Sample records for eddy mixing coefficient
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South Polar Ar Enhancement as a Tracer for Southern Winter Horizontal Meridional Mixing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sprague, A. L.; Boynton, W. V.; Kim, K.; Reedy, R.; Kerry, K.; Janes, D.
2004-01-01
Measurements made by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on Mars Odyssey during 2002 and 2003 show an obvious increase in the gamma flux of 1294 keV gamma rays resulting from the decay of (41)Ar. (41)Ar is made by the capture of thermal neutrons by atmospheric (40)Ar. The increase measured above the southern polar region has permitted calculation of the increase in mixing ratio of Ar from L(sub s) 8 to 100 between latitudes 75 S and 90 S. The peak in Ar enhancement occurs about 200 Earth days after CO2 freeze-out has begun, indicating that up to this time equatorward meridional mixing is rapid enough to move enhanced Ar from the polar regions northward. Although the CO2 frost depth continues to increase from L(sub s) 110 deg to 190 deg, the Ar enhancement steadily decreases to its baseline value reached at about L(sub s) 200 deg. Our data permit an estimate of the horizontal eddy mixing coefficient useful for constraining equatorward meridional mixing during southern winter and a characteristic mixing time for the polar southern winter atmosphere. Also, using the drop in excess Ar measured by the GRS from L(sub s) 110 deg to 200 deg, we estimate an eddy coefficient appropriate for meridional mixing of the entire Ar excess back to the baseline value. The horizontal eddy mixing coefficients are derived using Ar as a tracer much as the vertical eddy mixing coefficient for the Earth's troposphere is derived using CH4 as a minor constituent tracer. The estimation of meridional mixing for high latitudes at Mars is important for constraining parameters used in atmospheric modeling and predicting seasonal and daily behavior. The calculations are order of magnitude estimates that should improve as the data set becomes more robust and improves our models.
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Venus' superrotation, mixing length theory and eddy diffusion - A parametric study
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mayr, H. G.; Harris, I.; Schatten, K. H.; Stevens-Rayburn, D. R.; Chan, K. L.
1988-01-01
The concept of the Hadley mechanism is adopted to describe the axisymmetric circulation of the Venus atmosphere. It is shown that, for the atmosphere of a slowly rotating planet such as Venus, a form of the nonliner 'closure' (self-consistent solution) of the fluid dynamics system which constrains the magnitude of the eddy diffusion coefficients can be postulated. A nonlinear one-layer spectral model of the zonally symmetric circulation was then used to establish the relationship between the heat source, the meridional circulation, and the eddy diffusion coefficients, yielding large zonal velocities. Computer experiments indicated that proportional changes in the heat source and eddy diffusion coefficients do not significantly change the zonal velocities. It was also found that, for large eddy diffusion coefficients, the meridional velocity is virtually constant; below a threshold in the diffusion rate, the meridional velocity decreases; and, for large eddy diffusion and small heating rates, the zonal velocities decrease with decreasing planetary rotation rates.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Shia, Run-Lie; Zhou, Shuntai; Ko, Malcolm K. W.; Sze, Nien-Dak; Salstein, David; Cady-Pereira, Karen
1997-01-01
A zonal mean chemistry transport model (2-D CTM) coupled with a semi-spectral dynamical model is used to simulate the distributions of trace gases in the present day atmosphere. The zonal-mean and eddy equations for the velocity and the geopotential height are solved in the semi-spectral dynamical model. The residual mean circulation is derived from these dynamical variables and used to advect the chemical species in the 2- D CTM. Based on a linearized wave transport equation, the eddy diffusion coefficients for chemical tracers are expressed in terms of the amplitude, frequency and growth rate of dynamical waves; local chemical loss rates; and a time constant parameterizing small scale mixing. The contributions to eddy flux are from the time varying wave amplitude (transient eddy), chemical reactions (chemical eddy) and small scale mixing. In spite of the high truncation in the dynamical module (only three longest waves are resolved), the model has simulated many observed characteristics of stratospheric dynamics and distribution of chemical species including ozone. Compared with the values commonly used in 2-D CTMs, the eddy diffusion coefficients for chemical species calculated in this model are smaller, especially in the subtropics. It is also found that the chemical eddy diffusion has only a small effects in determining the distribution of most slow species, including ozone in the stratosphere.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Okong'o, Nora; Bellan, Josette
2005-01-01
Models for large eddy simulation (LES) are assessed on a database obtained from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of supercritical binary-species temporal mixing layers. The analysis is performed at the DNS transitional states for heptane/nitrogen, oxygen/hydrogen and oxygen/helium mixing layers. The incorporation of simplifying assumptions that are validated on the DNS database leads to a set of LES equations that requires only models for the subgrid scale (SGS) fluxes, which arise from filtering the convective terms in the DNS equations. Constant-coefficient versions of three different models for the SGS fluxes are assessed and calibrated. The Smagorinsky SGS-flux model shows poor correlations with the SGS fluxes, while the Gradient and Similarity models have high correlations, as well as good quantitative agreement with the SGS fluxes when the calibrated coefficients are used.
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Large Eddy Simulation of jets laden with evaporating drops
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Leboissetier, A.; Okong'o, N.; Bellan, J.
2004-01-01
LES of a circular jet laden with evaporating liquid drops are conducted to assess computational-drop modeling and three different SGS-flux models: the Scale Similarity model (SSC), using a constant coefficient calibrated on a temporal mixing layer DNS database, and dynamic-coefficient Gradient and Smagorinsky models.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Winckelmans, G. S.; Lund, T. S.; Carati, D.; Wray, A. A.
1996-01-01
Subgrid-scale models for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in both the velocity-pressure and the vorticity-velocity formulations were evaluated and compared in a priori tests using spectral Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) databases of isotropic turbulence: 128(exp 3) DNS of forced turbulence (Re(sub(lambda))=95.8) filtered, using the sharp cutoff filter, to both 32(exp 3) and 16(exp 3) synthetic LES fields; 512(exp 3) DNS of decaying turbulence (Re(sub(Lambda))=63.5) filtered to both 64(exp 3) and 32(exp 3) LES fields. Gaussian and top-hat filters were also used with the 128(exp 3) database. Different LES models were evaluated for each formulation: eddy-viscosity models, hyper eddy-viscosity models, mixed models, and scale-similarity models. Correlations between exact versus modeled subgrid-scale quantities were measured at three levels: tensor (traceless), vector (solenoidal 'force'), and scalar (dissipation) levels, and for both cases of uniform and variable coefficient(s). Different choices for the 1/T scaling appearing in the eddy-viscosity were also evaluated. It was found that the models for the vorticity-velocity formulation produce higher correlations with the filtered DNS data than their counterpart in the velocity-pressure formulation. It was also found that the hyper eddy-viscosity model performs better than the eddy viscosity model, in both formulations.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moses, Julianne I.; Bezard, Bruno; Lellouch, Emmanuel; Gladstone, G. Randall; Feuchtgruber, Helmut; Allen, Mark
2000-01-01
To investigate the details of hydrocarbon photochemistry on Saturn, we have developed a one-dimensional diurnally averaged model that couples hydrocarbon and oxygen photochemistry, molecular and eddy diffusion, radiative transfer, and condensation. The model results are compared with observations from the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) to place tighter constraints on molecular abundances, to better define Saturn's eddy diffusion coefficient profile, and to identify important chemical schemes that control the abundances of the observable hydrocarbons in Saturn's upper atmosphere. From the ISO observations, we determine that the column 12 densities of CH3, CH3C2H, and C4H2 above 10 mbar are 4 (sup +2) (sub -1.5) x 10 (exp 13) cm (sup -2), (1.1 plus or minus 0.3) x 10 (exp 15) cm (exp -2), and (1.2 plus or minus 0.3) x 10 (exp 14) cm (sup -2), respectively. The observed ISO emission features also indicate C2H2 mixing ratios of 1.2 (sup +0.9) (sub -0.6) x 10 (exp -6) at 0.3 mbar and (2.7 plus or minus 0.8) x 10 (exp -7) at 1.4 mbar, and a C2H6 mixing ratio of (9 plus or minus 2.5) x 10 (exp -6) at 0.5 mbar. Upper limits are provided for C2H4, CH2CCH2, C3H8, and C6H2 sensitivity of the model results to variations in the eddy diffusion coefficient profile, the solar flux, the CH4 photolysis branching ratios, the atomic hydrogen influx, and key reaction rates are discussed in detail. We find that C4H2 and CH3C2H are particularly good tracers of important chemical processes and physical conditions in Saturn's upper atmosphere, and C2H6 is a good tracer of the eddy diffusion coefficient in Saturn's lower stratosphere. The eddy diffusion coefficient must be smaller than approximately 3 x 10 (exp 4) sq cm s (sup -1) at pressures greater than 1 mbar in order to reproduce the C2H6 abundance inferred from ISO observations. The eddy diffusion coefficients in the upper stratosphere could be constrained by observations of CH3 radicals if the low-temperature chemistry of CH3 were better understood. We also discuss the implications of our modeling for aerosol formation in Saturn's lower stratosphere-diacetylene, butane, and water condense between approximately 1 and 300 mbar in our model and will dominate stratospheric haze formation at nonauroral latitudes. Our photochemical models will be useful for planning observational sequences and for analyzing data from the upcoming Cassini mission.
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Artificial fluid properties for large-eddy simulation of compressible turbulent mixing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cook, Andrew W.
2007-05-01
An alternative methodology is described for large-eddy simulation (LES) of flows involving shocks, turbulence, and mixing. In lieu of filtering the governing equations, it is postulated that the large-scale behavior of a LES fluid, i.e., a fluid with artificial properties, will be similar to that of a real fluid, provided the artificial properties obey certain constraints. The artificial properties consist of modifications to the shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, thermal conductivity, and species diffusivity of a fluid. The modified transport coefficients are designed to damp out high wavenumber modes, close to the resolution limit, without corrupting lower modes. Requisite behavior of the artificial properties is discussed and results are shown for a variety of test problems, each designed to exercise different aspects of the models. When combined with a tenth-order compact scheme, the overall method exhibits excellent resolution characteristics for turbulent mixing, while capturing shocks and material interfaces in a crisp fashion.
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Evaluation of an eddy resolving global model at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hiron, L.; Goncalves Neto, A.; Bates, N. R.; Johnson, R. J.
2016-02-01
The Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) commenced monthly sampling in 1988 and thus provides an invaluable 27 years of ocean temperature and salinity profiles for inferring climate relevant processes. However, the passage of mesoscale eddies through this site complicates the local heat and salinity budgets due to inadequate spatial and temporal sampling of these eddy systems. Thus, application of high resolution operational numerical models potentially offers a framework for estimating the horizontal transport due to mesoscale processes. The goal of this research was to analyze the accuracy of the MERCATOR operational 1/12° global ocean model at the BATS site by comparing temperature, salinity and heat budgets for years 2008 - 2015. Overall agreement in the upper 540m for temperature and salinity is found to be very encouraging with significant (P< 0.01) correlations at all depths for both fields. The highest value of correlation coefficient for the temperature field is 0.98 at the surface which decreases to 0.66 at 150m and then reaches a minimum of 0.50 at 320 to 540m. Similarly, the highest correlation coefficient for salinity is found at the surface, with a value of 0.83 and then decreases to a minimum of 0.25 in the subtropical mode water though then increases to 0.5 at 540m. Mixing in the MERCATOR model is also very well captured with a mixed layer depth (MLD) correlation coefficient of 0.92 for the seven year period. Finally, the total heat budget (0-540m) from MERCATOR varies coherently with the BATS observations as shown by a high correlation coefficient of 0.84 (P < 0.01). According to these analyses, daily output from the MERCATOR model represents accurately the temperature, salinity, heat budget and MLD at the BATS site. We propose this model can be used in future research at the BATS site by providing information about mesoscale structure and importantly, advective fluxes at this site.
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Evaluation of a scalar eddy transport coefficient based on geometric constraints
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bachman, S. D.; Marshall, D. P.; Maddison, J. R.; Mak, J.
2017-01-01
A suite of idealized models is used to evaluate and compare several previously proposed scalings for the eddy transport coefficient in downgradient mesoscale eddy closures. Of special interest in this comparison is a scaling introduced as part of the eddy parameterization framework of Marshall et al. (2012), which is derived using the inherent geometry of the Eliassen-Palm eddy flux tensor. The primary advantage of using this coefficient in a downgradient closure is that all dimensional terms are explicitly specified and the only uncertainty is a nondimensional parameter, α, which is bounded by one in magnitude. In each model a set of passive tracers is initialized, whose flux statistics are used to invert for the eddy-induced tracer transport. Unlike previous work, where this technique has been employed to diagnose the tensor coefficient of a linear flux-gradient relationship, the idealization of these models allows the lateral eddy transport to be described by a scalar coefficient. The skill of the extant scalings is then measured by comparing their predicted values against the coefficients diagnosed using this method. The Marshall et al. (2012), scaling is shown to scale most closely with the diagnosed coefficients across all simulations. It is shown that the skill of this scaling is due to its functional dependence on the total eddy energy, and that this scaling provides an excellent match to the diagnosed fluxes even in the limit of constant α. Possible extensions to this work, including how to incorporate the resultant transport coefficient into the Gent and McWilliams parameterization, are discussed.
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Isopycnal mixing by mesoscale eddies significantly impacts oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gnanadesikan, Anand; Pradal, Marie-Aude; Abernathey, Ryan
2015-06-01
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide uptake varies across Earth System Models for reasons that have remained obscure. When varied within a single model, the lateral eddy mixing coefficient ARedi produces a range of uptake similar to the modeled range. The highest uptake, resulting from a simulation with a constant ARedi of 2400 m2/s, simulates 15% more historical carbon uptake than a model with ARedi = 400 m2/s. A sudden doubling in carbon dioxide produces a 21% range in carbon uptake across the models. Two spatially dependent representations of ARedi produce uptake that lies in the middle of the range of constant values despite predicting very large values in the subtropical gyres. One-dimensional diffusive models of the type used for integrated assessments can be fit to the simulations, with ARedi accounting for a substantial fraction of the effective vertical diffusion. Such models, however, mask significant regional changes in stratification and biological carbon storage.
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Vertical eddy diffusion coefficient from the LANDSAT imagery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Viswanadham, Y. (Principal Investigator); Torsani, J. A.
1982-01-01
Analysis of five stable cases of the smoke plumes that originated in eastern Cabo Frio (22 deg 59'S; 42 deg 02'W), Brazil using LANDSAT imagery is presented for different months and years. From these images the lateral standard deviation (sigma sub y) and the lateral eddy diffusion coefficient (K sub y) are obtained from the formula based on Taylor's theory of diffusion by continuous moment. The rate of kinetic energy dissipation (e) is evaluated from the diffusion parameters sigma sub y and K sub y. Then, the vertical diffusion coefficient (K sub z) is estimated using Weinstock's formulation. These results agree well with the previous experimental values obtained over water surfaces by various workers. Values of e and K sub z show the weaker mixing processes in the marine stable boundary layer. The data sample is apparently to small to include representative active turbulent regions because such regions are so intermittent in time and in space. These results form a data base for use in the development and validation of mesoscale atmospheric diffusion models.
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Towards a more consistent picture of isopycnal mixing in climate models
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gnanadesikan, A.; Pradal, M. A. S.; Koszalka, I.; Abernathey, R. P.
2014-12-01
The stirring of tracers by mesoscale eddies along isopycnal surfaces is often represented in coarse-resolution models by the Redi diffusion parameter ARedi. Theoretical treatments of ARedi often assume it should scale as the eddy energy or the growth rate of mesoscale eddies,. producing a picture where it is high in boundary currents and low )of order a few hundred m2/s) in the gyre interiors. However, observational estimates suggest that ARedi should be very large (of order thousands of m2/s) in the gyre interior. We present results of recent simulations comparing a range of spatially constant values ARedi (with values of 400, 800, 1200 and 2400 m2/s) to a spatially resolved estimate based on altimetry and a zonally averaged version of the same estimate. In general, increasing the ARedi coefficient destratifies and warms the high latitudes. Relative to our control simulation, the spatially dependent coefficient is lower in the Southern Ocean, but high in the North Pacific, and so the temperature changes mirror this. We also examine the response of ocean hypoxia to these changes. In general, the zonally averaged version of the altimetry-based estimate of ARedi does not capture the full 2d representation.
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Impact of space dependent eddy mixing on large ocean circulation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pradal, M. A. S.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Abernathey, R. P.
2016-02-01
Throughout the ocean, mesoscale eddies stir tracers such as heat, oxygen, helium, dissolved CO2, affecting their spatial distribution. Recent work (Gnanadesikan et al., 2013) showed that changes in eddy stirring could result in changes of the volume of hypoxic and anoxic waters, leading to drastic consequences for ocean biogeochemical cycles. The parameterization of mesocale eddies in global climate models (GCMs) is two parts, based on the formulations of Redi (1982) and Gent and McWilliams (1990) which are associated with mixing parameters ARedi and AGM respectively. Numerous studies have looked at the sensitivity of ESMs to changing AGM, either alone or in combination with an ARedi parameter taken to be equivalent to the value of the AGM. By contrast the impact of the Redi parameterization in isolation remains unexplored. In a previous article, Pradal and Gnanadesikan, 2014, described the sensitivity of the climate system to a six fold increase in the Redi parameter. They found that increasing the isopycnal mixing coefficient tended to warm the climate of the planet overall, through an increase of heat absorption linked to a destabilization of the halocline in subpolar regions (particularly the Southern Ocean). This previous work varied a globally constant Redi parameter from 400m2/s to 2400m2/s. New estimates from altimetry (Abernathey and Marshall, 2013) better constrain the spatial patterns and range for the ARedi parameter. Does such spatial variation matter, and if so, where does matter? Following Gnanadesikan et al. (2013) and Pradal and Gnanadesikan, 2014 this study examines this question with a suite of Earth System Models.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Leboissertier, Anthony; Okong'O, Nora; Bellan, Josette
2005-01-01
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is conducted of a three-dimensional temporal mixing layer whose lower stream is initially laden with liquid drops which may evaporate during the simulation. The gas-phase equations are written in an Eulerian frame for two perfect gas species (carrier gas and vapour emanating from the drops), while the liquid-phase equations are written in a Lagrangian frame. The effect of drop evaporation on the gas phase is considered through mass, species, momentum and energy source terms. The drop evolution is modelled using physical drops, or using computational drops to represent the physical drops. Simulations are performed using various LES models previously assessed on a database obtained from direct numerical simulations (DNS). These LES models are for: (i) the subgrid-scale (SGS) fluxes and (ii) the filtered source terms (FSTs) based on computational drops. The LES, which are compared to filtered-and-coarsened (FC) DNS results at the coarser LES grid, are conducted with 64 times fewer grid points than the DNS, and up to 64 times fewer computational than physical drops. It is found that both constant-coefficient and dynamic Smagorinsky SGS-flux models, though numerically stable, are overly dissipative and damp generated small-resolved-scale (SRS) turbulent structures. Although the global growth and mixing predictions of LES using Smagorinsky models are in good agreement with the FC-DNS, the spatial distributions of the drops differ significantly. In contrast, the constant-coefficient scale-similarity model and the dynamic gradient model perform well in predicting most flow features, with the latter model having the advantage of not requiring a priori calibration of the model coefficient. The ability of the dynamic models to determine the model coefficient during LES is found to be essential since the constant-coefficient gradient model, although more accurate than the Smagorinsky model, is not consistently numerically stable despite using DNS-calibrated coefficients. With accurate SGS-flux models, namely scale-similarity and dynamic gradient, the FST model allows up to a 32-fold reduction in computational drops compared to the number of physical drops, without degradation of accuracy; a 64-fold reduction leads to a slight decrease in accuracy.
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Atmospheric chemistry and transport modeling in the outer solar system
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Yuan-Tai (Anthony)
2001-11-01
This thesis consists of 1-D and 2-D photochemical- dynamical modeling in the upper atmospheres of outer planets. For 1-D modeling, a unified hydrocarbon photochemical model has been studied in Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Titan, by comparing with the Voyager observations, and the recent measurements of methyl radicals by ISO in Saturn and Neptune. The CH3 observation implies a kinetically sensitive test to the measured and estimated hydrocarbon rate constants at low temperatures. We identify the key reactions that control the concentrations of CH3 in the model, such as the three-body recombination reaction, CH3 + CH3 + M --> C 2H6 + M, and the recycling reaction H + CH3 + M --> CH4 + M. The results show reasonable agreement with ISO values. In Chapter 4, the detection of PH3 in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere of Jupiter has provided a photochemical- dynamical coupling model to derive the eddy diffusion coefficient in the upper troposphere of Jupiter. Using a two-layers photochemical model with updated photodissociation cross-sections and chemical rate constants for NH3 and PH 3, we find that the upper tropospheric eddy diffusion coefficient <10 5 cm2 sec-1, and the deeper tropospheric value >106 cm2 sec-1, are required to match the derived PH3 vertical profile by the observation. The best-fit functional form derivation of eddy diffusion coefficient in the upper troposphere of Jupiter above 400 mbar is K = 2.0 × 104 (n/2.2 × 1019)-0.5 cm 2 sec-1. On the other hand, Chapter 5 demonstrates a dynamical-only 2-D model of C2H6 providing a complete test for the current 2-D transport models in Jovian lower stratosphere and upper troposphere (270 to 0.1 mbar pressure levels). Different combinations of residual advection, horizontal eddy dispersion, and vertical eddy mixing are examined at different latitudes.
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Vertical eddy diffusivity as a control parameter in the tropical Pacific
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martinez Avellaneda, N.; Cornuelle, B.
2011-12-01
Ocean models suffer from errors in the treatment of turbulent sub-grid-scale motions responsible for mixing and energy dissipation. Unrealistic small-scale physics in models can have large-scale consequences, such as biases in the upper ocean temperature, a symptom of poorly-simulated upwelling, currents and air-sea interactions. This is of special importance in the tropical Pacific Ocean (TP), which is home to energetic air-sea interactions that affect global climate. It has been shown in a number of studies that the simulated ENSO variability is highly dependent on the state of the ocean (e.g.: background mixing). Moreover, the magnitude of the vertical numerical diffusion is of primary importance in properly reproducing the Pacific equatorial thermocline. This work is part of a NASA-funded project to estimate the space- and time-varying ocean mixing coefficients in an eddy-permitting (1/3dgr) model of the TP to obtain an improved estimate of its time-varying circulation and its underlying dynamics. While an estimation procedure for the TP (26dgr S - 30dgr N) in underway using the MIT general circulation model, complementary adjoint-based sensitivity studies have been carried out for the starting ocean state from Forget (2010). This analysis aids the interpretation of the estimated mixing coefficients and possible error compensation. The focus of the sensitivity tests is the Equatorial Undercurrent and sub-thermocline jets (i.e., Tsuchiya Jets), which have been thought to have strong dependence on vertical diffusivity and should provide checks on the estimated mixing parameters. In order to build intuition for the vertical diffusivity adjoint results in the TP, adjoint and forward perturbed simulations were carried out for an idealized sharp thermocline in a rectangular domain.
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A Multi-wavenumber Theory for Eddy Diffusivities: Applications to the DIMES Region
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, R.; Gille, S. T.; McClean, J.; Flierl, G.; Griesel, A.
2014-12-01
Climate models are sensitive to the representation of ocean mixing processes. This has motivated recent efforts to collect observations aimed at improving mixing estimates and parameterizations. The US/UK field program Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES), begun in 2009, is providing such estimates upstream of and within the Drake Passage. This region is characterized by topography, and strong zonal jets. In previous studies, mixing length theories, based on the assumption that eddies are dominated by a single wavenumber and phase speed, were formulated to represent the estimated mixing patterns in jets. However, in spite of the success of the single wavenumber theory in some other scenarios, it does not effectively predict the vertical structures of observed eddy diffusivities in the DIMES area. Considering that eddy motions encompass a wide range of wavenumbers, which all contribute to mixing, in this study we formulated a multi-wavenumber theory to predict eddy mixing rates. We test our theory for a domain encompassing the entire Southern Ocean. We estimated eddy diffusivities and mixing lengths from one million numerical floats in a global eddying model. These float-based mixing estimates were compared with the predictions from both the single-wavenumber and the multi-wavenumber theories. Our preliminary results in the DIMES area indicate that, compared to the single-wavenumber theory, the multi-wavenumber theory better predicts the vertical mixing structures in the vast areas where the mean flow is weak; however in the intense jet region, both theories have similar predictive skill.
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A multiple-scale turbulence model for incompressible flow
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Duncan, B. S.; Liou, W. W.; Shih, T. H.
1993-01-01
A multiple-scale eddy viscosity model is described. This model splits the energy spectrum into a high wave number regime and a low wave number regime. Dividing the energy spectrum into multiple regimes simplistically emulates the cascade of energy through the turbulence spectrum. The constraints on the model coefficients are determined by examining decaying turbulence and homogeneous turbulence. A direct link between the partitioned energies and the energy transfer process is established through the coefficients. This new model was calibrated and tested for boundary-free turbulent shear flows. Calculations of mean and turbulent properties show good agreement with experimental data for two mixing layers, a plane jet and a round jet.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hill, James C.; Liu, Zhenping; Fox, Rodney O.; Passalacqua, Alberto; Olsen, Michael G.
2015-11-01
The multi-inlet vortex reactor (MIVR) has been developed to provide a platform for rapid mixing in the application of flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) for manufacturing functional nanoparticles. Unfortunately, commonly used RANS methods are unable to accurately model this complex swirling flow. Large eddy simulations have also been problematic, as expensive fine grids to accurately model the flow are required. These dilemmas led to the strategy of applying a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) method to the vortex reactor. In the current work, the turbulent swirling flow inside a scaled-up MIVR has been investigated by using a dynamic DDES model. In the DDES model, the eddy viscosity has a form similar to the Smagorinsky sub-grid viscosity in LES and allows the implementation of a dynamic procedure to determine its coefficient. The complex recirculating back flow near the reactor center has been successfully captured by using this dynamic DDES model. Moreover, the simulation results are found to agree with experimental data for mean velocity and Reynolds stresses.
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Characteristic eddy decomposition of turbulence in a channel
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moin, Parviz; Moser, Robert D.
1991-01-01
The proper orthogonal decomposition technique (Lumley's decomposition) is applied to the turbulent flow in a channel to extract coherent structures by decomposing the velocity field into characteristic eddies with random coefficients. In the homogeneous spatial directions, a generaliztion of the shot-noise expansion is used to determine the characteristic eddies. In this expansion, the Fourier coefficients of the characteristic eddy cannot be obtained from the second-order statistics. Three different techniques are used to determine the phases of these coefficients. They are based on: (1) the bispectrum, (2) a spatial compactness requirement, and (3) a functional continuity argument. Results from these three techniques are found to be similar in most respects. The implications of these techniques and the shot-noise expansion are discussed. The dominant eddy is found to contribute as much as 76 percent to the turbulent kinetic energy. In both 2D and 3D, the characteristic eddies consist of an ejection region straddled by streamwise vortices that leave the wall in the very short streamwise distance of about 100 wall units.
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Seasonal Variability in Global Eddy Diffusion and the Effect on Thermospheric Neutral Density
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pilinski, M.; Crowley, G.
2014-12-01
We describe a method for making single-satellite estimates of the seasonal variability in global-average eddy diffusion coefficients. Eddy diffusion values as a function of time between January 2004 and January 2008 were estimated from residuals of neutral density measurements made by the CHallenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and simulations made using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics - Global Circulation Model (TIME-GCM). The eddy diffusion coefficient results are quantitatively consistent with previous estimates based on satellite drag observations and are qualitatively consistent with other measurement methods such as sodium lidar observations and eddy-diffusivity models. The eddy diffusion coefficient values estimated between January 2004 and January 2008 were then used to generate new TIME-GCM results. Based on these results, the RMS difference between the TIME-GCM model and density data from a variety of satellites is reduced by an average of 5%. This result, indicates that global thermospheric density modeling can be improved by using data from a single satellite like CHAMP. This approach also demonstrates how eddy diffusion could be estimated in near real-time from satellite observations and used to drive a global circulation model like TIME-GCM. Although the use of global values improves modeled neutral densities, there are some limitations of this method, which are discussed, including that the latitude-dependence of the seasonal neutral-density signal is not completely captured by a global variation of eddy diffusion coefficients. This demonstrates the need for a latitude-dependent specification of eddy diffusion consistent with diffusion observations made by other techniques.
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Seasonal variability in global eddy diffusion and the effect on neutral density
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pilinski, M. D.; Crowley, G.
2015-04-01
We describe a method for making single-satellite estimates of the seasonal variability in global-average eddy diffusion coefficients. Eddy diffusion values as a function of time were estimated from residuals of neutral density measurements made by the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and simulations made using the thermosphere-ionosphere-mesosphere electrodynamics global circulation model (TIME-GCM). The eddy diffusion coefficient results are quantitatively consistent with previous estimates based on satellite drag observations and are qualitatively consistent with other measurement methods such as sodium lidar observations and eddy diffusivity models. Eddy diffusion coefficient values estimated between January 2004 and January 2008 were then used to generate new TIME-GCM results. Based on these results, the root-mean-square sum for the TIME-GCM model is reduced by an average of 5% when compared to density data from a variety of satellites, indicating that the fidelity of global density modeling can be improved by using data from a single satellite like CHAMP. This approach also demonstrates that eddy diffusion could be estimated in near real-time from satellite observations and used to drive a global circulation model like TIME-GCM. Although the use of global values improves modeled neutral densities, there are limitations to this method, which are discussed, including that the latitude dependence of the seasonal neutral-density signal is not completely captured by a global variation of eddy diffusion coefficients. This demonstrates the need for a latitude-dependent specification of eddy diffusion which is also consistent with diffusion observations made by other techniques.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zarokanellos, Nikolaos; Jones, Burton
2017-04-01
The central Red Sea (CRS) has been shown to be characterized by significant eddy activity throughout the year. In winter, weakened stratification may lead to enhanced vertical exchange contributing to physical and biogeochemical processes. In winter 2014-2015 we began an extended glider time series to monitor a region in the northern CRS where eddy activity is significant. Remote sensing and glider observations that include CTD, oxygen, CDOM and chlorophyll fluorescence, and multi-wavelength optical backscatter, have been used to characterize the effects of winter mixing and eddy activity in this region. During winter, deep mixing driven by surface cooling and strong winds combined with eddy features, can supply nutrients into the upper layer dramatically modifies the environment from its typically stratified conditions. These mixing events disperse the phytoplankton from the deep chlorophyll maximum throughout the upper mixed layer, and increase the chlorophyll signature detected by ocean color imagery. In addition to the mixing, cyclonic eddies in the region can enhance the vertical displacement of deeper, nutrient containing water toward the euphotic zone contributing to increased chlorophyll concentration and biological productivity. Remote sensing analyses indicate that these eddies also contribute to significant horizontal dispersion including the exchange between the open sea and coastal coral reef ecosystems. During the winter mixing periods, diel fluctuations in phytoplankton biomass have been observed indicative of solar driven plankton dynamics. The biogeochemical response to the subsurface physical processes provides a sensitive indicator to the processes that result from the mixing and eddy dynamics - processes that are not necessarily detectable via remote sensing. In order to understand the seasonal responses, but also the interannual influences on these processes, sustained in situ autonomous platform measurements are essential.
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A multiple-scale turbulence model for incompressible flow
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Duncan, B. S.; Liou, W. W.; Shih, T. H.
1993-01-01
A multiple-scale eddy viscosity model is described in this paper. This model splits the energy spectrum into a high wave number regime and a low wave number regime. Dividing the energy spectrum into multiple regimes simplistically emulates the cascade of energy through the turbulence spectrum. The constraints on the model coefficients are determined by examining decaying turbulence and homogeneous turbulence. A direct link between the partitioned energies and the energy transfer process is established through the coefficients. This new model has been calibrated and tested for boundary-free turbulent shear flows. Calculations of mean and turbulent properties show good agreement with experimental data for two mixing layers, a plane jet and a round jet.
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A numerical study of circulation driven by mixing over a submarine bank
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cummins, Patrick F.; Foreman, Michael G. G.
1998-04-01
A primitive equation model is applied to study the spin-up of a linearly stratified, rotating fluid over an isolated topographic bank. The model has vertical eddy mixing coefficients that decay away from the bottom over a specified e-folding scale. No external flows are imposed, and a circulation develops due solely to diffusion over the sea bed. Vertical mixing, coupled with the condition of zero diffusive flux of heat through the sea floor, leads to a distortion of isothermal surfaces near the bottom. The associated radial pressure gradients drive a radial-overturning circulation with upslope flow just above the bottom and downslope flows at greater height. Coriolis forces on the radial flows accelerate a verticallysheared azimuthal (alongslope) circulation. Near the bottom the azimuthal motion is cyclonic (upwelling favourable), while outside the boundary layer, the motion is anticyclonic. Sensitivity experiments show that this pattern is robust and maintained even with constant mixing coefficients. Attention is given to the driving mechanism for the depth-averaged azimuthal motion. An analysis of the relative angular momentum balance determines that the torque associated with bottom stresses drives the anticyclonic depth-averaged flow. In terms of vorticity, the anticyclonic vortex over the bank arises due to the curl of bottom stress divided by the depth. A parameter sensitivity study indicates that the depth-averaged flow is relatively insensitive to variations in the bottom drag coefficient.
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Enhanced Eddy-Current Detection Of Weld Flaws
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Van Wyk, Lisa M.; Willenberg, James D.
1992-01-01
Mixing of impedances measured at different frequencies reduces noise and helps reveal flaws. In new method, one excites eddy-current probe simultaneously at two different frequencies; usually, one of which integral multiple of other. Resistive and reactive components of impedance of eddy-current probe measured at two frequencies, mixed in computer, and displayed in real time on video terminal of computer. Mixing of measurements obtained at two different frequencies often "cleans up" displayed signal in situations in which band-pass filtering alone cannot: mixing removes most noise, and displayed signal resolves flaws well.
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Gent, Peter R
2016-01-01
Observations show that the Southern Hemisphere zonal wind stress maximum has increased significantly over the past 30 years. Eddy-resolving ocean models show that the resulting increase in the Southern Ocean mean flow meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is partially compensated by an increase in the eddy MOC. This effect can be reproduced in the non-eddy-resolving ocean component of a climate model, providing the eddy parameterization coefficient is variable and not a constant. If the coefficient is a constant, then the Southern Ocean mean MOC change is balanced by an unrealistically large change in the Atlantic Ocean MOC. Southern Ocean eddy compensation means that Southern Hemisphere winds cannot be the dominant mechanism driving midlatitude North Atlantic MOC variability.
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How does the Redi parameter for mesoscale mixing impact global climate in an Earth System Model?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pradal, Marie-Aude; Gnanadesikan, Anand
2014-09-01
A coupled climate model is used to examine the impact of an increase in the mixing due to mesoscale eddies on the global climate system. A sixfold increase in the Redi mixing coefficient ARedi, which is within the admissible range of variation, has the overall effect of warming the global-mean surface air and sea surface temperatures by more than 1°C. Locally, sea surface temperatures increase by up to 7°C in the North Pacific and by up to 4°C in the Southern Ocean, with corresponding impacts on the ice concentration and ice extent in polar regions. However, it is not clear that the changes in heat transport from tropics to poles associated with changing this coefficient are primarily responsible for these changes. We found that the changes in the transport of heat are often much smaller than changes in long-wave trapping and short-wave absorption. Additionally, changes in the advective and diffusive transport of heat toward the poles often oppose each other. However, we note that the poleward transport of salt increases near the surface as ARedi increases. We suggest a causal chain in which enhanced eddy stirring leads to increased high-latitude surface salinity reducing salt stratification and water column stability and enhancing convection, triggering two feedback loops. In one, deeper convection prevents sea ice formation, which decreases albedo, which increases SW absorption, further increasing SST and decreasing sea ice formation. In the other, increased SST and reduced sea ice allow for more water vapor in the atmosphere, trapping long-wave radiation. Destratifying the polar regions is thus a potential way in which changes in ocean circulation might warm the planet.
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2015-08-01
published in the NGA’s DNCs, with distinct values assigned to areas of sand, gravel, clay , etc. ERDC/CHL TR-15-14 94 6.5.2 Lateral eddy viscosity As with...6.5.1 Manning’s n bottom friction coefficient ................................................................... 93 6.5.2 Lateral eddy viscosity ...this study include (1) Manning’s n bottom friction coefficient, (2) lateral eddy viscosity , (3) land cover effects on winds (also referred to as
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Dufois, François; Hardman-Mountford, Nick J; Greenwood, Jim; Richardson, Anthony J; Feng, Ming; Matear, Richard J
2016-05-01
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous features of ocean circulation that modulate the supply of nutrients to the upper sunlit ocean, influencing the rates of carbon fixation and export. The popular eddy-pumping paradigm implies that nutrient fluxes are enhanced in cyclonic eddies because of upwelling inside the eddy, leading to higher phytoplankton production. We show that this view does not hold for a substantial portion of eddies within oceanic subtropical gyres, the largest ecosystems in the ocean. Using space-based measurements and a global biogeochemical model, we demonstrate that during winter when subtropical eddies are most productive, there is increased chlorophyll in anticyclones compared with cyclones in all subtropical gyres (by 3.6 to 16.7% for the five basins). The model suggests that this is a consequence of the modulation of winter mixing by eddies. These results establish a new paradigm for anticyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres and could have important implications for the biological carbon pump and the global carbon cycle.
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Vertical Eddy Diffusivity as a Control Parameter in the Tropical Pacific Ocean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martinez Avellaneda, N.; Cornuelle, B.; Mazloff, M. R.; Stammer, D.
2012-12-01
Ocean models suffer from errors in the treatment of turbulent sub-grid scale motions causing mixing and energy dissipation. Unrealistic small-scale features in models can have large-scale consequences, such as biases in the upper ocean temperature, a symptom of poorly-simulated upwelling, currents and air-sea interactions. This is of special importance in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which is home to energetic air-sea interactions that affect global climate. It has been shown in a number of studies that the simulated ENSO variability is highly dependent on the state of the ocean (e.g.: background mixing). Moreover, the magnitude of the vertical numerical diffusion is of primary importance in properly reproducing the Pacific equatorial thermocline. Yet, it is a common practice to use spatially uniform mixing parameters in ocean simulations. This work is part of a NASA-funded project to estimate the space-varying ocean mixing coefficients in an eddy-permitting model of the tropical Pacific. The usefulness of assimilation techniques in estimating mixing parameters has been previously explored (e.g.: Stammer, 2005, Ferreira et al., 2005). The authors also demonstrated that the spatial structure of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) could be improved by adjusting wind-stress and surface buoyancy flux within their error bounds. In our work, we address the important question of whether adjusting mixing parameterizations can bring about similar improvements. To that end, an eddy-permitting state estimate for the tropical Pacific is developed using the MIT general circulation model and its adjoint where the vertical diffusivity is set as a control parameter. Complementary adjoint-based sensitivity results show strong sensitivities of the Tropical Pacific thermocline (thickness and location) and the EUC transport to the vertical diffusivity in the tropics. Argo, CTD, XBT and mooring in-situ data, as well as TMI SST and altimetry observations are assimilated in order to reduce the misfit between the model simulations and the ocean observations. Model domain topography of 1/3dgr of spatial resolution interpolated from ETOPO 2. The first and the last color levels represent regions shallower than 100m and deeper than 5000m, respectively
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78 FR 19743 - Government-Owned Inventions, Available for Licensing
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-04-02
... Eddy Current Minimization for Metering, Mixing, and Conditioning; NASA Case No.: MFS-32761-1-CON: Multi-Channel Flow Plug with Eddy Current Minimization for Meeting, Mixing, and Conditioning. Sumara M. Thompson...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zarokanellos, N.; Jones, B. H.
2016-02-01
Red Sea is one of the saltiest and warmer seas in the world and acts as inverted estuary. Until recently, the Red Sea has been relatively underexplored. The limited observations that exist and results from various modeling exercises for the Red Sea have indicated that the sea has a complex mesoscale circulation often dominated by eddies. These mesoscale eddies are often visible in satellite imagery of sea surface height, temperature or chlorophyll, but only the surface expression of them. Because of previously limited in situ observations, the processes that drive the physical dynamics and the coupled biological responses have been poorly understood. To resolve and understand the role of these eddies in the dynamics of the north-central Red Sea during the wintertime, we used a combination of approaches that include remote sensing and autonomous underwater gliders equipped with physical, chemical, and bio-optical sensors. Remote sensing analyses of these eddies has shown that these eddies not only affect the physical circulation, but modify and disperse the phytoplankton populations and enhance exchange between the open sea and coastal coral reef ecosystems. During winter 2015, we observed deeper mixing driven by surface cooling and strong winds. As of result of the deeper mixing, phytoplankton populations became well mixed such that the ocean color imagery now reflected the integrated vertical processes. Localized diel fluctuations in phytoplankton are clearly evident during these well mixed periods. The mixing likely contributes to enhanced nutrient fluxes as well. Through sustained AUV observations, we have better understand the development, evolution, and dissipation of eddies. We also now have a better understanding of the mixing of source water from both the northern and southern Red Sea in this region of the north central Red Sea.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zhou, YE; Vahala, George
1993-01-01
The advection of a passive scalar by incompressible turbulence is considered using recursive renormalization group procedures in the differential sub grid shell thickness limit. It is shown explicitly that the higher order nonlinearities induced by the recursive renormalization group procedure preserve Galilean invariance. Differential equations, valid for the entire resolvable wave number k range, are determined for the eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity coefficients, and it is shown that higher order nonlinearities do not contribute as k goes to 0, but have an essential role as k goes to k(sub c) the cutoff wave number separating the resolvable scales from the sub grid scales. The recursive renormalization transport coefficients and the associated eddy Prandtl number are in good agreement with the k-dependent transport coefficients derived from closure theories and experiments.
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Time variable eddy mixing in the global Sea Surface Salinity maxima
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Busecke, J. J. M.; Abernathey, R.; Gordon, A. L.
2016-12-01
Lateral mixing by mesoscale eddies is widely recognized as a crucial mechanism for the global ocean circulation and the associated heat/salt/tracer transports. The Salinity in the Upper Ocean Processes Study (SPURS) confirmed the importance of eddy mixing for the surface salinity fields even in the center of the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. We focus on the global salinity maxima due to their role as indicators for global changes in the hydrological cycle as well as providing the source water masses for the shallow overturning circulation. We introduce a novel approach to estimate the contribution of eddy mixing to the global sea surface salinity maxima. Using a global 2D tracer experiments in a 1/10 degree MITgcm setup driven by observed surface velocities, we analyze the effect of eddy mixing using a water mass framework, thus focussing on the diffusive flux across surface isohalines. This enables us to diagnose temporal variability on seasonal to inter annual time scales, revealing regional differences in the mechanism causing temporal variability.Sensitivity experiments with various salinity backgrounds reveal robust inter annual variability caused by changes in the surface velocity fields potentially forced by large scale climate.
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Characteristic-eddy decomposition of turbulence in a channel
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moin, Parviz; Moser, Robert D.
1989-01-01
Lumley's proper orthogonal decomposition technique is applied to the turbulent flow in a channel. Coherent structures are extracted by decomposing the velocity field into characteristic eddies with random coefficients. A generalization of the shot-noise expansion is used to determine the characteristic eddies in homogeneous spatial directions. Three different techniques are used to determine the phases of the Fourier coefficients in the expansion: (1) one based on the bispectrum, (2) a spatial compactness requirement, and (3) a functional continuity argument. Similar results are found from each of these techniques.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Na, Ji Sung; Koo, Eunmo; Munoz-Esparza, Domingo
High-resolution large-eddy simulation of the flow over a large wind farm (64 wind turbines) is performed using the HIGRAD/FIRETEC-WindBlade model, which is a high-performance computing wind turbine–atmosphere interaction model that uses the Lagrangian actuator line method to represent rotating turbine blades. These high-resolution large-eddy simulation results are used to parameterize the thrust and power coefficients that contain information about turbine interference effects within the wind farm. Those coefficients are then incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model in order to evaluate interference effects in larger-scale models. In the high-resolution WindBlade wind farm simulation, insufficient distance between turbines createsmore » the interference between turbines, including significant vertical variations in momentum and turbulent intensity. The characteristics of the wake are further investigated by analyzing the distribution of the vorticity and turbulent intensity. Quadrant analysis in the turbine and post-turbine areas reveals that the ejection motion induced by the presence of the wind turbines is dominant compared to that in the other quadrants, indicating that the sweep motion is increased at the location where strong wake recovery occurs. Regional-scale WRF simulations reveal that although the turbulent mixing induced by the wind farm is partly diffused to the upper region, there is no significant change in the boundary layer depth. The velocity deficit does not appear to be very sensitive to the local distribution of turbine coefficients. However, differences of about 5% on parameterized turbulent kinetic energy were found depending on the turbine coefficient distribution. Furthermore, turbine coefficients that consider interference in the wind farm should be used in wind farm parameterization for larger-scale models to better describe sub-grid scale turbulent processes.« less
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Turbulent kinetics of a large wind farm and their impact in the neutral boundary layer
Na, Ji Sung; Koo, Eunmo; Munoz-Esparza, Domingo; ...
2015-12-28
High-resolution large-eddy simulation of the flow over a large wind farm (64 wind turbines) is performed using the HIGRAD/FIRETEC-WindBlade model, which is a high-performance computing wind turbine–atmosphere interaction model that uses the Lagrangian actuator line method to represent rotating turbine blades. These high-resolution large-eddy simulation results are used to parameterize the thrust and power coefficients that contain information about turbine interference effects within the wind farm. Those coefficients are then incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model in order to evaluate interference effects in larger-scale models. In the high-resolution WindBlade wind farm simulation, insufficient distance between turbines createsmore » the interference between turbines, including significant vertical variations in momentum and turbulent intensity. The characteristics of the wake are further investigated by analyzing the distribution of the vorticity and turbulent intensity. Quadrant analysis in the turbine and post-turbine areas reveals that the ejection motion induced by the presence of the wind turbines is dominant compared to that in the other quadrants, indicating that the sweep motion is increased at the location where strong wake recovery occurs. Regional-scale WRF simulations reveal that although the turbulent mixing induced by the wind farm is partly diffused to the upper region, there is no significant change in the boundary layer depth. The velocity deficit does not appear to be very sensitive to the local distribution of turbine coefficients. However, differences of about 5% on parameterized turbulent kinetic energy were found depending on the turbine coefficient distribution. Furthermore, turbine coefficients that consider interference in the wind farm should be used in wind farm parameterization for larger-scale models to better describe sub-grid scale turbulent processes.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hurdebise, Quentin; Heinesch, Bernard; De Ligne, Anne; Vincke, Caroline; Aubinet, Marc
2017-04-01
Long-term data series of carbon dioxide and other gas exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere become more and more numerous. Long-term analyses of such exchanges require a good understanding of measurement conditions during the investigated period. Independently of climate drivers, measurements may indeed be influenced by measurement conditions themselves subjected to long-term variability due to vegetation growth or set-up changes. The present research refers to the Vielsalm Terrestrial Observatory (VTO) an ICOS candidate site located in a mixed forest (beech, silver fir, Douglas fir, Norway spruce) in the Belgian Ardenne. Fluxes of momentum, carbon dioxide and sensible heat have been continuously measured there by eddy covariance for more than 20 years. During this period, changes in canopy height and measurement height occurred. The correlation coefficients (for momemtum, sensible heat and CO2) and the normalized standard deviations measured for the past 20 years at the Vielsalm Terrestrial Observatory (VTO) were analysed in order to define how the fluxes, independently of climate conditions, were affected by the surrounding environment evolution, including tree growth, forest thinning and tower height change. A relationship between canopy aerodynamic distance and the momentum correlation coefficient was found which is characteristic of the roughness sublayer, and suggests that momentum transport processes were affected by z-d. In contrast, no relationship was found for sensible heat and CO2 correlation coefficients, suggesting that the z-d variability observed did not affect their turbulent transport. There were strong differences in these coefficients, however, between two wind sectors, characterized by contrasted stands (height differences, homogeneity) and different hypotheses were raised to explain it. This study highlighted the importance of taking the surrounding environment variability into account in order to ensure the spatio-temporal consistency of datasets.
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Finite-element numerical modeling of atmospheric turbulent boundary layer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Lee, H. N.; Kao, S. K.
1979-01-01
A dynamic turbulent boundary-layer model in the neutral atmosphere is constructed, using a dynamic turbulent equation of the eddy viscosity coefficient for momentum derived from the relationship among the turbulent dissipation rate, the turbulent kinetic energy and the eddy viscosity coefficient, with aid of the turbulent second-order closure scheme. A finite-element technique was used for the numerical integration. In preliminary results, the behavior of the neutral planetary boundary layer agrees well with the available data and with the existing elaborate turbulent models, using a finite-difference scheme. The proposed dynamic formulation of the eddy viscosity coefficient for momentum is particularly attractive and can provide a viable alternative approach to study atmospheric turbulence, diffusion and air pollution.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rykova, Tatiana; Oke, Peter R.; Griffin, David A.
2017-06-01
Using output from a near-global eddy-resolving ocean model, we analyse the properties and characteristics of quasi-isotropic eddies in five Western Boundary Current (WBC) regions, including the extensions of the Agulhas, East Australian Current (EAC), Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), Kuroshio and Gulf Stream regions. We assess the model eddies by comparing to satellite and in situ observations, and show that most aspects of the model's representation of eddies are realistic. We find that the mean eddies differ dramatically between these WBC regions - all with some unique and noteworthy characteristics. We find that the vertical displacement of isopycnals of Agulhas eddies is the greatest, averaging 350-450 m at depths of over 800-900 m. EAC (BMC) eddies are the least (most) barotropic, with only 50% (85-90%) of the velocity associated with the barotropic mode. Kuroshio eddies are the most stratified, resulting in small isopycnal displacement, even for strong eddies; and Gulf Stream eddies carry the most heat. Despite their differences, we explicitly show that the source waters for anticyclonic eddies are a mix of the WBC water (from the boundary current itself) and water that originates equatorward of the WBC eddy-field; and cyclonic eddies are a mix of WBC water and water that originates poleward of the WBC eddy-field.
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A kinematic eddy viscosity model including the influence of density variations and preturbulence
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cohen, L. S.
1973-01-01
A model for the kinematic eddy viscosity was developed which accounts for the turbulence produced as a result of jet interactions between adjacent streams as well as the turbulence initially present in the streams. In order to describe the turbulence contribution from jet interaction, the eddy viscosity suggested by Prandtl was adopted, and a modification was introduced to account for the effect of density variation through the mixing layer. The form of the modification was ascertained from a study of the compressible turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. A kinematic eddy viscosity relation which corresponds to the initial turbulence contribution was derived by employing arguments used by Prandtl in his mixing length hypothesis. The resulting expression for self-preserving flow is similar to that which describes the mixing of a submerged jet. Application of the model has led to analytical predictions which are in good agreement with available turbulent mixing experimental data.
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Use of eddy current mixes to solve a weld examination application
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ward, R.C.; LaBoissonniere, A.
1995-12-31
The augmentation of typical nondestructive (i.e., ultrasound) weld inspection techniques by the use of eddy current tools may significantly enhance the quality and reliability of weld inspections. One recent example is the development of an eddy current technique for use in the examination of BWR core shroud welds, where multi-frequency mixes are used to eliminate signals coming from the weld material so that the examination of the heat affected zone is enhanced. An analysis tool most commonly associated with ultrasound examinations, the C-Scan based on gated information, may be implemented with eddy current data to enhance analysis.
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Impact of Lateral Mixing in the Ocean on El Nino in Fully Coupled Climate Models
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gnanadesikan, A.; Russell, A.; Pradal, M. A. S.; Abernathey, R. P.
2016-02-01
Given the large number of processes that can affect El Nino, it is difficult to understand why different climate models simulate El Nino differently. This paper focusses on the role of lateral mixing by mesoscale eddies. There is significant disagreement about the value of the mixing coefficient ARedi which parameterizes the lateral mixing of tracers. Coupled climate models usually prescribe small values of this coefficient, ranging between a few hundred and a few thousand m2/s. Observations, however, suggest values that are much larger. We present a sensitivity study with a suite of Earth System Models that examines the impact of varying ARedi on the amplitude of El Nino. We examine the effect of varying a spatially constant ARedi over a range of values similar to that seen in the IPCC AR5 models, as well as looking at two spatially varying distributions based on altimetric velocity estimates. While the expectation that higher values of ARedi should damp anomalies is borne out in the model, it is more than compensated by a weaker damping due to vertical mixing and a stronger response of atmospheric winds to SST anomalies. Under higher mixing, a weaker zonal SST gradient causes the center of convection over the Warm pool to shift eastward and to become more sensitive to changes in cold tongue SSTs . Changes in the SST gradient also explain interdecadal ENSO variability within individual model runs.
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Large Eddy Simulation Study for Fluid Disintegration and Mixing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bellan, Josette; Taskinoglu, Ezgi
2011-01-01
A new modeling approach is based on the concept of large eddy simulation (LES) within which the large scales are computed and the small scales are modeled. The new approach is expected to retain the fidelity of the physics while also being computationally efficient. Typically, only models for the small-scale fluxes of momentum, species, and enthalpy are used to reintroduce in the simulation the physics lost because the computation only resolves the large scales. These models are called subgrid (SGS) models because they operate at a scale smaller than the LES grid. In a previous study of thermodynamically supercritical fluid disintegration and mixing, additional small-scale terms, one in the momentum and one in the energy conservation equations, were identified as requiring modeling. These additional terms were due to the tight coupling between dynamics and real-gas thermodynamics. It was inferred that if these terms would not be modeled, the high density-gradient magnitude regions, experimentally identified as a characteristic feature of these flows, would not be accurately predicted without the additional term in the momentum equation; these high density-gradient magnitude regions were experimentally shown to redistribute turbulence in the flow. And it was also inferred that without the additional term in the energy equation, the heat flux magnitude could not be accurately predicted; the heat flux to the wall of combustion devices is a crucial quantity that determined necessary wall material properties. The present work involves situations where only the term in the momentum equation is important. Without this additional term in the momentum equation, neither the SGS-flux constant-coefficient Smagorinsky model nor the SGS-flux constant-coefficient Gradient model could reproduce in LES the pressure field or the high density-gradient magnitude regions; the SGS-flux constant- coefficient Scale-Similarity model was the most successful in this endeavor although not totally satisfactory. With a model for the additional term in the momentum equation, the predictions of the constant-coefficient Smagorinsky and constant-coefficient Scale-Similarity models were improved to a certain extent; however, most of the improvement was obtained for the Gradient model. The previously derived model and a newly developed model for the additional term in the momentum equation were both tested, with the new model proving even more successful than the previous model at reproducing the high density-gradient magnitude regions. Several dynamic SGS-flux models, in which the SGS-flux model coefficient is computed as part of the simulation, were tested in conjunction with the new model for this additional term in the momentum equation. The most successful dynamic model was a "mixed" model combining the Smagorinsky and Gradient models. This work is directly applicable to simulations of gas turbine engines (aeronautics) and rocket engines (astronautics).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ixetl Garcia Gomez, Beatriz; Pallas Sanz, Enric; Candela Perez, Julio
2017-04-01
The near-inertial oscillations (NIOs), generated by the wind stress on the surface mixed layer, are the inertia gravity waves with the lowest frequency and the highest kinetic energy. NIOs are important because they drive vertical mixing in the interior ocean during wave breaking events. Although the interaction between NIOs and mesoscale eddies has been reported by several authors, these studies are mostly analytical and numerical, and only few observational studies have attempted to show the differences in near-inertial kinetic energy (KEi) between anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies. In this work the spatial structure of the KEi inside the mesoscale eddies is computed using daily satellite altimetry and observations of horizontal velocity from 23 moorings equipped with acoustic Doppler current profilers in the western Gulf of Mexico. Consistent to theory, the obtained four-year KEi-composites show two times more KEi inside the anticyclonic eddies than inside the cyclonic ones. The vertical and horizontal cross-sections of the KEi-composites show that the KEi is mainly located near to the surface of the cyclonic eddies (positive vorticity), whereas the KEi in anticyclonic eddies (negative vorticity) is maximum in the eddy's center near to the base of the eddy where the NIOs become more inertial, are trapped, and amplified. The mean vertical profiles show that the cyclonic eddies present a maximum of KEi near to the surface at 50, while the maximum of KEi in the anticyclonic eddies occurs between 900 and 1100 m. Inside anticyclonic eddies another two relative maximums are observed, one in the mixed layer and the second at 300 m. In contrast, the mean profile of KEi outside the mesoscale eddies has the maximum value at the surface ( 50 m), with high values of KEi in the first 200 m and negligible energy beneath that depth. A different mean distribution of the KEi is observed depending on the type of wind generator: tropical storms or unidirectional wind.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Izakov, M. N.
1979-01-01
Altitude profiles of the concentrations of the atmospheric components measured by the on board mass spectrometers during the descent of Viking lander are discussed by assuming that temperature has a smoother profile, and the eddy mixing coefficients are smaller at altitudes of 120 to 170 km than those formally determined. The influence of acoustic gravitational waves and errors in measurements and calculations are discussed in relation to the convolutions in the altitude profiles of the concentrations of the atmospheric components and the temperature of the atmosphere.
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Submesoscale Routes to Lateral Mixing in the Ocean
2013-09-30
onset of restratification by mixed layer eddies, and find this to be coincident with the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom (Mahadevan et al...Perry, Eddy- driven stratification initiates North Atlantic spring phytoplankton blooms, 2012, Science, 337 (6090), 54-58, DOI:10.1126/science.1218740
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An analytical model of capped turbulent oscillatory bottom boundary layers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shimizu, Kenji
2010-03-01
An analytical model of capped turbulent oscillatory bottom boundary layers (BBLs) is proposed using eddy viscosity of a quadratic form. The common definition of friction velocity based on maximum bottom shear stress is found unsatisfactory for BBLs under rotating flows, and a possible extension based on turbulent kinetic energy balance is proposed. The model solutions show that the flow may slip at the top of the boundary layer due to capping by the water surface or stratification, reducing the bottom shear stress, and that the Earth's rotation induces current and bottom shear stress components perpendicular to the interior flow with a phase lag (or lead). Comparisons with field and numerical experiments indicate that the model predicts the essential characteristics of the velocity profiles, although the agreement is rather qualitative due to assumptions of quadratic eddy viscosity with time-independent friction velocity and a well-mixed boundary layer. On the other hand, the predicted linear friction coefficients, phase lead, and veering angle at the bottom agreed with available data with an error of 3%-10%, 5°-10°, and 5°-10°, respectively. As an application of the model, the friction coefficients are used to calculate e-folding decay distances of progressive internal waves with a semidiurnal frequency.
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Dynamically consistent hydrography and absolute velocity in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wunsch, Carl
1994-01-01
The problem of mapping a dynamically consistent hydrographic field and associated absolute geostrophic flow in the eastern North Atlantic between 24 deg and 36 deg N is related directly to the solution of the so-called thermocline equations. A nonlinear optimization problem involving Needler's P equation is solved to find the hydrography and resulting flow that minimizes the vertical mixing above about 1500 m in the ocean and is simultaneously consistent with the observations. A sharp minimum (at least in some dimensions) is found, apparently corresponding to a solution nearly conserving potential vorticity and with vertical eddy coefficient less than about 10(exp -5) sq m/s. Estimates of `residual' quantities such as eddy coefficients are extremely sensitive to slight modifications to the observed fields. Boundary conditions, vertical velocities, etc., are a product of the optimization and produce estimates differing quantitatively from prior ones relying directly upon observed hydrography. The results are generally insensitive to particular elements of the solution methodology, but many questions remain concerning the extent to which different synoptic sections can be asserted to represent the same ocean. The method can be regarded as a practical generalization of the beta spiral and geostrophic balance inverses for the estimate of absolute geostrophic flows. Numerous improvements to the methodology used in this preliminary attempt are possible.
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Impact of Preferred Eddy Tracks on Transport and Mixing in the Eastern South Pacific
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Belmadani, A.; Donoso, D.; Auger, P. A.; Chaigneau, A.
2017-12-01
Mesoscale eddies, which play a fundamental role in the transport of mass, heat, nutrients, and biota across the oceans, have been suggested to propagate preferently along specific tracks. These preferred pathways, also called eddy trains, are near-zonal due to westward drift of individual vortices, and tend to be polarized (ie alternatively dominated by anticyclonic/cyclonic eddies), coinciding with the recently discovered latent striations (quasi-zonal mesoscale jet-like features). While significant effort has been made to understand the dynamics of striations and their interplay with mesoscale eddies, the impact of repeated eddy tracks on physical (temperature, salinity), biogeochemical (oxygen, carbon, nutrients) and other tracers (e.g. chlorophyll, marine debris) has received little attention. Here we report on the results of numerical modeling experiments that simulate the impact of preferred eddy tracks on the transport and mixing of water particles in the Eastern South Pacific off Chile. A 30-year interannual simulation of the oceanic circulation in this region has been performed over 1984-2013 with the ROMS (Regional Oceanic Modeling System) at an eddy-resolving resolution (10 km). Objective tracking of mesoscale coherent vortices is obtained using automated methods, allowing to compute the contribution of eddies to the ocean circulation. Preferred eddy tracks are further isolated from the more random eddies, by comparing the distances between individual tracks and the striated pattern in long-term mean eddy polarity with a least-squares approach. The remaining non-eddying flow may also be decomposed into time-mean and anomalous circulation, and/or small- and large-scale circulation. Neutrally-buoyant Lagrangian floats are then released uniformly into the various flow components as well as the total flow, and tracked forward in time with the ARIANE software. The dispersion patterns of water particles are used to estimate the respective contributions of organized and random eddies, mean flow, large-scale perturbations etc. to mixing properties and transport pathways. Float release into the full flow inside selected vortices is also used to document the impact of eddy trains on the transformation of water masses inferred from changes in temperature/salinity along float trajectories.
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Mihailovic, Dragutin T; Alapaty, Kiran; Podrascanin, Zorica
2009-03-01
Improving the parameterization of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and surface layer, in air quality and chemical transport models. To do so, an asymmetrical, convective, non-local scheme, with varying upward mixing rates is combined with the non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion (COM). For designing it, a function depending on the dimensionless height to the power four in the ABL is suggested, which is empirically derived. Also, we suggested a new method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for dry deposition over a vegetated surface. The upward mixing rate forming the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. The vertical eddy diffusivity is parameterized using the mean turbulent velocity scale that is obtained by the vertical integration within the ABL. In-canopy resistance is calculated by integration of inverse turbulent transfer coefficient inside the canopy from the effective ground roughness length to the canopy source height and, further, from its the canopy height. This combination of schemes provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers, during convective and non-convective periods, than other local and non-local schemes parameterizing mixing processes in the ABL. The suggested method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for calculating the dry deposition over a vegetated surface differs remarkably from the commonly used one, particularly over forest vegetation. In this paper, we studied the performance of a non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion combined with a non-local, convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (COM) and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. In addition, this scheme was also compared with a commonly used, local, eddy-diffusivity scheme. Simulated concentrations of NO2 by the COM scheme and new parameterization of the in-canopy resistance are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the local eddy-diffusivity scheme. Concentrations calculated with the COM scheme and new parameterization of in-canopy resistance, are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the local, eddy-diffusivity scheme (on the order of 15-22%). To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO2) were compared for the years 1999 and 2002. The comparison was made for the entire domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Program Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.
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Southern Ocean eddy compensation in a forced eddy-resolving GCM
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bruun Poulsen, Mads; Jochum, Markus; Eden, Carsten; Nuterman, Roman
2017-04-01
Contemporary eddy-resolving model studies have demonstrated that the common parameterisation of isopycnal mixing in the ocean is subject to limitations in the Southern Ocean where the mesoscale eddies are of leading order importance to the dynamics. We here present forced simulations from the Community Earth System Model on a global {1/10}° and 1° horizontal grid, the latter employing an eddy parameterisation, where the strength of the zonal wind stress south of 25°S has been varied. With a 50% zonally symmetric increase of the wind stress, we show that the two models arrive at two radically different solutions in terms of the large-scale circulation, with an increase of the deep inflow of water to the Southern Ocean at 40°S by 50% in the high resolution model against 20% at coarse resolution. Together with a weaker vertical displacement of the pycnocline in the 1° model, these results suggest that the parameterised eddies have an overly strong compensating effect on the water mass transformation compared to the explicit eddies. Implications for eddy mixing parameterisations will be discussed.
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A family of dynamic models for large-eddy simulation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Carati, D.; Jansen, K.; Lund, T.
1995-01-01
Since its first application, the dynamic procedure has been recognized as an effective means to compute rather than prescribe the unknown coefficients that appear in a subgrid-scale model for Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). The dynamic procedure is usually used to determine the nondimensional coefficient in the Smagorinsky (1963) model. In reality the procedure is quite general and it is not limited to the Smagorinsky model by any theoretical or practical constraints. The purpose of this note is to consider a generalized family of dynamic eddy viscosity models that do not necessarily rely on the local equilibrium assumption built into the Smagorinsky model. By invoking an inertial range assumption, it will be shown that the coefficients in the new models need not be nondimensional. This additional degree of freedom allows the use of models that are scaled on traditionally unknown quantities such as the dissipation rate. In certain cases, the dynamic models with dimensional coefficients are simpler to implement, and allow for a 30% reduction in the number of required filtering operations.
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Continuous measurement of air-water gas exchange by underwater eddy covariance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Berg, Peter; Pace, Michael L.
2017-12-01
Exchange of gases, such as O2, CO2, and CH4, over the air-water interface is an important component in aquatic ecosystem studies, but exchange rates are typically measured or estimated with substantial uncertainties. This diminishes the precision of common ecosystem assessments associated with gas exchanges such as primary production, respiration, and greenhouse gas emission. Here, we used the aquatic eddy covariance technique - originally developed for benthic O2 flux measurements - right below the air-water interface (˜ 4 cm) to determine gas exchange rates and coefficients. Using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and a fast-responding dual O2-temperature sensor mounted on a floating platform the 3-D water velocity, O2 concentration, and temperature were measured at high-speed (64 Hz). By combining these data, concurrent vertical fluxes of O2 and heat across the air-water interface were derived, and gas exchange coefficients were calculated from the former. Proof-of-concept deployments at different river sites gave standard gas exchange coefficients (k600) in the range of published values. A 40 h long deployment revealed a distinct diurnal pattern in air-water exchange of O2 that was controlled largely by physical processes (e.g., diurnal variations in air temperature and associated air-water heat fluxes) and not by biological activity (primary production and respiration). This physical control of gas exchange can be prevalent in lotic systems and adds uncertainty to assessments of biological activity that are based on measured water column O2 concentration changes. For example, in the 40 h deployment, there was near-constant river flow and insignificant winds - two main drivers of lotic gas exchange - but we found gas exchange coefficients that varied by several fold. This was presumably caused by the formation and erosion of vertical temperature-density gradients in the surface water driven by the heat flux into or out of the river that affected the turbulent mixing. This effect is unaccounted for in widely used empirical correlations for gas exchange coefficients and is another source of uncertainty in gas exchange estimates. The aquatic eddy covariance technique allows studies of air-water gas exchange processes and their controls at an unparalleled level of detail. A finding related to the new approach is that heat fluxes at the air-water interface can, contrary to those typically found in the benthic environment, be substantial and require correction of O2 sensor readings using high-speed parallel temperature measurements. Fast-responding O2 sensors are inherently sensitive to temperature changes, and if this correction is omitted, temperature fluctuations associated with the turbulent heat flux will mistakenly be recorded as O2 fluctuations and bias the O2 eddy flux calculation.
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Process Contributions to Cool Java SST Anomalies at the Onset of Positive Indian Ocean Dipole Events
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Delman, A. S.; McClean, J.; Sprintall, J.; Talley, L. D.
2016-12-01
The seasonal upwelling region along the south coast of Java is the first area to exhibit the negative SST anomalies associated with positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events. The seasonal cooling in austral winter is driven by local wind forcing; however, recent observational studies have suggested that the anomalous Java cooling that starts during May-July of pIOD years is driven largely by intraseasonal wind variability along the equator, which forces upwelling Kelvin waves that propagate to the coast of Java. Using observations and an eddy-active ocean GCM simulation, the impacts of local wind stress and remotely-forced Kelvin waves are assessed and compared to the effects of mesoscale eddies and outflows from nearby Lombok Strait. A Kelvin wave coefficient computed from altimetry data shows anomalous levels of upwelling Kelvin wave activity during May-July of all pIOD years, indicating that Kelvin waves are an important and perhaps necessary precondition for pIOD events. Correlation analyses also suggest that flows through Lombok Strait and winds along the Indonesian Throughflow may be influential, though their impacts are more difficult to isolate. Composite temperature budgets from the ocean GCM indicate that advection and diabatic vertical mixing are the primary mechanisms for anomalous mixed layer cooling south of Java. The advection term is further decomposed by linearly regressing model velocity and temperature anomalies onto indices representing each process. According to this process decomposition, the local wind stress and Kelvin waves together account for most of the anomalous advective cooling, though the anomalous cooling effect of local wind stress may be overestimated in the model due to wind and stratification biases. The process decomposition also shows a very modest warming effect from mesoscale eddies. These results demonstrate both the IOD's resemblance to ENSO in the importance of Kelvin waves for its evolution, and notable differences from ENSO that arise from the complex interplay of local winds, planetary waves, stratification, eddies, and topography in the Indonesian region.
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Ice haze, snow, and the Mars water cycle
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kahn, Ralph
1990-01-01
Light curves and extinction profiles derived from Martian limb observations are used to constrain the atmospheric temperature structure in regions of the atmosphere with thin haze and to analyze the haze particle properties and atmospheric eddy mixing. Temperature between 170 and 190 K are obtained for three cases at levels in the atmosphere ranging from 20 to 50 km. Eddy diffusion coefficients around 100,000 sq cm/s, typical of a nonconvecting atmosphere, are derived in the haze regions at times when the atmosphere is relatively clear of dust. This parameter apparently changes by more than three orders of magnitude with season and local conditions. The derived particle size parameter varies systematically by more than an order of magnitude with condensation level, in such a way that the characteristic fall time is always about one Martian day. Ice hazes provide a mechanism for scavenging water vapor in the thin Mars atmosphere and may play a key role in the seasonal cycle of water on Mars.
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Eddy mixing coefficient upper limit derived from the photochemical balance of O2
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rosenqvist, J.; Chassefiere, E.
1993-01-01
This work is based on the study of the photochemical balance of molecular oxygen in the martian atmosphere by using a one-dimensional model of photochemical reactions involving species derived from CO2 and H2O. The model is basically similar to one used previously for the study of the regulation of CO on a global scale, but the chemical rates are taken from another source. In the present scheme, the regulation of molecular oxygen is studied over timescales of the order of its photochemical lifetime (approximately equals 30 yr), which is much shorter than typical escape timescales. Thus, the escape fluxes are fixed to the values given by 3 and 4. We examine the calculated equilibrium abundances of O2 for given thermal, eddy diffusion coefficients and H2O profiles. The thermal profile is taken from in the lower atmosphere. At higher levels, in order to include the diurnal and seasonal thermal profile variability, we have also used the IRTM data. In order to study the influence of both temperature and pressure profiles on the O2 mixing ratio, we have made several tests corresponding to different martian seasons. The results show that the influence of pressure and temperature is quantitatively weak compared to the one of K and of the water vapor density (H2O). Thus, in the following we have fixed the pressure at the surface to a value of 7 mbar and we have used unique standard thermal profile corresponding to a profile roughly averaged over the year, the season, and the day: T equal 205 K at 0 km altitude, 175 K at 25 km, and 145 K at 50 km.
