rather than S's earnings and profits may be eliminated...) of this section, P's earnings and profits may be reduced under section 312(h) as a result of the...

Does Money Matter: Earnings Patterns Among a National Sample of the US State Governmental Public Health Agency Workforce

PubMed Central

Castrucci, Brian C.; Leider, Jonathon P.; Liss-Levinson, Rivka; Sellers, Katie

2015-01-01

Context: Earnings have been shown to be a critical point in workforce recruitment and retention. However, little is known about how much governmental public health staff are paid across the United States. Objective: To characterize earnings among state health agency central office employees. Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of state health agency central office employees in late 2014. The sampling approach was stratified by 5 (paired HHS) regions. Balanced repeated replication weights were used to correctly calculate variance estimates, given the complex sampling design. Descriptive and bivariate statistical comparisons were conducted. A linear regression model was used to examine correlates of earnings among full-time employees. Setting and Participants: A total of 9300 permanently employed, full-time state health agency central office staff who reported earnings information. Main Outcome Measure: Earnings are the main outcomes examined in this article. Results: Central office staff earn between $55 000 and $65 000 on average annually. Ascending supervisory status, educational attainment, and tenure are all associated with greater earnings. Those employed in clinical and laboratory positions and public health science positions earn more than their colleagues in administrative positions. Disparities exist between men and women, with men earning more, all else being equal (P < .001). Racial/ethnic disparities also exist, after accounting for other factors. Conclusions: This study provides baseline information to characterize the workforce and key challenges that result from earnings levels, including disparities in earnings that persist after accounting for education and experience. Data from the survey can inform strategies to address earnings issues and help reduce disparities. PMID:26422496

Does Money Matter: Earnings Patterns Among a National Sample of the US State Governmental Public Health Agency Workforce.

PubMed

Castrucci, Brian C; Leider, Jonathon P; Liss-Levinson, Rivka; Sellers, Katie

2015-01-01

Earnings have been shown to be a critical point in workforce recruitment and retention. However, little is known about how much governmental public health staff are paid across the United States. To characterize earnings among state health agency central office employees. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of state health agency central office employees in late 2014. The sampling approach was stratified by 5 (paired HHS) regions. Balanced repeated replication weights were used to correctly calculate variance estimates, given the complex sampling design. Descriptive and bivariate statistical comparisons were conducted. A linear regression model was used to examine correlates of earnings among full-time employees. A total of 9300 permanently employed, full-time state health agency central office staff who reported earnings information. Earnings are the main outcomes examined in this article. Central office staff earn between $55,000 and $65,000 on average annually. Ascending supervisory status, educational attainment, and tenure are all associated with greater earnings. Those employed in clinical and laboratory positions and public health science positions earn more than their colleagues in administrative positions. Disparities exist between men and women, with men earning more, all else being equal (P < .001). Racial/ethnic disparities also exist, after accounting for other factors. This study provides baseline information to characterize the workforce and key challenges that result from earnings levels, including disparities in earnings that persist after accounting for education and experience. Data from the survey can inform strategies to address earnings issues and help reduce disparities.

Trends in the earnings gender gap among dentists, physicians, and lawyers.

PubMed

Nguyen Le, Thanh An; Lo Sasso, Anthony T; Vujicic, Marko

2017-04-01

The authors examined the factors associated with sex differences in earnings for 3 professional occupations. The authors used a multivariate Blinder-Oaxaca method to decompose the differences in mean earnings across sex. Although mean differences in earnings between men and women narrowed over time, there remained large, unaccountable earnings differences between men and women among all professions after multivariate adjustments. For dentists, the unexplained difference in earnings for women was approximately constant at 62% to 66%. For physicians, the unexplained difference in earnings for women ranged from 52% to 57%. For lawyers, the unexplained difference in earnings for women was the smallest of the 3 professions but also exhibited the most growth, increasing from 34% in 1990 to 45% in 2010. The reduction in the earnings gap is driven largely by a general convergence between men and women in some, but not all, observable characteristics over time. Nevertheless, large unexplained gender gaps in earnings remain for all 3 professions. Policy makers must use care in efforts to alleviate earnings differences for men and women because measures could make matters worse without a clear understanding of the nature of the factors driving the differences. Copyright © 2017 American Dental Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

20 CFR 404.452 - Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment. 404.452 Section 404.452 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL...; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.452 Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages...

20 CFR 404.452 - Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment. 404.452 Section 404.452 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL...; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.452 Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages...

25 CFR 700.173 - Average net earnings of business or farm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Average net earnings of business or farm. 700.173 Section... PROCEDURES Moving and Related Expenses, Temporary Emergency Moves § 700.173 Average net earnings of business or farm. (a) Computing net earnings. For purposes of this subpart, the average annual net earnings of...

25 CFR 700.173 - Average net earnings of business or farm.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Average net earnings of business or farm. 700.173 Section... PROCEDURES Moving and Related Expenses, Temporary Emergency Moves § 700.173 Average net earnings of business or farm. (a) Computing net earnings. For purposes of this subpart, the average annual net earnings of...

26 CFR 1.312-1 - Adjustment to earnings and profits reflecting distributions by corporations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... earnings and profits. The reduction in earnings and profits by reason of such distribution is $5,000. Such...,000. The reduction in earnings and profits is $15,000. Such is the reduction even though only the... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Adjustment to earnings and profits reflecting...

20 CFR 404.452 - Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment. 404.452 Section 404.452 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL...; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.452 Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages...

20 CFR 404.452 - Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages; net earnings from self-employment. 404.452 Section 404.452 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL...; and Nonpayments of Benefits § 404.452 Reports to Social Security Administration of earnings; wages...

Dualling Thomas: Maine College Helps Students Earn College Credit While in High School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacKenzie, Riley

2016-01-01

The Pathways Program allows juniors and seniors in high school who have a high school GPA of 3.0, a demonstrated capacity for college work, and a recommendation of the high school guidance counselor, to pursue their associate degrees at Thomas College in Waterville, Maine, while completing the requirements for their high school diploma at…

The Influence of Dual Enrollment on Academic Performance and College Readiness: Differences by Socioeconomic Status

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

An, Brian P.

2013-01-01

I examine the influence of dual enrollment, a program that allows students to take college courses and earn college credits while in high school, on academic performance and college readiness. Advocates consider dual enrollment as a way to transition high school students into college, and they further claim that these programs benefit students…

Economics of thinning stagnated ponderosa pine sapling stands in the pine-grass areas of central Washington.

Treesearch

Robert W. Sassaman; James W. Barrett; Justin G. Smith

1972-01-01

Present net worth values earned by investments in precommercial thinning of stagnated ponderosa pine sapling stands are reported for three stocking levels. Thirteen timber management regimes are ranked by their returns from timber only, and 22 regimes are ranked according to their returns from timber and forage, with and without the allowable cut effect.

Improving Educational Outcomes for Poor Children. Discussion Paper No. 1352-08

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacob, Brian A.; Ludwig, Jens

2008-01-01

One of the best ways to avoid being poor as an adult is to obtain a good education. Individuals with higher academic achievement and more years of schooling earn more than those with lower levels of human capital. This is not surprising given that we believe that schooling makes people more productive, allowing them to command higher wages in the…

The Timmons Savings Plan: A Working Document on a Plan to Encourage Families to Save for College.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tierney, Michael L.

The Timmons Savings Plan, which encourages families to save toward college costs, is analyzed. This plan allows for periodic (non-tax deductible) contributions to an account administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The amount deposited would be matched by the federal government in exchange for the government's earning the interest on…

Intraoccupational Earnings Inequality. Human Capital and Institutional Determinants.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lorence, Jon

1987-01-01

Examines the distribution of earnings within occupations. Finds that these are more widely distributed than earnings among differing occupations. Suggests some gender differences in the processes generating earnings disparities within occupations. (CH)

Risk-sensitive choice in humans as a function of an earnings budget.

PubMed Central

Pietras, C J; Hackenberc, T D

2001-01-01

Risky choice in 3 adult humans was investigated across procedural manipulations designed to model energy-budget manipulations conducted with nonhumans. Subjects were presented with repeated choices between a fixed and a variable number of points. An energy budget was simulated by use of an earnings budget, defined as the number of points needed within a block of trials for points to be exchanged for money. During positive earnings-budget conditions, exclusive preference for the fixed option met the earnings requirement. During negative earnings-budget conditions, exclusive preference for the certain option did not meet the earnings requirement, but choice for the variable option met the requirement probabilistically. Choice was generally risk averse (the fixed option was preferred) when the earnings budget was positive and risk prone (the variable option was preferred) when the earnings budget was negative. Furthermore, choice was most risk prone during negative earnings-budget conditions in which the earnings requirement was most stringent. Local choice patterns were also frequently consistent with the predictions of a dynamic optimization model, indicating that choice was simultaneously sensitive to short-term choice contingencies, current point earnings, and the earnings requirement. Overall, these results show that the patterns of risky choice generated by energy-budget variables can also be produced by choice contingencies that do not involve immediate survival, and that risky choice in humans may be similar to that shown in nonhumans when choice is studied under analogous experimental conditions. PMID:11516113

25 CFR 115.713 - When does money in a trust account start earning interest?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false When does money in a trust account start earning interest... and Interests § 115.713 When does money in a trust account start earning interest? Funds must remain on deposit at least one business day before interest is earned. Interest earnings of less than one...

26 CFR 1.964-1 - Determination of the earnings and profits of a foreign corporation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 10 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Determination of the earnings and profits of a....964-1 Determination of the earnings and profits of a foreign corporation. (a)(1) In general. For rules for determining the earnings and profits (or deficit in earnings and profits) of a foreign corporation...

20 CFR 222.42 - When employee is contributing to support.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the employee's military pay, veteran's pension or compensation, social security earnings, or railroad compensation. (c) Contributions must be made regularly and must be large enough to meet an important part of...

The influence of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems' performance on earnings management

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Wen-Hsien; Lee, Kuen-Chang; Liu, Jau-Yang; Lin, Sin-Jin; Chou, Yu-Wei

2012-11-01

We analyse whether there is a linkage between performance measures of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and earnings management. We find that earnings management decreases with the higher performance of ERP systems. The empirical result is as expected. We further analyse how the dimension of the DeLone and McLean model of information systems success affects earnings management. We find that the relationship between the performance of ERP systems and earnings management depends on System Quality after ERP implementation. The more System Quality improves, the more earnings management is reduced.

Labor Market Earnings of American Artists in 1980. A Report to the National Endowment for the Arts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Filer, Randall K.

While some studies of the earnings of artists have typically claimed that artists earn significantly less than other workers, others suggest that there is no basis for concluding that artists earn any less on average than they would in other jobs. This study presents information regarding the earning and labor market success of artists in the…

How have people responded to changes in the retirement earnings test in 2000?

PubMed

Song, Jae G; Manchester, Joyce

2007-01-01

This article describes responses to removing the retirement earnings test in 2000 for persons at the full retirement age or older. We examine annual earnings and retirement benefit claims from Social Security administrative data that cover the 4 years before and after the change. Three findings emerge from the study. First, the effect on earnings of removing the earnings test is uneven across people with different earnings levels. We find little effect on earnings at lower levels, but the effect on earnings in the mid to upper levels (50th to 80th percentiles) is large and significant. Such a finding indicates that the removal most affects people with earnings levels above the earnings test threshold. The largest increases in earnings are found at the 70th percentile for persons who have attained ages 65-69 and at the 60th percentile for those turning 65. Second, there is no clear evidence of the effect of the test's removal on the overall rate of labor force participation. A small rise in work participation among individuals aged 65-69 may be at least partially attributable to the trend already under way. Increases in work participation that do occur are mostly attributable to retaining older workers rather than inducing older workers back into the workforce. The effect appears to increase over time, suggesting that the removal has long-lasting effects on work participation. Third, the removal of the earnings test accelerated applications for benefits by 2 to 5 percentage points among individuals aged 65-69 and by 3 to 7 percentage points among those reaching age 65.

48 CFR 1034.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 1034.201 Policy. (a) (1) An Earned Value Management System (EVMS) is required for major acquisitions for development/modernization/enhancement (DME..., Earned Value Management System; and, as appropriate, 1052.234-4, Earned Value Management System Alternate...

48 CFR 1034.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 1034.201 Policy. (a) (1) An Earned Value Management System (EVMS) is required for major acquisitions for development/modernization/enhancement (DME..., Earned Value Management System; and, as appropriate, 1052.234-4, Earned Value Management System Alternate...

48 CFR 1034.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 1034.201 Policy. (a) (1) An Earned Value Management System (EVMS) is required for major acquisitions for development/modernization/enhancement (DME..., Earned Value Management System; and, as appropriate, 1052.234-4, Earned Value Management System Alternate...

A Longitudinal Analysis of Family Migration and the Gender Gap in Earnings in the United States and Great Britain

PubMed Central

COOKE, THOMAS J.; BOYLE, PAUL; COUCH, KENNETH; FEIJTEN, PETEKE

2009-01-01

This article uses longitudinal data for the United States and Great Britain to examine the impact of residential mobility and childbirth on the earnings of women, their family earnings, and the related division of earnings by gender. This project is the first to compare explicitly the impact of childbirth and family migration on women’s earnings, and it extends prior cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on isolated countries by providing a direct contrast between two major industrialized nations, using comparable measures. The results indicate that families respond in similar ways in both countries to migration and childbirth. In response to both migration and childbirth, women’s earnings fall at the time of the event and recover slowly afterward, but the magnitude of the impact is roughly twice as large for childbirth as for migration. However, migration—but not the birth of a child—is also associated with a significant increase in total family earnings because of increased husbands’ earnings. As a result, the effect of migration on the relative earnings of wives to husbands is similar to the effect of childbirth. These results suggest that family migration should be given consideration in the literature on the gender earnings gap. PMID:19348113

Teacher Evaluation in Practice: Exploring Relationships between School Characteristics & Evaluation Scores

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sporte, Susan E.; Jiang, Jennie Y.; Luppescu, Stuart

2016-01-01

Decades of research evidence have consistently suggested teachers are the most important in-school factor related to student learning and achievement. Being taught by an effective teacher has important consequences for students' academic outcomes as well as longer-term impacts on postsecondary success and lifetime earnings. Yet how to measure…

Grade Expectations: How Marks and Education Policies Shape Students' Ambitions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Publishing (NJ3), 2012

2012-01-01

While enrolment in tertiary education has increased dramatically over the past decades, many university-aged students do not enrol, nor do they expect to earn a university degree. While it is important to promote high expectations for further education, it is equally important to ensure that students' expectations are well-aligned with their…

Impact. Volume 21, Number 1, Summer-Fall 2008

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gaylord, Vicki, Ed.

2008-01-01

This issue of "Impact" focuses on employment and women with disabilities. An editorial introduction notes that work is important to women with disabilities for numerous reasons. Among them are feeling successful and important, earning money, being independent, having a reason to get up in the morning, making a meaningful difference in the lives of…

Are We Short-Changing Our Future? The Economic Imperative of Attracting Great Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenstone, Michael; Looney, Adam

2011-01-01

Great teachers have the ability to transform and enrich the lives and living standards of Americans. According to recent research, a student's kindergarten teacher has long-lasting influence on important lifetime outcomes, such as future earnings. These effects are so important that the difference between having an above-average kindergarten…

Student Satisfaction with Information Provided by Academic Advisors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutton, Kyra L.; Sankar, Chetan S.

2011-01-01

The retention of engineering students is important because more than half of the students who begin engineering programs in the United States will not earn an engineering degree. A literature review showed the importance of academic advising in retaining students in engineering programs. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify the level…

17 CFR 256.216 - Unappropriated retained earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... retained earnings. This account shall include the balance, either debit or credit, arising from earnings... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Unappropriated retained earnings. 256.216 Section 256.216 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION...

The male-female gap in physician earnings: evidence from a public health insurance system.

PubMed

Theurl, Engelbert; Winner, Hannes

2011-10-01

Empirical evidence from US studies suggests that female physicians earn less than their male counterparts, on average. The earnings gap does not disappear when individual and market characteristics are controlled for. This paper investigates whether a gender earnings difference can also be observed in a health-care system predominantly financed by public insurance companies. Using a unique data set of physicians' earnings recorded by a public social security agency in an Austrian province between 2000 and 2004, we find a gender gap in average earnings of about 32%. A substantial share of this gap (20-47%) cannot be explained by individual and market characteristics, leaving labor market discrimination as one possible explanation for the observed gender earnings difference of physicians. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Older and Wiser? Birth Order and IQ of Young Men. NBER Working Paper No. 13237

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Black, Sandra E.; Devereux, Paul J.; Salvanes, Kjell G.