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Evaluation of scale-aware subgrid mesoscale eddy models in a global eddy-rich model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pearson, Brodie; Fox-Kemper, Baylor; Bachman, Scott; Bryan, Frank
2017-07-01
Two parameterizations for horizontal mixing of momentum and tracers by subgrid mesoscale eddies are implemented in a high-resolution global ocean model. These parameterizations follow on the techniques of large eddy simulation (LES). The theory underlying one parameterization (2D Leith due to Leith, 1996) is that of enstrophy cascades in two-dimensional turbulence, while the other (QG Leith) is designed for potential enstrophy cascades in quasi-geostrophic turbulence. Simulations using each of these parameterizations are compared with a control simulation using standard biharmonic horizontal mixing.Simulations using the 2D Leith and QG Leith parameterizations are more realistic than those using biharmonic mixing. In particular, the 2D Leith and QG Leith simulations have more energy in resolved mesoscale eddies, have a spectral slope more consistent with turbulence theory (an inertial enstrophy or potential enstrophy cascade), have bottom drag and vertical viscosity as the primary sinks of energy instead of lateral friction, and have isoneutral parameterized mesoscale tracer transport. The parameterization choice also affects mass transports, but the impact varies regionally in magnitude and sign.
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Application of a Flip-Flop Nozzle on Plume Mixing Enhancement
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schreck, Stefan; Michaelian, Mark; Ho, Chih-Ming
1999-01-01
Mach wave radiation is a major source of noise in high speed jets. It is created by turbulent eddies which travel at supersonic speed within the shear layer of the jet. Downstream of the potential core, the convection speed of the eddies decays and noise production is reduced. Once the convection speeds drops below the speed of sound, eddy Mach wave radiation ceases. Mach wave radiation may be reduced by shortening the core length of the jet. This requires a faster growth of the shear layer, i.e. enhanced mixing in the jet. We investigated the possibility of mixing enhancement by the excitation of the instability waves in a supersonic rectangular jet.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schowalter, D. G.; DeCroix, D. S.; Lin, Y. L.; Arya, S. P.; Kaplan, M. L.
1996-01-01
It was found that the homogeneity of the surface drag coefficient plays an important role in the large scale structure of turbulence in large-eddy simulation of the convective atmospheric boundary layer. Particularly when a ground surface temperature was specified, large horizontal anisotropies occurred when the drag coefficient depended upon local velocities and heat fluxes. This was due to the formation of streamwise roll structures in the boundary layer. In reality, these structures have been found to form when shear is approximately balanced by buoyancy. The present cases, however, were highly convective. The formation was caused by particularly low values of the drag coefficient at the entrance to thermal plume structures.
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Transport Coefficients in weakly compressible turbulence
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rubinstein, Robert; Erlebacher, Gordon
1996-01-01
A theory of transport coefficients in weakly compressible turbulence is derived by applying Yoshizawa's two-scale direct interaction approximation to the compressible equations of motion linearized about a state of incompressible turbulence. The result is a generalization of the eddy viscosity representation of incompressible turbulence. In addition to the usual incompressible eddy viscosity, the calculation generates eddy diffusivities for entropy and pressure, and an effective bulk viscosity acting on the mean flow. The compressible fluctuations also generate an effective turbulent mean pressure and corrections to the speed of sound. Finally, a prediction unique to Yoshizawa's two-scale approximation is that terms containing gradients of incompressible turbulence quantities also appear in the mean flow equations. The form these terms take is described.
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Observational insights into chlorophyll distributions of subtropical South Indian Ocean eddies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dufois, François; Hardman-Mountford, Nick J.; Fernandes, Michelle; Wojtasiewicz, Bozena; Shenoy, Damodar; Slawinski, Dirk; Gauns, Mangesh; Greenwood, Jim; Toresen, Reidar
2017-04-01
The South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre has been described as a unique environment where anticyclonic ocean eddies highlight enhanced surface chlorophyll in winter. The processes responsible for this chlorophyll increase in anticyclones have remained elusive, primarily because previous studies investigating this unusual behavior were mostly based on satellite data, which only views the ocean surface. Here we present in situ data from an oceanographic voyage focusing on the mesoscale variability of biogeochemical variables across the subtropical gyre. During this voyage an autonomous biogeochemical profiling float transected an anticyclonic eddy, recording its physical and biological state over a period of 6 weeks. We show that several processes might be responsible for the eddy/chlorophyll relationship, including horizontal advection of productive waters and deeper convective mixing in anticyclonic eddies. While a deep chlorophyll maximum is present in the subtropical Indian Ocean outside anticyclonic eddies, mixing reaches deeper in anticyclonic eddy cores, resulting in increased surface chlorophyll due to the stirring of the deep chlorophyll maximum and possibly resulting in new production from nitrate injection below the deep chlorophyll maximum.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Luneva, M. V.; Clayson, C. A.; Dubovikov, Mikhail
2015-01-01
In eddy resolving simulations, we test a mixed layer mesoscale parametrisation, developed recently by Canuto and Dubovikov [Ocean Model., 2011, 39, 200-207]. With no adjustable parameters, the parametrisation yields the horizontal and vertical mesoscale fluxes in terms of coarse-resolution fields and eddy kinetic energy (EKE). We compare terms of the parametrisation diagnosed from coarse-grained fields with the eddy mesoscale fluxes diagnosed directly from the high resolution model. An expression for the EKE in terms of mean fields has also been found to get a closed parametrisation in terms of the mean fields only. In 40 numerical experiments we simulated two types of flows: idealised flows driven by baroclinic instabilities only, and more realistic flows, driven by wind and surface fluxes as well as by inflow-outflow. The diagnosed quasi-instantaneous horizontal and vertical mesoscale buoyancy fluxes (averaged over 1-2 degrees and 10 days) demonstrate a strong scatter typical for turbulent flows, however, the fluxes are positively correlated with the parametrisation with higher (0.5-0.74) correlations at the experiments with larger baroclinic radius Rossby. After being averaged over 3-4 months, diffusivities diagnosed from the eddy resolving simulations are consistent with the parametrisation for a broad range of parameters. Diagnosed vertical mesoscale fluxes restratify mixed layer and are in a good agreement with the parametrisation unless vertical turbulent mixing in the upper layer becomes strong enough in comparison with mesoscale advection. In the latter case, numerical simulations demonstrate that the deviation of the fluxes from the parametrisation is controlled by dimensionless parameter estimating the ratio of vertical turbulent mixing term to mesoscale advection. An analysis using a modified omega-equation reveals that the effects of the vertical mixing of vorticity is responsible for the two-three fold amplification of vertical mesoscale flux. Possible physical mechanisms, responsible for the amplification of vertical mesoscale flux are discussed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhao, Yuan-Bing; Liang, X. San; Gan, Jianping
2016-11-01
Eddy-shedding is a highly nonlinear process that presents a major challenge in geophysical fluid dynamics. Using the newly developed localized multiscale energy and vorticity analysis (MS-EVA), this study investigates an observed typical warm eddy-shedding event as the Kuroshio passes the Luzon Strait, in order to gain insight into the underlying internal dynamics. Through multiscale window transform (MWT), it is found that the loop-form Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS) is not a transient feature, but a quasi-equilibrium state of the system. A mesoscale reconstruction reveals that the eddy does not have its origin at the intrusion path, but comes from the Northwest Pacific. It propagates westward, preceded by a cyclonic (cold) eddy, through the Kuroshio into the SCS. As the eddy pair runs across the main current, the cold one weakens and the warm one intensifies through a mixed instability. In its development, another cold eddy is generated to its southeast, which also experiences a mixed instability. It develops rapidly and cuts the warm eddy off the stream. Both the warm and cold eddies then propagate westward in the form of a Rossby wave (first baroclinic mode). As the eddies approach the Dongsha Islands, they experience another baroclinic instability, accompanied by a sudden accumulation of eddy available potential energy. This part of potential energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy through buoyancy conversion, and is afterward transferred back to the large-scale field through inverse cascading, greatly reducing the intensity of the eddy and eventually leading to its demise.
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Eddy Viscosity for Variable Density Coflowing Streams,
EDDY CURRENTS, *JET MIXING FLOW, *VISCOSITY, *AIR FLOW, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW, AXISYMMETRIC FLOW, MATHEMATICAL PREDICTION, THRUST AUGMENTATION , EJECTORS , COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, SECONDARY FLOW, DENSITY, MODIFICATION.
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Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of a Compressible Mixing Layer and the Significance of Inflow Turbulence
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mankbadi, Mina Reda; Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Debonis, James R.
2017-01-01
In the context of Large Eddy Simulations (LES), the effects of inflow turbulence are investigated through the Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM). The growth rate of a turbulent compressible mixing layer corresponding to operating conditions of GeobelDutton Case 2 is investigated herein. The effects of spanwise width on the growth rate of the mixing layer is investigated such that spanwise width independence is reached. The error in neglecting inflow turbulence effects is quantified by comparing two methodologies: (1) Hybrid-RANS-LES methodology and (2) SEM-LES methodology. Best practices learned from Case 2 are developed herein and then applied to a higher convective mach number corresponding to Case 4 experiments of GeobelDutton.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Van Roekel, Luke
We have conducted a suite of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to form the basis of a multi-model comparison (left). The results have led to proposed model improvements. We have verified that Eulerian-Lagrangian effective diffusivity estimates of mesoscale mixing are consistent with traditional particle statistics metrics (right). LES and Lagrangian particles will be utilized to better represent the movement of water into and out of the mixed layer.
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Seasonal Variation of Submesoscale Flow Features in a Mesoscale Eddy-dominant Region in the East Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chang, Yeon S.; Choi, Byoung-Ju; Park, Young-Gyu
2018-03-01
Seasonal changes in the distribution of submesoscale (SM) flow features were examined using a fine-resolution numerical simulation. The SM flows are expected to be strong where mesoscale (MS) eddies actively develop and also when the mixed layer depth (MLD) is deep due to enhanced baroclinic instability. In the East Sea (ES), MS eddies more actively develop in summer while the MLD is deeper in winter, which provided the motivation to conduct this study to test the effects of MLD and MS eddies on the SM activity in this region. Finite-scale Liapunov exponents and the vertical velocity components were employed to analyze the SM activities. It was found that the SM intensity was marked by seasonality: it is stronger in winter when the mixed layer is deep but weaker in summer - despite the greater eddy kinetic energy. This is because in summer the mixed layer is so thin that there is not enough available potential energy. When the SM activity was quantified based on parameterization, (MLD × density gradient), it was determined that the seasonal variation of MLD plays a more important role than the lateral density gradient variation on SM flow motion in the ES.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karstensen, Johannes; Schütte, Florian; Pietri, Alice; Krahmann, Gerd; Fiedler, Björn; Grundle, Damian; Hauss, Helena; Körtzinger, Arne; Löscher, Carolin R.; Testor, Pierre; Vieira, Nuno; Visbeck, Martin
2017-04-01
The temporal evolution of the physical and biogeochemical structure of an oxygen-depleted anticyclonic modewater eddy is investigated over a 2-month period using high-resolution glider and ship data. A weakly stratified eddy core (squared buoyancy frequency N2 ˜ 0.1 × 10-4 s-2) at shallow depth is identified with a horizontal extent of about 70 km and bounded by maxima in N2. The upper N2 maximum (3-5 × 10-4 s-2) coincides with the mixed layer base and the lower N2 maximum (0.4 × 10-4 s-2) is found at about 200 m depth in the eddy centre. The eddy core shows a constant slope in temperature/salinity (T/S) characteristic over the 2 months, but an erosion of the core progressively narrows down the T/S range. The eddy minimal oxygen concentrations decreased by about 5 µmol kg-1 in 2 months, confirming earlier estimates of oxygen consumption rates in these eddies. Separating the mesoscale and perturbation flow components reveals oscillating velocity finestructure ( ˜ 0.1 m s-1) underneath the eddy and at its flanks. The velocity finestructure is organized in layers that align with layers in properties (salinity, temperature) but mostly cross through surfaces of constant density. The largest magnitude in velocity finestructure is seen between the surface and 140 m just outside the maximum mesoscale flow but also in a layer underneath the eddy centre, between 250 and 450 m. For both regions a cyclonic rotation of the velocity finestructure with depth suggests the vertical propagation of near-inertial wave (NIW) energy. Modification of the planetary vorticity by anticyclonic (eddy core) and cyclonic (eddy periphery) relative vorticity is most likely impacting the NIW energy propagation. Below the low oxygen core salt-finger type double diffusive layers are found that align with the velocity finestructure. Apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) versus dissolved inorganic nitrate (NO3-) ratios are about twice as high (16) in the eddy core compared to surrounding waters (8.1). A large NO3- deficit of 4 to 6 µmol kg-1 is determined, rendering denitrification an unlikely explanation. Here it is hypothesized that the differences in local recycling of nitrogen and oxygen, as a result of the eddy dynamics, cause the shift in the AOU : NO3- ratio. High NO3- and low oxygen waters are eroded by mixing from the eddy core and entrain into the mixed layer. The nitrogen is reintroduced into the core by gravitational settling of particulate matter out of the euphotic zone. The low oxygen water equilibrates in the mixed layer by air-sea gas exchange and does not participate in the gravitational sinking. Finally we propose a mesoscale-submesoscale interaction concept where wind energy, mediated via NIWs, drives nutrient supply to the euphotic zone and drives extraordinary blooms in anticyclonic mode-water eddies.
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Optical Characterization of an Eddy-induced Diatom Bloom West of the Island of Hawaii
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nencioli, F.; Chang, G.; Twardowski, M.; Dickey, T. D.
2010-01-01
Optical properties were collected along a transect across cyclonic eddy Opal in the lee of Hawaii during the E-Flux III field experiment (10-27 March 2005). The eddy was characterized by an intense doming of isopycnal surfaces, and by an enhanced Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Layer (DCML) within its core. The phytoplankton bloom was diatom dominated, evidencing an eddy-induced shift in ecological community. Four distinct regions were identified throughout the water column at Opal's core: a surface mixed layer dominated by small phytoplankton; a layer dominated by "senescent" diatoms between the bottom of the upper mixed layer and the DCML; the DCML; and a deep layer characterized by decreasing phytoplankton activity. We focused on two parameters, the ratio of chlorophyll concentration to particulate beam attenuation coefficient, [chl]/cp, and the backscattering ratio (the particle backscattering to particle scattering ratio), b~bp, and tested their sensitivity to the changes in particle composition observed through the water column at the eddy center. Our results show that [chl]/cp is not a good indicator. Despite the shift in ecological community, the ratio remains controlled primarily by the variation in chlorophyll concentration per cell with depth (photoadaptation), so that its values increase throughout the DCML. Steeper increase of [chl]/cp below the DCML suggest that remineralization might be another important controlling factor. On the other hand, b~bp clearly indicates a shift from a small phytoplankton to a diatom dominated community. Below an upper layer characterized by constant values, the b~bp showed a rapid decrease to a broad minimum within the DCML. The higher values below the DCML are consistent with enhanced remineralization below the eddy-induced bloom. Both the "senescent" and the "healthy" diatom layers are characterized by similar optical properties, indicating some possible limitations in using optical measurements to fully characterize the composition of suspended material in the water column. The inverse relationship between b~bp, reported by others for Case II waters, is observed neither for the background conditions, nor in the presence of the eddy-induced diatom bloom. Between the two parameters, only the backscattering ratio showed the potential to be a successful indicator for changes in particle composition in Case I waters.
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Assessing FAO-56 dual crop coefficients using eddy covariance flux partitioning
USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Current approaches to scheduling crop irrigation using reference evapotranspiration (ET0) recommend using a dual-coefficient approach using basal (Kcb) and soil (Ke) coefficients along with a stress coefficient (Ks) to model crop evapotranspiration (ETc), [e.g. ETc=(Ks*Kcb+Ke)*ET0]. However, determi...
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Critical role for mesoscale eddy diffusion in supplying oxygen to hypoxic ocean waters
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gnanadesikan, Anand; Bianchi, Daniele; Pradal, Marie-Aude
2013-10-01
of the oceanic lateral eddy diffusion coefficient Aredi vary by more than an order of magnitude, ranging from less than a few hundred m2/s to thousands of m2/s. This uncertainty has first-order implications for the intensity of oceanic hypoxia, which is poorly simulated by the current generation of Earth System Models. Using satellite-based estimate of oxygen consumption in hypoxic waters to estimate the required diffusion coefficient for these waters gives a value of order 1000 m2/s. Varying Aredi across a suite of Earth System Models yields a broadly consistent result given a thermocline diapycnal diffusion coefficient of 1 × 10-5 m2/s.
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Scale-Similar Models for Large-Eddy Simulations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Sarghini, F.
1999-01-01
Scale-similar models employ multiple filtering operations to identify the smallest resolved scales, which have been shown to be the most active in the interaction with the unresolved subgrid scales. They do not assume that the principal axes of the strain-rate tensor are aligned with those of the subgrid-scale stress (SGS) tensor, and allow the explicit calculation of the SGS energy. They can provide backscatter in a numerically stable and physically realistic manner, and predict SGS stresses in regions that are well correlated with the locations where large Reynolds stress occurs. In this paper, eddy viscosity and mixed models, which include an eddy-viscosity part as well as a scale-similar contribution, are applied to the simulation of two flows, a high Reynolds number plane channel flow, and a three-dimensional, nonequilibrium flow. The results show that simulations without models or with the Smagorinsky model are unable to predict nonequilibrium effects. Dynamic models provide an improvement of the results: the adjustment of the coefficient results in more accurate prediction of the perturbation from equilibrium. The Lagrangian-ensemble approach [Meneveau et al., J. Fluid Mech. 319, 353 (1996)] is found to be very beneficial. Models that included a scale-similar term and a dissipative one, as well as the Lagrangian ensemble averaging, gave results in the best agreement with the direct simulation and experimental data.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kourafalou, Vassiliki; Androulidakis, Yannis; Le Hénaff, Matthieu; Kang, HeeSook
2017-10-01
Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies along the northern Cuban coast (CubANs) have been identified in the Straits of Florida, associated with the northward shift of the Florida Current (FC) and the anticyclonic curvature of the Loop Current (LC) at the western entrance of the Straits. The dynamics of CubAN eddies and their interaction with the LC/FC system are described for the first time using satellite, drifter and buoy data, and a high-resolution model. It is shown that the evolution of CubANs to the south of the FC front complements the evolution of cyclonic eddies to the north of the FC, advancing previous studies on synergy between FC meandering and eddy activity. Two types of CubAN eddies are characterized: (a) a main anticyclonic cell (type "A") within the core of the LC during retracted phase conditions, associated with the process of LC Eddy (LCE) shedding from an extended LC, and (b) an individual, distinct anticyclonic eddy that is released from the main LC core and is advected eastward, along the northern Cuban coast (type "B"). There are also mixed cases, when the process of LCE shedding has started, so a type "A" CubAN is being formed, in the presence of one or more eastward progressing type "B" eddies. CubAN evolution is associated with an increased mixed layer and weaker stratification of the upper ocean along the eddy's track. The cyclonic activity along the Cuban coast and wind-induced upwelling events also contribute to the evolution and fate of the CubAN eddies.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gourdeau, L.; Verron, J.; Chaigneau, A.; Cravatte, S.; Kessler, W.
2017-11-01
Mesoscale activity is an important component of the Solomon Sea circulation that interacts with the energetic low-latitude western boundary currents of the South Tropical Pacific Ocean carrying waters of subtropical origin before joining the equatorial Pacific. Mixing associated with mesoscale activity could explain water mass transformation observed in the Solomon Sea that likely impacts El Niño Southern Oscillation dynamics. This study makes synergetic use of glider data, altimetry, and high-resolution model for exploring mesoscale eddies, especially their vertical structures, and their role on the Solomon Sea circulation. The description of individual eddies observed by altimetry and gliders provides the first elements to characterize the 3-D structure of these tropical eddies, and confirms the usefulness of the model to access a more universal view of such eddies. Mesoscale eddies appear to have a vertical extension limited to the Surface Waters (SW) and the Upper Thermocline Water (UTW), i.e., the first 140-150 m depth. Most of the eddies are nonlinear, meaning that eddies can trap and transport water properties. But they weakly interact with the deep New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent that is a key piece of the equatorial circulation. Anticyclonic eddies are particularly efficient to advect salty and warm SW coming from the intrusion of equatorial Pacific waters at Solomon Strait, and to impact the characteristics of the New Guinea Coastal Current. Cyclonic eddies are particularly efficient to transport South Pacific Tropical Water (SPTW) anomalies from the North Vanuatu Jet and to erode by diapycnal mixing the high SPTW salinity.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Current approaches to scheduling crop irrigation using reference evapotranspiration (ET0) recommend using a dual-coefficient approach using basal (Kcb) and soil (Ke) coefficients along with a stress coefficient (Ks) to model crop evapotranspiration (ETc), [e.g. ETc=(Ks*Kcb+Ke)*ET0]. However, indepe...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
LI, Q.; Lee, S.
2016-12-01
The relationship between Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) jets and eddy fluxes in the Indo-western Pacific Southern Ocean (90°E-145°E) is investigated using an eddy-resolving model. In this region, transient eddy momentum flux convergence occurs at the latitude of the primary jet core, whereas eddy buoyancy flux is located over a broader region that encompasses the jet and the inter-jet minimum. In a small sector (120°E-144°E) where jets are especially zonal, a spatial and temporal decomposition of the eddy fluxes further reveals that fast eddies act to accelerate the jet with the maximum eddy momentum flux convergence at the jet center, while slow eddies tend to decelerate the zonal current at the inter-jet minimum. Transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) diagnostics reveals that the eddy momentum contribution accelerates the jets at all model depths, whereas the buoyancy flux contribution decelerates the jets at depths below 600 m. In ocean sectors where the jets are relatively well defined, there exist jet-scale overturning circulations (JSOC) with sinking motion on the equatorward flank, and rising motion on the poleward flank of the jets. The location and structure of these thermally indirect circulations suggest that they are driven by the eddy momentum flux convergence, much like the Ferrel cell in the atmosphere. This study also found that the JSOC plays a significant role in the oceanic heat transport and that it also contributes to the formation of a thin band of mixed layer that exists on the equatorward flank of the Indo-western Pacific ACC jets.
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Mesoscale Eddies Control the Timing of Spring Phytoplankton Blooms: A Case Study in the Japan Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Maúre, E. R.; Ishizaka, J.; Sukigara, C.; Mino, Y.; Aiki, H.; Matsuno, T.; Tomita, H.; Goes, J. I.; Gomes, H. R.
2017-11-01
Satellite Chlorophyll a (CHL) data were used to investigate the influence of mesoscale anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and cyclonic eddies (CEs) on the timing of spring phytoplankton bloom initiation around the Yamato Basin (133-139°E and 35-39.5°N) in the Japan Sea, for the period 2002-2011. The results showed significant differences between AEs and CEs in the timing and initiation mechanism of the spring phytoplankton bloom. Blooms were initiated earlier in CEs which were characterized by shallow mixed-layer depths (< 100 m). The early blooming preceded the end of winter cooling (i.e., while net heat flux (Q0) is still negative) and is initiated by the increased average light within the shallow mixed-layer depth. Conversely, blooms appeared in the AEs despite deeper mixed-layer depth (> 100 m) but close to the commencement of positive Q0. This suggests that the relaxation of turbulent mixing is crucial for the bloom initiation in AEs.
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A Physical Mechanism for the Asymmetry in Top-Down and Bottom-Up Diffusion.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wyngaard, J. C.
1987-04-01
Recent large-eddy simulations of the vertical diffusion of a passive, conservative scalar through the convective boundary layer (CBL) show strikingly different eddy diffusivity profiles in the `top-down' and `bottom-up' cases. These results indicate that for a given turbulent velocity field and associated scalar flux, the mean change in scalar mixing ratio across the CBL is several times larger if the flux originates at the top of the boundary layer (i.e., in top-down diffusion) rather than at the bottom. The large-eddy simulation (LES) data show that this asymmetry is due to a breakdown of the eddy-diffusion concept.A simple updraft-downdraft model of the CBL reveals a physical mechanism that could cause this unexpected behavior. The large, positive skewness of the convectively driven vertical velocity gives an appreciably higher probability of downdrafts than updrafts; this excess probability of downdrafts, interacting with the time changes of the mean mixing ratio caused by the nonstationarity of the bottom-up and top-down diffusion processes, decreases the equilibrium value of mean mixing-ratio jump across the mixed layer in the bottom-up case and increases it in the top-down case. The resulting diffusion asymmetry agrees qualitatively with that found through LES.
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Wang, Lei; Huang, Bangqin; Chiang, Kuo-Ping; Liu, Xin; Chen, Bingzhang; Xie, Yuyuan; Xu, Yanping; Hu, Jianyu; Dai, Minhan
2016-01-01
It is widely recognized that the mesoscale eddies play an important part in the biogeochemical cycle in ocean ecosystem, especially in the oligotrophic tropical zones. So here a heterogeneous cyclonic eddy in its flourishing stage was detected using remote sensing and in situ biogeochemical observation in the western South China Sea (SCS) in early September, 2007. The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to identify the photosynthetic pigments. And the CHEMical TAXonomy (CHEMTAX) was applied to calculate the contribution of nine phytoplankton groups to the total chlorophyll a (TChl a) biomass. The deep chlorophyll a maximum layer (DCML) was raised to form a dome structure in the eddy center while there was no distinct enhancement for TChl a biomass. The integrated TChl a concentration in the upper 100 m water column was also constant from the eddy center to the surrounding water outside the eddy. However the TChl a biomass in the surface layer (at 5 m) in the eddy center was promoted 2.6-fold compared to the biomass outside the eddy (p < 0.001). Thus, the slight enhancement of TChl a biomass of euphotic zone integration within the eddy was mainly from the phytoplankton in the upper mixed zone rather than the DCML. The phytoplankton community was primarily contributed by diatoms, prasinophytes, and Synechococcus at the DCML within the eddy, while less was contributed by haptophytes_8 and Prochlorococcus. The TChl a biomass for most of the phytoplankton groups increased at the surface layer in the eddy center under the effect of nutrient pumping. The doming isopycnal within the eddy supplied nutrients gently into the upper mixing layer, and there was remarkable enhancement in phytoplankton biomass at the surface layer with 10.5% TChl a biomass of water column in eddy center and 3.7% at reference stations. So the slight increasing in the water column integrated phytoplankton biomass might be attributed to the stimulated phytoplankton biomass at the surface layer.
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RAS one-equation turbulence model with non-singular eddy-viscosity coefficient
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rahman, M. M.; Agarwal, R. K.; Siikonen, T.
2016-02-01
A simplified consistency formulation for Pk/ε (production to dissipation ratio) is devised to obtain a non-singular Cμ (coefficient of eddy-viscosity) in the explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model of Gatski and Speziale. The coefficient Cμ depends non-linearly on both rotational/irrotational strains and is used in the framework of an improved RAS (Rahman-Agarwal-Siikonen) one-equation turbulence model to calculate a few well-documented turbulent flows, yielding predictions in good agreement with the direct numerical simulation and experimental data. The strain-dependent Cμ assists the RAS model in constructing the coefficients and functions such as to benefit complex flows with non-equilibrium turbulence. Comparisons with the Spalart-Allmaras one-equation model and the shear stress transport k-ω model demonstrate that Cμ improves the response of RAS model to non-equilibrium effects.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Schreck, Stefan
1993-01-01
This reports describes experiments conducted at the High-Speed Jet Facility at the University of Southern California on supersonic jets. The goal of the study was to develop methods for controlling the noise emitted from supersonic jets by passive and/or active means. Work by Seiner et al (1991) indicates that eddy Mach wave radiation is the dominant noise source in a heated high speed jet. Eddy Mach radiation is caused by turbulent eddies traveling at supersonic speed in the shear layer of the jet. The convection velocity of the eddies decays with increasing distance from the nozzle exit due to the mixing of the jet stream with the ambient fluid. Once the convection speed reaches subsonic velocities, eddy Mach wave radiation ceases. To control noise, a rapid decay of the convection velocity is desired. This may be accomplished by enhanced mixing in the jet. In this study, small aspect ratio rectangular jet nozzles were tested. A flapping mode was noticed in the jets. By amplifying screech components of the jets and destabilizing the jet columns with a collar device, the flapping mode was excited. The result was a rapid decay of the jet velocity. A reduction in eddy Mach radiation in rectangular supersonic jets may be achieved with this device.
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Passive eddy-current damping as a means of vibration control in cryogenic turbomachinery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cunningham, R. E.
1986-01-01
Lateral shaft vibrations produced by a rotating unbalance weight were damped by means of eddy currents generated in copper conductors that were precessing cyclicly in the gap formed by the pole faces of C-shaped, permanent magnets. The damper assembly, which was located at the lower bearing support of a vertically oriented rotor was completely immersed in liquid nitrogen during the test run. The test rotor was operated over a speed range from 800 to 10,000 rpm. Three magnet/conductor designs were evaluated. Experimental damping coefficients varied from 180 to 530 N sec/m. Reasonable agreement was noted for theoretical values of damping for these same assemblies. Values of damping coefficients varied from 150 to 780 N sec/m. The results demonstrate that passive eddy-current damping is a viable candidate for vibration control in cryogenic turbomachinery.
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Wolfram, Phillip J.; Ringler, Todd D.; Maltrud, Mathew E.; ...
2015-08-01
Isopycnal diffusivity due to stirring by mesoscale eddies in an idealized, wind-forced, eddying, midlatitude ocean basin is computed using Lagrangian, in Situ, Global, High-Performance Particle Tracking (LIGHT). Simulation is performed via LIGHT within the Model for Prediction across Scales Ocean (MPAS-O). Simulations are performed at 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-km resolution, where the first Rossby radius of deformation (RRD) is approximately 30 km. Scalar and tensor diffusivities are estimated at each resolution based on 30 ensemble members using particle cluster statistics. Each ensemble member is composed of 303 665 particles distributed across five potential density surfaces. Diffusivity dependence upon modelmore » resolution, velocity spatial scale, and buoyancy surface is quantified and compared with mixing length theory. The spatial structure of diffusivity ranges over approximately two orders of magnitude with values of O(10 5) m 2 s –1 in the region of western boundary current separation to O(10 3) m 2 s –1 in the eastern region of the basin. Dominant mixing occurs at scales twice the size of the first RRD. Model resolution at scales finer than the RRD is necessary to obtain sufficient model fidelity at scales between one and four RRD to accurately represent mixing. Mixing length scaling with eddy kinetic energy and the Lagrangian time scale yield mixing efficiencies that typically range between 0.4 and 0.8. In conclusion, a reduced mixing length in the eastern region of the domain relative to the west suggests there are different mixing regimes outside the baroclinic jet region.« less
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Large Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Jet
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Webb, A. T.; Mansour, Nagi N.
2001-01-01
Here we present the results of a Large Eddy Simulation of a non-buoyant jet issuing from a circular orifice in a wall, and developing in neutral surroundings. The effects of the subgrid scales on the large eddies have been modeled with the dynamic large eddy simulation model applied to the fully 3D domain in spherical coordinates. The simulation captures the unsteady motions of the large-scales within the jet as well as the laminar motions in the entrainment region surrounding the jet. The computed time-averaged statistics (mean velocity, concentration, and turbulence parameters) compare well with laboratory data without invoking an empirical entrainment coefficient as employed by line integral models. The use of the large eddy simulation technique allows examination of unsteady and inhomogeneous features such as the evolution of eddies and the details of the entrainment process.
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Comparison of GEOS-5 AGCM planetary boundary layer depths computed with various definitions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McGrath-Spangler, E. L.; Molod, A.
2014-07-01
Accurate models of planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes are important for forecasting weather and climate. The present study compares seven methods of calculating PBL depth in the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) over land. These methods depend on the eddy diffusion coefficients, bulk and local Richardson numbers, and the turbulent kinetic energy. The computed PBL depths are aggregated to the Köppen-Geiger climate classes, and some limited comparisons are made using radiosonde profiles. Most methods produce similar midday PBL depths, although in the warm, moist climate classes the bulk Richardson number method gives midday results that are lower than those given by the eddy diffusion coefficient methods. Additional analysis revealed that methods sensitive to turbulence driven by radiative cooling produce greater PBL depths, this effect being most significant during the evening transition. Nocturnal PBLs based on Richardson number methods are generally shallower than eddy diffusion coefficient based estimates. The bulk Richardson number estimate is recommended as the PBL height to inform the choice of the turbulent length scale, based on the similarity to other methods during the day, and the improved nighttime behavior.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
El-Hady, Nabil M.
1993-01-01
The laminar-turbulent breakdown of a boundary-layer flow along a hollow cylinder at Mach 4.5 is investigated with large-eddy simulation. The subgrid scales are modeled dynamically, where the model coefficients are determined from the local resolved field. The behavior of the dynamic-model coefficients is investigated through both an a priori test with direct numerical simulation data for the same case and a complete large-eddy simulation. Both formulations proposed by Germano et al. and Lilly are used for the determination of unique coefficients for the dynamic model and their results are compared and assessed. The behavior and the energy cascade of the subgrid-scale field structure are investigated at various stages of the transition process. The investigations are able to duplicate a high-speed transition phenomenon observed in experiments and explained only recently by the direct numerical simulations of Pruett and Zang, which is the appearance of 'rope-like' waves. The nonlinear evolution and breakdown of the laminar boundary layer and the structure of the flow field during the transition process were also investigated.
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Comparison of GEOS-5 AGCM Planetary Boundary Layer Depths Computed with Various Definitions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mcgrath-Spangler, E. L.; Molod, A.
2014-01-01
Accurate models of planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes are important for forecasting weather and climate. The present study compares seven methods of calculating PBL depth in the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) over land. These methods depend on the eddy diffusion coefficients, bulk and local Richardson numbers, and the turbulent kinetic energy. The computed PBL depths are aggregated to the Koppen climate classes, and some limited comparisons are made using radiosonde profiles. Most methods produce similar midday PBL depths, although in the warm, moist climate classes, the bulk Richardson number method gives midday results that are lower than those given by the eddy diffusion coefficient methods. Additional analysis revealed that methods sensitive to turbulence driven by radiative cooling produce greater PBL depths, this effect being most significant during the evening transition. Nocturnal PBLs based on Richardson number are generally shallower than eddy diffusion coefficient based estimates. The bulk Richardson number estimate is recommended as the PBL height to inform the choice of the turbulent length scale, based on the similarity to other methods during the day, and the improved nighttime behavior.
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Comparison of GEOS-5 AGCM planetary boundary layer depths computed with various definitions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McGrath-Spangler, E. L.; Molod, A.
2014-03-01
Accurate models of planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes are important for forecasting weather and climate. The present study compares seven methods of calculating PBL depth in the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) over land. These methods depend on the eddy diffusion coefficients, bulk and local Richardson numbers, and the turbulent kinetic energy. The computed PBL depths are aggregated to the Köppen climate classes, and some limited comparisons are made using radiosonde profiles. Most methods produce similar midday PBL depths, although in the warm, moist climate classes, the bulk Richardson number method gives midday results that are lower than those given by the eddy diffusion coefficient methods. Additional analysis revealed that methods sensitive to turbulence driven by radiative cooling produce greater PBL depths, this effect being most significant during the evening transition. Nocturnal PBLs based on Richardson number are generally shallower than eddy diffusion coefficient based estimates. The bulk Richardson number estimate is recommended as the PBL height to inform the choice of the turbulent length scale, based on the similarity to other methods during the day, and the improved nighttime behavior.
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Tropical waves and the quasi-biennial oscillation in the lower stratosphere
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Miller, A. J.; Angell, J. K.; Korshover, J.
1976-01-01
By means of spectrum analysis of 11 years of lower stratospheric daily winds and temperatures at Balboa, Ascension and Canton-Singapore, evidence is presented supporting the existence of two principal wave modes with periods of about 11-17 days (Kelvin waves) and about 4-5 days (mixed Rossby-gravity waves). The structure of the two wave modes, as well as the vertical eddy momentum flux by the waves, is shown to be related to the quasi-biennial cycle, although for the mixed Rossby-gravity waves this is obvious only at Ascension. In addition, the Coriolis term, suggested as a source of vertical easterly momentum flux for the mixed Rossby-gravity waves, is investigated and found to be of the same magnitude as the vertical eddy flux term. Finally, we have examined the mean meridional motion and the meridional eddy momentum flux for its possible association with the quasi- biennial variation.
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Eddy-induced transport of the Kuroshio warm water around the Ryukyu Islands in the East China Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kamidaira, Yuki; Uchiyama, Yusuke; Mitarai, Satoshi
2017-07-01
In this study, an oceanic downscaling model in a double-nested configuration was used to investigate the role played by the Kuroshio warm current in preserving and maintaining biological diversity in the coral coasts around the Ryukyu Islands (Japan). A comparison of the modeled data demonstrated that the innermost submesoscale eddy-resolving model successfully reproduced the synoptic and mesoscale oceanic structures even without data assimilation. The Kuroshio flows on the shelf break of the East China Sea approximately 150-200 km from the islands; therefore, eddy-induced transient processes are essential to the lateral transport of material within the strip between the Kuroshio and the islands. The model indicated an evident predominance of submesoscale anticyclonic eddies over cyclonic eddies near the surface of this strip. An energy conversion analysis relevant to the eddy-generation mechanisms revealed that a combination of both the shear instability due to the Kuroshio and the topography and baroclinic instability around the Kuroshio front jointly provoke these near-surface anticyclonic eddies, as well as the subsurface cyclonic eddies that are shed around the shelf break. Both surface and subsurface eddies fit within the submesoscale, and they are energized more as the grid resolution of the model is increased. An eddy heat flux (EHF) analysis was performed with decomposition into the divergent (dEHF) and rotational (rEHF) components. The rEHF vectors appeared along the temperature variance contours by following the Kuroshio, whereas the dEHF properly measured the transverse transport normal to the Kuroshio's path. The diagnostic EHF analysis demonstrated that an asymmetric dEHF occurs within the surface mixed layer, which promotes eastward transport toward the islands. Conversely, below the mixed layer, a negative dEHF tongue is formed that promotes the subsurface westward warm water transport.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hartland, Tucker; Schilling, Oleg
2017-11-01
Analytical self-similar solutions to several families of single- and two-scale, eddy viscosity and Reynolds stress turbulence models are presented for Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability-induced turbulent mixing. The use of algebraic relationships between model coefficients and physical observables (e.g., experimental growth rates) following from the self-similar solutions to calibrate a member of a given family of turbulence models is shown. It is demonstrated numerically that the algebraic relations accurately predict the value and variation of physical outputs of a Reynolds-averaged simulation in flow regimes that are consistent with the simplifying assumptions used to derive the solutions. The use of experimental and numerical simulation data on Reynolds stress anisotropy ratios to calibrate a Reynolds stress model is briefly illustrated. The implications of the analytical solutions for future Reynolds-averaged modeling of hydrodynamic instability-induced mixing are briefly discussed. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
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A daily global mesoscale ocean eddy dataset from satellite altimetry.
Faghmous, James H; Frenger, Ivy; Yao, Yuanshun; Warmka, Robert; Lindell, Aron; Kumar, Vipin
2015-01-01
Mesoscale ocean eddies are ubiquitous coherent rotating structures of water with radial scales on the order of 100 kilometers. Eddies play a key role in the transport and mixing of momentum and tracers across the World Ocean. We present a global daily mesoscale ocean eddy dataset that contains ~45 million mesoscale features and 3.3 million eddy trajectories that persist at least two days as identified in the AVISO dataset over a period of 1993-2014. This dataset, along with the open-source eddy identification software, extract eddies with any parameters (minimum size, lifetime, etc.), to study global eddy properties and dynamics, and to empirically estimate the impact eddies have on mass or heat transport. Furthermore, our open-source software may be used to identify mesoscale features in model simulations and compare them to observed features. Finally, this dataset can be used to study the interaction between mesoscale ocean eddies and other components of the Earth System.
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A daily global mesoscale ocean eddy dataset from satellite altimetry
Faghmous, James H.; Frenger, Ivy; Yao, Yuanshun; Warmka, Robert; Lindell, Aron; Kumar, Vipin
2015-01-01
Mesoscale ocean eddies are ubiquitous coherent rotating structures of water with radial scales on the order of 100 kilometers. Eddies play a key role in the transport and mixing of momentum and tracers across the World Ocean. We present a global daily mesoscale ocean eddy dataset that contains ~45 million mesoscale features and 3.3 million eddy trajectories that persist at least two days as identified in the AVISO dataset over a period of 1993–2014. This dataset, along with the open-source eddy identification software, extract eddies with any parameters (minimum size, lifetime, etc.), to study global eddy properties and dynamics, and to empirically estimate the impact eddies have on mass or heat transport. Furthermore, our open-source software may be used to identify mesoscale features in model simulations and compare them to observed features. Finally, this dataset can be used to study the interaction between mesoscale ocean eddies and other components of the Earth System. PMID:26097744
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Role of head of turbulent 3-D density currents in mixing during slumping regime
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bhaganagar, Kiran
2017-02-01
A fundamental study was conducted to shed light on entrainment and mixing in buoyancy-driven Boussinesq density currents. Large-eddy simulation was performed on lock-exchange (LE) release density currents—an idealized test bed to generate density currents. As dense fluid was released over a sloping surface into an ambient lighter fluid, the dense fluid slumps to the bottom and forms a characteristic head of the current. The dynamics of the head dictated the mixing processes in LE currents. The key contribution of this study is to resolve an ongoing debate on mixing: We demonstrate that substantial mixing occurs in the early stages of evolution in an LE experiment and that entrainment is highly inhomogeneous and unsteady during the slumping regime. Guided by the flow physics, entrainment is calculated using two different but related perspectives. In the first approach, the entrainment parameter (E) is defined as the fraction of ambient fluid displaced by the head that entrains into the current. It is an indicator of the efficiency in which ambient fluid is displaced into the current and it serves as an important metric to compare the entrainment of dense currents over different types of surfaces, e.g., roughness configuration. In the second approach, E measures the net entrainment in the current at an instantaneous time t over the length of the current. Net entrainment coefficient is a metric to compare the effects of flow dynamical conditions, i.e., lock-aspect ratio that dictates the fraction of buoyancy entering the head, and also the effect of the sloping angle. Together, the entrainment coefficient and the net entrainment coefficient provide an insight into the entrainment process. The "active" head of the current acts as an engine that mixes the ambient fluid with the existing dense fluid, the 3-D lobes and clefts on the frontal end of the current causes recirculation of the ambient fluid into the current, and Kelvin-Helmholtz rolls are the mixers that entrain the ambience into the current. Buoyancy and shear production occur at the interface in the head region of the current, and transport of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) by Reynolds stresses results in high TKE.
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Effects of radiative heat transfer on the turbulence structure in inert and reacting mixing layers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ghosh, Somnath; Friedrich, Rainer
2015-05-01
We use large-eddy simulation to study the interaction between turbulence and radiative heat transfer in low-speed inert and reacting plane temporal mixing layers. An explicit filtering scheme based on approximate deconvolution is applied to treat the closure problem arising from quadratic nonlinearities of the filtered transport equations. In the reacting case, the working fluid is a mixture of ideal gases where the low-speed stream consists of hydrogen and nitrogen and the high-speed stream consists of oxygen and nitrogen. Both streams are premixed in a way that the free-stream densities are the same and the stoichiometric mixture fraction is 0.3. The filtered heat release term is modelled using equilibrium chemistry. In the inert case, the low-speed stream consists of nitrogen at a temperature of 1000 K and the highspeed stream is pure water vapour of 2000 K, when radiation is turned off. Simulations assuming the gas mixtures as gray gases with artificially increased Planck mean absorption coefficients are performed in which the large-eddy simulation code and the radiation code PRISSMA are fully coupled. In both cases, radiative heat transfer is found to clearly affect fluctuations of thermodynamic variables, Reynolds stresses, and Reynolds stress budget terms like pressure-strain correlations. Source terms in the transport equation for the variance of temperature are used to explain the decrease of this variance in the reacting case and its increase in the inert case.
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Effects of radiative heat transfer on the turbulence structure in inert and reacting mixing layers
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Ghosh, Somnath, E-mail: sghosh@aero.iitkgp.ernet.in; Friedrich, Rainer
2015-05-15
We use large-eddy simulation to study the interaction between turbulence and radiative heat transfer in low-speed inert and reacting plane temporal mixing layers. An explicit filtering scheme based on approximate deconvolution is applied to treat the closure problem arising from quadratic nonlinearities of the filtered transport equations. In the reacting case, the working fluid is a mixture of ideal gases where the low-speed stream consists of hydrogen and nitrogen and the high-speed stream consists of oxygen and nitrogen. Both streams are premixed in a way that the free-stream densities are the same and the stoichiometric mixture fraction is 0.3. Themore » filtered heat release term is modelled using equilibrium chemistry. In the inert case, the low-speed stream consists of nitrogen at a temperature of 1000 K and the highspeed stream is pure water vapour of 2000 K, when radiation is turned off. Simulations assuming the gas mixtures as gray gases with artificially increased Planck mean absorption coefficients are performed in which the large-eddy simulation code and the radiation code PRISSMA are fully coupled. In both cases, radiative heat transfer is found to clearly affect fluctuations of thermodynamic variables, Reynolds stresses, and Reynolds stress budget terms like pressure-strain correlations. Source terms in the transport equation for the variance of temperature are used to explain the decrease of this variance in the reacting case and its increase in the inert case.« less
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Analysis of free turbulent shear flows by numerical methods
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Korst, H. H.; Chow, W. L.; Hurt, R. F.; White, R. A.; Addy, A. L.
1973-01-01
Studies are described in which the effort was essentially directed to classes of problems where the phenomenologically interpreted effective transport coefficients could be absorbed by, and subsequently extracted from (by comparison with experimental data), appropriate coordinate transformations. The transformed system of differential equations could then be solved without further specifications or assumptions by numerical integration procedures. An attempt was made to delineate different regimes for which specific eddy viscosity models could be formulated. In particular, this would account for the carryover of turbulence from attached boundary layers, the transitory adjustment, and the asymptotic behavior of initially disturbed mixing regions. Such models were subsequently used in seeking solutions for the prescribed two-dimensional test cases, yielding a better insight into overall aspects of the exchange mechanisms.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hoffmann, Jon A.
1988-01-01
The influence of near isotropic free-stream turbulence on the shape factors and skin friction coefficients of turbulent bounday layers is presented for the cases of zero and mild adverse pressure gradients. With free-stream turbulence, improved fluid mixing occurs in boundary layers with adverse pressure gradients relative to the zero pressure gradient condition, with the same free-stream turbulence intensity and length scale. Stronger boundary layers with lower shape factors occur as a result of a lower ratio of the integral scale of turbulence to the boundary layer thickness, and to vortex stretching of the turbulent eddies in the free stream, both of which act to improve the transmission of momentum from the free stream to the boundary layers.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hoffmann, J. A.; Kassir, S. M.; Larwood, S. M.
1989-01-01
The influence of near isotropic free-stream turbulence on the shape factors and skin friction coefficients of turbulent boundary layers is presented for the cases of zero and mild adverse pressure gradients. With free-stream turbulence, improved fluid mixing occurs in boundary layers with adverse pressure gradients relative to the zero pressure gradient condition, with the same free-stream turbulence intensity and length scale. Stronger boundary layers with lower shape factors occur as a result of a lower ratio of the integral scale of turbulence to the boundary layer thickness, and to vortex stretching of the turbulent eddies in the free-stream, both of which act to improve the transmission of momentum from the free-stream to the boundary layers.
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Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meneghello, Gianluca; Marshall, John; Cole, Sylvia T.; Timmermans, Mary-Louise
2017-12-01
Using Ekman pumping rates mediated by sea ice in the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre (BG), the magnitude of lateral eddy diffusivities required to balance downward pumping is inferred. In this limit—that of vanishing residual-mean circulation—eddy-induced upwelling exactly balances downward pumping. The implied eddy diffusivity varies spatially and decays with depth, with values of 50-400 m2/s. Eddy diffusivity estimated using mixing length theory applied to BG mooring data exhibits a similar decay with depth and range of values from 100 m2/s to more than 600 m2/s. We conclude that eddy diffusivities in the BG are likely large enough to balance downward Ekman pumping, arresting the deepening of the gyre and suggesting that eddies play a zero-order role in buoyancy and freshwater budgets of the BG.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Basnet, K.; Constantinescu, G.
2017-11-01
High-resolution, 3-D large eddy simulations are conducted to study the physics of flow past 2-D solid and porous vertical plates of height H mounted on a horizontal surface (no bottom gap) with a fully developed, turbulent incoming flow. The porous plate consists of an array of spanwise-oriented, identical solid cylinders of rectangular cross section. The height of the solid cylinders and the spacing between the solid cylinders, corresponding to the plate's "holes," are kept constant for any given configuration, as the present study considers only plates of uniform porosity. The paper discusses how the mean flow and turbulence structure around the vertical plate, the unsteady forces acting on the plate, the dynamics of the large-scale turbulent eddies, the spectral content of the wake, and the distribution of the bed friction velocity on the horizontal channel bed vary as a function of the plate porosity (0% < P < 36%), the relative spacing between the solid elements of the porous plate (d/H), and the roughness of the channel bed surface. Simulation results are used to explain how the bleeding flow affects the dynamics on the larger billow eddies advected in the separated shear layer (SSL) forming at the top of the plate and the wake structure. It is found that the main recirculation eddy in the wake remains attached to the plate for P < 30%. For larger porosities, the main recirculation eddy forms away from the porous plate. The energy of the billows advected in the SSL decays monotonically with increasing plate porosity. For cases when the recirculation eddy remains attached to the plate, the larger billows advected in the downstream part of the SSL are partially reinjected inside the main recirculation eddy as a result of their interaction with the channel bed. This creates a feedback mechanism that induces large-scale disturbances of the spanwise-oriented vortex tubes advected inside the upstream part of the SSL. Results also show that the mean drag coefficient and the root-mean-square of the drag coefficient fluctuations increase mildly with increasing d/H. Meanwhile, varying d/H has a negligible effect on the position and size of the main recirculation eddy. The presence of large-scale roughness elements (2-D ribs) at the bed results in the decrease of the mean drag coefficient of the plate and, in the case of a solid plate, in a large decrease of the frequency of the large-scale eddies advected in the SSL.
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Wang, Lei; Huang, Bangqin; Chiang, Kuo-Ping; Liu, Xin; Chen, Bingzhang; Xie, Yuyuan; Xu, Yanping; Hu, Jianyu; Dai, Minhan
2016-01-01
It is widely recognized that the mesoscale eddies play an important part in the biogeochemical cycle in ocean ecosystem, especially in the oligotrophic tropical zones. So here a heterogeneous cyclonic eddy in its flourishing stage was detected using remote sensing and in situ biogeochemical observation in the western South China Sea (SCS) in early September, 2007. The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used to identify the photosynthetic pigments. And the CHEMical TAXonomy (CHEMTAX) was applied to calculate the contribution of nine phytoplankton groups to the total chlorophyll a (TChl a) biomass. The deep chlorophyll a maximum layer (DCML) was raised to form a dome structure in the eddy center while there was no distinct enhancement for TChl a biomass. The integrated TChl a concentration in the upper 100 m water column was also constant from the eddy center to the surrounding water outside the eddy. However the TChl a biomass in the surface layer (at 5 m) in the eddy center was promoted 2.6-fold compared to the biomass outside the eddy (p < 0.001). Thus, the slight enhancement of TChl a biomass of euphotic zone integration within the eddy was mainly from the phytoplankton in the upper mixed zone rather than the DCML. The phytoplankton community was primarily contributed by diatoms, prasinophytes, and Synechococcus at the DCML within the eddy, while less was contributed by haptophytes_8 and Prochlorococcus. The TChl a biomass for most of the phytoplankton groups increased at the surface layer in the eddy center under the effect of nutrient pumping. The doming isopycnal within the eddy supplied nutrients gently into the upper mixing layer, and there was remarkable enhancement in phytoplankton biomass at the surface layer with 10.5% TChl a biomass of water column in eddy center and 3.7% at reference stations. So the slight increasing in the water column integrated phytoplankton biomass might be attributed to the stimulated phytoplankton biomass at the surface layer. PMID:27088991
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Vertically migrating swimmers generate aggregation-scale eddies in a stratified column.
Houghton, Isabel A; Koseff, Jeffrey R; Monismith, Stephen G; Dabiri, John O
2018-04-01
Biologically generated turbulence has been proposed as an important contributor to nutrient transport and ocean mixing 1-3 . However, to produce non-negligible transport and mixing, such turbulence must produce eddies at scales comparable to the length scales of stratification in the ocean. It has previously been argued that biologically generated turbulence is limited to the scale of the individual animals involved 4 , which would make turbulence created by highly abundant centimetre-scale zooplankton such as krill irrelevant to ocean mixing. Their small size notwithstanding, zooplankton form dense aggregations tens of metres in vertical extent as they undergo diurnal vertical migration over hundreds of metres 3,5,6 . This behaviour potentially introduces additional length scales-such as the scale of the aggregation-that are of relevance to animal interactions with the surrounding water column. Here we show that the collective vertical migration of centimetre-scale swimmers-as represented by the brine shrimp Artemia salina-generates aggregation-scale eddies that mix a stable density stratification, resulting in an effective turbulent diffusivity up to three orders of magnitude larger than the molecular diffusivity of salt. These observed large-scale mixing eddies are the result of flow in the wakes of the individual organisms coalescing to form a large-scale downward jet during upward swimming, even in the presence of a strong density stratification relative to typical values observed in the ocean. The results illustrate the potential for marine zooplankton to considerably alter the physical and biogeochemical structure of the water column, with potentially widespread effects owing to their high abundance in climatically important regions of the ocean 7 .
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Shao, Yuan; Ramachandran, Sandhya; Arnold, Susan; Ramachandran, Gurumurthy
2017-03-01
The use of the turbulent eddy diffusion model and its variants in exposure assessment is limited due to the lack of knowledge regarding the isotropic eddy diffusion coefficient, D T . But some studies have suggested a possible relationship between D T and the air changes per hour (ACH) through a room. The main goal of this study was to accurately estimate D T for a range of ACH values by minimizing the difference between the concentrations measured and predicted by eddy diffusion model. We constructed an experimental chamber with a spatial concentration gradient away from the contaminant source, and conducted 27 3-hr long experiments using toluene and acetone under different air flow conditions (0.43-2.89 ACHs). An eddy diffusion model accounting for chamber boundary, general ventilation, and advection was developed. A mathematical expression for the slope based on the geometrical parameters of the ventilation system was also derived. There is a strong linear relationship between D T and ACH, providing a surrogate parameter for estimating D T in real-life settings. For the first time, a mathematical expression for the relationship between D T and ACH has been derived that also corrects for non-ideal conditions, and the calculated value of the slope between these two parameters is very close to the experimentally determined value. The values of D T obtained from the experiments are generally consistent with values reported in the literature. They are also independent of averaging time of measurements, allowing for comparison of values obtained from different measurement settings. These findings make the use of turbulent eddy diffusion models for exposure assessment in workplace/indoor environments more practical.
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Quantifying residual, eddy, and mean flow effects on mixing in an idealized circumpolar current
Wolfram, Phillip J.; Ringler, Todd D.
2017-07-13
Meridional diffusivity is assessed in this paper for a baroclinically unstable jet in a high-latitudeIdealized Circumpolar Current (ICC) using the Model for Prediction Across Scales-Ocean (MPAS-O) and the online Lagrangian In-situ Global High-performance particle Tracking (LIGHT) diagnostic via space-time dispersion of particle clusters over 120 monthly realizations of O(10 6) particles on 11 potential density surfaces. Diffusivity in the jet reaches values of O(6000 m 2 s -1) and is largest near the critical layer supporting mixing suppression and critical layer theory. Values in the vicinity of the shelf break are suppressed to O(100 m 2 s -1) due tomore » the presence of westward slope front currents. Diffusivity attenuates less rapidly with depth in the jet than both eddy velocity and kinetic energy scalings would suggest. Removal of the mean flow via high-pass filtering shifts the nonlinear parameter (ratio of the eddy velocity to eddy phase speed) into the linear wave regime by increasing the eddy phase speed via the depth-mean flow. Low-pass filtering, in contrast, quantifies the effect of mean shear. Diffusivity is decomposed into mean flow shear, linear waves, and the residual nonhomogeneous turbulence components, where turbulence dominates and eddy-produced filamentation strained by background mean shear enhances mixing, accounting for ≥ 80% of the total diffusivity relative to mean shear [O(100 m 2 s -1)], linear waves [O(1000 m 2 s -1)], and undecomposed full diffusivity [O(6000 m 2 s -1)]. Finally, diffusivity parameterizations accounting for both the nonhomogeneous turbulence residual and depth variability are needed.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sondak, David; Oberai, Assad
2012-10-01
Novel large eddy simulation (LES) models are developed for incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). These models include the application of the variational multiscale formulation (VMS) of LES to the equations of incompressible MHD, a new residual-based eddy viscosity model (RBEVM,) and a mixed LES model that combines the strengths of both of these models. The new models result in a consistent numerical method that is relatively simple to implement. A dynamic procedure for determining model coefficients is no longer required. The new LES models are tested on a decaying Taylor-Green vortex generalized to MHD and benchmarked against classical and state-of-the art LES turbulence models as well as direct numerical simulations (DNS). These new models are able to account for the essential MHD physics which is demonstrated via comparisons of energy spectra. We also compare the performance of our models to a DNS simulation by A. Pouquet et al., for which the ratio of DNS modes to LES modes is 262,144. Additionally, we extend these models to a finite element setting in which boundary conditions play a role. A classic problem on which we test these models is turbulent channel flow, which in the case of MHD, is called Hartmann flow.
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The interaction of horizontal eddy transport and thermal drive in the stratosphere
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Salby, Murry L.; O'Sullivan, Donal; Callaghan, Patrick; Garcia, Rolando R.
1990-01-01
The two processes that determine the average state of the circulation; i.e., horizontal eddy transport and thermal dissipation, are examined, and the effects of their interaction on circulation and on tracer distribution in the stratosphere are investigated using barotropic calculations on the sphere. It is shown that eddy advection tends to homogenize the meridional gradient Q at low latitudes, while thermal dissipation restores the gradient after episodes of mixing.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chu, Peter C.
2018-03-01
SOund Fixing And Ranging (RAFOS) floats deployed by the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in the California Current system from 1992 to 2001 at depth between 150 and 600 m (http://www.oc.nps.edu/npsRAFOS/) are used to study 2-D turbulent characteristics. Each drifter trajectory is adaptively decomposed using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with corresponding specific scale for each IMF. A new steepest ascent low/non-low-frequency ratio is proposed in this paper to separate a Lagrangian trajectory into low-frequency (nondiffusive, i.e., deterministic) and high-frequency (diffusive, i.e., stochastic) components. The 2-D turbulent (or called eddy) diffusion coefficients are calculated on the base of the classical turbulent diffusion with mixing length theory from stochastic component of a single drifter. Statistical characteristics of the calculated 2-D turbulence length scale, strength, and diffusion coefficients from the NPS RAFOS data are presented with the mean values (over the whole drifters) of the 2-D diffusion coefficients comparable to the commonly used diffusivity tensor method.
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An experimental study of reactive turbulent mixing
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cooper, L. P.; Marek, C. J.; Strehlow, R. A.
1977-01-01
An experimental study of two coaxial gas streams, which react very rapidly, was performed to investigate the mixing characteristics of turbulent flow fields. The center stream consisted of a CO-N2 mixture and the outer annular stream consisted of air vitiated by H2 combustion. The streams were at equal velocity (50 m/sec) and temperature (1280 K). Turbulence measurements were obtained using hot film anemometry. A sampling probe was used to obtain time averaged gas compositions. Six different turbulence generators were placed in the annular passage to alter the flow field mixing characteristics. The turbulence generators affected the bulk mixing of the streams and the extent of CO conversion to different degrees. The effects can be related to the average eddy size (integral scale) and the bulk mixing. Higher extents of conversion of CO to CO2 were found be increasing the bulk mixing and decreasing the average eddy size.
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Observational Inferences of Lateral Eddy Diffusivity in the Halocline of the Beaufort Gyre
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meneghello, G.; Marshall, J.; Cole, S. T.; Timmermans, M. L.
2017-12-01
Using Ekman pumping rates mediated by sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean's Beaufort Gyre (BG), the magnitude of lateral eddy diffusivities required to balance downward pumping is inferred. In this limit — that of vanishing residual-mean circulation — eddy-induced upwelling exactly balances downward pumping. The implied eddy diffusivity varies spatially with values of 50-400 m2/s, and decays with depth. Eddy diffusivity estimated using mixing length theory applied to BG mooring data exhibits a similar range of values from 100 m2/s to more than 600 m2/s, and also decays with depth. We conclude that eddy diffusivities in the BG are likely large enough to balance downward Ekman pumping, arresting the deepening of the gyre and suggesting that eddies play a zero-order role in buoyancy and freshwater budgets of the BG.
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Turbulent diffusion with memories and intrinsic shear
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Tchen, C. M.
1974-01-01
The first part of the present theory is devoted to the derivation of a Fokker-Planck equation. The eddies smaller than the hydrodynamic scale of the diffusion cloud form a diffusivity, while the inhomogeneous, bigger eddies give rise to a nonuniform migratory drift. This introduces an eddy-induced shear which reflects on the large-scale diffusion. The eddy-induced shear does not require the presence of a permanent wind shear and is intrinsic to the diffusion. Secondly, a transport theory of diffusivity is developed by the method of repeated-cascade and is based upon a relaxation of a chain of memories with decreasing information. The full range of diffusion consists of inertia, composite, and shear subranges, for which variance and eddy diffusivities are predicted. The coefficients are evaluated. Comparison with experiments in the upper atmosphere and oceans is made.
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The Weddell-Scotia Confluence in midwinter
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Muench, Robin D.; Gunn, John T.; Husby, David M.
1990-10-01
The southern central Scotia Sea, site of the Weddell-Scotia Confluence where outflowing Weddell Sea waters converge with the eastward flowing waters of the Scotia Sea, was sampled during June-August (austral winter) 1988 with respect to temperature and salinity. Both drogued and ice-mounted drifters, tracked by Argos, were deployed in the region and yielded Lagrangian drift tracks of ice and water motion. The data substantiate past accounts of the region, based upon summer field research, as dominated by eastward flow upon which a complex array of mesoscale features is superimposed. Weddell-Scotia Confluence Water, documented by past summer work in the region and characterized by decreased static stability, was not detected, and the Scotia Front was not well defined. The region was one of intense mixing activity and primarily anticyclonic mesoscale features. Two such features, one an eddy and the other either an eddy or a meander in the Scotia Front, dominated the mesoscale field. With warm cores and containing Polar Front Water, they may have been advected eastward from Drake Passage or may have formed as detached eddies from a sharp northward bend in the Polar Front which typically lies just west of the study region. Several smaller eddies, primarily anticyclonic and some having warm cores, were also detected. There was no evidence of the deep convective mixing which has been hypothesized, on the basis of past summer data, to occur in winter, and vigorous vertical mixing was limited to a 100-m-thick upper mixed layer. Vertical stability in the upper layers was enhanced by low-salinity water derived from melting ice. Temperature-salinity analyses show that winter water in the study region can be derived through isopycnal mixing between waters from the Scotia Sea and waters from the northwestern Weddell Sea. This is in apparent contrast with summer conditions, wherein conditioning of water either through vertical mixing or via lateral mixing on continental margins has been invoked to arrive at the water mass characteristics which typify the Weddell-Scotia Confluence.
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An ocean large-eddy simulation of Langmuir circulations and convection in the surface mixed layer
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Skyllingstad, E.D.; Denbo, D.W.
Numerical experiments were performed using a three-dimensional large-eddy simulation model of the ocean surface mixed layer that includes the Craik-Leibovich vortex force to parameterize the interaction of surface waves with mean currents. Results from the experiments show that the vortex force generates Langmuir circulations that can dominate vertical mixing. The simulated vertical velocity fields show linear, small-scale, coherent structures near the surface that extend downwind across the model domain. In the interior of the mixed layer, scales of motion increase to eddy sizes that are roughly equivalent to the mixed-layer depth. Cases with the vortex force have stronger circulations nearmore » the surface in contrast to cases with only heat flux and wind stress, particularly when the heat flux is positive. Calculations of the velocity variance and turbulence dissipation rates for cases with and without the vortex force, surface cooling, and wind stress indicate that wave-current interactions are a dominant mixing process in the upper mixed layer. Heat flux calculations show that the entrainment rate at the mixed-layer base can be up to two times greater when the vortex force is included. In a case with reduced wind stress, turbulence dissipation rates remained high near the surface because of the vortex force interaction with preexisting inertial currents. In deep mixed layers ({approximately}250 m) the simulations show that Langmuir circulations can vertically transport water 145 m during conditions of surface heating. Observations of turbulence dissipation rates and the vertical temperature structure support the model results. 42 refs., 20 figs., 21 tabs.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Thiry, Olivier; Winckelmans, Grégoire
2016-02-01
In the large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows, models are used to account for the subgrid-scale (SGS) stress. We here consider LES with "truncation filtering only" (i.e., that due to the LES grid), thus without regular explicit filtering added. The SGS stress tensor is then composed of two terms: the cross term that accounts for interactions between resolved scales and unresolved scales, and the Reynolds term that accounts for interactions between unresolved scales. Both terms provide forward- (dissipation) and backward (production, also called backscatter) energy transfer. Purely dissipative, eddy-viscosity type, SGS models are widely used: Smagorinsky-type models, or more advanced multiscale-type models. Dynamic versions have also been developed, where the model coefficient is determined using a dynamic procedure. Being dissipative by nature, those models do not provide backscatter. Even when using the dynamic version with local averaging, one typically uses clipping to forbid negative values of the model coefficient and hence ensure the stability of the simulation; hence removing the backscatter produced by the dynamic procedure. More advanced SGS model are thus desirable, and that better conform to the physics of the true SGS stress, while remaining stable. We here investigate, in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and using a de-aliased pseudo-spectral method, the behavior of the cross term and of the Reynolds term: in terms of dissipation spectra, and in terms of probability density function (pdf) of dissipation in physical space: positive and negative (backscatter). We then develop a new mixed model that better accounts for the physics of the SGS stress and for the backscatter. It has a cross term part which is built using a scale-similarity argument, further combined with a correction for Galilean invariance using a pseudo-Leonard term: this is the term that also does backscatter. It also has an eddy-viscosity multiscale model part that accounts for all the remaining phenomena (also for the incompleteness of the cross term model), that is dynamic and that adjusts the overall dissipation. The model is tested, both a priori and a posteriori, and is compared to the direct numerical simulation and to the exact SGS terms, also in time. The model is seen to provide accurate energy spectra, also in comparison to the dynamic Smagorinsky model. It also provides significant backscatter (although four times less than the real SGS stress), while remaining stable.
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Turbulent entrainment in a strongly stratified barrier layer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pham, H. T.; Sarkar, S.
2017-06-01
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to investigate how turbulence in the wind-driven ocean mixed layer erodes the stratification of barrier layers. The model consists of a stratified Ekman layer that is driven by a surface wind. Simulations at a wide range of N0/f are performed to quantify the effect of turbulence and stratification on the entrainment rate. Here, N0 is the buoyancy frequency in the barrier layer and f is the Coriolis parameter. The evolution of the mixed layer follows two stages: a rapid initial deepening and a late-time growth at a considerably slower rate. During the first stage, the mixed layer thickens to the depth that is proportional to u∗/
fN0 where u∗ is the frictional velocity. During the second stage, the turbulence in the mixed layer continues to deepen further into the barrier layer, and the turbulent length scale is shown to scale with u∗/N0, independent of f. The late-time entrainment rate E follows the law of E=0.035Ri∗-1/2 where Ri∗ is the Richardson number. The exponent of -1/2 is identical but the coefficient of 0.035 is much smaller relative to the value of 2-3/2 for the nonrotating boundary layer. Simulations using the KPP model (version applicable to this simple case without additional effects of Langmuir turbulence or surface buoyancy flux) also yield the entrainment scaling of E∝Ri∗-1/2; however, the proportionality coefficient varies with the stratification. The structure of the Ekman current is examined to illustrate the strong effect of stratification in the limit of large N0/f. -
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Donnelly, Matthew; Leach, Harry; Strass, Volker
2017-07-01
The evolution of the deep salinity-maximum associated with the Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) is assessed using a set of 37 hydrographic sections collected over a 20-year period in the Southern Ocean as part of the WOCE/CLIVAR programme. A circumpolar decrease in the value of the salinity-maximum is observed eastwards from the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean through the Indian and Pacific sectors to Drake Passage. Isopycnal mixing processes are limited by circumpolar fronts, and in the Atlantic sector, this acts to limit the direct poleward propagation of the salinity signal. Limited entrainment occurs into the Weddell Gyre, with LCDW entering primarily through the eddy-dominated eastern limb. A vertical mixing coefficient, κV of (2.86 ± 1.06) × 10-4 m2 s-1 and an isopycnal mixing coefficient, κI of (8.97 ± 1.67) × 102 m2 s-1 are calculated for the eastern Indian and Pacific sectors of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). A κV of (2.39 ± 2.83) × 10-5 m2 s-1, an order of magnitude smaller, and a κI of (2.47 ± 0.63) × 102 m2 s-1, three times smaller, are calculated for the southern and eastern Weddell Gyre reflecting a more turbulent regime in the ACC and a less turbulent regime in the Weddell Gyre. In agreement with other studies, we conclude that the ACC acts as a barrier to direct meridional transport and mixing in the Atlantic sector evidenced by the eastward propagation of the deep salinity-maximum signal, insulating the Weddell Gyre from short-term changes in NADW characteristics.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Wolfram, Phillip J.; Ringler, Todd D.; Maltrud, Mathew E.