2007-01-01

While recent research finds strong evidence that birth order affects children's outcomes such as education and earnings, the evidence on the effects of birth order on IQ is decidedly mixed. This paper uses a large dataset on the population of Norway that allows us to precisely measure birth order effects on IQ using both cross-sectional and…

Gateway to College: Lessons from Implementing a Rigorous Academic Program for At-Risk Young People

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willard, Jacklyn Altuna; Bayes, Brian; Martinez, John

2015-01-01

This study reports on the implementation of Gateway to College, a program whose mission is to serve students who have dropped out of high school, or who are at risk of dropping out of high school, by allowing them to earn a high school diploma and credits toward a postsecondary degree. Gateway to College is uniquely ambitious in providing…

From "Dis"ability to Ability: Federal, State and Worldwide Policies That Make a Difference

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carter, Rachelle

2016-01-01

Special education has come a long way in the past several years, but it still needs work. Federal and state laws have been passed in order to allow children with disabilities a chance to earn a free appropriate education in a least restrictive environment. Federal Regulations have been enacted by both Congress and the U.S. Department of Education.…

Customized, Outcome-Based, Relevant Evaluation (CORE) at Lipscomb University: A Competency-Based Education Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klein-Collins, Rebecca; Olson, Rick

2014-01-01

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in competency-based degree programs at the postsecondary level. These programs are promising for the future of higher education because they establish clear expectations for what graduates must know and be able to do, and many models have been designed to allow students to learn and earn a degree…

Mobile Code: The Future of the Internet

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-01-01

code ( mobile agents) to multiple proxies or servers " Customization " (e.g., re-formatting, filtering, metasearch) Information overload Diversified... Mobile code is necessary, rather than client-side code, since many customization features (such as information monitoring) do not work if the...economic foundation for Web sites, many Web sites earn money solely from advertisements . If these sites allow mobile agents to easily access the content

The affordable care ACT on loyalty programs for federal beneficiaries.

PubMed

Piacentino, Justin J; Williams, Karl G

2014-02-01

To discuss changes in the law that allow community pharmacy loyalty programs to include and offer incentives to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. The retailer rewards exception of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 and its change to the definition of remuneration in the civil monetary penalties of the Anti-Kickback Statute now allow incentives to be earned on federal benefit tied prescription out-of-pocket costs. The criteria required to design a compliant loyalty program are discussed. Community pharmacies can now include Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries in compliant customer loyalty programs, where allowed by state law. There is a need for research directly on the influence of loyalty programs and nominal incentives on adherence.

A Comparison of Earned Value Management and Earned Schedule as Schedule Predictors on DoD ACAT I Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

33 Mario Vanhoucke and Stephan Vandevoorde – “Measuring the Accuracy of Earned Value/Earned Schedule Forecasting Predictors” (2007...technical problem to the present day ‘ super projects’” (Clark and Lorenzoni, 1997: 2). Cost engineering has “application regardless of industry...large construction projects, but also the acceptance of earned schedule principles on an international scale. Mario Vanhoucke and Stephan Vandevoorde

Educational homogamy and gender-specific earnings: Sweden, 1990-2009.

PubMed

Dribe, Martin; Nystedt, Paul

2013-08-01

Several studies have shown strong educational homogamy in most Western societies, although the trends over time differ across countries. In this article, we study the connection between educational assortative mating and gender-specific earnings in a sample containing the entire Swedish population born 1960-1974; we follow this sample from 1990 to 2009. Our empirical strategy exploits a longitudinal design, using distributed fixed-effects models capturing the impact of partner education on postmarital earnings, relating it to the income development before union formation. We find that being partnered with someone with more education (hypergamy) is associated with higher earnings, while partnering someone with less education (hypogamy) is associated with lower earnings. However, most of these differences in earnings emerge prior to the time of marriage, implying that the effect is explained by marital selection processes rather than by partner education affecting earnings. The exception is hypogamy among the highly educated, for which there are strong indications that in comparison with homogamy and hypergamy, earnings grow slower after union formation.

Education, Occupation, Hierarchy and Earnings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tachibanaki, Toshiaki

1988-01-01

Attempts to estimate a recursive model of earnings distribution with education, occupation, and hierarchy, using individual data for Japanese males. Proves that hierarchical position is very significant in determining earnings level. Compares the influence of education and earnings distribution in Japan and France. Includes 3 tables and 20…

20 CFR 422.125 - Statements of earnings; resolving earnings discrepancies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Statements of earnings; resolving earnings discrepancies. 422.125 Section 422.125 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION AND... investigation the district office or branch office, where appropriate, contacts the employer and the employee or...

17 CFR 256.215 - Appropriated retained earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Appropriated retained earnings... UTILITY HOLDING COMPANY ACT OF 1935 Liabilities and Other Credit Accounts § 256.215 Appropriated retained earnings. This account shall include the amount of retained earnings which has been appropriated or set...

My Obstetrician Got Me Fired: How Work Notes Can Harm Pregnant Patients and What to Do About It.

PubMed

Jackson, Rebecca A; Gardner, Sigrid; Torres, Leah N; Huchko, Megan J; Zlatnik, Marya G; Williams, Joan C

2015-08-01

Prenatal care providers are frequently asked to provide employment notes for their patients requesting medical leave or changes to work duties. Writing employment notes correctly can help patients negotiate for and obtain medically indicated workplace accommodations, allowing them to continue to work and earn an income. However, a poorly written or poorly timed note can jeopardize a patient's employment and salary. This commentary provides an overview of pregnancy-related employment laws and guidance in writing work accommodations letters that allow pregnant women to keep their jobs while maintaining a healthy pregnancy.

Measuring the effect of husband's health on wife's labor supply.

PubMed

Siegel, Michele J

2006-06-01

A sizable proportion of women remain married well into late life and an increasing proportion of them participate in the labor force. Since women tend to marry men older than themselves and men tend to experience serious illnesses at younger ages than women, women frequently witness declining health in their husbands. This is likely to affect a wife's labor-leisure trade-off in offsetting ways. Prior studies have not sought to disentangle the effect of a husband's poor health on his wife's reservation wage from the income effect of his ill health. We argue that, if we control for husband's earnings, the coefficient of husband's health in models of his wife's labor force participation (and hours of work) will reflect, in part, her preference over whether to decrease her labor supply to provide health care for her husband or whether to instead increase it to purchase this care in the market. However, husband's earnings are likely to be endogenous in these models due to unobserved characteristics common to husbands and wives. We find that the estimated effect of husband's health depends on whether we instrument for husband's earnings and on the health measure used. This is indicative of the importance of using a variety of health measures and controlling for husband's earnings, and their endogeneity, in future research on the effect of husband's health on wife's labor supply. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Earnings of Students Who Change Universities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holmlund, Linda; Regner, Hakan

2012-01-01

Using data on Swedish university entrants, this study finds that earnings are significantly lower for students who change universities compared to students who do not change. Earnings differences decrease over time and over the earnings distribution. The pattern in the estimates seems consistent with non-transfer students having higher earnings…

20 CFR 404.1080 - Net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1080 Net earnings from self-employment. (a) Definition of net earnings from self-employment... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Net earnings from self-employment. 404.1080...

20 CFR 404.1080 - Net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1080 Net earnings from self-employment. (a) Definition of net earnings from self-employment... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Net earnings from self-employment. 404.1080...

20 CFR 404.1080 - Net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1080 Net earnings from self-employment. (a) Definition of net earnings from self-employment... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Net earnings from self-employment. 404.1080...

20 CFR 404.1080 - Net earnings from self-employment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1080 Net earnings from self-employment. (a) Definition of net earnings from self-employment... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Net earnings from self-employment. 404.1080...

48 CFR 252.234-7002 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Earned Value Management... of Provisions And Clauses 252.234-7002 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 234.203(2), use the following clause: Earned Value Management System (MAY 2011) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

48 CFR 252.234-7002 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Earned Value Management... of Provisions And Clauses 252.234-7002 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 234.203(2), use the following clause: Earned Value Management System (MAY 2011) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

48 CFR 252.234-7002 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Earned Value Management... of Provisions And Clauses 252.234-7002 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 234.203(2), use the following clause: Earned Value Management System (MAY 2011) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

20 CFR 209.13 - Employers' gross earnings reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... RAILROAD EMPLOYERS' REPORTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES § 209.13 Employers' gross earnings reports. (a) Each employer is required to report the gross earnings of a one-percent sample group of railroad employees. The... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Employers' gross earnings reports. 209.13...

20 CFR 416.974a - When and how we will average your earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

.... 416.974a Section 416.974a Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY... as a self-employed person was continuous without significant change in work patterns or earnings, and there has been no change in the substantial gainful activity earnings levels, your earnings will be...

Farm Wives' Labor Force Participation and Earnings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Godwin, Deborah D.; Marlowe, Julia

1990-01-01

Examines relationship between employment earnings and farm wives' decisions to work off-farm. Examines effects of wives' human capital, home factors, and labor market on work decisions and earnings. Education, experience, debt, and farm size were stronger influences on wives' decisions than on their earnings variations, once employed. (TES)

48 CFR 1852.234-2 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Earned Value Management... and Clauses 1852.234-2 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 1834.203-70(b) insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (NOV 2006) (a) In the performance of this contract, the...

48 CFR 252.234-7002 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Earned Value Management... of Provisions And Clauses 252.234-7002 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 234.203(2), use the following clause: EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MAY 2011) (a) Definitions. As used in this...

48 CFR 252.234-7002 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Earned Value Management... of Provisions And Clauses 252.234-7002 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 234.203(2), use the following clause: Earned Value Management System (APR 2008) (a) In the performance of this...

48 CFR 1852.234-2 - Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Earned Value Management... and Clauses 1852.234-2 Earned Value Management System. As prescribed in 1834.203-70(b) insert the following clause: Earned Value Management System (NOV 2006) (a) In the performance of this contract, the...

20 CFR 416.974a - When and how we will average your earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

.... 416.974a Section 416.974a Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY... as a self-employed person was continuous without significant change in work patterns or earnings, and there has been no change in the substantial gainful activity earnings levels, your earnings will be...

18 CFR 367.4390 - Account 439, Adjustments to retained earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 18 Conservation of Power and Water Resources 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Account 439, Adjustments to retained earnings. 367.4390 Section 367.4390 Conservation of Power and Water Resources FEDERAL... NATURAL GAS ACT Retained Earnings Accounts § 367.4390 Account 439, Adjustments to retained earnings. (a...

26 CFR 1.1291-9 - Deemed dividend election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... income as a dividend the shareholder's pro rata share of the post-1986 earnings and profits of the PFIC...) and (2) of this section. (2) Post-1986 earnings and profits defined—(i) In general. For purposes of this section, the term post-1986 earnings and profits means the undistributed earnings and profits...

26 CFR 1.1291-9 - Deemed dividend election.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... income as a dividend the shareholder's pro rata share of the post-1986 earnings and profits of the PFIC...) and (2) of this section. (2) Post-1986 earnings and profits defined—(i) In general. For purposes of this section, the term post-1986 earnings and profits means the undistributed earnings and profits...

Can Motherhood Earnings Losses Be Ever Regained? Evidence from Canada

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhang, Xuelin

2010-01-01

This study examines earnings losses associated with motherhood using longitudinal administrative Canadian data. Contrary to the endogenous motherhood hypothesis, the author found no dips in earnings for women during their prechildbirth years. Although the results show that earnings losses incurred by mothers in the year of childbirth and the year…

26 CFR 1.312-15 - Effect of depreciation on earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effect of depreciation on earnings and profits... earnings and profits. (a) Depreciation for taxable years beginning after June 30, 1972—(1) In general... of computing the earnings and profits of a corporation (including a real estate investment trust as...

26 CFR 1.312-15 - Effect of depreciation on earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Effect of depreciation on earnings and profits... earnings and profits. (a) Depreciation for taxable years beginning after June 30, 1972—(1) In general... of computing the earnings and profits of a corporation (including a real estate investment trust as...

26 CFR 1.996-3 - Divisions of earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... earnings and profits (see section 312(e)) over (b) the amount of the reduction under § 1.996-4(b)(1) in...) ($60.00) (2) Earnings and profits for year before reduction for distributions $80.00 (3) Deemed... $30 (2) Earnings and profits for year before reduction for distributions $80 (3) Deemed distribution...

48 CFR 1052.234-72 - Core Earned Value Management System AUG 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Management System AUG 2011 1052.234-72 Section 1052.234-72 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT... and Clauses 1052.234-72 Core Earned Value Management System AUG 2011 As prescribed in DTAR 1034.203... an earned value management system (EVMS). (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management...

48 CFR 1052.234-72 - Core Earned Value Management System AUG 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Management System AUG 2011 1052.234-72 Section 1052.234-72 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT... and Clauses 1052.234-72 Core Earned Value Management System AUG 2011 As prescribed in DTAR 1034.203... an earned value management system (EVMS). (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management...

48 CFR 1052.234-72 - Core Earned Value Management System AUG 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Management System AUG 2011 1052.234-72 Section 1052.234-72 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT... and Clauses 1052.234-72 Core Earned Value Management System AUG 2011 As prescribed in DTAR 1034.203... an earned value management system (EVMS). (a) The Contractor shall use an earned value management...

5 CFR 630.604 - Earning rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Earning rates. 630.604 Section 630.604... § 630.604 Earning rates. (a) For each 12 months of service abroad, an employee earns home leave at the following rate: (1) An employee who accepts an appointment to, or occupies, a position for which the agency...

5 CFR 630.604 - Earning rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Earning rates. 630.604 Section 630.604... § 630.604 Earning rates. (a) For each 12 months of service abroad, an employee earns home leave at the following rate: (1) An employee who accepts an appointment to, or occupies, a position for which the agency...

5 CFR 630.604 - Earning rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Earning rates. 630.604 Section 630.604... § 630.604 Earning rates. (a) For each 12 months of service abroad, an employee earns home leave at the following rate: (1) An employee who accepts an appointment to, or occupies, a position for which the agency...

5 CFR 630.604 - Earning rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Earning rates. 630.604 Section 630.604... § 630.604 Earning rates. (a) For each 12 months of service abroad, an employee earns home leave at the following rate: (1) An employee who accepts an appointment to, or occupies, a position for which the agency...

5 CFR 630.604 - Earning rates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Earning rates. 630.604 Section 630.604... § 630.604 Earning rates. (a) For each 12 months of service abroad, an employee earns home leave at the following rate: (1) An employee who accepts an appointment to, or occupies, a position for which the agency...

Earnings and Benefits of Contingent and Noncontingent Workers [and] Earnings and Benefits of Workers in Alternative Work Arrangements.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hipple, Steven; Stewart, Jay

1996-01-01

Contingent workers generally earn less income and are less likely to receive health insurance and pension benefits through their employers than are noncontingent workers. However, many earn higher wages than those in traditional arrangements and have access to health insurance from other sources. (Author)

76 FR 10944 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-28

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Tuesday...

76 FR 45006 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-27

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Monday, September 26, 2011, at 3 p.m...

77 FR 72960 - William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-07

...'s ``Pay As You Earn'' repayment initiative (the Pay As You Earn repayment plan). DATES: The early... December 21, 2012. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For information about the Pay As You Earn repayment plan or how to apply for Pay As You Earn repayment, the Federal Student Aid Information Center (FSAIC...

Are Education and Skills Being Distributed More Inclusively? Education Indicators in Focus. No. 32

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Publishing, 2015

2015-01-01

Educational opportunities have a very important impact on a person's life. Employment, earnings, well-being, health and trust are all strongly related to education and skills. A lack of high-quality educational opportunities is the most important way in which poverty, social inequality and exclusion are transmitted from one generation to another.…

Relative changes in earned income five years after diagnosis with diabetes: A register based study 1996-2012.

PubMed

Cleal, Bryan; Panton, Ulrik Haagen; Willaing, Ingrid; Holt, Richard I G

2017-10-01

With previous studies indicating that diabetes affects employment status and lifetime earnings, the aim of this study was to determine the impact on earnings in the immediate period after diagnosis. Recognising that earnings and employment status are dynamic over the life course, we matched people with diabetes to counterparts in the general population and compared nominal growth in earned income five calendar years after diagnosis. The study draws upon Danish population registers. Residents aged 25-62years between 1996 and 2007 were included in the study. We identified an individually matched control group from approximately 2,800,000 'diabetes-free' Danish adults using propensity score matching. Matching was based on age, gender, residence, earned income, growth in earned income, and unemployment in the calendar year before diagnosis. 91,090 people with diabetes were included in the study and matched to 91,090 controls in the general population. The analysis revealed highly significant loss of earnings for people with diabetes when compared with people without diabetes, with an overall relative loss of US $ 3694 (8.01%) among men and US $ 924 (3.03%) among women. The effect was generally largest in the youngest age-group, in lower earners and among men. The results clearly indicate that a diagnosis of diabetes has a significant impact on earnings. Age and earnings at the time of diagnosis appear to play a moderating role. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Do people with type 2 diabetes and their carers lose income? (T2ARDIS-4).

PubMed

Holmes, Jeremy; Gear, Elena; Bottomley, Julia; Gillam, Stephen; Murphy, Moira; Williams, Rhys

2003-06-01

T(2)ARDIS is a study of the full costs of care for a sample of people with type 2 diabetes in the UK. This paper reports on individual earnings lost by patients (n=653) and carers (n=253) aged <65 years, based on 1998 values. Mean annual lost earnings are calculated on three different bases. Across the total survey population aged <65 years, mean lost earnings are estimated at pound 869 (S.D. pound 4109) per patient and pound 1300 (S.D. pound 4093) per carer. However, for the sub-set of respondents who actually lose earnings, the mean levels are pound 13841 (S.D. pound 9551) and pound 10960 (S.D. pound 6002), respectively. Patients and carers who lose earnings incur higher personal care-related expenditure than those who do not lose earnings (although for the patients this is not statistically significant). Patients who lose earnings also report poorer health-related quality of life and carers who lose earnings report higher levels of strain. Only one third of carers report receiving state benefits, and for both carers and patients the shortfall between reported benefits received and lost earnings is substantial. A strong association was found between patients' loss of earnings and the presence of diabetic complications (P<0.001), especially micro-vascular complications. Policy priorities should, therefore, include facilitating comprehensive access to state benefits (especially for carers) and a clear focus on reducing the incidence of diabetic complications.

Adolescent mental health and earnings inequalities in adulthood: evidence from the Young-HUNT Study.

PubMed

Evensen, Miriam; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Melkevik, Ole; Reneflot, Anne; Mykletun, Arnstein

2017-02-01

Previous studies have shown that adolescent mental health problems are associated with lower employment probabilities and risk of unemployment. The evidence on how earnings are affected is much weaker, and few have addressed whether any association reflects unobserved characteristics and whether the consequences of mental health problems vary across the earnings distribution. A population-based Norwegian health survey linked to administrative registry data (N=7885) was used to estimate how adolescents' mental health problems (separate indicators of internalising, conduct, and attention problems and total sum scores) affect earnings (≥30 years) in young adulthood. We used linear regression with fixed-effects models comparing either students within schools or siblings within families. Unconditional quantile regressions were used to explore differentials across the earnings distribution. Mental health problems in adolescence reduce average earnings in adulthood, and associations are robust to control for observed family background and school fixed effects. For some, but not all mental health problems, associations are also robust in sibling fixed-effects models, where all stable family factors are controlled. Further, we found much larger earnings loss below the 25th centile. Adolescent mental health problems reduce adult earnings, especially among individuals in the lower tail of the earnings distribution. Preventing mental health problems in adolescence may increase future earnings. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

FY2017 National Defense Authorization Act: Selected Military Personnel Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-29

concerning appropriations, or tax implications of policy choices, topics that are addressed in other CRS products. Issues that have been discussed in...qualified distributions are not included in taxable income, allowing earnings to accrue tax -free. As such, a Roth plan is typically a better savings...vehicle for young, low-income individuals who typically have a lower tax burden (e.g., junior officers and enlisted servicemembers) than they would

So, You Want to Move out?!--An Awareness Program of the Real Costs of Moving Away from Home

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hines, Steven L.; Hansen, Lyle; Falen, Christi

2011-01-01

The So, You Want To Move Out?! program was developed to help teens explore the financial realities of moving away from home. This 3-day camp program allows youth the opportunity to interview for a job, work, earn a paycheck, and pay financial obligations. After paying expenses and trying to put some money away in savings, the participants begin to…

A Different Kind of Leader for a Different Kind of School? A Study of Two Early College High Schools in North Carolina

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wynn, William H., III

2016-01-01

Early College High Schools (ECHS) allow students to combine high school and college curriculum and graduate with a high school diploma and transferable college credit, with students in many cases earning associate's degrees. ECHS schools have a tendency to focus on students that have been underserved in the education system. Currently there is a…

Case acceptance: no random acts allowed.

PubMed

McAnally, James

2009-12-01

Consider implementing a case acceptance system in your office to fully utilize your hard-earned clinical skills, and to experience the professional rewards that come with serving more patients at a higher level. Doctors who are willing to commit the time and resources necessary to improving case acceptance will increase the number of implant cases entering the treatment phase--cases that run the gamut of complexity and support fees commensurate with their skills!

Contemplating cognitive enhancement in medical students and residents.

PubMed

Webb, Jadon R; Thomas, John W; Valasek, Mark A

2010-01-01

Medical school and residency can be stressful times, involving years of intensive academic study and pressure to earn high grades. Students and residents must learn to care for the sick, a task requiring long work hours and sleep deprivation. In such an environment, it is important to monitor the mental health of trainees and the factors that influence it. This essay examines a relatively unexplored facet of physician mental health: the use of pharmacological stimulants by students and residents to study better, earn higher grades, stay awake longer, and take better care of patients. Practical and ethical considerations of stimulant use in the medical profession, along with future directions for medical student mental health, are discussed.

The Dynamics and Inequality of Italian Men's Earnings: Long-Term Changes or Transitory Fluctuations?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cappellari, Lorenzo

2004-01-01

This paper provides a longitudinal perspective on changes in Italian men's earnings inequality since the late 1970s by decomposing the earnings autocovariance structure into its long-term and transitory parts. Cross-sectional earnings differentials grew over the period and the longitudinal analysis shows that such growth was determined by the…

Earnings Differences between Women and Men. Facts on Working Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

Although the gap between women's and men's wages differs slightly depending on how the gap is measured, no matter how they are measured, women's earnings are below those received by men in 97% of the occupations for which data are available. Since 1979, women's earnings have been climbing when compared with men's earnings, gaining steeply during…

26 CFR 1.1248-8 - Earnings and profits attributable to stock following certain non-recognition transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of this section. (5) Reduction in earnings and profits attributable to stock to prevent multiple... reduce the CFC3 earnings and profits attributable to its CFC2 stock by $9. These reductions occur without... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Earnings and profits attributable to stock...

5 CFR 839.1003 - How will OPM compute the amount of lost earnings?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How will OPM compute the amount of lost... § 839.1003 How will OPM compute the amount of lost earnings? (a) Lost earnings will generally be computed in accordance with the Board's lost earnings regulations (5 CFR 1606 of chapter VI). However, the...

26 CFR 1.963-1 - Exclusion of subpart F income upon receipt of minimum distribution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Attention: T:R, Washington, DC, 20224, a letter requesting such revocation or...) Earnings and profits and taxes of a foreign branch. The earnings and profits (or deficit in earnings and... over gross income shall constitute a deficit in earnings and profits. For purposes of this subparagraph...

Women's Education and Earnings in Texas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Werschkul, Misha; Gault, Barbara; Caiazza, Amy; Hartmann, Heidi

2005-01-01

Women have made remarkable strides in education during the past three decades, but these gains have yet to translate into full equity in pay. Women still earn less than men earn in nearly every profession and at every stage of their careers, and this earnings gap is evident in every state in the nation. This report focuses on educational…

Inequality: Race Differences in the Distribution of Earnings. Rand Paper Series P5481-1.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, James P.; Welch, Finis

Characteristics and determinants of earnings distributions for black and white males are revealed in samples from the 1960 and 1970 censuses. Using this data, this paper describes and contrasts the properties of black and white male earnings distributions. It also uses earnings functions estimated from the census to identify and rank variables in…

75 FR 33894 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-15

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

76 FR 17995 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-31

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

76 FR 32024 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-02

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION: Notice of Meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

75 FR 18955 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-13

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee. AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

75 FR 11998 - Open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Issue Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-12

... Earned Income Tax Credit Issue Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of Meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Issue... Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Issue Committee will be held Tuesday, April 20, 2010 from 8 a.m. to...

75 FR 25316 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-07

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

75 FR 7540 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-19

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

76 FR 56879 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-14

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Monday, October 24, 2011, at 3 p.m. Eastern Time...

76 FR 6188 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-03

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Monday, March 28, 2011, at 2 p.m., Eastern...

76 FR 22171 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-20

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

76 FR 63716 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-13

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Monday, November 28, 2011, at 3 p.m. Eastern Time...

76 FR 2197 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-12

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee. AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Act, 5 U.S.C. App. (1988) that an open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit...

26 CFR 1.316-2 - Sources of distribution in general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... accumulated before March 1, 1913, only after all the earnings and profits of the taxable year and all the... other than earnings and profits only after the earnings and profits have been distributed. (b) If the..., 1936, or, in the case of an operating deficit, on or after that date) cannot be shown, the earnings and...

5 CFR 630.202 - Full biweekly pay period; leave earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

.... (b) Part-time employees. Hours in a pay status in excess of an agency's basic working hours in a pay period are disregarded in computing the leave earnings of a part-time employee. [33 FR 12475, Sept. 4... biweekly pay period; leave earnings. (a) Full-time employees. A full-time employee earns leave during each...

47 CFR 32.4550 - Retained earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES Instructions for Balance Sheet Accounts § 32.4550 Retained earnings. (a) This account shall include the undistributed balance of retained earnings derived from the...

The Integration of Women Into Combat Arms Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-05

it is important to gain further insight into both sides of the argument through a variety of sources to include: surveys, interviews, research...military service are so important to women and homosexuals. The opportunity to earn citizenship through service in the armed forces also motivates...and Defense and Professor of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, drives home the importance of having a military that reflects the

The impact of cancer on spouses' labor earnings: a population-based study.

PubMed

Syse, Astri; Tretli, Steinar; Kravdal, Oystein

2009-09-15

Cancer affects patients' incomes, but to the authors' knowledge few studies to date have examined how the income of the patients' spouses may be influenced. In this population-based study from Norway, the effects of cancer on both partners' earnings are analyzed. The difference between labor earnings the year before the cancer diagnosis and that 2, 5, or 8 years later was compared with the difference in earnings over a corresponding period for similar persons without cancer, applying linear regression models to national registry data. Approximately 1.1 million married persons ages 35 to 59 years were included, among them 17,250 persons diagnosed with cancer during 1991 through 1999. Two and 5 years after a cancer diagnosis, married men experienced lower earnings than they would have absent the illness. Cancer in wives, however, did not affect men's earnings. Women's earnings were adversely influenced to the same extent by their own as by their spouses' cancer. Brain, lung, and colorectal cancer in male spouses produced the most adverse effects on women's earnings. All effects were most pronounced for women no longer married. Women's earnings are lower after both their own and their spouses' cancer illness, and divorced and widowed women experience the most pronounced reduction after spousal cancer. Men's earnings are lower only if they are diagnosed themselves. This may reflect traditional sex roles, with men as main breadwinners and women as caregivers. For family households, cancer in men may result in greater financial difficulties than cancer among women, although the effect will depend on breadwinner roles before diagnosis. Copyright (c) 2009 American Cancer Society.

Some effects of overall rate of earning reinforcers on run lengths and visit durations.

PubMed

Macdonall, James S

2006-07-01

In a concurrent schedule, responding at each alternative is controlled by a pair of schedules that arrange reinforcers for staying at that alternative and reinforcers for switching to the other alternative. Each pair of schedules operates only while at the associated alternative. When only one pair of stay and switch schedules is presented, the rates of earning reinforcers for staying divided by the rates of earning reinforcers for switching controls the mean number responses in a visit and the mean duration of visits. The purpose of the present experiment was to see whether the sum of the rates of earning stay and switch reinforcers changed the way that run length and visit duration were affected by the ratio of the rates of stay to switch reinforcers. Rats were exposed to pairs of stay and switch schedules that varied both the ratio of the rates of earning stay and switch reinforcers and the sum of the rates of earning stay and switch reinforcers. Run lengths and visit durations were joint functions of the ratio of the rates of earning stay and switch reinforcers and the sum of the rates of earning stay and switch reinforcers. These results shows that the effect of the ratio of the sum of the rates of earning stay and switch reinforcers results from processes operating at the alternative, rather than from processes operating at both alternatives.

The impact of mothers' earnings on health inputs and infant health.

PubMed

Mocan, Naci; Raschke, Christian; Unel, Bulent

2015-12-01

This paper investigates the impact of mothers' earnings on birth weight and gestational age of infants in the U.S. It also analyzes the impact of earnings on mothers' consumption of prenatal medical care, and their propensity to smoke and drink during pregnancy. The paper uses census division-year-specific skill-biased technology shocks as an instrument for mothers' earnings and employs a two-sample instrumental variables strategy. About 14 million records of births between 1989 and 2004 are used from the Natality Detail files along with the CPS Annual Demographic Files from the same period. The results reveal that an increase in weekly earnings prompts an increase in prenatal care of low-skill mothers (those who have at most a high school degree) who are not likely to be on Medicaid, and that earnings have a small positive impact on birth weight and gestational age of the newborns of these mothers. Specifically, if a mother's earnings double, this produces a weight gain of the newborn by about 100g and an increase in gestational age by 0.7 weeks. An increase in earnings does not influence the health of newborns of high-skill mothers (those with at least some college education). Variations in earnings have no impact on birth weight for mothers who are likely to be on Medicaid. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Labor Market Experiences after Postsecondary Education: Earnings and Other Outcomes of Florida's Postsecondary Graduates and Completers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schneider, Mark

2015-01-01

This report results from a partnership between the State of Florida and College Measures. It focuses on the median first-year earnings of recent graduates and completers from Florida's public postsecondary educational institutions: SUS, FCS, and DTCs. The report documents the variation in first-year earnings for completers who earned degrees or…

20 CFR 418.3325 - What earned income do we not count?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... percentage of your total earned income per month. The amount we exclude will be equal to the average... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What earned income do we not count? 418.3325... Subsidies Income § 418.3325 What earned income do we not count? (a) While we must know the source and amount...

20 CFR 418.3325 - What earned income do we not count?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... percentage of your total earned income per month. The amount we exclude will be equal to the average... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false What earned income do we not count? 418.3325... Subsidies Income § 418.3325 What earned income do we not count? (a) While we must know the source and amount...

26 CFR 1.809-9 - Computation of the differential earnings rate and the recomputed differential earnings rate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Gain and Loss... equal to the product of— (i) The life insurance company's average equity base for the taxable year...— (i) The imputed earnings rate for the taxable year; over (ii) The average mutual earning rate for the...

Earned Income Credit Utilization by Welfare Recipients: A Case Study of Minnesota's Earned Income Credit Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hirasuna, Donald P.; Stinson, Thomas F.

2007-01-01

This paper examines utilization of a state earned income credit by AFDC and TANF recipients. Although utilization percentages are increasing, we find that among TANF recipients in 1999, 45.7 percent of all households and 34.8 percent of eligible households did not receive the state earned income credit. Moreover, we find that utilization may…

The Effect of the Social Security Earnings Test on Male Labor Supply: New Evidence from Survey and Administrative Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haider, Steven J.; Loughran, David S.

2008-01-01

Despite numerous empirical studies, there is surprisingly little agreement about whether the Social Security earnings test affects male labor supply. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the labor supply effects of the earnings test using longitudinal administrative earnings data and more commonly used survey data. We find that…

26 CFR 1.902-2 - Treatment of deficits in post-1986 undistributed earnings and pre-1987 accumulated profits of a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... earnings and pre-1987 accumulated profits of a first- or lower-tier corporation for purposes of computing... earnings and pre-1987 accumulated profits of a first- or lower-tier corporation for purposes of computing... would be a dividend if there were current or accumulated earnings and profits, then the post-1986...

26 CFR 1.312-9 - Adjustments to earnings and profits reflecting increase in value accrued before March 1, 1913.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Adjustments to earnings and profits reflecting... § 1.312-9 Adjustments to earnings and profits reflecting increase in value accrued before March 1..., that part of the earnings and profits which is represented by increase in value of property accrued...

26 CFR 1.1248-2 - Earnings and profits attributable to a block of stock in simple cases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... earnings and profits of the corporation accumulated for the taxable year (computed without any reduction... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Earnings and profits attributable to a block of... Determining Capital Gains and Losses § 1.1248-2 Earnings and profits attributable to a block of stock in...

26 CFR 1.902-2 - Treatment of deficits in post-1986 undistributed earnings and pre-1987 accumulated profits of a...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... earnings and pre-1987 accumulated profits of a first- or lower-tier corporation for purposes of computing... undistributed earnings and pre-1987 accumulated profits of a first- or lower-tier corporation for purposes of... would be a dividend if there were current or accumulated earnings and profits, then the post-1986...

26 CFR 1.960-1 - Foreign tax credit with respect to taxes paid on earnings and profits of controlled foreign...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on earnings and profits of controlled foreign corporations. 1.960-1 Section 1.960-1 Internal Revenue... earnings and profits of controlled foreign corporations. (a) Scope of regulations under section 960. This... to a first-, second-, or third-tier corporation's earnings and profits. Section 1.960-2 prescribes...

5 CFR 839.1002 - Will OPM compute the lost earnings if my qualifying retirement coverage error was previously...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Will OPM compute the lost earnings if my... compute the lost earnings if my qualifying retirement coverage error was previously corrected and I made... coverage error was previously corrected, OPM will compute the lost earnings on your make-up contributions...

Estimates of Year-to-Year Volatility in Earnings and in Household Incomes from Administrative,Survey, and Matched Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dahl, Molly; DeLeire, Thomas; Schwabish, Jonathan A.

2011-01-01

We document trends in the volatility in earnings and household incomes between 1985 and 2005 in three different data sources: administrative earnings records, the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) matched to administrative earnings records, and SIPP survey data. In all data sources, we find a substantial amount of year-to-year…

Gender Segregation in Fields of Study at Community Colleges and Implications for Future Earnings. Fact Sheet #C395

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moughari, Layla; Gunn-Wright, Rhiana; Gault, Barbara

2012-01-01

Postsecondary education yields myriad benefits, including increased earnings potential, higher lifetime wages, and access to quality jobs. But postsecondary degrees are not all equal in the benefits they bring to students, and women tend to obtain degrees in fields with lower earnings. Women with associate degrees earn approximately 75 percent of…

42 CFR 137.66 - May a Self-Governance Tribe keep interest earned on statutorily mandated grant funds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false May a Self-Governance Tribe keep interest earned on...-GOVERNANCE Statutorily Mandated Grants § 137.66 May a Self-Governance Tribe keep interest earned on statutorily mandated grant funds? Yes, a Self-Governance Tribe may keep Interest Earned on Statutorily...

The Earnings Gap: Research Needs and Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sawhill, Isabel V.