Isopycnal diffusivity due to stirring by mesoscale eddies in an idealized, wind-forced, eddying, midlatitude ocean basin is computed using Lagrangian, in Situ, Global, High-Performance Particle Tracking (LIGHT). Simulation is performed via LIGHT within the Model for Prediction across Scales Ocean (MPAS-O). Simulations are performed at 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-km resolution, where the first Rossby radius of deformation (RRD) is approximately 30 km. Scalar and tensor diffusivities are estimated at each resolution based on 30 ensemble members using particle cluster statistics. Each ensemble member is composed of 303 665 particles distributed across five potential density surfaces. Diffusivity dependence upon modelmore » resolution, velocity spatial scale, and buoyancy surface is quantified and compared with mixing length theory. The spatial structure of diffusivity ranges over approximately two orders of magnitude with values of O(10 5) m 2 s –1 in the region of western boundary current separation to O(10 3) m 2 s –1 in the eastern region of the basin. Dominant mixing occurs at scales twice the size of the first RRD. Model resolution at scales finer than the RRD is necessary to obtain sufficient model fidelity at scales between one and four RRD to accurately represent mixing. Mixing length scaling with eddy kinetic energy and the Lagrangian time scale yield mixing efficiencies that typically range between 0.4 and 0.8. In conclusion, a reduced mixing length in the eastern region of the domain relative to the west suggests there are different mixing regimes outside the baroclinic jet region.« less
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Dissipation in the Baltic proper during winter stratification
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lass, Hans Ulrich; Prandke, Hartmut; Liljebladh, Bengt
2003-06-01
Profiles of dissipation rates and stratification between 10 and 120 m depth were measured with a loosely tethered profiler over a 9-day winter period in the Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea. Supplementary measurements of current profiles were made with moored ADCPs. Temporal and spatial patterns of the stratification were observed by means of towed CTD. Shallow freshwater lenses in the surface mixed layer, mesoscale eddies, inertial oscillations, and inertial waves as part of the internal wave spectrum provided the marine physical environment for the small-scale turbulence. Two well-separated turbulence regimes were detected. The turbulence in the surface mixed layer was well correlated with the wind. The majority of the energy flux from the wind to the turbulent kinetic energy was dissipated within the surface mixed layer. A minor part of this flux was consumed by changes of the potential energy of the fresh water lenses. The penetration depth Hpen of the wind-driven turbulence into the weakly stratified surface mixed layer depended on the local wind speed (W10) as Hpen = cW103/2 Active erosion of the Baltic halocline by wind-driven turbulence is expected for wind speeds greater than 14 m/s. The turbulence in the strongly stratified interior of the water column was quite independent of the meteorological forcing at the sea surface. The integrated production of turbulent kinetic energy exceeded the energy loss of inertial oscillations in the surface layer suggesting additional energy sources which might have been provided by inertial wave radiation during geostrophic adjustment of coastal jets and mesoscale eddies. The averaged dissipation rate profile in the stratified part of the water column, best fitted by ɛ ∝ EN, was different from the scaling of the dissipation in the thermocline of the ocean [, 1986]. The diapycnical mixing coefficient (Kv) was best fit by Kv = a0/N according to [1987] with a0 ≈ 0.87 × 10-7 m2/s2. The diapycnal diffusivity estimated from the dissipation rate was lower than those estimated by the bulk method.
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Observations of the interaction between near-inertial waves and mesoscale eddies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martínez-Marrero, Antonio; Sangrá, Pablo; Caldeira, Rui; Aguiar-González, Borja; Rodríguez-Santana, Ángel
2014-05-01
Trajectories of eight drifters dragged below the surface mixed layer and current meter data from a mooring are used to analyse the interaction between near-inertial waves and mesoscale eddies. Drifters were deployed within eddies generated downstream of Canary and Madeira islands between 1998 and 2007. The mooring was installed in the passage of cyclonic eddies induced by Gran Canaria island during 2006. Rotatory wavelet analysis of Lagrangian velocities shows a clear relationship between the near-inertial waves' intrinsic frequencies and the eddy angular velocities. The results reveal that near-inertial waves reach a minimum frequency of half the planetary vorticity (f/2) in the inner core of young anticyclonic eddies rotating with its maximum absolute angular speed of f/2. The highest amplitudes of the observed inertial motions are also found within anticyclonic eddies evidencing the trapping of inertial waves. Finally, the analysis of the current meter series show frequency fluctuations of the near-inertial currents in the upper 500 meters that are related to the passage of cyclonic eddies. These fluctuations appear to be consistent with the variation of the background vorticity produced by the eddies.
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Some effects of swirl on turbulent mixing and combustion
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Rubel, A.
1972-01-01
A general formulation of some effects of swirl on turbulent mixing is given. The basis for the analysis is that momentum transport is enhanced by turbulence resulting from rotational instability of the fluid field. An appropriate form for the turbulent eddy viscosity is obtained by mixing length type arguments. The result takes the form of a corrective factor that is a function of the swirl and acts to increase the eddy viscosity. The factor is based upon the initial mixing conditions implying that the rotational turbulence decays in a manner similar to that of free shear turbulence. Existing experimental data for free jet combustion are adequately matched by using the modifying factor to relate the effects of swirl on eddy viscosity. The model is extended and applied to the supersonic combustion of a ring jet of hydrogen injected into a constant area annular air stream. The computations demonstrate that swirling the flow could: (1) reduce the burning length by one half, (2) result in more uniform burning across the annulus width, and (3) open the possibility of optimization of the combustion characteristics by locating the fuel jet between the inner wall and center of the annulus width.
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Analysis of eddy current induced in track on medium-low speed maglev train
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Guanchun; Jia, Zhen; He, Guang; Li, Jie
2017-06-01
Electromagnetic levitation (EMS) maglev train relies on the attraction between the electromagnets and rails which are mounted on the train to achieve suspension. During the movement, the magnetic field generated by the electromagnet will induce the eddy current in the orbit and the eddy current will weaken the suspended magnetic field. Which leads to the attenuation of the levitation force, the increases of suspension current and the degradation the suspension performance. In this paper, the influence of eddy current on the air gap magnetic field is solved by theoretical analysis, and the correction coefficient of air gap magnetic field is fitted according to the finite element data. The levitation force and current are calculated by the modified formula, and the velocity curves of the levitation force and current are obtained. The results show that the eddy current effect increases the load power by 61.9% in the case of heavy loads.
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Horizontal mixing in the Southern Ocean from Argo float trajectories
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Roach, Christopher J.; Balwada, Dhruv; Speer, Kevin
2016-08-01
We provide the first observational estimate of the circumpolar distribution of cross-stream eddy diffusivity at 1000 m in the Southern Ocean using Argo float trajectories. We show that Argo float trajectories, from the float surfacing positions, can be used to estimate lateral eddy diffusivities in the ocean and that these estimates are comparable to those obtained from RAFOS floats, where they overlap. Using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) velocity fields to advect synthetic particles with imposed behavior that is "Argo-like" and "RAFOS-like" diffusivity estimates from both sets of synthetic particles agreed closely at the three dynamically very different test sites, the Kerguelen Island region, the Southeast Pacific Ocean, and the Scotia Sea, and support our approach. Observed cross-stream diffusivities at 1000 m, calculated from Argo float trajectories, ranged between 300 and 2500 m2 s-1, with peaks corresponding to topographic features associated with the Scotia Sea, the Kerguelen Plateau, the Campbell Plateau, and the Southeast Pacific Ridge. These observational estimates agree with previous regional estimates from the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES) near the Drake Passage, and other estimates from natural tracers (helium), inverse modeling studies, and current meter measurements. These estimates are also compared to the suppressed eddy diffusivity in the presence of mean flows. The comparison suggests that away from regions of strong topographic steering suppression explains both the structure and magnitude of eddy diffusivity but that eddy diffusivities in the regions of topographic steering are greater than what would be theoretically expected and the ACC experiences localized enhanced cross-stream mixing in these regions.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Madonna, E.; Li, C.; Grams, C. M.; Woollings, T.
2017-12-01
Understanding the variability of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet is key to unravelling the dynamics, predictability and climate change response of extratropical weather in the region. This study aims to 1) reconcile two perspectives on wintertime variability in the North Atlantic-European sector and 2) clarify their link to atmospheric blocking. Two common views of wintertime variability in the North Atlantic are the zonal-mean framework comprising three preferred locations of the eddy-driven jet (southern, central, northern), and the weather regime framework comprising four classical North Atlantic-European regimes (Atlantic ridge AR, zonal ZO, European/Scandinavian blocking BL, Greenland anticyclone GA). We use a k-means clustering algorithm to characterize the two-dimensional variability of the eddy-driven jet stream, defined by the lower tropospheric zonal wind in the ERA-Interim reanalysis. The first three clusters capture the central jet and northern jet, along with a new mixed jet configuration; a fourth cluster is needed to recover the southern jet. The mixed cluster represents a split or strongly tilted jet, neither of which is well described in the zonal-mean framework, and has a persistence of about one week, similar to the other clusters. Connections between the preferred jet locations and weather regimes are corroborated - southern to GA, central to ZO, and northern to AR. In addition, the new mixed cluster is found to be linked to European/Scandinavian blocking, whose relation to the eddy-driven jet was previously unclear. The results highlight the necessity of bridging from weather to climate scales for a deeper understanding of atmospheric circulation variability.
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Turbulent convection in geostrophic circulation with wind and buoyancy forcing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sohail, Taimoor; Gayen, Bishakhdatta; Hogg, Andy
2017-11-01
We conduct a direct numerical simulation of geostrophic circulation forced by surface wind and buoyancy to model a circumpolar ocean. The imposed buoyancy forcing (represented by Rayleigh number) drives a zonal current and supports small-scale convection in the buoyancy destabilizing region. In addition, we observe eddy activity which transports heat southward, supporting a large amount of heat uptake. Increasing wind stress enhances the meridional buoyancy gradient, triggering more eddy activity inside the boundary layer. Therefore, heat uptake increases with higher wind stress. The majority of dissipation is confined within the surface boundary layer, while mixing is dominant inside the convective plume and the buoyancy destabilizing region of the domain. The relative strength of the mixing and dissipation in the system can be expressed by mixing efficiency. This study finds that mixing is much greater than viscous dissipation, resulting in higher values of mixing efficiency than previously used. Supported by Australian Research Council Grant DP140103706.
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Plasma transport in the Io torus - The importance of microscopic diffusion
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mei, YI; Thorne, Richard M.
1991-01-01
This paper considers the question of whether the distribution of mass in the Io plasma torus is consistent with the concept of interchange eddy transport. Specifically, the flux tube content exhibits a gradual decrease with increasing radial distance from the source near Io without any evidence for substantial density irregularity associated with the plasma source or loss. Using a simple one-dimensional numerical model to simulate macroscopic interchange eddy transport, it is demonstrated that this smooth equilibrium distribution of mass can occur but only with the inclusion of a minimal level of small scale microscopic mixing at a rate approaching Bohm diffusion. Otherwise, the system exhibits a chaotic appearance which never approaches an equilibrium distribution. Various physical mechanisms for the microscopic diffusion process which is required to provide a sufficiently rapid mixing of material between the macroscopic eddies are discussed.
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Prediction of dynamic and mixing characteristics of drop-laden mixing layers using DNS and LES
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Okong'o, N.; Leboissetier, A.; Bellan, J.
2004-01-01
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) have been conducted of a temporal mixing layer laden with evaporating drops, in order to assess the ability of LES to reproduce dynamic and mixing aspects of the DNS which affect combustion, independently of combustion models.
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Biogenic mixing induced by intermediate Reynolds number swimming in stratified fluids
Wang, Shiyan; Ardekani, Arezoo M.
2015-01-01
We study fully resolved motion of interacting swimmers in density stratified fluids using an archetypal swimming model called “squirmer”. The intermediate Reynolds number regime is particularly important, because the vast majority of organisms in the aphotic ocean (i.e. regions that are 200 m beneath the sea surface) are small (mm-cm) and their motion is governed by the balance of inertial and viscous forces. Our study shows that the mixing efficiency and the diapycnal eddy diffusivity, a measure of vertical mass flux, within a suspension of squirmers increases with Reynolds number. The mixing efficiency is in the range of O(0.0001–0.04) when the swimming Reynolds number is in the range of O(0.1–100). The values of diapycnal eddy diffusivity and Cox number are two orders of magnitude larger for vertically swimming cells compared to horizontally swimming cells. For a suspension of squirmers in a decaying isotropic turbulence, we find that the diapycnal eddy diffusivity enhances due to the strong viscous dissipation generated by squirmers as well as the interaction of squirmers with the background turbulence. PMID:26628288
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Biogenic mixing induced by intermediate Reynolds number swimming in stratified fluids.
Wang, Shiyan; Ardekani, Arezoo M
2015-12-02
We study fully resolved motion of interacting swimmers in density stratified fluids using an archetypal swimming model called "squirmer". The intermediate Reynolds number regime is particularly important, because the vast majority of organisms in the aphotic ocean (i.e. regions that are 200 m beneath the sea surface) are small (mm-cm) and their motion is governed by the balance of inertial and viscous forces. Our study shows that the mixing efficiency and the diapycnal eddy diffusivity, a measure of vertical mass flux, within a suspension of squirmers increases with Reynolds number. The mixing efficiency is in the range of O(0.0001-0.04) when the swimming Reynolds number is in the range of O(0.1-100). The values of diapycnal eddy diffusivity and Cox number are two orders of magnitude larger for vertically swimming cells compared to horizontally swimming cells. For a suspension of squirmers in a decaying isotropic turbulence, we find that the diapycnal eddy diffusivity enhances due to the strong viscous dissipation generated by squirmers as well as the interaction of squirmers with the background turbulence.
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Characterization and impact of "dead-zone" eddies in the tropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schuette, Florian; Karstensen, Johannes; Krahmann, Gerd; Hauss, Helena; Fiedler, Björn; Brandt, Peter; Visbeck, Martin; Körtzinger, Arne
2016-04-01
Localized open-ocean low-oxygen dead-zones in the tropical Northeast Atlantic are recently discovered ocean features that can develop in dynamically isolated water masses within cyclonic eddies (CE) and anticyclonic modewater eddies (ACME). Analysis of a comprehensive oxygen dataset obtained from gliders, moorings, research vessels and Argo floats shows that eddies with low oxygen concentrations at 50-150 m depths can be found in surprisingly high numbers and in a large area (from about 5°N to 20°N, from the shelf at the eastern boundary to 30°W). Minimum oxygen concentrations of about 9 μmol/kg in CEs and close to anoxic concentrations (< 1 μmol/kg) in ACMEs were observed. In total, 495 profiles with oxygen concentrations below the minimum background concentration of 40 μmol/kg could be associated with 27 independent "dead-zone" eddies (10 CEs; 17 ACMEs). The low oxygen concentration right beneath the mixed layer has been attributed to the combination of high productivity in the surface waters of the eddies and the isolation of the eddies' cores. Indeed eddies of both types feature a cold sea surface temperature anomaly and enhanced chlorophyll concentrations in their center. The oxygen minimum is located in the eddy core beneath the mixed layer at around 80 m depth. The mean oxygen anomaly between 50 to 150 m depth for CEs (ACMEs) is -49 (-81) μmol/kg. Eddies south of 12°N carry weak hydrographic anomalies in their cores and seem to be generated in the open ocean away from the boundary. North of 12°N, eddies of both types carry anomalously low salinity water of South Atlantic Central Water origin from the eastern boundary upwelling region into the open ocean. This points to an eddy generation near the eastern boundary. A conservative estimate yields that around 5 dead-zone eddies (4 CEs; 1 ACME) per year entering the area north of 12°N between the Cap Verde Islands and 19°W. The associated contribution to the oxygen budget of the shallow oxygen minimum zone in that area is about -10.3 (-3.0) μmol/kg/yr for CEs (ACMEs). The consumption within these eddies represents an essential part of the total consumption in the open tropical Northeast Atlantic Ocean and might be partly responsible for the formation of the shallow oxygen minimum zone.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Stone, Peter H.; Yao, Mao-Sung
1990-01-01
A number of perpetual January simulations are carried out with a two-dimensional zonally averaged model employing various parameterizations of the eddy fluxes of heat (potential temperature) and moisture. The parameterizations are evaluated by comparing these results with the eddy fluxes calculated in a parallel simulation using a three-dimensional general circulation model with zonally symmetric forcing. The three-dimensional model's performance in turn is evaluated by comparing its results using realistic (nonsymmetric) boundary conditions with observations. Branscome's parameterization of the meridional eddy flux of heat and Leovy's parameterization of the meridional eddy flux of moisture simulate the seasonal and latitudinal variations of these fluxes reasonably well, while somewhat underestimating their magnitudes. New parameterizations of the vertical eddy fluxes are developed that take into account the enhancement of the eddy mixing slope in a growing baroclinic wave due to condensation, and also the effect of eddy fluctuations in relative humidity. The new parameterizations, when tested in the two-dimensional model, simulate the seasonal, latitudinal, and vertical variations of the vertical eddy fluxes quite well, when compared with the three-dimensional model, and only underestimate the magnitude of the fluxes by 10 to 20 percent.
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Contrail Formation in Aircraft Wakes Using Large-Eddy Simulations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Paoli, R.; Helie, J.; Poinsot, T. J.; Ghosal, S.
2002-01-01
In this work we analyze the issue of the formation of condensation trails ("contrails") in the near-field of an aircraft wake. The basic configuration consists in an exhaust engine jet interacting with a wing-tip training vortex. The procedure adopted relies on a mixed Eulerian/Lagrangian two-phase flow approach; a simple micro-physics model for ice growth has been used to couple ice and vapor phases. Large eddy simulations have carried out at a realistic flight Reynolds number to evaluate the effects of turbulent mixing and wake vortex dynamics on ice-growth characteristics and vapor thermodynamic properties.
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The 2008 North Atlantic Spring Bloom Experiment II: Autonomous Platforms and Mixed Layer Evolution
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, C. M.; D'Asaro, E. A.; Perry, M.; Fennel, K.; Gray, A.; Rehm, E.; Briggs, N.; Sackmann, B. S.; Gudmundsson, K.
2008-12-01
The 2008 North Atlantic Spring Bloom Experiment (NAB08) employed a system of drifting floats, mobile gliders and ship-based measurements to resolve patch-scale physical and biological variability over the 3- month course of an entire bloom. Although both autonomous and ship-based elements were essential to achieving NAB08 goals, the autonomous system provided a novel perspective by employing long-range gliders to repeatedly survey the volume surrounding a drifting Lagrangian float, thus characterizing patch- scale bloom evolution. Integration of physical and biogeochemical sensors (temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll and CDOM fluorescence, light transmission, optical backscatter, spectral light, and nitrate) and development of in situ calibration techniques were required to support this new autonomous approach. Energetic, small-scale eddy activity at the experiment site (southeast of Iceland, near the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study and Marine Light Mixed Layer sites) produced a swift, heterogeneous velocity field that challenged the gliders" operational abilities and drove refinements to the piloting techniques used to maintain float-following surveys. Although intentionally deployed outside of energetic eddies, floats and gliders were rapidly entrained into these features. Floats circulated within eddies near the start and end of the experiment, drifting generally northwest, across the basin, in-between. An eddy sampled late in the deployment provided particularly interesting signatures, with elevated biological signals manifest consistently in one quadrant. As measurements were collected in a parcel-following Lagrangian frame, this suggests energetic small-scale exchange process (such as vertical or lateral mixing) paired with fast-acting biological processes capable of modifying the newly entrained water as it navigates its path around the eddy. Despite this energetic kilometer-scale heterogeneity, broadly distributed platforms appeared to experience similar broad, long-timescale trends. Initial mixed layer depths exceeded 200 m, with gradual shoaling punctuated by periods of rapid, storm-driven deepening. In mid-April, a period of calm weather, rapid restratification and exponentially growing chlorophyll fluorescence marks the bloom's start. Although one-dimensional processes (e.g. diapycnal mixing and solar warming) clearly play important roles in producing the spring bloom, the rate and vertical extent of upper ocean restratification indicate that lateral mixing, perhaps wind- or eddy-driven exchange or the slumping of lateral density contrasts, play a more important role in restratifying the upper ocean. These important trigger events present a severe observational challenge as they take place at small (kilometers) spatial scales, are fully three-dimensional and episodic in time. The NAB08 efforts demonstrate how mobile, autonomous platforms can be exploited to resolve these events and their impact over the course of an entire bloom cycle.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Zhao; Wang, Dazhi; Zheng, Di; Yu, Linxin
2017-10-01
Rotational permanent magnet eddy current couplers are promising devices for torque and speed transmission without any mechanical contact. In this study, flux-concentration disk-type permanent magnet eddy current couplers with double conductor rotor are investigated. Given the drawback of the accurate three-dimensional finite element method, this paper proposes a mixed two-dimensional analytical modeling approach. Based on this approach, the closed-form expressions of magnetic field, eddy current, electromagnetic force and torque for such devices are obtained. Finally, a three-dimensional finite element method is employed to validate the analytical results. Besides, a prototype is manufactured and tested for the torque-speed characteristic.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kelly, R. W.; Chalk, C.; Dorrell, R. M.; Peakall, J.; Burns, A. D.; Keevil, G. M.; Thomas, R. E.; Williams, G.
2016-12-01
In the natural environment, gravity currents transport large volumes of sediment great distances and are often considered one of the most important mechanisms for sediment transport in ocean basins. Deposits from many individual submarine gravity currents, turbidites, ultimately form submarine fan systems. These are the largest sedimentary systems on the planet and contain valuable hydrocarbon reserves. Moreover, the impact of these currents on submarine technologies and seafloor infrastructure can be devastating and therefore they are of significant interest to a wide range of industries. Here we present experimental, numerical and theoretical models of time-averaged turbulent shear stresses, i.e. Reynolds stresses. Reynolds stresses can be conceptually parameterised by an eddy viscosity parameter that relates chaotic fluid motion to diffusive type processes. As such, it is a useful parameter for indicating the extent of internal mixing and is used extensively in both numerical and analytical modelling of both open-channel and gravity driven flows. However, a lack of knowledge of the turbulent structure of gravity currents limits many hydro- and morphodynamic models. High resolution 3-dimensional experimental velocity data, gathered using acoustic Doppler profiling velocimetry, enabled direct calculation of stresses and eddy viscosity. Comparison of experimental data to CFD and analytical models allowed the testing of eddy viscosity-based turbulent mixing models. The calculated eddy viscosity profile is parabolic in nature in both the upper and lower shear layers. However, an apparent breakdown in the Boussinesq hypothesis (used to calculate the eddy viscosity and upon which many numerical models are based) is observed in the region of the current around the velocity maximum. With the use of accompanying density data it is suggested that the effect of stratification on eddy viscosity is significant and alternative formulations may be required.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Loescher, Carolin; Fischer, Martin; Neulinger, Sven; Fiedler, Björn; Philippi, Miriam; Schütte, Florian; Singh, Arvind; Hauss, Helena; Karstensen, Johannes; Körtzinger, Arne; Schmitz, Ruth
2016-04-01
The eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) is characterized by a highly productive coastal upwelling system and a moderate oxygen minimum zone with lowest open ocean oxygen (O2) concentrations of approximately 40 μmol kg-1. The recent discovery of re-occurring mesoscale eddies with close to anoxic O2 concentrations (<1 μmol kg-1) located just below the mixed layer has challenged our understanding of O2 distribution and biogeochemical processes in this area. Here, we present the first microbial community study from a deoxygenated anticyclonic modewater eddy in the open waters of the ETNA. In the eddy, we observed significantly lower bacterial diversity compared to surrounding waters, along with a significant community shift. We detected enhanced primary productivity in the surface layer of the eddy indicated by elevated chlorophyll concentrations and carbon uptake rates of up to three times as high as in surrounding waters. Carbon uptake rates below the euphotic zone correlated to the presence of a specific high-light ecotype of Prochlorococcus, which is usually underrepresented in the ETNA. Our data indicate that high primary production in the eddy fuels export production and supports enhanced respiration in a specific microbial community at shallow depths, below the mixed layer base. The O2-depleted core waters eddy promoted transcription of the key gene for denitrification, nirS. This process is usually absent from the open ETNA waters. In light of future projected ocean deoxygenation, our results show that even distinct events of anoxia have the potential to alter microbial community structure with critical impacts on primary productivity and biogeochemical processes of oceanic water bodies.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Löscher, C. R.; Fischer, M. A.; Neulinger, S. C.; Fiedler, B.; Philippi, M.; Schütte, F.; Singh, A.; Hauss, H.; Karstensen, J.; Körtzinger, A.; Künzel, S.; Schmitz, R. A.
2015-08-01
The eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) is characterized by a highly productive coastal upwelling system and a moderate oxygen minimum zone with lowest open ocean oxygen (O2) concentrations of around 40 μmol kg-1. Only recently, the discovery of re-occurring mesoscale eddies with sometimes close to anoxic O2 concentrations (<1 μmol kg-1) and located just below the mixed layer challenged our understanding of O2 distribution and biogeochemical processes in this area. Here, we present the first metagenomic dataset from a deoxygenated anticyclonic modewater eddy in the open waters of the ETNA. In the eddy, we observed a significantly lower bacterial diversity compared to surrounding waters, along with a significant community shift. We detected enhanced primary productivity in the surface layer of the eddy indicated by elevated chlorophyll concentrations and increased carbon uptake rates up to three times as high as in surrounding waters. Carbon uptake below the euphotic zone correlated to the presence of a specific high-light ecotype of Prochlorococcus, which is usually underrepresented in the ETNA. Our combined data indicate that high primary production in the eddy fuels export production and the presence of a specific microbial community responsible for enhanced respiration at shallow depths, below the mixed layer base. Progressively decreasing O2 concentrations in the eddy were found to promote transcription of the key gene for denitrification, nirS, in the O2-depleted core waters. This process is usually absent from the open ETNA waters. In the light of future ocean deoxygenation our results show exemplarily that even distinct events of anoxia have the potential to alter microbial community structures and with that critically impact primary productivity and biogeochemical processes of oceanic water bodies.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Löscher, C. R.; Fischer, M. A.; Neulinger, S. C.; Fiedler, B.; Philippi, M.; Schütte, F.; Singh, A.; Hauss, H.; Karstensen, J.; Körtzinger, A.; Künzel, S.; Schmitz, R. A.
2015-12-01
The eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) is characterized by a highly productive coastal upwelling system and a moderate oxygen minimum zone with lowest open-ocean oxygen (O2) concentrations of approximately 40 μmol kg-1. The recent discovery of re-occurring mesoscale eddies with close to anoxic O2 concentrations (< 1 μmol kg-1) located just below the mixed layer has challenged our understanding of O2 distribution and biogeochemical processes in this area. Here, we present the first microbial community study from a deoxygenated anticyclonic modewater eddy in the open waters of the ETNA. In the eddy, we observed significantly lower bacterial diversity compared to surrounding waters, along with a significant community shift. We detected enhanced primary productivity in the surface layer of the eddy indicated by elevated chlorophyll concentrations and carbon uptake rates of up to three times as high as in surrounding waters. Carbon uptake rates below the euphotic zone correlated to the presence of a specific high-light ecotype of Prochlorococcus, which is usually underrepresented in the ETNA. Our data indicate that high primary production in the eddy fuels export production and supports enhanced respiration in a specific microbial community at shallow depths, below the mixed-layer base. The transcription of the key functional marker gene for dentrification, nirS, further indicated a potential for nitrogen loss processes in O2-depleted core waters of the eddy. Dentrification is usually absent from the open ETNA waters. In light of future projected ocean deoxygenation, our results show that even distinct events of anoxia have the potential to alter microbial community structure with critical impacts on primary productivity and biogeochemical processes of oceanic water bodies.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Landahl, M. T.
1984-08-01
The fundamental ideas behind Prandtl's famous mixing length theory are discussed in the light of newer findings from experimental and theoretical research on coherent turbulence structures in the region near solid walls. A simple theoretical model for 'flat' structures is used to examine the fundamental assumptions behind Prandtl's theory. The model is validated by comparisons with conditionally sampled velocity data obtained in recent channel flow experiments. Particular attention is given to the role of pressure fluctuations on the evolution of flat eddies. The validity of Prandtl's assumption that an element of fluid retains its streamwise momentum as it is moved around by turbulence is confirmed for flat eddies. It is demonstrated that spanwise pressure gradients give rise to a contribution to the vertical displacement of a fluid element which is proportional to the distance from the wall. This contribution is particularly important for eddies that are highly elongated in the streamwise direction.
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A novel eddy current damper: theory and experiment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ebrahimi, Babak; Khamesee, Mir Behrad; Golnaraghi, Farid
2009-04-01
A novel eddy current damper is developed and its damping characteristics are studied analytically and experimentally. The proposed eddy current damper consists of a conductor as an outer tube, and an array of axially magnetized ring-shaped permanent magnets separated by iron pole pieces as a mover. The relative movement of the magnets and the conductor causes the conductor to undergo motional eddy currents. Since the eddy currents produce a repulsive force that is proportional to the velocity of the conductor, the moving magnet and the conductor behave as a viscous damper. The eddy current generation causes the vibration to dissipate through the Joule heating generated in the conductor part. An accurate, analytical model of the system is obtained by applying electromagnetic theory to estimate the damping properties of the proposed eddy current damper. A prototype eddy current damper is fabricated, and experiments are carried out to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model. The experimental test bed consists of a one-degree-of-freedom vibration isolation system and is used for the frequency and transient time response analysis of the system. The eddy current damper model has a 0.1 m s-2 (4.8%) RMS error in the estimation of the mass acceleration. A damping coefficient as high as 53 Ns m-1 is achievable with the fabricated prototype. This novel eddy current damper is an oil-free, inexpensive damper that is applicable in various vibration isolation systems such as precision machinery, micro-mechanical suspension systems and structure vibration isolation.
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Toward relaxed eddy accumulation measurements of sediment-water exchange in aquatic ecosystems
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lemaire, Bruno J.; Noss, Christian; Lorke, Andreas
2017-09-01
Solute transport across the sediment-water interface has major implications for water quality and biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems. Existing measurement techniques, however, are not capable of resolving sediment-water fluxes of most constituents under in situ flow conditions. We investigated whether relaxed eddy accumulation (REA), a micrometeorological technique with conditional sampling of turbulent updrafts and downdrafts, can be adapted to the aquatic environment. We simulated REA fluxes by reanalyzing eddy covariance measurements from a riverine lake. We found that the empirical coefficient that relates mass fluxes to the concentration difference between both REA samples is invariant with scalar and flow and responds as predicted by a joint Gaussian distribution of linearly correlated variables. Simulated REA fluxes differed on average by around 30% from eddy covariance fluxes (mean absolute error). Assessment of the lower quantification limit suggests that REA can potentially be applied for measuring benthic fluxes of a new range of constituents that cannot be assessed by standard eddy covariance methods.
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Conversion of para and ortho hydrogen in the Jovian planets
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Massie, S. T.; Hunten, D. M.
1982-01-01
A mechanism is proposed which partially equilibrates the para and ortho rotational levels of molecular hydrogen in the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Catalytic reactions between the free-radical surface sites of aerosol particles and hydrogen modecules yield significant equilibration near 1 bar pressure, if the efficiency of conversion per collision is between 10 to the -8th and 10 to the -10th and the effective eddy mixing coefficient is 10,000 sq cm/sec. At lower pressures the ortho-para ratio retains the value at the top of the cloud layer, except for a very small effect from conversion in the thermosphere. The influence of conversion on the specific heat and adiabatic lapse rate is also investigated. The effect is found to be generally small, though is can rise to 10% inside the aerosol layer.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sharan, Nek; Matheou, Georgios; Dimotakis, Paul
2017-11-01
Artificial numerical dissipation decreases dispersive oscillations and can play a key role in mitigating unphysical scalar excursions in large eddy simulations (LES). Its influence on scalar mixing can be assessed through the resolved-scale scalar, Z , its probability density function (PDF), variance, spectra, and the budget of the horizontally averaged equation for Z2. LES of incompressible temporally evolving shear flow enabled us to study the influence of numerical dissipation on unphysical scalar excursions and mixing estimates. Flows with different mixing behavior, with both marching and non-marching scalar PDFs, are studied. Scalar fields for each flow are compared for different grid resolutions and numerical scalar-convection term schemes. As expected, increasing numerical dissipation enhances scalar mixing in the development stage of shear flow characterized by organized large-scale pairings with a non-marching PDF, but has little influence in the self-similar stage of flows with marching PDFs. Flow parameters and regimes sensitive to numerical dissipation help identify approaches to mitigate unphysical excursions while minimizing dissipation.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Rodriguez, Sal
2017-08-24
The code (aka computer program written as a Matlab script) uses a unique set of n independent equations to solve for n turbulence variables. The code requires the input of a characteristic dimension, a characteristic fluid velocity, the fluid dynamic viscosity, and the fluid density. Most importantly, the code estimates the size of three key turbulent eddies: Kolmogorov, Taylor, and integral. Based on the eddy sizes, dimples dimensions are prescribed such that the key eddies (principally Taylor, and sometimes Kolmogorov), can be generated by the dimple rim and flow unimpeded through the dimple’s concave cavity. It is hypothesized that turbulentmore » eddies are generated by the dimple rim at the dimple-surface interface. The newly-generated eddies in turn entrain the movement of surrounding regions of fluid, creating more mixing. The eddies also generate lift near the wall surrounding the dimple, as they accelerate and reduce pressure in the regions near and at the dimple cavity, thereby minimizing the fluid drag.« less
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An Intrathermocline Eddy and a tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gordon, Arnold L.; Shroyer, Emily; Murty, V. S. N.
2017-04-01
The Bay of Bengal, subjected to monsoonal forcing and tropical cyclones, displays a complex field of ocean eddies. On 5 December 2013 a sub-surface vortex or Intrathermocline Eddy (ITE) composed of water characteristic of the Andaman Sea was observed within the thermocline of the western Bay of Bengal. We propose that the ITE was the product of Tropical Cyclone Lehar interaction on 27 November 2013 with a westward propagating surface eddy from the eastern Bay of Bengal. While Lehar’s interaction with the ocean initially removes heat from the upper layers of the eddy, air-sea flux is limited as the deeper portions of the eddy was subducted into the stratified thermocline, inhibiting further interaction with the atmosphere. The ITE core from 30 to 150 m is thus isolated from local air-sea fluxes by strong stratification at the mixed layer base, and its periphery is stable to shear instability, suggestive of longevity and the ability to carry water far distances with minimal modification.
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An Intrathermocline Eddy and a tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal.
Gordon, Arnold L; Shroyer, Emily; Murty, V S N
2017-04-12
The Bay of Bengal, subjected to monsoonal forcing and tropical cyclones, displays a complex field of ocean eddies. On 5 December 2013 a sub-surface vortex or Intrathermocline Eddy (ITE) composed of water characteristic of the Andaman Sea was observed within the thermocline of the western Bay of Bengal. We propose that the ITE was the product of Tropical Cyclone Lehar interaction on 27 November 2013 with a westward propagating surface eddy from the eastern Bay of Bengal. While Lehar's interaction with the ocean initially removes heat from the upper layers of the eddy, air-sea flux is limited as the deeper portions of the eddy was subducted into the stratified thermocline, inhibiting further interaction with the atmosphere. The ITE core from 30 to 150 m is thus isolated from local air-sea fluxes by strong stratification at the mixed layer base, and its periphery is stable to shear instability, suggestive of longevity and the ability to carry water far distances with minimal modification.
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An Intrathermocline Eddy and a tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal
Gordon, Arnold L.; Shroyer, Emily; Murty, V. S. N.
2017-01-01
The Bay of Bengal, subjected to monsoonal forcing and tropical cyclones, displays a complex field of ocean eddies. On 5 December 2013 a sub-surface vortex or Intrathermocline Eddy (ITE) composed of water characteristic of the Andaman Sea was observed within the thermocline of the western Bay of Bengal. We propose that the ITE was the product of Tropical Cyclone Lehar interaction on 27 November 2013 with a westward propagating surface eddy from the eastern Bay of Bengal. While Lehar’s interaction with the ocean initially removes heat from the upper layers of the eddy, air-sea flux is limited as the deeper portions of the eddy was subducted into the stratified thermocline, inhibiting further interaction with the atmosphere. The ITE core from 30 to 150 m is thus isolated from local air-sea fluxes by strong stratification at the mixed layer base, and its periphery is stable to shear instability, suggestive of longevity and the ability to carry water far distances with minimal modification. PMID:28401909
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Turbulent mixing within the Kuroshio in the Tokara Strait
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tsutsumi, Eisuke; Matsuno, Takeshi; Lien, Ren-Chieh; Nakamura, Hirohiko; Senjyu, Tomoharu; Guo, Xinyu
2017-09-01
Turbulent mixing and background current were observed using a microstructure profiler and acoustic Doppler current profilers in the Tokara Strait, where many seamounts and small islands exist within the route of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea. Vertical structure and water properties of the Kuroshio were greatly modified downstream from shallow seamounts. In the lee of a seamount crest at 200 m depth, the modification made the flow tend to shear instability, and the vertical eddy diffusivity is enhanced by nearly 100 times that of the upstream site, to Kρ ˜ O(10-3)-O(10-2) m2 s-1. A one-dimensional diffusion model using the observed eddy diffusivity reproduced the observed downstream evolution of the temperature-salinity profile. However, the estimated diffusion time-scale is at least 10 times longer than the observed advection time-scale. This suggests that the eddy diffusivity reaches to O(10-1) m2 s-1 in the vicinity of the seamount. At a site away from the abrupt topography, eddy diffusivity was also elevated to O(10-3) m2 s-1, and was associated with shear instability presumably induced by the Kuroshio shear and near-inertial internal-wave shear. Our study suggests that a better prediction of current, water-mass properties, and nutrients within the Kuroshio requires accurate understanding and parameterization of flow-topography interaction such as internal hydraulics, the associated internal-wave processes, and turbulent mixing processes.
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Detailed characteristics of drop-laden mixing layers: LES predictions compared to DNS
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Okong'o, N.; Leboissetier, A.; Bellan, J.
2004-01-01
Results have been compared from Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of a temporal mixing layer laden with evaporating drops, to assess the ability of LES to reproduce detailed characteristics of DNS.
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K. Novick; J. Walker; W.S. Chan; A. Schmidt; C. Sobek; J.M. Vose
2013-01-01
A new class of enclosed path gas analyzers suitable for eddy covariance applications combines the advantages of traditional closed-path systems (small density corrections, good performance in poor weather) and open-path systems (good spectral response, low power requirements), and permits estimates of instantaneous gas mixing ratio. Here, the extent to which these...
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Pulsed jet combustion generator for premixed charge engines
Oppenheim, A. K.; Stewart, H. E.; Hom, K.
1990-01-01
A method and device for generating pulsed jets which will form plumes comprising eddie structures, which will entrain a fuel/air mixture from the head space of an internal combustion engine, and mixing this fuel/air mixture with a pre-ignited fuel/air mixture of the plumes thereby causing combustion of the reactants to occur within the interior of the eddie structures.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chu, Xia; Xue, Lulin; Geerts, Bart; Kosović, Branko
2018-05-01
Ice particles and supercooled droplets often co-exist in planetary boundary-layer (PBL) clouds. The question examined in this numerical study is how large turbulent PBL eddies affect snow growth and surface precipitation from mixed-phase PBL clouds. In order to simplify this question, this study assumes an idealized BL with well-developed turbulence but no surface heat fluxes or radiative heat exchanges. Large Eddy Simulations with and without resolved PBL turbulence are compared. This comparison demonstrates that the impact on snow growth in mixed-phase clouds is controlled by two opposing mechanisms, a microphysical and a dynamical one. The cloud microphysical impact of large turbulent eddies is based on the difference in saturation vapor pressure over water and over ice. The net outcome of alternating turbulent up- and downdrafts is snow growth by diffusion and/or accretion (riming). On the other hand, turbulence-induced entrainment and detrainment may suppress snow growth. In the case presented herein, the net effect of these microphysical and dynamical processes is positive, but in general the net effect depends on ambient conditions, in particular the profiles of temperature, humidity, and wind.
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Validating Variance Similarity Functions in the Entrainment Zone
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Osman, M.; Turner, D. D.; Heus, T.; Newsom, R. K.
2017-12-01
In previous work, the water vapor variance in the entrainment zone was proposed to be proportional to the convective velocity scale, gradient water vapor mixing ratio and the Brunt-Vaisala frequency in the interfacial layer, while the variance of the vertical wind at in the entrainment zone was defined in terms of the convective velocity scale. The variances in the entrainment zone have been hypothesized to depend on two distinct functions, which also depend on the Richardson number. To the best of our knowledge, these hypotheses have never been tested observationally. Simultaneous measurements of the Eddy correlation surface flux, wind shear profiles from wind profilers, and variance profile measurements of vertical motions and water vapor by Doppler and Raman lidars, respectively, provide a unique opportunity to thoroughly examine the functions used in defining the variances and validate them. These observations were made over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. We have identified about 30 cases from 2016 during which the convective boundary layer (CBL) is quasi-stationary and well mixed for at least 2 hours. The vertical profiles of turbulent fluctuations of the vertical wind and water vapor have been derived using an auto covariance technique to separate out the instrument random error to a set of 2-h period time series. The error analysis of the lidars observations demonstrates that the lidars are capable of resolving the vertical structure of turbulence around the entrainment zone. Therefore, utilizing this unique combination of observations, this study focuses on extensively testing the hypotheses that the second-order moments are indeed proportional to the functions which also depend on Richardson number. The coefficients that are used in defining the functions will also be determined observationally and compared against with the values suggested by Large eddy simulation (LES) studies.
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Open ocean dead zones in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karstensen, J.; Fiedler, B.; Schütte, F.; Brandt, P.; Körtzinger, A.; Fischer, G.; Zantopp, R.; Hahn, J.; Visbeck, M.; Wallace, D.
2015-04-01
Here we present first observations, from instrumentation installed on moorings and a float, of unexpectedly low (<2 μmol kg-1) oxygen environments in the open waters of the tropical North Atlantic, a region where oxygen concentration does normally not fall much below 40 μmol kg-1. The low-oxygen zones are created at shallow depth, just below the mixed layer, in the euphotic zone of cyclonic eddies and anticyclonic-modewater eddies. Both types of eddies are prone to high surface productivity. Net respiration rates for the eddies are found to be 3 to 5 times higher when compared with surrounding waters. Oxygen is lowest in the centre of the eddies, in a depth range where the swirl velocity, defining the transition between eddy and surroundings, has its maximum. It is assumed that the strong velocity at the outer rim of the eddies hampers the transport of properties across the eddies boundary and as such isolates their cores. This is supported by a remarkably stable hydrographic structure of the eddies core over periods of several months. The eddies propagate westward, at about 4 to 5 km day-1, from their generation region off the West African coast into the open ocean. High productivity and accompanying respiration, paired with sluggish exchange across the eddy boundary, create the "dead zone" inside the eddies, so far only reported for coastal areas or lakes. We observe a direct impact of the open ocean dead zones on the marine ecosystem as such that the diurnal vertical migration of zooplankton is suppressed inside the eddies.
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Environmental controls of evapotranspiration in a mixed plantation in North China.
Tong, Xiaojuan; Zhang, Jinsong; Meng, Ping; Li, Jun; Zheng, Ning
2017-02-01
The mixed plantation plays an important role in the water cycle in the hilly area of North China. To evaluate the effect of afforestation on the water balance in this region, the temporal variation of evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental controls were investigated based on the eddy flux measurement of water vapor in a 31-year-old mixed plantation from 2006 to 2010. During 5 years, annual ET ranged from 513 to 680 mm, with an average of 579 mm. Growing season ET accounted for 72-82 % of annual ET during the 5-year period and its interannual variation was determined by the number of rainy days. In the non-growing and growing seasons, monthly ET was primarily dependent on monthly mean soil water content and monthly mean net radiation, respectively. Annual mean Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α) was 0.64, and the decoupling factor (Ω) was 0.48. High values of α and Ω implied that ET was energy limited in the growing seasons of 2006-2010. The mean annual ratio of ET to precipitation (ET/P) was 1.10. The density of the mixed plantation was around 50 % higher than the optimal value determined by local water capacity, leading to a large ET/P ratio. The dense plantation needs to be thinned to prevent excessive water loss in the hilly area of North China.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tseng, Yu-Heng; Meneveau, Charles; Parlange, Marc B.
2004-11-01
Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of atmospheric boundary-layer air movement in urban environments are especially challenging due to complex ground topography. Typically in such applications, fairly coarse grids must be used where the subgrid-scale (SGS) model is expected to play a crucial role. A LES code using pseudo-spectral discretization in horizontal planes and second-order differencing in the vertical is implemented in conjunction with the immersed boundary method to incorporate complex ground topography, with the classic equilibrium log-law boundary condition in the new-wall region, and with several versions of the eddy-viscosity model: (1) the constant-coefficient Smagorinsky model, (2) the dynamic, scale-invariant Lagrangian model, and (3) the dynamic, scale-dependent Lagrangian model. Other planar-averaged type dynamic models are not suitable because spatial averaging is not possible without directions of statistical homogeneity. These SGS models are tested in LES of flow around a square cylinder and of flow over surface-mounted cubes. Effects on the mean flow are documented and found not to be major. Dynamic Lagrangian models give a physically more realistic SGS viscosity field, and in general, the scale-dependent Lagrangian model produces larger Smagorinsky coefficient than the scale-invariant one, leading to reduced distributions of resolved rms velocities especially in the boundary layers near the bluff bodies.
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A perspective view of the plane mixing layer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Jimenez, J.; Cogollos, M.; Bernal, L. P.
1984-01-01
A three-dimensional model of the plane mixing layer is constructed by applying digital image processing and computer graphic techniques to laser fluorescent motion pictures of its transversal sections. A system of streamwise vortex pairs is shown to exist on top of the classical spanwise eddies. Its influence on mixing is examined.
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A note on: "A Gaussian-product stochastic Gent-McWilliams parameterization"
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jansen, Malte F.
2017-02-01
This note builds on a recent article by Grooms (2016), which introduces a new stochastic parameterization for eddy buoyancy fluxes. The closure proposed by Grooms accounts for the fact that eddy fluxes arise as the product of two approximately Gaussian variables, which in turn leads to a distinctly non-Gaussian distribution. The directionality of the stochastic eddy fluxes, however, remains somewhat ad-hoc and depends on the reference frame of the chosen coordinate system. This note presents a modification of the approach proposed by Grooms, which eliminates this shortcoming. Eddy fluxes are computed based on a stochastic mixing length model, which leads to a frame invariant formulation. As in the original closure proposed by Grooms, eddy fluxes are proportional to the product of two Gaussian variables, and the parameterization reduces to the Gent and McWilliams parameterization for the mean buyoancy fluxes.
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Anatomy of small-scale mixing along a Northeast Atlantic transect
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jurado, Elena; Dijkstra, Henk A.; van der Woerd, Hans; Brussaard, Corina
2010-05-01
The study of turbulence occurring at the smallest scales, in the energy dissipation range, is required when evaluating interrelations between turbulent mixing and phytoplankton distribution. To derive microturbulent parameters, microstructure profiler surveys, consisting in high resolution temperature, salinity or velocity vertical profiles have been performed in localized regions of the open ocean. However, they are very localized and based on few datasets, difficult to extrapolate to other regions due to the dependence on the local background conditions. During the STRATIPHYT-I cruise (July-August 2009) from Las Palmas (Gran Canaria) to Reykjavik (Iceland), high resolution measurements of both turbulent mixing (with a Self Contained Autonomous Micro Profiler, SCAMP) and phytoplankton have been carried out in the top 100 m of the ocean. With these data, the gradient from a more stratified, warmer surface water tropical environment to a less stratified subpolar ocean environment is covered. Adding up a total of 15 stations and 148 profiles, it constitutes the most extensive dataset of directly derived vertical mixing coefficients in a latitudinal transect of the Northeast Atlantic. In the presentation, the focus is on the explanation of the changes in turbulent mixing along the cruise section, recalling in its latitudinal gradient and presenting parameters that can further help to evaluate effects in the phytoplankton distribution. Side issues such as the encountered disagreement between heat and density eddy diffusivities and an analysis of the main source of instabilities through GOTM model and an internal wave analysis, are also treated in detail.
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Stability of the Martian atmosphere: Is heterogeneous catalysis essential?
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Atreya, Sushil K.; Gu, Zhen Gang
1994-01-01
A comprehensive homogeneous gas phase photochemical model is developed to study the problem of stability of the Martian atmosphere. The one-dimensional model extends from the ground up to 220 km, passing through the homopause at 125 km. The model thus couples the lower (neutral) atmosphere to the ionosphere above which provides significant downward flux of carbon monoxide and oxygen atoms. It is concluded on the basic of currently accepted values for globally and seasonally averaged water vapor abundance, dust opacity and the middle atmospheric eddy mixing coefficient, as well as the relevant laboratory data (particularly the temperature dependence of CO2 absorption cross section and the rate constant for CO+OH reaction), that the rate of re-formation of carbon dioxide exceeds its photolytic destruction rate by about 40%. Furthermore, it is found that this result is virtually independent of the choice of eddy mixing coefficient, unless its value in the middle atmosphere exceeds 10(exp 8) sq cm/sec or is far smaller than 10(exp 5)sq cm/sec, or the dust opacity, unless it exceeds unity, or the water vapor mixing ratio at the surface, unless it is far smaller (less than or = 1 ppm) or far greater (greater than or = 500 ppm) than the average value (approximately 150 ppm). Since none of these extremes represent globally and seasonally averaged conditions on Mars, we propose that the present model requires existence of a mechanism to throttle down the recycling rate of carbon dioxide on Mars. Therefore, it is suggested that a heterogeneous process which provides a sink to the species that participate in the recycling of CO2, i.e., H2O, H2O2, OH, CO or O, in particular, may be necessary to bring about the balance between the CO2 recycling rate and its photolytic destruction rate. Aerosols of dust or ice (pure or doped water or carbon dioxide ice present in the atmosphere of Mars) can provide the appropriate adsorption sites for the above heterogeneous process. Despite our conclusion that some heterogeneous process may be needed, it is important to recognize that one-dimensional models can only provide first-order results which, most likely, represent globally and seasonally averaged conditions. However, it is only after actual temporal, latitudinal and longitudinal variations of relevant atmospheric parameters are included in the model that one can determine fuly whether the problem of atmospheric stabiltiy still continues to persist and whether some heterogeneous process is required to correct it.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Eddy covariance flux research has relied on open- or closed-path gas analyzers for producing estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). The two instruments have had different challenges that have led to development of an enclosed design that is intended to max...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Malhotra, G.; Ridley, A. J.; Marsh, D. R.; Wu, C.; Paxton, L. J.
2017-12-01
The exchange of energy between lower atmospheric regions with the ionosphere-thermosphere (IT) system is not well understood. A number of studies have observed day-to-day and seasonal variabilities in the difference between data and model output of various IT parameters. It is widely speculated that the forcing from the lower atmosphere, variability in weather systems and gravity waves that propagate upward from troposphere into the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) may be responsible for these spatial and temporal variations in the IT region, but their exact nature is unknown. These variabilities can be interpreted in two ways: variations in state (density, temperature, wind) of the upper mesosphere or spatial and temporal changes in the small-scale mixing, or Eddy diffusion that is parameterized within the model.In this study, firstly, we analyze the sensitivity of the thermospheric and ionospheric states - neutral densities, O/N2, total electron content (TEC), peak electron density, and peak electron height - to various lower boundary conditions in the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM). We use WACCM-X and GSWM to drive the lower atmospheric boundary in GITM at 100 km, and compare the results with the current MSIS-driven version of GITM, analyzing which of these simulations match the measurements from GOCE, GUVI, CHAMP, and GPS-derived TEC best. Secondly, we analyze the effect of eddy diffusion in the IT system. The turbulence due to eddy mixing cannot be directly measured and it is a challenge to completely characterize its linear and non-linear effects from other influences, since the eddy diffusion both influences the composition through direct mixing and the temperature structure due to turbulent conduction changes. In this study we input latitudinal and seasonal profiles of eddy diffusion into GITM and then analyze the changes in the thermospheric and ionospheric parameters. These profiles will be derived from both WACC-X simulations and direct observations of errors between the model and data such as GUVI O/N2 ratios and TEC data. In each case, the model results will be compared to data to determine the improvement.
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The mixing length parameter alpha. [in stellar structure calculations
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Canuto, V. M.
1990-01-01
The standard mixing length theory, MLT, treats turbulent eddies as if they were isotropic, while the largest eddies that carry most of the flux are highly anisotropic. Recently, an anisotropic MLT was constructed, and the relevant equations derived. It is shown that these new equations can actually be cast in a form that is formally identical to that of the standard isotropic MLT, provided the mixing length parameter, derived from stellar structure calculations, is interpreted as an intermediate, auxiliary function alpha(x), where x, the degree of anisotropy is given as a function of the thermodynamic variables of the problem. The relation between alpha(x) and the physically relevant alpha(l = Hp) is also given. Once the value alpha is deduced, it is found to be a function of the local thermodynamic quantities, as expected.
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Seasonality of eddy kinetic energy in an eddy permitting global climate model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Uchida, Takaya; Abernathey, Ryan; Smith, Shafer
2017-10-01
We examine the seasonal cycle of upper-ocean mesoscale turbulence in a high resolution CESM climate simulation. The ocean model component (POP) has 0.1° resolution, mesoscale resolving at low and middle latitudes. Seasonally and regionally resolved wavenumber power spectra are calculated for sea-surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Although the interpretation of the spectral slopes in terms of turbulence theory is complicated by the strong presence of dissipation and the narrow inertial range, the EKE spectra consistently show higher power at small scales during winter throughout the ocean. Potential hypotheses for this seasonality are investigated. Diagnostics of baroclinc energy conversion rates and evidence from linear quasigeostrophic stability analysis indicate that seasonally varying mixed-layer instability is responsible for the seasonality in EKE. The ability of this climate model, which is not considered submesoscale resolving, to produce mixed layer instability although damped by dissipation, demonstrates the ubiquity and robustness of this process for modulating upper ocean EKE.
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Observed and Simulated Eddy Diffusivity Upstream of the Drake Passage
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tulloch, R.; Ferrari, R. M.; Marshall, J.
2012-12-01
Estimates of eddy diffusivity in the Southern Ocean are poorly constrained due to lack of observations. We compare the first direct estimate of isopycnal eddy diffusivity upstream of the Drake Passage (from Ledwell et al. 2011) with a numerical simulation. The estimate is computed from a point tracer release as part of the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES). We find that the observational diffusivity estimate of about 500m^2/s at 1500m depth is close to that computed in a data-constrained, 1/20th of a degree simulation of the Drake Passage region. This tracer estimate also agrees with Lagrangian float calculations in the model. The role of mean flow suppression of eddy diffusivity at shallower depths will also be discussed.
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Higher-level simulations of turbulent flows
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ferziger, J. H.
1981-01-01
The fundamentals of large eddy simulation are considered and the approaches to it are compared. Subgrid scale models and the development of models for the Reynolds-averaged equations are discussed as well as the use of full simulation in testing these models. Numerical methods used in simulating large eddies, the simulation of homogeneous flows, and results from full and large scale eddy simulations of such flows are examined. Free shear flows are considered with emphasis on the mixing layer and wake simulation. Wall-bounded flow (channel flow) and recent work on the boundary layer are also discussed. Applications of large eddy simulation and full simulation in meteorological and environmental contexts are included along with a look at the direction in which work is proceeding and what can be expected from higher-level simulation in the future.
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Anisotropic Shear Dispersion Parameterization for Mesoscale Eddy Transport
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reckinger, S. J.; Fox-Kemper, B.
2016-02-01
The effects of mesoscale eddies are universally treated isotropically in general circulation models. However, the processes that the parameterization approximates, such as shear dispersion, typically have strongly anisotropic characteristics. The Gent-McWilliams/Redi mesoscale eddy parameterization is extended for anisotropy and tested using 1-degree Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations. The sensitivity of the model to anisotropy includes a reduction of temperature and salinity biases, a deepening of the southern ocean mixed-layer depth, and improved ventilation of biogeochemical tracers, particularly in oxygen minimum zones. The parameterization is further extended to include the effects of unresolved shear dispersion, which sets the strength and direction of anisotropy. The shear dispersion parameterization is similar to drifter observations in spatial distribution of diffusivity and high-resolution model diagnosis in the distribution of eddy flux orientation.
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Local atmospheric response to warm mesoscale ocean eddies in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence region.
Sugimoto, Shusaku; Aono, Kenji; Fukui, Shin
2017-09-19
In the extratropical regions, surface winds enhance upward heat release from the ocean to atmosphere, resulting in cold surface ocean: surface ocean temperature is negatively correlated with upward heat flux. However, in the western boundary currents and eddy-rich regions, the warmer surface waters compared to surrounding waters enhance upward heat release-a positive correlation between upward heat release and surface ocean temperature, implying that the ocean drives the atmosphere. The atmospheric response to warm mesoscale ocean eddies with a horizontal extent of a few hundred kilometers remains unclear because of a lack of observations. By conducting regional atmospheric model experiments, we show that, in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Confluence region, wintertime warm eddies heat the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), and accelerate westerly winds in the near-surface atmosphere via the vertical mixing effect, leading to wind convergence around the eastern edge of eddies. The warm-eddy-induced convergence forms local ascending motion where convective precipitation is enhanced, providing diabatic heating to the atmosphere above MABL. Our results indicate that warm eddies affect not only near-surface atmosphere but also free atmosphere, and possibly synoptic atmospheric variability. A detailed understanding of warm eddy-atmosphere interaction is necessary to improve in weather and climate projections.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, Hongliang; Wiesner, Martin G.; Chen, Jianfang; Ling, Zheng; Zhang, Jingjing; Ran, Lihua
2017-08-01
The East Asian Monsoon and mesoscale eddies are known to regulate primary production in South China Sea (SCS), the largest tropical marginal sea; however, their contributions to the deep biogenic flux are yet to be quantified. Based on 7-year time series sediment trap observations at the depth of 1200 m in the central SCS, we used the monthly average sinking biogenic fluxes to evaluate the impact of the monsoon and mesoscale cyclonic eddies on biogenic fluxes in combination with remote sensing physical parameters. The monthly average particulate organic carbon (POC) and opal fluxes, ranging from 3.0 to 5.2 and 14.8-34.9 mg m-2 d-1, respectively, were higher during the northeastern monsoon period. This corresponded to the deeper mixed layer depth and higher net primary production in this area, due to nutrient replenishment from the subsurface induced by monsoon transition and surface cooling. In contrast, lower POC and opal fluxes occurred during well-stratified inter-monsoon periods. In addition, CaCO3 flux (23.6-37.0 mg m-2 d-1) exhibited less seasonality and was assumed to originate from foraminifera. In terms of the long-term record, the combined effect of cyclonic eddies and mixing in the upper ocean could effectively regulate the temporal variation in the biogenic flux. In particular, the opal and POC fluxes in cyclonic eddies were 116% and 41% higher on average, respectively, than those during the non-cyclonic eddy period. Since the cyclonic eddies mainly occurred during the northeastern monsoon period, their contributions to biogenic flux via diatom blooms might overlap the regular winter flux peak, which could make the biological carbon pump more efficient at CO2 sequestration during this period thus amplifying the impact of seasonal transition.
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Structure and composition of Pluto's atmosphere from the New Horizons solar ultraviolet occultation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Young, Leslie A.; Kammer, Joshua A.; Steffl, Andrew J.; Gladstone, G. Randall; Summers, Michael E.; Strobel, Darrell F.; Hinson, David P.; Stern, S. Alan; Weaver, Harold A.; Olkin, Catherine B.; Ennico, Kimberly; McComas, David J.; Cheng, Andrew F.; Gao, Peter; Lavvas, Panayotis; Linscott, Ivan R.; Wong, Michael L.; Yung, Yuk L.; Cunningham, Nathanial; Davis, Michael; Parker, Joel Wm.; Schindhelm, Eric; Siegmund, Oswald H. W.; Stone, John; Retherford, Kurt; Versteeg, Maarten
2018-01-01
The Alice instrument on NASA's New Horizons spacecraft observed an ultraviolet solar occultation by Pluto's atmosphere on 2015 July 14. The transmission vs. altitude was sensitive to the presence of N2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and haze. We derived line-of-sight abundances and local number densities for the 5 molecular species, and line-of-sight optical depth and extinction coefficients for the haze. We found the following major conclusions: (1) We confirmed temperatures in Pluto's upper atmosphere that were colder than expected before the New Horizons flyby, with upper atmospheric temperatures near 65-68 K. The inferred enhanced Jeans escape rates were (3-7) × 1022 N2 s-1 and (4-8) × 1025 CH4 s-1 at the exobase (at a radius of ∼ 2900 km, or an altitude of ∼1710 km). (2) We measured CH4 abundances from 80 to 1200 km above the surface. A joint analysis of the Alice CH4 and Alice and REX N2 measurements implied a very stable lower atmosphere with a small eddy diffusion coefficient, most likely between 550 and 4000 cm2 s-1. Such a small eddy diffusion coefficient placed the homopause within 12 km of the surface, giving Pluto a small planetary boundary layer. The inferred CH4 surface mixing ratio was ∼ 0.28-0.35%. (3) The abundance profiles of the ;C2Hx hydrocarbons; (C2H2, C2H4, C2H6) were not simply exponential with altitude. We detected local maxima in line-of-sight abundance near 410 km altitude for C2H4, near 320 km for C2H2, and an inflection point or the suggestion of a local maximum at 260 km for C2H6. We also detected local minima near 200 km altitude for C2H4, near 170 km for C2H2, and an inflection point or minimum near 170-200 km for C2H6. These compared favorably with models for hydrocarbon production near 300-400 km and haze condensation near 200 km, especially for C2H2 and C2H4 (Wong et al., 2017). (4) We found haze that had an extinction coefficient approximately proportional to N2 density.
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Eddy-driven nutrient transport and associated upper-ocean primary production along the Kuroshio
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Uchiyama, Yusuke; Suzue, Yota; Yamazaki, Hidekatsu
2017-06-01
The Kuroshio is one of the most energetic western boundary currents accompanied by vigorous eddy activity both on mesoscale and submesoscale, which affects biogeochemical processes in the upper ocean. We examine the primary production around the Kuroshio off Japan using a climatological ocean modeling based on the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) coupled with a nitrogen-based nutrient, phytoplankton and zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) biogeochemical model in a submesoscale eddy-permitting configuration. The model indicates significant differences of the biogeochemical responses to eddy activities in the Kuroshio Region (KR) and Kuroshio Extension Region (KE). In the KR, persisting cyclonic eddies developed between the Kuroshio and coastline are responsible for upwelling-induced eutrophication. However, the eddy-induced vertical nutrient flux counteracts and promotes pronounced southward and downward diapycnal nutrient transport from the mixed-layer down beneath the main body of the Kuroshio, which suppresses the near-surface productivity. In contrast, the KE has a 23.5% higher productivity than the KR, even at comparable eddy intensity. Upward nutrient transport prevails near the surface due to predominant cyclonic eddies, particularly to the north of the KE, where the downward transport barely occurs, except at depths deeper than 400 m and to a much smaller degree than in the KR. The eddy energy conversion analysis reveals that the combination of shear instability around the mainstream of the Kuroshio with prominent baroclinic instability near the Kuroshio front is essential for the generation of eddies in the KR, leading to the increase of the eddy-induced vertical nitrate transport around the Kuroshio.
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Large eddy simulations and direct numerical simulations of high speed turbulent reacting flows
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Givi, Peyman; Madnia, Cyrus K.; Steinberger, Craig J.
1990-01-01
This research is involved with the implementation of advanced computational schemes based on large eddy simulations (LES) and direct numerical simulations (DNS) to study the phenomenon of mixing and its coupling with chemical reactions in compressible turbulent flows. In the efforts related to LES, a research program to extend the present capabilities of this method was initiated for the treatment of chemically reacting flows. In the DNS efforts, the focus is on detailed investigations of the effects of compressibility, heat release, and non-equilibrium kinetics modelings in high speed reacting flows. Emphasis was on the simulations of simple flows, namely homogeneous compressible flows, and temporally developing high speed mixing layers.
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A major seasonal phytoplankton bloom in the Madagascar Basin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Longhurst, Alan
2001-11-01
A hitherto-unnoticed phytoplankton bloom, of dimension 3000×1500 km, occupies the Madagascar Basin in late austral summer, being a prominent feature in SeaWiFS images. A first-order interpretation of the bloom mechanism invokes the seasonal deepening of the mixed layer within a strong mesoscale eddy-field and the consequent entrainment of nutrients into the photic zone. Features of the bloom correspond closely and appropriately with features of the eddy-field as observed by TOPEX-POSEIDON sea level anomalies. The bloom failed to develop in 1998, the second year of a two-year ENSO episode, when anomalously weak Southeast Trades will have failed to deepen the mixed layer as in other years.
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On the Roles of Upper- versus Lower-level Thermal Forcing in Shifting the Eddy-Driven Jet
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Y.; Nie, Y.; Chen, G.; Yang, X. Q.
2017-12-01
One most drastic atmospheric change in the global warming scenario is the increase in temperature over tropical upper-troposphere and polar surface. The strong warming over those two area alters the spacial distributions of the baroclinicity in the upper-troposphere of subtropics and in the lower-level of subpolar region, with competing effects on the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation. The final destination of the eddy-driven jet in future climate could be "a tug of war" between the impacts of such upper- versus lower-level thermal forcing. In this study, the roles of upper- versus lower-level thermal forcing in shifting the eddy-driven jet are investigated using a nonlinear multi-level quasi-geostrophic channel model. All of our sensitivity experiments show that the latitudinal position of the eddy-driven jet is more sensitive to the upper-level thermal forcing. Such upper-level dominance over the lower-level forcing can be attributed to the different mechanisms through which eddy-driven jet responses to them. The upper-level thermal forcing induces a jet shift mainly by affecting the baroclinic generation of eddies, which supports the latitudinal shift of the eddy momentum flux convergence. The jet response to the lower-level thermal forcing, however, is strongly "eddy dissipation control". The lower-level forcing, by changing the baroclinicity in the lower troposphere, induces a direct thermal zonal wind response in the upper level thus modifies the nonlinear wave breaking and the resultant irreversible eddy mixing, which amplifies the latitudinal shift of the eddy-driven jet. Whether the eddy response is "generation control" or "dissipation control" may strongly depend on the eddy behavior in its baroclinic processes. Only the anomalous eddy generation that penetrates into the upper troposphere can have a striking impact on the eddy momentum flux, which pushes the jet shift more efficiently and dominates the eddy response.
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How does the Red Sea outflow water interact with Gulf of Aden Eddies?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ilıcak, Mehmet; Özgökmen, Tamay M.; Johns, William E.
As the Red Sea overflow water (RSOW) enters the Gulf of Aden (GOA), it interacts with a sequence of nearly barotropic, mesoscale eddies originating in the Indian Ocean. To investigate how these eddies impact the dispersal and eastward transport of the RSOW toward the Indian Ocean, a high resolution 3D regional model is employed to explore systematically the interaction between the RSOW and mesoscale eddies. Two types of experiments are conducted. In the first set, we simulate the behavior of RSOW in the presence of an idealized cyclone and an idealized anticyclone. The second type of simulation involves nesting of the regional model (ROMS) within a data-assimilating global model (HYCOM), in which a sequence of mesoscale eddies entering the Gulf of Aden is realistically captured. This simulation is integrated for one year, and includes a simple representation of the seasonality of the RSOW. Bower et al. (2002) suggest that the Red Sea overflow might be a western boundary undercurrent. Consistent with these expectations, the idealized simulations show that the preferred pathway of the RSOW in the absence of eddies is along the coast of Somalia (southern continental shelf) as a western boundary undercurrent. Simultaneously, a cyclonic circulation is generated in the far western GOA due to vortex stretching by the descending outflow. The presence of a cyclone in the western GOA increases the peak RSOW transport, but the cyclone itself rapidly loses its coherence after interacting with the rough topography in the western GOA. The presence of an anticyclone tends to block the preferred boundary pathway and inhibits the eastward transport of the RSOW. The eddies also result in substantially increased mixing of the RSOW in the western GOA. On the basis of the more realistic ROMS experiment, it is found that the modeled RSOW leaves the western part of the Gulf of Aden in short episodic bursts with transports that are an order of magnitude greater than that associated with the quasi-steady RSOW inflow into GOA. Such enhancement in RSOW transport is shown to be induced by cyclonic eddies that cause a rapid discharge of RSOW from the western part of the GOA. We conclude that mesoscale eddies play a key role in the transport and mixing of the RSOW within GOA.
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Hybrid Reynolds-Averaged/Large-Eddy Simulations of a Coaxial Supersonic Free-Jet Experiment
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Baurle, Robert A.; Edwards, Jack R.
2010-01-01
Reynolds-averaged and hybrid Reynolds-averaged/large-eddy simulations have been applied to a supersonic coaxial jet flow experiment. The experiment was designed to study compressible mixing flow phenomenon under conditions that are representative of those encountered in scramjet combustors. The experiment utilized either helium or argon as the inner jet nozzle fluid, and the outer jet nozzle fluid consisted of laboratory air. The inner and outer nozzles were designed and operated to produce nearly pressure-matched Mach 1.8 flow conditions at the jet exit. The purpose of the computational effort was to assess the state-of-the-art for each modeling approach, and to use the hybrid Reynolds-averaged/large-eddy simulations to gather insight into the deficiencies of the Reynolds-averaged closure models. The Reynolds-averaged simulations displayed a strong sensitivity to choice of turbulent Schmidt number. The initial value chosen for this parameter resulted in an over-prediction of the mixing layer spreading rate for the helium case, but the opposite trend was observed when argon was used as the injectant. A larger turbulent Schmidt number greatly improved the comparison of the results with measurements for the helium simulations, but variations in the Schmidt number did not improve the argon comparisons. The hybrid Reynolds-averaged/large-eddy simulations also over-predicted the mixing layer spreading rate for the helium case, while under-predicting the rate of mixing when argon was used as the injectant. The primary reason conjectured for the discrepancy between the hybrid simulation results and the measurements centered around issues related to the transition from a Reynolds-averaged state to one with resolved turbulent content. Improvements to the inflow conditions were suggested as a remedy to this dilemma. Second-order turbulence statistics were also compared to their modeled Reynolds-averaged counterparts to evaluate the effectiveness of common turbulence closure assumptions.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, L.; Hu, W.; Chen, M.; Zeng, L.; Xiang, R.; Zhou, W.
2013-12-01
The composition and spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of living radiolarians in spring was firstly studied in the section (18°N and 113°E) South China Sea. Vertical plankton tows were collected at depth-intervals from 0 to 300 m in spring using a closing-type net with 62 um mesh size. And we distinguished the living specimens by staining with Rose Bengal. It dominated by tropical-subtropical warm species in spring from the studied areas. The abundance of nassellarians was the almost same as that of spumellarians in the upper-surface waters (0-25m). In the below-surface waters (25-50m), nassellarian abundance was the almost twice that of spumellarians. And the abundances generally decreased with depth (more than 50m), but nasselarian abundance reduced more quickly. The results showed that the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of living radiolarians were closely related to the mesoscale eddies. The horizontal distributions of radiolarian abundance were uneven and pachy, which may be related to the complicated mecoscale eddies during the sampling period. That is, there were comparatively high abundances in the upper-surface waters where had the cold eddies development. But in the cold eddies of Meigong River mouth, radiolarian abundance was low due to the large input of fresh water, suggesting that low salinity had more important influence than the nutrient on the radiolarian development and reproduction. Vertically, the highest abundances occurred at the mixed layer in the cold eddies, and gradually decreased with depth. However, in the warm eddies, the maximum abundances were in the thermocline layers, where had an abundant supply of nutrients for radiolarians. This study showed that Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus mostly occurred at the mixed layer, which should be closely related to the cold eddies and rich nutrition and be limited by the fresh water. Based on the distribution of Didymocyrtis tetrathalamus tetrathalamus, we concluded that the influence of west Pacific waters was obviously weak on the northwestern Luzon Island during the sampling period. As a tropical surface warm species, Tetrapyle octacantha was also found to be indicator of tropical upwelling eutrophication water. Acanthodesmia vinculata was mainly living in the mixed layer, and had a good response to the cold eddies far away the continental shelf. Besides, we also concluded that Siphonosphaera polysiphonia should be tropical surface warm species, having a gregarious life, which had a closely related to the warm eddies. Interestingly, the typical deep-dwellers (Cornutella profunda and Cyrtopera laguncula) occurred in the different depth intervals, even in the upper-surface waters, which suggested that the temperature might not be the mostly one of factors to control their living-depth. This study was funded by the following research programs: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41276051, 91228207, 40906030).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vaillancourt, Robert D.; Marra, John; Seki, Michael P.; Parsons, Michael L.; Bidigare, Robert R.