As almost everyone knows, the earnings gap between men and women is very large. In 1972, the average woman earned only 58 percent as much as the average man when both worked full time. The author directs her discussion toward the large volume of research on the topic of the earnings gap and points to areas where further work might be done. She…

Do Survey Data Estimate Earnings Inequality Correctly? Measurement Errors among Black and White Male Workers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, ChangHwan; Tamborini, Christopher R.

2012-01-01

Few studies have considered how earnings inequality estimates may be affected by measurement error in self-reported earnings in surveys. Utilizing restricted-use data that links workers in the Survey of Income and Program Participation with their W-2 earnings records, we examine the effect of measurement error on estimates of racial earnings…

Educational Pairings, Motherhood, and Women's Relative Earnings in Europe.

PubMed

Van Bavel, Jan; Klesment, Martin

2017-12-01

As a consequence of the reversal of the gender gap in education, the female partner in a couple now typically has as much as or more education compared with the male partner in most Western countries. This study addresses the implications for the earnings of women relative to their male partners in 16 European countries. Using the 2007 and 2011 rounds of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (N = 58,292), we investigate the extent to which international differences in women's relative earnings can be explained by educational pairings and their interaction with the motherhood penalty on women's earnings, by international differences in male unemployment, or by cultural gender norms. We find that the newly emerged pattern of hypogamy is associated with higher relative earnings for women in all countries and that the motherhood penalty on relative earnings is considerably lower in hypogamous couples, but neither of these findings can explain away international country differences. Similarly, male unemployment is associated with higher relative earnings for women but cannot explain away the country differences. Against expectations, we find that the hypogamy bonus on women's relative earnings, if anything, tends to be stronger rather than weaker in countries that exhibit more conservative gender norms.

Earnings Quality Measures and Excess Returns

PubMed Central

Perotti, Pietro; Wagenhofer, Alfred

2014-01-01

This paper examines how commonly used earnings quality measures fulfill a key objective of financial reporting, i.e., improving decision usefulness for investors. We propose a stock-price-based measure for assessing the quality of earnings quality measures. We predict that firms with higher earnings quality will be less mispriced than other firms. Mispricing is measured by the difference of the mean absolute excess returns of portfolios formed on high and low values of a measure. We examine persistence, predictability, two measures of smoothness, abnormal accruals, accruals quality, earnings response coefficient and value relevance. For a large sample of US non-financial firms over the period 1988–2007, we show that all measures except for smoothness are negatively associated with absolute excess returns, suggesting that smoothness is generally a favorable attribute of earnings. Accruals measures generate the largest spread in absolute excess returns, followed by smoothness and market-based measures. These results lend support to the widespread use of accruals measures as overall measures of earnings quality in the literature. PMID:26300582

The increasing labor force participation of older workers and its effect on the income of the aged.

PubMed

Leonesio, Michael V; Bridges, Benjamin; Gesumaria, Robert; Del Bene, Linda

2012-01-01

The labor force participation rates of men and women aged 62-79 have notably increased since the mid-1990s. The result is a dramatic increase in the share of total money income attributable to earnings. For persons aged 65-69, the earnings share of total income increased from 28 percent in 1980 to 42 percent in 2009. For this age group in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Social Security benefits and earnings were roughly equal shares of total money income (about 30 percent); the earnings share is now more than 12 percentage points larger. When we focus on aged persons who receive Social Security benefits, earnings shares have increased markedly throughout the 62-79 age range since the early 1990s. We show that for aged persons with labor market earnings, those earnings have a large effect on their relative position in the distribution of annual money income of older Americans.

Earnings Quality Measures and Excess Returns.

PubMed

Perotti, Pietro; Wagenhofer, Alfred

2014-06-01

This paper examines how commonly used earnings quality measures fulfill a key objective of financial reporting, i.e., improving decision usefulness for investors. We propose a stock-price-based measure for assessing the quality of earnings quality measures. We predict that firms with higher earnings quality will be less mispriced than other firms. Mispricing is measured by the difference of the mean absolute excess returns of portfolios formed on high and low values of a measure. We examine persistence, predictability, two measures of smoothness, abnormal accruals, accruals quality, earnings response coefficient and value relevance. For a large sample of US non-financial firms over the period 1988-2007, we show that all measures except for smoothness are negatively associated with absolute excess returns, suggesting that smoothness is generally a favorable attribute of earnings. Accruals measures generate the largest spread in absolute excess returns, followed by smoothness and market-based measures. These results lend support to the widespread use of accruals measures as overall measures of earnings quality in the literature.

Family-friendly research and workplace initiative announced

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Showstack, Randy

2011-10-01

A new U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiative aims to increase the participation of women and girls in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) over the next 10 years by providing more flexible research policies, promoting flexible workplace options, and supporting STEM careers for women, Obama administration officials announced on 26 September. Currently, women earn about 41% of STEM doctoral degrees awarded by U.S. educational institutions but make up only about 28% of tenure-track faculty in U.S. colleges and universities, the officials said. "Unfortunately, too many young women drop out of promising careers in science, engineering, and math because of conflicts between their desire to start families and the need to rapidly ramp up their careers," said John Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). "The way to help women stay in the STEM jobs pipeline is to create and support more flexible workplace policies that allow a women's career—or a man's, for that matter, but as we know, it's more common for women to give up STEM careers for family reasons—to thrive even as time is allowed for important family responsibilities."

Labor markets and economic development in Malaysia.

PubMed

Smith, J P

1991-01-01

A researcher analyzed data on male workers from 1262 households from Peninsular Malaysia (1976-1977 Malaysian Family Life Survey) to identify the leading effects of economic development for earnings and employment patterns within labor markets. All 3 major ethnic groups in Malaysia profited from the increasing levels of real income over time. The relative income of ethnic Malays, the poorest socioeconomic class, increased more so than the Chinese and Indians. Yet the income of Chinese was 108% higher than Malays and that of Indians was 60%. The difference between Malays and Chinese grew considerably as men aged. Further economic growth resulted in higher earnings for young men than for older men. In addition, the more educated men were the higher their earnings. In fact, education was the most significant determinant of time related growth in incomes. Further, income of men who participated in job training programs grew 2 times as fast than that of men who did not participate in job training programs. Lastly, economic growth increased earnings of men in urban areas more so than those in rural areas. Malaysia had put a lot of time and resources in research and development in rubber and rice production which has resulted in continual introduction of new varieties of rubber trees and rice. These new varieties have increased production considerably. In conclusion, Malaysia was able to experience economic growth because it invested in education and job training for male workers and in research and development to advance production of its 2 most important commodities--rubber and rice.

The Female-Male Earnings Gap: A Review of Employment and Earnings Issues. Report 673.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Norwood, Janet L.

In the last 20 years, an increase in the number of working women has been accompanied by changes in the female labor force and in the concentration of women in particular occupations and industries. These changes have a profound effect upon women's earnings. The Current Population Survey (CPS) shows a wide disparity in the median earnings of women…

26 CFR 1.312-8 - Effect on earnings and profits of receipt of tax-free distributions requiring adjustment or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Effect on earnings and profits of receipt of tax...) INCOME TAXES Effects on Corporation § 1.312-8 Effect on earnings and profits of receipt of tax-free... earnings and profits, where a corporation receives (after February 28, 1913) from a second corporation a...

26 CFR 1.367(b)-7 - Carryover of earnings and profits and foreign income taxes in certain foreign-to-foreign...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Carryover of earnings and profits and foreign...) INCOME TAXES Effects on Corporation § 1.367(b)-7 Carryover of earnings and profits and foreign income... transaction). This section describes the manner and extent to which earnings and profits and foreign income...

26 CFR 1.312-8 - Effect on earnings and profits of receipt of tax-free distributions requiring adjustment or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effect on earnings and profits of receipt of tax...) INCOME TAXES Effects on Corporation § 1.312-8 Effect on earnings and profits of receipt of tax-free... earnings and profits, where a corporation receives (after February 28, 1913) from a second corporation a...

Earnings in 1981 of Married-Couple Families, by Selected Characteristics of Husbands and Wives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cleveland, Robert W.; Henson, Mary F.

1984-01-01

This report contains data on the annual earnings of husbands and wives and their combined earnings as married couples. A narrative summarizing findings precedes each group of related charts and tables. Figures 1A through 1C and tables 1A through 1D classify the earnings of married couples, husbands, and wives by weeks of work and…

Access and Diversity in the Running Start Program: A Comparison of Washington's Running Start Program to Other State Level Dual Enrollment Programs Hosted on a College Campus

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Karl

2014-01-01

Since 1990, high school students in Washington have had the choice of earning college credit through the Running Start program. Running start is a dual enrollment and dual credit program that allows eleventh and twelfth grade high school students to take college courses at any of Washington's 34 community and technical colleges, Central Washington…

Churning Historic Waters: Maritime And National Security In The Palk Bay And Sri Lanka

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

protects U.S. sovereignty and maritime resources, supports free and open seaborne commerce, and counters weapons proliferation, terrorism...organizations use the sea as an economic asset.86In Libya, for example, an extremist movement in 2014 allied with Al Qaeda earned colossal amounts of money ...traffickers because this lucrative business generates great sums of money , allowing terrorists to fund their campaigns.127 He points out the LTTE engaged

An Analysis of the Relationship among Ability Measures, Education and Earnings.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

other high and low values did not form any pattern by education level. Perhaps the most interesting comparisons among subgroups are the differences ...salary and wages in 1983. Independent variables included measures of education, education squared, experience, experience squared, gender , race, marital...1983, p.15) In 1977 a decision was made to begin a new longitudinal study of young men and women . This study was ’o allow for replication of analyses

The effect of class size in grades K-3 on adult earnings, employment, and disability status: evidence from a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Wilde, Elizabeth Ty; Finn, Jeremy; Johnson, Gretchen; Muennig, Peter

2011-11-01

Early education interventions have been forwarded as a means for reducing social disparities in income and health in adulthood. We explore whether a successful early education intervention, which occurred between 1985 and 1989, improved the employment rates, earnings and health of blacks relative to whites through 2008. We used data from Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio), a four-year multi-center randomized controlled trial of reduced class sizes in Tennessee involving 11,601 students. Students were initially randomized within 79 schools to classes with 22-25 or 13-17 students. We linked subject records to Social Security Administration (SSA) earnings and disability data collected between 1997 and 2008-when the majority of subjects were between the ages of 18 and 28. We focused our analysis on annual, rather than cumulative, measures of earnings and employment because educational attainment after high school might reduce earnings through age 23. We considered three or more years of statistically significant positive (or negative) annual impacts to be a meaningful effect. Project STAR improved cognition and high school graduation rates. These benefits were primarily realized among low-income and minority students. These early education benefits did not translate into reduced disability claims in adulthood for treated subjects. However, exposure to small class size increased employment for blacks, and increased earnings for black males (p<0.05). Exposure to small classes also led to an increase in earnings for white males. However, white females exposed to small classes experienced a net decline in earnings and employment across the later years of follow up (p<0.05), offsetting any gains by white males. Exposure to small class size in grades K-3 appears to improve earnings and employment for black males and earnings for white males, while reducing employment and earnings among white females.

Genetic parameters for racing records in trotters using linear and generalized linear models.

PubMed

Suontama, M; van der Werf, J H J; Juga, J; Ojala, M

2012-09-01

Heritability and repeatability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for trotting race records with linear and generalized linear models using 510,519 records on 17,792 Finnhorses and 513,161 records on 25,536 Standardbred trotters. Heritability and repeatability were estimated for single racing time and earnings traits with linear models, and logarithmic scale was used for racing time and fourth-root scale for earnings to correct for nonnormality. Generalized linear models with a gamma distribution were applied for single racing time and with a multinomial distribution for single earnings traits. In addition, genetic parameters for annual earnings were estimated with linear models on the observed and fourth-root scales. Racing success traits of single placings, winnings, breaking stride, and disqualifications were analyzed using generalized linear models with a binomial distribution. Estimates of heritability were greatest for racing time, which ranged from 0.32 to 0.34. Estimates of heritability were low for single earnings with all distributions, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09. Annual earnings were closer to normal distribution than single earnings. Heritability estimates were moderate for annual earnings on the fourth-root scale, 0.19 for Finnhorses and 0.27 for Standardbred trotters. Heritability estimates for binomial racing success variables ranged from 0.04 to 0.12, being greatest for winnings and least for breaking stride. Genetic correlations among racing traits were high, whereas phenotypic correlations were mainly low to moderate, except correlations between racing time and earnings were high. On the basis of a moderate heritability and moderate to high repeatability for racing time and annual earnings, selection of horses for these traits is effective when based on a few repeated records. Because of high genetic correlations, direct selection for racing time and annual earnings would also result in good genetic response in racing success.

Women's Earnings: An Overview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowler, Mary

1999-01-01

Over the past 20 years, women's real earnings rose whereas those of men declined. Even as the gender pay gap narrowed, earnings differences between white women and black and Hispanic women continued to grow. (Author)

Association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings and their performance during the 2- and 3-year-old racing seasons.

PubMed

Jackson, Ma; Vizard, Al; Anderson, Ga; Clarke, Af; Whitton, Rc

2011-10-01

OBJECTIVES Describe the association between the purchase price of Thoroughbred yearlings sold in Australia and racing performance as 2- and 3-year-olds. METHODS Race performance data of 2773 Thoroughbred yearlings sold at auction during 2003 were collected. Associations between purchase price and the probability of starting, the number of race starts and the prize money earned were examined. RESULTS In total, 2206 (79.6%) horses started a race. The mean number of race starts was six and the mean prize money earned was A$24,420. A total of 1711 (61.5%) horses earned prize money, 402 (14.4%) earned more than their purchase price, 312 (11.2%) earned more than A$40,000, the estimated cost of training, and 142 (5.1%) earned A$40,000 more than their purchase price. There was a positive association between purchase price category and the probability of starting, number of starts, earning prize money and earning greater than A$40,000 (P < 0.001). Purchase price category was negatively associated with the probability of earning greater than the purchase price (P < 0.001). The proportion of horses earning greater than the purchase price plus $40,000 was significantly different (P = 0.03) among the five price categories. CONCLUSION Yearling purchase price was positively associated with all race performance outcomes measured and researchers examining the race performance of yearlings purchased at sales should consider including purchase price when modelling. The Thoroughbred yearling market in Australia behaves in a similar manner to the United States market; owners pay a premium to enter the sport of racing and an additional premium in the quest to own a champion. © 2011 University of Melbourne. Australian Veterinary Journal © Australian Veterinary Association.

Intergenerational Long-Term Effects of Preschool - Structural Estimates from a Discrete Dynamic Programming Model*

PubMed Central

Heckman, James J.; Raut, Lakshmi K.

2015-01-01

This paper formulates a structural dynamic programming model of preschool investment choices of altruistic parents and then empirically estimates the structural parameters of the model using the NLSY79 data. The paper finds that preschool investment significantly boosts cognitive and non-cognitive skills, which enhance earnings and school outcomes. It also finds that a standard Mincer earnings function, by omitting measures of non-cognitive skills on the right-hand side, overestimates the rate of return to schooling. From the estimated equilibrium Markov process, the paper studies the nature of within generation earnings distribution, intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility. The paper finds that a tax-financed free preschool program for the children of poor socioeconomic status generates positive net gains to the society in terms of average earnings, higher intergenerational earnings mobility, and schooling mobility. PMID:26709326

Sources, determinants and utilization of health workers’ revenues: evidence from Sierra Leone

PubMed Central

Bertone, Maria Paola; Lagarde, Mylene

2016-01-01

Exploring the entire set of formal and informal payments available to health workers (HWs) is critical to understand the financial incentives they face and devise effective incentive packages to motivate them. We investigate this issue in the context of Sierra Leone by collecting quantitative data through a survey and daily logbooks on the incomes of 266 HWs in three districts, and carrying out 39 qualitative in-depth interviews. We find that, while earnings related to the HWs official jobs represent the largest share, their income is fragmented and composed of a variety of payments, and there is a large heterogeneity in the importance of each income source within the total remuneration. Importantly, each income has different features in terms of regularity, reliability, ease of access, etc. Our analysis also reveals the determinants of the incomes received and their level based on individual and facility characteristics, and finds that these are not in line with HRH policies defined at national level. Additionally, from their narratives, it emerges that HWs are ‘managing’, in the sense both of ‘getting by’ and of enacting financial coping strategies, such as mental accounting (spending different incomes differently), income hiding to shelter it from family pressures, and re-investment of incomes to stabilize overall earnings over time, in order to ensure their livelihoods and those of their families. These strategies question the assumption of fungibility of incomes and the neutrality of increasing or regulating one rather than another of them. Together, our findings on earning and income use patterns have important policy implications for how we go about (re)thinking financial incentive strategies. PMID:27053639

30 CFR 203.32 - What other requirements or restrictions apply to royalty relief for a qualified phase 2 or phase...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... a qualified ultra-deep well on your lease is within a unitized portion of your lease, the RSV earned... interval that initially produces earns the RSV or (2) If the perforated interval crosses a lease line, the lease where the surface of the well is located earns the RSV. (c) Any RSV earned under § 203.31 is in...

30 CFR 203.32 - What other requirements or restrictions apply to royalty relief for a qualified phase 2 or phase...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... a qualified ultra-deep well on your lease is within a unitized portion of your lease, the RSV earned... interval that initially produces earns the RSV or (2) If the perforated interval crosses a lease line, the lease where the surface of the well is located earns the RSV. (c) Any RSV earned under § 203.31 is in...

30 CFR 203.32 - What other requirements or restrictions apply to royalty relief for a qualified phase 2 or phase...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... a qualified ultra-deep well on your lease is within a unitized portion of your lease, the RSV earned... interval that initially produces earns the RSV or (2) If the perforated interval crosses a lease line, the lease where the surface of the well is located earns the RSV. (c) Any RSV earned under § 203.31 is in...

The Male-Female Wage Gap: Lifetime Earnings Losses. Briefing Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hartmann, Heidi; Whittaker, Julie

Currently, the median full-time woman worker earns 74.4 percent of the annual earnings of the median man. Over their lifetime, young women stand to lose a great deal of money due to differences in the wages for women and men. Estimates are that the average 25-year-old woman who works full time year round for 40 years will earn $523,000 less than…

26 CFR 1.1(i)-1T - Questions and answers relating to the tax on unearned income certain minor children (Temporary).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...,000 of interest from a bank savings account and earns $1,000 from a paper route and performing odd... with respect to assets resulting from earned income of the child, such as interest earned on bank...,000 in interest from his bank account and $1,500 from a paper route. Some of the interest earned by A...

Measurement error in earnings data: Using a mixture model approach to combine survey and register data.

PubMed

Meijer, Erik; Rohwedder, Susann; Wansbeek, Tom

2012-01-01

Survey data on earnings tend to contain measurement error. Administrative data are superior in principle, but they are worthless in case of a mismatch. We develop methods for prediction in mixture factor analysis models that combine both data sources to arrive at a single earnings figure. We apply the methods to a Swedish data set. Our results show that register earnings data perform poorly if there is a (small) probability of a mismatch. Survey earnings data are more reliable, despite their measurement error. Predictors that combine both and take conditional class probabilities into account outperform all other predictors.

The 1984 ARI Survey of Army Recruits: Tabular Description of NPS Army National Guard Accessions

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-05-01

UNEMPLOYMENT 038-039 T071 IMPORT OF A CHANCE TO BETTER MYSELF 040-041 T074 IMPORT OF SERVING MY COUNTRY 042-043 T075 IMPORT OF EARNING MORE MONEY (EXTRA...044-045 T076 IMPORT OF FAMILY TRADITION TO SERVE 046-047 T078 IMPORT OF SKILL TRAINING 048-049 T079 IMPORT OF MONEY FOR COLLEGE 050-051 T080 IMPORT...OF WANTING TO BE A SOLDIER 052-053 T082 IMPORT OF MONEY FOR VOTECH/BUSINESS EDUC 054-055 T083 IMPORT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING 056-057 T095 IMPORT OF

The Earnings of Veterans: Effects of Military Service

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

15 c. Sex (Male...2000–2012) ........................................15 Figure 2. Sex Distribution (after IPUMS, 2000–2012...life. To my mom : You continually support me and always taught me the importance of a good education. To my dad: I know is watching from above, always

Wage Determination and Discrimination among Older Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quinn, Joseph F.

1979-01-01

Analyzed determinants of wage rates of older workers and the large discrepancies existing between wage earned by Whites, non-Whites, men, and women. Human capital and geographic variables were important wage determinants. Differences in variables cannot completely explain the wage differentials of race and sex. (Author)

Healthcare

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carnevale, Anthony P.; Smith, Nicole; Gulish, Artem; Beach, Bennett H.

2012-01-01

This report, provides detailed analyses and projections of occupations in healthcare fields, and wages earned. In addition, the important skills and work values associated with workers in those fields of healthcare are discussed. Finally, the authors analyze the implications of research findings for the racial, ethnic, and class diversity of the…

Signs of Change? At-Home and Breadwinner Parents' Housework and Child-Care Time.

PubMed

Chesley, Noelle; Flood, Sarah

2017-04-01

We analyze American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data to examine patterns in domestic work among at-home and breadwinner parents to further gauge how time availability, relative earnings, and gender shape time use in couples with extreme differences in earnings and work hours. We find that involvement in female-typed housework is an important driver of overall housework time. It is counter-normative housework behavior by at-home fathers that shapes conclusions about how time availability, relative resources, and gender influence parents' housework. While time availability appears to shape child care in comparable ways across parents, mothers are more engaged in child care than similarly-situated fathers. Overall, our comparisons point to the importance of distinguishing among gender-normative housework tasks and accounting for differences in engagement on work and non-work days. Our results also provide a basis for assessing the social significance of growing numbers of parents in work-family roles that are not gender-normative.

Signs of Change? At-Home and Breadwinner Parents’ Housework and Child-Care Time

PubMed Central

Chesley, Noelle; Flood, Sarah

2016-01-01

We analyze American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data to examine patterns in domestic work among at-home and breadwinner parents to further gauge how time availability, relative earnings, and gender shape time use in couples with extreme differences in earnings and work hours. We find that involvement in female-typed housework is an important driver of overall housework time. It is counter-normative housework behavior by at-home fathers that shapes conclusions about how time availability, relative resources, and gender influence parents’ housework. While time availability appears to shape child care in comparable ways across parents, mothers are more engaged in child care than similarly-situated fathers. Overall, our comparisons point to the importance of distinguishing among gender-normative housework tasks and accounting for differences in engagement on work and non-work days. Our results also provide a basis for assessing the social significance of growing numbers of parents in work-family roles that are not gender-normative. PMID:28596619

30 CFR 203.34 - To which production may an RSV earned by qualified phase 2 and phase 3 ultra-deep wells on my...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false To which production may an RSV earned by... may an RSV earned by qualified phase 2 and phase 3 ultra-deep wells on my lease not be applied? You may not apply an RSV earned under § 203.31: (a) To production from completions less than 15,000 feet...

30 CFR 203.34 - To which production may an RSV earned by qualified phase 2 and phase 3 ultra-deep wells on my...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false To which production may an RSV earned by... may an RSV earned by qualified phase 2 and phase 3 ultra-deep wells on my lease not be applied? You may not apply an RSV earned under § 203.31: (a) To production from completions less than 15,000 feet...

30 CFR 203.34 - To which production may an RSV earned by qualified phase 2 and phase 3 ultra-deep wells on my...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false To which production may an RSV earned by... may an RSV earned by qualified phase 2 and phase 3 ultra-deep wells on my lease not be applied? You may not apply an RSV earned under § 203.31: (a) To production from completions less than 15,000 feet...

Is the gap more than gender? A longitudinal analysis of gender, gender role orientation, and earnings.

PubMed

Judge, Timothy A; Livingston, Beth A

2008-09-01

This study investigated the relationships among gender, gender role orientation (i.e., attitudes toward the gendered separation of roles at work and at home), and earnings. A multilevel model was conceptualized in which gender role orientation and earnings were within-individual variables that fluctuate over time (although predictors of between-individual differences in gender role orientation were also considered). Results indicated that whereas traditional gender role orientation was positively related to earnings, gender significantly predicted the slope of this relationship: Traditional gender role orientation was strongly positively associated with earnings for men; it was slightly negatively associated with earnings for women. Occupational segregation partly explained these gender differences. Overall, the results suggest that although gender role attitudes are becoming less traditional for men and for women, traditional gender role orientation continues to exacerbate the gender wage gap.

Earnings Management before Rights Issues and the Subsequent Cash Transfer in Chinese Firms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Bi-Huei

2009-08-01

Unlike private enterprises in developed markets, political influence is profound upon Chinese state-dominated firms. Under this consideration, this paper demonstrates how political impact interferes in Chinese managers' decisions. State-assigned managers were found to deliberately transfer cash raised via rights issues from the public shareholders to the state by cash dividends in order to please Chinese politicians. Especially, to meet the regulatory requirement of rights issues, managers from firms which distributed more cash dividends in the same year of rights issues were more likely to inflate earnings before rights issues. The earnings inflation which managers use to boost firm's incomes is defined as "earnings management." Furthermore, the empirical results also exhibit that firm's close relationship with the state enables managers to obtain approvals of rights issues easily, which reduces the firm's earnings management tendency. The manager's incentives of earnings management is closely attributed to the political intervention.

Learning to Do Well or Learning to Do Good? Estimating the Effects of Schooling on Civic Engagement, Social Cohesion, and Labor Market Outcomes in the Presence of Endowments

PubMed Central

Schnittker, Jason; Behrman, Jere R.

2013-01-01

Although some point to the large effects of schooling on civic engagement (usually measured in terms of volunteering and participation in civic organizations) and social cohesion (usually measured in terms of social networks and relationship quality), the effects of schooling on social outcomes have not been estimated with the same rigor as the effects of schooling on labor-market outcomes, such as earnings. In particular, previous research has failed to consider (i) the many potential and often unobserved confounding factors (“endowments”) influencing both schooling and social outcomes, including family upbringing, innate characteristics, and personality, and (ii) the ways in which schooling pushes individuals in multiple directions simultaneously, including toward greater social engagement, but also toward more independent and market-driven pursuits. Using samples of unrelated persons, ordinary siblings, and identical twins, this study explores the effects of schooling on measures of civic engagement and social relationships, as well as labor-force earnings and labor-force participation. The siblings models reveal a more complex picture than typically suggested by standard individual estimates. On one hand, the results reveal a robust positive effect of schooling on earnings: well-schooled persons work more and earn more, albeit not as much as associations without control for endowments suggest. On the other hand, the results reveal more tenuous and occasionally negative effects of schooling on social outcomes. The effects of schooling on volunteering and membership in civic organizations, for example, disappear almost entirely with control for endowments. Also, within-identical-twins models reverse the positive effects of schooling on reports of support from friends, family, and coworkers. These results may reflect the tension schooling creates between market and non-market commitments, as well as between independence and interpersonal reliability. Schooling may, indeed, induce some pro-social behaviors, but schooling allows individuals choices of whether to pursue more personal interests as well. PMID:23017753

Decentralization strategies and provider incentives in healthcare: evidence from the english national health service.

PubMed

Mannion, Russell; Goddard, Maria; Kuhn, Michael; Bate, Angela

2005-01-01

This article examines the incentive effects of delegating operational and financial decision making from central government to local healthcare providers. It addresses the economic consequences of a contemporary policy initiative in the English National Health Service (NHS)-earned autonomy. This policy entails awarding operational autonomy to 'front-line' organisations that are assessed to be meeting national performance targets. In doing so, it introduces new types of incentives into the healthcare system, changes the nature of established agency relationships and represents a novel approach to performance management. Theoretical elements of a principal-agent model are used to examine the impact of decentralization in the context of the results of an empirical study that elicited the perceptions of senior hospital managers regarding the incentive effects of earned autonomy. A multi-method approach was adopted. In order to capture the breadth of policy impact, we conducted a national postal questionnaire survey of all Chief Executives in acute-care hospital Trusts in England (n = 173). To provide added depth and richness to our understanding of the impact and incentive effects of earned autonomy at an organisational level, we interviewed senior managers in a purposeful sample of eight acute-care hospital Trusts. This theoretical framework and our empirical work suggest that some aspects of the earned autonomy as currently implemented in the NHS serve to weaken the potential incentive effect of decentralization. In particular, the nature of the freedoms is such that many senior managers do not view autonomy as a particularly valuable prize. This suggests that incentives associated with the policy will be insufficiently powerful to motivate providers to deliver better performance. We also found that principal commitment may be a problem in the NHS. Some hospital managers reported that they already enjoyed a large degree of autonomy, regardless of their current performance ratings. We also found evidence that the objectives of providers may differ from those of both the central government and local purchasers. There is, therefore, a risk that granting greater autonomy will allow providers to pursue their own objectives which, whilst not self-serving, may still jeopardize the achievement of strategic goals. It is apparent that the design and implementation features of decentralizing policies such as earned autonomy require careful attention if an optimal balance is to be struck between central oversight and local autonomy in the delivery of healthcare.

Nurturing Your Newborn: Young Parents' Guide to Baby's First Month. [With Teacher's Guide (Workbook Responses, Quizzes, Answer Keys) and Independent Study Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindsay, Jeanne Warren; Brunelli, Jean

A teen mother is likely to be out of school for several weeks following childbirth and will probably spend many hours caring for and bonding with her child. Schools may take this opportunity to allow her to earn elective school credit. This document is comprised of a textbook for use in such a course, a study guide, and a teacher's guide. The…

APPLICATION OF SUPERLUMINAL RADAR TO MAINTAIN AIR SUPERIORITY IN 2035

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-16

AFB, AL. He earned a BS in Physics from the United States Air Force Academy in 1996, an MS in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Alabama...shows how a newly realized aspect of physics can allow us to keep the scales balanced in our favor. Physicist James Clerk Maxwell showed that...broadcast electromagnetic radiation toward a target, and then examine the reflections of the radiation from the target. Because of the laws of physics

Health Care Indicators

PubMed Central

Donham, Carolyn S.; Sensenig, Arthur L.

1994-01-01

This regular feature of the journal includes a discussion of each of the following four topics: community hospital statistics; employment, hours, and earnings in the private health sector; health care prices; and national economic indicators. These statistics are valuable in their own right for understanding the relationship between the health care sector and the overall economy. In addition, they allow us to anticipate the direction and magnitude of health care cost changes prior to the availability of more comprehensive data. PMID:10142373

Five Thousand American Families--Patterns of Economic Progress. Volume VI: Accounting for Race and Sex Differences in Earnings and Other Analyses of the First Nine Years of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duncan, Greg J., Ed.; Morgan, James N., Ed.

In trying to determine race and sex differences in earnings, some chapters in this volume examine the hypothesis that earnings differences are caused by skill differences. Findings indicate that skill differences cannot account for much of the earnings differences. Education levels required by various jobs are analyzed and compared to the actual…

Adolescents' Sexual Behavior and Academic Attainment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frisco, Michelle L.

2008-01-01

High school students have high ambitions but do not always make choices that maximize their likelihood of educational success. This was the motivation for investigating the relationships between high school sexual behavior and two important milestones in academic attainment: earning a high school diploma and enrolling in distinct postsecondary…

Individual and societal impact on earnings associated with serious mental illness in metropolitan China

PubMed Central

Lee, Sing; Tsang, Adley; Huang, Yue-qin; He, Yan-ling; Liu, Zhao-rui; Zhang, Ming-yuan; Shen, Yu-cun; Kessler, Ronald C.

2013-01-01

To evaluate individual-level and societal-level losses of income associated with serious mental illness in metropolitan China, a multi-stage probability survey was administered to adults aged 18–70 in Beijing and Shanghai. We used data to estimate individual-level expected earnings from a model that included information about the respondents’ education level, marital status, age, and gender. Expected earnings were compared to observed earnings among respondents with mental illness and serious disability. The result shows that the 12-month prevalence of such serious mental illness was 0.6%. Its impact on earnings was significant in the total sample and was higher for males (76% of gender-specific expected salary was lost) than females (32%). When projected to societal level, the annual impact was estimated to be 466 million Renminbi (RMB 8.27= USD 1), less than 0.2% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the two cities. Serious mental illness was associated with a substantial decrease in individual-level earnings, but the burden that resulted from societal-level loss of earnings was not large enough to help drive mental health policy and programs in China. PMID:20493555

5 CFR 582.401 - Aggregate disposable earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... COMMERCIAL GARNISHMENT OF FEDERAL EMPLOYEES' PAY Consumer Credit Protection Act Restrictions § 582.401 Aggregate disposable earnings. In accordance with the Consumer Credit Protection Act, the aggregate disposable earnings under this part are the employee-obligor's pay less those amounts excluded in accordance...

20 CFR 422.101 - Material included in this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Section 422.101 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURES General... applications for and assignment of social security numbers, maintenance of earnings records of individuals by the Social Security Administration, requests for statements of earnings or for revision of earnings...

30 CFR 203.35 - What administrative steps must I take to use the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3 ultra-deep well? 203.35 Section 203.35 Mineral... steps must I take to use the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3 ultra-deep well? To use an RSV... of the size of the RSV earned by your lease. (2) If you produced from a qualified phase 2 or phase 3...

30 CFR 203.35 - What administrative steps must I take to use the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3 ultra-deep well? 203.35 Section 203.35 Mineral... steps must I take to use the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3 ultra-deep well? To use an RSV... of the size of the RSV earned by your lease. (2) If you produced from a qualified phase 2 or phase 3...

30 CFR 203.35 - What administrative steps must I take to use the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3 ultra-deep well? 203.35 Section 203.35 Mineral... steps must I take to use the RSV earned by a qualified phase 2 or phase 3 ultra-deep well? To use an RSV... of the size of the RSV earned by your lease. (2) If you produced from a qualified phase 2 or phase 3...