2003-07-01
A synoptic spatial examination of the eddy Haulani (17-20 November 2000) revealed a structure typical of Hawaiian cyclonic eddies with divergent surface flow forcing the upward displacement of deep waters. Hydrographic surveys revealed that surface water in the eddy center was ca. 3.5°C cooler, 0.5 saltier, and 1.4 kg m -3 denser than surface waters outside the eddy. Vertically integrated concentrations of nitrate+nitrite, phosphate and silicate were enhanced over out-eddy values by about 2-fold, and nitrate+nitrite concentrations were ca. 8× greater within the euphotic zone inside the eddy than outside. Si:N ratios were lower within the upper mixed layer of the eddy, indicating an enhanced Si uptake relative to nitrate+nitrite. Chlorophyll a concentrations were higher within the eddy compared to control stations outside, when integrated over the upper 150 m, but were not significantly different when integrated over the depth of the euphotic zone. Photosynthetic competency, assessed using fast repetition-rate fluorometry, varied with the doming of the isopycnals and the supply of macro-nutrients to the euphotic zone. The physical and chemical environment of the eddy selected for the accumulation of larger phytoplankton species. Photosynthetic bacteria ( Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus) and small (<3 μm diameter) photosynthetic eukaryotes were 3.6-fold more numerically abundant outside the eddy as compared to inside. Large photosynthetic eukaryotes (>3 μm diameter) were more abundant inside the eddy than outside. Diatoms of the genera Rhizosolenia and Hemiaulus outside the eddy contained diazotrophic endosymbiontic cyanobacteria, but these endosymbionts were absent from the cells of these species inside the eddy. The increase in cell numbers of large photosynthetic eukaryotes with hard silica or calcite cell walls is likely to have a profound impact on the proportion of the organic carbon production that is exported to deep water by sinking of senescent cells and cells grazed by herbivorous zooplankton and repackaged as large fecal pellets.
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Large eddy simulation model for wind-driven sea circulation in coastal areas
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Petronio, A.; Roman, F.; Nasello, C.; Armenio, V.
2013-12-01
In the present paper a state-of-the-art large eddy simulation model (LES-COAST), suited for the analysis of water circulation and mixing in closed or semi-closed areas, is presented and applied to the study of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Muggia bay, the industrial harbor of the city of Trieste, Italy. The model solves the non-hydrostatic, unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, under the Boussinesq approximation for temperature and salinity buoyancy effects, using a novel, two-eddy viscosity Smagorinsky model for the closure of the subgrid-scale momentum fluxes. The model employs: a simple and effective technique to take into account wind-stress inhomogeneity related to the blocking effect of emerged structures, which, in turn, can drive local-scale, short-term pollutant dispersion; a new nesting procedure to reconstruct instantaneous, turbulent velocity components, temperature and salinity at the open boundaries of the domain using data coming from large-scale circulation models (LCM). Validation tests have shown that the model reproduces field measurement satisfactorily. The analysis of water circulation and mixing in the Muggia bay has been carried out under three typical breeze conditions. Water circulation has been shown to behave as in typical semi-closed basins, with an upper layer moving along the wind direction (apart from the anti-cyclonic veering associated with the Coriolis force) and a bottom layer, thicker and slower than the upper one, moving along the opposite direction. The study has shown that water vertical mixing in the bay is inhibited by a large level of stable stratification, mainly associated with vertical variation in salinity and, to a minor extent, with temperature variation along the water column. More intense mixing, quantified by sub-critical values of the gradient Richardson number, is present in near-coastal regions where upwelling/downwelling phenomena occur. The analysis of instantaneous fields has detected the presence of large cross-sectional eddies spanning the whole water column and contributing to vertical mixing, associated with the presence of sub-surface horizontal turbulent structures. Analysis of water renewal within the bay shows that, under the typical breeze regimes considered in the study, the residence time of water in the bay is of the order of a few days. Finally, vertical eddy viscosity has been calculated and shown to vary by a couple of orders of magnitude along the water column, with larger values near the bottom surface where density stratification is smaller.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gibson, Angus H.; Hogg, Andrew McC.; Kiss, Andrew E.; Shakespeare, Callum J.; Adcroft, Alistair
2017-11-01
We examine the separate contributions to spurious mixing from horizontal and vertical processes in an ALE ocean model, MOM6, using reference potential energy (RPE). The RPE is a global diagnostic which changes only due to mixing between density classes. We extend this diagnostic to a sub-timestep timescale in order to individually separate contributions to spurious mixing through horizontal (tracer advection) and vertical (regridding/remapping) processes within the model. We both evaluate the overall spurious mixing in MOM6 against previously published output from other models (MOM5, MITGCM and MPAS-O), and investigate impacts on the components of spurious mixing in MOM6 across a suite of test cases: a lock exchange, internal wave propagation, and a baroclinically-unstable eddying channel. The split RPE diagnostic demonstrates that the spurious mixing in a lock exchange test case is dominated by horizontal tracer advection, due to the spatial variability in the velocity field. In contrast, the vertical component of spurious mixing dominates in an internal waves test case. MOM6 performs well in this test case owing to its quasi-Lagrangian implementation of ALE. Finally, the effects of model resolution are examined in a baroclinic eddies test case. In particular, the vertical component of spurious mixing dominates as horizontal resolution increases, an important consideration as global models evolve towards higher horizontal resolutions.
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Carbon Dynamics within Cyclonic Eddies: Insights from a Biomarker Study
Alonso-González, Iván J.; Arístegui, Javier; Lee, Cindy; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Calafat, Antoni; Fabrés, Joan; Sangrá, Pablo; Mason, Evan
2013-01-01
It is generally assumed that episodic nutrient pulses by cyclonic eddies into surface waters support a significant fraction of the primary production in subtropical low-nutrient environments in the northern hemisphere. However, contradictory results related to the influence of eddies on particulate organic carbon (POC) export have been reported. As a step toward understanding the complex mechanisms that control export of material within eddies, we present here results from a sediment trap mooring deployed within the path of cyclonic eddies generated near the Canary Islands over a 1.5-year period. We find that, during summer and autumn (when surface stratification is stronger, eddies are more intense, and a relative enrichment in CaCO3 forming organisms occurs), POC export to the deep ocean was 2–4 times higher than observed for the rest of the year. On the contrary, during winter and spring (when mixing is strongest and the seasonal phytoplankton bloom occurs), no significant enhancement of POC export associated with eddies was observed. Our biomarker results suggest that a large fraction of the material exported from surface waters during the late-winter bloom is either recycled in the mesopelagic zone or bypassed by migrant zooplankton to the deep scattering layer, where it would disaggregate to smaller particles or be excreted as dissolved organic carbon. Cyclonic eddies, however, would enhance carbon export below 1000 m depth during the summer stratification period, when eddies are more intense and frequent, highlighting the important role of eddies and their different biological communities on the regional carbon cycle. PMID:24386098
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Carbon dynamics within cyclonic eddies: insights from a biomarker study.
Alonso-González, Iván J; Arístegui, Javier; Lee, Cindy; Sanchez-Vidal, Anna; Calafat, Antoni; Fabrés, Joan; Sangrá, Pablo; Mason, Evan
2013-01-01
It is generally assumed that episodic nutrient pulses by cyclonic eddies into surface waters support a significant fraction of the primary production in subtropical low-nutrient environments in the northern hemisphere. However, contradictory results related to the influence of eddies on particulate organic carbon (POC) export have been reported. As a step toward understanding the complex mechanisms that control export of material within eddies, we present here results from a sediment trap mooring deployed within the path of cyclonic eddies generated near the Canary Islands over a 1.5-year period. We find that, during summer and autumn (when surface stratification is stronger, eddies are more intense, and a relative enrichment in CaCO3 forming organisms occurs), POC export to the deep ocean was 2-4 times higher than observed for the rest of the year. On the contrary, during winter and spring (when mixing is strongest and the seasonal phytoplankton bloom occurs), no significant enhancement of POC export associated with eddies was observed. Our biomarker results suggest that a large fraction of the material exported from surface waters during the late-winter bloom is either recycled in the mesopelagic zone or bypassed by migrant zooplankton to the deep scattering layer, where it would disaggregate to smaller particles or be excreted as dissolved organic carbon. Cyclonic eddies, however, would enhance carbon export below 1000 m depth during the summer stratification period, when eddies are more intense and frequent, highlighting the important role of eddies and their different biological communities on the regional carbon cycle.
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Simulations of eddy kinetic energy transport in barotropic turbulence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grooms, Ian
2017-11-01
Eddy energy transport in rotating two-dimensional turbulence is investigated using numerical simulation. Stochastic forcing is used to generate an inhomogeneous field of turbulence and the time-mean energy profile is diagnosed. An advective-diffusive model for the transport is fit to the simulation data by requiring the model to accurately predict the observed time-mean energy distribution. Isotropic harmonic diffusion of energy is found to be an accurate model in the case of uniform, solid-body background rotation (the f plane), with a diffusivity that scales reasonably well with a mixing-length law κ ∝V ℓ , where V and ℓ are characteristic eddy velocity and length scales. Passive tracer dynamics are added and it is found that the energy diffusivity is 75 % of the tracer diffusivity. The addition of a differential background rotation with constant vorticity gradient β leads to significant changes to the energy transport. The eddies generate and interact with a mean flow that advects the eddy energy. Mean advection plus anisotropic diffusion (with reduced diffusivity in the direction of the background vorticity gradient) is moderately accurate for flows with scale separation between the eddies and mean flow, but anisotropic diffusion becomes a much less accurate model of the transport when scale separation breaks down. Finally, it is observed that the time-mean eddy energy does not look like the actual eddy energy distribution at any instant of time. In the future, stochastic models of the eddy energy transport may prove more useful than models of the mean transport for predicting realistic eddy energy distributions.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Spinks, Debra (Compiler)
1997-01-01
This report contains the 1997 annual progress reports of the research fellows and students supported by the Center for Turbulence Research (CTR). Titles include: Invariant modeling in large-eddy simulation of turbulence; Validation of large-eddy simulation in a plain asymmetric diffuser; Progress in large-eddy simulation of trailing-edge turbulence and aeronautics; Resolution requirements in large-eddy simulations of shear flows; A general theory of discrete filtering for LES in complex geometry; On the use of discrete filters for large eddy simulation; Wall models in large eddy simulation of separated flow; Perspectives for ensemble average LES; Anisotropic grid-based formulas for subgrid-scale models; Some modeling requirements for wall models in large eddy simulation; Numerical simulation of 3D turbulent boundary layers using the V2F model; Accurate modeling of impinging jet heat transfer; Application of turbulence models to high-lift airfoils; Advances in structure-based turbulence modeling; Incorporating realistic chemistry into direct numerical simulations of turbulent non-premixed combustion; Effects of small-scale structure on turbulent mixing; Turbulent premixed combustion in the laminar flamelet and the thin reaction zone regime; Large eddy simulation of combustion instabilities in turbulent premixed burners; On the generation of vorticity at a free-surface; Active control of turbulent channel flow; A generalized framework for robust control in fluid mechanics; Combined immersed-boundary/B-spline methods for simulations of flow in complex geometries; and DNS of shock boundary-layer interaction - preliminary results for compression ramp flow.
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Parameterizing correlations between hydrometeor species in mixed-phase Arctic clouds
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Larson, Vincent E.; Nielsen, Brandon J.; Fan, Jiwen; Ovchinnikov, Mikhail
2011-01-01
Mixed-phase Arctic clouds, like other clouds, contain small-scale variability in hydrometeor fields, such as cloud water or snow mixing ratio. This variability may be worth parameterizing in coarse-resolution numerical models. In particular, for modeling multispecies processes such as accretion and aggregation, it would be useful to parameterize subgrid correlations among hydrometeor species. However, one difficulty is that there exist many hydrometeor species and many microphysical processes, leading to complexity and computational expense. Existing lower and upper bounds on linear correlation coefficients are too loose to serve directly as a method to predict subgrid correlations. Therefore, this paper proposes an alternative method that begins with the spherical parameterization framework of Pinheiro and Bates (1996), which expresses the correlation matrix in terms of its Cholesky factorization. The values of the elements of the Cholesky matrix are populated here using a "cSigma" parameterization that we introduce based on the aforementioned bounds on correlations. The method has three advantages: (1) the computational expense is tolerable; (2) the correlations are, by construction, guaranteed to be consistent with each other; and (3) the methodology is fairly general and hence may be applicable to other problems. The method is tested noninteractively using simulations of three Arctic mixed-phase cloud cases from two field experiments: the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign and the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment. Benchmark simulations are performed using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model that includes a bin microphysical scheme. The correlations estimated by the new method satisfactorily approximate the correlations produced by the LES.
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Experimental study of stratified jet by simultaneous measurements of velocity and density fields
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xu, Duo; Chen, Jun
2012-07-01
Stratified flows with small density difference commonly exist in geophysical and engineering applications, which often involve interaction of turbulence and buoyancy effect. A combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) system is developed to measure the velocity and density fields in a dense jet discharged horizontally into a tank filled with light fluid. The illumination of PIV particles and excitation of PLIF dye are achieved by a dual-head pulsed Nd:YAG laser and two CCD cameras with a set of optical filters. The procedure for matching refractive indexes of two fluids and calibration of the combined system are presented, as well as a quantitative analysis of the measurement uncertainties. The flow structures and mixing dynamics within the central vertical plane are studied by examining the averaged parameters, turbulent kinetic energy budget, and modeling of momentum flux and buoyancy flux. At downstream, profiles of velocity and density display strong asymmetry with respect to its center. This is attributed to the fact that stable stratification reduces mixing and unstable stratification enhances mixing. In stable stratification region, most of turbulence production is consumed by mean-flow convection, whereas in unstable stratification region, turbulence production is nearly balanced by viscous dissipation. Experimental data also indicate that at downstream locations, mixing length model performs better in mixing zone of stable stratification regions, whereas in other regions, eddy viscosity/diffusivity models with static model coefficients represent effectively momentum and buoyancy flux terms. The measured turbulent Prandtl number displays strong spatial variation in the stratified jet.
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Investigating Summer Thermal Stratification in Lake Ontario
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
James, S. C.; Arifin, R. R.; Craig, P. M.; Hamlet, A. F.
2017-12-01
Seasonal temperature variations establish strong vertical density gradients (thermoclines) between the epilimnion and hypolimnion. Accurate simulation of vertical mixing and seasonal stratification of large lakes is a crucial element of the thermodynamic coupling between lakes and the atmosphere in integrated models. Time-varying thermal stratification patterns can be accurately simulated with the versatile Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). Lake Ontario bathymetry was interpolated onto a 2-km-resolution curvilinear grid with vertical layering using a new approach in EFDC+, the so-called "sigma-zed" coordinate system which allows the number of vertical layers to be varied based on water depth. Inflow from the Niagara River and outflow to the St. Lawrence River in conjunction with hourly meteorological data from seven local weather stations plus three-hourly data from the North American Regional Reanalysis govern the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic responses of the Lake. EFDC+'s evaporation algorithm was updated to more accurately simulate net surface heat fluxes. A new vertical mixing scheme from Vinçon-Leite that implements different eddy diffusivity formulations above and below the thermocline was compared to results from the original Mellor-Yamada vertical mixing scheme. The model was calibrated by adjusting solar-radiation absorption coefficients in addition to background horizontal and vertical mixing parameters. Model skill was evaluated by comparing measured and simulated vertical temperature profiles at shallow (20 m) and deep (180 m) locations on the Lake. These model improvements, especially the new sigma-zed vertical discretization, accurately capture thermal-stratification patterns with low root-mean-squared errors when using the Vinçon-Leite vertical mixing scheme.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Wolfram, Phillip J.; Ringler, Todd D.
Meridional diffusivity is assessed in this paper for a baroclinically unstable jet in a high-latitudeIdealized Circumpolar Current (ICC) using the Model for Prediction Across Scales-Ocean (MPAS-O) and the online Lagrangian In-situ Global High-performance particle Tracking (LIGHT) diagnostic via space-time dispersion of particle clusters over 120 monthly realizations of O(10 6) particles on 11 potential density surfaces. Diffusivity in the jet reaches values of O(6000 m 2 s -1) and is largest near the critical layer supporting mixing suppression and critical layer theory. Values in the vicinity of the shelf break are suppressed to O(100 m 2 s -1) due tomore » the presence of westward slope front currents. Diffusivity attenuates less rapidly with depth in the jet than both eddy velocity and kinetic energy scalings would suggest. Removal of the mean flow via high-pass filtering shifts the nonlinear parameter (ratio of the eddy velocity to eddy phase speed) into the linear wave regime by increasing the eddy phase speed via the depth-mean flow. Low-pass filtering, in contrast, quantifies the effect of mean shear. Diffusivity is decomposed into mean flow shear, linear waves, and the residual nonhomogeneous turbulence components, where turbulence dominates and eddy-produced filamentation strained by background mean shear enhances mixing, accounting for ≥ 80% of the total diffusivity relative to mean shear [O(100 m 2 s -1)], linear waves [O(1000 m 2 s -1)], and undecomposed full diffusivity [O(6000 m 2 s -1)]. Finally, diffusivity parameterizations accounting for both the nonhomogeneous turbulence residual and depth variability are needed.« less
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Large eddy simulations and direct numerical simulations of high speed turbulent reacting flows
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Givi, Peyman; Madnia, C. K.; Steinberger, C. J.; Tsai, A.
1991-01-01
This research is involved with the implementations of advanced computational schemes based on large eddy simulations (LES) and direct numerical simulations (DNS) to study the phenomenon of mixing and its coupling with chemical reactions in compressible turbulent flows. In the efforts related to LES, a research program was initiated to extend the present capabilities of this method for the treatment of chemically reacting flows, whereas in the DNS efforts, focus was on detailed investigations of the effects of compressibility, heat release, and nonequilibrium kinetics modeling in high speed reacting flows. The efforts to date were primarily focussed on simulations of simple flows, namely, homogeneous compressible flows and temporally developing hign speed mixing layers. A summary of the accomplishments is provided.
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Mechanical-magnetic-electric coupled behaviors for stress-driven Terfenol-D energy harvester
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cao, Shuying; Zheng, Jiaju; Wang, Bowen; Pan, Ruzheng; Zhao, Ran; Weng, Ling; Sun, Ying; Liu, Chengcheng
2017-05-01
The stress-driven Terfernol-D energy harvester exhibits the nonlinear mechanical-magnetic-electric coupled (MMEC) behaviors and the eddy current effects. To analyze and design the device, it is necessary to establish an accurate model of the device. Based on the effective magnetic field expression, the constitutive equations with eddy currents and variable coefficients, and the dynamic equations, a nonlinear dynamic MMEC model for the device is founded. Comparisons between the measured and calculated results show that the model can describe the nonlinear coupled curves of magnetization versus stress and strain versus stress under different bias fields, and can provide the reasonable data trends of piezomagnetic coefficients, Young's modulus and relative permeability for Terfenol-D. Moreover, the calculated power results show that the model can determine the optimal bias conditions, optimal resistance, suitable proof mass, suitable slices for the maximum energy extraction of the device under broad stress amplitude and broad frequency.
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Influence of Mesoscale Eddies on New Production in the Sargasso Sea
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
McGillicuddy, D. J., Jr.; Robinson, A. R.; Siegel, D. A.; Jannasch, H. W.; Johnson, R.; Dickey, T. D.; McNeil, J.; Michaels, A. F.; Knap, A. H.
1998-01-01
It is problematic that geochemical estimates of new production, that fraction of total primary production in surface waters fueled by externally supplied nutrients, in oligotrophic waters of the open ocean surpass that which can be sustained by the traditionally accepted mechanisms of nutrient supply. In the cam of the Sargasso Sea, for example, these mechanisms account for less than half of the annual nutrient requirement indicated by new production estimates based on three independent transient-tracer techniques. Specifically, approximately one-quarter to one-third of the annual nutrient requirement can be supplied by entrainment into the mixed layer during wintertime convection, with minor contributions from mixing in the thermocline and wind-driven transport (the potentially important role of nitrogen fixation- for which estimates vary by an order of magnitude in this region- is excluded from this budget). Here we present four lines of evidence-eddy-resolving model simulations, high-resolution observations from moored instrumentation, shipboard surveys and satellite data-which suggest that the vertical flux of nutrients induced by the dynamics of mesoscale eddies is sufficient to balance the nutrient budget in the Sargasso Sea.
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Tests of Parameterized Langmuir Circulation Mixing in the Oceans Surface Mixed Layer II
2017-08-11
inertial oscillations in the ocean are governed by three-dimensional processes that are not accounted for in a one-dimensional simulation , and it was...Unlimited 52 Paul Martin (228) 688-5447 Recent large-eddy simulations (LES) of Langmuir circulation (LC) within the surface mixed layer (SML) of...used in the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) and tested for (a) a simple wind-mixing case, (b) simulations of the upper ocean thermal structure at Ocean
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Rapid Water Transport by Long-Lasting Modon Eddy Pairs in the Southern Midlatitude Oceans
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hughes, Chris W.; Miller, Peter I.
2017-12-01
Water in the ocean is generally carried with the mean flow, mixed by eddies, or transported westward by coherent eddies at speeds close to the long baroclinic Rossby wave speed. Modons (dipole eddy pairs) are a theoretically predicted exception to this behavior, which can carry water to the east or west at speeds much larger than the Rossby wave speed, leading to unusual transports of heat, nutrients, and carbon. We provide the first observational evidence of such rapidly moving modons propagating over large distances. These modons are found in the midlatitude oceans around Australia, with one also seen in the South Atlantic west of the Agulhas region. They can travel at more than 10 times the Rossby wave speed of 1-2 cm s-1 and typically persist for about 6 months carrying their unusual water mass properties with them, before splitting into individual vortices, which can persist for many months longer.
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Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Freire, L. S.; Gerken, T.; Ruiz-Plancarte, J.; Wei, D.; Fuentes, J. D.; Katul, G. G.; Dias, N. L.; Acevedo, O. C.; Chamecki, M.
2017-03-01
Simultaneous profiles of turbulence statistics and mean ozone mixing ratio are used to establish a relation between eddy diffusivity and ozone mixing within the Amazon forest. A one-dimensional diffusion model is proposed and used to infer mixing time scales from the eddy diffusivity profiles. Data and model results indicate that during daytime conditions, the upper (lower) half of the canopy is well (partially) mixed most of the time and that most of the vertical extent of the forest can be mixed in less than an hour. During nighttime, most of the canopy is predominantly poorly mixed, except for periods with bursts of intermittent turbulence. Even though turbulence is faster than chemistry during daytime, both processes have comparable time scales in the lower canopy layers during nighttime conditions. Nonchemical loss time scales (associated with stomatal uptake and dry deposition) for the entire forest are comparable to turbulent mixing time scale in the lower canopy during the day and in the entire canopy during the night, indicating a tight coupling between turbulent transport and dry deposition and stomatal uptake processes. Because of the significant time of day and height variability of the turbulent mixing time scale inside the canopy, it is important to take it into account when studying chemical and biophysical processes happening in the forest environment. The method proposed here to estimate turbulent mixing time scales is a reliable alternative to currently used models, especially for situations in which the vertical distribution of the time scale is relevant.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wey, Thomas
2017-01-01
This paper summarizes the reacting results of simulating a bluff body stabilized flame experiment of Volvo Validation Rig using a releasable edition of the National Combustion Code (NCC). The turbulence models selected to investigate the configuration are the sub-grid scaled kinetic energy coupled large eddy simulation (K-LES) and the time-filtered Navier-Stokes (TFNS) simulation. The turbulence chemistry interaction used is linear eddy mixing (LEM).
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Mesoscale mixing of the Denmark Strait Overflow in the Irminger Basin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Koszalka, Inga M.; Haine, Thomas W. N.; Magaldi, Marcello G.
2017-04-01
The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) is a major export route for dense waters from the Nordic Seas forming the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, an important element of the climate system. Mixing processes along the DSO pathway influence its volume transport and properties contributing to the variability of the deep overturning circulation. They are poorly sampled by observations, however, which hinders development of a proper DSO representation in global circulation models. We employ a high resolution regional ocean model of the Irminger Basin to quantify impact of the mesoscale flows on DSO mixing focusing on geographical localization and the time-modulation of water property changes. The model reproduces the observed bulk warming of the DSO plume 100-200 km downstream of the Denmark Strait sill. It also reveals that mesoscale variability of the overflow ('DSO-eddies', of 20-30 km extent and a time scale of 2-5 day) modulates water property changes and turbulent mixing, diagnosed with the vertical shear of horizontal velocity and the eddy heat flux divergence. The space-time localization of the DSO mixing and warming and the role of coherent mesoscale structures should be explored by turbulence measurements and factored into the coarse circulation models.
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Application of monotone integrated large eddy simulation to Rayleigh-Taylor mixing.
Youngs, David L
2009-07-28
Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability occurs when a dense fluid rests on top of a light fluid in a gravitational field. It also occurs in an equivalent situation (in the absence of gravity) when an interface between fluids of different density is accelerated by a pressure gradient, e.g. in inertial confinement fusion implosions. Engineering models (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models) are needed to represent the effect of mixing in complex applications. However, large eddy simulation (LES) currently makes an essential contribution to understanding the mixing process and calibration or validation of the engineering models. In this paper, three cases are used to illustrate the current role of LES: (i) mixing at a plane boundary, (ii) break-up of a layer of dense fluid due to RT instability, and (iii) mixing in a simple spherical implosion. A monotone integrated LES approach is preferred because of the need to treat discontinuities in the flow, i.e. the initial density discontinuities or shock waves. Of particular interest is the influence of initial conditions and how this needs to be allowed for in engineering modelling. It is argued that loss of memory of the initial conditions is unlikely to occur in practical applications.
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Effect of gravity waves on the North Atlantic circulation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Eden, Carsten
2017-04-01
The recently proposed IDEMIX (Internal wave Dissipation, Energy and MIXing) parameterisation for the effect of gravity waves offers the possibility to construct consistent ocean models with a closed energy cycle. This means that the energy available for interior mixing in the ocean is only controlled by external energy input from the atmosphere and the tidal system and by internal exchanges. A central difficulty is the unknown fate of meso-scale eddy energy. In different scenarios for that eddy dissipation, the parameterized internal wave field provides between 2 and 3 TW for interior mixing from the total external energy input of about 4 TW, such that a transfer between 0.3 and 0.4 TW into mean potential energy contributes to drive the large-scale circulation in the model. The impact of the different mixing on the meridional overturning in the North Atlantic is discussed and compared to hydrographic observations. Furthermore, the direct energy exchange of the wave field with the geostrophic flow is parameterized in extended IDEMIX versions and the sensitivity of the North Atlantic circulation by this gravity wave drag is discussed.
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Malyarenko, Dariya; Newitt, David; Wilmes, Lisa; Tudorica, Alina; Helmer, Karl G.; Arlinghaus, Lori R.; Jacobs, Michael A.; Jajamovich, Guido; Taouli, Bachir; Yankeelov, Thomas E.; Huang, Wei; Chenevert, Thomas L.
2015-01-01
Purpose Characterize system-specific bias across common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) platforms for quantitative diffusion measurements in multicenter trials. Methods Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) was performed on an ice-water phantom along the superior-inferior (SI) and right-left (RL) orientations spanning ±150 mm. The same scanning protocol was implemented on 14 MRI systems at seven imaging centers. The bias was estimated as a deviation of measured from known apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) along individual DWI directions. The relative contributions of gradient nonlinearity, shim errors, imaging gradients and eddy currents were assessed independently. The observed bias errors were compared to numerical models. Results The measured systematic ADC errors scaled quadratically with offset from isocenter, and ranged between −55% (SI) and 25% (RL). Nonlinearity bias was dependent on system design and diffusion gradient direction. Consistent with numerical models, minor ADC errors (±5%) due to shim, imaging and eddy currents were mitigated by double echo DWI and image co-registration of individual gradient directions. Conclusion The analysis confirms gradient nonlinearity as a major source of spatial DW bias and variability in off-center ADC measurements across MRI platforms, with minor contributions from shim, imaging gradients and eddy currents. The developed protocol enables empiric description of systematic bias in multicenter quantitative DWI studies. PMID:25940607
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Malyarenko, Dariya I; Newitt, David; J Wilmes, Lisa; Tudorica, Alina; Helmer, Karl G; Arlinghaus, Lori R; Jacobs, Michael A; Jajamovich, Guido; Taouli, Bachir; Yankeelov, Thomas E; Huang, Wei; Chenevert, Thomas L
2016-03-01
Characterize system-specific bias across common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) platforms for quantitative diffusion measurements in multicenter trials. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) was performed on an ice-water phantom along the superior-inferior (SI) and right-left (RL) orientations spanning ± 150 mm. The same scanning protocol was implemented on 14 MRI systems at seven imaging centers. The bias was estimated as a deviation of measured from known apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) along individual DWI directions. The relative contributions of gradient nonlinearity, shim errors, imaging gradients, and eddy currents were assessed independently. The observed bias errors were compared with numerical models. The measured systematic ADC errors scaled quadratically with offset from isocenter, and ranged between -55% (SI) and 25% (RL). Nonlinearity bias was dependent on system design and diffusion gradient direction. Consistent with numerical models, minor ADC errors (± 5%) due to shim, imaging and eddy currents were mitigated by double echo DWI and image coregistration of individual gradient directions. The analysis confirms gradient nonlinearity as a major source of spatial DW bias and variability in off-center ADC measurements across MRI platforms, with minor contributions from shim, imaging gradients and eddy currents. The developed protocol enables empiric description of systematic bias in multicenter quantitative DWI studies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Chao; Guo, Weidong; Li, Yan; Stubbins, Aron; Li, Yizhen; Song, Guodong; Wang, Lei; Cheng, Yuanyue
2017-12-01
The Kuroshio intrusion from the West Philippine Sea (WPS) and mesoscale eddies are important hydrological features in the northern South China Sea (SCS). In this study, absorption and fluorescence of dissolved organic matter (CDOM and FDOM) were determined to assess the impact of these hydrological features on DOM dynamics in the SCS. DOM in the upper 100 m of the northern SCS had higher absorption, fluorescence, and degree of humification than in the Kuroshio Current of the WPS. The results of an isopycnal mixing model showed that CDOM and humic-like FDOM inventories in the upper 100 m of the SCS were modulated by the Kuroshio intrusion. However, protein-like FDOM was influenced by in situ processes. This basic trend was modified by mesoscale eddies, three of which were encountered during the fieldwork (one warm eddy and two cold eddies). DOM optical properties inside the warm eddy resembled those of DOM in the WPS, indicating that warm eddies could derive from the Kuroshio Current through Luzon Strait. DOM at the center of cold eddies was enriched in humic-like fluorescence and had lower spectral slopes than in eddy-free waters, suggesting inputs of humic-rich DOM from upwelling and enhanced productivity inside the eddy. Excess CDOM and FDOM in northern SCS intermediate water led to export to the Pacific Ocean interior, potentially delivering refractory carbon to the deep ocean. This study demonstrated that DOM optical properties are promising tools to study active marginal sea-open ocean interactions.
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Impacts of sea-surface salinity in an eddy-resolving semi-global OGCM
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Furue, Ryo; Takatama, Kohei; Sasaki, Hideharu; Schneider, Niklas; Nonaka, Masami; Taguchi, Bunmei
2018-02-01
To explore the impacts of sea-surface salinity (SSS) on the interannual variability of upper-ocean state, we compare two 10-year runs of an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model (OGCM): in one, SSS is strongly restored toward a monthly climatology (World Ocean Atlas '98) and in the other, toward the SSS of a monthly gridded Argo product. The inclusion of the Argo SSS generally improves the interannual variability of the mixed layer depth; particularly so in the western tropical Pacific, where so-called "barrier layers" are reproduced when the Argo SSS is included. The upper-ocean subsurface salinity variability is also improved in the tropics and subtropics even below the mixed layer. To understand the reason for the latter improvement, we separate the salinity difference between the two runs into its "dynamical" and "spiciness" components. The dynamical component is dominated by small-scale noise due to the chaotic nature of mesoscale eddies. The spiciness difference indicates that as expected from the upper-ocean general circulation, SSS variability in the mixed layer is subducted into the thermocline in subtropics; this signal is generally advected downward, equatorward, and westward in the equator-side of the subtropical gyre. The SSS signal subducted in the subtropical North Pacific appears to enter the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Throughflow, although this signal is weak and probably insignificant in our model.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lewicki, J. L.; Kelly, P. J.; Bergfeld, D.; Vaughan, R. G.; Lowenstern, J. B.
2017-11-01
We quantified gas and heat emissions in an acid-sulfate, vapor-dominated area (0.04-km2) of Norris Geyser Basin, located just north of the 0.63 Ma Yellowstone Caldera and near an area of anomalous uplift. From 14 May to 3 October 2016, an eddy covariance system measured half-hourly CO2, H2O and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes and a Multi-GAS instrument measured (1 Hz frequency) atmospheric H2O, CO2 and H2S volumetric mixing ratios. We also measured soil CO2 fluxes using the accumulation chamber method and temperature profiles on a grid and collected fumarole gas samples for geochemical analysis. Eddy covariance CO2 fluxes ranged from - 56 to 885 g m- 2 d- 1. Using wavelet analysis, average daily eddy covariance CO2 fluxes were locally correlated with average daily environmental parameters on several-day to monthly time scales. Estimates of CO2 emission rate from the study area ranged from 8.6 t d- 1 based on eddy covariance measurements to 9.8 t d- 1 based on accumulation chamber measurements. Eddy covariance water vapor fluxes ranged from 1178 to 24,600 g m- 2 d- 1. Nighttime H and LE were considered representative of hydrothermal heat fluxes and ranged from 4 to 183 and 38 to 504 W m- 2, respectively. The total hydrothermal heat emission rate (H + LE + radiant) estimated for the study area was 11.6 MW and LE contributed 69% of the output. The mean ± standard deviation of H2O, CO2 and H2S mixing ratios measured by the Multi-GAS system were 9.3 ± 3.1 parts per thousand, 467 ± 61 ppmv, and 0.5 ± 0.6 ppmv, respectively, and variations in the gas compositions were strongly correlated with diurnal variations in environmental parameters (wind speed and direction, atmospheric temperature). After removing ambient H2O and CO2, the observed variations in the Multi-GAS data could be explained by the mixing of relatively H2O-CO2-H2S-rich fumarole gases with CO2-rich and H2O-H2S-poor soil gases. The fumarole H2O/CO2 and CO2/H2S end member ratios (101.7 and 27.1, respectively, on average) were invariant during the measurement period and fell within the range of values measured in direct fumarole gas samples. The soil gas H2O/CO2 end member ratios ( 15-30) were variable and low relative to the fumarole end member, likely resulting from water vapor loss during cooling and condensation in the shallow subsurface, whereas the CO2/H2S end member ratio was high ( 160), presumably related to transport of CO2-dominated soil gas emissions mixed with trace fumarolic emissions to the Multi-GAS station. Nighttime eddy covariance ratios of H2O to CO2 flux were typically between the soil gas and fumarole end member H2O/CO2 ratios defined by Multi-GAS measurements. Overall, the combined eddy covariance and Multi-GAS approach provides a powerful tool for quasi-continuous measurements of gas and heat emissions for improved volcano-hydrothermal monitoring.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shi, Q.; Kavassalis, S.; Moravek, A.; Steiner, A.; Murphy, J. G.
2017-12-01
Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are important constituents in the atmosphere because they can control ozone production and undergo oxidation reactions with other species. Deposition and emission of NOx can impact the ecosystem by influencing the nitrogen cycle, vegetation health and forest carbon storage. Exchange of NOx between the atmosphere and biosphere is poorly understood due to a lack of direct observations. Here, we present results of nitrogen oxides observations and eddy covariance fluxes above a forest from the 2016 PROPHET-AMOS summer field campaign using a custom built AQD NOxy instrument. This field site is in a mixed deciduous and coniferous forest located in northern Michigan, with a research tower available for above-canopy measurements. Observations made at 29 m show the mixing ratio of NO and NO2 ranges from 0 to 640 ppt and 68 to 3600 ppt respectively. The night-time NO mixing ratio is close to zero, while NO2 builds up to a median of around 700 ppt. A maximum mixing ratio of NO resulting from photolysis of NO2 is frequently observed in the early morning. Median midday NO and NO2 mixing ratios are 50 ppt and 500 ppt. Fluxes calculated by eddy covariance showed an upward flux of NO2 and a downward flux of NO, which is an example of chemical flux divergence due to fast chemistry and diminished solar radiation below the canopy. Daytime fluxes of NO and NO2 peak at similar times in the morning, resulting in a net downward NOx flux with a maximum around 2.5 ppt m/s. To better explain NOx flux observations in this forest, results are compared to previous measurements of the total deposition budget of reactive nitrogen oxides, as well as results from 1-D canopy model FORCAsT.
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Stationary Waves of the Ice Age Climate.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cook, Kerry H.; Held, Isaac M.
1988-08-01
A linearized, steady state, primitive equation model is used to simulate the climatological zonal asymmetries (stationary eddies) in the wind and temperature fields of the 18 000 YBP climate during winter. We compare these results with the eddies simulated in the ice age experiments of Broccoli and Manabe, who used CLIMAP boundary conditions and reduced atmospheric CO2 in an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled with a static mixed layer ocean model. The agreement between the models is good, indicating that the linear model can be used to evaluate the relative influences of orography, diabatic heating, and transient eddy heat and momentum transports in generating stationary waves. We find that orographic forcing dominates in the ice age climate. The mechanical influence of the continental ice sheets on the atmosphere is responsible for most of the changes between the present day and ice age stationary eddies. This concept of the ice age climate is complicated by the sensitivity of the stationary eddies to the large increase in the magnitude of the zonal mean meridional temperature gradient simulated in the ice age GCM.
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Vortex systems on slender rotating bodies and their effect on the aerodynamic coefficients
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fiechter, M.
1986-01-01
The turbulent flow of rotational bodies up to a length of 20 diameters with various head shapes and cylindrical tails was examined in the subsonic wind tunnel with the Mach number of M = 0.1. At angles of incidence lower than 30 degrees, a pair of symmetrical eddies rests stationary from head to tail on the trailing side, very close to the body. At angles between 30 and 60 degrees, the stationary eddies are asymmetrically pushed off. Between 60 and 90 degrees, the eddies detach themselves in an instationary manner. This includes, for example, the turbulent flow at the start-up of flying bodies in the presence of lateral winds. The results of measurments obtained by Mello at M = 2, an impulse method, and the cross flow theory according to Allen are used for comparison.
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A Nonlinear Interactions Approximation Model for Large-Eddy Simulation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Haliloglu, Mehmet U.; Akhavan, Rayhaneh
2003-11-01
A new approach to LES modelling is proposed based on direct approximation of the nonlinear terms \\overlineu_iuj in the filtered Navier-Stokes equations, instead of the subgrid-scale stress, τ_ij. The proposed model, which we call the Nonlinear Interactions Approximation (NIA) model, uses graded filters and deconvolution to parameterize the local interactions across the LES cutoff, and a Smagorinsky eddy viscosity term to parameterize the distant interactions. A dynamic procedure is used to determine the unknown eddy viscosity coefficient, rendering the model free of adjustable parameters. The proposed NIA model has been applied to LES of turbulent channel flows at Re_τ ≈ 210 and Re_τ ≈ 570. The results show good agreement with DNS not only for the mean and resolved second-order turbulence statistics but also for the full (resolved plus subgrid) Reynolds stress and turbulence intensities.
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Preliminary results on passive eddy current damper technology for SSME turbomachinery
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cunningham, R. E.
1985-01-01
Some preliminary results have been obtained for the dynamic response of a rotor operating over a speed range of 800 to 10,000 rpm. Amplitude frequency plots show the lateral vibratory response of an unbalanced rotor with and without external damping. The mode of damping is by means of eddy currents generated with 4 c shaped permanent magnets installed at the lower bearing of a vertically oriented rotor. The lower ball bearing and its damper assembly are totally immersed in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -197 deg C (-320 deg F). These preliminary results for a referenced or base line passive eddy current damper assembly show that the amplitude of synchronous vibration is reduced at the resonant frequency. Measured damping coefficients were calculated to phi = .086; this compares with a theoretically calculated value of phi = .079.
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Features of Red Sea Water Masses
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kartadikaria, Aditya; Hoteit, Ibrahim
2015-04-01
Features of Red Sea water mass can be divided into three types but best to be grouped into two different classes that are split at the potential density line σθ=27.4. The surface water (0-50 m) and the intermediate water (50-200 m) have nearly identical types of water mass. They appear as a maxima salinity layer for the water mass that has σθ > 26.0, and as a minimum salinity layer for water mass that has σθ < 26.0. These types of water masses are strongly affected by mixing that is controlled by seasonal variability, fresh water intrusion of the Gulf of Aden Intermediate Water (GAIW), and eddies variability. Two types of mixing; isopycnal and diapycnal mixing are part of important physical phenomena that explain the change of water mass in the Red Sea. The isopycnal mixing occurs at the neutral potential density line, connecting the Red Sea with its adjacent channel, the Gulf of Aden. Diapycnal mixing is found as a dominant mixing mode in the surface of the Red Sea Water and mainly due to energetic eddy activity. Density gradients, across which diapycnal mixing occurs, in the Red Sea are mainly due to large variations in salinity. The isolation of an extreme haline water mass below the thermocline contributes to the generation of the latitudinal shift and low diapycnal mixing. This finding further explains the difference of spatial kinetic mixing between the RSW and the Indian Ocean basin.
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Mesoscale eddies in the Gulf of Aden and their impact on the spreading of Red Sea Outflow Water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bower, Amy S.; Furey, Heather H.
2012-04-01
The Gulf of Aden (GOA) in the northwestern Indian Ocean is the receiving basin for Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW), one of the World’s few high-salinity dense overflows, but relatively little is known about spreading pathways and transformation of RSOW through the gulf. Here we combine historical data, satellite altimetry, new synoptic hydrographic surveys and the first in situ direct observations of subsurface currents in the GOA to identify the most important processes in the spreading of RSOW. The new in situ data sets were collected in 2001-2003 as part of the Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX) and consist of two CTD/LADCP Surveys and 49 one-year trajectories from acoustically tracked floats released at the depth of RSOW. The results indicate that the prominent positive and negative sea level anomalies frequently observed in the GOA with satellite altimetry are associated with anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies that often reach to at least 1000 m depth, i.e., through the depth range of equilibrated RSOW. The eddies dominate RSOW spreading pathways and help to rapidly mix the outflow water with the background. Eddies in the central and eastern gulf are basin-scale (∼250-km diameter) and have maximum azimuthal speeds of about 30 cm/s at the RSOW level. In the western gulf, smaller eddies not detectable with satellite altimetry appear to form as the larger westward-propagating eddies impale themselves on the high ridges flanking the Tadjura Rift. Both the hydrographic and Lagrangian observations show that eddies originating outside the gulf often transport a core of much cooler, fresher water from the Arabian Sea all the way to the western end of the GOA, where the highest-salinity outflow water is found. This generates large vertical and horizontal gradients of temperature and salinity, setting up favorable conditions for salt fingering and diffusive convection. Both of these mixing processes were observed to be active in the gulf. Two new annually appearing anticyclonic eddies are added to the previously identified Gulf of Aden Eddy (GAE; Prasad and Ikeda, 2001) and Somali Current Ring (SCR; Fratantoni et al., 2006). These are the Summer Eddy (SE) and the Lee Eddy (LE), both of which form at the beginning of the summer monsoon when strong southwest winds blowing through Socotra Passage effectively split the GAE into two smaller eddies. The SE strengthens as it propagates westward deeper in the GOA, while the Lee Eddy remains stationary in the lee of Socotra Island. Both eddies are strengthened or sustained by Ekman convergence associated with negative wind stress curl patches caused by wind jets through or around high orography. The annual cycle in the appearance, propagation and demise of these new eddies and those described in earlier work is documented to provide a comprehensive view of the most energetic circulation features in the GOA. The observations contain little evidence of features that have been shown previously to be important in the spreading of Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) in the North Atlantic, namely a wall-bounded subsurface jet (the Mediterranean Undercurrent) and submesoscale coherent lenses containing a core of MOW (‘meddies’). This is attributed to the fact that the RSOW enters the open ocean on a western boundary. High background eddy kinetic energy typical of western boundary regimes will tend to shear apart submesoscale eddies and boundary undercurrents. Even if a submesoscale lens of RSOW did form in the GOA, westward self-propagation would transport the eddy and its cargo of outflow water back toward, rather than away from, its source.
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Turbulent fluxes by "Conditional Eddy Sampling"
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Siebicke, Lukas
2015-04-01
Turbulent flux measurements are key to understanding ecosystem scale energy and matter exchange, including atmospheric trace gases. While the eddy covariance approach has evolved as an invaluable tool to quantify fluxes of e.g. CO2 and H2O continuously, it is limited to very few atmospheric constituents for which sufficiently fast analyzers exist. High instrument cost, lack of field-readiness or high power consumption (e.g. many recent laser-based systems requiring strong vacuum) further impair application to other tracers. Alternative micrometeorological approaches such as conditional sampling might overcome major limitations. Although the idea of eddy accumulation has already been proposed by Desjardin in 1972 (Desjardin, 1977), at the time it could not be realized for trace gases. Major simplifications by Businger and Oncley (1990) lead to it's widespread application as 'Relaxed Eddy Accumulation' (REA). However, those simplifications (flux gradient similarity with constant flow rate sampling irrespective of vertical wind velocity and introduction of a deadband around zero vertical wind velocity) have degraded eddy accumulation to an indirect method, introducing issues of scalar similarity and often lack of suitable scalar flux proxies. Here we present a real implementation of a true eddy accumulation system according to the original concept. Key to our approach, which we call 'Conditional Eddy Sampling' (CES), is the mathematical formulation of conditional sampling in it's true form of a direct eddy flux measurement paired with a performant real implementation. Dedicated hardware controlled by near-real-time software allows full signal recovery at 10 or 20 Hz, very fast valve switching, instant vertical wind velocity proportional flow rate control, virtually no deadband and adaptive power management. Demonstrated system performance often exceeds requirements for flux measurements by orders of magnitude. The system's exceptionally low power consumption is ideal for the field (one to two orders of magnitude lower compared to current closed-path laser based eddy covariance systems). Potential applications include fluxes of CO2, CH4, N2O, VOCs and other tracers. Finally we assess the flux accuracy of the Conditional Eddy Sampling (CES) approach as in our real implementation relative to alternative techniques including eddy covariance (EC) and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA). We further quantify various sources of instrument and method specific measurement errors. This comparison uses real measurements of 20 Hz turbulent time series of 3D wind velocity, sonic temperature and CO2 mixing ratio over a mixed decidious forest at the 'ICOS' flux tower site 'Hainich', Germany. Results from a simulation using real wind and CO2 timeseries from the Hainich site from 30 April to 3 November 2014 and real instrument performance suggest that the maximum flux estimates error (50% and 75% error quantiles) from Conditional Eddy Sampling (CES) relative to the true flux is 1.3% and 10%, respectively for monthly net fluxes, 1.6% and 7%, respectively for daily net fluxes and 8% and 35%, respectively for 30-minute CO2 flux estimates. Those results from CES are promising and outperform our REA estimates by about a factor of 50 assuming REA with constant b value. Results include flux time series from the EC, CES and REA approaches from 30-min to annual resolution.
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Reactive Iron Delivery to the Central Gulf of Alaska via Two Mesoscale Eddies (Invited)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lippiatt, S. M.; Brown, M. T.; Lohan, M. C.; Bruland, K. W.
2010-12-01
Coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Alaska (GoA) are considered Fe-rich and nitrate-poor, in contrast to the Fe-poor, high-nitrate, low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters of the central GoA. Mixing between these two regimes can lead to enhanced primary productivity. Mesoscale anticyclonic eddies are an important mechanism for cross-shelf exchange of coastal and HNLC waters. This presentation will discuss findings from a cruise in the GoA during late summer 2007, namely dissolved Fe, leachable particulate Fe (defined as the portion of the particulate Fe that is solubilized with a two hour, 25% acetic acid leach with a short heating step and a reducing agent), and nitrate. Leachable particulate Fe concentrations in coastal surface waters between Yakutat, AK and the Kenai Peninsula ranged from over 1 uM in the Alsek River plume to less than 5 nM at the base of Cook Inlet, and were more variable and at least an order of magnitude higher than dissolved Fe concentrations. Relatively low and consistent dissolved Fe (~2 nM) suggests that the system’s ability to solubilize this large concentration of leachable particulate Fe is overwhelmed by the massive input of glacial-derived particulate Fe. Suspended leachable particulate Fe is available for exchange to the dissolved phase and is suggested to maintain a relatively constant 2 nM concentration of dissolved Fe in the coastal GoA. Glacial meltwaters were not a significant source of nitrate compared to central GoA HNLC or upwelled waters. The work completed in the coastal GoA set the stage for assessing the delivery of this glacial-derived coastal Fe to HNLC waters via mesoscale eddies. Two mesoscale eddies were sampled during this study: a Sitka eddy located off Yakutat, Alaska and a Kenai eddy sampled off the shelf break near Kodiak Island. The temperature and salinity structures of the eddies reflected their coastal origin; core waters were warmer and fresher than surrounding basin waters, coincident with elevated dissolved and leachable particulate Fe. In the core of the Yakutat eddy at 50 - 100 m depth there was on average 0.8 nM reactive Fe (dissolved + leachable particulate Fe), approximately five times more reactive Fe compared to adjacent GoA basin waters (0.16 nM). At the same depths in the core of the Kenai eddy there was on average 1.9 nM reactive Fe, ten times more reactive Fe than the basin waters (0.19 nM). In addition, for a given density, core waters had elevated nitrate and silicate compared to outside the eddy. Storms can mix Fe-enriched eddy core waters to the surface. Furthermore, anticyclonic GoA eddies can be a significant source of Fe to HNLC waters when they propagate into the central GoA and eventually relax with the Fe and nutrient rich subsurface waters rebounding or upwelling towards the surface. The transport of coastal waters into central GoA waters via mesoscale eddies is shown to be an important mechanism for Fe delivery into this HNLC region.
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Development of a Hybrid RANS/LES Method for Turbulent Mixing Layers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Alexander, J. Iwan D.; Reshotko, Eli
2001-01-01
Significant research has been underway for several years in NASA Glenn Research Center's nozzle branch to develop advanced computational methods for simulating turbulent flows in exhaust nozzles. The primary efforts of this research have concentrated on improving our ability to calculate the turbulent mixing layers that dominate flows both in the exhaust systems of modern-day aircraft and in those of hypersonic vehicles under development. As part of these efforts, a hybrid numerical method was recently developed to simulate such turbulent mixing layers. The method developed here is intended for configurations in which a dominant structural feature provides an unsteady mechanism to drive the turbulent development in the mixing layer. Interest in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) methods have increased in recent years, but applying an LES method to calculate the wide range of turbulent scales from small eddies in the wall-bounded regions to large eddies in the mixing region is not yet possible with current computers. As a result, the hybrid method developed here uses a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) procedure to calculate wall-bounded regions entering a mixing section and uses a LES procedure to calculate the mixing-dominated regions. A numerical technique was developed to enable the use of the hybrid RANS-LES method on stretched, non-Cartesian grids. With this technique, closure for the RANS equations is obtained by using the Cebeci-Smith algebraic turbulence model in conjunction with the wall-function approach of Ota and Goldberg. The LES equations are closed using the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. Although the function of the Cebeci-Smith model to replace all of the turbulent stresses is quite different from that of the Smagorinsky subgrid model, which only replaces the small subgrid turbulent stresses, both are eddy viscosity models and both are derived at least in part from mixing-length theory. The similar formulation of these two models enables the RANS and LES equations to be solved with a single solution scheme and computational grid. The hybrid RANS-LES method has been applied to a benchmark compressible mixing layer experiment in which two isolated supersonic streams, separated by a splitter plate, provide the flows to a constant-area mixing section. Although the configuration is largely two dimensional in nature, three-dimensional calculations were found to be necessary to enable disturbances to develop in three spatial directions and to transition to turbulence. The flow in the initial part of the mixing section consists of a periodic vortex shedding downstream of the splitter plate trailing edge. This organized vortex shedding then rapidly transitions to a turbulent structure, which is very similar to the flow development observed in the experiments. Although the qualitative nature of the large-scale turbulent development in the entire mixing section is captured well by the LES part of the current hybrid method, further efforts are planned to directly calculate a greater portion of the turbulence spectrum and to limit the subgrid scale modeling to only the very small scales. This will be accomplished by the use of higher accuracy solution schemes and more powerful computers, measured both in speed and memory capabilities.
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Circumpolar Estimates of Isopycnal Mixing in the ACC from Argo Floats
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Roach, C. J.; Balwada, D.; Speer, K. G.
2015-12-01
There are few direct observations of cross-stream isopycnal mixing in the interior of the Southern Ocean, yet such measurements are needed to determine the role of eddies transporting properties across the ACC, and key to progress toward testing theories of meridional overturning. In light of this we examine if it is possible to obtain estimates of mixing from Argo float trajectories. We divided the Southern Ocean into overlapping 15ο longitude bins before estimating mixing. Resulting diffusivities ranged from 300 to 3000 m2s-1, with peaks corresponding to the Scotia Sea; Kerguelen and Campbell Plateaus. Comparison of our diffusivities with previous regional studies demonstrated good agreement. Tests of the methodology in the DIMES region found that mixing from Argo floats agreed closely with mixing from RAFOS floats. To further test the method we used the Southern Ocean State Estimate velocity fields to advect particles with Argo and RAFOS float like behaviours. Stirring estimates from the particles agreed well with each other in the Kerguelen Island region, South Pacific and Scotia Sea, despite the differences in the imposed behaviour. Finally, these estimates were compared to mixing length suppression theory presented in Ferrari and Nikurashin 2010. This mixing length suppression theory quantifies horizontal diffusivity similar to Prandtl (1925), but the mixing length is suppressed in the presence of mean flows and eddy phase speeds. Our results suggest that the theory can explain both the structure and magnitude of mixing using mean flow data. An exception is near the Kerguelen and Campbell Plateaus where theory under-estimates mixing relative to our results.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Strobel, D. F.; Apruzese, J. P.; Schoeberl, M. R.
1985-01-01
The constraints on turbulence improved by the mesospheric heat budget are reexamined, and the sufficiency of the theoretical evidence to support the hypothesis that the eddy Prandtl number is greater than one in the mesosphere is considered. The mesopause thermal structure is calculated with turbulent diffusion coefficients commonly used in chemical models and deduced from mean zonal wind deceleration. It is shown that extreme mesopause temperatures of less than 100 K are produced by the large net cooling. The results demonstrate the importance of the Prandtl number for mesospheric turbulence.
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Gritti, Fabrice; Guiochon, Georges
2015-03-06
Previous data have shown that could deliver a minimum reduced plate height as small as 1.7. Additionally, the reduction of the mesopore size after C18 derivatization and the subsequent restriction for sample diffusivity across the Titan-C18 particles were found responsible for the unusually small value of the experimental optimum reduced velocity (5 versus 10 for conventional particles) and for the large values of the average reduced solid-liquid mass transfer resistance coefficients (0.032 versus 0.016) measured for a series of seven n-alkanophenones. The improvements in column efficiency made by increasing the average mesopore size of the Titan silica from 80 to 120Å are investigated from a quantitative viewpoint based on the accurate measurements of the reduced coefficients (longitudinal diffusion, trans-particle mass transfer resistance, and eddy diffusion) and of the intra-particle diffusivity, pore, and surface diffusion for the same series of n-alkanophenone compounds. The experimental results reveal an increase (from 0% to 30%) of the longitudinal diffusion coefficients for the same sample concentration distribution (from 0.25 to 4) between the particle volume and the external volume of the column, a 40% increase of the intra-particle diffusivity for the same sample distribution (from 1 to 7) between the particle skeleton volume and the bulk phase, and a 15-30% decrease of the solid-liquid mass transfer coefficient for the n-alkanophenone compounds. Pore and surface diffusion are increased by 60% and 20%, respectively. The eddy dispersion term and the maximum column efficiency (295000plates/m) remain virtually unchanged. The rate of increase of the total plate height with increasing the chromatographic speed is reduced by 20% and it is mostly controlled (75% and 70% for 80 and 120Å pore size) by the flow rate dependence of the eddy dispersion term. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Senocak, I.; Ackerman, A. S.; Kirkpatrick, M. P.; Stevens, D. E.; Mansour, N. N.
2004-01-01
Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a widely used technique in armospheric modeling research. In LES, large, unsteady, three dimensional structures are resolved and small structures that are not resolved on the computational grid are modeled. A filtering operation is applied to distinguish between resolved and unresolved scales. We present two near-surface models that have found use in atmospheric modeling. We also suggest a simpler eddy viscosity model that adopts Prandtl's mixing length model (Prandtl 1925) in the vicinity of the surface and blends with the dynamic Smagotinsky model (Germano et al, 1991) away from the surface. We evaluate the performance of these surface models by simulating a neutraly stratified atmospheric boundary layer.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liu, Chunwei; Sun, Ge; McNulty, Steven G.; Noormets, Asko; Fang, Yuan
2017-01-01
The evapotranspiration / potential evapotranspiration (AET / PET) ratio is traditionally termed as the crop coefficient (Kc) and has been generally used as ecosystem evaporative stress index. In the current hydrology literature, Kc has been widely used as a parameter to estimate crop water demand by water managers but has not been well examined for other types of ecosystems such as forests and other perennial vegetation. Understanding the seasonal dynamics of this variable for all ecosystems is important for projecting the ecohydrological responses to climate change and accurately quantifying water use at watershed to global scales. This study aimed at deriving monthly Kc for multiple vegetation cover types and understanding its environmental controls by analyzing the accumulated global eddy flux (FLUXNET) data. We examined monthly Kc data for seven vegetation covers, including open shrubland (OS), cropland (CRO), grassland (GRA), deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF), evergreen needle leaf forest (ENF), evergreen broad leaf forest (EBF), and mixed forest (MF), across 81 sites. We found that, except for evergreen forests (EBF and ENF), Kc values had large seasonal variation across all land covers. The spatial variability of Kc was well explained by latitude, suggesting site factors are a major control on Kc. Seasonally, Kc increased significantly with precipitation in the summer months, except in EBF. Moreover, leaf area index (LAI) significantly influenced monthly Kc in all land covers, except in EBF. During the peak growing season, forests had the highest Kc values, while croplands (CRO) had the lowest. We developed a series of multivariate linear monthly regression models for Kc by land cover type and season using LAI, site latitude, and monthly precipitation as independent variables. The Kc models are useful for understanding water stress in different ecosystems under climate change and variability as well as for estimating seasonal ET for large areas with mixed land covers.
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Cloud Condensation in Titan's Lower Stratosphere
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Romani, Paul N.; Anderson, Carrie M.
2011-01-01
A 1-D condensation model is developed for the purpose of reproducing ice clouds in Titan's lower stratosphere observed by the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) onboard Cassini. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), cyanoacetylene (HC3N), and ethane (C2H6) vapors are treated as chemically inert gas species that flow from an upper boundary at 500 km to a condensation sink near Titan's tropopause (-45 km). Gas vertical profiles are determined from eddy mixing and a downward flux at the upper boundary. The condensation sink is based upon diffusive growth of the cloud particles and is proportional to the degree of supersaturation in the cloud formation regIOn. Observations of the vapor phase abundances above the condensation levels and the locations and properties of the ice clouds provide constraints on the free parameters in the model. Vapor phase abundances are determined from CIRS mid-IR observations, whereas cloud particle sizes, altitudes, and latitudinal distributions are derived from analyses of CIRS far-IR observations of Titan. Specific cloud constraints include: I) mean particle radii of2-3 J.lm inferred from the V6 506 cm- band of HC3N, 2) latitudinal abundance distributions of condensed nitriles, inferred from a composite emission feature that peaks at 160/cm , and 3) a possible hydrocarbon cloud layer at high latitudes, located near an altitude of 60 km, which peaks between 60 and 80 cm l . Nitrile abundances appear to diminish substantially at high northern latitudes over the time period 2005 to 2010 (northern mid winter to early spring). Use of multiple gas species provides a consistency check on the eddy mixing coefficient profile. The flux at the upper boundary is the net column chemical production from the upper atmosphere and provides a constraint on chemical pathways leading to the production of these compounds. Comparison of the differing lifetimes, vapor phase transport, vapor phase loss rate, and particle sedimentation, sheds light on temporal stability of the clouds.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Liu, Chunwei; Sun, Ge; McNulty, Steven G.
The evapotranspiration / potential evapotranspiration (AET / PET) ratio is traditionally termed as the crop coefficient ( K c) and has been generally used as ecosystem evaporative stress index. In the current hydrology literature, K c has been widely used as a parameter to estimate crop water demand by water managers but has not been well examined for other types of ecosystems such as forests and other perennial vegetation. Understanding the seasonal dynamics of this variable for all ecosystems is important for projecting the ecohydrological responses to climate change and accurately quantifying water use at watershed to global scales. Thismore » study aimed at deriving monthly K c for multiple vegetation cover types and understanding its environmental controls by analyzing the accumulated global eddy flux (FLUXNET) data. We examined monthly K c data for seven vegetation covers, including open shrubland (OS), cropland (CRO), grassland (GRA), deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF), evergreen needle leaf forest (ENF), evergreen broad leaf forest (EBF), and mixed forest (MF), across 81 sites. We found that, except for evergreen forests (EBF and ENF), K c values had large seasonal variation across all land covers. The spatial variability of K c was well explained by latitude, suggesting site factors are a major control on K c. Seasonally, K c increased significantly with precipitation in the summer months, except in EBF. Moreover, leaf area index (LAI) significantly influenced monthly K c in all land covers, except in EBF. During the peak growing season, forests had the highest K c values, while croplands (CRO) had the lowest. We developed a series of multivariate linear monthly regression models for K c by land cover type and season using LAI, site latitude, and monthly precipitation as independent variables. Here, the K c models are useful for understanding water stress in different ecosystems under climate change and variability as well as for estimating seasonal ET for large areas with mixed land covers.« less
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Liu, Chunwei; Sun, Ge; McNulty, Steven G.; ...
2017-01-18
The evapotranspiration / potential evapotranspiration (AET / PET) ratio is traditionally termed as the crop coefficient ( K c) and has been generally used as ecosystem evaporative stress index. In the current hydrology literature, K c has been widely used as a parameter to estimate crop water demand by water managers but has not been well examined for other types of ecosystems such as forests and other perennial vegetation. Understanding the seasonal dynamics of this variable for all ecosystems is important for projecting the ecohydrological responses to climate change and accurately quantifying water use at watershed to global scales. Thismore » study aimed at deriving monthly K c for multiple vegetation cover types and understanding its environmental controls by analyzing the accumulated global eddy flux (FLUXNET) data. We examined monthly K c data for seven vegetation covers, including open shrubland (OS), cropland (CRO), grassland (GRA), deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF), evergreen needle leaf forest (ENF), evergreen broad leaf forest (EBF), and mixed forest (MF), across 81 sites. We found that, except for evergreen forests (EBF and ENF), K c values had large seasonal variation across all land covers. The spatial variability of K c was well explained by latitude, suggesting site factors are a major control on K c. Seasonally, K c increased significantly with precipitation in the summer months, except in EBF. Moreover, leaf area index (LAI) significantly influenced monthly K c in all land covers, except in EBF. During the peak growing season, forests had the highest K c values, while croplands (CRO) had the lowest. We developed a series of multivariate linear monthly regression models for K c by land cover type and season using LAI, site latitude, and monthly precipitation as independent variables. Here, the K c models are useful for understanding water stress in different ecosystems under climate change and variability as well as for estimating seasonal ET for large areas with mixed land covers.« less
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Simulations of the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer with a third-order closure model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Moeng, C. H.; Randall, D. A.
1984-01-01
A third order closure model is proposed by Andre et al. (1982), in which the time rate of change terms, the relaxation and rapid effects for the pressure related terms, and the clipping approximation are included along with the quasi-normal closure, to study turbulence in a cloudy layer which is cooled radiatively from above. A spurious oscillation which is strongest near the inversion occurs. An analysis of the problem shows that the oscillation arises from the mean gradient and buoyancy terms of the triple moment equations; these terms are largest near the cloud top. The oscillation is physical, rather than computational. In nature the oscillation is effectively damped, by a mechanism which apparently is not included in our model. In the stably stratified layer just above the mixed layer top, turbulence can excite gravity waves, whose energy is radiated away. Because the closure assumption for the pressure terms does not take into account the transport of wave energy, the model generates spurious oscillations. Damping of the oscillations is possible by introducing diffusion terms into the triple moment equations. With a large enough choice for the diffusion coefficient, the oscillation is effectively eliminated. The results are quite sensitive to the ad hoc eddy coefficient.
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Holtschlag, David J.; Koschik, John A.
2004-01-01
Source areas to public water intakes on the St. Clair-Detroit River Waterway were identified by use of hydrodynamic simulation and particle-tracking analyses to help protect public supplies from contaminant spills and discharges. This report describes techniques used to identify these areas and illustrates typical results using selected points on St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair. Parameterization of an existing two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (RMA2) of the St. Clair-Detroit River Waterway was enhanced to improve estimation of local flow velocities. Improvements in simulation accuracy were achieved by computing channel roughness coefficients as a function of flow depth, and determining eddy viscosity coefficients on the basis of velocity data. The enhanced parameterization was combined with refinements in the model mesh near 13 public water intakes on the St. Clair-Detroit River Waterway to improve the resolution of flow velocities while maintaining consistency with flow and water-level data. Scenarios representing a range of likely flow and wind conditions were developed for hydrodynamic simulation. Particle-tracking analyses combined advective movements described by hydrodynamic scenarios with random components associated with sub-grid-scale movement and turbulent mixing to identify source areas to public water intakes.
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On the spatial coherence of temperature within and above a vineyard under drainage conditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Everard, K.; Giometto, M. G.; Christen, A.; Oldroyd, H. J.; Parlange, M. B.
2017-12-01
We show that turbulent exchange within vineyards under nighttime drainage conditions is controlled by large-scale coherent structures arising from a mixing-layer type instability at the canopy top, h. A combination of measurements and large-eddy simulations (LESs) are here used to characterize the onset and development of such structures as a function of the approaching wind angle over an organized canopy during drainage flows. Measurements were carried out over a west-facing 7° vineyard slope near Oliver, BC, Canada in the Okanagan Valley between July 5 and July 22, 2016. The vineyard canopy had an average height of h = 2.3 m, with parallel rows oriented in the local downslope direction (i.e. east-west). The set-up consisted of an array of five vertically arranged ultrasonic anemometers at z/h = 0.19, 0.39, 0.65, 1.02, and 2.06, and a 2-D grid of 40 fine-wire thermocouples arranged at the same heights as the ultrasonic anemometer array on 8 separate masts extending in the upslope direction at locations up to x/h = 13.91 from the flux tower. To complement observations, pressure-driven open-channel flow LESs are performed over a regular domain where vegetation is accounted for via a space dependent drag force. The drainage flow regime is emulated via a tuned pressure-gradient forcing, and different approaching wind angles are considered. Linear stability analyses show that the most unstable mode at the canopy top strongly depends on the approaching wind angle. Space-lagged correlations from measurements show that the lifetime of such eddies within the canopy also depends on the approaching wind direction, with longer lifetimes observed when wind angles are directed along the vine-rows. LESs are compared with measured quantities to ensure matching, and then used to investigate in detail the influence of the above-canopy wind vectors on eddy lifetimes. The impact of the observed coherent structures on momentum and heat exchange coefficients are also discussed.
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Turbulence characteristics of velocity and scalars in an internal boundary-layer above a lake
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sahlee, E.; Rutgersson, A.; Podgrajsek, E.
2012-12-01
We analyze turbulence measurements, including methane, from a small island in a Swedish lake. The turbulence structure was found to be highly influenced by the surrounding land during daytime. Variance spectra of both horizontal velocity and scalars during both unstable and stable stratification displayed a low frequency peak. The energy at lower frequencies displayed a daily variation, increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. We interpret this behavior as a sign of spectral lag, where the low frequency energy, large eddies, originate from the convective boundary layer above the surrounding land. When the air is advected over the lake the small eddies rapidly equilibrates with new surface forcing. However, the larger eddies remain for an appreciable distance and influence the turbulence in the developing lake boundary layer. The variance of the horizontal velocity is increased by these large eddies however, momentum fluxes and scalar variances and fluxes appear unaffected. The drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number used to parameterize the momentum flux, heat flux and latent heat flux respectively all compare very well with parameterizations developed for open ocean conditions.
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Parameterizing correlations between hydrometeor species in mixed-phase Arctic clouds
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Larson, Vincent E.; Nielsen, Brandon J.; Fan, Jiwen
2011-08-16
Mixed-phase Arctic clouds, like other clouds, contain small-scale variability in hydrometeor fields, such as cloud water or snow mixing ratio. This variability may be worth parameterizing in coarse-resolution numerical models. In particular, for modeling processes such as accretion and aggregation, it would be useful to parameterize subgrid correlations among hydrometeor species. However, one difficulty is that there exist many hydrometeor species and many microphysical processes, leading to complexity and computational expense.Existing lower and upper bounds (inequalities) on linear correlation coefficients provide useful guidance, but these bounds are too loose to serve directly as a method to predict subgrid correlations. Therefore,more » this paper proposes an alternative method that is based on a blend of theory and empiricism. The method begins with the spherical parameterization framework of Pinheiro and Bates (1996), which expresses the correlation matrix in terms of its Cholesky factorization. The values of the elements of the Cholesky matrix are parameterized here using a cosine row-wise formula that is inspired by the aforementioned bounds on correlations. The method has three advantages: 1) the computational expense is tolerable; 2) the correlations are, by construction, guaranteed to be consistent with each other; and 3) the methodology is fairly general and hence may be applicable to other problems. The method is tested non-interactively using simulations of three Arctic mixed-phase cloud cases from two different field experiments: the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) and the Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE). Benchmark simulations are performed using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model that includes a bin microphysical scheme. The correlations estimated by the new method satisfactorily approximate the correlations produced by the LES.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Davis, K. J.; Bakwin, P. S.; Yi, C.; Cook, B. D.; Wang, W.; Denning, A. S.; Teclaw, R.; Isebrands, J. G.