The master degree: A critical transition in STEM doctoral education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lange, Sheila Edwards

The need to broaden participation in the nation's science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) undergraduate and graduate programs is currently a matter of national urgency. The small number of women and underrepresented minorities (URM) earning doctoral degrees in STEM is particularly troubling given significant increases in the number of students earning master's degrees since 1990. In the decade between 1990 and 2000, the total number of master's recipients increased by 42%. During this same time period, the number of women earning master's degrees increased by 56%, African Americans increased by 132%, American Indians by 101%, Hispanics by 146%, and Asian Americans by 117% (Syverson, 2003). Growth in underrepresented group education at the master's level raises questions about the relationship between master's and doctoral education. Secondary data analysis of the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) was used to examine institutional pathways to the doctorate in STEM disciplines and transitions from master's to doctoral programs by race and gender. While the study revealed no significant gender differences in pathways, compared to White and Asian American students, URM students take significantly different pathways to the doctorate. URM students are significantly more likely to earn the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees at three different institutions. Their path is significantly more likely to include earning a master's degree en route to the doctorate. Further, URM students are more likely to experience transition between the master's and doctoral degrees, and the transitions are not limited to those who earn master's degrees at master's-only institutions. These findings suggest that earning a master's degree is more often a stepping stone to the doctorate for URM students. Master's degree programs, therefore, have the potential to be a valuable resource for policymakers and graduate programs seeking to increase the diversity of URM students earning doctorates in STEM.

The Acceptability of Online Courses as Criteria for Admission to Medical School

PubMed Central

Adams, Jonathan

2009-01-01

A national survey of medical school admissions administrators was used to assess the acceptability of applicants' qualifications that included degrees earned partly online, partly in a community college, or in a traditional program. A questionnaire was sent from The Florida State University in 2007 to admissions administrators in the 125 accredited allopathic medical schools in the United States. In each of three situations, the respondents were asked to select one of two hypothetical applicants to invite for an interview. The applicants with their coursework taken in a traditional-residential setting were overwhelmingly preferred over the applicant holding the degree earned partly online. Further analysis indicated that online courses were perceived as not presenting sufficient opportunity for students to develop important social skills through interaction with other students and mentors. PMID:21603401

Effects of state-level Earned Income Tax Credit laws in the U.S. on maternal health behaviors and infant health outcomes.

PubMed

Markowitz, Sara; Komro, Kelli A; Livingston, Melvin D; Lenhart, Otto; Wagenaar, Alexander C

2017-12-01

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of state-level Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) laws in the U.S. on maternal health behaviors and infant health outcomes. Using multi-state, multi-year difference-in-differences analyses, we estimated effects of state EITC generosity on maternal health behaviors, birth weight and gestation weeks. We find little difference in maternal health behaviors associated with state-level EITC. In contrast, results for key infant health outcomes of birth weight and gestation weeks show small improvements in states with EITCs, with larger effects seen among states with more generous EITCs. Our results provide evidence for important health benefits of state-level EITC policies. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

48 CFR 234.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... DEFENSE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 234.201 Policy. (1) DoD applies the earned value management system requirement as follows: (i) For cost or incentive contracts and subcontracts valued at $20,000,000 or more, the earned value management system shall...

48 CFR 234.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... DEFENSE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 234.201 Policy. (1) DoD applies the earned value management system requirement as follows: (i) For cost or incentive contracts and subcontracts valued at $20,000,000 or more, the earned value management system shall...

48 CFR 234.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... DEFENSE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 234.201 Policy. (1) DoD applies the earned value management system requirement as follows: (i) For cost or incentive contracts and subcontracts valued at $20,000,000 or more, the earned value management system shall...

48 CFR 234.201 - Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... DEFENSE SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING MAJOR SYSTEM ACQUISITION Earned Value Management System 234.201 Policy. (1) DoD applies the earned value management system requirement as follows: (i) For cost or incentive contracts and subcontracts valued at $20,000,000 or more, the earned value management system shall...

The Earnings Impact of Training Duration in a Developing Country. An Ordered Probit Selection Model of Colombia's "Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje" (SENA).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jimenez, Emmanuel; Kugler, Bernardo

1987-01-01

Estimates the earnings impact of an extensive inservice training program in the developing world, Colombia's Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA), through a comparison of nongraduates' and graduates' earnings profiles. (JOW)

34 CFR 361.84 - Performance indicators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage. (iv) Performance... earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage, the percentage who are individuals with significant... program in competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings levels equivalent to at least the minimum...

34 CFR 361.84 - Performance indicators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage. (iv) Performance... earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage, the percentage who are individuals with significant... program in competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings levels equivalent to at least the minimum...

34 CFR 361.84 - Performance indicators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage. (iv) Performance... earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage, the percentage who are individuals with significant... program in competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings levels equivalent to at least the minimum...

34 CFR 361.84 - Performance indicators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage. (iv) Performance... earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage, the percentage who are individuals with significant... program in competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings levels equivalent to at least the minimum...

34 CFR 361.84 - Performance indicators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage. (iv) Performance... earnings equivalent to at least the minimum wage, the percentage who are individuals with significant... program in competitive, self-, or BEP employment with earnings levels equivalent to at least the minimum...

Trends in Relative Earnings and Marital Dissolution: Are Wives Who Outearn Their Husbands Still More Likely to Divorce?

PubMed Central

SCHWARTZ, CHRISTINE R.; GONALONS-PONS, PILAR

2016-01-01

As women’s labor-force participation and earnings have grown, so has the likelihood that wives outearn their husbands. A common concern is that these couples may be at heightened risk of divorce. Yet with the rise of egalitarian marriage, wives’ relative earnings may be more weakly associated with divorce than in the past. We examine trends in the association between wives’ relative earnings and marital dissolution using data from the 1968–2009 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We find that wives’ relative earnings were positively associated with the risk of divorce among couples married in the late 1960s and 1970s, and that this was especially true for wives who outearned their husbands, but this was no longer the case for couples married in the 1990s. Change was concentrated among middle-earning husbands and those without college degrees, a finding consistent with the economic squeeze of the middle class over this period. PMID:27635418

Handedness, Earnings, Ability and Personality. Evidence from the Lab

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Evidence showing that on average left-handed (L), who are 10% in a population, tend to earn less than others is solely based on survey data. This paper is the first to test the relationship between handedness and earnings experimentally and also to assess whether the mechanism underlying it is predominantly cognitive or psychological. Data on 432 undergraduate students show that L do not obtain significantly different payoffs, a proxy for earnings, in a stylised labour market with multiple principals and agents. Similarly, scores in the Cognitive Reflection Test are not significantly different. Data on personality, measured using the Big Five test, show, instead, that L are significantly more agreeable and L females more extroverted. In addition, earnings significantly vary with personality only for L, increasing with extraversion and decreasing with neuroticism. Overall, our results fail to reject the null hypothesis that earnings do not differ by handedness and suggest differences in personality as a novel mechanism to rationalise L’s behaviour. PMID:27788156

Returns to Schooling, Ability and Cognitive Skills in Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aslam, Monazza; Bari, Faisal; Kingdon, Geeta

2012-01-01

This study investigates the economic outcomes of education for wage earners in Pakistan. This is done by analysing the relationship between schooling, cognitive skills and ability, on the one hand, and economic activity, occupation, sectoral choice and earnings, on the other. In Pakistan, an important question remains largely unaddressed: what…

Risk Taking and Rites of Passage

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Larson, Scott; Martin, Lloyd

2012-01-01

Throughout history, young people earned adult roles through observing, imitating, and interacting with adults around them. Rituals of initiation such as the Jewish bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah are very important rite of passage ceremonies. Many churches confer baptism, confirmation, or catechism as rites of passage to adulthood. Without such…

Investing in Public Education: The Importance of Schooling in the New Global Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Education Association, Washington, DC. Research Div.

In the emerging economy, access and control of information and technology will greatly determine individual and national economic accomplishments. Two primary purposes of public schools--transmitting cultural values and providing socially beneficial knowledge--explain the substantial contribution of public education to employment, earnings, and…

Predicting Social Trust with Binary Logistic Regression

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adwere-Boamah, Joseph; Hufstedler, Shirley

2015-01-01

This study used binary logistic regression to predict social trust with five demographic variables from a national sample of adult individuals who participated in The General Social Survey (GSS) in 2012. The five predictor variables were respondents' highest degree earned, race, sex, general happiness and the importance of personally assisting…

Wage Offers and Full-Time and Part-Time Employment by British Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ermisch, John F.; Wright, Robert E.

1993-01-01

Analysis of British married women's employment decisions indicates that differences in wage offers between full- and part-time employment are important determinants of working full-time. Women who work despite low earning power, husbands' high income, or discouraging family circumstances tend to work part-time. (SK)

Practitioner Perceptions of Advertising Education Accreditation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vance, Donald

According to a 1981 survey, advertising practitioners place more importance on the accreditation of college advertising programs when it comes to evaluating a graduate of such a program than do the educators who must earn the accreditation. Only directors of advertising education programs in the communication-journalism area that are currently…

Revisiting Hansen Solubility Parameters by Including Thermodynamics.

PubMed

Louwerse, Manuel J; Maldonado, Ana; Rousseau, Simon; Moreau-Masselon, Chloe; Roux, Bernard; Rothenberg, Gadi

2017-11-03

The Hansen solubility parameter approach is revisited by implementing the thermodynamics of dissolution and mixing. Hansen's pragmatic approach has earned its spurs in predicting solvents for polymer solutions, but for molecular solutes improvements are needed. By going into the details of entropy and enthalpy, several corrections are suggested that make the methodology thermodynamically sound without losing its ease of use. The most important corrections include accounting for the solvent molecules' size, the destruction of the solid's crystal structure, and the specificity of hydrogen-bonding interactions, as well as opportunities to predict the solubility at extrapolated temperatures. Testing the original and the improved methods on a large industrial dataset including solvent blends, fit qualities improved from 0.89 to 0.97 and the percentage of correct predictions rose from 54 % to 78 %. Full Matlab scripts are included in the Supporting Information, allowing readers to implement these improvements on their own datasets. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Pensions, tax and the anaesthetist: significant implications for workforce planning.

PubMed

Pandit, J J

2016-08-01

This paper shows how recent tax changes to pensions (i.e. new lifetime and annual allowance contribution limits) mean that NHS consultants will need to adopt one of four rational strategies to work and financial planning. Two of those strategies (termed 'Earn Fast, Drop Out' and 'Never Enter') involve a break between work and pensions. The logical consequence of this break is that consultants may exercise options to maximise their total income, which in turn will result in less work within the NHS and more work in alternative higher paying (e.g. private) sectors. A third strategy ('Go Slow, Stay Low') also involves less-than-full-time NHS work. Only one option ('Do Nothing' as a result of the tax changes) has no effect. In short, the tax changes will predictably lead to future senior consultants devoting proportionately much less of their time to NHS work than before. The article discusses the important implications of this conclusion for NHS workforce planning. © 2016 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.

An evaluation of the construct of earned security in adolescents: evidence from an inpatient sample.

PubMed

Venta, Amanda; Sharp, Carla; Shmueli-Goetz, Yael; Newlin, Elizabeth

2015-01-01

In adult attachment research, a group of individuals who convey secure attachments despite recalling difficult early caregiver relationships has been identified. The term earned security refers to individuals in this group, whereas continuous security refers to individuals who convey secure attachments and describe caring early relationships. Evidence on the validity of earned security in adults is mixed--with one longitudinal study showing that earned secure adults, despite contrary recollections, are actually more likely to have experienced positive caregiving than continuous secure adults. There is currently no evidence of earned security in adolescence, and exploring it in this age group may help shed light on the overall problem of the validity of this construct. Therefore, the broad aim of this study was to examine the construct of earned security in a group of inpatient adolescents. First, the authors aimed to identify a group of adolescents with secure attachments and memories of difficult caregiver relationships (i.e., proposed earned secure group) in a sample of 240 inpatient adolescents. Next, to explore external validity, the authors examined whether this group differed from others with regard to internalizing distress and emotion regulation. Findings indicated that a subset of secure adolescents recall difficult caregiving, as has been noted in adults, and that they differ from others with regard to emotion regulation. Despite this preliminary evidence that earned security can be identified in adolescents, the authors conclude with a discussion of the caveats of applying this construct in adolescents as well as adults.

Earnings among people with spinal cord injury.

PubMed

Ramakrishnan, K; Loh, S Y; Omar, Z

2011-09-01

Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. To identify differences in earnings among participants with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their relation to demographic, injury, educational and employment-related factors. People living with SCI in the community who were members of a disability support organization. A total of 76 members who have had traumatic SCI for at least 2 years, between 15 and 64 years of age at time of study and were working before SCI were interviewed over the phone. The earnings were categorized as more, same or less than before SCI or no income for those unemployed. Of the 76 participants (who averaged about 15.1 years post SCI), only 13 participants (17.1%) were earning more than before injury, whereas majority were in the category of having no income, being unemployed at time of study, n=36 (47.4%). Factors positively related to earnings were having more years in education, both at time of injury and at time of survey. As anticipated, those currently in full time and paid employments were earning more while receipt of financial compensation was negatively related to earnings. Despite a lengthy period of time post SCI, only a minority were earning more, reflecting poorly on the quality of post SCI employment experience. The rehabilitation team should therefore focus on improving both educational and vocational opportunities for persons with SCI and aim for full time, paid employments. The current workers' compensation scheme renders the recipient at a static income and may need to be revised.

20 CFR 410.530 - Reductions; excess earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reductions; excess earnings. 410.530 Section 410.530 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL COAL MINE HEALTH AND SAFETY ACT OF 1969, TITLE IV-BLACK LUNG BENEFITS (1969- ) Payment of Benefits § 410.530 Reductions; excess earnings...

Title VII and the Male/Female Earnings Gap: An Economic Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beller, Andrea

1978-01-01

After controlling statistically for the effects of other factors that affect earnings, it was found that enforcement of sex discrimination charges under Title VII increased the relative demand for women and thus decreased the male/female earnings differential between 1967 and 1974. (Author)

Base Reutilization Status: An Assessment

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-01

substantially as office build- ings and retail buildings are constructed. No data are available on payrolls for the new jobs . However, earnings are likely to...date is 30.3 The average earnings from the new jobs are above the state average. The average earnings from the existing number of biotechnology

26 CFR 1.1368-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

...) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Small Business Corporations and Their Shareholders § 1.1368-0 Table of contents... with no earnings and profits. (d) S corporation with earnings and profits. (1) General treatment of... relating to source of distributions. (1) In general. (2) Election to distribute earnings and profits first...

26 CFR 1.1368-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Small Business Corporations and Their Shareholders § 1.1368-0 Table of contents... with no earnings and profits. (d) S corporation with earnings and profits. (1) General treatment of... relating to source of distributions. (1) In general. (2) Election to distribute earnings and profits first...

26 CFR 1.1368-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

...) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Small Business Corporations and Their Shareholders § 1.1368-0 Table of contents... with no earnings and profits. (d) S corporation with earnings and profits. (1) General treatment of... relating to source of distributions. (1) In general. (2) Election to distribute earnings and profits first...

26 CFR 1.1368-0 - Table of contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Small Business Corporations and Their Shareholders § 1.1368-0 Table of contents... with no earnings and profits. (d) S corporation with earnings and profits. (1) General treatment of... relating to source of distributions. (1) In general. (2) Election to distribute earnings and profits first...

Gender Earnings Gap among Young European Higher Education Graduates

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garcia-Aracil, Adela

2007-01-01

This paper examines the composition of the gender earnings gap among young European higher education graduates, with a particular focus on competencies controlling for individual background and job characteristics. The results show that much of the female worker's earnings advantage can be explained by job characteristics. With respect to the…

Earnings Inequality in the Nonmetropolitan United States: 1967-1990.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tolbert, Charles M.; Lyson, Thomas A.

1992-01-01

Analysis of census data indicates that earnings inequality among full-time workers increased in the 1980s. Compared to metropolitan areas, nonmetro economic inequality was greater and was explained better by both neoclassical and restructuring frameworks. Gender and college education accounted for far more earnings inequality than other sources…

Boverhof's App Earns Honorable Mention in Amazon's Web Services

Science.gov Websites

» Boverhof's App Earns Honorable Mention in Amazon's Web Services Competition News & Publications News Publications Facebook Google+ Twitter Boverhof's App Earns Honorable Mention in Amazon's Web Services by Amazon Web Services (AWS). Amazon officially announced the winners of its EC2 Spotathon on Monday

20 CFR 225.13 - Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA... Spouse Annuities § 225.13 Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. (a) General. The Social Security... certain eligibility requirements as described in part 216 of this chapter. The Social Security Dual...

The Determination of Earnings Among College Graduates.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spaeth, Joe L.

Differences in levels and determinants of earnings for men and women college graduates are examined. Perspectives from human capital theory, research on the socioeconomic achievement process, and research on segmented labor markets are used to design models of the determination of earnings. Data are taken from the National Opinion Research Center…

20 CFR 702.285 - Report of earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... earnings from employment or self-employment. This report may not be required any more frequently than semi... employment and self-employment and the periods for which the earnings apply. The employee must return the..., salaries, tips, sales commissions, fees for services provided, piecework and all revenue received from self...

20 CFR 225.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... result of dividing the total of the indexed earnings through the indexing year and the nonindexed earnings after the indexing year in the benefit computation years by the number of months in the benefit computation years. The indexing year for the Average Indexed Monthly Earnings PIA is the second year before...

20 CFR 225.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... result of dividing the total of the indexed earnings through the indexing year and the nonindexed earnings after the indexing year in the benefit computation years by the number of months in the benefit computation years. The indexing year for the Average Indexed Monthly Earnings PIA is the second year before...

20 CFR 225.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... result of dividing the total of the indexed earnings through the indexing year and the nonindexed earnings after the indexing year in the benefit computation years by the number of months in the benefit computation years. The indexing year for the Average Indexed Monthly Earnings PIA is the second year before...

20 CFR 225.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... result of dividing the total of the indexed earnings through the indexing year and the nonindexed earnings after the indexing year in the benefit computation years by the number of months in the benefit computation years. The indexing year for the Average Indexed Monthly Earnings PIA is the second year before...

20 CFR 225.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... result of dividing the total of the indexed earnings through the indexing year and the nonindexed earnings after the indexing year in the benefit computation years by the number of months in the benefit computation years. The indexing year for the Average Indexed Monthly Earnings PIA is the second year before...

Earned-Secure Attachment Status in Retrospect and Prospect.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roisman, Glenn I.; Padron, Elena; Sroufe, L. Alan; Egeland, Byron

2002-01-01

This 23-year longitudinal study examined the attachment history of earned-secure young adults who coherently describe negative childhood experiences. Findings indicated that retrospective earned-secures were not more likely than continuous-secures to have been anxiously attached in infancy, and were observed in childhood and adolescence to have…

Field of Study in College and Lifetime Earnings in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, ChangHwan; Tamborini, Christopher R.; Sakamoto, Arthur

2015-01-01

Our understanding about the relationship between education and lifetime earnings often neglects differences by field of study. Utilizing data that match respondents in the Survey of Income and Program Participation to their longitudinal earnings records based on administrative tax information, we investigate the trajectories of annual earnings…

48 CFR 352.234-4 - Partial earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... management system. 352.234-4 Section 352.234-4 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-4 Partial earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(d), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Partial Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The...

48 CFR 352.234-4 - Partial earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... management system. 352.234-4 Section 352.234-4 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-4 Partial earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(d), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Partial Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The...

48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...

48 CFR 352.234-4 - Partial earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... management system. 352.234-4 Section 352.234-4 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-4 Partial earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(d), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Partial Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The...

48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...

48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...

48 CFR 352.234-4 - Partial earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... management system. 352.234-4 Section 352.234-4 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-4 Partial earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(d), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Partial Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The...

48 CFR 352.234-3 - Full earned value management system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... management system. 352.234-3 Section 352.234-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System HEALTH AND HUMAN....234-3 Full earned value management system. As prescribed in 334.203-70(c), the Contracting Officer shall insert the following clause: Full Earned Value Management System (October 2008) (a) The Contractor...

The Changing Distribution of Job Satisfaction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamermesh, Daniel S.

2001-01-01

Satisfaction among male workers in upper earnings brackets increased from 1978-1996; similar results were found in Germany for 1984-1996. Little relationship between job satisfaction and persistent earnings inequality was found. Recent shocks to earnings mattered more to current and recent changes in satisfaction than did distant shocks.…

Undocumented Immigrants and College: Tear down the Walls

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chan, Monnica

2013-01-01

Immigration reform is gathering steam. In late January, a bipartisan group of U.S. senators announced an agreement on principles for immigration reform, that may include paths for undocumented immigrants to earn citizenship. Based on earlier immigration reform proposals, these pathways to "earning" citizenship will likely include earning a…

A Structural Decomposition of Black-White Earnings Differentials.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaufman, Robert L.

1983-01-01

Two factors which create differences in Black-White earnings are: (1) differentials between Blacks and Whites within divisions of the labor market; and (2) differences between industries and occupations in earnings, combined with the differential distribution of Blacks and Whites across labor market divisions. The labor market structure is crucial…

20 CFR 416.1110 - What is earned income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

....1110 Employees' Benefits SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME FOR THE AGED... else's employee. Wages are the same for SSI purposes as for the earnings test in the social security... under the SSI program are the same net earnings that we would count under the social security retirement...

Preschool and Prosperity. Policy Paper No. 2014-017

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bartik, Timothy J.

2014-01-01

Substantial research shows that high-quality early childhood education programs have a large economic payoff. This payoff is increased earnings for former child participants, increased earnings for parents, and increased earnings for all workers when average worker skills improve. A program package of universal pre-K, combined with child care and…

48 CFR 252.234-7001 - Notice of Earned Value Management System.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Industries Alliance Standard 748, Earned Value Management Systems (ANSI/EIA-748) (current version at time of... Management System. 252.234-7001 Section 252.234-7001 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEFENSE... CLAUSES Text of Provisions And Clauses 252.234-7001 Notice of Earned Value Management System. As...

Tracking and Explaining Credit-Hour Completion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kwenda, Maxwell Ndigume

2014-01-01

This study highlights factors associated with changes in earned hours for two cohorts of incoming freshmen during their first year. The objectives of this study are twofold: (a) to derive model(s) regressing the cumulative hours earned and differential hours earned on student demographic, socioeconomic, and academic characteristics; and (b) to…

5 CFR 2636.304 - The 15 percent limitation on outside earned income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false The 15 percent limitation on outside earned income. 2636.304 Section 2636.304 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT ETHICS GOVERNMENT... Noncareer Employees § 2636.304 The 15 percent limitation on outside earned income. (a) Limitation applicable...

20 CFR 225.13 - Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2014-04-01 2012-04-01 true Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. 225... Spouse Annuities § 225.13 Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. (a) General. The Social Security... certain eligibility requirements as described in part 216 of this chapter. The Social Security Dual...

20 CFR 225.13 - Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2013-04-01 2012-04-01 true Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. 225... Spouse Annuities § 225.13 Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. (a) General. The Social Security... certain eligibility requirements as described in part 216 of this chapter. The Social Security Dual...

20 CFR 225.13 - Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA... Spouse Annuities § 225.13 Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. (a) General. The Social Security... certain eligibility requirements as described in part 216 of this chapter. The Social Security Dual...

20 CFR 225.13 - Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA... Spouse Annuities § 225.13 Social Security Earnings Dual Benefit PIA. (a) General. The Social Security... certain eligibility requirements as described in part 216 of this chapter. The Social Security Dual...

5 CFR 550.105 - Biweekly maximum earnings limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Biweekly maximum earnings limitation. 550... PAY ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL) Premium Pay Maximum Earnings Limitations § 550.105 Biweekly maximum... basic pay and premium pay for any biweekly pay period to exceed the greater of— (1) The maximum biweekly...

5 CFR 550.106 - Annual maximum earnings limitation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Annual maximum earnings limitation. 550... PAY ADMINISTRATION (GENERAL) Premium Pay Maximum Earnings Limitations § 550.106 Annual maximum... and premium pay for the calendar year to exceed the greater of— (1) The maximum annual rate of basic...

26 CFR 1.1248-8 - Earnings and profits attributable to stock following certain non-recognition transactions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... corporation immediately after the restructuring transaction, the earnings and profits attributable to the... 80% of the $100 of earnings and profits of CFC accumulated after the restructuring transaction... and profits of CFC accumulated after the restructuring transaction. (B) DC1 sale. Pursuant to...

26 CFR 1.381(c)(2)-1 - Earnings and profits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Insolvency Reorganizations § 1.381(c)(2)-1 Earnings and profits. (a) In... profits, after the date of distribution or transfer and before the completion of the reorganization or... maintaining two separate earnings and profits accounts after the date of distribution or transfer. The first...

Vocational Certificates and College Degrees. ERIC Digest No. 212.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Bettina Lankard

Many studies have verified that education beyond high school results in higher earnings. The highest earnings benefits depend upon certification or degree achievement. Not obtaining a degree results in some penalty: individuals who have some college credit but no degree earn less than associate degree holders. Professional and vocational…

Insult to Injury: Disability, Earnings, and Divorce

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singleton, Perry

2012-01-01

This study measures the longitudinal effect of disability on earnings, marriage, and divorce. The data come from the Survey of Income and Program Participation matched to administrative data on longitudinal earnings. Using event-study methods, the results show that the onset of a work-preventing disability is associated with a precipitous decline…

ASIAN AMERICAN-WHITE DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF MOTHERHOOD ON CAREER OUTCOMES

PubMed Central

Greenman, Emily

2014-01-01

U.S.-born Asian Americans are unique among American minority groups in that they lack earnings disadvantages relative to Whites with similar education levels. Controlling for education and age, there is little difference in the earnings of U.S.-born Asian and White men, but Asian women have higher earnings than comparable White women. Using data from SESTAT, this study tests the hypothesis that Asian American women’s high earnings may result from adjusting their labor supply less than White women in response to parenthood, leading to greater work experience over time. Findings show that Asian American women are less likely than White women reduce labor supply in response to parenthood, and that their resulting greater work experience explains their high rate of earnings growth. PMID:25580053

EARNINGS MANAGEMENT IN U.S. HOSPITALS.

PubMed

Dong, Gang Nathan

2016-01-01

This paper examines the hospital management practices of manipulating financial earnings within the bounds of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). We conduct regression analyses that relate earnings management to hospital characteristics to assess the economic determinants of hospital earnings management behavior. From the CMS Cost Reports we collected hospital financial data of all U.S. hospitals that request reimbursement from the federal government for treating Medicare patients, and regress discretionary accruals on hospital size, profitability, asset liquidity, operating efficiency, labor cost, and ownership. Hospitals with higher profit margin, current ratio, working capital, days of patient receivables outstanding and total wage are associated with more earnings management, whereas those with larger size and higher debt level, asset turnover, days cash on hand, fixed asset age are associated with lower level of earnings manipulation. Additionally, managers of non-profit hospitals are more likely to undertake some form of window-dressing by manipulating accounting accruals without changing business models or pricing strategies than their public hospital counterparts. We provide direct evidence of the use of discretionary accruals to manage financial earnings among U.S. hospitals and the finding has profound policy implications in terms of assessing the pervasiveness of accounting manipulation and the overall integrity of financial reporting in this very special public and quasi-public service sector.

The Flexible Fairness: Equality, Earned Entitlement, and Self-Interest

PubMed Central

Gu, Ruolei; Broster, Lucas S.; Shen, Xueyi; Tian, Tengxiang; Luo, Yue-Jia; Krueger, Frank

2013-01-01

The current study explored whether earned entitlement modulated the perception of fairness in three experiments. A preliminary resource earning task was added before players decided how to allocate the resource they jointly earned. Participants’ decision in allocation, their responses to equal or unequal offers, whether advantageous or disadvantageous, and subjective ratings of fairness were all assessed in the current study. Behavioral results revealed that participants proposed more generous offers and showed enhanced tolerance to disadvantageous unequal offers from others when they performed worse than their presumed “partners,” while the reverse was true in the better-performance condition. The subjective ratings also indicated the effect of earned entitlement, such that worse performance was associated with higher perceived feelings of fairness for disadvantageous unequal offers, while better performance was associated with higher feelings of fairness for advantageous unequal offers. Equal offers were considered “fair” only when earned entitlement was even between two parties. In sum, the perception of fairness is modulated by an integration of egalitarian motivation and entitlement. In addition to justice principles, participants were also motivated by self-interest, such that participants placed more weight on entitlement in the better-performance condition than in the worse-performance condition. These results imply that earned entitlement is evaluated in a self-serving way. PMID:24039867

Her earnings: Exploring variation in wives' earning contributions across six major Asian groups and Whites.

PubMed

Kulkarni, Veena S

2015-07-01

Previous research on understanding race-ethnic differentials in employment and economic contributions by married women has primarily focused on Blacks, Hispanics, or Whites. This study investigates variations in wives' earning contributions as measured by wives earnings as a proportion of total annual household earnings among six Asian groups, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese relative to native born non-Hispanic White. I disaggregate the six Asian groups by their ethnicity and nativity status. Using pooled data from 2009-2011 American Community Survey, the findings show significance of human capital, hours of paid labor market engagement and nativity status. There is strong and negative association between husbands' human capital and labor supply with wives' earning contributions suggesting near universality of male-breadwinner status. Notwithstanding the commonalities, there is significant intergroup diversity. While foreign born and native born Filipina wives despite their spouses' reasonably high human capital and work hours, contribute one of the highest shares, the same cannot be said for the Asian Indians and Japanese. For foreign born Asian Indian and to some extent Japanese women, their high human capital is not translated to high earning contribution after controlling for husband's human capital. Further, nativity status impacts groups differentially. Native born Vietnamese wives contribute the greatest. Overall, the findings underscore the relevance of employing multiple conceptual frameworks in understanding earning contributions of foreign and native born Asian wives belonging to the six Asian groups, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Politics in Pakistan: The Stability of the Zia Regime

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-13

designed to prod the recalcitrant peasant back into the fold. Advocates of the capitalist interpretation downplay the importance of zamindars and...successful in mobilizing the rural masses behind his program of Islamic socialism which was U designed to address the aspirations of the riddle and...behavior are part of this prograrr’s design . If the 52 percent turnout S{ earn important foreign exchange in the Gulf States and remit a substantial

26 CFR 1.532-1 - Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Corporations Used to Avoid Income Tax on Shareholders § 1.532-1 Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax. (a) General rule. (1) The tax imposed...

26 CFR 1.532-1 - Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Corporations Used to Avoid Income Tax on Shareholders § 1.532-1 Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax. (a) General rule. (1) The tax imposed...

26 CFR 1.532-1 - Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 26 Internal Revenue 7 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Corporations Used to Avoid Income Tax on Shareholders § 1.532-1 Corporations subject to accumulated earnings tax. (a) General rule. (1) The tax imposed...

Not by Productivity Alone: How Visibility and Specialization Contribute to Academic Earnings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leahey, Erin

2007-01-01

The popular adage "publish or perish" has long defined individual career strategies as well as scholarly investigations of earnings inequality in academe, as researchers have relied heavily on research productivity to explain earnings inequality among faculty members. Academia, however, has changed dramatically in the last few decades: it has…

Business Administration and Computer Science Degrees: Earnings, Job Security, and Job Satisfaction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mehta, Kamlesh; Uhlig, Ronald

2017-01-01

This paper examines the potential of business administration vs. computer science degrees in terms of earnings, job security, and job satisfaction. The paper focuses on earnings potential five years and ten years after the completion of business administration and computer science degrees. Moreover, the paper presents the income changes with…

29 CFR 548.302 - Average earnings for period other than a workweek.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Average earnings for period other than a workweek. 548.302... LABOR REGULATIONS AUTHORIZATION OF ESTABLISHED BASIC RATES FOR COMPUTING OVERTIME PAY Interpretations Authorized Basic Rates § 548.302 Average earnings for period other than a workweek. (a) Section 548.3(b...

26 CFR 1.1348-2 - Computation of the fifty-percent maximum tax on earned income.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... earned income. 1.1348-2 Section 1.1348-2 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Other Limitations § 1.1348-2 Computation of the fifty-percent maximum tax on earned income. (a) Computation of tax for taxable years...

The College Payoff: Education, Occupations, Lifetime Earnings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carnevale, Anthony P.; Rose, Stephen J.; Cheah, Ban

2011-01-01

A college degree pays off--but by just how much? In this report from the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce, the authors examine just what a college degree is worth--and what else besides a degree might influence an individual's potential earnings. This report examines lifetime earnings for all education levels and…

24 CFR 904.110 - Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA... Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA) (a) Credits to the account. The LHA shall establish and maintain a separate EHPA for each homebuyer. Since the homebuyer is responsible for maintaining the home, a portion of...

24 CFR 904.110 - Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA... Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA) (a) Credits to the account. The LHA shall establish and maintain a separate EHPA for each homebuyer. Since the homebuyer is responsible for maintaining the home, a portion of...

24 CFR 904.110 - Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA... Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA) (a) Credits to the account. The LHA shall establish and maintain a separate EHPA for each homebuyer. Since the homebuyer is responsible for maintaining the home, a portion of...

24 CFR 904.110 - Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA... Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA) (a) Credits to the account. The LHA shall establish and maintain a separate EHPA for each homebuyer. Since the homebuyer is responsible for maintaining the home, a portion of...

24 CFR 904.110 - Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA)

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 4 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA... Earned Home Payments Account (EHPA) (a) Credits to the account. The LHA shall establish and maintain a separate EHPA for each homebuyer. Since the homebuyer is responsible for maintaining the home, a portion of...

20 CFR 667.300 - What are the reporting requirements for Workforce Investment Act programs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Each grant recipient must submit financial reports. (2) Reports must include any income or profits earned, including such income or profits earned by subrecipients, and any costs incurred (such as stand...) Reported expenditures and program income, including any profits earned, must be on the accrual basis of...

26 CFR 1.852-5 - Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Regulated Investment Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.852-5 Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company. (a) Any regulated... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Earnings and profits of a regulated investment...

26 CFR 1.852-5 - Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Regulated Investment Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.852-5 Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company. (a) Any regulated... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Earnings and profits of a regulated investment...

26 CFR 1.852-5 - Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES Regulated Investment Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.852-5 Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company. (a) Any regulated investment... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Earnings and profits of a regulated investment...

26 CFR 1.852-5 - Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Regulated Investment Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.852-5 Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company. (a) Any regulated... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Earnings and profits of a regulated investment...

26 CFR 1.852-5 - Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Regulated Investment Companies and Real Estate Investment Trusts § 1.852-5 Earnings and profits of a regulated investment company. (a) Any regulated... 26 Internal Revenue 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Earnings and profits of a regulated investment...

20 CFR 404.1091 - Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of religious orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1091 Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of... § 404.1023 (c) and (e). In figuring your net earnings from self-employment from performing these...

20 CFR 404.1091 - Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of religious orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1091 Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of... § 404.1023 (c) and (e). In figuring your net earnings from self-employment from performing these...

20 CFR 404.1091 - Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of religious orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1091 Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of... § 404.1023 (c) and (e). In figuring your net earnings from self-employment from performing these...