2001-05-01
Long-term, tower-based measurements using the eddy-covariance method have revealed a wealth of detail about the temporal dynamics of netecosystem-atmosphere exchange (NEE) of CO2. The data also provide a measure of the annual net CO2 exchange. The area represented by these flux measurements, however, is limited, and doubts remain about possible systematic errors that may bias the annual net exchange measurements. Flux and mixing ratio measurements conducted at the WLEF tall tower as part of the Chequamegon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (ChEAS) allow for unique assessment of the uncertainties in NEE of CO2. The synergy between flux and mixing ratio observations shows the potential for comparing inverse and eddy-covariance methods of estimating NEE of CO2. Such comparisons may strengthen confidence in both results and begin to bridge the huge gap in spatial scales (at least 3 orders of magnitude) between continental or hemispheric scale inverse studies and kilometer-scale eddy covariance flux measurements. Data from WLEF and Willow Creek, another ChEAS tower, are used to estimate random and systematic errors in NEE of CO2. Random uncertainty in seasonal exchange rates and the annual integrated NEE, including both turbulent sampling errors and variability in enviromental conditions, is small. Systematic errors are identified by examining changes in flux as a function of atmospheric stability and wind direction, and by comparing the multiple level flux measurements on the WLEF tower. Nighttime drainage is modest but evident. Systematic horizontal advection occurs during the morning turbulence transition. The potential total systematic error appears to be larger than random uncertainty, but still modest. The total systematic error, however, is difficult to assess. It appears that the WLEF region ecosystems were a small net sink of CO2 in 1997. It is clear that the summer uptake rate at WLEF is much smaller than that at most deciduous forest sites, including the nearby Willow Creek site. The WLEF tower also allows us to study the potential for monitoring continental CO2 mixing ratios from tower sites. Despite concerns about the proximity to ecosystem sources and sinks, it is clear that boundary layer CO2 mixing ratios can be monitored using typical surface layer towers. Seasonal and annual land-ocean mixing ratio gradients are readily detectable, providing the motivation for a flux-tower based mixing ratio observation network that could greatly improve the accuracy of inversion-based estimates of NEE of CO2, and enable inversions to be applied on smaller temporal and spatial scales. Results from the WLEF tower illustrate the degree to which local flux measurements represent interannual, seasonal and synoptic CO2 mixing ratio trends. This coherence between fluxes and mixing ratios serves to "regionalize" the eddy-covariance based local NEE observations.
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Structure measurements in a synthetic turbulent boundary layer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Arakeri, Jaywant H.
Extensive hot-wire measurements were made to determine the structure of the large eddy in a synthetic turbulent boundary layer on a flat-plate model. The experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel at a nominal free-stream velocity of 12 m/s. The synthetic turbulent boundary layer had a hexagonal pattern of eddies and a ratio of streamwise scale to spanwise scale of 3.2:1. The measured celerity of the large eddy was 84.2 percent of the free-stream velocity. There was some loss of coherence, but very little distortion, as the eddies moved downstream. Several mean properties of the synthetic boundary layer were found to agree quite well with the mean properties of a natural turbulent boundary layer at the same Reynolds number. The large eddy is composed of a pair of primary counter-rotating vortices about five delta long in the steamwise direction and about one delta apart in the spanwise direction, where delta is the mean boundary-layer thickness. Definite signatures are obtained in terms of the mean skin-friction coefficient and the mean wake parameter averaged at constant phase. Velocities induced by the vortices are partly responsible for entrainment of irrotational fluid, for transport of momentum, for generation of Reynolds stresses, and for maintenance of streamwise and normal velocity in the outer flow.
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Nonlinear closures for scale separation in supersonic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grete, Philipp; Vlaykov, Dimitar G.; Schmidt, Wolfram; Schleicher, Dominik R. G.; Federrath, Christoph
2015-02-01
Turbulence in compressible plasma plays a key role in many areas of astrophysics and engineering. The extreme plasma parameters in these environments, e.g. high Reynolds numbers, supersonic and super-Alfvenic flows, however, make direct numerical simulations computationally intractable even for the simplest treatment—magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). To overcome this problem one can use subgrid-scale (SGS) closures—models for the influence of unresolved, subgrid-scales on the resolved ones. In this work we propose and validate a set of constant coefficient closures for the resolved, compressible, ideal MHD equations. The SGS energies are modeled by Smagorinsky-like equilibrium closures. The turbulent stresses and the electromotive force (EMF) are described by expressions that are nonlinear in terms of large scale velocity and magnetic field gradients. To verify the closures we conduct a priori tests over 137 simulation snapshots from two different codes with varying ratios of thermal to magnetic pressure ({{β }p}=0.25,1,2.5,5,25) and sonic Mach numbers ({{M}s}=2,2.5,4). Furthermore, we make a comparison to traditional, phenomenological eddy-viscosity and α -β -γ closures. We find only mediocre performance of the kinetic eddy-viscosity and α -β -γ closures, and that the magnetic eddy-viscosity closure is poorly correlated with the simulation data. Moreover, three of five coefficients of the traditional closures exhibit a significant spread in values. In contrast, our new closures demonstrate consistently high correlations and constant coefficient values over time and over the wide range of parameters tested. Important aspects in compressible MHD turbulence such as the bi-directional energy cascade, turbulent magnetic pressure and proper alignment of the EMF are well described by our new closures.
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Gritti, Fabrice; Guiochon, Georges
2011-08-05
The corrected heights equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of three 4.6mm I.D. monolithic Onyx-C(18) columns (Onyx, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) of different lengths (2.5, 5, and 10 cm) are reported for retained (toluene, naphthalene) and non-retained (uracil, caffeine) small molecules. The moments of the peak profiles were measured according to the accurate numerical integration method. Correction for the extra-column contributions was systematically applied. The peak parking method was used in order to measure the bulk diffusion coefficients of the sample molecules, their longitudinal diffusion terms, and the eddy diffusion term of the three monolithic columns. The experimental results demonstrate that the maximum efficiency was 60,000 plates/m for retained compounds. The column length has a large impact on the plate height of non-retained species. These observations were unambiguously explained by a large trans-column eddy diffusion term in the van Deemter HETP equation. This large trans-rod eddy diffusion term is due to the combination of a large trans-rod velocity bias (≃3%), a small radial dispersion coefficient in silica monolithic columns, and a poorly designed distribution and collection of the sample streamlets at the inlet and outlet of the monolithic rod. Improving the performance of large I.D. monolithic columns will require (1) a detailed knowledge of the actual flow distribution across and along these monolithic rod and (2) the design of appropriate inlet and outlet distributors designed to minimize the nefarious impact of the radial flow heterogeneity on band broadening. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Daneyko, Anton; Hlushkou, Dzmitry; Baranau, Vasili; Khirevich, Siarhei; Seidel-Morgenstern, Andreas; Tallarek, Ulrich
2015-08-14
In recent years, chromatographic columns packed with core-shell particles have been widely used for efficient and fast separations at comparatively low operating pressure. However, the influence of the porous shell properties on the mass transfer kinetics in core-shell packings is still not fully understood. We report on results obtained with a modeling approach to simulate three-dimensional advective-diffusive transport in bulk random packings of monosized core-shell particles, covering a range of reduced mobile phase flow velocities from 0.5 up to 1000. The impact of the effective diffusivity of analyte molecules in the porous shell and the shell thickness on the resulting plate height was investigated. An extension of Giddings' theory of coupled eddy dispersion to account for retention of analyte molecules due to stagnant regions in porous shells with zero mobile phase flow velocity is presented. The plate height equation involving a modified eddy dispersion term excellently describes simulated data obtained for particle-packings with varied shell thickness and shell diffusion coefficient. It is confirmed that the model of trans-particle mass transfer resistance of core-shell particles by Kaczmarski and Guiochon [42] is applicable up to a constant factor. We analyze individual contributions to the plate height from different mass transfer mechanisms in dependence of the shell parameters. The simulations demonstrate that a reduction of plate height in packings of core-shell relative to fully porous particles arises mainly due to reduced trans-particle mass transfer resistance and transchannel eddy dispersion. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Miller, S. D.; Freitas, H.; Read, E.; Goulden, M. L.; Rocha, H.
2007-12-01
Gas evasion from Amazonian rivers and lakes to the atmosphere has been estimated to play an important role in the regional budget of carbon dioxide (Richey et al., 2002) and the global budget of methane (Melack et al., 2004). These flux estimates were calculated by combining remote sensing estimates of inundation area with water-side concentration gradients and gas transfer rates (piston velocities) estimated primarily from floating chamber measurements (footprint ~1 m2). The uncertainty in these fluxes was large, attributed primarily to uncertainty in the gas exchange parameterization. Direct measurements of the gas exchange coefficient are needed to improve the parameterizations in these environments, and therefore reduce the uncertainty in fluxes. The micrometeorological technique of eddy covariance is attractive since it is a direct measurement of gas exchange that samples over a much larger area than floating chambers, and is amenable to use from a moving platform. We present eddy covariance carbon dioxide exchange measurements made using a small riverboat in rivers and lakes in the central Amazon near Santarem, Para, Brazil. Water-side carbon dioxide concentration was measured in situ, and the gas exchange coefficient was calculated. We found the piston velocity at a site on the Amazon River to be similar to existing ocean-based parameterizations, whereas the piston velocity at a site on the Tapajos River was roughly a factor 5 higher. We hypothesize that the enhanced gas exchange at the Tapajos site was due to a shallow upwind fetch. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of boat-based eddy covariance on these rivers, and also the utility of a mobile platform to investigate spatial variability of gas exchange.
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Influence of Mesoscale Eddies on New Production in the Sargasso Sea
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
McGillicuddy , Dennis J., Jr.; Robinson, A. R.; Siegel, D. A.; Jannasch, H. W.; Johnson, R.; Dickey, T. D.; McNeil, J.; Michaels, A. F.; Knap, A. H.
1998-01-01
It is problematic that geochemical estimates of new production - that fraction of total primary production in surface waters fueled by externally supplied nutrients - in oligotrophic waters of the open ocean surpass that which can be sustained by the traditionally accepted mechanisms of nutrient supply. In the case of the Sargasso Sea, for example, these mechanisms account for less than half of the annual nutrient requirement indicated by new production estimates based on three independent transient-tracer techniques. Specifically, approximately one-quarter to one-third of the annual nutrient requirement can be supplied by entrainment into the mixed layer during wintertime convection, with minor contributions from mixing in the thermocline and wind-driven transport (the potentially important role of nitrogen fixation - for which estimates vary by an order of magnitude in this region - is excluded from this budget). Here we present four lines of evidence - eddy-resolving model simulations, high-resolution observations from moored instrumentation, shipboard surveys, and satellite data - which suggest that the vertical flux of nutrients induced by the dynamics of mesoscale eddies is sufficient to balance the nutrient budget in the Sargasso Sea. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.
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Large-Eddy Simulation of Subsonic Jets
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vuorinen, Ville; Wehrfritz, Armin; Yu, Jingzhou; Kaario, Ossi; Larmi, Martti; Boersma, Bendiks Jan
2011-12-01
The present study deals with development and validation of a fully explicit, compressible Runge-Kutta-4 (RK4) Navier-Stokes solver in the opensource CFD programming environment OpenFOAM. The background motivation is to shift towards explicit density based solution strategy and thereby avoid using the pressure based algorithms which are currently proposed in the standard OpenFOAM release for Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). This shift is considered necessary in strongly compressible flows when Ma > 0.5. Our application of interest is related to the pre-mixing stage in direct injection gas engines where high injection pressures are typically utilized. First, the developed flow solver is discussed and validated. Then, the implementation of subsonic inflow conditions using a forcing region in combination with a simplified nozzle geometry is discussed and validated. After this, LES of mixing in compressible, round jets at Ma = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.65 are carried out. Respectively, the Reynolds numbers of the jets correspond to Re = 6000, 10000 and 13000. Results for two meshes are presented. The results imply that the present solver produces turbulent structures, resolves a range of turbulent eddy frequencies and gives also mesh independent results within satisfactory limits for mean flow and turbulence statistics.
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Holtschlag, David J.
2009-01-01
Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and transport models were applied to a 34-mile reach of the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio, upstream to Meldahl Dam near Neville, Ohio. The hydrodynamic model was based on the generalized finite-element hydrodynamic code RMA2 to simulate depth-averaged velocities and flow depths. The generalized water-quality transport code RMA4 was applied to simulate the transport of vertically mixed, water-soluble constituents that have a density similar to that of water. Boundary conditions for hydrodynamic simulations included water levels at the U.S. Geological Survey water-level gaging station near Cincinnati, Ohio, and flow estimates based on a gate rating at Meldahl Dam. Flows estimated on the basis of the gate rating were adjusted with limited flow-measurement data to more nearly reflect current conditions. An initial calibration of the hydrodynamic model was based on data from acoustic Doppler current profiler surveys and water-level information. These data provided flows, horizontal water velocities, water levels, and flow depths needed to estimate hydrodynamic parameters related to channel resistance to flow and eddy viscosity. Similarly, dye concentration measurements from two dye-injection sites on each side of the river were used to develop initial estimates of transport parameters describing mixing and dye-decay characteristics needed for the transport model. A nonlinear regression-based approach was used to estimate parameters in the hydrodynamic and transport models. Parameters describing channel resistance to flow (Manning’s “n”) were estimated in areas of deep and shallow flows as 0.0234, and 0.0275, respectively. The estimated RMA2 Peclet number, which is used to dynamically compute eddy-viscosity coefficients, was 38.3, which is in the range of 15 to 40 that is typically considered appropriate. Resulting hydrodynamic simulations explained 98.8 percent of the variability in depth-averaged flows, 90.0 percent of the variability in water levels, 93.5 percent of the variability in flow depths, and 92.5 percent of the variability in velocities. Estimates of the water-quality-transport-model parameters describing turbulent mixing characteristics converged to different values for the two dye-injection reaches. For the Big Indian Creek dye-injection study, an RMA4 Peclet number of 37.2 was estimated, which was within the recommended range of 15 to 40, and similar to the RMA2 Peclet number. The estimated dye-decay coefficient was 0.323. Simulated dye concentrations explained 90.2 percent of the variations in measured dye concentrations for the Big Indian Creek injection study. For the dye-injection reach starting downstream from Twelvemile Creek, however, an RMA4 Peclet number of 173 was estimated, which is far outside the recommended range. Simulated dye concentrations were similar to measured concentration distributions at the first four transects downstream from the dye-injection site that were considered vertically mixed. Farther downstream, however, simulated concentrations did not match the attenuation of maximum concentrations or cross-channel transport of dye that were measured. The difficulty of determining a consistent RMA4 Peclet was related to the two-dimension model assumption that velocity distributions are closely approximated by their depth-averaged values. Analysis of velocity data showed significant variations in velocity direction with depth in channel reaches with curvature. Channel irregularities (including curvatures, depth irregularities, and shoreline variations) apparently produce transverse currents that affect the distribution of constituents, but are not fully accounted for in a two-dimensional model. The two-dimensional flow model, using channel resistance to flow parameters of 0.0234 and 0.0275 for deep and shallow areas, respectively, and an RMA2 Peclet number of 38.3, and the RMA4 transport model with a Peclet number of 37.2, may have utility for emergency-planning purposes. Emergency-response efforts would be enhanced by continuous streamgaging records downstream from Meldahl Dam, real-time water-quality monitoring, and three-dimensional modeling. Decay coefficients are constituent specific.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Fishman, J.; Carney, T. A.
1984-01-01
A time-dependent, one-dimensional photochemical model of the troposphere is used to describe the vertical distribution of atmospheric trace constituents for summer-time conditions at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The model incorporates a planetary boundary layer (PBL) parametrization and a detailed chemical mechanism that includes the photochemistry of important nonmethane hydrocarbon species formed during the oxidation process. One result of the parametrized PBL is that the concentrations of some trace species in the free troposphere are 20-30 percent higher than when mixing processes are described by a vertical eddy diffusion coefficient which is held constant with respect to height and time. The lifetime of the oxides of nitrogen against photochemical conversion to nitric acid during summertime conditions is on the order of six hours. This lifetime is short enough to deplete most of the NO(x) in the PBL so that other reactive nitrogen species are more abundant than NO(x) throughout the free troposphere.
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Modeling the subfilter scalar variance for large eddy simulation in forced isotropic turbulence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cheminet, Adam; Blanquart, Guillaume
2011-11-01
Static and dynamic model for the subfilter scalar variance in homogeneous isotropic turbulence are investigated using direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a lineary forced passive scalar field. First, we introduce a new scalar forcing technique conditioned only on the scalar field which allows the fluctuating scalar field to reach a statistically stationary state. Statistical properties, including 2nd and 3rd statistical moments, spectra, and probability density functions of the scalar field have been analyzed. Using this technique, we performed constant density and variable density DNS of scalar mixing in isotropic turbulence. The results are used in an a-priori study of scalar variance models. Emphasis is placed on further studying the dynamic model introduced by G. Balarac, H. Pitsch and V. Raman [Phys. Fluids 20, (2008)]. Scalar variance models based on Bedford and Yeo's expansion are accurate for small filter width but errors arise in the inertial subrange. Results suggest that a constant coefficient computed from an assumed Kolmogorov spectrum is often sufficient to predict the subfilter scalar variance.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yang, Zhengjun; Wang, Fujun; Zhou, Peijian
2012-09-01
The current research of large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flow in pumps mainly concentrates in applying conventional subgrid-scale (SGS) model to simulate turbulent flow, which aims at obtaining the flow field in pump. The selection of SGS model is usually not considered seriously, so the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation cannot be ensured. Three SGS models including Smagorinsky-Lilly model, dynamic Smagorinsky model and dynamic mixed model are comparably studied by using the commercial CFD code Fluent combined with its user define function. The simulations are performed for the turbulent flow in a centrifugal pump impeller. The simulation results indicate that the mean flows predicted by the three SGS models agree well with the experimental data obtained from the test that detailed measurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a six-bladed shrouded centrifugal pump impeller performed using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The comparable results show that dynamic mixed model gives the most accurate results for mean flow in the centrifugal pump impeller. The SGS stress of dynamic mixed model is decompose into the scale similar part and the eddy viscous part. The scale similar part of SGS stress plays a significant role in high curvature regions, such as the leading edge and training edge of pump blade. It is also found that the dynamic mixed model is more adaptive to compute turbulence in the pump impeller. The research results presented is useful to improve the computational accuracy and efficiency of LES for centrifugal pumps, and provide important reference for carrying out simulation in similar fluid machineries.
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Impact of oceanic-scale interactions on the seasonal modulation of ocean dynamics by the atmosphere.
Sasaki, Hideharu; Klein, Patrice; Qiu, Bo; Sasai, Yoshikazu
2014-12-15
Ocean eddies (with a size of 100-300 km), ubiquitous in satellite observations, are known to represent about 80% of the total ocean kinetic energy. Recent studies have pointed out the unexpected role of smaller oceanic structures (with 1-50 km scales) in generating and sustaining these eddies. The interpretation proposed so far invokes the internal instability resulting from the large-scale interaction between upper and interior oceanic layers. Here we show, using a new high-resolution simulation of the realistic North Pacific Ocean, that ocean eddies are instead sustained by a different process that involves small-scale mixed-layer instabilities set up by large-scale atmospheric forcing in winter. This leads to a seasonal evolution of the eddy kinetic energy in a very large part of this ocean, with an amplitude varying by a factor almost equal to 2. Perspectives in terms of the impacts on climate dynamics and future satellite observational systems are briefly discussed.
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Numerical study of large-eddy breakup and its effect on the drag characteristics of boundary layers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kinney, R. B.; Taslim, M. E.; Hung, S. C.
1985-01-01
The break-up of a field of eddies by a flat-plate obstacle embedded in a boundary layer is studied using numerical solutions to the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The flow is taken to be incompressible and unsteady. The flow field is initiated from rest. A train of eddies of predetermined size and strength are swept into the computational domain upstream of the plate. The undisturbed velocity profile is given by the Blasius solution. The disturbance vorticity generated at the plate and wall, plus that introduced with the eddies, mix with the background vorticity and is transported throughout the entire flow. All quantities are scaled by the plate length, the unidsturbed free-stream velocity, and the fluid kinematic viscosity. The Reynolds number is 1000, the Blasius boundary layer thickness is 2.0, and the plate is positioned a distance of 1.0 above the wall. The computational domain is four units high and sixteen units long.
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Impact of oceanic-scale interactions on the seasonal modulation of ocean dynamics by the atmosphere
Sasaki, Hideharu; Klein, Patrice; Qiu, Bo; Sasai, Yoshikazu
2014-01-01
Ocean eddies (with a size of 100–300 km), ubiquitous in satellite observations, are known to represent about 80% of the total ocean kinetic energy. Recent studies have pointed out the unexpected role of smaller oceanic structures (with 1–50 km scales) in generating and sustaining these eddies. The interpretation proposed so far invokes the internal instability resulting from the large-scale interaction between upper and interior oceanic layers. Here we show, using a new high-resolution simulation of the realistic North Pacific Ocean, that ocean eddies are instead sustained by a different process that involves small-scale mixed-layer instabilities set up by large-scale atmospheric forcing in winter. This leads to a seasonal evolution of the eddy kinetic energy in a very large part of this ocean, with an amplitude varying by a factor almost equal to 2. Perspectives in terms of the impacts on climate dynamics and future satellite observational systems are briefly discussed. PMID:25501039
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Anisotropic shear dispersion parameterization for ocean eddy transport
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reckinger, Scott; Fox-Kemper, Baylor
2015-11-01
The effects of mesoscale eddies are universally treated isotropically in global ocean general circulation models. However, observations and simulations demonstrate that the mesoscale processes that the parameterization is intended to represent, such as shear dispersion, are typified by strong anisotropy. We extend the Gent-McWilliams/Redi mesoscale eddy parameterization to include anisotropy and test the effects of varying levels of anisotropy in 1-degree Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations. Anisotropy has many effects on the simulated climate, including a reduction of temperature and salinity biases, a deepening of the southern ocean mixed-layer depth, impacts on the meridional overturning circulation and ocean energy and tracer uptake, and improved ventilation of biogeochemical tracers, particularly in oxygen minimum zones. A process-based parameterization to approximate the effects of unresolved shear dispersion is also used to set the strength and direction of anisotropy. The shear dispersion parameterization is similar to drifter observations in spatial distribution of diffusivity and high-resolution model diagnosis in the distribution of eddy flux orientation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhai, P.; He, R.
2016-02-01
Mode waters are upper-ocean water masses with nearly uniform water properties over a thickness of a few hundred meters. Subduction of mode waters plays an important role in changing atmospheric and oceanic long-term variability because they store "memory" of wintertime air-sea interaction. In this study, we investigated dynamic processes associated with subduction of the Eighteen Degree Water (EDW, the principal mode water) in the subtropical Northwest Atlantic during January to June 2007. Numerical simulations of the temporal and spatial evolutions of EDW were performed using both uncoupled (ocean only) and air-sea coupled configurations and results were contrasted. We find the coupled simulation produced deeper mixed layer depth, stronger eddy kinetic energy, and larger subduction areas than their counterparts in the uncoupled ocean simulation. In both configurations, mesoscale eddies enhance the total subduction and eddy-induced subduction has the same order as the mean component. Resolving strong air-sea coupling and mesoscale eddies is therefore important for understanding EDW dynamics.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Battalio, Michael; Szunyogh, Istvan; Lemmon, Mark
2016-09-01
The energetics of the atmosphere of the northern hemisphere of Mars during the pre-winter solstice period are explored using the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) dataset (v1.0) and the eddy kinetic energy equation, with the quasi-geostrophic omega equation providing vertical velocities. Traveling waves are typically triggered by geopotential flux convergence. The effect of dust on baroclinic instability is examined by comparing a year with a global-scale dust storm (GDS) to two years without a global-scale dust storm. During the non-GDS years, results agree with that of a previous study using a general circulation model simulation. In the GDS year, waves develop a mixed baroclinic/barotropic growth phase before decaying barotropically. Though the total amount of eddy kinetic energy generated by baroclinic energy conversion is lower during the GDS year, the maximum eddy intensity is not diminished. Instead, the number of intense eddies is reduced by about 50%.
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VALIDITY OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR VARIABLE-DENSITY HYDRODYNAMIC CIRCULATION
A three-dimensional model of temperatures and currents has been formulated to assist in the analysis and interpretation of the dynamics of stratified lakes. In this model, nonlinear eddy coefficients for viscosity and conductivities are included. A two-dimensional model (one vert...
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Enhanced vertical mixing within mesoscale eddies due to high frequency winds in the South China Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cardona, Yuley; Bracco, Annalisa
The South China Sea is a marginal basin with a complex circulation influenced by the East Asian Monsoon, river discharge and intricate bathymetry. As a result, both the mesoscale eddy field and the near-inertial energy distribution display large spatial variability and they strongly influence the oceanic transport and mixing. With an ensemble of numerical integrations using a regional ocean model, this work investigates how the temporal resolution of the atmospheric forcing fields modifies the horizontal and vertical velocity patterns and impacts the transport properties in the basin. The response of the mesoscale circulation in the South China Sea is investigated under three different forcing conditions: monthly, daily and 6-hourly momentum and heat fluxes. While the horizontal circulation does not display significant differences, the representation of the vertical velocity field displays high sensitivity to the frequency of the wind forcing. If the wind field contains energy at the inertial frequency or higher (daily and 6-hourly cases), then submesoscale fronts, vortex Rossby waves and near inertial waves are excited as ageostrophic expression of the vigorous eddy field. Those quasi- and near-inertial waves dominate the vertical velocity field in the mixed layer (vortex Rossby waves) and below the first hundred meters (near inertial waves) and they are responsible for the differences in the vertical transport properties under the various forcing fields as quantified by frequency spectra, vertical velocity profiles and vertical dispersion of Lagrangian tracers.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Johnson, Perry L.; Shyam, Vikram
2012-01-01
A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is performed of a high blowing ratio (M = 1.7) film cooling flow with density ratio of unity. Mean results are compared with experimental data to show the degree of fidelity achieved in the simulation. While the trends in the LES prediction are a noticeable improvement over Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) predictions, there is still a lack a spreading on the underside of the lifted jet. This is likely due to the inability of the LES to capture the full range of influential eddies on the underside of the jet due to their smaller structure. The unsteady structures in the turbulent coolant jet are also explored and related to turbulent mixing characteristics
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Montes, I.; Dewitte, B.; Gutknecht, E.; Paulmier, A.; Dadou, I.; Oschlies, A.; Garçon, V. C.
2015-12-01
The Eastern Tropical South Pacific encompasses one of the most extended Oxygen Minimum zones, which is mainly maintained by a combination of sluggish circulation and high biological productivity in the surface layer leading to elevate organic matter decomposition consuming dissolved oxygen. Low-oxygen areas are important not only for macroorganisms that cannot survive in oxygen-poor conditions, but also because of special biogeochemical processes occurring at low oxygen concentrations. In particular, a large fraction of oceanic nitrogen-loss occurs in these areas via anaerobic microbial processes. These include denitrification and axammox that both lead to a net loss of fixed nitrogen once oxygen concentrations have fallen below some threshold of a few umol/l. Recently it has been found that eddies may act as nitrogen-loss hotspots, possibly by shielding enclosed water parcels from lateral mixing with better ventilated oxygen-richer waters outside the eddies. Here we used a regional coupled biogeochemical model to investigate the relationship between eddies and the nitrogen-loss. We also investigate the mechanisms responsible for the generation of eddies and for possible modulations of eddy activity on interannual timescales, in particular during cold and warm phases of the El Nino Southern Oscillation.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Linacre, Lorena; Lara-Lara, Rubén; Camacho-Ibar, Víctor; Herguera, Juan Carlos; Bazán-Guzmán, Carmen; Ferreira-Bartrina, Vicente
2015-12-01
In order to characterize the carbon biomass spatial distribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton populations linked to mesoscale dynamics, an investigation over an extensive open-ocean region of the southern Gulf of Mexico (GM) was conducted. Seawater samples from the mixed layer were collected during wintertime (February-March 2013). Picoplankton populations were counted and sorted using flow cytometry analyses. Carbon biomass was assessed based on in situ cell abundances and conversion factors from the literature. Approximately 46% of the total picoplankton biomass was composed of three autotrophic populations (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and pico-eukaryotes), while 54% consisted of heterotrophic bacteria populations. Prochlorococcus spp. was the most abundant pico-primary producer (>80%), and accounted for more than 60% of the total pico-autotrophic biomass. The distribution patterns of picoplankton biomass were strongly associated with the mesoscale dynamics that modulated the hydrographic conditions of the surface mixed layer. The main features of the carbon distribution pattern were: (1) the deepening of picoplankton biomass to layers closer to the nitracline base in anticyclonic eddies; (2) the shoaling of picoplankton biomass in cyclonic eddies, constraining the autoprokaryote biomasses to the upper layers, as well as accumulating the pico-eukaryote biomass in the cold core of the eddies; and (3) the increase of heterotrophic bacteria biomass in frontal regions between counter-paired anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies. Factors related to nutrient preferences and light conditions may as well have contributed to the distribution pattern of the microbial populations. The findings reveal the great influence of the mesoscale dynamics on the distribution of picoplankton populations within the mixed layer. Moreover, the significance of microbial components (especially Prochlorococcus) in the southern GM during winter conditions was revealed, indicating that they may play an important role in the pelagic food web, and that they may have a substantial impact on the carbon cycle in oligotrophic regions.
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Stochastic Convection Parameterizations: The Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux (EDMF) Approach (Invited)
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Teixeira, J.
2013-12-01
In this presentation it is argued that moist convection parameterizations need to be stochastic in order to be realistic - even in deterministic atmospheric prediction systems. A new unified convection and boundary layer parameterization (EDMF) that optimally combines the Eddy-Diffusivity (ED) approach for smaller-scale boundary layer mixing with the Mass-Flux (MF) approach for larger-scale plumes is discussed. It is argued that for realistic simulations stochastic methods have to be employed in this new unified EDMF. Positive results from the implementation of the EDMF approach in atmospheric models are presented.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Huang, W.; Chu, X.; Gardner, C. S.; Barry, I. F.; Smith, J. A.; Fong, W.; Yu, Z.; Chen, C.
2014-12-01
The vertical transport of heat and constituent by gravity waves and tides plays a fundamental role in establishing the thermal and constituent structures of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), but has not been thoroughly investigated by observations. In particular, direct measurements of vertical heat flux and metal constituent flux caused by dissipating waves are extremely rare, which demand precise measurements with high spatial and temporal resolutions over a long period. Such requirements are necessary to overcome various uncertainties to reveal the small quantities of the heat and constituent fluxes induced by dissipating waves. So far such direct observations have only been reported for vertical heat and Na fluxes using a Na Doppler lidar at Starfire Optical Range (SOR) in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Furthermore, estimate of eddy heat and constituent fluxes from the turbulent mixing generated by breaking waves is even more challenging due to the even smaller temporal and spatial scales of the eddy. Consequently, the associated coefficients of thermal (kH) and constituent (kzz) diffusion have not been well characterized and remain as large uncertainties in models. We attempt to address these issues with direct measurements by a Na Doppler lidar with exceptional high-resolution measurement capabilities. Since summer 2010, we have been operating a Na Doppler lidar at Boulder, Colorado. The efficiency of the lidar has been greatly improved in summer of 2011 and achieved generally over 1000 counts of Na signal per lidar pulse in winter. In 2013, we made extensive Na lidar observations in 98 nights. These data covering each month of a full year will be used to characterize the seasonal variations of heat and Na fluxes and to be compared with the pioneering observations at SOR. In November 2013, we further upgraded the lidar with two new frequency shifters and a new data acquisition scheme, which are optimized for estimating eddy fluxes and reducing the measurement bias. Since then, we have been making observations in order to directly measure the eddy heat and Na fluxes for the first time. Such lidar observations at Boulder will certainly help advance the understanding on the vertical transport in the MLT region and provide crucial observational references to the models.
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Spectral multigrid methods for the solution of homogeneous turbulence problems
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Erlebacher, G.; Zang, T. A.; Hussaini, M. Y.
1987-01-01
New three-dimensional spectral multigrid algorithms are analyzed and implemented to solve the variable coefficient Helmholtz equation. Periodicity is assumed in all three directions which leads to a Fourier collocation representation. Convergence rates are theoretically predicted and confirmed through numerical tests. Residual averaging results in a spectral radius of 0.2 for the variable coefficient Poisson equation. In general, non-stationary Richardson must be used for the Helmholtz equation. The algorithms developed are applied to the large-eddy simulation of incompressible isotropic turbulence.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Akuetevi, C. Q. C.; Barnier, B.; Verron, J.; Molines, J.-M.; Lecointre, A.
2016-02-01
Three hindcast simulations of the global ocean circulation differing by resolution (1/4 or 1/12°) or parametrization or atmospheric forcing are used to describe the interactions between the large anticyclonic eddies generated by the Somali Current system during the Southwest Monsoon. The present investigation of the Somalian coherent eddy structures allows us to identify the origin and the subsequent development of the cyclones flanked upon the Great Whirl (GW) previously identified by Beal and Donohue (2013) in satellite observations and to establish that similar cyclones are also flanked upon the Southern Gyre (SG). These cyclones are identified as potential actors in mixing water masses within the large eddies and offshore the coast of Somalia. All three simulations bring to light that during the period when the Southwest Monsoon is well established, the SG moves northward along the Somali coast and encounters the GW. The interaction between the SG and the GW is a collision without merging, in a way that has not been described in observations up to now. During the collision the GW is pushed to the east of Socotra Island, sheds several smaller patches of anticyclonic vorticity, and often reforms into the Socotra Eddy, thus proposing a formation mechanism for that eddy. During this process the GW gives up its place to the SG. This process is robust throughout the three simulations.
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Large Eddy Simulation of a Supercritical Turbulent Mixing Layer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sheikhi, Reza; Hadi, Fatemeh; Safari, Mehdi
2017-11-01
Supercritical turbulent flows are relevant to a wide range of applications such as supercritical power cycles, gas turbine combustors, rocket propulsion and internal combustion engines. Large eddy simulation (LES) analysis of such flows involves solving mass, momentum, energy and scalar transport equations with inclusion of generalized diffusion fluxes. These equations are combined with a real gas equation of state and the corresponding thermodynamic mixture variables. Subgrid scale models are needed for not only the conventional convective terms but also the additional high pressure effects arising due to the nonlinearity associated with generalized diffusion fluxes and real gas equation of state. In this study, LES is carried out to study the high pressure turbulent mixing of methane with carbon dioxide in a temporally developing mixing layer under supercritical condition. LES results are assessed by comparing with data obtained from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the same layer. LES predictions agree favorably with DNS data and represent several key supercritical turbulent flow features such as high density gradient regions. Supported by DOE Grant SC0017097; computational support is provided by DOE National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center.
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Large-eddy simulation of a spatially-evolving turbulent mixing layer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Capuano, Francesco; Catalano, Pietro; Mastellone, Andrea
2015-11-01
Large-eddy simulations of a spatially-evolving turbulent mixing layer have been performed. The flow conditions correspond to those of a documented experimental campaign (Delville, Appl. Sci. Res. 1994). The flow evolves downstream of a splitter plate separating two fully turbulent boundary layers, with Reθ = 2900 on the high-speed side and Reθ = 1200 on the low-speed side. The computational domain starts at the trailing edge of the splitter plate, where experimental mean velocity profiles are prescribed; white-noise perturbations are superimposed to mimic turbulent fluctuations. The fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved by means of a finite-volume method implemented into the in-house code SPARK-LES. The results are mainly checked in terms of the streamwise evolution of the vorticity thickness and averaged velocity profiles. The combined effects of inflow perturbations, numerical accuracy and subgrid-scale model are discussed. It is found that excessive levels of dissipation may damp inlet fluctuations and delay the virtual origin of the turbulent mixing layer. On the other hand, non-dissipative, high-resolution computations provide results that are in much better agreement with experimental data.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nadai, A.
2016-02-01
The HF ocean surface radar (HFOSR) is one of the powerful tools to measure the ocean current parameters like surface currents. Three observations of the Kuroshio current in the Tokara straight using HFOSR had done by the National Institute of Information and Comunications Technology (NICT: the former name is the Communications Research Laboratory). The first-order echoes on Doppler spectra of HFOSR shows broaden and splitting shape in the region of the border between the Kuroshio currents and coastal waters. The surface velocity maps show the existence of eddy on the border. The investigation of the mechanism of broadening first order-echoes by Nadai (2006) revealed that the modulation of wave fields from surface currents like eddy is the cause of broadening and the measured current fields also influenced the modulated wave fields. Moreover, Nadai (2006) also suggested that the influence is able to reduce using the average of two radial velocities extracted by the first-order echoes. In this paper, the results of current field observation around the border between the Kuroshio current and coastal waters are presented. Many small scale eddies are observed at the border of the Kuroshio current and coastal waters. The typical radius of the eddies is about 10km. Usury the observation of such a small scale eddy is difficult, but the eddies with same scale are observed by airborne synthetic aperture radar in the same area at different time. The eddies shows strong rotation as the typical tangential speed is about 1m/s. While the typical speed of the Kuroshio current is about 1.5m/s, the typical speed of the eddy movements is about 0.7m/s. No eddies generated in the radar coverage, but one or two eddies entered in the radar coverage a day. Therefore the origin of these eddies will exist in the upstream area of the radar coverage. Using the compensation method for the influence of the modulated wave field suggested by Nadai (2006), the eddies shows weak divergence. It is important to consider the mixing between the water of Kuroshio region and East China Sea. However the vertical structure is needed for more precise discussion.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
More and more evapotranspiration (ET) models, ET crop coefficients, and associated measurements of ET are reported in the literature. These measurements base from a range of measurement systems including lysimeters, eddy covariance, Bowen ratio, water balance (gravimetric, neutron meter, other soil ...
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A normal stress subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model in large eddy simulation
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Horiuti, K.; Mansour, N. N.; Kim, John J.
1993-01-01
The Smagorinsky subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model (SGS-EVM) is commonly used in large eddy simulations (LES) to represent the effects of the unresolved scales on the resolved scales. This model is known to be limited because its constant must be optimized in different flows, and it must be modified with a damping function to account for near-wall effects. The recent dynamic model is designed to overcome these limitations but is compositionally intensive as compared to the traditional SGS-EVM. In a recent study using direct numerical simulation data, Horiuti has shown that these drawbacks are due mainly to the use of an improper velocity scale in the SGS-EVM. He also proposed the use of the subgrid-scale normal stress as a new velocity scale that was inspired by a high-order anisotropic representation model. The testing of Horiuti, however, was conducted using DNS data from a low Reynolds number channel flow simulation. It was felt that further testing at higher Reynolds numbers and also using different flows (other than wall-bounded shear flows) were necessary steps needed to establish the validity of the new model. This is the primary motivation of the present study. The objective is to test the new model using DNS databases of high Reynolds number channel and fully developed turbulent mixing layer flows. The use of both channel (wall-bounded) and mixing layer flows is important for the development of accurate LES models because these two flows encompass many characteristic features of complex turbulent flows.
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Scripps Ocean Modeling and Remote Sensing (SOMARS)
1988-09-20
Topics in this brief reports include: Kalman filtering of oceanographic data; Remote sensing of sea surface temperature; Altimetry and Surface heat fluxes; Ocean models of the marine mixed layer; Radar altimetry; Mathematical model of California current eddies.
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A Partially-Stirred Batch Reactor Model for Under-Ventilated Fire Dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
McDermott, Randall; Weinschenk, Craig
2013-11-01
A simple discrete quadrature method is developed for closure of the mean chemical source term in large-eddy simulations (LES) and implemented in the publicly available fire model, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The method is cast as a partially-stirred batch reactor model for each computational cell. The model has three distinct components: (1) a subgrid mixing environment, (2) a mixing model, and (3) a set of chemical rate laws. The subgrid probability density function (PDF) is described by a linear combination of Dirac delta functions with quadrature weights set to satisfy simple integral constraints for the computational cell. It is shown that under certain limiting assumptions, the present method reduces to the eddy dissipation concept (EDC). The model is used to predict carbon monoxide concentrations in direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a methane slot burner and in LES of an under-ventilated compartment fire.
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Glenn, E.P.; Neale, C. M. U.; Hunsaker, D.J.; Nagler, P.L.
2011-01-01
Crop coefficients were developed to determine crop water needs based on the evapotranspiration (ET) of a reference crop under a given set of meteorological conditions. Starting in the 1980s, crop coefficients developed through lysimeter studies or set by expert opinion began to be supplemented by remotely sensed vegetation indices (VI) that measured the actual status of the crop on a field-by-field basis. VIs measure the density of green foliage based on the reflectance of visible and near infrared (NIR) light from the canopy, and are highly correlated with plant physiological processes that depend on light absorption by a canopy such as ET and photosynthesis. Reflectance-based crop coefficients have now been developed for numerous individual crops, including corn, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, potato, sugar beet, vegetables, grapes and orchard crops. Other research has shown that VIs can be used to predict ET over fields of mixed crops, allowing them to be used to monitor ET over entire irrigation districts. VI-based crop coefficients can help reduce agricultural water use by matching irrigation rates to the actual water needs of a crop as it grows instead of to a modeled crop growing under optimal conditions. Recently, the concept has been applied to natural ecosystems at the local, regional and continental scales of measurement, using time-series satellite data from the MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite. VIs or other visible-NIR band algorithms are combined with meteorological data to predict ET in numerous biome types, from deserts, to arctic tundra, to tropical rainforests. These methods often closely match ET measured on the ground at the global FluxNet array of eddy covariance moisture and carbon flux towers. The primary advantage of VI methods for estimating ET is that transpiration is closely related to radiation absorbed by the plant canopy, which is closely related to VIs. The primary disadvantage is that they cannot capture stress effects or soil evaporation. Copyright ?? 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The exchange of Kuroshio and East China Sea shelf water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chern, Ching-Sheng; Wang, Joe; Wang, Dong-Ping
1990-09-01
A detailed hydrographic study of the East China Sea shelf edge north of Taiwan revealed an intense cold eddy on the shelf break and a large low-salinity filament at the slope. The cold eddy which is induced by the upwelling of the subsurface Kuroshio water has been repeatedly documented in previous studies. The filament which is made of the mixed shelf and subsurface Kuroshio water, on the other hand, has not been recognized before. The shelf edge upwelling appears to be associated with the sharp bending of the Kuroshio north of Taiwan, while the outpouring of shelf water appears to be associated with the northeasterly storms. Both the eddy and the filament consist of large fractions of the subsurface Kuroshio water, and they may be important to the salt and nutrient budget on the East China Sea shelf.
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Subduction at upper ocean fronts by baroclinic instability
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Verma, Vicky; Pham, Hieu T.; Radhakrishnan, Anand; Sarkar, Sutanu
2017-11-01
Large eddy simulations of upper ocean fronts that are initially in geostrophic balance show that the linear and subsequent nonlinear evolution of baroclinic intability are effective in restratifying the front. During the growth of baroclinic instability, the front develops thin regions with enhanced vertical vorticity, i.e., vorticity filaments. Moreover, the vorticity filaments organize into submesoscale eddies. The subsequent frontal dynamics is dominated by the vorticity filaments and the submesoscale eddies. Diagnosis of the horizontal force balance reveals that the regions occupied by these coherent structures have significantly large imbalance, and are characterized by large vertical velocity. High density fluid from the heavier side of the front is subducted by the vertical velocity to the bottom of the mixed layer. The process of subduction is illustrated by Lagrangian tracking of fluid particles released at a fixed depth.
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Martinez-Tossas, Luis A.; Churchfield, Matthew J.; Yilmaz, Ali Emre; ...
2018-05-16
Here, large-eddy simulation (LES) of a wind turbine under uniform inflow is performed using an actuator line model (ALM). Predictions from four LES research codes from the wind energy community are compared. The implementation of the ALM in all codes is similar and quantities along the blades are shown to match closely for all codes. The value of the Smagorinsky coefficient in the subgrid-scale turbulence model is shown to have a negligible effect on the time-averaged loads along the blades. Conversely, the breakdown location of the wake is strongly dependent on the Smagorinsky coefficient in uniform laminar inflow. Simulations aremore » also performed using uniform mean velocity inflow with added homogeneous isotropic turbulence from a public database. The time-averaged loads along the blade do not depend on the inflow turbulence. Moreover, and in contrast to the uniform inflow cases, the Smagorinsky coefficient has a negligible effect on the wake profiles. It is concluded that for LES of wind turbines and wind farms using ALM, careful implementation and extensive cross-verification among codes can result in highly reproducible predictions. Moreover, the characteristics of the inflow turbulence appear to be more important than the details of the subgrid-scale modeling employed in the wake, at least for LES of wind energy applications at the resolutions tested in this work.« less
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Martinez-Tossas, Luis A.; Churchfield, Matthew J.; Yilmaz, Ali Emre
Here, large-eddy simulation (LES) of a wind turbine under uniform inflow is performed using an actuator line model (ALM). Predictions from four LES research codes from the wind energy community are compared. The implementation of the ALM in all codes is similar and quantities along the blades are shown to match closely for all codes. The value of the Smagorinsky coefficient in the subgrid-scale turbulence model is shown to have a negligible effect on the time-averaged loads along the blades. Conversely, the breakdown location of the wake is strongly dependent on the Smagorinsky coefficient in uniform laminar inflow. Simulations aremore » also performed using uniform mean velocity inflow with added homogeneous isotropic turbulence from a public database. The time-averaged loads along the blade do not depend on the inflow turbulence. Moreover, and in contrast to the uniform inflow cases, the Smagorinsky coefficient has a negligible effect on the wake profiles. It is concluded that for LES of wind turbines and wind farms using ALM, careful implementation and extensive cross-verification among codes can result in highly reproducible predictions. Moreover, the characteristics of the inflow turbulence appear to be more important than the details of the subgrid-scale modeling employed in the wake, at least for LES of wind energy applications at the resolutions tested in this work.« less
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kirkpatrick, M. P.; Mansour, N. N.; Ackerman, A. S.; Stevens, D. E.
2003-01-01
The use of large eddy simulation, or LES, to study the atmospheric boundary layer dates back to the early 1970s when Deardor (1972) used a three-dimensional simulation to determine velocity and temperature scales in the convective boundary layer. In 1974 he applied LES to the problem of mixing layer entrainment (Deardor 1974) and in 1980 to the cloud-topped boundary layer (Deardor 1980b). Since that time the LES approach has been applied to atmospheric boundary layer problems by numerous authors. While LES has been shown to be relatively robust for simple cases such as a clear, convective boundary layer (Mason 1989), simulation of the cloud-topped boundary layer has proved more of a challenge. The combination of small length scales and anisotropic turbulence coupled with cloud microphysics and radiation effects places a heavy burden on the turbulence model, especially in the cloud-top region. Consequently, over the past few decades considerable effort has been devoted to developing turbulence models that are better able to parameterize these processes. Much of this work has involved taking parameterizations developed for neutral boundary layers and deriving corrections to account for buoyancy effects associated with the background stratification and local buoyancy sources due to radiative and latent heat transfer within the cloud (see Lilly 1962; Deardor 1980a; Mason 1989; MacVean & Mason 1990, for example). In this paper we hope to contribute to this effort by presenting a number of turbulence models in which the model coefficients are calculated dynamically during the simulation rather than being prescribed a priori.
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Transient eddy formation around headlands
Signell, Richard P.; Geyer, W. Rockwell
1991-01-01
Eddies with length scales of 1-10 km are commonly observed in coastal waters and play an important role in the dispersion of water-borne materials. The generation and evolution of these eddies by oscillatory tidal flow around coastal headlands is investigated with analytical and numerical models. Using shallow water depth-averaged vorticity dynamics, eddies are shown to form when flow separation occurs near the tip of the headland, causing intense vorticity generated along the headland to be injected into the interior. An analytic boundary layer model demonstrates that flow separation occurs when the pressure gradient along the boundary switches from favoring (accelerating) to adverse (decelerating), and its occurrence depends principally on three parameters: the aspect ratio [b/a], where b and a are characteristic width and length scales of the headland; [H/CDa], where H is the water depth, CD is the depth-averaged drag coefficient; and [Uo/aa], where Uo and a are the magnitude and frequency of the far-field tidal flow. Simulations with a depth-averaged numerical model show a wide range of responses to changes in these parameters, including cases where no separation occurs, cases where only one eddy exists at a given time, and cases where bottom friction is weak enough that eddies produced during successive tidal cycles coexist, interacting strongly with each other. These simulations also demonstrate that in unsteady flow, a strong start-up vortex forms after the flow separates, leading to a much more intense patch of vorticity and stronger recirculation than found in steady flow.
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Mixing parametrizations for ocean climate modelling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gusev, Anatoly; Moshonkin, Sergey; Diansky, Nikolay; Zalesny, Vladimir
2016-04-01
The algorithm is presented of splitting the total evolutionary equations for the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and turbulence dissipation frequency (TDF), which is used to parameterize the viscosity and diffusion coefficients in ocean circulation models. The turbulence model equations are split into the stages of transport-diffusion and generation-dissipation. For the generation-dissipation stage, the following schemes are implemented: the explicit-implicit numerical scheme, analytical solution and the asymptotic behavior of the analytical solutions. The experiments were performed with different mixing parameterizations for the modelling of Arctic and the Atlantic climate decadal variability with the eddy-permitting circulation model INMOM (Institute of Numerical Mathematics Ocean Model) using vertical grid refinement in the zone of fully developed turbulence. The proposed model with the split equations for turbulence characteristics is similar to the contemporary differential turbulence models, concerning the physical formulations. At the same time, its algorithm has high enough computational efficiency. Parameterizations with using the split turbulence model make it possible to obtain more adequate structure of temperature and salinity at decadal timescales, compared to the simpler Pacanowski-Philander (PP) turbulence parameterization. Parameterizations with using analytical solution or numerical scheme at the generation-dissipation step of the turbulence model leads to better representation of ocean climate than the faster parameterization using the asymptotic behavior of the analytical solution. At the same time, the computational efficiency left almost unchanged relative to the simple PP parameterization. Usage of PP parametrization in the circulation model leads to realistic simulation of density and circulation with violation of T,S-relationships. This error is majorly avoided with using the proposed parameterizations containing the split turbulence model. The high sensitivity of the eddy-permitting circulation model to the definition of mixing is revealed, which is associated with significant changes of density fields in the upper baroclinic ocean layer over the total considered area. For instance, usage of the turbulence parameterization instead of PP algorithm leads to increasing circulation velocity in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current, as well as the subpolar cyclonic gyre in the North Atlantic and Beaufort Gyre in the Arctic basin are reproduced more realistically. Consideration of the Prandtl number as a function of the Richardson number significantly increases the modelling quality. The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant № 16-05-00534) and the Council on the Russian Federation President Grants (grant № MK-3241.2015.5)
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A Microscale View of Mixing and Overturning Across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Naveira Garabato, A.; Polzin, K. L.; Ferrari, R. M.; Zika, J. D.; Forryan, A.
2014-12-01
The meridional overturning circulation and stratication of the global ocean are shaped critically by processes in the Southern Ocean. The zonally unblocked nature of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) confers the region with a set of special dynamics that ultimately results in the focussing therein of large vertical exchanges between layers spanning the global ocean pycnocline. These vertical exchanges are thought to be mediated by oceanic turbulent motions (associated with mesoscale eddies and small-scale turbulence), yet the vastness of the Southern Ocean and the sparse and intermittent nature of turbulent processes make their relative roles and large-scale impacts extremely difficult to assess.Here, we address the problem from a new angle, and use measurements of the centimetre-scale signatures of mesoscale eddies and small-scale turbulence obtained during the DIMES experiment to determine the contributions of those processes to sustaining large-scale meridional overturning across the ACC. We find that mesoscale eddies and small-scale turbulence play complementary roles in forcing a meridional circulation of O(1 mm / s) across the Southern Ocean, and that their roles are underpinned by distinct and abrupt variations in the rates at which they mix water parcels. The implications for our understanding of the Southern Ocean circulation's sensitivity to climatic change will be discussed.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Yang, Fan; Ovchinnikov, Mikhail; Shaw, Raymond A.
Lagrangian ice particle tracking is applied in both a 3-D time dependent velocity field produced by a Large Eddy Simulation cloud model and in a 2-D idealized field. It is found that more than 10% of ice particles have lifetimes longer than 1.5 hours, much longer than the large eddy turnover time or the time for a crystal to fall through the depth of a non-turbulent cloud. An analysis of trajectories in a 2-D idealized field shows that there are two types of long lifetime ice particles: quasi-steady and recycled growth. For quasi-steady growth, ice particles are suspended in themore » updraft velocity region for a long time. For recycled growth, ice particles are trapped in the large-eddy structures, and whether ice particles grow or evaporate depends on the ice relative humidity profile within the boundary layer. Some ice particles can grow after each cycle in the trapping region, until they are too large to be trapped, and thus have long lifetimes. The relative contribution of the recycled ice particles to the cloud mean ice water content depends on both the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the mixing layer. In particular, the total ice water content of a mixed phase cloud in a decoupled boundary layer can be much larger than that in a fully coupled boundary layer.« less
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Lewicki, Jennifer L.; Kelly, Peter; Bergfeld, Deborah; Vaughan, R. Greg; Lowenstern, Jacob B.
2017-01-01
We quantified gas and heat emissions in an acid-sulfate, vapor-dominated area (0.04-km2) of Norris Geyser Basin, located just north of the 0.63 Ma Yellowstone Caldera and near an area of anomalous uplift. From 14 May to 3 October 2016, an eddy covariance system measured half-hourly CO2, H2O and sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes and a Multi-GAS instrument measured (1 Hz frequency) atmospheric H2O, CO2 and H2S volumetric mixing ratios. We also measured soil CO2 fluxes using the accumulation chamber method and temperature profiles on a grid and collected fumarole gas samples for geochemical analysis. Eddy covariance CO2 fluxes ranged from − 56 to 885 g m− 2 d− 1. Using wavelet analysis, average daily eddy covariance CO2 fluxes were locally correlated with average daily environmental parameters on several-day to monthly time scales. Estimates of CO2emission rate from the study area ranged from 8.6 t d− 1 based on eddy covariance measurements to 9.8 t d− 1 based on accumulation chamber measurements. Eddy covariance water vapor fluxes ranged from 1178 to 24,600 g m− 2 d− 1. Nighttime H and LEwere considered representative of hydrothermal heat fluxes and ranged from 4 to 183 and 38 to 504 W m− 2, respectively. The total hydrothermal heat emission rate (H + LE + radiant) estimated for the study area was 11.6 MW and LE contributed 69% of the output. The mean ± standard deviation of H2O, CO2 and H2S mixing ratios measured by the Multi-GAS system were 9.3 ± 3.1 parts per thousand, 467 ± 61 ppmv, and 0.5 ± 0.6 ppmv, respectively, and variations in the gas compositions were strongly correlated with diurnal variations in environmental parameters (wind speed and direction, atmospheric temperature). After removing ambient H2O and CO2, the observed variations in the Multi-GAS data could be explained by the mixing of relatively H2O-CO2-H2S-rich fumarole gases with CO2-rich and H2O-H2S-poor soil gases. The fumarole H2O/CO2 and CO2/H2S end member ratios (101.7 and 27.1, respectively, on average) were invariant during the measurement period and fell within the range of values measured in direct fumarole gas samples. The soil gas H2O/CO2end member ratios (~ 15–30) were variable and low relative to the fumarole end member, likely resulting from water vapor loss during cooling and condensation in the shallow subsurface, whereas the CO2/H2S end member ratio was high (~ 160), presumably related to transport of CO2-dominated soil gas emissions mixed with trace fumarolic emissions to the Multi-GAS station. Nighttime eddy covariance ratios of H2O to CO2 flux were typically between the soil gas and fumarole end member H2O/CO2 ratios defined by Multi-GAS measurements. Overall, the combined eddy covariance and Multi-GAS approach provides a powerful tool for quasi-continuous measurements of gas and heat emissions for improved volcano-hydrothermal monitoring.
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Observed drag coefficients in high winds in the near offshore of the South China Sea
Bi, Xueyan; Liu, Yangan; Gao, Zhiqiu; ...
2015-07-14
This paper investigates the relationships between friction velocity, 10 m drag coefficient, and 10 m wind speed using data collected at two offshore observation towers (one over the sea and the other on an island) from seven typhoon episodes in the South China Sea from 2008 to 2014. The two towers were placed in areas with different water depths along a shore-normal line. The depth of water at the tower over the sea averages about 15 m, and the depth of water near the island is about 10 m. The observed maximum 10 min average wind speed at a heightmore » of 10 m is about 32 m s⁻¹. Momentum fluxes derived from three methods (eddy covariance, inertial dissipation, and flux profile) are compared. The momentum fluxes derived from the flux profile method are larger (smaller) over the sea (on the island) than those from the other two methods. The relationship between the 10 m drag coefficient and the 10 m wind speed is examined by use of the data obtained by the eddy covariance method. The drag coefficient first decreases with increasing 10 m wind speed when the wind speeds are 5–10 m s⁻¹, then increases and reaches a peak value of 0.002 around a wind speed of 18 m s⁻¹. The drag coefficient decreases with increasing 10 m wind speed when 10 m wind speeds are 18–27 m s⁻¹. A comparison of the measurements from the two towers shows that the 10 m drag coefficient from the tower in 10 m water depth is about 40% larger than that from the tower in 15 m water depth when the 10 m wind speed is less than 10 m s⁻¹. Above this, the difference in the 10 m drag coefficients of the two towers disappears.« less
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Observed drag coefficients in high winds in the near offshore of the South China Sea
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Bi, Xueyan; Liu, Yangan; Gao, Zhiqiu
This paper investigates the relationships between friction velocity, 10 m drag coefficient, and 10 m wind speed using data collected at two offshore observation towers (one over the sea and the other on an island) from seven typhoon episodes in the South China Sea from 2008 to 2014. The two towers were placed in areas with different water depths along a shore-normal line. The depth of water at the tower over the sea averages about 15 m, and the depth of water near the island is about 10 m. The observed maximum 10 min average wind speed at a heightmore » of 10 m is about 32 m s⁻¹. Momentum fluxes derived from three methods (eddy covariance, inertial dissipation, and flux profile) are compared. The momentum fluxes derived from the flux profile method are larger (smaller) over the sea (on the island) than those from the other two methods. The relationship between the 10 m drag coefficient and the 10 m wind speed is examined by use of the data obtained by the eddy covariance method. The drag coefficient first decreases with increasing 10 m wind speed when the wind speeds are 5–10 m s⁻¹, then increases and reaches a peak value of 0.002 around a wind speed of 18 m s⁻¹. The drag coefficient decreases with increasing 10 m wind speed when 10 m wind speeds are 18–27 m s⁻¹. A comparison of the measurements from the two towers shows that the 10 m drag coefficient from the tower in 10 m water depth is about 40% larger than that from the tower in 15 m water depth when the 10 m wind speed is less than 10 m s⁻¹. Above this, the difference in the 10 m drag coefficients of the two towers disappears.« less
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Towards a Fine-Resolution Global Coupled Climate System for Prediction on Decadal/Centennial Scales
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
McClean, Julie L.
The over-arching goal of this project was to contribute to the realization of a fully coupled fine resolution Earth System Model simulation in which a weather-scale atmosphere is coupled to an ocean in which mesoscale eddies are largely resolved. Both a prototype fine-resolution fully coupled ESM simulation and a first-ever multi-decadal forced fine-resolution global coupled ocean/ice simulation were configured, tested, run, and analyzed as part of this grant. Science questions focused on the gains from the use of high horizontal resolution, particularly in the ocean and sea-ice, with respect to climatically important processes. Both these fine resolution coupled ocean/sea icemore » and fully-coupled simulations and precedent stand-alone eddy-resolving ocean and eddy-permitting coupled ocean/ice simulations were used to explore the high resolution regime. Overall, these studies showed that the presence of mesoscale eddies significantly impacted mixing processes and the global meridional overturning circulation in the ocean simulations. Fourteen refereed publications and a Ph.D. dissertation resulted from this grant.« less
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An Examination of the Evolution of Radiation and Advection Fogs
1993-01-01
and fog diagnostic and prediction models have developed in sophistication so that they can reproduce fairly accurate one- or two-dimensional...occurred only by molecular diffusion near the interface created between the species during the mixing process. The rate of homogenization is minimal until...of excess vapor by molecular diffusion at the interfaces of nearly saturated air mixing in eddies is faster than the relaxation time of droplet
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Satellite Observations of Imprint of Oceanic Current on Wind Stress by Air-Sea Coupling.
Renault, Lionel; McWilliams, James C; Masson, Sebastien
2017-12-18
Mesoscale eddies are present everywhere in the ocean and partly determine the mean state of the circulation and ecosystem. The current feedback on the surface wind stress modulates the air-sea transfer of momentum by providing a sink of mesoscale eddy energy as an atmospheric source. Using nine years of satellite measurements of surface stress and geostrophic currents over the global ocean, we confirm that the current-induced surface stress curl is linearly related to the current vorticity. The resulting coupling coefficient between current and surface stress (s τ [N s m -3 ]) is heterogeneous and can be roughly expressed as a linear function of the mean surface wind. s τ expresses the sink of eddy energy induced by the current feedback. This has important implications for air-sea interaction and implies that oceanic mean and mesoscale circulations and their effects on surface-layer ventilation and carbon uptake are better represented in oceanic models that include this feedback.
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Mixing Efficiency in the Ocean.
Gregg, M C; D'Asaro, E A; Riley, J J; Kunze, E
2018-01-03
Mixing efficiency is the ratio of the net change in potential energy to the energy expended in producing the mixing. Parameterizations of efficiency and of related mixing coefficients are needed to estimate diapycnal diffusivity from measurements of the turbulent dissipation rate. Comparing diffusivities from microstructure profiling with those inferred from the thickening rate of four simultaneous tracer releases has verified, within observational accuracy, 0.2 as the mixing coefficient over a 30-fold range of diapycnal diffusivities. Although some mixing coefficients can be estimated from pycnocline measurements, at present mixing efficiency must be obtained from channel flows, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations. Reviewing the different approaches demonstrates that estimates and parameterizations for mixing efficiency and coefficients are not converging beyond the at-sea comparisons with tracer releases, leading to recommendations for a community approach to address this important issue.
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Mixing Efficiency in the Ocean
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gregg, M. C.; D'Asaro, E. A.; Riley, J. J.; Kunze, E.
2018-01-01
Mixing efficiency is the ratio of the net change in potential energy to the energy expended in producing the mixing. Parameterizations of efficiency and of related mixing coefficients are needed to estimate diapycnal diffusivity from measurements of the turbulent dissipation rate. Comparing diffusivities from microstructure profiling with those inferred from the thickening rate of four simultaneous tracer releases has verified, within observational accuracy, 0.2 as the mixing coefficient over a 30-fold range of diapycnal diffusivities. Although some mixing coefficients can be estimated from pycnocline measurements, at present mixing efficiency must be obtained from channel flows, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations. Reviewing the different approaches demonstrates that estimates and parameterizations for mixing efficiency and coefficients are not converging beyond the at-sea comparisons with tracer releases, leading to recommendations for a community approach to address this important issue.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vialard, J.; Jayakumar, A.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Lengaigne, M.; Sengupta, D.; Goswami, B. N.
2012-05-01
During summer, the northern Indian Ocean exhibits significant atmospheric intraseasonal variability associated with active and break phases of the monsoon in the 30-90 days band. In this paper, we investigate mechanisms of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) signature of this atmospheric variability, using a combination of observational datasets and Ocean General Circulation Model sensitivity experiments. In addition to the previously-reported intraseasonal SST signature in the Bay of Bengal, observations show clear SST signals in the Arabian Sea related to the active/break cycle of the monsoon. As the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillation moves northward, SST variations appear first at the southern tip of India (day 0), then in the Somali upwelling region (day 10), northern Bay of Bengal (day 19) and finally in the Oman upwelling region (day 23). The Bay of Bengal and Oman signals are most clearly associated with the monsoon active/break index, whereas the relationship with signals near Somali upwelling and the southern tip of India is weaker. In agreement with previous studies, we find that heat flux variations drive most of the intraseasonal SST variability in the Bay of Bengal, both in our model (regression coefficient, 0.9, against ~0.25 for wind stress) and in observations (0.8 regression coefficient); ~60% of the heat flux variation is due do shortwave radiation and ~40% due to latent heat flux. On the other hand, both observations and model results indicate a prominent role of dynamical oceanic processes in the Arabian Sea. Wind-stress variations force about 70-100% of SST intraseasonal variations in the Arabian Sea, through modulation of oceanic processes (entrainment, mixing, Ekman pumping, lateral advection). Our ~100 km resolution model suggests that internal oceanic variability (i.e. eddies) contributes substantially to intraseasonal variability at small-scale in the Somali upwelling region, but does not contribute to large-scale intraseasonal SST variability due to its small spatial scale and random phase relation to the active-break monsoon cycle. The effect of oceanic eddies; however, remains to be explored at a higher spatial resolution.
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Investigation of two-phase heat transfer coefficients of argon-freon cryogenic mixed refrigerants
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Baek, Seungwhan; Lee, Cheonkyu; Jeong, Sangkwon
2014-11-01
Mixed refrigerant Joule Thomson refrigerators are widely used in various kinds of cryogenic systems these days. Although heat transfer coefficient estimation for a multi-phase and multi-component fluid in the cryogenic temperature range is necessarily required in the heat exchanger design of mixed refrigerant Joule Thomson refrigerators, it has been rarely discussed so far. In this paper, condensation and evaporation heat transfer coefficients of argon-freon mixed refrigerant are measured in a microchannel heat exchanger. A Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) with 340 μm hydraulic diameter has been developed as a compact microchannel heat exchanger and utilized in the experiment. Several two-phase heat transfer coefficient correlations are examined to discuss the experimental measurement results. The result of this paper shows that cryogenic two-phase mixed refrigerant heat transfer coefficients can be estimated by conventional two-phase heat transfer coefficient correlations.
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Computation of turbulent boundary layer flows with an algebraic stress turbulence model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kim, Sang-Wook; Chen, Yen-Sen
1986-01-01
An algebraic stress turbulence model is presented, characterized by the following: (1) the eddy viscosity expression is derived from the Reynolds stress turbulence model; (2) the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation is improved by including a production range time scale; and (3) the diffusion coefficients for turbulence equations are adjusted so that the kinetic energy profile extends further into the free stream region found in most experimental data. The turbulent flow equations were solved using a finite element method. Examples include: fully developed channel flow, fully developed pipe flow, flat plate boundary layer flow, plane jet exhausting into a moving stream, circular jet exhausting into a moving stream, and wall jet flow. Computational results compare favorably with experimental data for most of the examples considered. Significantly improved results were obtained for the plane jet flow, the circular jet flow, and the wall jet flow; whereas the remainder are comparable to those obtained by finite difference methods using the standard kappa-epsilon turbulence model. The latter seems to be promising with further improvement of the expression for the eddy viscosity coefficient.
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Transient tidal eddy motion in the western Gulf of Maine, part 1: Primary structure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Brown, W. S.; Marques, G. M.
2013-07-01
High frequency radar-derived surface current maps of the Great South Channel (GSC) in the western Gulf of Maine in 2005 revealed clockwise (CW) and anticlockwise (ACW) eddy motion associated with the strong regional tidal currents. To better elucidate the kinematics and dynamics of these transient tidal eddy motions, an observational and modeling study was conducted during the weakly stratified conditions of winter 2008-2009. Our moored bottom pressure and ADCP current measurements in 13m depth were augmented by historical current measurements in about 30m in documenting the dominance of highly polarized M2 semidiurnal currents in our nearshore study region. The high-resolution finite element coastal ocean model (QUODDY) - forced by the five principal tidal constituents - produced maps depicting the formation and evolution of the CW and ACW eddy motions that regularly follow maximum ebb and flood flows, respectively. Observation versus model current comparison required that the model bottom current drag coefficient be set to at an unusually high Cd=0.01 - suggesting the importance of form drag in the study region. The observations and model results were consistent in diagnosing CW or ACW eddy motions that (a) form nearshore in the coastal boundary layer (CBL) for about 3h after the respective tidal current maxima and then (b) translate southeastward across the GSC along curved 50m isobath at speeds of about 25m/s. Observation-based and model-based momentum budget estimates were consistent in showing a first order forced semidiurnal standing tidal wave dynamics (like the adjacent Gulf of Maine) which was modulated by adverse pressure gradient/bottom stress forcing to generate the eddy motions. Observation-based estimates of terms in the transport vorticity budget showed that in the shallower Inner Zone subregion (average depth=23m) that the diffusion of nearshore vorticity was dominant in feeding the growth of eddy motion vorticity; while in the somewhat deeper Outer Zone subregion (33m) bottom current lateral shear and water column stretching/squashing was significant in modulating the eddy motion. We conclude that the transient eddy motions in the GSC region are phase eddies that accompany the change of tide across the GSC and are (1) generated by bottom stress gradients in the shallower nearshore - an issue which needs to be better understood for improved future forecasting.
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Corbari, Chiara; Ravazzani, Giovanni; Galvagno, Marta; Cremonese, Edoardo; Mancini, Marco
2017-11-18
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) method for potential evapotranspiration assessment is based on the crop coefficient, which allows one to relate the reference evapotranspiration of well irrigated grass to the potential evapotranspiration of specific crops. The method was originally developed for cultivated species based on lysimeter measurements of potential evapotranspiration. Not many applications to natural vegetated areas exist due to the lack of available data for these species. In this paper we investigate the potential of using evapotranspiration measurements acquired by micrometeorological stations for the definition of crop coefficient functions of natural vegetated areas and extrapolation to ungauged sites through remotely sensed data. Pastures, deciduous and evergreen forests have been considered and lower crop coefficient values are found with respect to FAO data.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Newman, P. A.; Schoeberl, M. R.; Plumb, R. A.
1986-01-01
Calculations of the two-dimensional, species-independent mixing coefficients for two-dimensional chemical models for the troposphere and stratosphere are performed using quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity fluxes and gradients from 4 years of National Meteorological Center data for the four seasons in both hemispheres. Results show that the horizontal mixing coefficient values for the winter lower stratosphere are broadly consistent with those currently employed in two-dimensional models, but the horizontal mixing coefficient values in the northern winter upper stratosphere are much larger than those usually used.
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A heat budget for the Stratus mooring in the southeast Pacific
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Holte, J.; Straneo, F.; Weller, R. A.; Farrar, J. T.
2012-12-01
The surface layer of the southeast Pacific Ocean (SEP) requires an input of fresh, cold water to balance evaporation and heat gain from incoming solar radiation. Numerous processes contribute to closing the SEP's upper-ocean heat budget, including gyre circulation, Ekman transport and pumping, vertical mixing, and horizontal eddy heat flux divergence. However, there is little consensus on which processes are most important, as many modeling and observational studies have reported conflicting results. To examine how the SEP maintains relatively cool surface temperatures despite such strong surface forcing, we calculate a heat budget for the upper 250 m of the Stratus mooring. The Stratus mooring, deployed at 85(^o)W 20(^o)S since 2000, is in the center of the stratus cloud region. The surface buoy measures meteorological conditions and air-sea fluxes; the mooring line is heavily instrumented, measuring temperature, salinity, and velocity at approximately 15 to 20 depth levels. Our heat budget covers 2004 - 2010. The net air-sea heat flux over this period is 32 W m(^{-2}), approximately 2/3 of the flux over earlier periods. We use Argo profiles, relatively abundant in the region since 2004, to calculate horizontal temperature gradients. These gradients, coupled with the mooring velocity record, are used to estimate the advective heat flux. We find that the cool advective heat flux largely compensates the air-sea heat flux at the mooring; in our calculation this term includes the mean gyre circulation, horizontal Ekman transport, and some contribution from eddies. The passage of numerous eddies is evident in the mooring velocity record, but with the available data we cannot separate the eddy heat flux divergence from the mean heat advection. Vertical mixing and Ekman pumping across the base of the layer are both small.