20 CFR 404.1091 - Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of religious orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1091 Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of... § 404.1023 (c) and (e). In figuring your net earnings from self-employment from performing these...

20 CFR 404.1091 - Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of religious orders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... FEDERAL OLD-AGE, SURVIVORS AND DISABILITY INSURANCE (1950- ) Employment, Wages, Self-Employment, and Self-Employment Income Self-Employment Income § 404.1091 Figuring net earnings for ministers and members of... § 404.1023 (c) and (e). In figuring your net earnings from self-employment from performing these...

Learn to Earn: Sixth Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Vella Rose B.

The sixth grade learn-to-earn field tested unit was designed to develop career awareness and employability skills. The purpose is to help the learner understand the tasks performed in the home setting as related to the interest, aptitude, and training of the individuals performing these tasks. The lesson topics are: ways to earn money; personal…

The Economic Consequences of Being Left-Handed: Some Sinister Results

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denny, Kevin; O' Sullivan, Vincent

2007-01-01

This paper estimates the effects of handedness on earnings. Augmenting a conventional earnings equation with an indicator of left-handedness shows there is a positive effect on male earnings with manual workers enjoying a slightly larger premium. These results are inconsistent with the view that left-handers in general are handicapped either…

The Earnings Gap between Women and Men.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

The size of the earnings gap between men and women has not changed substantially in recent years. The sustained earnings differential contrasts significantly with recent gains women have made in the job market. Several factors contribute to the wage differences: (1) The majority of women are in lower-paying occupations and lower-status jobs even…

Educated Mis-Employment in Hong Kong: Earnings Effects of Employment in Unmatched Fields of Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chung, Yue-Ping

1990-01-01

Presents an empirical study on misemployment (the underutilization of worker's skills acquired through vocational education) in Hong Kong. Analyzes earnings functions of graduates from various educational fields and for workers employed in various fields. Misemployed graduates received lower earnings than their colleagues working in matched work…

20 CFR 225.24 - SS Earnings PIA used in survivor annuities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Security Earnings PIA (SS Earnings PIA) used in survivor annuities may be used in computing the tier II... the Social Security Act as in effect on December 31, 1974. It is computed using the deceased employee... RETIREMENT ACT PRIMARY INSURANCE AMOUNT DETERMINATIONS PIA's Used in Computing Survivor Annuities and the...

77 FR 34414 - Submission for Review: Annuitant's Report of Earned Income, RI 30-2

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-11

.... SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: RI 30-2 is used annually to determine if disability retirees under age 60 have earned... OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Submission for Review: Annuitant's Report of Earned Income, RI 30-2... of functions of the agency, including whether the information will have practical utility; 2...

Exploring the Wealth Returns to Latino Higher Educational Attainment: Estimates of Work-Life Earnings Profiles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robles, Barbara J.

2009-01-01

A significant research gap exists in our knowledge of how educational attainment affects wealth building and intergenerational wealth transfers among Latinos. Wealth includes earnings but is a much wider and more fundamental measure of economic mobility. The education-earnings-wealth relationship is explored by constructing estimates of social…

Evolution of Earnings and Rates of Returns to Education in Mexico.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys

This paper reviews the factors and mechanisms that have been driving inequality in Mexico and finds that educational inequality accounts for by far the largest share of Mexico's variation in earnings inequality. More specifically, it examines the expansion in earnings inequality with emphasis on the role of education, establishes an analytical…

75 FR 4140 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-26

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Treasury. ACTION... Tax Credit Project Committee will be conducted. The Taxpayer Advocacy Panel is soliciting public... Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Wednesday, February 24, 2010, at 1 p...

75 FR 47349 - Open Meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-05

... Earned Income Tax Credit Project Committee AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury ACTION: Notice of meeting. SUMMARY: An open meeting of the Taxpayer Advocacy Panel Earned Income Tax Credit... Income Tax Credit Project Committee will be held Wednesday, September 22, 2010, at 1 p.m. Eastern Time...

Universities Report $1.8-Billion in Earnings on Inventions in 2011

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blumenstyk, Goldie

2012-01-01

Universities and their inventors earned more than $1.8-billion from commercializing their academic research in the 2011 fiscal year, collecting royalties from new breeds of wheat, from a new drug for the treatment of HIV, and from longstanding arrangements over enduring products like Gatorade. Northwestern University earned the most of any…

26 CFR 1.963-4 - Limitations on minimum distribution from a chain or group.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... on amounts distributed by B Corporation, the foreign income tax and earnings and profits of... B Consolidated Pretax and predistribution earnings and profits $100 $100 $200 Foreign income tax 20 40 60 Earnings and profits 80 60 140 Effective foreign tax rate ($60/[$140+$60]) 30% Statutory...

46 CFR 283.3 - Dividend policy criteria.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... amount up to 100 percent of retained earnings, unless there is an operating loss in the fiscal year to... proposed dividend, it may declare a dividend of up to 40 percent of prior years' earnings, less any... of the years included in the prior years' earnings calculation dividends were paid under the 100...

20 CFR 226.30 - Spouse or divorced spouse tier I.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... based on the employee's combined railroad and social security earnings. In the case of an employee who... reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any government pension payable on the spouse's or divorced... spouse's or divorced spouse's own earnings record, a benefit based on the earnings record of another...

20 CFR 226.30 - Spouse or divorced spouse tier I.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... based on the employee's combined railroad and social security earnings. In the case of an employee who... reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of any government pension payable on the spouse's or divorced... spouse's or divorced spouse's own earnings record, a benefit based on the earnings record of another...

5 CFR 630.303 - Part-time employees; earnings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Part-time employees; earnings. 630.303... AND LEAVE Annual Leave § 630.303 Part-time employees; earnings. A part-time employee for whom there... workweek, and a part-time employee on a flexible work schedule for whom there has been established only a...

The practice and earnings of preventive medicine physicians.

PubMed

Salive, M E

1992-01-01

A shortage of preventive medicine (PM) physicians exists in the United States. Researchers know little about these physicians' earnings and practice characteristics. The American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) mailed a survey to all self-identified PM physicians on the American Medical Association (AMA) Physician Masterfile. A total of 3,771 (54%) responded; respondents' sex and region of residence were typical for PM physicians in general, with a slight excess of older physicians and those reporting board certification. A total of 2,664 (71%) were working full time, with median earnings of $85,000 (mean $90,000). Among full-time physicians, relatively higher earnings were associated with the following characteristics: male sex; age 45 to 64 years; major source of income from clinical, business, or industrial sources, rather than governmental or academic; and PM board certification. Full-time PM physicians earned much less than office-based private practitioners in several primary care specialties in 1989. The gap in earnings between PM specialists in government positions and those in the private sector is also substantial. Both disparities may require creative solutions.

Relationship between season of birth, temperature exposure, and later life wellbeing.

PubMed

Isen, Adam; Rossin-Slater, Maya; Walker, Reed

2017-12-19

We study how exposure to extreme temperatures in early periods of child development is related to adult economic outcomes measured 30 y later. Our analysis uses administrative earnings records for over 12 million individuals born in the United States between 1969 and 1977, linked to fine-scale, daily weather data and location and date of birth. We calculate the length of time each individual is exposed to different temperatures in utero and in early childhood, and we estimate flexible regression models that allow for nonlinearities in the relationship between temperature and long-run outcomes. We find that an extra day with mean temperatures above 32 °C in utero and in the first year after birth is associated with a 0.1% reduction in adult annual earnings at age 30. Temperature sensitivity is evident in multiple periods of early development, ranging from the first trimester of gestation to age 6-12 mo. We observe that household air-conditioning adoption, which increased dramatically over the time period studied, mitigates nearly all of the estimated temperature sensitivity.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Friese, Ryan; Khemka, Bhavesh; Maciejewski, Anthony A

Rising costs of energy consumption and an ongoing effort for increases in computing performance are leading to a significant need for energy-efficient computing. Before systems such as supercomputers, servers, and datacenters can begin operating in an energy-efficient manner, the energy consumption and performance characteristics of the system must be analyzed. In this paper, we provide an analysis framework that will allow a system administrator to investigate the tradeoffs between system energy consumption and utility earned by a system (as a measure of system performance). We model these trade-offs as a bi-objective resource allocation problem. We use a popular multi-objective geneticmore » algorithm to construct Pareto fronts to illustrate how different resource allocations can cause a system to consume significantly different amounts of energy and earn different amounts of utility. We demonstrate our analysis framework using real data collected from online benchmarks, and further provide a method to create larger data sets that exhibit similar heterogeneity characteristics to real data sets. This analysis framework can provide system administrators with insight to make intelligent scheduling decisions based on the energy and utility needs of their systems.« less

If you drink, don't smoke: Joint associations between risky health behaviors and labor market outcomes.

PubMed

Böckerman, Petri; Hyytinen, Ari; Kaprio, Jaakko; Maczulskij, Terhi

2018-06-01

This paper examines the links between risky health behaviors and labor market success. We provide new evidence on the joint relationships between the most prominent forms of risky health behavior - alcohol consumption, smoking and physical inactivity - and long-term labor market outcomes. We use twin data for Finnish men and women linked to register-based individual information on earnings and labor market attachment. The twin data allow us to account for shared family and environmental factors and to measure risky health behaviors in 1975 and 1981. The long-term labor market outcomes were measured in adulthood as an average over the period 1990-2009. The sample sizes are 2156 and 2498 twins, for men and women, respectively. We find that being both a smoker and a heavy drinker in early adulthood is negatively related to long-term earnings and employment later in life, especially for men. We conclude that how and why risky health behaviors cluster and how that affects individual level outcomes call for more attention. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Double Jeopardy? The Interaction of Gender and Race on Earnings in the U.S

PubMed Central

Greenman, Emily; Xie, Yu

2015-01-01

There are sizeable earnings differentials by both gender and race in the U.S. labor market, with women earning less than men and most racial/ethnic minority groups earning less than whites. It has been proposed in the previous literature that the effects of gender and race on earnings are additive, so that minority women suffer the full disadvantage of each status. We test this proposition for a broad range of minority groups in the U.S. We find that women of all minority groups in the U.S. suffer a smaller gender penalty than white women. Exploring the potential role of racial variation in gender role specialization in producing such differentials, we find some empirical evidence suggesting that white families specialize more than families of most other races. PMID:26543256

The Promise of Preschool: Why We Need Early Education for All

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnett, W. Steven; Frede, Ellen

2010-01-01

It's fairly well known that high-quality preschool programs can have life-altering impacts on disadvantaged children, including reductions in school dropout and crime, and increased earnings. Not as well known is that terrific preschool programs have important academic and social benefits for middle-class children too. Decades of research indicate…

An Exploration of Virtual Study Groups Used to Prepare Candidates for a Professional Certification Exam

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kayne Chaplock, Sharon

2011-01-01

Professional credentials earned through certification programs are becoming an important way to demonstrate competency within a given discipline. With the globalization of business enterprises and associations, these credentials are eagerly sought by people located throughout the world. Candidates for these credentials often study together using…

Welfare Careers and Low Wage Employment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Joe A.; Ferman, Louis A.

A sample of 1010 low-wage workers in Detroit (stratified by sex and welfare status) were interviewed in 1969. Data were collected on background characteristics, labor market experiences, and work career histories. The data relate to sexism as an important determinant of income in low-wage groups (women earn less and have lower status jobs),…

How Do I Earn Buy-In from Digital Natives?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schechter, Amy; Denmon, Jennifer M.

2012-01-01

Many teachers find it difficult to encourage their students to write in class, yet writing is becoming increasingly important in academic and workplace settings. Students are already writing through cell phone texting, gaming systems, and social networking sites every day, but these resources go largely untapped in many English language arts…

THE EXECUTIVE AND EDUCATION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

RANDALL, CLARENCE B.

HIGHER EDUCATION HAS THREE OBJECTIVES--TO TEACH THE STUDENT ABOUT HIMSELF, TO PREPARE HIM TO LIVE A WORTHY LIFE, AND TO PREPARE HIM TO EARN A LIVING. TO MEET THESE GOALS, THE INDUSTRIAL EXECUTIVE'S SPECIALIZED TRAINING IS SUPERIMPOSED ON A BROAD GENERAL EDUCATION WHICH PROVIDES HIM WITH HIS MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS, THE ABILITIES TO SPEAK AND WRITE…

Interest Projects for Cadette and Senior Girl Scouts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayala, Sandy; And Others

Noting the importance of choosing a project that is interesting or relevant to one's personal goals, this manual provides activities which can be undertaken to earn cadette and senior level girl scout interest patches. Part 1 of the manual deals with procedures to develop an interest project, including working with consultants, interviewing,…

Student Satisfaction with Online Courses versus Traditional Courses: A Meta-Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Macon, Don Kirk

2011-01-01

Web-based education, because of its convenience, has become an important delivery method across multiple higher education contexts. In particular, online courses offer time and space flexibility that enable working adults to continue to keep their full-time jobs while earning college credits. As a result of this growing demand, junior and…

"They Make "How" Much?" Investigating Faculty Salaries to Examine Gender Inequalities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Petrzelka, Peggy

2005-01-01

Stratification by gender occurs in many occupations, including the academic profession. When examining salaries of those in higher education, it is "well established" that "women faculty earn less than their male counterparts." Getting students to understand the important sociological issues of gender stratification as it occurs in the workplace…

The American Community College: From Access to Success

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boggs, George R.

2011-01-01

The focus on educational attainment has taken on a renewed sense of national urgency. It is now commonly accepted that educational achievement is correlated with higher individual lifetime earnings and a better quality of life. Increasing the general level of education is also seen as important for the well-being of society and the economic…

A Guide for Using Labor Market Data to Improve Student Success

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aspen Institute, 2013

2013-01-01

Never before has the link between a college education and postgraduate job prospects been more important. College graduates are employed more often and, on average, earn significantly more than those without college degrees. During recent years, as students have moved into a challenging job market, a college education has remained the most…

The Economics of Adolescents' Time Allocation: Evidence from the Young Agent Project in Brazil

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martinez-Restrepo, Susana

2012-01-01

What are the socioeconomic implications of the time allocation decisions made by low-income adolescents? The way adolescents allocate their time between schooling, labor and leisure has important implications for their education attainment, college aspirations, job opportunities and future earnings. This study focuses on adolescents and young…

Moving the Starting Line through Prior Learning Assessment (PLA). Research Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Council for Adult and Experiential Learning (NJ1), 2011

2011-01-01

Prior learning assessment (PLA) methods can help adult students earn college credit for what they already know. PLA can be an important offering by postsecondary degree programs because it can save students time and money. In addition, the Council for Adult and Experiential Learning's (CAEL's) "Fueling the Race to Postsecondary Success"…

Early College Puts Youth on a College Track

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edmunds, Julie A.

2016-01-01

Early colleges are intended to serve students from populations typically underrepresented in college and to prepare those students with the academic skills and dispositions to succeed in college. Another important attribute of early colleges is that they help students earn college credit during their high school years. Many such early colleges are…

How Do Student Experiences Differ in Online LIS Programs with and without a Residency?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kazmer, Michelle M.

2007-01-01

As more librarians earn master's degrees online, it is important to understand how their educational experiences affect their professional practice. A crucial aspect of online learning is the residency: the time distance learners spend on campus, bonding together and with their educational institutions. Residencies are not practical or preferable…

Adult Literacy, Heterogeneity and Returns to Schooling in Chile

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrinos, Harry Anthony; Sakellariou, Chris

2015-01-01

We examine the importance of adult functional literacy skills for individuals using a quantile regression methodology. The inclusion of the direct measure of basic skills reduces the return to schooling by 27%, equivalent to two additional years of schooling, while a one standard deviation increase in the score increases earnings by 20%. For those…

From Teacher to Administrator: What Does It Take?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Borba, Mary F.

2009-01-01

As a coordinator of a teacher preparation program, students often stop by this author's office to inquire about the school's program. Some of them are interested in becoming elementary school principals. However, they have not yet realized the importance of "earning your stripes" before moving into a leadership position. Many of them assume that…

Spouse Employment in the Army: Research Findings

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-01

Teplitzky, Thomas, & Nogami, 1988). In addition to being affected by the broader work-family issues which influence most employed wives, married women...resolve this important family issue . Procedure: A major effort of the Army Family Research Program (AFRP) has been the primary and secondary analyses...19 Spouse Earnings .......... ........................... .... 20 RELATED SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT ISSUES

The Relationship between Curricular Physical Activity and College Retention after the First Year

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bounds, Laura E.

2014-01-01

College retention has become increasingly important for many reasons. Individuals who attain bachelor's degrees, on average, have higher earning power and more career options than individuals with only a high school degree. Higher education institutes also benefit when students are retained and graduate. With the most recent budget crisis, higher…

Earning the Stamp of Approval: How To Achieve Optimal Usability.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Makar, Susan

2003-01-01

Describes the redesign of the Web site at the virtual library of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Discusses usability problems with the original site, including navigation difficulties; focus groups to determine user needs; usability testing for the new Web site; and the importance of customer input. (LRW)

Do Business Students' Culturally Anchored Values Shape Student-Driven or Teacher-Driven Learning Style Preferences?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mitsis, Ann; Foley, Patrick W.

2009-01-01

University education is part of a globally competitive service industry and contributes more to Australia's export earnings than agriculture. This article argues that a deeper understanding of diverse cultural student groups is important for Australian and other universities that wish to differentiate their education service offerings by…