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The distributions of, and relationship between, 3He and nitrate in eddies
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jenkins, W. J.; McGillicuddy, D. J., Jr.; Lott, D. E., III
2008-05-01
We present and discuss the distribution of 3He and its relationship to nutrients in two eddies (cyclone C1 and anticyclone A4) with a view towards examining eddy-related mechanisms whereby nutrients are transported from the upper 200-300 m into the euphotic zone of the Sargasso Sea. The different behavior of these tracers in the euphotic zone results in changes in their distributions and relationships that may provide important clues as to the nature of physical and biological processes involved. The cyclonic eddy (C1) is characterized by substantial 3He excesses within the euphotic zone. The distribution of this excess 3He is strongly suggestive of both past and recent ongoing deep-water injection into the euphotic zone. Crude mass balance calculations suggest that an average of approximately 1.4±0.7 mol m -2 of nitrate has been introduced into the euphotic zone of eddy C1, consistent with the integrated apparent oxygen utilization anomaly in the aphotic zone below. The 3He-NO 3 relationship within the eddy deviates substantially from the linear thermocline trend, suggestive of incomplete drawdown of nutrients and/or substantial mixing between euphotic and aphotic zone waters. Anticyclone (A4) displays a simpler 3He-NO 3 relationship, but is relatively impoverished in euphotic zone excess 3He. We suggest that because of the relatively strong upwelling and lateral divergence of water the residence time of upwelled 3He is relatively short within the euphotic zone of this eddy. An estimate of the recently upwelled nutrient inventory, based on the excess 3He observed in A4's lower euphotic zone, is stoichiometrically consistent with the oxygen maximum observed in the euphotic zone.
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Wave Energetics of the Atmosphere of Mars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Battalio, Joseph Michael
A comprehensive assessment of the energetics of transient waves is presented for the atmosphere of Mars using the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) dataset (v1.0) and the eddy kinetic energy equation. Each hemisphere is divided into four representative periods covering the summer and winter solstices, a late fall period, and an early spring period for each of the three Mars years available. Northern hemisphere fall and spring eddy energetics is similar with some inter-annual and inter-seasonal variability, but winter eddy kinetic energy and its transport are strongly reduced in intensity as a result of the winter solstitial pause in wave activity. Barotropic energy conversion acts as a sink of eddy kinetic energy throughout each year with little reduction in amplitude during the solstitial pause. Baroclinic energy conversion acts as a source in fall and spring but disappears during the winter period as a result of the stabilized vertical temperature profile around winter solstice. Traveling waves are typically triggered by geopotential flux convergence. Individual waves decay through a combination of barotropic conversion of the kinetic energy from the waves to the mean flow, geopotential flux divergence, and dissipation. The southern hemisphere energetics is similar to the northern hemisphere in timing, but wave energetics is much weaker as a result of the high and zonally asymmetric topography. The effect of dust on baroclinic instability is examined by comparing a year with a global-scale dust storm (GDS) to two years without a GDS. In the GDS year, waves develop a mixed baroclinic/barotropic growth phase before decaying barotropically. Though the total amount of eddy kinetic energy generated by baroclinic energy conversion is lower during the GDS year, the maximum eddy intensity is not diminished. Instead, the number of intense eddies is reduced by about 50%.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sánchez-Velasco, L.; Lavín, M. F.; Jiménez-Rosenberg, S. P. A.; Godínez, V. M.
2014-01-01
We analyze the larval fish habitats in the northern Gulf of California during the early stages of the cyclonic phase of the seasonally-reversing circulation (June 2008). The geostrophic current was cyclonic (~ 5-9 cm/s), and the pycnocline was slightly convex, suggesting a cyclonic eddy. The fish larvae distribution gradients showed four contiguous larval fish habitats: (i) A habitat located in the vertically well-mixed and most saline area of the Upper Gulf, which was dominated by the costal demersal species Anchoa spp. and Gobulus crescentalis. (ii) A habitat situated in the tidal-mixing frontal area on the south rim of the Upper Gulf, where the highest species number (> 50% of the study) and the highest larval fish abundance were found. In addition to the dominant species in the former habitat, larvae of Opisthonema sp. 1, Anisotremus davidsoni and Eucinostomus dowii also dominated this habitat. Their distribution suggests retention associated with the front. (iii) A third habitat was defined in the deep area adjacent to the tidal mixing front, which was influenced by the incipient cyclonic eddy. Larvae of Opisthonema sp. 1 and Etropus crossotus were dominant, but with low abundance and frequency. (iv) A fourth habitat was observed in the southern, deeper portion of the northern Gulf, with the lowest fish larvae abundance, and characterized by the exclusive dominance of species like Shyraena sp. 1 and Benthosema panamense. These results suggest that the tidal-mixing frontal area is the preferred habitat for spawning and larval nursing of the fish species that inhabit the region. This contrasts with the unfavorable habitats in the deeper areas, which is an unexpected result in view of the presence of the cyclonic eddy, which potentially could be highly productive. This indicates that caution should be exercised in predicting an ecosystem organization of richness based on oceanographic mesoscale structures.
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Zheng, Ze-Mei; Yu, Gui-Rui; Sun, Xiao-Min; Cao, Guang-Min; Wang, Yue-Si; Du, Ming-Yuan; Li, Jun; Li, Ying-Nian
2008-02-01
Based on the measurement of carbon flux by the methods of eddy covariance and static chamber/gas chromatogram, a comparison was made between the two methods in evaluating ecosystem respiration over winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)--summer maize (Zea mays) double cropland and Kobresia humilis alpine meadow. The results showed that under the conditions of obtained data having good quality, nighttime ecosystem respiration from eddy covariance measurement was significantly agreed with that from static chamber/gas chromatogram measurement, with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.95 to 0.98, and the daytime ecosystem respiration from these two measurements also had a good consistency though the static chamber/gas chromatogram measurement often produced higher values. The daily mean value of ecosystem respiration was significantly different between these two measurements, but the seasonal pattern was similar. For winter wheat-summer maize double cropland, the difference of mean air temperature inside and outside the chamber was 1.8 degrees C, and the daily mean value of ecosystem respiration across the whole study period was 30.3% lower in eddy covariance measurement than in static chamber/gas chromatogram measurement; while for alpine meadow, the difference of the mean air temperature was 1.9 degrees C, and the daily mean value of ecosystem respiration was 31.4% lower in eddy covariance measurement than in static chamber/gas chromatogram measurement. The variance between the daily mean values of ecosystem respiration obtained from the two measurements was higher in growing season than in dormant season.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tanis, Fred J.; Manley, Thomas O.; Mitchell, Brian G.
1990-09-01
Eddies along the Polar Front/Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) in Fram Strait are thought to make important contributions to nutrient flux and stimulation of primary productivity. During the Coordinated Eastern Arctic Regional Experiment (CEAREX) helicopter-based measurements of upwelling radiance were made in four visible spectral bands and in the thermal IR across mesoscale features associated with the MIZ. These structures were mapped by flying a grid pattern over the ocean surface to define eddy boundaries. Subsequently, the area was also sampled vertically with CTD and spectral radiometer profilers. Data obtained from a single structure were integrated to construct a three dimensional picture of physical and optical properties. Volume modeling of temperature, salinity, and density fields obtained from CTD survey define the subsurface eddy structure and are in good agreement with infrared derived characteristics. Maximum temperature in the core was found to be four degrees higher than the surrounding water. Volume modeling further indicates that a subsurface layer of Arctic Intermediate Water is intrinsically associated with the surface expression of the eddy. The ratio of upwelling radiances, L(44l)/L(565), was found to be correlated to surface chlorophyll, particulate absorption coefficient, and in water determinations of L using the optical profiling system. The remote sensing reflectance ratio along with the IR sea surface temperature were found to be useful to detect the surface expression of the eddy and to indicate near surface biological and physical processes.
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Analysis and modeling of subgrid scalar mixing using numerical data
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Girimaji, Sharath S.; Zhou, YE
1995-01-01
Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of passive scalar mixing in isotropic turbulence is used to study, analyze and, subsequently, model the role of small (subgrid) scales in the mixing process. In particular, we attempt to model the dissipation of the large scale (supergrid) scalar fluctuations caused by the subgrid scales by decomposing it into two parts: (1) the effect due to the interaction among the subgrid scales; and (2) the effect due to interaction between the supergrid and the subgrid scales. Model comparisons with DNS data show good agreement. This model is expected to be useful in the large eddy simulations of scalar mixing and reaction.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bellan, J.; Okongo, N.
2000-01-01
A study of emerging turbulent scales entropy production is conducted for a supercritical shear layer as a precursor to the eventual modeling of Subgrid Scales (from a turbulent state) leading to Large Eddy Simulations.
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Impact of entrainment on cloud droplet spectra: theory, observations, and modeling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Grabowski, W.
2016-12-01
Understanding the impact of entrainment and mixing on microphysical properties of warm boundary layer clouds is an important aspect of the representation of such clouds in large-scale models of weather and climate. Entrainment leads to a reduction of the liquid water content in agreement with the fundamental thermodynamics, but its impact on the droplet spectrum is difficult to quantify in observations and modeling. For in-situ (e.g., aircraft) observations, it is impossible to follow air parcels and observe processes that lead to changes of the droplet spectrum in different regions of a cloud. For similar reasons traditional modeling methodologies (e.g., the Eulerian large eddy simulation) are not useful either. Moreover, both observations and modeling can resolve only relatively narrow range of spatial scales. Theory, typically focusing on differences between idealized concepts of homogeneous and inhomogeneous mixing, is also of a limited use for the multiscale turbulent mixing between a cloud and its environment. This presentation will illustrate the above points and argue that the Lagrangian large-eddy simulation with appropriate subgrid-scale scheme may provide key insights and eventually lead to novel parameterizations for large-scale models.
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Collective Interaction of a Compressible Periodic Parallel Jet Flow
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Miles, Jeffrey Hilton
1997-01-01
A linear instability model for multiple spatially periodic supersonic rectangular jets is solved using Floquet-Bloch theory. The disturbance environment is investigated using a two dimensional perturbation of a mean flow. For all cases large temporal growth rates are found. This work is motivated by an increase in mixing found in experimental measurements of spatially periodic supersonic rectangular jets with phase-locked screech. The results obtained in this paper suggests that phase-locked screech or edge tones may produce correlated spatially periodic jet flow downstream of the nozzles which creates a large span wise multi-nozzle region where a disturbance can propagate. The large temporal growth rates for eddies obtained by model calculation herein are related to the increased mixing since eddies are the primary mechanism that transfer energy from the mean flow to the large turbulent structures. Calculations of growth rates are presented for a range of Mach numbers and nozzle spacings corresponding to experimental test conditions where screech synchronized phase locking was observed. The model may be of significant scientific and engineering value in the quest to understand and construct supersonic mixer-ejector nozzles which provide increased mixing and reduced noise.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Krueger, Steven; Cantrell, W.; Niedermeier, D.; Shaw, R.; Stratmann, F.
2017-11-01
Although airborne instruments provide detailed information about the microphysical structure of clouds, the measurements provide only a few snapshots of each cloud. Deducing the droplet spectrum evolution from such measurements is next to impossible. We are using two alternative approaches: laboratory studies and numerical simulations. The former relies on a new turbulent cloud chamber (the Pi Chamber) at Michigan Technical University, as well as the first humid turbulent wind tunnel (LACIS-T) at the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research. Both produce conditions for droplet growth (i.e., supersaturation) by mixing saturated vapor at different temperatures. The Pi Chamber produces turbulence by inducing Rayleigh-Bénard convection, while the wind tunnel generates turbulence with a grid. We are using the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model (EMPM) to numerically simulate droplet spectrum evolution in these flows. The EMPM explicitly links turbulent mixing and droplet spectrum evolution by representing a turbulent flow in a 1D domain with the linear eddy model. The EMPM can economically span scales from those of the smallest turbulent eddies to those of the largest. The EMPM grows or evaporates thousands of individual cloud droplets according to their local environments.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rollin, Bertrand; Denissen, Nicholas A.; Reisner, Jon M.; Andrews, Malcolm J.
2012-11-01
The tilted rig experiment is a derivative of the rocket rig experiment designed to investigate turbulent mixing induced by the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability. A tank containing two fluids of different densities is accelerated downwards between two parallel guiding rods by rocket motors. The acceleration is such that the pressure and density gradients face opposite directions at the fluids interface, creating a Rayleigh-Taylor unstable configuration. The rig is tilted such that the tank is initially at an angle and the acceleration is not perpendicular to the fluids interface when the rockets fire. This results in a two dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor instability case where the fluids experience RT mixing and a bulk overturning motion. The tilted rig is therefore a valuable experiment to help calibrating two-dimensional mixing models. Large Eddy Simulations of the tilted rig experiments will be compared to available experimental results. A study of the behavior of turbulence variables relevant to turbulence modeling will be presented. LA-UR 12-23829. This work was performed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Los Alamos National Laboratory under Contract No.DEAC52- 06NA2-5396.
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Capturing remote mixing due to internal tides using multi-scale modeling tool: SOMAR-LES
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Santilli, Edward; Chalamalla, Vamsi; Scotti, Alberto; Sarkar, Sutanu
2016-11-01
Internal tides that are generated during the interaction of an oscillating barotropic tide with the bottom bathymetry dissipate only a fraction of their energy near the generation region. The rest is radiated away in the form of low- high-mode internal tides. These internal tides dissipate energy at remote locations when they interact with the upper ocean pycnocline, continental slope, and large scale eddies. Capturing the wide range of length and time scales involved during the life-cycle of internal tides is computationally very expensive. A recently developed multi-scale modeling tool called SOMAR-LES combines the adaptive grid refinement features of SOMAR with the turbulence modeling features of a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to capture multi-scale processes at a reduced computational cost. Numerical simulations of internal tide generation at idealized bottom bathymetries are performed to demonstrate this multi-scale modeling technique. Although each of the remote mixing phenomena have been considered independently in previous studies, this work aims to capture remote mixing processes during the life cycle of an internal tide in more realistic settings, by allowing multi-level (coarse and fine) grids to co-exist and exchange information during the time stepping process.
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A New Approach to Extract Forest Water Use Efficiency from Eddy Covariance Data
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Scanlon, T. M.; Sulman, B. N.
2016-12-01
Determination of forest water use efficiency (WUE) from eddy covariance data typically involves the following steps: (a) estimating gross primary productivity (GPP) from direct measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) by extrapolating nighttime ecosystem respiration (ER) to daytime conditions, and (b) assuming direct evaporation (E) is minimal several days after rainfall, meaning that direct measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) are identical to transpiration (T). Both of these steps could lead to errors in the estimation of forest WUE. Here, we present a theoretical approach for estimating WUE through the analysis of standard eddy covariance data, which circumvents these steps. Only five statistics are needed from the high-frequency time series to extract WUE: CO2 flux, water vapor flux, standard deviation in CO2 concentration, standard deviation in water vapor concentration, and the correlation coefficient between CO2 and water vapor concentration for each half-hour period. The approach is based on the assumption that stomatal fluxes (i.e. photosynthesis and transpiration) lead to perfectly negative correlations and non-stomatal fluxes (i.e. ecosystem respiration and direct evaporation) lead to perfectly positive correlations within the CO2 and water vapor high frequency time series measured above forest canopies. A mathematical framework is presented, followed by a proof of concept using eddy covariance data and leaf-level measurements of WUE.
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A Realizable Reynolds Stress Algebraic Equation Model
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Shih, Tsan-Hsing; Zhu, Jiang; Lumley, John L.
1993-01-01
The invariance theory in continuum mechanics is applied to analyze Reynolds stresses in high Reynolds number turbulent flows. The analysis leads to a turbulent constitutive relation that relates the Reynolds stresses to the mean velocity gradients in a more general form in which the classical isotropic eddy viscosity model is just the linear approximation of the general form. On the basis of realizability analysis, a set of model coefficients are obtained which are functions of the time scale ratios of the turbulence to the mean strain rate and the mean rotation rate. The coefficients will ensure the positivity of each component of the mean rotation rate. These coefficients will ensure the positivity of each component of the turbulent kinetic energy - realizability that most existing turbulence models fail to satisfy. Separated flows over backward-facing step configurations are taken as applications. The calculations are performed with a conservative finite-volume method. Grid-independent and numerical diffusion-free solutions are obtained by using differencing schemes of second-order accuracy on sufficiently fine grids. The calculated results are compared in detail with the experimental data for both mean and turbulent quantities. The comparison shows that the present proposal significantly improves the predictive capability of K-epsilon based two equation models. In addition, the proposed model is able to simulate rotational homogeneous shear flows with large rotation rates which all conventional eddy viscosity models fail to simulate.
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Very large eddy simulation of the Red Sea overflow
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ilıcak, Mehmet; Özgökmen, Tamay M.; Peters, Hartmut; Baumert, Helmut Z.; Iskandarani, Mohamed
Mixing between overflows and ambient water masses is a critical problem of deep-water mass formation in the downwelling branch of the meridional overturning circulation of the ocean. Modeling approaches that have been tested so far rely either on algebraic parameterizations in hydrostatic ocean circulation models, or on large eddy simulations that resolve most of the mixing using nonhydrostatic models. In this study, we examine the performance of a set of turbulence closures, that have not been tested in comparison to observational data for overflows before. We employ the so-called very large eddy simulation (VLES) technique, which allows the use of k-ɛ models in nonhydrostatic models. This is done by applying a dynamic spatial filtering to the k-ɛ equations. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the VLES approach is adopted for an ocean modeling problem. The performance of k-ɛ and VLES models are evaluated by conducting numerical simulations of the Red Sea overflow and comparing them to observations from the Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX). The computations are constrained to one of the main channels transporting the overflow, which is narrow enough to permit the use of a two-dimensional (and nonhydrostatic) model. A large set of experiments are conducted using different closure models, Reynolds numbers and spatial resolutions. It is found that, when no turbulence closure is used, the basic structure of the overflow, consisting of a well-mixed bottom layer (BL) and entraining interfacial layer (IL), cannot be reproduced. The k-ɛ model leads to unrealistic thicknesses for both BL and IL, while VLES results in the most realistic reproduction of the REDSOX observations.
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Large Eddy Simulation of Heat Entrainment Under Arctic Sea Ice
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ramudu, Eshwan; Gelderloos, Renske; Yang, Di; Meneveau, Charles; Gnanadesikan, Anand
2018-01-01
Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly in recent decades. The faster than projected retreat suggests that free-running large-scale climate models may not be accurately representing some key processes. The small-scale turbulent entrainment of heat from the mixed layer could be one such process. To better understand this mechanism, we model the Arctic Ocean's Canada Basin, which is characterized by a perennial anomalously warm Pacific Summer Water (PSW) layer residing at the base of the mixed layer and a summertime Near-Surface Temperature Maximum (NSTM) within the mixed layer trapping heat from solar radiation. We use large eddy simulation (LES) to investigate heat entrainment for different ice-drift velocities and different initial temperature profiles. The value of LES is that the resolved turbulent fluxes are greater than the subgrid-scale fluxes for most of our parameter space. The results show that the presence of the NSTM enhances heat entrainment from the mixed layer. Additionally there is no PSW heat entrained under the parameter space considered. We propose a scaling law for the ocean-to-ice heat flux which depends on the initial temperature anomaly in the NSTM layer and the ice-drift velocity. A case study of "The Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012" gives a turbulent heat flux from the mixed layer that is approximately 70% of the total ocean-to-ice heat flux estimated from the PIOMAS model often used for short-term predictions. Present results highlight the need for large-scale climate models to account for the NSTM layer.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wu, Peili; Haines, Keith
1996-03-01
This paper demonstrates the importance of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in the deep water formation process in the Mediterranean using the modular ocean general circulation model at 0.25° resolution, 19 vertical levels, over the entire Mediterranean with an open Gibraltar strait. LIW formation is strongly prescribed in the Rhodes Gyre region by Haney [1971] relaxation, while in other regions, surface salinity relaxation is much reduced by applying the `mixed' thermohaline surface boundary conditions. Isopycnal diagnostics are used to trace water mass movements, and volume fluxes are monitored at straits. Low viscosity and diffusion are used to permit baroclinic eddies to play a role in water mass dispersal. The overall water budget is measured by an average flux at Gibraltar of 0.8 Sv, of which 0.7 Sv is exchanged with the eastern basin at Sicily. LIW (density around 28.95) spreads rapidly after formation throughout the entire Levantine due to baroclinic eddies. Toward the west, LIW accumulates in the northern and central Ionian, with some entering the Adriatic through Otranto and some mixing southward in eddies and exiting to the western Mediterranean through Sicily. LIW is converted to deep water in the south Adriatic at an average rate of 0.4 Sv. Water exchange through the Otranto strait appears to be buoyancy driven, with a strong bias to the end of winter (March-April), while at Sicily the exchange has a strong symmetric seasonal cycle, with maximum transport of 1.1 Sv in December indicating the effects of wind driving. LIW pathways in the west are complex and variable. In the Tyrrhenian, intermediate water becomes uniform on isopycnal surfaces due to eddy stirring. West of Sardinia, two LIW boundary currents are formed in the Balearic basin; one flows northward up the west coast of Sardinia and Corsica, and one westward along the northern African coast. The northward current is consistent with observations, while the westward current is intermittent for the first 10 years, often breaking up into eddies which enter the basin interior. Some observations of high-salinity waters near the African coast may support this interpretation. LIW retains a subsurface salinity maximum of 38.4-38.5 practical salinity units (psu) when reaching the northwestern Mediterranean, contrasting with surface waters fresher than 38.0 psu. West Mediterranean deep water is formed below 1500 m depth with climatological characteristics, when it is mixed and cooled during winter convection in Lions Gyre.
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Water hammer prediction and control: the Green's function method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Xuan, Li-Jun; Mao, Feng; Wu, Jie-Zhi
2012-04-01
By Green's function method we show that the water hammer (WH) can be analytically predicted for both laminar and turbulent flows (for the latter, with an eddy viscosity depending solely on the space coordinates), and thus its hazardous effect can be rationally controlled and minimized. To this end, we generalize a laminar water hammer equation of Wang et al. (J. Hydrodynamics, B2, 51, 1995) to include arbitrary initial condition and variable viscosity, and obtain its solution by Green's function method. The predicted characteristic WH behaviors by the solutions are in excellent agreement with both direct numerical simulation of the original governing equations and, by adjusting the eddy viscosity coefficient, experimentally measured turbulent flow data. Optimal WH control principle is thereby constructed and demonstrated.
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A large eddy simulation scheme for turbulent reacting flows
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gao, Feng
1993-01-01
The recent development of the dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model has provided a consistent method for generating localized turbulent mixing models and has opened up great possibilities for applying the large eddy simulation (LES) technique to real world problems. Given the fact that the direct numerical simulation (DNS) can not solve for engineering flow problems in the foreseeable future (Reynolds 1989), the LES is certainly an attractive alternative. It seems only natural to bring this new development in SGS modeling to bear on the reacting flows. The major stumbling block for introducing LES to reacting flow problems has been the proper modeling of the reaction source terms. Various models have been proposed, but none of them has a wide range of applicability. For example, some of the models in combustion have been based on the flamelet assumption which is only valid for relatively fast reactions. Some other models have neglected the effects of chemical reactions on the turbulent mixing time scale, which is certainly not valid for fast and non-isothermal reactions. The probability density function (PDF) method can be usefully employed to deal with the modeling of the reaction source terms. In order to fit into the framework of LES, a new PDF, the large eddy PDF (LEPDF), is introduced. This PDF provides an accurate representation for the filtered chemical source terms and can be readily calculated in the simulations. The details of this scheme are described.
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VERTICAL DIFFUSION IN SMALL STRATIFIED LAKES: DATA AND ERROR ANALYSIS
Water temperature profiles were measured at 2-min intervals in a stratified temperate lake with a surface area of 0.06 km2 and a aximum depth of 10 m from May 7 to August 9, 1989. he data were used to calculate the vertical eddy diffusion coefficient K2 in the hypolimnion. he dep...
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Chunwei Liu; Ge Sun; Steve McNulty; Asko Noormets; Yuan Fang
2017-01-01
The evapotranspiration / potential evapotranspiration (AET / PET) ratio is traditionally termed as the crop coefficient (Kc) and has been generally used as ecosystem evaporative stress index. In the current hydrology literature, Kc has been widely used as a parameter to estimate crop water demand by water managers but has...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nof, Doron; Paldor, Nathan; Gorder, Stephen Van
2002-09-01
A new mechanism for the formation of high-amplitude anticyclonic eddies (lenses) from outflows emptying into the ocean at mid-depth is proposed. The essence of the new mechanism is that, in order for an inviscid outflow to exist as a continuous (uninterrupted) current, the condition g' S/ f> α( g' H) 1/2 [where g' is the "reduced gravity", S the bottom slope, f the Coriolis parameter, α a coefficient of order unity whose value depends on the outflow's potential vorticity (it is 2 for a zero potential vorticity outflow and unity for a uniform potential vorticity) and H the maximum thickness] must hold. When the above condition is not met, i.e., when g' S/ f< α( g' H) 1/2, the outflow can only exist as a chain of propagating lenses. Nonlinear analytical considerations leading to the above conclusion are (successfully) compared to numerical simulations which we have conducted (using a reduced gravity layer-and-a-half model). The experiments show that an outflow situated on a bottom whose (uniform) slope gradually varies in the downstream direction is continuous (i.e., is not broken into eddies) where the slope is supercritical [ g' S/ f> α( g' H) 1/2] and discontinuous (i.e., constitutes a chain of eddies) where the slope is subcritical [ g' S/ f< α( g' H) 1/2]. Hence, the eddies are generated by the gradual reduction in the bottom slope rather than by an instability process. Namely, the eddies are not formed by the breakdown of a known steady solution because such a steady solution does not exist. We note that after reaching its "balanced depth", an outflow usually continues to (slowly) descend toward the bottom of the ocean due to frictional effects associated with an energy loss. [Note that the "balanced depth" is the depth at which the outflow has completed its initial adjustment in the sense that it has adjusted to a state where it no longer flows primarily offshore but rather propagates primarily along the isobaths. This depth needs to be distinguished from the (sometimes significantly greater) equilibrium depth corresponding to the point where the outflow's density equals the environmental density.] Most of the time, the outflow descent is accompanied by a reduction in the bottom slope S, and an entrainment which causes both a reduction in g' and an increase in H. All of these alterations bring the outflow closer and closer to the critical condition and it is, therefore, argued that all outflows ultimately reach the critical point (unless diffusion and mixing destroy them prior to that stage). It is suggested that Reddies (i.e., isolated lenses containing Red Sea water) are formed by the above processes. Namely, we propose that the "Reddy maker" is a combination of three processes, the natural reduction in the bottom slope which the outflow senses as it approaches the bottom of the ocean, the entrainment-induced increase in the outflow's thickness, and the entrainment-induced decrease in the outflow's density. An animation of the eddy generation process can be viewed at http://doronnof.net/features.html#video (click on "Reddy maker video").
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Simulation of Oxygen Disintegration and Mixing With Hydrogen or Helium at Supercritical Pressure
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Bellan, Josette; Taskinoglu, Ezgi
2012-01-01
The simulation of high-pressure turbulent flows, where the pressure, p, is larger than the critical value, p(sub c), for the species under consideration, is relevant to a wide array of propulsion systems, e.g. gas turbine, diesel, and liquid rocket engines. Most turbulence models, however, have been developed for atmospheric-p turbulent flows. The difference between atmospheric-p and supercritical-p turbulence is that, in the former situation, the coupling between dynamics and thermodynamics is moderate to negligible, but for the latter it is very significant, and can dominate the flow characteristics. The reason for this stems from the mathematical form of the equation of state (EOS), which is the perfect-gas EOS in the former case, and the real-gas EOS in the latter case. For flows at supercritical pressure, p, the large eddy simulation (LES) equations consist of the differential conservation equations coupled with a real-gas EOS. The equations use transport properties that depend on the thermodynamic variables. Compared to previous LES models, the differential equations contain not only the subgrid scale (SGS) fluxes, but also new SGS terms, each denoted as a correction. These additional terms, typically assumed null for atmospheric pressure flows, stem from filtering the differential governing equations, and represent differences between a filtered term and the same term computed as a function of the filtered flow field. In particular, the energy equation contains a heat-flux correction (q-correction) that is the difference between the filtered divergence of the heat flux and the divergence of the heat flux computed as a function of the filtered flow field. In a previous study, there was only partial success in modeling the q-correction term, but in this innovation, success has been achieved by using a different modeling approach. This analysis, based on a temporal mixing layer Direct Numerical Simulation database, shows that the focus in modeling the q-correction should be on reconstructing the primitive variable gradients rather than their coefficients, and proposes the approximate deconvolution model (ADM) as an effective means of flow field reconstruction for LES heat flux calculation. Further, results for a study conducted for temporal mixing layers initially containing oxygen in the lower stream, and hydrogen or helium in the upper stream, show that, for any LES, including SGS-flux models (constant-coefficient Gradient or Scale-Similarity models, dynamic-coefficient Smagorinsky/Yoshizawa or mixed Smagorinsky/Yoshizawa/Gradient models), the inclusion of the q-correction in the LES leads to the theoretical maximum reduction of the SGS heat-flux difference. The remaining error in modeling this new subgrid term is thus irreducible.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Barnier, B.; Akuetevi, C. Q.; Verron, J. A.; Molines, J. M.; Lecointre, A.
2016-02-01
During the summer monsoon, the ocean circulation of the northwestern Indian Ocean is characterized by large anticyclonic circulation features that are part of the Somali Current system. In the vicinity of the equator is the Southern Gyre (SG), a large retroflection loop of the East African Coastal Current, generated after this current (pushed by the southwesterly winds) has crossed the equator. North of it is the Great Whirl (GW), a large anticyclone which exhibits intense swirling currents. Eddy-resolving hindcast simulations of the global ocean circulation are used to study the fast interactions between these large anticyclonic eddies. The present investigation identifies the origin and the subsequent development of the cyclones flanked upon the Great Whirl (GW) previously identified by in satellite observations and establishes that similar cyclones are also flanked upon the Southern Gyre (SG). These cyclones are identified as major actors in mixing water masses within the large eddies and offshore the coast of Somali. All simulations bring to light that during the period when the Southwest Monsoon is well established, the SG moves northward along the Somali coast and encounters the GW. The interaction between the SG and the GW is a collision without merging, collision during which the GW is pushed to the east of Socotra Island, sheds several smaller patches of anticyclonic vorticity, and often reforms into the Socotra Eddy, thus proposing a formation mechanism for the Socotra Eddy. During this process, the GW gives up its place to the SG which in turn becomes a new Great Whirl. This process is robust throughout the three simulations.
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A True Eddy Accumulation - Eddy Covariance hybrid for measurements of turbulent trace gas fluxes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Siebicke, Lukas
2016-04-01
Eddy covariance (EC) is state-of-the-art in directly and continuously measuring turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide and water vapor. However, low signal-to-noise ratios, high flow rates and missing or complex gas analyzers limit it's application to few scalars. True eddy accumulation, based on conditional sampling ideas by Desjardins in 1972, requires no fast response analyzers and is therefore potentially applicable to a wider range of scalars. Recently we showed possibly the first successful implementation of True Eddy Accumulation (TEA) measuring net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide of a grassland. However, most accumulation systems share the complexity of having to store discrete air samples in physical containers representing entire flux averaging intervals. The current study investigates merging principles of eddy accumulation and eddy covariance, which we here refer to as "true eddy accumulation in transient mode" (TEA-TM). This direct flux method TEA-TM combines true eddy accumulation with continuous sampling. The TEA-TM setup is simpler than discrete accumulation methods while avoiding the need for fast response gas analyzers and high flow rates required for EC. We implemented the proposed TEA-TM method and measured fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and water vapor (H2O) above a mixed beech forest at the Hainich Fluxnet and ICOS site, Germany, using a G2301 laser spectrometer (Picarro Inc., USA). We further simulated a TEA-TM sampling system using measured high frequency CO2 time series from an open-path gas analyzer. We operated TEA-TM side-by-side with open-, enclosed- and closed-path EC flux systems for CO2, H2O and CH4 (LI-7500, LI-7200, LI-6262, LI-7700, Licor, USA, and FGGA LGR, USA). First results show that TEA-TM CO2 fluxes were similar to EC fluxes. Remaining differences were similar to those between the three eddy covariance setups (open-, enclosed- and closed-path gas analyzers). Measured TEA-TM CO2 fluxes from our physical sampling system closely reproduced dynamics of simulated TEA-TM fluxes. In conclusion this study introduces a new approach to trace gas flux measurements using transient-mode true eddy accumulation. First TEA-TM CO2 fluxes compared favorably with side-by-side EC fluxes, in agreement with our previous experiments comparing discrete TEA to EC. True eddy accumulation has thus potential for measuring turbulent fluxes of a range of atmospheric tracers using slow response analyzers.
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Turbulent MHD transport coefficients - An attempt at self-consistency
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Chen, H.; Montgomery, D.
1987-01-01
In this paper, some multiple scale perturbation calculations of turbulent MHD transport coefficients begun in earlier papers are first completed. These generalize 'alpha effect' calculations by treating the velocity field and magnetic field on the same footing. Then the problem of rendering such calculations self-consistent is addressed, generalizing an eddy-viscosity hypothesis similar to that of Heisenberg for the Navier-Stokes case. The method also borrows from Kraichnan's direct interaction approximation. The output is a set of integral equations relating the spectra and the turbulent transport coefficients. Previous 'alpha effect' and 'beta effect' coefficients emerge as limiting cases. A treatment of the inertial range can also be given, consistent with a -5/3 energy spectrum power law. In the Navier-Stokes limit, a value of 1.72 is extracted for the Kolmogorov constant. Further applications to MHD are possible.
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Simulation of Deep Convective Clouds with the Dynamic Reconstruction Turbulence Closure
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shi, X.; Chow, F. K.; Street, R. L.; Bryan, G. H.
2017-12-01
The terra incognita (TI), or gray zone, in simulations is a range of grid spacing comparable to the most energetic eddy diameter. Spacing in mesoscale and simulations is much larger than the eddies, and turbulence is parameterized with one-dimensional vertical-mixing. Large eddy simulations (LES) have grid spacing much smaller than the energetic eddies, and use three-dimensional models of turbulence. Studies of convective weather use convection-permitting resolutions, which are in the TI. Neither mesoscale-turbulence nor LES models are designed for the TI, so TI turbulence parameterization needs to be discussed. Here, the effects of sub-filter scale (SFS) closure schemes on the simulation of deep tropical convection are evaluated by comparing three closures, i.e. Smagorinsky model, Deardorff-type TKE model and the dynamic reconstruction model (DRM), which partitions SFS turbulence into resolvable sub-filter scales (RSFS) and unresolved sub-grid scales (SGS). The RSFS are reconstructed, and the SGS are modeled with a dynamic eddy viscosity/diffusivity model. The RSFS stresses/fluxes allow backscatter of energy/variance via counter-gradient stresses/fluxes. In high-resolution (100m) simulations of tropical convection use of these turbulence models did not lead to significant differences in cloud water/ice distribution, precipitation flux, or vertical fluxes of momentum and heat. When model resolutions are coarsened, the Smagorinsky and TKE models overestimate cloud ice and produces large-amplitude downward heat flux in the middle troposphere (not found in the high-resolution simulations). This error is a result of unrealistically large eddy diffusivities, i.e., the eddy diffusivity of the DRM is on the order of 1 for the coarse resolution simulations, the eddy diffusivity of the Smagorinsky and TKE model is on the order of 100. Splitting the eddy viscosity/diffusivity scalars into vertical and horizontal components by using different length scales and strain rate components helps to reduce the errors, but does not completely remedy the problem. In contrast, the coarse resolution simulations using the DRM produce results that are more consistent with the high-resolution results, suggesting that the DRM is a more appropriate turbulence model for simulating convection in the TI.
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A multidisciplinary glider survey of an open ocean dead-zone eddy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karstensen, Johannes; Schütte, Florian; Pietri, Alice; Krahmann, Gerd; Fiedler, Björn; Löscher, Carolin; Grundle, Damian; Hauss, Helena; Körtzinger, Arne; Testor, Pierre; Viera, Nuno
2016-04-01
The physical (temperature, salinity) and biogeochemical (oxygen, nitrate, chlorophyll fluorescence, turbidity) structure of an anticyclonic modewater eddy, hosting an open ocean dead zone, is investigated using observational data sampled in high temporal and spatial resolution with autonomous gliders in March and April 2014. The core of the eddy is identified in the glider data as a volume of fresher (on isopycnals) water in the depth range from the mixed layer base (about 70m) to about 200m depth. The width is about 80km. The core aligns well with the 40 μmolkg-1 oxygen contour. From two surveys about 1 month apart, changes in the minimal oxygen concentrations (below 5μmolkg-1) are observed that indicate that small scale processes are in operation. Several scales of coherent variability of physical and biogeochemical variable are identified - from a few meters to the mesoscale. One of the gliders carried an autonomous Nitrate (N) sensor and the data is used to analyse the possible nitrogen pathways within the eddy. Also the highest N is accompanied by lowest oxygen concentrations, the AOU:N ratio reveals a preferred oxygen cycling per N.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, Huiqun; Toigo, Anthony D.
2016-06-01
Investigations of the variability, structure and energetics of the m = 1-3 traveling waves in the northern hemisphere of Mars are conducted with the MarsWRF general circulation model. Using a simple, annually repeatable dust scenario, the model reproduces many general characteristics of the observed traveling waves. The simulated m = 1 and m = 3 traveling waves show large differences in terms of their structures and energetics. For each representative wave mode, the geopotential signature maximizes at a higher altitude than the temperature signature, and the wave energetics suggests a mixed baroclinic-barotropic nature. There is a large contrast in wave energetics between the near-surface and higher altitudes, as well as between the lower latitudes and higher latitudes at high altitudes. Both barotropic and baroclinic conversions can act as either sources or sinks of eddy kinetic energy. Band-pass filtered transient eddies exhibit strong zonal variations in eddy kinetic energy and various energy transfer terms. Transient eddies are mainly interacting with the time mean flow. However, there appear to be non-negligible wave-wave interactions associated with wave mode transitions. These interactions include those between traveling waves and thermal tides and those among traveling waves.
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Applicability of Mixing Length Theory to a Turbulent Vortex System
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Ragsdale, Robert G.
1961-01-01
The ability of mixing length theory to correlate vortex data is evaluated. Expressions are derived for eddy diffusivity by applying the techniques of von Karman and Prandtl which have been established for pipe flow. Total and static pressures were measured from the outer radius to the exhaust-nozzle radius of a vortex generator for a range of mass flows. These data are combined with Navier-Stokes solutions for this region of a compressible vortex to determine turbulent Reynolds numbers. The Reynolds number is related to Prandtl and Karman functions for various assumed boundary conditions, and the experimental data are used to determine the usefulness of these expressions. The following conclusions were reached: (1) Mixing length functions developed by applying von Karman's similarity hypothesis to vortex motion correlate the data better than do Prandtl functions obtained with the assumption that mixing length is proportional to radius. (2) Some of the expressions developed do not adequately represent the experimental data. (3) The data are correlated with acceptable scatter by evaluating the fluid radial inertia at the outer boundary and the shear stress at the inner boundary. The universal constant K was found to be 0.04 to 0.08, rather than the value of 0.4 which is accepted for rectilinear flow. (4) The data are best correlated by a modified Karman expression which includes an effect of radial inertia, as well as shear stress, on eddy diffusivity.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chndrasekhararao, A. V.; Kurian, Siby; Vidya, P. J.; Gauns, Mangesh; Shenoy, Damodar M.; Mulla, Amara; Naik, Hema; Reddy, T. Venugopal; Naqvi, S. W. A.
2018-06-01
Phytoplankton abundance and composition in two contrasting physical regimes - convective mixing in the northeastern Arabian Sea (NEAS) and Arabian Sea mini warm pool (ASMWP) in the southeastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) - were investigated during the northeast monsoon (NEM) of 2015 and 2017. Observations in 2015 were carried out late during the season, and only one station in the north (at 21°N latitude) fell within the zone of convective mixing where microplankton was dominated by diatoms. In 2017, convective mixing occurred even at 16°N latitude, but the microplankton contribution was low, presumably due to low Si/N ratios. Within the convective mixing regime of the NEAS, chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations were higher in 2015 (maximum 1080 ng L-1; average 493 ng L-1) than in 2017 (maximum 673 ng L-1; average 263 ng L-1). In contrast, picophytoplankton were dominant in the ASMWP of the SEAS with peak abundance associated with the subsurface chlorophyll maximum. A warm core eddy was present in 2015 in the SEAS where four times higher Prochlorococcus counts were found within the core of the eddy than at its periphery. This study provides the first description of the phytoplankton community in the ASMWP. Our results clearly demonstrate phytoplankton response to the contrasting physical conditions, highlighting the role of bio-physical coupling in the productivity of the Arabian Sea.
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TURBULENCE IN THE SOLAR WIND MEASURED WITH COMET TAIL TEST PARTICLES
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
DeForest, C. E.; Howard, T. A.; Matthaeus, W. H.
2015-10-20
By analyzing the motions of test particles observed remotely in the tail of Comet Encke, we demonstrate that the solar wind undergoes turbulent processing enroute from the Sun to the Earth and that the kinetic energy entrained in the large-scale turbulence is sufficient to explain the well-known anomalous heating of the solar wind. Using the heliospheric imaging (HI-1) camera on board NASA's STEREO-A spacecraft, we have observed an ensemble of compact features in the comet tail as they became entrained in the solar wind near 0.4 AU. We find that the features are useful as test particles, via mean-motion analysismore » and a forward model of pickup dynamics. Using population analysis of the ensemble's relative motion, we find a regime of random-walk diffusion in the solar wind, followed, on larger scales, by a surprising regime of semiconfinement that we attribute to turbulent eddies in the solar wind. The entrained kinetic energy of the turbulent motions represents a sufficient energy reservoir to heat the solar wind to observed temperatures at 1 AU. We determine the Lagrangian-frame diffusion coefficient in the diffusive regime, derive upper limits for the small scale coherence length of solar wind turbulence, compare our results to existing Eulerian-frame measurements, and compare the turbulent velocity with the size of the observed eddies extrapolated to 1 AU. We conclude that the slow solar wind is fully mixed by turbulence on scales corresponding to a 1–2 hr crossing time at Earth; and that solar wind variability on timescales shorter than 1–2 hr is therefore dominated by turbulent processing rather than by direct solar effects.« less
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Southern Ocean Eddy Heat Flux and Eddy-Mean Flow Interactions in Drake Passage
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Foppert, Annie
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is a complex current system composed of multiple jets that is both unique to the world's oceans and relatively under observed compared with other current systems. Observations taken by current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) over four years, from November 2007 to November 2011, quantify the mean structure of one of the main jets of the ACC - the Polar Front - in a composite-mean sense. While the array of CPIES deployed in Drake Passage included a 3 x 7 local dynamics array, analysis of the Polar Front makes use of the line of CPIES that spanned the width of Drake Passage (C-Line). The Polar Front tends to prefer one of two locations, separated along the C-Line by 1° of latitude, with the core of the jet centered on corresponding geopotential height contours (with a 17 cm dierence between the northern and southern jets). Potential vorticity fields suggest that the Polar Front is susceptible to baroclinic instability, regardless of whether it is found upstream (farther south along the C-Line) or downstream (farther north along the C-Line) of the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ), yet the core of the jet remains a barrier to smaller-scale mixing, as inferred from estimated mixing lengths. Within the local dynamics array of CPIES, the observed offset between eddy heat flux (EHF) and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and the alignment of EHF with sea surface height (SSH) standard deviation motivates a proxy for depth-integrated EHF that can be estimated from available satellite SSH data. An eddy-resolving numerical model develops the statistics of a logarithmic fit between SSH standard deviation and cross-frontal EHF that is applied to the ACC in a circumglobal sense. We find 1.06 PW enters the ACC from the north and 0.02 PW exits towards Antarctica. The magnitude of the estimated EHF, along with contemporaneous estimates of the mean heat flux, suggests that the air-sea heat flux south of the PF is an overestimate. Long-term trends in EHF are calculated from January 1992 to December 2014 and reveal varying trends at the eight ACC EHF hot spots, with only three having statistically significant temporal trends of strengthening cross-frontal EHF. The dynamics of an oceanic storm track are investigated using CPIES observations in the local dynamics array to better understand the processes responsible for the spatial oset between EHF and EKE. Wave activity flux ( W), calculated from the total geostrophic stream-function, is used to diagnose eddy-mean flow interactions in the eddy-rich region immediately downstream of the SFZ. In the full four-year mean and in a composite of eddy events, elevated values of eddy potential energy (EPE) are aligned with the vertical component of W. This is indicative of a conversion of mean available potential energy to EPE through EHF associated with baroclinic instability. Emanating from this region, horizontal W vectors point towards the adjacent region of elevated EKE. A case study of an eddy event, lasting from 15 to 23 July 2010, is presented and highlights the capability of W to illustrate the evolution of the storm track in a snap-shot sense. While baroclinic processes initially dominate the event, the alignment of elevated values of EKE with the convergence of the horizontal W vectors indicates the importance of barotropic processes in transporting EKE away from the ACC's interaction with the SFZ.
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Application Focused Schlieren to Nozzle Ejector Flowfields
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mitchell, L. Kerry; Ponton, Michael K.; Seiner, John M.; Manning, James C.; Jansen, Bernard J.; Lagen, Nicholas T.
1999-01-01
The motivation of the testing was to reduce noise generated by eddy Mach wave emission via enhanced mixing in the jet plume. This was to be accomplished through the use of an ejector shroud, which would bring in cooler ambient fluid to mix with the hotter jet flow. In addition, the contour of the mixer, with its chutes and lobes, would accentuate the merging of the outer and inner flows. The objective of the focused schlieren work was to characterize the mixing performance inside of the ejector. Using flow visualization allowed this to be accomplished in a non-intrusive manner.
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Numerical simulations of compressible mixing layers
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Normand, Xavier
1990-01-01
Direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional temporally growing compressible mixing layers are presented. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is initially excited by a white-noise perturbation superimposed onto a hyperbolic tangent meanflow profile. The linear regime is studied at low resolution in the case of two flows of equal temperatures, for convective Mach numbers from 0.1 to 1 and for different values of the Reynolds number. At higher resolution, the complete evolution of a two-eddy mixing layer between two flows of different temperatures is simulated at moderate Reynolds number. Similarities and differences between flows of equal convective Mach numbers are discussed.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Meneveau, C. V.; Bai, K.; Katz, J.
2011-12-01
The vegetation canopy has a significant impact on various physical and biological processes such as forest microclimate, rainfall evaporation distribution and climate change. Most scaled laboratory experimental studies have used canopy element models that consist of rigid vertical strips or cylindrical rods that can be typically represented through only one or a few characteristic length scales, for example the diameter and height for cylindrical rods. However, most natural canopies and vegetation are highly multi-scale with branches and sub-branches, covering a wide range of length scales. Fractals provide a convenient idealization of multi-scale objects, since their multi-scale properties can be described in simple ways (Mandelbrot 1982). While fractal aspects of turbulence have been studied in several works in the past decades, research on turbulence generated by fractal objects started more recently. We present an experimental study of boundary layer flow over fractal tree-like objects. Detailed Particle-Image-Velocimetry (PIV) measurements are carried out in the near-wake of a fractal-like tree. The tree is a pre-fractal with five generations, with three branches and a scale reduction factor 1/2 at each generation. Its similarity fractal dimension (Mandelbrot 1982) is D ~ 1.58. Detailed mean velocity and turbulence stress profiles are documented, as well as their downstream development. We then turn attention to the turbulence mixing properties of the flow, specifically to the question whether a mixing length-scale can be identified in this flow, and if so, how it relates to the geometric length-scales in the pre-fractal object. Scatter plots of mean velocity gradient (shear) and Reynolds shear stress exhibit good linear relation at all locations in the flow. Therefore, in the transverse direction of the wake evolution, the Boussinesq eddy viscosity concept is appropriate to describe the mixing. We find that the measured mixing length increases with increasing streamwise locations. Conversely, the measured eddy viscosity and mixing length decrease with increasing elevation, which differs from eddy viscosity and mixing length behaviors of traditional boundary layers or canopies studied before. In order to find an appropriate length for the flow, several models based on the notion of superposition of scales are proposed and examined. One approach is based on spectral distributions. Another more practical approach is based on length-scale distributions evaluated using fractal geometry tools. These proposed models agree well with the measured mixing length. The results indicate that information about multi-scale clustering of branches as it occurs in fractals has to be incorporated into models of the mixing length for flows through canopies with multiple scales. The research is supported by National Science Foundation grant ATM-0621396 and AGS-1047550.
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A model for dispersion from area sources in convective turbulence. [for air pollution
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Crane, G.; Panofsky, H. A.; Zeman, O.
1977-01-01
Four independent estimates of the vertical distribution of the eddy coefficient for dispersion of a passive contaminant from an extensive area source in a convective layer have been presented. The estimates were based on the following methods: (1) a second-order closure prediction, (2) field data of pollutant concentrations over Los Angeles, (3) lab measurements of particle dispersion, and (4) assumption of equality between momentum and mass transfer coefficients in the free convective limit. It is suggested that K-values estimated both from second-order closure theory and from Los Angeles measurements are systematically underestimated.
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Quantifying spatial distribution of spurious mixing in ocean models.
Ilıcak, Mehmet
2016-12-01
Numerical mixing is inevitable for ocean models due to tracer advection schemes. Until now, there is no robust way to identify the regions of spurious mixing in ocean models. We propose a new method to compute the spatial distribution of the spurious diapycnic mixing in an ocean model. This new method is an extension of available potential energy density method proposed by Winters and Barkan (2013). We test the new method in lock-exchange and baroclinic eddies test cases. We can quantify the amount and the location of numerical mixing. We find high-shear areas are the main regions which are susceptible to numerical truncation errors. We also test the new method to quantify the numerical mixing in different horizontal momentum closures. We conclude that Smagorinsky viscosity has less numerical mixing than the Leith viscosity using the same non-dimensional constant.
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Stochastic Simulation of Lagrangian Particle Transport in Turbulent Flows
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Guangyuan
This dissertation presents the development and validation of the One Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) multiphase model in the Lagrangian reference frame. ODT is a stochastic model that captures the full range of length and time scales and provides statistical information on fine-scale turbulent-particle mixing and transport at low computational cost. The flow evolution is governed by a deterministic solution of the viscous processes and a stochastic representation of advection through stochastic domain mapping processes. The three algorithms for Lagrangian particle transport are presented within the context of the ODT approach. The Type-I and -C models consider the particle-eddy interaction as instantaneous and continuous change of the particle position and velocity, respectively. The Type-IC model combines the features of the Type-I and -C models. The models are applied to the multi-phase flows in the homogeneous decaying turbulence and turbulent round jet. Particle dispersion, dispersion coefficients, and velocity statistics are predicted and compared with experimental data. The models accurately reproduces the experimental data sets and capture particle inertial effects and trajectory crossing effect. A new adjustable particle parameter is introduced into the ODT model, and sensitivity analysis is performed to facilitate parameter estimation and selection. A novel algorithm of the two-way momentum coupling between the particle and carrier phases is developed in the ODT multiphase model. Momentum exchange between the phases is accounted for through particle source terms in the viscous diffusion. The source term is implemented in eddy events through a new kernel transformation and an iterative procedure is required for eddy selection. This model is applied to a particle-laden turbulent jet flow, and simulation results are compared with experimental measurements. The effect of particle addition on the velocities of the gas phase is investigated. The development of particle velocity and particle number distribution are illustrated. The simulation results indicate that the model qualitatively captures the turbulent modulation with the presence of difference particle classes with different solid loadings. The model is then extended to simulate temperature evolution of the particles in a nonisothermal hot jet, in which heat transfer between the particles and gas is considered. The flow is bounded by a wall on the one side of the domain. The simulations are performed over a range of particle inertia and thermal relaxation time scales and different initial particle locations. The present study investigates the post-blast-phase mixing between the particles, the environment that is intended to heat them up, and the ambient environment that dilutes the jet flow. The results indicate that the model can qualitatively predict the important particle statistics in jet flame.
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Improved convection compensating pulsed field gradient spin-echo and stimulated-echo methods.
Sørland, G H; Seland, J G; Krane, J; Anthonsen, H W
2000-02-01
The need for convection compensating methods in NMR has been manifested through an increasing number of publications related to the subject over the past few years (J. Magn. Reson. 125, 372 (1997); 132, 13 (1998); 131, 126 (1998); 118, 50 (1996); 133, 379 (1998)). When performing measurements at elevated temperature, small convection currents may give rise to erroneous values of the diffusion coefficient. In work with high resolution NMR spectroscopy, the application of magnetic field gradients also introduces an eddy-current magnetic field which may result in errors in phase and baseline in the FFT-spectra. The eddy current field has been greatly suppressed by the application of bipolar magnetic field gradients. However, when introducing bipolar magnetic field gradients, the pulse sequence is lengthened significantly. This has recently been pointed out as a major drawback because of the loss of coherence and of NMR-signal due to transverse relaxation processes. Here we present modified convection compensating pulsed field gradient double spin echo and double stimulated echo sequences which suppress the eddy-current magnetic field without increasing the duration of the pulse sequences. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Subgrid-scale models for large-eddy simulation of rotating turbulent flows
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Silvis, Maurits; Trias, Xavier; Abkar, Mahdi; Bae, Hyunji Jane; Lozano-Duran, Adrian; Verstappen, Roel
2016-11-01
This paper discusses subgrid models for large-eddy simulation of anisotropic flows using anisotropic grids. In particular, we are looking into ways to model not only the subgrid dissipation, but also transport processes, since these are expected to play an important role in rotating turbulent flows. We therefore consider subgrid-scale models of the form τ = - 2νt S +μt (SΩ - ΩS) , where the eddy-viscosity νt is given by the minimum-dissipation model, μt represents a transport coefficient; S is the symmetric part of the velocity gradient and Ω the skew-symmetric part. To incorporate the effect of mesh anisotropy the filter length is taken in such a way that it minimizes the difference between the turbulent stress in physical and computational space, where the physical space is covered by an anisotropic mesh and the computational space is isotropic. The resulting model is successfully tested for rotating homogeneous isotropic turbulence and rotating plane-channel flows. The research was largely carried out during the CTR SP 2016. M.S, and R.V. acknowledge the financial support to attend this Summer Program.
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Modeling and analysis of a novel planar eddy current damper
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, He; Kou, Baoquan; Jin, Yinxi; Zhang, Lu; Zhang, Hailin; Li, Liyi
2014-05-01
In this paper, a novel 2-DOF permanent magnet planar eddy current damper is proposed, of which the stator is made of a copper plate and the mover is composed of two orthogonal 1-D permanent magnet arrays with a double sided structure. The main objective of the planar eddy current damper is to provide two orthogonal damping forces for dynamic systems like the 2-DOF high precision positioning system. Firstly, the basic structure and the operating principle of the planar damper are introduced. Secondly, the analytical model of the planar damper is established where the magnetic flux density distribution of the permanent magnet arrays is obtained by using the equivalent magnetic charge method and the image method. Then, the analytical expressions of the damping force and damping coefficient are derived. Lastly, to verify the analytical model, the finite element method (FEM) is adopted for calculating the flux density and a planar damper prototype is manufactured and thoroughly tested. The results from FEM and experiments are in good agreement with the ones from the analytical expressions indicating that the analytical model is reasonable and correct.
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Toward large eddy simulation of turbulent flow over an airfoil
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Choi, Haecheon
1993-01-01
The flow field over an airfoil contains several distinct flow characteristics, e.g. laminar, transitional, turbulent boundary layer flow, flow separation, unstable free shear layers, and a wake. This diversity of flow regimes taxes the presently available Reynolds averaged turbulence models. Such models are generally tuned to predict a particular flow regime, and adjustments are necessary for the prediction of a different flow regime. Similar difficulties are likely to emerge when the large eddy simulation technique is applied with the widely used Smagorinsky model. This model has not been successful in correctly representing different turbulent flow fields with a single universal constant and has an incorrect near-wall behavior. Germano et al. (1991) and Ghosal, Lund & Moin have developed a new subgrid-scale model, the dynamic model, which is very promising in alleviating many of the persistent inadequacies of the Smagorinsky model: the model coefficient is computed dynamically as the calculation progresses rather than input a priori. The model has been remarkably successful in prediction of several turbulent and transitional flows. We plan to simulate turbulent flow over a '2D' airfoil using the large eddy simulation technique. Our primary objective is to assess the performance of the newly developed dynamic subgrid-scale model for computation of complex flows about aircraft components and to compare the results with those obtained using the Reynolds average approach and experiments. The present computation represents the first application of large eddy simulation to a flow of aeronautical interest and a key demonstration of the capabilities of the large eddy simulation technique.
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The permeability coefficients of mixed matrix membranes of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and silicalite crystal are taken as the sum of the permeability coefficients of membrane components each weighted by their associated mass fraction. The permeability coefficient of a membrane c...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moshonkin, Sergey; Gusev, Anatoly; Zalesny, Vladimir; Diansky, Nikolay
2017-04-01
Series of experiments were performed with a three-dimensional, free surface, sigma coordinate eddy-permitting ocean circulation model for Atlantic (from 30°S) - Arctic and Bering sea domain (0.25 degrees resolution, Institute of Numerical Mathematics Ocean Model or INMOM) using vertical grid refinement in the zone of fully developed turbulence (40 sigma-levels). The model variables are horizontal velocity components, potential temperature, and salinity as well as free surface height. For parameterization of viscosity and diffusivity, the original splitting turbulence algorithm (STA) is used when total evolutionary equations for the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) and turbulence dissipation frequency (TDF) split into the stages of transport-diffusion and generation-dissipation. For the generation-dissipation stage the analytical solution was obtained for TKE and TDF as functions of the buoyancy and velocity shift frequencies (BF and VSF). The proposed model with STA is similar to the contemporary differential turbulence models, concerning the physical formulations. At the same time, its algorithm has high enough computational efficiency. For mixing simulation in the zone of turbulence decay, the two kind numerical experiments were carried out, as with assimilation of annual mean climatic buoyancy frequency, as with variation of Prandtl number function dependence upon the BF, VSF, TKE and TDF. The CORE-II data for 1948-2009 were used for experiments. Quality of temperature T and salinity S structure simulation is estimated by the comparison of model monthly profiles T and S averaged for 1980-2009, with T and S monthly data from the World Ocean Atlas 2013. Form of coefficients in equations for TKE and TDF on the generation-dissipation stage makes it possible to assimilate annual mean climatic buoyancy frequency in a varying degree that cardinally improves adequacy of model results to climatic data in all analyzed model domain. The numerical experiments with modified Prandtl number presents possibility for essential improvement of the TKE attenuation with depth and more realistic water entrainment from pycnocline into the mixed layer. The high sensitivity is revealed of the eddy-permitting circulation stable model solution to the change of the used above mixing parameterizations. This sensitivity is connected with significant changes of density fields in the upper baroclinic ocean layer over the total considered area. For instance, assimilation of annual mean climatic buoyancy frequency in equations for TKE and TDF leads to more realistic circulation in the North Atlantic. Variations of Prandtl number made it possible to simulate intense circulation in Beaufort Gyre owing to steric effect during the whole period under consideration. The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants №16-05-00534 and 15-05-00557).
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Visbeck, M.; Banyte, D.; Brandt, P.; Dengler, M.; Fischer, T.; Karstensen, J.; Krahmann, G.; Tanhua, T. S.; Stramma, L.
2013-12-01
Equatorial Dynamics provide an essential influence on the ventilation pathways of well oxygenated surface water on their route to tropical oxygen minimum zones (OMZ). The large scale wind driven circulation shield OMZs from the direct ventilation pathways. They are located in the so called ';shadow zones' equator ward of the subtropical gyres. From what is known most of the oxygen is supplied via pathways from the western boundary modulated by the complex zonal equatorial current system and marginally by vertical mixing. What was less clear is which of the possible pathways are most effective in transporting dissolved oxygen towards the OMZ. A collaborative research program focused on the dynamics of oxygen minimum zones, called SFB754 "Climate - Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean", allowed us to conduct two ocean tracer release experiments to investigate the vertical and horizontal mixing rates and associated oxygen transports. Specifically we report on the first deliberate tracer release experiment (GUTRE, Guinea Upwelling Tracer Release Experiment) in the tropical northeast Atlantic carried out in order to determine the diapycnal diffusivity coefficient in the upper layer of the OMZ. A tracer (CF3SF5) was injected in spring of 2008 and subsequently measured during three designated tracer survey cruises until the end of 2010. We found that, generally, the diffusivity is larger than expected for low latitudes and similar in magnitude to what has previously been experimentally determined in the Canary Basin. When combining the tracer study with estimates of diapycnal mixing based on microstructure profiling and a newly developed method using ship board ADCPs we were able to compute the vertical oxygen flux and its divergence for the OMZ. To our surprise, the vertical flux of oxygen by diapycnal mixing provides about 30% of the total ventilation. The estimate was derived from the simple advection-diffusion model taking into account moored and ship based velocity observations of the equatorial current systems along 23°W in the tropical Atlantic. However, the advective pathways are less certain and possibly more variable. Firstly, the strength of lateral eddy stirring and the role in oxygen transport is less well known, and is the focus of the ongoing second tracer release experiment (OSTRE, Oxygen Supply Tracer Release Experiment). Secondly, the analysis of historical data from the equatorial regime suggests that the observed decline in dissolved oxygen in the tropical North Atlantic might in part be a consequence of reduced horizontal ventilation by equatorial intermediate current systems. The uncertainty of the long-term variability of the circulation in the equatorial systems and additional uncertainty in the biogeochemical consumption rates provide a challenge for estimates of the future of the OMZ regimes. Model prediction of future oxygen changes depend on the models ability to reproduce the observed oxygen ventilation pathways and processes, which might limit the prediction's accuracy.
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Dynamic Smagorinsky model on anisotropic grids
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Scotti, A.; Meneveau, C.; Fatica, M.
1996-01-01
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of complex-geometry flows often involves highly anisotropic meshes. To examine the performance of the dynamic Smagorinsky model in a controlled fashion on such grids, simulations of forced isotropic turbulence are performed using highly anisotropic discretizations. The resulting model coefficients are compared with a theoretical prediction (Scotti et al., 1993). Two extreme cases are considered: pancake-like grids, for which two directions are poorly resolved compared to the third, and pencil-like grids, where one direction is poorly resolved when compared to the other two. For pancake-like grids the dynamic model yields the results expected from the theory (increasing coefficient with increasing aspect ratio), whereas for pencil-like grids the dynamic model does not agree with the theoretical prediction (with detrimental effects only on smallest resolved scales). A possible explanation of the departure is attempted, and it is shown that the problem may be circumvented by using an isotropic test-filter at larger scales. Overall, all models considered give good large-scale results, confirming the general robustness of the dynamic and eddy-viscosity models. But in all cases, the predictions were poor for scales smaller than that of the worst resolved direction.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Plumb, R. A.
1985-01-01
Two dimensional modeling has become an established technique for the simulation of the global structure of trace constituents. Such models are simpler to formulate and cheaper to operate than three dimensional general circulation models, while avoiding some of the gross simplifications of one dimensional models. Nevertheless, the parameterization of eddy fluxes required in a 2-D model is not a trivial problem. This fact has apparently led some to interpret the shortcomings of existing 2-D models as indicating that the parameterization procedure is wrong in principle. There are grounds to believe that these shortcomings result primarily from incorrect implementations of the predictions of eddy transport theory and that a properly based parameterization may provide a good basis for atmospheric modeling. The existence of these GCM-derived coefficients affords an unprecedented opportunity to test the validity of the flux-gradient parameterization. To this end, a zonally averaged (2-D) model was developed, using these coefficients in the transport parameterization. Results from this model for a number of contrived tracer experiments were compared with the parent GCM. The generally good agreement substantially validates the flus-gradient parameterization, and thus the basic principle of 2-D modeling.
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On the Unsteady Response of an Oceanic Front to Local Atmospheric Forcing.
1983-06-01
fluxes, mass and momentum transport, inertial-internal wave activity and mix- ing all can occur. Oceanic frontal areas are areas of sound 11 speed...in the Sargasso Sea in May. He found the front to be a separaticn cf two distinct water masses , with a tran- sitin zone cf only a few meters in the...presence of an eddy. If the water masses had been of similar types, it would have been indicative cf downwelling. With regard tc one-dimensional mixing
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On the potential influence of ice nuclei on surface-forced marine stratocumulus cloud dynamics
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Harrington, Jerry Y.; Olsson, Peter Q.
2001-11-01
The mixed phase cloudy boundary layer that occurs during off-ice flow in the marine Arctic was simulated in an environment with a strong surface heat flux (nearly 800 W m-2). A two-dimensional, eddy-resolving model coupled to a detailed cloud microphysical model was used to study both liquid phase and mixed phase stratocumulus clouds and boundary layer (BL) dynamics in this environment. Since ice precipitation may be important to BL dynamics, and ice nuclei (IN) concentrations modulate ice precipitation rates, the role of IN in cloud and BL development was explored. The results of several simulations illustrate how mixed phase microphysical processes affect the evolution of the cloudy BL in this environment. In agreement with past studies, BLs with mixed phase clouds had weaker convection, shallower BL depths, and smaller cloud fractions than BLs with clouds restricted to the liquid phase only. It is shown that the weaker BL convection is due to strong ice precipitation. Ice precipitation reduces convective strength directly by stabilizing downdrafts and more indirectly by sensibly heating the BL and inhibiting vertical mixing of momentum thereby reducing surface heat fluxes by as much as 80 W m-2. This feedback between precipitation and surface fluxes was found to have a significant impact on cloud/BL morphology, producing oscillations in convective strength and cloud fraction that did not occur if surface fluxes were fixed at constant values. Increases in IN concentrations in mixed phase clouds caused a more rapid Bergeron-Findeisen process leading to larger precipitation fluxes, reduced convection and lower cloud fraction. When IN were removed from the BL through precipitation, fewer crystals were nucleated at later simulation times leading to progressively weaker precipitation rates, greater cloud fraction, and stronger convective BL eddies.
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Dynamics of a Snowball Earth ocean.
Ashkenazy, Yosef; Gildor, Hezi; Losch, Martin; Macdonald, Francis A; Schrag, Daniel P; Tziperman, Eli
2013-03-07
Geological evidence suggests that marine ice extended to the Equator at least twice during the Neoproterozoic era (about 750 to 635 million years ago), inspiring the Snowball Earth hypothesis that the Earth was globally ice-covered. In a possible Snowball Earth climate, ocean circulation and mixing processes would have set the melting and freezing rates that determine ice thickness, would have influenced the survival of photosynthetic life, and may provide important constraints for the interpretation of geochemical and sedimentological observations. Here we show that in a Snowball Earth, the ocean would have been well mixed and characterized by a dynamic circulation, with vigorous equatorial meridional overturning circulation, zonal equatorial jets, a well developed eddy field, strong coastal upwelling and convective mixing. This is in contrast to the sluggish ocean often expected in a Snowball Earth scenario owing to the insulation of the ocean from atmospheric forcing by the thick ice cover. As a result of vigorous convective mixing, the ocean temperature, salinity and density were either uniform in the vertical direction or weakly stratified in a few locations. Our results are based on a model that couples ice flow and ocean circulation, and is driven by a weak geothermal heat flux under a global ice cover about a kilometre thick. Compared with the modern ocean, the Snowball Earth ocean had far larger vertical mixing rates, and comparable horizontal mixing by ocean eddies. The strong circulation and coastal upwelling resulted in melting rates near continents as much as ten times larger than previously estimated. Although we cannot resolve the debate over the existence of global ice cover, we discuss the implications for the nutrient supply of photosynthetic activity and for banded iron formations. Our insights and constraints on ocean dynamics may help resolve the Snowball Earth controversy when combined with future geochemical and geological observations.
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Sondak, D.; Shadid, J. N.; Oberai, A. A.; ...
2015-04-29
New large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models for incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) derived from the variational multiscale (VMS) formulation for finite element simulations are introduced. The new models include the variational multiscale formulation, a residual-based eddy viscosity model, and a mixed model that combines both of these component models. Each model contains terms that are proportional to the residual of the incompressible MHD equations and is therefore numerically consistent. Moreover, each model is also dynamic, in that its effect vanishes when this residual is small. The new models are tested on the decaying MHD Taylor Green vortex at low and highmore » Reynolds numbers. The evaluation of the models is based on comparisons with available data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the time evolution of energies as well as energy spectra at various discrete times. Thus a numerical study, on a sequence of meshes, is presented that demonstrates that the large eddy simulation approaches the DNS solution for these quantities with spatial mesh refinement.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Beck, Faith R.; Lind, R. Paul; Smith, James A.
2018-04-01
Novel fuels are part of the nationwide effort to reduce the enrichment of Uranium for energy production. Performance of such fuels is determined by irradiating their surfaces. To test irradiated samples, the instrumentation must operate remotely. The plate checker used in this experiment at Idaho National Lab (INL) performs non-destructive testing on fuel rod and plate geometries with two different types of sensors: eddy current and digital thickness gauges. The sensors measure oxide growth and total sample thickness on research fuels, respectively. Sensor measurement accuracy is crucial because even 10 microns of error is significant when determining the viability of an experimental fuel. One parameter known to affect the eddy current and thickness gauge sensors is temperature. Since both sensor accuracies depend on the ambient temperature of the system, the plate checker has been characterized for these sensitivities. The manufacturer of the digital gauge probes has noted a rather large coefficient of thermal expansion for their linear scale. It should also be noted that the accuracy of the digital gauge probes are specified at 20°C, which is approximately 7°C cooler than the average hot-cell temperature. In this work, the effect of temperature on the eddy current and digital gauge probes is studied, and thickness measurements are given as empirical functions of temperature.
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A B-B-G-K-Y framework for fluid turbulence
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Montgomery, D.
1975-01-01
A kinetic theory for fluid turbulence is developed from the Liouville equation and the associated BBGKY hierarchy. Real and imaginary parts of Fourier coefficients of fluid variables play the roles of particles. Closure is achieved by the assumption of negligible five-coefficient correlation functions and probability distributions of Fourier coefficients are the basic variables of the theory. An additional approximation leads to a closed-moment description similar to the so-called eddy-damped Markovian approximation. A kinetic equation is derived for which conservation laws and an H-theorem can be rigorously established, the H-theorem implying relaxation of the absolute equilibrium of Kraichnan. The equation can be cast in the Fokker-Planck form, and relaxation times estimated from its friction and diffusion coefficients. An undetermined parameter in the theory is the free decay time for triplet correlations. Some attention is given to the inclusion of viscous damping and external driving forces.
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Comprehensive description of the carbon cycle of an ancient temperate broadleaved woodland
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fenn, K.; Malhi, Y.; Morecroft, M.; Lloyd, C.; Thomas, M.
2010-05-01
There exist very few comprehensive descriptions of the productivity and carbon cycling of forest ecosystems. Here we present a description of the components of annual Net Primary Productivity (NPP), Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, and ecosystem respiration (RECO) for a temperate mixed deciduous woodland at Wytham Woods in southern Britain, calculated using "bottom-up" biometric and chamber measurements (leaf and wood production and soil and stem respiration). These are compared with estimates of these parameters from eddy-covariance measurements made at the same site. NPP was estimated as 7.0±0.8 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, and GPP as 20.3+1.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, a value which closely matched to eddy covariance-derived GPP value of 21.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Annual RECO was calculated as 18.9±1.7 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, close to the eddy covariance value of 19.8 Mg C ha-1 yr-1; the seasonal cycle of biometric and eddy covariance RECO estimates also closely matched. The consistency between eddy covariance and biometric measurements substantially strengthens the confidence we attach to each as alternative indicators of site carbon dynamics, and permits an integrated perspective of the ecosystem carbon cycle. 37% of NPP was allocated below ground, and the ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUE, = NPP/GPP) calculated to be 0.35±0.05, lower than reported for many temperate broadleaved sites.
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Submesoscale Sea Ice-Ocean Interactions in Marginal Ice Zones
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Manucharyan, Georgy E.; Thompson, Andrew F.
2017-12-01
Signatures of ocean eddies, fronts, and filaments are commonly observed within marginal ice zones (MIZs) from satellite images of sea ice concentration, and in situ observations via ice-tethered profilers or underice gliders. However, localized and intermittent sea ice heating and advection by ocean eddies are currently not accounted for in climate models and may contribute to their biases and errors in sea ice forecasts. Here, we explore mechanical sea ice interactions with underlying submesoscale ocean turbulence. We demonstrate that the release of potential energy stored in meltwater fronts can lead to energetic submesoscale motions along MIZs with spatial scales O(10 km) and Rossby numbers O(1). In low-wind conditions, cyclonic eddies and filaments efficiently trap the sea ice and advect it over warmer surface ocean waters where it can effectively melt. The horizontal eddy diffusivity of sea ice mass and heat across the MIZ can reach O(200 m2 s-1). Submesoscale ocean variability also induces large vertical velocities (order 10 m d-1) that can bring relatively warm subsurface waters into the mixed layer. The ocean-sea ice heat fluxes are localized over cyclonic eddies and filaments reaching about 100 W m-2. We speculate that these submesoscale-driven intermittent fluxes of heat and sea ice can contribute to the seasonal evolution of MIZs. With the continuing global warming and sea ice thickness reduction in the Arctic Ocean, submesoscale sea ice-ocean processes are expected to become increasingly prominent.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ruvalcaba-Aroche, Erick D.; Sánchez-Velasco, Laura; Beier, Emilio; Godínez, Victor M.; Barton, Eric D.; Pacheco, Ma. Rocío
2018-01-01
Vertical distribution of the cephalopod paralarvae was investigated in relation to a system of two cyclonic and three anticyclonic eddies in the southern Gulf of California and a front in the adjacent Pacific Ocean. Results showed that the preferential habitat for the Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis - Dosidicus gigas "SD-complex" in both regions was the oxygenated surface mixed layer and the thermocline. The highest abundances occurred in of one of the anticyclonic eddies and a frontal zone, which are convergent structures. Enoploteuthid and Pyroteuthid paralarvae both displayed their highest abundances in the thermocline. Pyroteuthids dominated in the cyclonic eddy whereas Enoploteuthidae were less evident in the eddy system. Pyroteuthids were observed on the western (California Current) side of the frontal zone, and Enoploteuthids on its eastern (Gulf of California) side. The octopods and the complex of Ommastrephes-Eucleoteuthis-Hyaloteuthis paralarvae were present below the thermocline. Both groups had a scarce presence in the eddy system and high abundance near the frontal zone. The octopods abounded on the eastern side in association with the low dissolved oxygen concentrations (< 44 μmol kg-1) of Subtropical-Subsurface Water; the complex on the western front side was immersed in California Current Water. It may be concluded that the spawning and early stages of development of these cephalopod groups are associated with particular mesoscale structures of the water masses. For example, the "SD complex" inhabits the surface water masses, preferentially in convergence zones generated by mesoscale activity.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Parsakhoo, Zahra; Shao, Yaping
2017-04-01
Near-surface turbulent mixing has considerable effect on surface fluxes, cloud formation and convection in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Its quantifications is however a modeling and computational challenge since the small eddies are not fully resolved in Eulerian models directly. We have developed a Lagrangian stochastic model to demonstrate multi-scale interactions between convection and land surface heterogeneity in the atmospheric boundary layer based on the Ito Stochastic Differential Equation (SDE) for air parcels (particles). Due to the complexity of the mixing in the ABL, we find that linear Ito SDE cannot represent convections properly. Three strategies have been tested to solve the problem: 1) to make the deterministic term in the Ito equation non-linear; 2) to change the random term in the Ito equation fractional, and 3) to modify the Ito equation by including Levy flights. We focus on the third strategy and interpret mixing as interaction between at least two stochastic processes with different Lagrangian time scales. The model is in progress to include the collisions among the particles with different characteristic and to apply the 3D model for real cases. One application of the model is emphasized: some land surface patterns are generated and then coupled with the Large Eddy Simulation (LES).
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Part 2 of a Computational Study of a Drop-Laden Mixing Layer
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Okongo, Nora; Bellan, Josette
2004-01-01
This second of three reports on a computational study of a mixing layer laden with evaporating liquid drops presents the evaluation of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) models. The LES models were evaluated on an existing database that had been generated using Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The DNS method and the database are described in the first report of this series, Part 1 of a Computational Study of a Drop-Laden Mixing Layer (NPO-30719), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 28, No.7 (July 2004), page 59. The LES equations, which are derived by applying a spatial filter to the DNS set, govern the evolution of the larger scales of the flow and can therefore be solved on a coarser grid. Consistent with the reduction in grid points, the DNS drops would be represented by fewer drops, called computational drops in the LES context. The LES equations contain terms that cannot be directly computed on the coarser grid and that must instead be modeled. Two types of models are necessary: (1) those for the filtered source terms representing the effects of drops on the filtered flow field and (2) those for the sub-grid scale (SGS) fluxes arising from filtering the convective terms in the DNS equations. All of the filtered-sourceterm models that were developed were found to overestimate the filtered source terms. For modeling the SGS fluxes, constant-coefficient Smagorinsky, gradient, and scale-similarity models were assessed and calibrated on the DNS database. The Smagorinsky model correlated poorly with the SGS fluxes, whereas the gradient and scale-similarity models were well correlated with the SGS quantities that they represented.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Crispo, S. M.; Peterson, T. D.; Lohan, M. C.; Crawford, D.; Orians, K. J.; Harrison, P. J.; Statham, P. J.
2004-12-01
In April 2001, a large dust storm originating in the Gobi and Takla Makan deserts resulted in large quantities of dust to be transported to the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Off the California coast, dissolved iron and aluminum concentrations determined before and after the dust traversed the North Pacific show increases of 0.5nM and 2nM respectively (Johnson, 2003). The most concentrated plume of dust traveled toward the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Every year anticyclonic mesoscale eddies, transporting coastal waters offshore, form off the coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. These Haida eddies begin with high concentrations of trace metals which deplete over time. Evidence of 2001-dust deposition is seen in elevated dissolved aluminum concentrations (up to 7nM) in the eddy, which stay elevated months after the dust was deposited. By June 2001, dissolved zinc concentrations in the eddy surface mixed layer are low (below 0.3nM) and decrease slightly by September 2001. Dissolved cadmium concentrations dropped drastically (from 0.4nM to 0.09nM) from June to September 2001 in the Haida-2001 eddy coinciding with a large increase in coccolithophore production. This coccolithophore increase was five times greater than what was seen in the Haida-2000 eddy and twenty times that of the reference station. Based on our observations and by comparison with a shipboard Zn-Fe-enrichment study, we hypothesize that dust deposition into surface waters promotes growth first of diatoms and then of coccolithophores once zinc is depleted. The presence of dust remnants held within a quasi-isolated mesoscale eddy allows us to draw conclusions about succession following dust deposition events and yields further information regarding interactions between trace metal supply and primary production in the NE Subarctic Pacific.
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Wang, S; Martinez-Lage, M; Sakai, Y; Chawla, S; Kim, S G; Alonso-Basanta, M; Lustig, R A; Brem, S; Mohan, S; Wolf, R L; Desai, A; Poptani, H
2016-01-01
Early assessment of treatment response is critical in patients with glioblastomas. A combination of DTI and DSC perfusion imaging parameters was evaluated to distinguish glioblastomas with true progression from mixed response and pseudoprogression. Forty-one patients with glioblastomas exhibiting enhancing lesions within 6 months after completion of chemoradiation therapy were retrospectively studied. All patients underwent surgery after MR imaging and were histologically classified as having true progression (>75% tumor), mixed response (25%-75% tumor), or pseudoprogression (<25% tumor). Mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, linear anisotropy coefficient, planar anisotropy coefficient, spheric anisotropy coefficient, and maximum relative cerebral blood volume values were measured from the enhancing tissue. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the best model for classification of true progression from mixed response or pseudoprogression. Significantly elevated maximum relative cerebral blood volume, fractional anisotropy, linear anisotropy coefficient, and planar anisotropy coefficient and decreased spheric anisotropy coefficient were observed in true progression compared with pseudoprogression (P < .05). There were also significant differences in maximum relative cerebral blood volume, fractional anisotropy, planar anisotropy coefficient, and spheric anisotropy coefficient measurements between mixed response and true progression groups. The best model to distinguish true progression from non-true progression (pseudoprogression and mixed) consisted of fractional anisotropy, linear anisotropy coefficient, and maximum relative cerebral blood volume, resulting in an area under the curve of 0.905. This model also differentiated true progression from mixed response with an area under the curve of 0.901. A combination of fractional anisotropy and maximum relative cerebral blood volume differentiated pseudoprogression from nonpseudoprogression (true progression and mixed) with an area under the curve of 0.807. DTI and DSC perfusion imaging can improve accuracy in assessing treatment response and may aid in individualized treatment of patients with glioblastomas. © 2016 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.
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Mesoscale Eddies, Satellite Altimetry, and New Production in the Sargasso Sea
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Siegel, David A.; McGillicuddy, Dennis J., Jr.; Fields, Erik A.
1999-01-01
Satellite altimetry and hydrographic observations are used to characterize the mesoscale eddy field in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda and to address the role of physical processes on the supply of new nutrients to the euphotic zone. The observed sea level anomaly (SLA) field is dominated by the occurrence of westward propagating features with SLA signatures as large as 25 cm, Eulerian temporal scales of roughly a month, lifetimes of several months, spatial scales of approximately 200 km, and a propagation of approximately 5 cm/s. Hydrographic estimates of dynamic height anomaly (referenced to 4000 dbar) are well correlated with satellite SLA (r(exp 2) = 0.65), and at least 85% of the observed dynamic height variability is associated with the first baroclinic mode of motion. This allows us to apply the satellite observations to remotely sensed estimate isopycnal displacements and the flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone due to eddy pumping. Eddy pumping is the process by which mesoscale eddies induce isopycnal displacements that lift nutrient-replete waters into the euphotic zone, driving new primary production. A kinematic approach to the estimation of the eddy pumping results in a flux of 0.24 +/- 0.1 mol N/sq m (including a scale estimate for the small contribution due to 18 deg water eddies). This flux is more than an order of magnitude larger than the diapycnal diffusive flux as well as scale estimates for the vertical transport due to isopycnal mixing along sloping isopycnal surfaces. Eddy pumping and wintertime convection are the two dominant mechanisms transporting new nutrients into the euphotic zone, and the sum of all physical new nutrient supply fluxes effectively balances previous geochemical estimates of annual new production for this site. However, if biological transports (e.g., nitrogen fixation, etc.) are significant, the new nitrogen supply budget will be in excess of geochemical new production estimates. This suggests that the various physical and biological transport fluxes, as well as geochemical inferences of new production, still need to be reconciled and many outstanding questions remain.
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Mesoscale Eddies, Satellite Altimetry, and New Production in the Sargasso Sea
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Siegel, David A.; McGillicuddy, Dennis J., Jr.; Fields, Erik A.
1999-01-01
Satellite altimetry and hydrographic observations are used to characterize the mesoscale eddy field in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda and to address the role of physical processes on the supply of new nutrients to the euphotic zone. The observed sea level anomaly (SLA) field is dominated by the occurrence of westward propagating features with SLA signatures as large as 25 cm, Eulerian temporal scales of roughly a month, lifetimes of several months, spatial scales of approximately 200 km, and a propagation of approximately 5 cm/s . Hydrographic estimates of dynamic height anomaly (referenced to 4000 dbar) are well correlated with satellite SLA (r(sup 2) = 0.65), and at least 85% of the observed dynamic height variability is associated with the first baroclinic mode of motion. This allows us to apply the satellite observations to remotely estimate isopycnal displacements and the flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone due to eddy pumping. Eddy pumping is the process by which mesoscale eddies induce isopycnal displacements that lift nutrient- replete waters into the euphotic zone, driving new primary production. A kinematic approach to the estimation of the eddy pumping results in a flux of 0.24+/-0.1 mol N/sq m/yr (including a scale estimate for the small contribution due to 18 deg water eddies). This flux is more than an order of magnitude larger than the diapycnal diffusive flux as well as scale estimates for the vertical transport due to isopycnal mixing along sloping isopycnal surfaces. Eddy pumping and wintertime convection are the two dominant mechanisms transporting new nutrients into the euphotic zone, and the sum of all physical new nutrient supply fluxes effectively balances previous geochemical estimates of annual new production for this site. However, if biological transports (e.g., nitrogen fixation, etc.) are significant, the new nitrogen supply budget will be in excess of geochemical new production estimates. This suggests that the various physical and biological transport fluxes, as well as geochemical inferences of new production, still need to be reconciled and many outstanding questions remain.
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Eddy covariance fluxes of the NO-NO2-O3 triad above a spruce forest canopy in south-eastern Germany.
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Tsokankunku, A.; Zhu, Z.; Meixner, F. X.; Foken, T.; Andreae, M. O.
2009-04-01
We investigated the diel variability of the eddy covariance fluxes of the NO-NO2-O3 triad above a spruce forest canopy at the "Weidenbrunnen" research site (Fichtelgebirge, Germany). Measurements were part of the EGER project (ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions), which focuses on the role of process interactions among the different scales of soil, in-canopy and atmospheric exchange processes of reactive and non-reactive trace gases and energy. The eddy covariance platform was at the top of a 32 m high tower (50Ë 08'31" N, 11Ë 52'1"E, elevation 755 m.a.s.l). The eddy covariance system consisted of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer and a high speed, high resolution NO-NO2two channel chemiluminescence analyzer (Ecophysics CLD 790 SR2). A solid-state blue-light photolytic converter was connected to the NO2 channel of the analyzer just behind the sample inlet. Ambient NO and NO2 mixing ratios were sampled via 52 m long tubes with the instrument itself located in a temperature-controlled container at the ground. The NO-NO2 analyzer was operated at 5 Hz. Additionally we measured eddy covariance fluxes of CO2 and H2O. An infrared absorption-based analyzer (LI-7000) was used to sample CO2 and H2O mixing ratios, and a fast solid-phase chemiluminescence ozone analyzer (GFAS) was deployed to measure O3 mixing ratios. All trace gas inlets were situated at 32.5 m, 20 cm below the path of the sonic anemometer. The 32m inlet of an independent NO, NO2, and O3 concentration profile measuring system was used as the calibration source for the fast ozone analyzer and the two channel NO-NO2chemiluminescence analyzer. Preliminary results show that NO and NO2advection plays a big role in the magnitude and direction of the fluxes at the site. The main source of the advection is a busy country road situated about 2 km west of the site. CO2 fluxes were also influenced by advection. Extended periods of stationarity usually occurred on Sundays when the amount of traffic was significantly lower. During the "golden days period" (29 June - 3 July 2008), there was mainly downward directed NO fluxes (within the margin of error). However there is also evidence of NO leaving the canopy in some instances. NO and NO2 fluxes ranged between +1.5 and -1.5 nmol m-2 s-1 (±45 ngNO m-2 s-1 and ±70 ngNO2 m-2 s-1).
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Analysis and design of lean direct injection fuel nozzles by eddy resolved turbulence simulation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ryon, Jason Allen
Combustion systems in gas turbine engines are subjected to particular scrutiny in regards to the emissions which they produce. Of special interest are the emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), which have a direct impact on air quality as well as health aspects. There is a need in the industry for elegant designs for these combustion systems which reduce the formation of NOx. The present study includes an in depth analysis of a state-of-the art prefilming airblast injector which is designed for achieving low NOx. The design has been studied through the use of turbulence resolving simulation to differentiate what is important for the design of this system. The OpenFOAM CFD software, with a Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) model recently developed at Iowa State University, is shown to provide a suitable design tool which has been used to accurately predict a variety of parameters important to this combustion system. Of particular interest are the mixing characteristics of the atomizer, which have been studied through a series of CFD simulations including single-phase, multi-species, and multi-phase simulations. Turbulence simulations are validated by comparison to United Technologies Aerospace Systems (UTAS) data with air only. It is shown how DDES is able to capture the downstream mixing of air streams. Finally, a novel atomizer has been designed with these methods which is intended to promote thorough mixing. The CFD mixing characteristics are described and compared to the existing injector.
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LLWBCS changes through surface mesoscale activity and baroclinic tides in the Solomon Sea
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gourdeau, L.; Djath, B.; Ganachaud, A. S.; Tchilibou, M. L.; Verron, J. A.; Jouanno, J.
2016-02-01
In the south west Pacific, the Solomon Sea is on the pathway of the Low Latitudes Western Boundary Currents that connect the subtropics to the equator. Changes in their strengths, or in their water mass properties may have implication for ENSO and its low frequency modulation. During their transit in the Solomon Sea, the salinity maximum at thermocline level, characteristic of the South Pacific Tropical Waters (SPTW), is largely eroded. Different mechanisms could explain such salt erosion whose current/bathymetry interaction, internal tides, eddy activity. The Solomon Sea is an area of high level of eddy kinetic energy (EKE), especially in the surface layers, and its complex bathymetry is favourable for generation and dissipation of internal tides. Based on high resolution modelling, glider, and altimetric data mesoscale eddies observed at the surface are analysed in their 4D aspects. Their role on water mass transformation is explored. These eddies may affect the surface layers (σ<23.3) and the upper thermocline waters (23.3< σ <24.3), but they cannot explained the erosion of the salinity maximum below. Simulations with and without explicit tides provide a description of baroclinic tides in the Solomon Sea. Their role on water mixing is evaluated, especially for the SPTW.
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Shear and mixing effects on cells in agitated microcarrier tissue culture reactors
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cherry, Robert S.; Papoutsakis, E. Terry
1987-01-01
Tissue cells are known to be sensitive to mechanical stresses imposed on them by agitation in bioreactors. The amount of agitation provided in a microcarrier or suspension bioreactor should be only enough to provide effective homogeneity. Three distinct flow regions can be identified in the reactor: bulk turbulent flow, bulk laminar flow and boundary-layer flows. Possible mechanisms of cell damage are examined by analyzing the motion of microcarriers or free cells relative to the surrounding fluid, to each other and to moving or stationary solid surfaces. The primary mechanisms of cell damage appear to result from: (1) direct interaction between microcarriers and turbulent eddies; (2) collisions between microcarriers in turbulent flow; and (3) collisions against the impeller or other stationary surfaces. If the smallest eddies of turbulent flow are of the same size as the microcarrier beads, they may cause high shear stresses on the cells. Eddies the size of the average interbead spacing may cause bead-bead collisions which damage cells. The severity of the collisions increases when the eddies are also of the same size as the beads. Impeller collisions occur when beads cannot avoid the impeller leading edge as it advances through the liquid. The implications of the results of this analysis on the design and operation of tissue culture reactors are discussed.
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Wind-induced upwelling in the Kerguelen Plateau region
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gille, S. T.; Carranza, M. M.; Cambra, R.
2014-11-01
In contrast to most of the Southern Ocean, the Kerguelen Plateau supports an unusually strong spring chlorophyll (Chl a) bloom, likely because the euphotic zone in the region is supplied with higher iron concentrations. This study uses satellite wind, sea surface temperature (SST), and ocean color data to explore the impact of wind-driven processes on upwelling of cold (presumably iron-rich) water to the euphotic zone. Results show that, in the Kerguelen region, cold SSTs correlate with high wind speeds, implying that wind-mixing leads to enhanced vertical mixing. Cold SSTs also correlate with negative wind-stress curl, implying that Ekman pumping can further enhance upwelling. In the moderate to high eddy kinetic energy (EKE) regions surrounding Kerguelen, we find evidence of coupling between winds and SST gradients associated with mesoscale eddies, which can locally modulate the wind-stress curl. This coupling introduces persistent wind-stress curl patterns and Ekman pumping around these long-lived eddies, which may modulate the evolution of Chl a in the downstream plume far offshore. Close to the plateau, this eddy coupling breaks down. Kerguelen has a significant wind shadow on its downwind side, which changes position depending on the prevailing wind and which generates a wind-stress curl dipole that shifts location depending on wind direction. This leads to locally enhanced Ekman pumping for a few hundred kilometers downstream from the Kerguelen Plateau; Chl a values tend to be more elevated in places where wind-stress curl induces Ekman upwelling than in locations of downwelling, although the estimated upwelling rates are too small for this relationship to derive from direct effects on upward iron supply, and thus other processes, which remain to be determined, must also be involved in the establishment of these correlations. During the October and November (2011) KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS-2) field program, wind conditions were fairly typical for the region, with enhanced Ekman upwelling expected to the north of the Kerguelen Islands.
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Correlation coefficient measurement of the mode-locked laser tones using four-wave mixing.
Anthur, Aravind P; Panapakkam, Vivek; Vujicic, Vidak; Merghem, Kamel; Lelarge, Francois; Ramdane, Abderrahim; Barry, Liam P
2016-06-01
We use four-wave mixing to measure the correlation coefficient of comb tones in a quantum-dash mode-locked laser under passive and active locked regimes. We study the uncertainty in the measurement of the correlation coefficient of the proposed method.
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Wall-based identification of coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sanmiguel Vila, C.; Flores, O.
2018-04-01
During the last decades, a number of reduced order models based on coherent structures have been proposed to describe wall-bounded turbulence. Many of these models emphasize the importance of coherent wall-normal velocity eddies (ν-eddies), which drive the generation of the very long streamwise velocity structures observed in the logarithmic and outer region. In order to use these models to improve our ability to control wall-bounded turbulence in realistic applications, these ν-eddies need to be identified from the wall in a non-intrusive way. In this paper, the possibility of using the pressure signal at the wall to identify these ν-eddies is explored, analyzing the cross-correlation between the wall-normal velocity component and the pressure fluctuations at the wall in a DNS of a turbulent channel flow at Reτ = 939. The results show that the cross-correlation has a region of negative correlation upstream, and a region of positive correlation backwards. In the spanwise direction the correlation decays monotonously, except very close to the wall where a change of sign of the correlation coefficient is observed. Moreover, filtering the pressure fluctuations at the wall in space results in an increase of the region where the cross-correlation is strong, both for the positively and the negatively correlated regions. The use of a time filter for the pressure fluctuations at the wall yields different results, displacing the regions of strong correlation without changing much their sizes. The results suggest that space-filtering the pressure at the wall is a feasible way to identify ν-eddies of different sizes, which could be used to trigger turbulent control strategies.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gao, Wei; Wang, Zhenyan; Zhang, Kainan
2017-11-01
Based on the conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD) data collected at 93 hydrographic stations during a marine cruise and on contemporary satellite altimeter observations, a series of eddies have been observed passing over the stratified upper water of the Parece Vela Basin. The results from hydrographic measurements and in situ chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have revealed that these eddies exerted significant controlling effects on the thermohaline structure and chlorophyll distribution, especially on the prevalent subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer (SCML). Based on these observations and particulate beam attenuation coefficient (cp) data, the in situ phytoplankton bloom around the pycnocline can be largely attributable to the formation of a well-developed SCML in the studied system. The uplift of the cold subsurface water within the cyclone, shoaling the pycnocline to a shallower layer, resulted in a low-temperature anomaly and different salinity anomalies at different depths. This uplift in the cyclone further caused the SCML to appear at a shallower depth with a higher in situ chlorophyll concentration than that in the normal domain. Conversely, the sinking of the warm surface water to the subsurface layer within the anticyclone depressed the pycnocline to a deeper layer and generated a high-temperature anomaly and opposite salinity anomalies compared with the cyclone. The sinking of the pycnocline within the anticyclone considerably influenced the characteristics of the SCML, which had a deeper depth and a lower in situ chlorophyll concentration than that of the normal sea. This study contributes rare quasi-synchronous CTD observations capturing mesoscale eddies and provides valuable descriptions of the variations in the SCML under the influence of mesoscale eddies based on in situ optical measurements from the seldom-discussed western North Pacific.
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2015-09-17
the region of interest from SAEON archives Task 3 An offshore survey - to make some basic measurements in the area of interest and develop AUV ... AUV deployment procedures and skills using local resources. 4. Glider deployment in collaboration with WHOI YEAR 2 1. Further measurements based
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A NEW COMBINED LOCAL AND NON-LOCAL PBL MODEL FOR METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY MODELING
A new version of the Asymmetric Convective Model (ACM) has been developed to describe sub-grid vertical turbulent transport in both meteorology models and air quality models. The new version (ACM2) combines the non-local convective mixing of the original ACM with local eddy diff...
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Large Eddy Simulations of a Bottom Boundary Layer Under a Shallow Geostrophic Front
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bateman, S. P.; Simeonov, J.; Calantoni, J.
2017-12-01
The unstratified surf zone and the stratified shelf waters are often separated by dynamic fronts that can strongly impact the character of the Ekman bottom boundary layer. Here, we use large eddy simulations to study the turbulent bottom boundary layer associated with a geostrophic current on a stratified shelf of uniform depth. The simulations are initialized with a spatially uniform vertical shear that is in geostrophic balance with a pressure gradient due to a linear horizontal temperature variation. Superposed on the temperature front is a stable vertical temperature gradient. As turbulence develops near the bottom, the turbulence-induced mixing gradually erodes the initial uniform temperature stratification and a well-mixed layer grows in height until the turbulence becomes fully developed. The simulations provide the spatial distribution of the turbulent dissipation and the Reynolds stresses in the fully developed boundary layer. We vary the initial linear stratification and investigate its effect on the height of the bottom boundary layer and the turbulence statistics. The results are compared to previous models and simulations of stratified bottom Ekman layers.
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Large-Eddy-Simulation of a flow over a submerged rigid canopy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Monti, Alessandro; Omidyeganeh, Mohammad; Pinelli, Alfredo
2017-11-01
We have performed a wall-resolved Large-Eddy-Simulation of flow over a shallow submerged rigid canopy (H / h = 4 ; H and h are the open channel and the canopy heights respectively) in a transitional/dense regime (Nepf ARFM 44, 2011), at low Reynolds number (Reb =Ubulk H / ν = 6000). An immersed boundary method (Favier et al. JCP 261, 2013) has been adopted to represent filamentous rigid elements of the canopy. The presence of the permeable and porous canopy induces a typical inflection point in the mean velocity profile, depicting two separated and developed layers, outer boundary layer and in-canopy uniform flow. The aim of the work is to explore and unravel the mechanisms of the interaction between the fluid flow and the rigid canopy by identifying the physical parameters that govern the mixing mechanisms within the different flow layers and by exploring the impact of the sweep/ejection events at the canopy edge. The results show that the flow is characterised by large scale stream- and span-wise vortices and regions of different dynamics that affect also the filamentous layer, hence the mixing mechanisms.
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An experimental investigation of turbulent boundary layers along curved surfaces
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
So, R. M. C.; Mellor, G. L.
1972-01-01
A curved wall tunnel was designed, and an equilibrium turbulent boundary layer was set up on the straight section preceding the curved test section. Turbulent boundary layer flows with uniform and adverse pressure distributions along convex and concave walls were investigated. Hot-wire measurements along the convex surface indicated that turbulent mixing between fluid layers was very much reduced. However, the law of the wall held and the skin friction, thus determined, correlated well with other measurements. Hot-wire measurements along the concave test wall revealed a system of longitudinal vortices inside the boundary layer and confirmed that concave curvature enhances mixing. A self-consistent set of turbulent boundary layer equations for flows along curved surfaces was derived together with a modified eddy viscosity. Solution of these equations together with the modified eddy viscosity gave results that correlated well with the present data on flows along the convex surface with arbitrary pressure distribution. However, it could only be used to predict the mean characteristics of the flow along concave walls because of the existence of the system of longitudinal vortices inside the boundary layer.
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The effect of dense gas dynamics on loss in ORC transonic turbines
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Durá Galiana, FJ; Wheeler, APS; Ong, J.; Ventura, CA de M.
2017-03-01
This paper describes a number of recent investigations into the effect of dense gas dynamics on ORC transonic turbine performance. We describe a combination of experimental, analytical and computational studies which are used to determine how, in-particular, trailing-edge loss changes with choice of working fluid. A Ludwieg tube transient wind-tunnel is used to simulate a supersonic base flow which mimics an ORC turbine vane trailing-edge flow. Experimental measurements of wake profiles and trailing-edge base pressure with different working fluids are used to validate high-order CFD simulations. In order to capture the correct mixing in the base region, Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) are performed and verified against the experimental data by comparing the LES with different spatial and temporal resolutions. RANS and Detached-Eddy Simulation (DES) are also compared with experimental data. The effect of different modelling methods and working fluid on mixed-out loss is then determined. Current results point at LES predicting the closest agreement with experimental results, and dense gas effects are consistently predicted to increase loss.
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A Two-Timescale Response to Ozone Depletion: Importance of the Background State
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seviour, W.; Waugh, D.; Gnanadesikan, A.
2015-12-01
It has been recently suggested that the response of Southern Ocean sea-ice extent to stratospheric ozone depletion is time-dependent; that the ocean surface initially cools due to enhanced northward Ekman drift caused by a poleward shift in the eddy-driven jet, and then warms after some time due to upwelling of warm waters from below the mixed layer. It is therefore possible that ozone depletion could act to favor a short-term increase in sea-ice extent. However, many uncertainties remain in understanding this mechanism, with different models showing widely differing time-scales and magnitudes of the response. Here, we analyze an ensemble of coupled model simulations with a step-function ozone perturbation. The two-timescale response is present with an approximately 30 year initial cooling period. The response is further shown to be highly dependent upon the background ocean temperature and salinity stratification, which is influenced by both natural internal variability and the isopycnal eddy mixing parameterization. It is suggested that the majority of inter-model differences in the Southern Ocean response to ozone depletion is caused by differences in stratification.
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Large Eddy Simulation of Entropy Generation in a Turbulent Mixing Layer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sheikhi, Reza H.; Safari, Mehdi; Hadi, Fatemeh
2013-11-01
Entropy transport equation is considered in large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent flows. The irreversible entropy generation in this equation provides a more general description of subgrid scale (SGS) dissipation due to heat conduction, mass diffusion and viscosity effects. A new methodology is developed, termed the entropy filtered density function (En-FDF), to account for all individual entropy generation effects in turbulent flows. The En-FDF represents the joint probability density function of entropy, frequency, velocity and scalar fields within the SGS. An exact transport equation is developed for the En-FDF, which is modeled by a system of stochastic differential equations, incorporating the second law of thermodynamics. The modeled En-FDF transport equation is solved by a Lagrangian Monte Carlo method. The methodology is employed to simulate a turbulent mixing layer involving transport of passive scalars and entropy. Various modes of entropy generation are obtained from the En-FDF and analyzed. Predictions are assessed against data generated by direct numerical simulation (DNS). The En-FDF predictions are in good agreements with the DNS data.
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Joint physical and numerical modeling of water distribution networks.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zimmerman, Adam; O'Hern, Timothy John; Orear, Leslie Jr.
2009-01-01
This report summarizes the experimental and modeling effort undertaken to understand solute mixing in a water distribution network conducted during the last year of a 3-year project. The experimental effort involves measurement of extent of mixing within different configurations of pipe networks, measurement of dynamic mixing in a single mixing tank, and measurement of dynamic solute mixing in a combined network-tank configuration. High resolution analysis of turbulence mixing is carried out via high speed photography as well as 3D finite-volume based Large Eddy Simulation turbulence models. Macroscopic mixing rules based on flow momentum balance are also explored, and in somemore » cases, implemented in EPANET. A new version EPANET code was developed to yield better mixing predictions. The impact of a storage tank on pipe mixing in a combined pipe-tank network during diurnal fill-and-drain cycles is assessed. Preliminary comparison between dynamic pilot data and EPANET-BAM is also reported.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Cheng, Wai-Chi; Porté-Agel, Fernando
2015-05-01
Large-eddy simulations (LES) are performed to simulate the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) flow through idealized urban canopies represented by uniform arrays of cubes in order to better understand atmospheric flow over rural-to-urban surface transitions. The LES framework is first validated with wind-tunnel experimental data. Good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data are found for the vertical and spanwise profiles of the mean velocities and velocity standard deviations at different streamwise locations. Next, the model is used to simulate ABL flows over surface transitions from a flat homogeneous terrain to aligned and staggered arrays of cubes with height . For both configurations, five different frontal area densities , equal to 0.028, 0.063, 0.111, 0.174 and 0.250, are considered. Within the arrays, the flow is found to adjust quickly and shows similar structure to the wake of the cubes after the second row of cubes. An internal boundary layer is identified above the cube arrays and found to have a similar depth in all different cases. At a downstream location where the flow immediately above the cube array is already adjusted to the surface, the spatially-averaged velocity is found to have a logarithmic profile in the vertical. The values of the displacement height are found to be quite insensitive to the canopy layout (aligned vs. staggered) and increase roughly from to as increases from 0.028 to 0.25. Relatively larger values of the aerodynamic roughness length are obtained for the staggered arrays, compared with the aligned cases, and a maximum value of is found at for both configurations. By explicitly calculating the drag exerted by the cubes on the flow and the drag coefficients of the cubes using our LES results, and comparing the results with existing theoretical expressions, we show that the larger values of for the staggered arrays are related to the relatively larger drag coefficients of the cubes for that configuration compared with the aligned one. The effective mixing length within and above different cube arrays is also calculated and a local maximum of within the canopy is found in all the cases, with values ranging from to . These patterns of are different from those used in existing urban canopy models.
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Testing Munk's hypothesis for submesoscale eddy generation using observations in the North Atlantic
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Buckingham, Christian E.; Khaleel, Zammath; Lazar, Ayah; Martin, Adrian P.; Allen, John T.; Naveira Garabato, Alberto C.; Thompson, Andrew F.; Vic, Clément
2017-08-01
A high-resolution satellite image that reveals a train of coherent, submesoscale (6 km) vortices along the edge of an ocean front is examined in concert with hydrographic measurements in an effort to understand formation mechanisms of the submesoscale eddies. The infrared satellite image consists of ocean surface temperatures at ˜390 m resolution over the midlatitude North Atlantic (48.69°N, 16.19°W). Concomitant altimetric observations coupled with regular spacing of the eddies suggest the eddies result from mesoscale stirring, filamentation, and subsequent frontal instability. While horizontal shear or barotropic instability (BTI) is one mechanism for generating such eddies (Munk's hypothesis), we conclude from linear theory coupled with the in situ data that mixed layer or submesoscale baroclinic instability (BCI) is a more plausible explanation for the observed submesoscale vortices. Here we assume that the frontal disturbance remains in its linear growth stage and is accurately described by linear dynamics. This result likely has greater applicability to the open ocean, i.e., regions where the gradient Rossby number is reduced relative to its value along coasts and within strong current systems. Given that such waters comprise an appreciable percentage of the ocean surface and that energy and buoyancy fluxes differ under BTI and BCI, this result has wider implications for open-ocean energy/buoyancy budgets and parameterizations within ocean general circulation models. In summary, this work provides rare observational evidence of submesoscale eddy generation by BCI in the open ocean.
Plain Language SummaryHere, we test Munk's theory for small-scale eddy generation using a unique set of satellite- and ship-based observations. We find that for one particular set of observations in the North Atlantic, the mechanism for eddy generation is not pure horizontal shear, as proposed by Munk et al. (<link href="#jgrc22402-bib-0048"/>) and Munk (<link href="#jgrc22402-bib-0047"/>), but is instead vertical shear, or baroclinic instability. While by itself, this is not a globally important result, taken in the context of mesoscale eddies which are ubiquitous in the World Ocean, this suggests energy exchanges in the more ambient, open ocean are the result of the latter mechanism. In conclusion, submesoscale eddy generation is poorly understood in the ocean and we need to better constrain our geographical and temporal understanding of these processes for representation in coarse-resolution models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3299C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3299C"><span>Glider and satellite high resolution monitoring of a mesoscale eddy in the Algerian basin: effects on the mixed layer depth and biochemistry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cotroneo, Yuri; Aulicino, Giuseppe; Ruiz, Simón; Pascual, Ananda; Budillon, Giorgio; Fusco, Giannetta; Tintoré, Joaquin</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Despite of the extensive bibliography about the circulation of the Mediterranean Sea and its sub-basins, the debate on mesoscale dynamics and its impacts on biochemical processes is still open because of their intrinsic time scales and of the difficulties in sampling. In order to clarify some of these processes, the "Algerian BAsin Circulation Unmanned Survey - ABACUS" project was proposed and realized through access to JERICO Trans National Access (TNA) infrastructures between September and December 2014. In this framework, a deep glider cruise was carried out in the area between Balearic Islands and Algerian coasts to establish an endurance line for monitoring the basin circulation. During the mission, a mesoscale eddy, identified on satellite altimetry maps, was sampled at high-spatial horizontal resolution (4 km) along its main axes and from surface to 1000 m depth. Data were collected by a Slocum glider equipped with a pumped CTD and biochemical sensors that collected about 100 complete casts inside the eddy. In order to describe the structure of the eddy, in situ data were merged with new generation remotely sensed data as daily synoptic sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll concentration (Chl-a) images from MODIS satellites as well as sea surface height and geostrophic velocities from AVISO. From its origin along the Algerian coast in the eastern part of the basin, the eddy propagated to north-west at a mean speed of about 4 km/day with a mean diameter of 112/130 km, a mean elevation of 15.7 cm and clearly distinguished by the surrounding waters thanks to its higher SST and Chl-a values. Temperature and salinity values along the water column confirm the origin of the eddy from the AC showing the presence of recent Atlantic water in the surface layer and Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in the deeper layer. Eddy footprint is clearly evident in the multiparametric vertical sections conducted along its main axes. Deepening of temperature, salinity and density isolines at the center of the eddy is associated with variations in the Chl-a, oxygen concentration and turbidity pattern. In particular at 50 m depth, along the eddy borders, Chl-a values are higher (1.1-5.2 μg/l) than in correspondence of the eddy center (0.5-0.7 μg/l) with maxima values registered in the southeastern sector of the eddy. Calculation of geostrophic velocities along transects and vertical quasi geostrophic velocities (QG-w) over a regular 5 km grid from glider data, helped in describing the mechanism and functioning of the eddy. QG-w presents an asymmetric pattern, with associated relatively strong downwelling in the western part of the eddy and upwelling in the southeastern part of it. This asymmetry in the vertical velocity pattern, bringing LIW in the euphotic layer, as well as eventual advection from the northeastern sector of the eddy may justify the observed increase in Chl-a values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.708a2012B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JPhCS.708a2012B"><span>Large-eddy simulations of adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bobke, Alexandra; Vinuesa, Ricardo; Örlü, Ramis; Schlatter, Philipp</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Adverse pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL) are studied by performing well-resolved large-eddy simulations. The pressure gradient is imposed by defining the free-stream velocity distribution with the description of a power law. Different inflow conditions, box sizes and upper boundary conditions are tested in order to determine the final set-up. The statistics of turbulent boundary layers with two different power-law coefficients and thus magnitudes of adverse pressure gradients are then compared to zero pressure-gradient (ZPG) data. The effect of the APG on TBLs is manifested in the mean flow through a much more prominent wake region and in the Reynolds stresses through the existence of an outer peak. The pre-multiplied energy budgets show that more energy is transported from the near-wall region to farther away from the wall.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OPhy...16....4F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OPhy...16....4F"><span>Design optimization of an axial-field eddy-current magnetic coupling based on magneto-thermal analytical model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fontchastagner, Julien; Lubin, Thierry; Mezani, Smaïl; Takorabet, Noureddine</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>This paper presents a design optimization of an axial-flux eddy-current magnetic coupling. The design procedure is based on a torque formula derived from a 3D analytical model and a population algorithm method. The main objective of this paper is to determine the best design in terms of magnets volume in order to transmit a torque between two movers, while ensuring a low slip speed and a good efficiency. The torque formula is very accurate and computationally efficient, and is valid for any slip speed values. Nevertheless, in order to solve more realistic problems, and then, take into account the thermal effects on the torque value, a thermal model based on convection heat transfer coefficients is also established and used in the design optimization procedure. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000CSR....20..373T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000CSR....20..373T"><span>Temporal and spatial variations of sea surface temperature in the East China Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tseng, Chente; Lin, Chiyuan; Chen, Shihchin; Shyu, Chungzen</p> <p>2000-03-01</p> <p>Sea surface temperature of the East China Sea (ECS) were analyzed using the NOAA/AVHRR SST images. These satellite images reveal surface features of ECS including mainly the Kuroshio Current, Kuroshio Branch Current, Taiwan Warm Current, China coastal water, Changjiang diluted water and Yellow Sea mixed cold water. The SST of ECS ranges from 27 to 29°C in summer; some cold eddies were found off northeast Taiwan and to the south of Changjiang mouth. SST anomalies at the center of these eddies were about 2-5°C. The strongest front usually occurs in May each year and its temperature gradient is about 5-6°C over a cross-shelf distance of 30 nautical miles. The Yellow Sea mixed cold water also provides a contrast from China Coastal waters shoreward of the 50 m isobath; cross-shore temperature gradient is about 6-8°C over 30 nautical miles. The Kuroshio intrudes into ECS preferably at two locations. The first is off northeast Taiwan; the subsurface water of Kuroshio is upwelled onto the shelf while the main current is deflected seaward. The second site is located at 31°N and 128°E, which is generally considered as the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current. More quantitatively, a 2-year time series of monthly SST images is examined using EOF analysis to determine the spatial and temporal variations in the northwestern portion of ECS. The first spatial EOF mode accounts for 47.4% of total spatial variance and reveals the Changjiang plume and coastal cold waters off China. The second and third EOF modes account for 16.4 and 9.6% of total variance, respectively, and their eigenvector images show the intrusion of Yellow Sea mixed cold waters and the China coastal water. The fourth EOF mode accounts for 5.4% of total variance and reveals cold eddies around Chusan Islands. The temporal variance EOF analysis is less revealing in this study area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOM...tmp..219L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JOM...tmp..219L"><span>Modeling of Mixing Behavior in a Combined Blowing Steelmaking Converter with a Filter-Based Euler-Lagrange Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Mingming; Li, Lin; Li, Qiang; Zou, Zongshu</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>A filter-based Euler-Lagrange multiphase flow model is used to study the mixing behavior in a combined blowing steelmaking converter. The Euler-based volume of fluid approach is employed to simulate the top blowing, while the Lagrange-based discrete phase model that embeds the local volume change of rising bubbles for the bottom blowing. A filter-based turbulence method based on the local meshing resolution is proposed aiming to improve the modeling of turbulent eddy viscosities. The model validity is verified through comparison with physical experiments in terms of mixing curves and mixing times. The effects of the bottom gas flow rate on bath flow and mixing behavior are investigated and the inherent reasons for the mixing result are clarified in terms of the characteristics of bottom-blowing plumes, the interaction between plumes and top-blowing jets, and the change of bath flow structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010049382','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010049382"><span>Development of a Hybrid RANS/LES Method for Compressible Mixing Layer Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Alexander, J. Iwan D.; Reshotko, Eli</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A hybrid method has been developed for simulations of compressible turbulent mixing layers. Such mixing layers dominate the flows in exhaust systems of modem day aircraft and also those of hypersonic vehicles currently under development. The hybrid method uses a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) procedure to calculate wall bounded regions entering a mixing section, and a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) procedure to calculate the mixing dominated regions. A numerical technique was developed to enable the use of the hybrid RANS/LES method on stretched, non-Cartesian grids. The hybrid RANS/LES method is applied to a benchmark compressible mixing layer experiment. Preliminary two-dimensional calculations are used to investigate the effects of axial grid density and boundary conditions. Actual LES calculations, performed in three spatial directions, indicated an initial vortex shedding followed by rapid transition to turbulence, which is in agreement with experimental observations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA590318','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA590318"><span>Development and Utilization of Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Delicacy, Imprecision, and Uncertainty of Oceanic Simulations: An Investigation with the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Submesoscale Flows and Mixing in the Ocean Surface Layer Using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). Eddy Effects in General Circulation, Spanning Mean Currents, Mesoscale Eddies, and Topographic Generation, including Submesoscale Nests</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-09-30</p> <p>unbalanced motions is likely to occur. Due to an rapidly expanding set of investigation on oceanic flows at submesoscales, it is increasingly clear...Uchiyama, E. M. Lane, J. M. Restrepo, & J. C. McWilliams, 2011: A vortex force analysis of the interaction of rip currents and gravity waves. J. Geophys...particular topographic features, the torque is pervasively positive (cyclonic) along the Stream, in opposition to the anticyclonic wind curl in the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767922','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767922"><span>Eddy-driven stratification initiates North Atlantic spring phytoplankton blooms.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Mahadevan, Amala; D'Asaro, Eric; Lee, Craig; Perry, Mary Jane</p> <p>2012-07-06</p> <p>Springtime phytoplankton blooms photosynthetically fix carbon and export it from the surface ocean at globally important rates. These blooms are triggered by increased light exposure of the phytoplankton due to both seasonal light increase and the development of a near-surface vertical density gradient (stratification) that inhibits vertical mixing of the phytoplankton. Classically and in current climate models, that stratification is ascribed to a springtime warming of the sea surface. Here, using observations from the subpolar North Atlantic and a three-dimensional biophysical model, we show that the initial stratification and resulting bloom are instead caused by eddy-driven slumping of the basin-scale north-south density gradient, resulting in a patchy bloom beginning 20 to 30 days earlier than would occur by warming.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770032979&hterms=planetary+boundaries&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dplanetary%2Bboundaries','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19770032979&hterms=planetary+boundaries&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dplanetary%2Bboundaries"><span>Similarity theory of the buoyantly interactive planetary boundary layer with entrainment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hoffert, M. I.; Sud, Y. C.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>A similarity model is developed for the vertical profiles of turbulent flow variables in an entraining turbulent boundary layer of arbitrary buoyant stability. In the general formulation the vertical profiles, internal rotation of the velocity vector, discontinuities or jumps at a capping inversion and bulk aerodynamic coefficients of the boundary layer are given by solutions to a system of ordinary differential equations in the similarity variable. To close the system, a formulation for buoyantly interactive eddy diffusivity in the boundary layer is introduced which recovers Monin-Obukhov similarity near the surface and incorporates a hypothesis accounting for the observed variation of mixing length throughout the boundary layer. The model is tested in simplified versions which depend only on roughness, surface buoyancy, and Coriolis effects by comparison with planetary-boundary-layer wind- and temperature-profile observations, measurements of flat-plate boundary layers in a thermally stratified wind tunnel and observations of profiles of terms in the turbulent kinetic-energy budget of convective planetary boundary layers. On balance, the simplified model reproduced the trend of these various observations and experiments reasonably well, suggesting that the full similarity formulation be pursued further.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002CSR....22..115V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002CSR....22..115V"><span>The influence of tide-topography interaction on low-frequency heat and nutrient fluxes. Application to Cape Trafalgar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vargas-Yáñez, Manuel; Viola, Tarek Sarhan; Jorge, Francisco Plaza; Rubín, Juan P.; García-Martínez, M. Carmen</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>During July 1994, 1995 and 1996, the Instituto Español de Oceanografía carried out three multidisciplinar surveys in the Northwestern Alboran Sea, Strait of Gibraltar and Gulf of Cadiz. Conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data and nutrient measurements revealed the existence of a pool of cool surface waters, rich in nutrients and with high fluorescence values offshore Cape Trafalgar during the three surveys. These data are considered as an indication of some sort of upwelling. The presence of a submarine ridge, breaking the continental shelf off Trafalgar and intercepting along shore tidal currents, and the intense winds in this area make us think that tide-topography interaction, probably enhanced by wind stirring in surface layers, is responsible for this phenomenon. Its permanence is inspected by means of the sea surface temperature (SST) satellite images recompiled for one year. They show that the pool is very frequent in summer and autumn, more unusual in spring and exceptional in winter. The explanation considered is that the mixing of deep and surface waters is only an effective means of heat exchange when the water column is stratified. To support our initial hypothesis and to get some insight of the relevant factors involved, we develop a bidimensional model aimed at studying along shore variations on the temperature, nutrient and chlorophyll distributions. Although the physical-biological model is very simple, it is able to show how large vertical excursions due to tide-topography interaction produce an eddy flux of heat and nutrients, cooling and fertilising areas around the topographic accident. The model is initialised with along-shore homogeneous distributions of all the variables modelled to check if the mechanism proposed is able to break this homogeneity in a similar way to the observed in experimental data. Appreciable differences between areas affected by tide-topography interaction and those far away from it appear in several days, a time scale much shorter than that associated with seasonal changes. Although the model is aimed at studying just the capability of tide-topography interaction for creating a similar situation to the pool off Trafalgar, a sensitivity test revealed the importance of time dependence of eddy diffusion coefficients (not considered in our bidimensional model) when studying seasonal cycles of temperature and nutrients. On the other hand, this dependence is not so relevant for shorter scales as those affecting our problem. The magnitude of the cooling, nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations and the shape of chlorophyll vertical profiles around topography are sensitive to the choice of eddy coefficients in upper layers, which is our way of parameterising the effect of wind stirring. They also have an effect on determining which is the limiting factor (light or nutrients) at the sea surface of areas affected by vertical forcing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120010490','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20120010490"><span>Comparison of Four Mixed Layer Mesoscale Parameterizations and the Equation for an Arbitrary Tracer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Canuto, V. M.; Dubovikov, M. S.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>In this paper we discuss two issues, the inter-comparison of four mixed layer mesoscale parameterizations and the search for the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer. It must be stressed that our analysis is limited to mixed layer mesoscales since we do not treat sub-mesoscales and small turbulent mixing. As for the first item, since three of the four parameterizations are expressed in terms of a stream function and a residual flux of the RMT formalism (residual mean theory), while the fourth is expressed in terms of vertical and horizontal fluxes, we needed a formalism to connect the two formulations. The standard RMT representation developed for the deep ocean cannot be extended to the mixed layer since its stream function does not vanish at the ocean's surface. We develop a new RMT representation that satisfies the surface boundary condition. As for the general form of the eddy induced velocity for an arbitrary tracer, thus far, it has been assumed that there is only the one that originates from the curl of the stream function. This is because it was assumed that the tracer residual flux is purely diffusive. On the other hand, we show that in the case of an arbitrary tracer, the residual flux has also a skew component that gives rise to an additional bolus velocity. Therefore, instead of only one bolus velocity, there are now two, one coming from the curl of the stream function and other from the skew part of the residual flux. In the buoyancy case, only one bolus velocity contributes to the mean buoyancy equation since the residual flux is indeed only diffusive.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcAau.126..375C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcAau.126..375C"><span>Large Eddy Simulation of the fuel transport and mixing process in a scramjet combustor with rearwall-expansion cavity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cai, Zun; Liu, Xiao; Gong, Cheng; Sun, Mingbo; Wang, Zhenguo; Bai, Xue-Song</p> <p>2016-09-01</p> <p>Large Eddy Simulation (LES) was employed to investigate the fuel/oxidizer mixing process in an ethylene fueled scramjet combustor with a rearwall-expansion cavity. The numerical solver was first validated for an experimental flow, the DLR strut-based scramjet combustor case. Shock wave structures and wall-pressure distribution from the numerical simulations were compared with experimental data and the numerical results were shown in good agreement with the available experimental data. Effects of the injection location on the flow and mixing process were then studied. It was found that with a long injection distance upstream the cavity, the fuel is transported much further into the main flow and a smaller subsonic zone is formed inside the cavity. Conversely, with a short injection distance, the fuel is entrained more into the cavity and a larger subsonic zone is formed inside the cavity, which is favorable for ignition in the cavity. For the rearwall-expansion cavity, it is suggested that the optimized ignition location with a long upstream injection distance should be in the bottom wall in the middle part of the cavity, while the optimized ignition location with a short upstream injection distance should be in the bottom wall in the front side of the cavity. By employing a cavity direct injection on the rear wall, the fuel mass fraction inside the cavity and the local turbulent intensity will both be increased due to this fueling, and it will also enhance the mixing process which will also lead to increased mixing efficiency. For the rearwall-expansion cavity, the combined injection scheme is expected to be an optimized injection scheme.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815977S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1815977S"><span>A Large-eddy Simulation Study of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Wakes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shamsoddin, Sina; Porté-Agel, Fernando</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) offer some advantages over their horizontal axis counterparts, and are being considered as a viable alternative to conventional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Nevertheless, a relative shortage of scientific, academic and technical investigations of VAWTs is observed in the wind energy community with respect to HAWTs. Having this in mind, in this work, we aim to study the wake of a single VAWT, placed in the atmospheric boundary layer, using large-eddy simulation (LES) coupled with actuator line model (ALM). It is noteworthy that this is the first time that such a study is being performed. To do this, for a typical 1 MW VAWT design, first, the variation of power coefficient with both the chord length of the blades and the tip-speed ratio is analyzed using LES-ALM, and an optimum combination of chord length and tip-speed ratio is obtained. Subsequently, the wake of a VAWT with these optimum specifications is thoroughly examined by showing different relevant mean and turbulent wake flow statistics. Keywords: vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT); VAWT wake; Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL); large eddy simulation (LES); actuator line model (ALM); turbulence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFM...593...57S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JFM...593...57S"><span>Modelling of subgrid-scale phenomena in supercritical transitional mixing layers: an a priori study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Selle, Laurent C.; Okong'o, Nora A.; Bellan, Josette; Harstad, Kenneth G.</p> <p></p> <p>A database of transitional direct numerical simulation (DNS) realizations of a supercritical mixing layer is analysed for understanding small-scale behaviour and examining subgrid-scale (SGS) models duplicating that behaviour. Initially, the mixing layer contains a single chemical species in each of the two streams, and a perturbation promotes roll-up and a double pairing of the four spanwise vortices initially present. The database encompasses three combinations of chemical species, several perturbation wavelengths and amplitudes, and several initial Reynolds numbers specifically chosen for the sole purpose of achieving transition. The DNS equations are the Navier-Stokes, total energy and species equations coupled to a real-gas equation of state; the fluxes of species and heat include the Soret and Dufour effects. The large-eddy simulation (LES) equations are derived from the DNS ones through filtering. Compared to the DNS equations, two types of additional terms are identified in the LES equations: SGS fluxes and other terms for which either assumptions or models are necessary. The magnitude of all terms in the LES conservation equations is analysed on the DNS database, with special attention to terms that could possibly be neglected. It is shown that in contrast to atmospheric-pressure gaseous flows, there are two new terms that must be modelled: one in each of the momentum and the energy equations. These new terms can be thought to result from the filtering of the nonlinear equation of state, and are associated with regions of high density-gradient magnitude both found in DNS and observed experimentally in fully turbulent high-pressure flows. A model is derived for the momentum-equation additional term that performs well at small filter size but deteriorates as the filter size increases, highlighting the necessity of ensuring appropriate grid resolution in LES. Modelling approaches for the energy-equation additional term are proposed, all of which may be too computationally intensive in LES. Several SGS flux models are tested on an a priori basis. The Smagorinsky (SM) model has a poor correlation with the data, while the gradient (GR) and scale-similarity (SS) models have high correlations. Calibrated model coefficients for the GR and SS models yield good agreement with the SGS fluxes, although statistically, the coefficients are not valid over all realizations. The GR model is also tested for the variances entering the calculation of the new terms in the momentum and energy equations; high correlations are obtained, although the calibrated coefficients are not statistically significant over the entire database at fixed filter size. As a manifestation of the small-scale supercritical mixing peculiarities, both scalar-dissipation visualizations and the scalar-dissipation probability density functions (PDF) are examined. The PDF is shown to exhibit minor peaks, with particular significance for those at larger scalar dissipation values than the mean, thus significantly departing from the Gaussian behaviour.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C31D..06T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.C31D..06T"><span>Submesoscale sea ice-ocean interactions in marginal ice zones</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thompson, A. F.; Manucharyan, G.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Signatures of ocean eddies, fronts and filaments are commonly observed within the marginal ice zones (MIZ) from satellite images of sea ice concentration, in situ observations via ice-tethered profilers or under-ice gliders. Localized and intermittent sea ice heating and advection by ocean eddies are currently not accounted for in climate models and may contribute to their biases and errors in sea ice forecasts. Here, we explore mechanical sea ice interactions with underlying submesoscale ocean turbulence via a suite of numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the release of potential energy stored in meltwater fronts can lead to energetic submesoscale motions along MIZs with sizes O(10 km) and Rossby numbers O(1). In low-wind conditions, cyclonic eddies and filaments efficiently trap the sea ice and advect it over warmer surface ocean waters where it can effectively melt. The horizontal eddy diffusivity of sea ice mass and heat across the MIZ can reach O(200 m2 s-1). Submesoscale ocean variability also induces large vertical velocities (order of 10 m day-1) that can bring relatively warm subsurface waters into the mixed layer. The ocean-sea ice heat fluxes are localized over cyclonic eddies and filaments reaching about 100 W m-2. We speculate that these submesoscale-driven intermittent fluxes of heat and sea ice can potentially contribute to the seasonal evolution of MIZs. With continuing global warming and sea ice thickness reduction in the Arctic Ocean, as well as the large expanse of thin sea ice in the Southern Ocean, submesoscale sea ice-ocean processes are expected to play a significant role in the climate system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMOS53D..04K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AGUFMOS53D..04K"><span>Tracer Sampling In The Arctic From The Nuclear Submarine USS L. Mendel Rivers During SCICEX 2000: Evidence Of Eddies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kadko, D. C.; Aagaard, K.</p> <p>2006-12-01</p> <p>Observations suggest that the central Arctic Ocean is surprisingly energetic and variable, given the weak mean flow and the very strong halocline, which isolates the surface from the deeper ocean. One source of variability is numerous, generally anticyclonic eddies, many of which are centered in the halocline and likely generated within the boundary current. These and other eddies may be an important means of transporting properties in regions of weak mean flow, since they are found far from their origin, show anomalous water properties, and have a life time of years, mixing only slowly with ambient waters. Tracers additional to temperature and salinity will likely prove useful in identifying eddy sources and ages. Here we report radium isotope, temperature, and salinity data obtained from the USS L. Mendel Rivers - PACSUBICEX 3-00 SCICEX Accommodation cruise in October, 2000. The radium activity ratios are linked to shelf sources, and provide estimates of time elapsed since the waters left the shelf. The generally decreasing 228Ra/226Ra ratio in the halocline observed across the Canada Basin from Barrow to the North Pole is consistent with distance from Pacific shelf sources. Additionally, isolated anomalously high 228Ra/226Ra ratios within both the Canada and Eurasian basins suggest water parcels that have been rapidly (relative to the 5.77 year 228Ra half-life) transported from the shelves into the interior. The density field indicates that eddies are the means of this efficient transport of shelf properties into the central Arctic Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6129M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6129M"><span>Energetics of eddy-mean flow interactions in the Brazil current between 20°S and 36°S</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Magalhães, F. C.; Azevedo, J. L. L.; Oliveira, L. R.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>The energetics of eddy-mean flow interactions in the Brazil Current (BC) between 20°S and 36°S are investigated in 19 transects perpendicular to the 200 m isobath. Ten years (2000-2009) of output data from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) NCODA reanalysis, with a spatial resolution of 1/12.5° and 5 day averages, are used. The mean kinetic energy (MKE) and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) fields presented the same subsurface spatial pattern but with reduced values. The EKE increases southward, with high values along the BC path and the offshore portion of the jet. The values of the barotropic conversion term (BTC) are highest in the surface layers and decreased with depth, whereas the values of the baroclinic conversion term (BCC) and the vertical eddy heat flux (VEHF) are highest in the subsurface. Despite the vertical thickening of the BC, the highest energy conversion rates are confined to the upper 700 m of the water column. The energetic analysis showed that the current features mixed instability processes. The vertical weighted mean of the BTC and BCC presented an oscillatory pattern related to the bathymetry. The eddy field accelerates the time-mean flow upstream and downstream of bathymetric features and drains energy from the time-mean flow over the features. The BC is baroclinically unstable south of 28°S, and the highest energy conversion rates occur in Cabo de São Tomé, Cabo Frio, and the Cone do Rio Grande.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1227577-role-ice-nuclei-recycling-maintenance-cloud-ice-arctic-mixed-phase-stratocumulus','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1227577-role-ice-nuclei-recycling-maintenance-cloud-ice-arctic-mixed-phase-stratocumulus"><span>The role of ice nuclei recycling in the maintenance of cloud ice in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Solomon, Amy; Feingold, G.; Shupe, M. D.</p> <p>2015-09-25</p> <p>This study investigates the maintenance of cloud ice production in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in large eddy simulations that include a prognostic ice nuclei (IN) formulation and a diurnal cycle. Balances derived from a mixed-layer model and phase analyses are used to provide insight into buffering mechanisms that maintain ice in these cloud systems. We find that, for the case under investigation, IN recycling through subcloud sublimation considerably prolongs ice production over a multi-day integration. This effective source of IN to the cloud dominates over mixing sources from above or below the cloud-driven mixed layer. Competing feedbacks between dynamical mixing andmore » recycling are found to slow the rate of ice lost from the mixed layer when a diurnal cycle is simulated. Furthermore, the results of this study have important implications for maintaining phase partitioning of cloud ice and liquid that determine the radiative forcing of Arctic mixed-phase clouds.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1227577-role-ice-nuclei-recycling-maintenance-cloud-ice-arctic-mixed-phase-stratocumulus','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1227577-role-ice-nuclei-recycling-maintenance-cloud-ice-arctic-mixed-phase-stratocumulus"><span>The role of ice nuclei recycling in the maintenance of cloud ice in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Solomon, Amy; Feingold, G.; Shupe, M. D.</p> <p></p> <p>This study investigates the maintenance of cloud ice production in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus in large eddy simulations that include a prognostic ice nuclei (IN) formulation and a diurnal cycle. Balances derived from a mixed-layer model and phase analyses are used to provide insight into buffering mechanisms that maintain ice in these cloud systems. We find that, for the case under investigation, IN recycling through subcloud sublimation considerably prolongs ice production over a multi-day integration. This effective source of IN to the cloud dominates over mixing sources from above or below the cloud-driven mixed layer. Competing feedbacks between dynamical mixing andmore » recycling are found to slow the rate of ice lost from the mixed layer when a diurnal cycle is simulated. Furthermore, the results of this study have important implications for maintaining phase partitioning of cloud ice and liquid that determine the radiative forcing of Arctic mixed-phase clouds.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1715084M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EGUGA..1715084M"><span>Agricultural crops and soil treatment impacts on the daily and seasonal dynamics of CO2 fluxes in the field agroecosystems at the Central region of Russia</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mazirov, Ilya; Vasenev, Ivan; Meshalkina, Joulia; Yaroslavtsev, Alexis; Berezovskiy, Egor; Djancharov, Turmusbek</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p>The problem of greenhouse gases' concentrations increasing becomes more and more important due to global changes issues. The main component of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. The researches focused on its fluxes in natural and anthropogenic modified landscapes can help in this problem solution. Our research has been done with support of the RF Government grants # 11.G34.31.0079 and # 14.120.14.4266 and of FP7 Grant # 603542 LUC4C in the representative for Central Region of Russia field agroecosystems at the Precision Farming Experimental Field of Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University with cultivated sod podzoluvisols, barley and oats - vetch grass mix (Moscow station of the RusFluxNet). The daily and seasonal dynamics of the carbon dioxide have been studied at the ecosystem level by the Eddy covariance method (2 stations) and at the soil level by the exposition chamber method (40 chambers) with mobile infra red gas analyzer (Li-Cor 820). The primary Eddy covariance monitoring data on CO2 fluxes and water vapor have been processed by EddyPro software developed by LI-COR Biosciences. According to the two-year monitoring data the daily CO2 sink during the vegetation season is usually approximately two times higher than its emission at night. Seasonal CO2 fluxes comparative stabilization has been fixed in case the plants height around 10-12 cm and it usually persist until the wax ripeness phase. There is strong dependence between the soil CO2 emission and the air temperature with the correlation coefficient 0.86 in average (due to strong input of the soil thin top functional subhorizon), but it drops essentially at the end of the season - till 0.38. The soil moisture impact on CO2 fluxes dynamics was less, with negative correlation at the end of the season. High daily dynamics of CO2 fluxes determines the protocol requirements for seasonal soil monitoring investigation with less limitation at the end of the season. The accumulated monitoring data will be very useful for verification the current regional assessments of the organic C balances, investigated crops' C-footprint calculations and better understanding the soil organic matter dynamics in these soils with different crops and farming practices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1005a2012A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS1005a2012A"><span>Effects of Turbulence Model and Numerical Time Steps on Von Karman Flow Behavior and Drag Accuracy of Circular Cylinder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Amalia, E.; Moelyadi, M. A.; Ihsan, M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>The flow of air passing around a circular cylinder on the Reynolds number of 250,000 is to show Von Karman Vortex Street Phenomenon. This phenomenon was captured well by using a right turbulence model. In this study, some turbulence models available in software ANSYS Fluent 16.0 was tested to simulate Von Karman vortex street phenomenon, namely k- epsilon, SST k-omega and Reynolds Stress, Detached Eddy Simulation (DES), and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). In addition, it was examined the effect of time step size on the accuracy of CFD simulation. The simulations are carried out by using two-dimensional and three- dimensional models and then compared with experimental data. For two-dimensional model, Von Karman Vortex Street phenomenon was captured successfully by using the SST k-omega turbulence model. As for the three-dimensional model, Von Karman Vortex Street phenomenon was captured by using Reynolds Stress Turbulence Model. The time step size value affects the smoothness quality of curves of drag coefficient over time, as well as affecting the running time of the simulation. The smaller time step size, the better inherent drag coefficient curves produced. Smaller time step size also gives faster computation time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880062502&hterms=fashion+models&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfashion%2Bmodels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880062502&hterms=fashion+models&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dfashion%2Bmodels"><span>Rossby wave activity in a two-dimensional model - Closure for wave driving and meridional eddy diffusivity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hitchman, Matthew H.; Brasseur, Guy</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>A parameterization of the effects of Rossby waves in the middle atmosphere is proposed for use in two-dimensional models. By adding an equation for conservation of Rossby wave activity, closure is obtained for the meridional eddy fluxes and body force due to Rossby waves. Rossby wave activity is produced in a climatological fashion at the tropopause, is advected by a group velocity which is determined solely by model zonal winds, and is absorbed where it converges. Absorption of Rossby wave activity causes both an easterly torque and an irreversible mixing of potential vorticity, represented by the meridional eddy diffusivity, K(yy). The distribution of Rossby wave driving determines the distribution of K(yy), which is applied to all of the chemical constituents. This provides a self-consistent coupling of the wave activity with the winds, tracer distributions and the radiative field. Typical winter stratospheric values for K(yy) of 2 million sq m/sec are obtained. Poleward tracer advection is enhanced and meridional tracer gradients are reduced where Rossby wave activity is absorbed in the model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DFDA23001G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013APS..DFDA23001G"><span>The definition of turbulence and the direction of the turbulence energy cascade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gibson, Carl</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than any other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Because vorticity is produced at the Kolmogorov scale, turbulent kinetic energy always cascades from small scales to large. Irrotational flows that supply kinetic energy to turbulence from large scale motions are by definition non-turbulent. The Taylor-Reynolds-Lumley cascade of kinetic energy from large scales to small is therefore a non-turbulent cascade. The Reynolds turbulence poem must be revised to avoid further confusion. Little whorls on vortex sheets, merge and pair with more of, whorls that grow by vortex forces, Slava Kolmogorov! Turbulent mixing and transport processes in natural fluids depend on fossil turbulence and fossil turbulence waves, which are impossible by the TRL cascade direction. Standard models of cosmology, astronomy, oceanography, and atmospheric transport of heat, mass, momentum and chemical species must be revised. See journalofcosmology.com Volumes 21 and 22 for oceanographic and astro-biological examples.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA601142','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA601142"><span>Submesoscale Flows and Mixing in the Ocean Surface Layer Using the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-09-30</p> <p>chemical cycles, water quality, blooms , micro-nutrients, larval dispersal, biome transitions, and coupling to higher tropic levels. We collaborate with...Kurian, 2012: Heat balance and eddies in the Peru- Chile Current System. Climate Dynamics 39, 509-529, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1170-6. Colas, F., X</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867372','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/867372"><span>Method and system for controlled combustion engines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Oppenheim, A. K.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>A system for controlling combustion in internal combustion engines of both the Diesel or Otto type, which relies on establishing fluid dynamic conditions and structures wherein fuel and air are entrained, mixed and caused to be ignited in the interior of a multiplicity of eddies, and where these structures are caused to sequentially fill the headspace of the cylinders.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDA34004R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDA34004R"><span>Large eddy simulation of heat entrainment under Arctic sea ice</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ramudu, Eshwan; Gelderloos, Renske; Yang, Di; Meneveau, Charles; Gnanadesikan, Anand</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Sea ice cover in the Arctic has declined rapidly in recent decades. To better understand ice loss through bottom melting, we choose to study the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean, which is characterized by a perennial anomalously warm Pacific Summer Water (PSW) layer residing at the base of the mixed layer and a summertime Near-Surface Temperature Maximum (NSTM) layer trapping heat from solar radiation. The interaction of these warm layers with a moving ice basal surface is investigated using large eddy simulation. We find that the presence of the NSTM enhances heat entrainment from the mixed layer. Another conclusion from our work is that there is no heat entrained from the PSW layer, even at the largest ice-drift velocity of 0.3 m s-1 considered. We propose a scaling law for the heat flux at the ice basal surface which depends on the initial temperature anomaly in the NSTM layer and the ice-drift velocity. A case study of `The Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012' gives a turbulent heat flux from the mixed layer that is approximately 70% of the total ocean-to-ice heat flux estimated from the PIOMAS model often used for short-term predictions. Present results highlight the need for large-scale climate models to account for the NSTM layer. We acknowledge funding from NOAA Grant NA15OAR4310172, the NSF, and the University of Houston start-up fund.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940028478','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940028478"><span>Use of Navier-Stokes methods for the calculation of high-speed nozzle flow fields</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Georgiadis, Nicholas J.; Yoder, Dennis A.</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>Flows through three reference nozzles have been calculated to determine the capabilities and limitations of the widely used Navier-Stokes solver, PARC. The nozzles examined have similar dominant flow characteristics as those considered for supersonic transport programs. Flows from an inverted velocity profile (IVP) nozzle, an under expanded nozzle, and an ejector nozzle were examined. PARC calculations were obtained with its standard algebraic turbulence model, Thomas, and the two-equation turbulence model, Chien k-epsilon. The Thomas model was run with the default coefficient of mixing set at both 0.09 and a larger value of 0.13 to improve the mixing prediction. Calculations using the default value substantially underpredicted the mixing for all three flows. The calculations obtained with the higher mixing coefficient better predicted mixing in the IVP and underexpanded nozzle flows but adversely affected PARC's convergence characteristics for the IVP nozzle case. The ejector nozzle case did not converge with the Thomas model and the higher mixing coefficient. The Chien k-epsilon results were in better agreement with the experimental data overall than were those of the Thomas run with the default mixing coefficient, but the default boundary conditions for k and epsilon underestimated the levels of mixing near the nozzle exits.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HESS...19..583A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015HESS...19..583A"><span>Divergence of actual and reference evapotranspiration observations for irrigated sugarcane with windy tropical conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, R. G.; Wang, D.; Tirado-Corbalá, R.; Zhang, H.; Ayars, J. E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Standardized reference evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem-specific vegetation coefficients are frequently used to estimate actual ET. However, equations for calculating reference ET have not been well validated in tropical environments. We measured ET (ETEC) using eddy covariance (EC) towers at two irrigated sugarcane fields on the leeward (dry) side of Maui, Hawaii, USA in contrasting climates. We calculated reference ET at the fields using the short (ET0) and tall (ETr) vegetation versions of the American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) equation. The ASCE equations were compared to the Priestley-Taylor ET (ETPT) and ETEC. Reference ET from the ASCE approaches exceeded ETEC during the mid-period (when vegetation coefficients suggest ETEC should exceed reference ET). At the windier tower site, cumulative ETr exceeded ETEC by 854 mm over the course of the mid-period (267 days). At the less windy site, mid-period ETr still exceeded ETEC, but the difference was smaller (443 mm). At both sites, ETPT approximated mid-period ETEC more closely than the ASCE equations ((ETPT-ETEC) < 170 mm). Analysis of applied water and precipitation, soil moisture, leaf stomatal resistance, and canopy cover suggest that the lower observed ETEC was not the result of water stress or reduced vegetation cover. Use of a custom-calibrated bulk canopy resistance improved the reference ET estimate and reduced seasonal ET discrepancy relative to ETPT and ETEC in the less windy field and had mixed performance in the windier field. These divergences suggest that modifications to reference ET equations may be warranted in some tropical regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.6473A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014HESSD..11.6473A"><span>Divergence of reference evapotranspiration observations with windy tropical conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Anderson, R. G.; Wang, D.; Tirado-Corbalá, R.; Zhang, H.; Ayars, J. E.</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>Standardized reference evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem-specific vegetation coefficients are frequently used to estimate actual ET. However, equations for calculating reference ET have not been well validated in tropical environments. We measured ET (ETEC) using Eddy Covariance (EC) towers at two irrigated sugarcane fields on the leeward (dry) side of Maui, Hawaii, USA in contrasting climates. We calculated reference ET at the fields using the short (ET0) and tall (ETr) vegetation versions of the American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) equation. The ASCE equations were compared to the Priestley-Taylor ET (ETPT) and ETEC. Reference ET from the ASCE approaches exceeded ETEC during the mid-period (when vegetation coefficients suggest ETEC should exceed reference ET). At the windier tower site, cumulative ETr exceeded ETEC by 854 mm over the course of the mid-period (267 days). At the less windy site, mid-period ETr still exceeded ETEC, but the difference was smaller (443 mm). At both sites, ETPT approximated mid-period ETEC more closely than the ASCE equations ((ETPT-ETEC) < 170 mm). Analysis of applied water and precipitation, soil moisture, leaf stomatal resistance, and canopy cover suggest that the lower observed ETEC was not the result of water stress or reduced vegetation cover. Use of a custom calibrated bulk canopy resistance improved the reference ET estimate and reduced seasonal ET discrepancy relative to ETPT and ETEC for the less windy field and had mixed performance at the windier field. These divergences suggest that modifications to reference ET equations may be warranted in some tropical regions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.991a2071S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPhCS.991a2071S"><span>Mixed boundary-value problem for an orthotropic rectangular strip with variable coefficients of elasticity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sargsyan, M. Z.; Poghosyan, H. M.</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A dynamical problem for a rectangular strip with variable coefficients of elasticity is solved by an asymptotic method. It is assumed that the strip is orthotropic, the elasticity coefficients are exponential functions of y, and mixed boundary conditions are posed. The solution of the inner problem is obtained using Bessel functions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAMES...9...39T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JAMES...9...39T"><span>The "Grey Zone" cold air outbreak global model intercomparison: A cross evaluation using large-eddy simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tomassini, Lorenzo; Field, Paul R.; Honnert, Rachel; Malardel, Sylvie; McTaggart-Cowan, Ron; Saitou, Kei; Noda, Akira T.; Seifert, Axel</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>A stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition as observed in a cold air outbreak over the North Atlantic Ocean is compared in global climate and numerical weather prediction models and a large-eddy simulation model as part of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation "Grey Zone" project. The focus of the project is to investigate to what degree current convection and boundary layer parameterizations behave in a scale-adaptive manner in situations where the model resolution approaches the scale of convection. Global model simulations were performed at a wide range of resolutions, with convective parameterizations turned on and off. The models successfully simulate the transition between the observed boundary layer structures, from a well-mixed stratocumulus to a deeper, partly decoupled cumulus boundary layer. There are indications that surface fluxes are generally underestimated. The amount of both cloud liquid water and cloud ice, and likely precipitation, are under-predicted, suggesting deficiencies in the strength of vertical mixing in shear-dominated boundary layers. But also regulation by precipitation and mixed-phase cloud microphysical processes play an important role in the case. With convection parameterizations switched on, the profiles of atmospheric liquid water and cloud ice are essentially resolution-insensitive. This, however, does not imply that convection parameterizations are scale-aware. Even at the highest resolutions considered here, simulations with convective parameterizations do not converge toward the results of convection-off experiments. Convection and boundary layer parameterizations strongly interact, suggesting the need for a unified treatment of convective and turbulent mixing when addressing scale-adaptivity.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.138....6S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DSRII.138....6S"><span>The physical environmental conditions for biogeochemical differences along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Atlantic Sector during late austral summer 2012</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Strass, Volker H.; Leach, Harry; Prandke, Hartmut; Donnelly, Matthew; Bracher, Astrid U.; Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter A.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>The physical and biological carbon pumps in the different hydrographic and biogeochemical regimes of the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean are controlled by a series of coupled physical, chemical and biological processes and a project named Eddy-Pump was designed to study them. The Eddy Pump field campaign was carried out during RV Polarstern Cruise ANT-XXVIII/3 between January and March 2012. Particular emphasis was laid on the differences which occur along the axis of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) with its associated mesoscale eddy field. The study sites were selected in order to represent (1) the central ACC with its regular separation in different frontal jets, investigated by a meridional transect along 10°E; (2) a large-scale bloom west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which lasted several months with conspicuous chlorophyll-poor waters to its immediate east studied by a three-dimensional mesoscale survey centred at 12°40‧W; and (3) the Georgia Basin north of the island of South Georgia, which regularly features an extended and dense phytoplankton bloom, was investigated by a mesoscale survey centred at 38°12‧W. While Eddy-Pump represents an interdisciplinary project by design, we here focus on describing the variable physical environment within which the different biogeochemical regimes developed. For describing the physical environment we use measurements of temperature, salinity and density, of mixed-layer turbulence parameters, of dynamic heights and horizontal current vectors, and of flow trajectories obtained from surface drifters and submerged floats. This serves as background information for the analyses of biological and chemical processes and of biogeochemical fluxes addressed by other papers in this issue. The section along 10°E between 44°S and 53°S showed a classical ACC structure with well-known hydrographic fronts, the Subantarctic Front (SAF) at 46.5°S, the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) split in two, at 49.25°S and 50.5°S, and the Southern Polar Front (SPF) at 52.5°S. Each front was associated with strong eastward flows. The West Mid-Atlantic Ridge Survey showed a weak and poorly resolved meander structure between the APF and the SPF. During the first eight days of the survey the oceanographic conditions at the Central Station at 12°40‧W remained reasonably constant. However after that, conditions became more variable in the thermocline with conspicuous temperature inversions and interleavings and also a decrease in temperature in the surface layer. At the very end of the period of observation the conditions in the thermocline returned to being similar to those observed during the early part of the period with however the mixed layer temperature raised. The period of enhanced thermohaline variability was accompanied by increased currents. The Georgia Basin Survey showed a very strong zonal jet at its northern edge which connects to a large cyclonic meander that itself joins an anticyclonic eddy in the southeastern quadrant. The water mass contrasts in this survey were stronger than in the West Mid-Atlantic Ridge Survey, but similar to those met along 10°E with the exception that the warm and saline surface water typical of the northern side of the SAF was not covered by the Georgia Basin Survey. Mixed layers found during Eddy-Pump were typically deep, but varied between the three survey areas; the mean depths and standard variations of the mixed layer along the 10°E were 77.2±24.7 m, at the West Mid-Atlantic Ridge 66.7±17.7 m, and in the Georgia Basin 36.8±10.7 m.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B44B0389T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B44B0389T"><span>Eddy Mediated Nutrient Pattern in the North Eastern Arabian Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Thachaparambil, M.; Moolakkal Antony, R.; B R, S.; V N, S.; N, C.; M, S.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>A Cold Core Eddy (CCE) mediated nutrient pattern in the North Eastern Arabian Sea (NEAS) is explained based on in situ measurments during March 2013 onboard FORV Sagar Sampada which was not reported earlier in the area. Samples for physical, chemical and biological parameters were collected in 5 stations along the diameter of the eddy and following standard protocols. The core of the CCE is identified at 21°20.38'N; 66°30.68'E with a diameter of 120Km. Earlier studies explaining the process and the forcing mechanism of the particular eddy records that, the eddy is short term (1-3 months) and is regular during the season. Surface waters were well oxygenated (>4.8 ml L-1) in the core. Surface value of nutrients viz., Nitrate, Nitrite, Silicate and phosphate in the core regions was 0.9µM, 0.01 µM, 0.5 µM and 0.7 µM respectively indicating upwelling in the core. Spring intermonsoon (SIM) is generally termed as a transition period between the active winter and summer seasons and as per earlier studies, high biological production and the regularly occurring Noctilica bloom is supported by the nutrient loading due to convective mixing during winter as well as regenerated production. However, present observations shows that, nutrient pumping due to the upwelling associated with the CCE also contributes for sustaining high biological production and are evident in the Chl a and mesozooplankton biovolume which records values of 4.35mg/m3 and 1.09ml/m3 respectively in the core. An intense Noctiluca blooms observed in the western flank of the eddy (Chl a 13.25 mg/m3; cell density 5.8×106 cells/litre), where Nitrate concentration records 1.04µM explains the role of such mesoscale processes in the sustenance of the HAB events. While eastern flank of the CCE showed typical open ocean condition of the season showing Nitrate 0.08µM; Chl a 0.23mg/m3; and phytoplankton cell density as 421 cells/litre. Keywords: Cold core eddy, nutrients, NEAS, SIM, biological production</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018DSRI..132...80T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018DSRI..132...80T"><span>Impacts of two super typhoons on the Kuroshio and marginal seas on the Pacific coast of Japan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tada, Hiroaki; Uchiyama, Yusuke; Masunaga, Eiji</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>High-resolution downscaling ocean modeling was conducted to investigate the impacts of two super typhoons on the Kuroshio in the fall of 2014 off the Kyushu and Shikoku Islands, Japan. The model result was compared with field observations and satellite altimetry. The synoptic and mesoscale oceanic structures around the Kuroshio exhibit a good reproducibility. The typhoons generated near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) and near-inertial internal waves (NIIWs) around the Kuroshio path, particularly on the right side of the typhoon tracks. The NIOs developed in the mixed layer to alter the direction of the Kuroshio by 30°. The associated velocity off the Shikoku and Kyushu Islands was significantly decelerated by 0.2 ms-1. The velocity almost vanished off Kyushu Island and thus induced an unstable fluctuating path shortly after both typhoons passed over that region. The NIIWs were also excited at the thermocline, resulting in the oscillation of the Kuroshio path occurred in the entire water column. In contrast, off Shikoku Island, the typhoons shifted the Kuroshio path northward to enhance the interactions with the topographies. This shift caused considerable eddy shedding from the capes that resulted in mesoscale counterclockwise circulations as cyclonic quasi-standing eddies with a shedding period of 3 days in the north of the Kuroshio path. The magnitude, direction, and meridional location of the path of the Kuroshio prominently fluctuated with the propagation of these eddies, manifested off Shikoku Island. Furthermore, these eddies induced sporadic northward intrusions of the Kuroshio warm water through the Kii Channel into the Seto Inland Sea (SIS), where a weak but persisting southward outflow prevails under normal conditions. Therefore, the process could collectively be called the "typhoon-Kuroshio-eddy interaction", which conceptually differs from the "typhoon-eddy-Kuroshio interaction" in the previous studies, where the Kuroshio was modulated by eddy collision. The wind stress curl and intrusions associated with the typhoons jointly provoked the inversion of the counterclockwise SIS residual circulation. The resultant spatially averaged volume flux was 8 times as high as that under normal conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPC14E2098P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPC14E2098P"><span>How ocean lateral mixing changes Southern Ocean variability in coupled climate models</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pradal, M. A. S.; Gnanadesikan, A.; Thomas, J. L.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The lateral mixing of tracers represents a major uncertainty in the formulation of coupled climate models. The mixing of tracers along density surfaces in the interior and horizontally within the mixed layer is often parameterized using a mixing coefficient ARedi. The models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 exhibit more than an order of magnitude range in the values of this coefficient used within the Southern Ocean. The impacts of such uncertainty on Southern Ocean variability have remained unclear, even as recent work has shown that this variability differs between different models. In this poster, we change the lateral mixing coefficient within GFDL ESM2Mc, a coarse-resolution Earth System model that nonetheless has a reasonable circulation within the Southern Ocean. As the coefficient varies from 400 to 2400 m2/s the amplitude of the variability varies significantly. The low-mixing case shows strong decadal variability with an annual mean RMS temperature variability exceeding 1C in the Circumpolar Current. The highest-mixing case shows a very similar spatial pattern of variability, but with amplitudes only about 60% as large. The suppression of mixing is larger in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean relatively to the Pacific sector. We examine the salinity budgets of convective regions, paying particular attention to the extent to which high mixing prevents the buildup of low-saline waters that are capable of shutting off deep convection entirely.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2180Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JPhCS.524a2180Y"><span>Modeling the effect of control on the wake of a utility-scale turbine via large-eddy simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Xiaolei; Annoni, Jennifer; Seiler, Pete; Sotiropoulos, Fotis</p> <p>2014-06-01</p> <p>A model of the University of Minnesota EOLOS research turbine (Clipper Liberty C96) is developed, integrating the C96 torque control law with a high fidelity actuator line large- eddy simulation (LES) model. Good agreement with the blade element momentum theory is obtained for the power coefficient curve under uniform inflow. Three different cases, fixed rotor rotational speed ω, fixed tip-speed ratio (TSR) and generator torque control, have been simulated for turbulent inflow. With approximately the same time-averaged ω, the time- averaged power is in good agreement with measurements for all three cases. Although the time-averaged aerodynamic torque is nearly the same for the three cases, the root-mean-square (rms) of the aerodynamic torque fluctuations is significantly larger for the case with fixed ω. No significant differences have been observed for the time-averaged flow fields behind the turbine for these three cases.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JAtS...45..865D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JAtS...45..865D"><span>Application of the E - <IMG border="0" src="/charent/GREEK/UNACCENTED/LOWERCASE/epsi.gif"> Turbulence Closure Model to the Neutral and Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Duynkerke, P. G.</p> <p>1988-03-01</p> <p>In the E - turbulence model an eddy-exchange coefficient is evaluated from the turbulent kinetic energy E and viscous dissipation . In this study we will apply the E - model to the stable and neutral atmospheric boundary layer. A discussion is given on the equation for , which terms should be included and how we have evaluated the constants. Constant cooling rate results for the stable atmospheric boundary layer are compared with a second-order closure study. For the neutral atmospheric boundary layer a comparison is made with observations, large-eddy simulations and a second-order closure study. It is shown that a small stability effect can change the neutral atmospheric boundary layer quite drastically, and therefore, it will be difficult to observe a neutral boundary layer in the atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150006863','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150006863"><span>Detached Eddy Simulation Results for a Space Launch System Configuration at Liftoff Conditions and Comparison with Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Krist, Steven E.; Ghaffari, Farhad</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Computational simulations for a Space Launch System configuration at liftoff conditions for incidence angles from 0 to 90 degrees were conducted in order to generate integrated force and moment data and longitudinal lineloads. While the integrated force and moment coefficients can be obtained from wind tunnel testing, computational analyses are indispensable in obtaining the extensive amount of surface information required to generate proper lineloads. However, beyond an incidence angle of about 15 degrees, the effects of massive flow separation on the leeward pressure field is not well captured with state of the art Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes methods, necessitating the employment of a Detached Eddy Simulation method. Results from these simulations are compared to the liftoff force and moment database and surface pressure data derived from a test in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMED53H0230H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMED53H0230H"><span>Understanding and Improving Ocean Mixing Parameterizations for modeling Climate Change</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Howard, A. M.; Fells, J.; Clarke, J.; Cheng, Y.; Canuto, V.; Dubovikov, M. S.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Climate is vital. Earth is only habitable due to the atmosphere&oceans' distribution of energy. Our Greenhouse Gas emissions shift overall the balance between absorbed and emitted radiation causing Global Warming. How much of these emissions are stored in the ocean vs. entering the atmosphere to cause warming and how the extra heat is distributed depends on atmosphere&ocean dynamics, which we must understand to know risks of both progressive Climate Change and Climate Variability which affect us all in many ways including extreme weather, floods, droughts, sea-level rise and ecosystem disruption. Citizens must be informed to make decisions such as "business as usual" vs. mitigating emissions to avert catastrophe. Simulations of Climate Change provide needed knowledge but in turn need reliable parameterizations of key physical processes, including ocean mixing, which greatly impacts transport&storage of heat and dissolved CO2. The turbulence group at NASA-GISS seeks to use physical theory to improve parameterizations of ocean mixing, including smallscale convective, shear driven, double diffusive, internal wave and tidal driven vertical mixing, as well as mixing by submesoscale eddies, and lateral mixing along isopycnals by mesoscale eddies. Medgar Evers undergraduates aid NASA research while learning climate science and developing computer&math skills. We write our own programs in MATLAB and FORTRAN to visualize and process output of ocean simulations including producing statistics to help judge impacts of different parameterizations on fidelity in reproducing realistic temperatures&salinities, diffusivities and turbulent power. The results can help upgrade the parameterizations. Students are introduced to complex system modeling and gain deeper appreciation of climate science and programming skills, while furthering climate science. We are incorporating climate projects into the Medgar Evers college curriculum. The PI is both a member of the turbulence group at NASA-GISS and an associate professor at Medgar Evers College of CUNY, an urban minority serving institution in central Brooklyn. Supported by NSF Award AGS-1359293 And NASA Award NNX17AC81G.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..96f3111S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvE..96f3111S"><span>Turbulent transport and mixing in transitional Rayleigh-Taylor unstable flow: A priori assessment of gradient-diffusion and similarity modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schilling, Oleg; Mueschke, Nicholas J.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Data from a 1152 ×760 ×1280 direct numerical simulation [N. J. Mueschke and O. Schilling, Phys. Fluids 21, 014106 (2009), 10.1063/1.3064120] of a Rayleigh-Taylor mixing layer modeled after a small-Atwood-number water-channel experiment is used to investigate the validity of gradient diffusion and similarity closures a priori. The budgets of the mean flow, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, heavy-fluid mass fraction variance, and heavy-fluid mass fraction variance dissipation rate transport equations across the mixing layer were previously analyzed [O. Schilling and N. J. Mueschke, Phys. Fluids 22, 105102 (2010), 10.1063/1.3484247] at different evolution times to identify the most important transport and mixing mechanisms. Here a methodology is introduced to systematically estimate model coefficients as a function of time in the closures of the dynamically significant terms in the transport equations by minimizing the L2 norm of the difference between the model and correlations constructed using the simulation data. It is shown that gradient-diffusion and similarity closures used for the turbulent kinetic energy K , turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ɛ , heavy-fluid mass fraction variance S , and heavy-fluid mass fraction variance dissipation rate χ equations capture the shape of the exact, unclosed profiles well over the nonlinear and turbulent evolution regimes. Using order-of-magnitude estimates [O. Schilling and N. J. Mueschke, Phys. Fluids 22, 105102 (2010), 10.1063/1.3484247] for the terms in the exact transport equations and their closure models, it is shown that several of the standard closures for the turbulent production and dissipation (destruction) must be modified to include Reynolds-number scalings appropriate for Rayleigh-Taylor flow at small to intermediate Reynolds numbers. The late-time, large Reynolds number coefficients are determined to be different from those used in shear flow applications and largely adopted in two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models of Rayleigh-Taylor turbulent mixing. In addition, it is shown that the predictions of the Boussinesq model for the Reynolds stress agree better with the data when additional buoyancy-related terms are included. It is shown that an unsteady RANS paradigm is needed to predict the transitional flow dynamics from early evolution times, analogous to the small Reynolds number modifications in RANS models of wall-bounded flows in which the production-to-dissipation ratio is far from equilibrium. Although the present study is specific to one particular flow and one set of initial conditions, the methodology could be applied to calibrations of other Rayleigh-Taylor flows with different initial conditions (which may give different results during the early-time, transitional flow stages, and perhaps asymptotic stage). The implications of these findings for developing high-fidelity eddy viscosity-based turbulent transport and mixing models of Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A42B..07G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.A42B..07G"><span>Mapping methane sources and emissions over California from direct airborne flux and VOC source tracer measurements</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guha, A.; Misztal, P. K.; Peischl, J.; Karl, T.; Jonsson, H. H.; Woods, R. K.; Ryerson, T. B.; Goldstein, A. H.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Quantifying the contributions of methane (CH4) emissions from anthropogenic sources in the Central Valley of California is important for validation of the statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory and subsequent AB32 law implementation. The state GHG inventory is largely based on activity data and emission factor based estimates. The 'bottom-up' emission factors for CH4 have large uncertainties and there is a lack of adequate 'top-down' measurements to characterize emission rates. Emissions from non-CO2 GHG sources display spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability, and are thus, often, poorly characterized. The Central Valley of California is an agricultural and industry intensive region with large concentration of dairies and livestock operations, active oil and gas fields and refining operations, as well as rice cultivation all of which are known CH4 sources. In order to gain a better perspective of the spatial distribution of major CH4 sources in California, airborne measurements were conducted aboard a Twin Otter aircraft for the CABERNET (California Airborne BVOC Emissions Research in Natural Ecosystems Transects) campaign, where the driving research goal was to understand the spatial distribution of biogenic VOC emissions. The campaign took place in June 2011 and encompassed over forty hours of low-altitude and mixed layer airborne CH4 and CO2 measurements alongside coincident VOC measurements. Transects during eight unique flights covered much of the Central Valley and its eastern edge, the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta and the coastal range. We report direct quantification of CH4 fluxes using real-time airborne Eddy Covariance measurements. CH4 and CO2 were measured at 1-Hz data rate using an instrument based on Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) along with specific VOCs (like isoprene, methanol, acetone etc.) measured at 10-Hz using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer - Eddy Covariance (PTRMS-EC) flux system. Spatially resolved eddy covariance fluxes were obtained using the virtual disjunct eddy covariance method and from Wavelet Analysis along flight tracks flown in the mixed layer. Preliminary analysis of mixing ratio measurements indicate that high concentrations of CH4 occur consistently while flying above the Central Valley that are correlated to large enhancements of methanol which is an important dairy and livestock emissions tracer. The elevated CH4 mixing ratios along the eastern edge of the San Joaquin Valley highlight the contribution of topography and emissions transport to local ambient levels of CH4. Large enhancements of CH4, benzene and toluene are also observed while flying over the oil production facilities in western part of Kern county (state's top oil producing county, 10% of US production) suggesting the likelihood of fugitive emissions in the region. VOC tracer analysis is used to evaluate the source of high CH4 emissions encountered along the eastern edge of the central Sacramento valley where fugitive emissions from natural gas fields and cultivation of rice are likely sources. Plumes from biomass burning, landfills and refineries encountered during different flights are also investigated. Eddy covariance based CH4 flux estimates are derived for various sources and compared with ';bottom-up' inventory estimates to verify/validate the CA methane inventory for major sources.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870042001&hterms=engine+step+step&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dengine%2Bstep%2Bstep','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870042001&hterms=engine+step+step&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dengine%2Bstep%2Bstep"><span>Comparisons between thermodynamic and one-dimensional combustion models of spark-ignition engines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ramos, J. I.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Results from a one-dimensional combustion model employing a constant eddy diffusivity and a one-step chemical reaction are compared with those of one-zone and two-zone thermodynamic models to study the flame propagation in a spark-ignition engine. One-dimensional model predictions are found to be very sensitive to the eddy diffusivity and reaction rate data. The average mixing temperature found using the one-zone thermodynamic model is higher than those of the two-zone and one-dimensional models during the compression stroke, and that of the one-dimensional model is higher than those predicted by both thermodynamic models during the expansion stroke. The one-dimensional model is shown to predict an accelerating flame even when the front approaches the cold cylinder wall.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhDT........89A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhDT........89A"><span>Structure measurements in a synthetic turbulent boundary layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Arakeri, Jaywant H.</p> <p>1987-09-01</p> <p>Extensive hot-wire measurements have been made to determine the structure of the large eddy in a synthejc turbulent boundary layer on a flat-plate model. The experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel at a nominal free-stream velocity of 12 m/s. The synthetic turbulent boundary layer had a hexagonal pattern of eddies and a ratio of streamwise scale to spanwise scale of 3.2:1. The measured celerity of the large eddy was 84.2 percent of the free-stream velocity. There was some loss of coherence, but very little distortion, as the eddies moved downstream. Several mean properties of the synthetic boundary layer were found to agree quite well with the mean properties of a natural turbulent boundary layer at the same Reynolds number. The large eddy is composed of a pair of primary counter-rotating vortices about five [...] long in the streamwise direction and about one [...] apart in the spanwise direction, where [...] is the mean boundary-layer thickness. The sense of the primary pair is such as to pump fluid away from the wall in the region between the vortices. A secondary pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices, having a sense opposite to that of the primary pair, is observed outside of and slightly downstream from the primary vortices. Both pairs of vortices extend across the full thickness of the boundary layer and are inclined at a shallow angle to the surface of the flat plate. The data show that the mean vorticity vectors are not tangential to the large-eddy vortices. In fact, the streamwise and normal vorticity components that signal the presence of the eddy are of the same order of magnitude. Definite signatures are obtained in terms of the mean skin-friction coefficient and the mean wake parameter averaged at constant phase. Velocities induced by the vortices are partly responsible for entrainment of irrotational fluid, for transport of momentum, for generation of Reynolds stresses, and for maintenance of streamwise and normal vorticity in the outer flow. A stretching mechanism is important in matching spanwise vorticity close to the wall to variations in turbulent shearing stress. Regions where the stretching term is large coincide with regions of large wall shearing stress and large turbulence production.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BoLMe.142..207I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BoLMe.142..207I"><span>Large-Eddy Simulation of Coherent Flow Structures within a Cubical Canopy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Inagaki, Atsushi; Castillo, Marieta Cristina L.; Yamashita, Yoshimi; Kanda, Manabu; Takimoto, Hiroshi</p> <p>2012-02-01</p> <p>Instantaneous flow structures "within" a cubical canopy are investigated via large-eddy simulation. The main topics of interest are, (1) large-scale coherent flow structures within a cubical canopy, (2) how the structures are coupled with the turbulent organized structures (TOS) above them, and (3) the classification and quantification of representative instantaneous flow patterns within a street canyon in relation to the coherent structures. We use a large numerical domain (2,560 m × 2,560 m × 1,710 m) with a fine spatial resolution (2.5 m), thereby simulating a complete daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), as well as explicitly resolving a regular array of cubes (40 m in height) at the surface. A typical urban ABL is numerically modelled. In this situation, the constant heat supply from roof and floor surfaces sustains a convective mixed layer as a whole, but strong wind shear near the canopy top maintains the surface layer nearly neutral. The results reveal large coherent structures in both the velocity and temperature fields "within" the canopy layer. These structures are much larger than the cubes, and their shapes and locations are shown to be closely related to the TOS above them. We classify the instantaneous flow patterns in a cavity, specifically focusing on two characteristic flow patterns: flushing and cavity-eddy events. Flushing indicates a strong upward motion, while a cavity eddy is characterized by a dominant vortical motion within a single cavity. Flushing is clearly correlated with the TOS above, occurring frequently beneath low-momentum streaks. The instantaneous momentum and heat transport within and above a cavity due to flushing and cavity-eddy events are also quantified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B43A..03F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B43A..03F"><span>Biogeochemistry of Recently Discovered Oxygen-Depleted Mesoscale Eddies in the Open Eastern Tropical North Atlantic</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fiedler, B.; Grundle, D.; Löscher, C. R.; Schütte, F.; Hauss, H.; Karstensen, J.; Silva, P.; Koertzinger, A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Severely oxygen-depleted mesoscale features in the open eastern tropical North Atlantic, which are formed in the Mauritanian upwelling region, were discovered only recently. So far, few remote surveys conducted with autonomous platforms such as moorings, underwater gliders and profiling floats have provided a very first insight into these mesoscale eddies. Due to their hydrographic properties such water bodies are well isolated from ambient waters and therefore can develop severe near-surface oxygen deficits. In this presentation we show results from the first-ever biogeochemical survey of one of these anticyclonic mode-water eddies conducted in spring 2014 at the Cape Verde Ocean Observatory (CVOO) off West Africa. Very low oxygen concentrations of 4.5 µmol kg-1 associated with a CO2 partial pressure of 1164 µatm were found close to the core of the eddy (at 100 m depth). Measurements for nitrate and phosphate also show exceptional high values. Findings point to rapid oxygen consumption through remineralization of organic matter along with depressed lateral mixing of this water body. Indeed, rates for oxygen utilization (OUR) were found to be enhanced when compared to known values in the Atlantic. A closer look into the carbonate system inside the eddýs core revealed disadvantageous conditions for calcifying organisms with the pH dropping down to 7.6 and the Aragonite saturation level reaching 1 at the lower boundary of the euphotic zone. Finally, strong indications for a shift in nitrogen cycling in the core of the eddy from nitrification towards denitrification were found based on gene abundance and N2O-isotope analyses. To our knowledge such severe hypoxic and even suboxic near-surface conditions along with active denitrification have never been reported before in the open Atlantic Ocean.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A51D3062M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFM.A51D3062M"><span>WRF Model Simulations of Terrain-Driven Atmospheric Eddies in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Muller, B. M.; Herbster, C. G.; Mosher, F. R.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>It is not unusual to observe atmospheric eddies in satellite imagery of the marine stratus and stratocumulus clouds that characterize the summertime weather of the California coastal region and near-shore oceanic environment. The winds of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) over the ocean interact with the high terrain of prominent headlands and islands to create order-10 km scale areas of swirling air that can contain a cloud-free eye, 180-degree wind reversals at the surface over a period of minutes, and may be associated with mixing and turbulence between the high-humidity air of the MABL and the much warmer and drier inversion layer air above. However, synoptic and even subsynoptic surface weather measurements, and the synoptic upper-air observing network are inadequate, or in some cases, completely unable, to detect and characterize the formation, movement, and even the existence of the eddies. They can literally slip between land-based surface observation locations, or stay over the near-shore ocean environment where there may be no surface meteorological measurements. This study presents Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of these small-scale, terrain-driven, atmospheric features in the MABL from cases detected in GOES satellite imagery. The purpose is to use model output to diagnose the formation mechanisms, sources of vorticity, and the air flow in and around the eddies. Satellite imagery is compared to simulated atmospheric variables to validate features generated within the model atmosphere, and model output is employed as a surrogate atmosphere to better understand the atmospheric characteristics of the eddies. Model air parcel trajectories are estimated to trace the movement and sources of the air contained in and around these often-observed, but seldom-measured features.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMMM..422..344P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JMMM..422..344P"><span>An easy way to measure accurately the direct magnetoelectric voltage coefficient of thin film devices</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Poullain, Gilles; More-Chevalier, Joris; Cibert, Christophe; Bouregba, Rachid</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>TbxDy1-xFe2/Pt/Pb(Zrx, Ti1-x)O3 thin films were grown on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrate by multi-target sputtering. The magnetoelectric voltage coefficient αΗΜΕ was determined at room temperature using a lock-in amplifier. By adding, in series in the circuit, a capacitor of the same value as that of the device under test, we were able to demonstrate that the magnetoelectric device behaves as a voltage source. Furthermore, a simple way to subtract the stray voltage arising from the flow of eddy currents in the measurement set-up, is proposed. This allows the easy and accurate determination of the true magnetoelectric voltage coefficient. A large αΗΜΕ of 8.3 V/cm. Oe was thus obtained for a Terfenol-D/Pt/PZT thin film device, without DC magnetic field nor mechanical resonance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA618009','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA618009"><span>Large-Eddy Simulations of Tropical Convective Systems, the Boundary Layer, and Upper Ocean Coupling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2014-09-30</p> <p>warmer profile through greater latent heat release. Resulting temperature profiles all follow essentially moist adiabats in the upper troposphere ...default RRTM ozone concentration profile). Greater convective mixing deepens the tropopause for cases with stronger moisture flux convergence. Case...with tropospheric temperatures about 4 degrees cooler than the original temperature profile. This case represents conditions during the suppressed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDG15006A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDG15006A"><span>Broadening of cloud droplet spectra through turbulent entrainment and eddy hopping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abade, Gustavo; Grabowski, Wojciech; Pawlowska, Hanna</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>This work discusses the effect of cloud turbulence and turbulent entrainment on the evolution of the cloud droplet-size spectrum. We simulate an ensemble of idealized turbulent cloud parcels that are subject to entrainment events, modeled as a random Poisson process. Entrainment events, subsequent turbulent mixing inside the parcel, supersaturation fluctuations, and the resulting stochastic droplet growth by condensation are simulated using a Monte Carlo scheme. Quantities characterizing the turbulence intensity, entrainment rate and the mean fraction of environmental air entrained in an event are specified as external parameters. Cloud microphysics is described by applying Lagrangian particles, the so-called superdroplets. They are either unactivated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or cloud droplets that form from activated CCN. The model accounts for the transport of environmental CCN into the cloud by the entraining eddies at the cloud edge. Turbulent mixing of the entrained dry air with cloudy air is described using a linear model. We show that turbulence plays an important role in aiding entrained CCN to activate, providing a source of small cloud droplets and thus broadening the droplet size distribution. Further simulation results will be reported at the meeting.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPC14E2104S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSPC14E2104S"><span>A Two-Timescale Response of the Southern Ocean to Ozone Depletion: Importance of the Background State</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Seviour, W.; Waugh, D.; Gnanadesikan, A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>It has been recently suggested that the response of Southern Ocean sea-ice extent to stratospheric ozone depletion is time-dependent; that the ocean surface initially cools due to enhanced northward Ekman drift caused by a poleward shift in the eddy-driven jet, and then warms after some time due to upwelling of warm waters from below the mixed layer. It is therefore possible that ozone depletion could act to favor a short-term increase in sea-ice extent. However, many uncertainties remain in understanding this mechanism, with different models showing widely differing time-scales and magnitudes of the response. Here, we analyze an ensemble of coupled model simulations with a step-function ozone perturbation. The two-timescale response is present with an approximately 30 year initial cooling period. The response is further shown to be highly dependent upon the background ocean temperature and salinity stratification, which is influenced by both natural internal variability and the isopycnal eddy mixing parameterization. It is suggested that the majority of inter-model differences in the Southern Ocean response to ozone depletion are caused by differences in stratification.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FlDyR..50b5506N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FlDyR..50b5506N"><span>Large-eddy-simulation approach in understanding flow structures of 2D turbulent density currents over sloping surfaces</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nayamatullah, M.; Rao Pillalamarri, Narasimha; Bhaganagar, Kiran</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>A numerical investigation was performed to understand the flow dynamics of 2D density currents over sloping surfaces. Large eddy simulation was conducted for lock-exchange (L-E) release currents and overflows. 2D Navier-Stokes equations were solved using the Boussinesq approximation. The effects of the lock aspect-ratio (height/length of lock), slope, and Reynolds number on the flow structures and turbulence mixing have been analyzed. Results have confirmed buoyancy within the head of the two-dimensional currents is not conserved which contradicts the classical thermal theory. The lock aspect-ratio dictates the fraction of initial buoyancy which is carried by the head of the current at the beginning of the slumping (horizontal) and accelerating phase (over a slope), which has important implications on turbulence kinetic energy production, and hence mixing in the current. For L-E flows over a slope, increasing slope angle enhances the turbulence production. Increasing slope results in shear reversal within the density current resulting in shear-instabilities. Differences in turbulence production mechanisms and flow structures exist between the L-E and constant-flux release currents resulting in significant differences in the flow characteristics between different releases.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H32D..08T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.H32D..08T"><span>Effective Stochastic Model for Reactive Transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tartakovsky, A. M.; Zheng, B.; Barajas-Solano, D. A.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We propose an effective stochastic advection-diffusion-reaction (SADR) model. Unlike traditional advection-dispersion-reaction models, the SADR model describes mechanical and diffusive mixing as two separate processes. In the SADR model, the mechanical mixing is driven by random advective velocity with the variance given by the coefficient of mechanical dispersion. The diffusive mixing is modeled as a fickian diffusion with the effective diffusion coefficient. Both coefficients are given in terms of Peclet number (Pe) and the coefficient of molecular diffusion. We use the experimental results of to demonstrate that for transport and bimolecular reactions in porous media the SADR model is significantly more accurate than the traditional dispersion model, which overestimates the mass of the reaction product by as much as 25%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4999055','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4999055"><span>Vertical variation of mixing within porous sediment beds below turbulent flows</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Chandler, I. D.; Pearson, J. M.; van Egmond, R.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Abstract River ecosystems are influenced by contaminants in the water column, in the pore water and adsorbed to sediment particles. When exchange across the sediment‐water interface (hyporheic exchange) is included in modeling, the mixing coefficient is often assumed to be constant with depth below the interface. Novel fiber‐optic fluorometers have been developed and combined with a modified EROSIMESS system to quantify the vertical variation in mixing coefficient with depth below the sediment‐water interface. The study considered a range of particle diameters and bed shear velocities, with the permeability Péclet number, PeK between 1000 and 77,000 and the shear Reynolds number, Re*, between 5 and 600. Different parameterization of both an interface exchange coefficient and a spatially variable in‐sediment mixing coefficient are explored. The variation of in‐sediment mixing is described by an exponential function applicable over the full range of parameter combinations tested. The empirical relationship enables estimates of the depth to which concentrations of pollutants will penetrate into the bed sediment, allowing the region where exchange will occur faster than molecular diffusion to be determined. PMID:27635104</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205098','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205098"><span>Correcting for strong eddy current induced B0 modulation enables two-spoke RF pulse design with parallel transmission: demonstration at 9.4T in the human brain.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wu, Xiaoping; Adriany, Gregor; Ugurbil, Kamil; Van de Moortele, Pierre-Francois</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Successful implementation of homogeneous slice-selective RF excitation in the human brain at 9.4T using 16-channel parallel transmission (pTX) is demonstrated. A novel three-step pulse design method incorporating fast real-time measurement of eddy current induced B0 variations as well as correction of resulting phase errors during excitation is described. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed method, phantom and in-vivo experiments targeting a uniform excitation in an axial slice were conducted using two-spoke pTX pulses. Even with the pre-emphasis activated, eddy current induced B0 variations with peak-to-peak values greater than 4 kHz were observed on our system during the rapid switches of slice selective gradients. This large B0 variation, when not corrected, resulted in drastically degraded excitation fidelity with the coefficient of variation (CV) of the flip angle calculated for the region of interest being large (~ 12% in the phantom and ~ 35% in the brain). By comparison, excitation fidelity was effectively restored, and satisfactory flip angle uniformity was achieved when using the proposed method, with the CV value reduced to ~ 3% in the phantom and ~ 8% in the brain. Additionally, experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical predictions obtained from Bloch simulations. Slice-selective flip angle homogenization in the human brain at 9.4T using 16-channel 3D spoke pTX pulses is achievable despite of large eddy current induced excitation phase errors; correcting for the latter was critical in this success.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CSR....84...93M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014CSR....84...93M"><span>Dynamics of the benthic boundary layer and seafloor contributions to oxygen depletion on the Oregon inner shelf</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McCann-Grosvenor, Kristina; Reimers, Clare E.; Sanders, Rhea D.</p> <p>2014-08-01</p> <p>Measurement of in situ O2 consumption and production within permeable sediments, such as those found over the Oregon-Washington inner shelf, has traditionally been done using methods that isolate the sediments from the dynamic influences of currents and wave motions. Modified from atmospheric research, the non-invasive eddy correlation technique can be used to characterize benthic boundary layer dynamics and measure O2 flux across the sediment-water interface without excluding the natural hydrodynamic flow. In 2009, eddy correlation measurements were made in 5 discrete months with varying conditions at a 30 m site off Yaquina Head, Newport, OR. The O2 flux was found to be primarily into the bed (-18±3 mmol m-2 d-1; mean±SE, n=137 15-min bursts) but was sensitive to non-steady state changes in O2 concentrations caused by the differential advection of water masses with variable mean O2 concentrations. Important contributions to O2 eddy fluxes at surface wave frequencies were seen in eddy correlation cospectra and these are interpreted as being indicative of consumption enhanced by advective transport of O2 into the bed. The sediments were deposits of fine sand with permeabilities of 1.3-4.7×10-11 m2 and wave-generated ripples. Sediment pigment and organic carbon concentrations were low (chlorophyll-α: 0.02-0.45 μg g-1, phaeophytin-α: 0.38-1.38 μg g-1 and organic carbon: 0.05-0.39% dry wt in discrete depth intervals from cores collected between March and October), but it was evident that during the summer fresh pigments were trapped in the sand and rapidly mixed over the uppermost 0-13 cm. From these results it is inferred that physical forcing associated largely with waves and currents may accentuate the role of sediment-covered inner shelf habitats as a regional O2 sink compared to the middle shelf. In effect, the action of waves and currents in the benthic boundary layer enables aerobic respiration that counterbalances the oxygenation of the water column by primary production and mixing in the surface layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B34B0359M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOS.B34B0359M"><span>Microbial utilization of nitrogen in cold core eddies: size does matter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McInnes, A.; Messer, L. F.; Laiolo, L.; Laverock, B.; Laczka, O.; Brown, M. V.; Seymour, J.; Doblin, M.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>As the base of the marine food web, and the first step in the biological carbon pump, understanding changes in microbial community composition is essential for predicting changes in the marine nitrogen (N) cycle. Climate change projections suggest that oligotrophic waters will become more stratified with a concomitant shift in microbial community composition based on changes in N supply. In regions of strong boundary currents, eddies could reduce this limitation through nutrient uplift and other forms of eddy mixing. Understanding the preference for different forms of N by microbes is essential for understanding and predicting shifts in the microbial community. This study aims to understand the utilization of different N species within different microbial size fractions as well as understand the preferred source of N to these groups across varying mesoscale and sub-mesoscale features in the East Australian Current (EAC). In June 2015 we sampled microbial communities from three depths (surface, chlorophyll-a maximum and below the mixed layer), in three mesoscale and sub-mesoscale eddy features, as well as two end-point water masses (coastal and oligotrophic EAC water). Particulate matter was analysed for stable C and N isotopes, and seawater incubations with trace amounts of 15NO3, 15NH4, 15N2, 15Urea and 13C were undertaken. All samples were size fractionated into 0.3-2.0 µm, 2.0-10 µm, and >10 µm size classes, encompassing the majority of microbes in these waters. Microbial community composition was also assessed (pigments, flow cytometry, DNA), as well as physical and chemical parameters, to better understand the drivers of carbon fixation and nitrogen utilization across a diversity of water masses and microbial size classes. We observed that small, young features have a greater abundance of larger size classes. We therefore predict that these microbes will preferentially draw down the recently pulsed NO3. Ultimately, the size and age of a feature will determine the N compound utilization and microbial community composition and as the feature grows in size and age a community succession will lead to differential more diverse N compound utilization.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AeQ....34...61K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AeQ....34...61K"><span>Effect of initial conditions on constant pressure mixing between two turbulent streams</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kangovi, S.</p> <p>1983-02-01</p> <p>It is pointed out that a study of the process of mixing between two dissimilar streams has varied applications in different fields. The applications include the design of an after burner in a high by-pass ratio aircraft engine and the disposal of effluents in a stream. The mixing process determines important quantities related to the energy transfer from main stream to the secondary stream, the temperature and velocity profiles, and the local kinematic and dissipative structure within the mixing region, and the growth of the mixing layer. Hill and Page (1968) have proposed the employment of an 'assumed epsilon' method in which the eddy viscosity model of Goertler (1942) is modified to account for the initial boundary layer. The present investigation is concerned with the application of the assumed epsilon technique to the study of the effect of initial conditions on the development of the turbulent mixing layer between two compressible, nonisoenergetic streams at constant pressure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ECSS..202....1B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ECSS..202....1B"><span>Wave-current generated turbulence over hemisphere bottom roughness</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Barman, Krishnendu; Roy, Sayahnya; Debnath, Koustuv</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>The present paper explores the effect of wave-current interaction on the turbulence characteristics and the distribution of eddy structure over artificially crammed rough bed prepared with hemispheres. The effect of the surface wave on temporal and spatial-averaged mean velocity, intensity, Reynolds shear stress over, within cavity and above the hemispherical bed are discussed. Detailed three-dimensional time series velocity components were measured in a tilting flume using 3-D Micro-Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) at a Reynolds number, 62 × 103. This study reports the fractional contributions of burst-sweep cycles dominating the total shear stress near hemispherical rough surface both for current only flow as well as for wave-induced cases. Wavelet analysis of the fluctuating velocity signal shows that the superimposed wave of frequency 1 Hz is capable of modulating the energy containing a range of velocity fluctuations at the mid-depth of the cavity region (formed due to the crammed arrangement of the hemispheres). As a result, the large-scale eddies (with large values of wavelet coefficients) are concentrated at a pseudo-frequency which is equal to the wave oscillating frequency. On the other hand, it is observed that the higher wave frequency (2 Hz) is incapable of modulating the eddy structures at that particular region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFD.A7003M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFD.A7003M"><span>A different approach on the onset of separation in the flow around a circular cylinder</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Malamataris, Nikolaos; Sarris, I.; Pazis, D.; Liakos, A.</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>The onset of separation in the flow around a cylinder is revisited with new insight. The goal of the research is to compute the smallest Reynolds number where the separation actual occurs rather than computing small eddies and extrapolating to the value of the Reynolds number where separation may occur. To this purpose, an accurate home made code is designed with Galerkin finite elements. The computational domain is chosen as the laboratory experiments by Taneda. It is found that in all six different choices of Taneda's diameters of the cylinders he used, separation is not observed for Re < 6 . 1 . Actually, separation is computed in all of his six cases for Re = 6 . 14 . Images of this smallest eddy are shown for the first time where all characteristics of eddies are recognisable (vortex centre, separation length etc). The vorticity of the flow is computed along the cylinder surface and it is shown that, at separation, vorticity changes sign. Byproducts of this research is the computation of the drag coefficient for Reynolds numbers starting from 1 .10-5 up to 40. In addition, the separation angle (point where vorticity changes sign) is computed for 6 . 14 <= Re <= 40 . This research aims to be the most thorough work done on that subject so far.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H11B1311K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFM.H11B1311K"><span>Field-scale and Regional Variability in Evapotranspiration over Crops in California using Eddy Covariance and Surface Renewal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kent, E. R.; Clay, J. M.; Leinfelder-Miles, M.; Lambert, J. J.; Little, C.; Monteiro, R. O. C.; Monteiro, P. F. C.; Shapiro, K.; Rice, S.; Snyder, R. L.; Daniele, Z.; Paw U, K. T.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p>Evapotranspiration (ET) estimated using a single crop coefficient and a grass reference largely ignores variability due to heterogeneity in microclimate, soils, and crop management. We employ a relatively low cost energy balance residual method using surface renewal and eddy covariance measurements to continuously estimate half-hourly and daily ET across more than 15 fields and orchards spanning four crops and two regions of California. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, measurements were taken in corn, pasture, and alfalfa fields, with 4-5 stations in each crop type spread across the region. In the Southern San Joaquin Valley, measurements were taken in three different pistachio orchards, with one orchard having six stations instrumented to examine salinity-induced heterogeneity. We analyze field-scale and regional variability in ET and measured surface energy balance components. Cross comparisons between the eddy covariance and the surface renewal measurements confirm the robustness of the surface renewal method. A hybrid approach in which remotely sensed net radiation is combined with in situ measurements of sensible heat flux is also investigated. This work will provide ground-truth data for satellite and aerial-based ET estimates and will inform water management at the field and regional scales.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AdSpR..50.1231K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AdSpR..50.1231K"><span>A model for calculating the vertical distribution of the atmospheric electric potential in the exchange layer in a maritime clean atmosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kulkarni, M. N.; Kamra, A. K.</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>A theoretical model is developed for calculating the vertical distribution of atmospheric electric potential in exchange layer of maritime clean atmosphere. The transport of space charge in electrode layer acts as a convective generator in this model and plays a major role in determining potential distribution in vertical. Eddy diffusion is the main mechanism responsible for the distribution of space charge in vertical. Our results show that potential at a particular level increases with increase in the strength of eddy diffusion under similar conditions. A method is suggested to estimate columnar resistance, the ionospheric potential and the vertical atmospheric electric potential distribution in exchange layer from measurements of total air-earth current density and surface electric field made over oceans. The results are validated and found to be in very good agreement with the previous aircraft measurements. Different parameters involved in the proposed methodology can be determined either theoretically, as in the present work, or experimentally using the near surface atmospheric electrical measurements or using some other surface-based measurement technique such as LIDAR. A graphical relationship between the atmospheric eddy diffusion coefficient and height of exchange layer obtained from atmospheric electrical approach, is reported.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME14B0610P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSME14B0610P"><span>Satellite tagging, remote sensing, and autonomous vehicles reveal interactions between physiology and environment in a North Pacific top marine predator species</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pelland, N.; Sterling, J.; Springer, A.; Iverson, S.; Johnson, D.; Lea, M. A.; Bond, N. A.; Ream, R.; Lee, C.; Eriksen, C.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Behavioral responses by top marine predators to oceanographic features such as eddies, river plumes, storms, and coastal topography suggest that biophysical interactions in these zones affect predators' prey, foraging behaviors, and potentially fitness. However, examining these pathways is challenged by the obstacles inherent in obtaining simultaneous observations of surface and subsurface environmental fields and predator behavior. This work describes recent publications and ongoing studies of northern fur seal (NFS) foraging ecology during their 8-month migration. Satellite-tracked movement and dive behavior in the North Pacific ocean was compared to remotely sensed data, atmospheric reanalysis, autonomous in situ ocean sampling, and animal borne temperature and salinity data. Integration of these data demonstrates how reproductive fitness, physiology, and environment shape NFS migratory patterns. Seal mass correlates with dive ability and thus larger males exploit prey aggregating at the base of the winter mixed-layer depth in the Bering Sea and interior northern North Pacific Ocean. Smaller adult females migrate to the Gulf of Alaska and California Current ecosystems - where surface wind speeds decline, mixed-layer depths shoal, and coastal production is fueled by upwelling, coastal capes, and eddies - and less commonly to the Transitional Zone Chlorophyll Front, where fronts and eddies may concentrate prey. Surface wind speed and direction influence movement behavior of all age and size classes, though to a greater degree in the smaller pups and adult females than adult males. For naïve and physiologically less-capable pups, the timing and strength of autumn winds during migratory dispersal may play a role in shaping migratory routes and the environmental conditions faced by pups along these routes. In combination with other factors such as pup condition, this may play a role in interannual variations in overwinter survivorship.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3793V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.3793V"><span>Toward finding a universally applicable parameterization of the β factor for Relaxed Eddy Accumulation applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vogl, Teresa; Hrdina, Amy; Thomas, Christoph</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The traditional eddy covariance (EC) technique requires the use of fast responding sensors (≥ 10 Hz) that do not exist for many chemical species found in the atmosphere. In this case, the Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) method offers a means to calculate fluxes of trace gases and other scalar quantities (Businger and Oncley, 1990) and was originally derived from the eddy accumulation method (EA) first proposed by Desjardins (1972). While REA lessens the requirements for sensors and sampling and thus offers practical appeal, it introduces a dependence of the computed flux from a proportionality factor β. The accuracy of the REA fluxes hinges upon the correct determination of β, which was found to vary between 0.40 and 0.63 (Milne et al., 1999, Ammann and Meixner, 2002, Ruppert et al., 2006). However, formulating a universally valid parameterization for β instead of empirical evaluation has remained a conundrum and has been a main limitation for REA. In this study we take a fresh look at the dependencies and mathematical models of β by analyzing eddy covariance (EC) data and REA simulations for two field experiments in drastically contrasting environments: an exclusively physically driven environment in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and a biologically active system in a grassland in Germany. The main objective is to work toward a model parameterization for β that can be applied over wide range of surface conditions and forcings without the need for empirical evaluation, which is not possible for most REA applications. Our study discusses two different models to define β: (i) based upon scalar-scalar similarity, in which a different scalar is measured with fast-response sensors as a proxy for the scalar of interest, here referred to as β0; and (ii) computed solely from the vertical wind statistics, assuming a linear relationship between the scalar of interest and the vertical wind speed, referred to as βw. Results are presented for the carbon-dioxide, latent and sensible heat fluxes across the contrasting environments. First, the choice of an appropriate scalar to calculate β0 is discussed considering the sources and sinks of each scalar with an emphasis on the carbon dioxide flux, which shows strongly dissimilar dynamics between the Antarctic ecosystem and the grassland. Secondly, the impact of atmospheric stability on both β models is investigated. In a next step, we attempt to find a physically meaningful explanation for the overestimation of the REA scalar fluxes compared to those from EC for using βw. We do so by analyzing the probability density function (pdf) and its statistical moments for the vertical wind speed. We found its pdf to be non-Gaussian for the majority of cases, and detected a close to linear relationship of its kurtosis with βw. Finally, in an attempt to provide practical guidance for field measurements, we integrate our findings and propose an enhanced model parameterization, and evaluate the differences between our new model and a constant β. Ammann, C. and Meixner, F.X. (2002) Stability dependence of the relaxed eddy accumulation coefficient for various scalar quantities. J. Geophys. Res. 107. ACL7.1-ACL7.9 doi:10.1029/2001JD000649 Businger, J.A., Oncley, S.P. (1990) Flux measurement with conditional sampling. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 7:349-352. Desjardins, R. L. (1972) A study of carbon-dioxide and sensible heat fluxes using the eddy correlation technique, Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 189 pp. Desjardins, R.L. (1977) Description and evaluation of sensible heat flux detector. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 11:147-154. Katul, G., Finkelstein, P. L., Clarke, J. F., and Ellestad, T. G. (1996) An Investigation of the Conditional Sampling Methods Used to Estimate Fluxes of Active, Reactive and Passive Scalars. J. Appl. Meteorol. 35: 1835-1845. Milne, R., Beverland, I. J., Hargreaves, K., and Moncrieff, J. B. (1999) Variation of the beta coefficient in the relaxed eddy accumulation method. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 93: 211-225. Ruppert, J. ATEM software for atmospheric turbulent exchange measurements using eddy covariance and relaxed eddy accumulation systems: Bayreuth whole-air REA system setup, Universität Bayreuth, Abt. Mikrometeorologie, Print, ISSN 1614-8916, Arbeitsergebnisse 28, 29 S, 2005 Ruppert, J., Thomas, C., and Foken, T. (2006) scalar similarity for relaxed eddy accumulation methods. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 120: 39-63.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41D2304G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A41D2304G"><span>A Semi-Analytical Model for Dispersion Modelling Studies in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gupta, A.; Sharan, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The severe impact of harmful air pollutants has always been a cause of concern for a wide variety of air quality analysis. The analytical models based on the solution of the advection-diffusion equation have been the first and remain the convenient way for modeling air pollutant dispersion as it is easy to handle the dispersion parameters and related physics in it. A mathematical model describing the crosswind integrated concentration is presented. The analytical solution to the resulting advection-diffusion equation is limited to a constant and simple profiles of eddy diffusivity and wind speed. In practice, the wind speed depends on the vertical height above the ground and eddy diffusivity profiles on the downwind distance from the source as well as the vertical height. In the present model, a method of eigen-function expansion is used to solve the resulting partial differential equation with the appropriate boundary conditions. This leads to a system of first order ordinary differential equations with a coefficient matrix depending on the downwind distance. The solution of this system, in general, can be expressed in terms of Peano-baker series which is not easy to compute, particularly when the coefficient matrix becomes non-commutative (Martin et al., 1967). An approach based on Taylor's series expansion is introduced to find the numerical solution of first order system. The method is applied to various profiles of wind speed and eddy diffusivities. The solution computed from the proposed methodology is found to be efficient and accurate in comparison to those available in the literature. The performance of the model is evaluated with the diffusion datasets from Copenhagen (Gryning et al., 1987) and Hanford (Doran et al., 1985). In addition, the proposed method is used to deduce three dimensional concentrations by considering the Gaussian distribution in crosswind direction, which is also evaluated with diffusion data corresponding to a continuous point source.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhDT.......165M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988PhDT.......165M"><span>Investigation of Dispersed and Dispersed Annular (rivulet or Thin Film) Flow Phase Separation in Tees.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McCreery, Glenn Ernest</p> <p></p> <p>An experimental and analytical investigation of dispersed and dispersed-annular (rivulet or thin film) flow phase separation in tees has been successfully completed. The research was directed at, but is not specific to, determining flow conditions, following a loss of coolant accident, in the large rectangular passageways leading to vacuum buildings in the containment envelope of some CANDU nuclear reactors. The primary objectives of the research were to: (1) obtain experimental data to help formulate and test mechanistic analytical models of phase separation, and (2) develop the analytical models in computer programs which predict phase separation from upstream flow and pressure conditions and downstream and side branch pressure boundary conditions. To meet these objectives an air-water experimental apparatus was constructed, and consists of large air blowers attached to a long rectangular duct leading to a tee in the horizontal plane. A variety of phenomena was investigated including, for comparison with computer predictions, air streamlines and eddy boundary geometry, drop size spectra, macroscopic mass balances, liquid rivulet pathlines, and trajectories of drops of known size and velocity. Four separate computer programs were developed to analyze phase separation. Three of the programs are used sequentially to calculate dispersed mist phase separation in a tee. The fourth is used to calculate rivulet or thin film pathlines. Macroscopic mass balances are calculated from a summation of mass balances for drops with representative sizes (and masses) spaced across the drop size spectrum. The programs are tested against experimental data, and accurately predict gas flow fields, drop trajectories, rivulet pathlines and macroscopic mass balances. In addition to development of the computer programs, analysis was performed to specify the scaling of dispersed mist and rivulet or thin film flow, to investigate pressure losses in tees, and the inter-relationship of loss coefficients, contraction coefficients, and eddy geometry. The important transient effects of liquid storage in eddies were also analyzed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1994T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123.1994T"><span>Transformation of Deep Water Masses Along Lagrangian Upwelling Pathways in the Southern Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tamsitt, V.; Abernathey, R. P.; Mazloff, M. R.; Wang, J.; Talley, L. D.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Upwelling of northern deep waters in the Southern Ocean is fundamentally important for the closure of the global meridional overturning circulation and delivers carbon and nutrient-rich deep waters to the sea surface. We quantify water mass transformation along upwelling pathways originating in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific and ending at the surface of the Southern Ocean using Lagrangian trajectories in an eddy-permitting ocean state estimate. Recent related work shows that upwelling in the interior below about 400 m depth is localized at hot spots associated with major topographic features in the path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, while upwelling through the surface layer is more broadly distributed. In the ocean interior upwelling is largely isopycnal; Atlantic and to a lesser extent Indian Deep Waters cool and freshen while Pacific deep waters are more stable, leading to a homogenization of water mass properties. As upwelling water approaches the mixed layer, there is net strong transformation toward lighter densities due to mixing of freshwater, but there is a divergence in the density distribution as Upper Circumpolar Deep Water tends become lighter and dense Lower Circumpolar Deep Water tends to become denser. The spatial distribution of transformation shows more rapid transformation at eddy hot spots associated with major topography where density gradients are enhanced; however, the majority of cumulative density change along trajectories is achieved by background mixing. We compare the Lagrangian analysis to diagnosed Eulerian water mass transformation to attribute the mechanisms leading to the observed transformation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24g4701L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ChPhB..24g4701L"><span>A new mixed subgrid-scale model for large eddy simulation of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Li, Feng-Chen; Wang, Lu; Cai, Wei-Hua</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>A mixed subgrid-scale (SGS) model based on coherent structures and temporal approximate deconvolution (MCT) is proposed for turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids. The main idea of the MCT SGS model is to perform spatial filtering for the momentum equation and temporal filtering for the conformation tensor transport equation of turbulent flow of viscoelastic fluid, respectively. The MCT model is suitable for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluids in engineering applications since the model parameters can be easily obtained. The LES of forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence (FHIT) with polymer additives and turbulent channel flow with surfactant additives based on MCT SGS model shows excellent agreements with direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. Compared with the LES results using the temporal approximate deconvolution model (TADM) for FHIT with polymer additives, this mixed SGS model MCT behaves better, regarding the enhancement of calculating parameters such as the Reynolds number. For scientific and engineering research, turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers are expected, so the MCT model can be a more suitable model for the LES of turbulent drag-reducing flows of viscoelastic fluid with polymer or surfactant additives. Project supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2011M500652), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51276046 and 51206033), and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20112302110020).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990021335','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990021335"><span>Collective Interaction in a Linear Array of Supersonic Rectangular Jets: A Linear Spatial Instability Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miles, Jeffrey Hilton</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>A linear spatial instability model for multiple spatially periodic supersonic rectangular jets is solved using Floquet-Bloch theory. It is assumed that in the region of interest a coherent wave can propagate. For the case studied large spatial growth rates are found. This work is motivated by an increase in mixing found in experimental measurements of spatially periodic supersonic rectangular jets with phase-locked screech and edge tone feedback locked subsonic jets. The results obtained in this paper suggests that phase-locked screech or edge tones may produce correlated spatially periodic jet flow downstream of the nozzles which creates a large span wise multi-nozzle region where a coherent wave can propagate. The large spatial growth rates for eddies obtained by model calculation herein are related to the increased mixing since eddies are the primary mechanism that transfer energy from the mean flow to the large turbulent structures. Calculations of spacial growth rates will be presented for a set of relative Mach numbers and spacings for which experimental measurements have been made. Calculations of spatial growth rates are presented for relative Mach numbers from 1.25 to 1.75 with ratios of nozzle spacing to nozzle width ratios from s/w(sub N) = 4 to s/w(sub N) = 13.7. The model may be of significant scientific and engineering value in the quest to understand and construct supersonic mixer-ejector nozzles which provide increased mixing and reduced noise.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.7851B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.7851B"><span>First Year Observations of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Variability and Internal Wave Activity from the DIMES Mooring Array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Brearley, J. A.; Sheen, K. L.; Naveira-Garabato, A. C.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>A key component of DIMES (Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean) is the deployment of a two-year cross-shaped mooring array in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the east of Drake Passage close to 57°W. Motivation for the cluster arises from the need to understand how eddies dissipate in the Southern Ocean, and specifically how much energy is extracted from the mesoscale by breaking internal waves, which in turn leads to turbulent mixing. The location of the mooring cluster was chosen to fulfil these objectives, being situated in a region of pronounced finestructure with high eddy kinetic energy and rough topography. The array, comprising 34 current meters and Microcats and a downward-looking ADCP, was first deployed in December 2009 and serviced in December 2010. Time series of current meter results from the most heavily-instrumented 'C' mooring indicate that a strong (up to 80 cms-1) surface-intensified north-eastward directed ACC occupies the region for most of the year, with over 85% of the variability in current speed being accounted for by equivalent barotropic fluctuations. A strong mean poleward heat flux is observed at the site, which compares favourably in magnitude with literature results from other ACC locations. Interestingly, four episodes of mid-depth (~2000 m) current speed maxima, each of a few days duration, were found during the 360-day time series, a situation also observed by the lowered ADCP during mooring servicing in December 2010. Early results indicate that these episodes, which coincide with time minima in stratification close to 2000 m, could profoundly influence the nature of eddy-internal wave interactions at these times. Quantification of the energy budget at the mooring cluster has been a key priority. When compared with previous moorings located in Drake Passage (Bryden, 1977), a near threefold-increase in mean eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is observed despite a small reduction in the mean kinetic energy between these sites. The magnitude of interactions between the available potential energy and EKE and between the EKE and mean kinetic energy are of similar magnitude to those observed in Drake Passage. Unfortunately, the collapse of two moorings early in 2010 has meant that second-year data will be required before the exchange of energy between the eddy and internal wave frequency bands can be rigorously quantified. However, data from the downward-looking ADCP between 2700 and 3400 m is starting to identify the important frequencies and mechanisms of internal wave activity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1371481-using-large-eddy-simulations-reveal-size-strength-phase-updraft-downdraft-cores-arctic-mixed-phase-stratocumulus-cloud','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1371481-using-large-eddy-simulations-reveal-size-strength-phase-updraft-downdraft-cores-arctic-mixed-phase-stratocumulus-cloud"><span>Using large eddy simulations to reveal the size, strength, and phase of updraft and downdraft cores of an Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus cloud</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Roesler, Erika L.; Posselt, Derek J.; Rood, Richard B.</p> <p>2017-04-06</p> <p>Three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) are used to analyze a springtime Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus observed on 26 April 2008 during the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign. Two subgrid-scale turbulence parameterizations are compared. The first scheme is a 1.5-order turbulent kinetic energy (1.5-TKE) parameterization that has been previously applied to boundary layer cloud simulations. The second scheme, Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB), provides higher-order turbulent closure with scale awareness. The simulations, in comparisons with observations, show that both schemes produce the liquid profiles within measurement variability but underpredict ice water mass and overpredict ice number concentration. The simulation using CLUBBmore » underpredicted liquid water path more than the simulation using the 1.5-TKE scheme, so the turbulent length scale and horizontal grid box size were increased to increase liquid water path and reduce dissipative energy. The LES simulations show this stratocumulus cloud to maintain a closed cellular structure, similar to observations. The updraft and downdraft cores self-organize into a larger meso-γ-scale convective pattern with the 1.5-TKE scheme, but the cores remain more isotropic with the CLUBB scheme. Additionally, the cores are often composed of liquid and ice instead of exclusively containing one or the other. Furthermore, these results provide insight into traditionally unresolved and unmeasurable aspects of an Arctic mixed-phase cloud. From analysis, this cloud's updraft and downdraft cores appear smaller than other closed-cell stratocumulus such as midlatitude stratocumulus and Arctic autumnal mixed-phase stratocumulus due to the weaker downdrafts and lower precipitation rates.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51A2015H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFM.A51A2015H"><span>Large eddy simulation of dust-uplift by haboob density currents</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huang, Q.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Cold pool outflows have been shown from both observations and convection-permitting models to be a dominant source of dust uplift ("haboobs") in the summertime Sahel and Sahara, and to cause dust uplift over deserts across the world. In this paper large eddy model (LEM) simulations, which resolve the turbulence within the cold-pools much better than previous studies of haboobs which have used convection-permitting models, are used to investigate the winds that cause dust uplift in cold pools, and the resultant dust uplift and transport. Dust uplift largely occurs in the head of the density current, consistent with the few existing observations. In the modeled density current dust is largely restricted to the lowest coldest and well mixed layer of the cold pool outflow (below around 400 m), except above the head of the cold pool where some dust reaches 2.5 km. This rapid transport to high altitude will contribute to long atmospheric lifetimes of large dust particles from haboobs. Decreasing the model horizontal grid-spacing from 1.0 km to 100 m resolves more turbulence, locally increasing winds, increasing mixing and reducing the propagation speed of the density current. Total accumulated dust uplift is approximately twice as large in 1.0 km runs compared with 100 m runs, suggesting that for studying haboobs in convection-permitting runs the representation of turbulence and mixing is significant. Simulations with surface sensible heat fluxes representative of those from a desert region in daytime show that increasing surface fluxes slow the density current due to increased mixing, but increase dust uplift rates, due to increased downward transport of momentum to the surface.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870008171','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870008171"><span>Thermal balance of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Uranus</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Friedson, A. J.; Ingersoll, A. P.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>Two-dimensional, radiative-convective-dynamical models of the visible atmospheres of Jupiter and Uranus are presented. Zonally-averaged temperatures and heat fluxes are calculated numerically as functions of pressure and latitude. In addition to radiative heat fluxes, the dynamical heat flux due to large-scale baroclinic eddies is included and is parametrized using a mixing length theory which gives heat fluxes similar to those of Stone. The results for Jupiter indicate that the internal heat flow is non-uniform in latitude and nearly balances the net radiative flux leaving the atmosphere. The thermal emission is found to be uniform in latitude in agreement with Pioneer and Voyager observations. Baroclinic eddies are calculated to transport only a small amount of the meridional heat flow necessary to account for the uniformity of thermal emission with latitude. The bulk of the meridional heat transfer is found to occur very deep in the stable interior of Jupiter as originally proposed by Ingersoll and Porco. The relative importance of baroclinic eddies vs. internal heat flow in the thermal balance of Uranus depends on the ratio of emitted thermal power to absorbed solar power. The thermal balance of Uranus is compared to that of Jupiter for different values of this ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCos...21.9493G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JCos...21.9493G"><span>May turbulence and fossil turbulence lead to life in the universe?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gibson, Carl H.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than all the other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Fossil turbulence is a perturbation produced by turbulence that persists after the fluid ceases to be turbulent at the scale of the perturbation. Because vorticity is produced at small scales, turbulence cascades from small scales to large, providing a consistent physical basis for Kolmogorovian universal similarity laws. Oceanic and astrophysical mixing and diffusion are dominated by fossil turbulence and fossil turbulent waves. Observations from space telescopes show turbulence existed in the beginning of the universe and that its fossils still persist. Fossils of big bang turbulence include a preferred large-scale spin direction, large scale microwave temperature anisotropy patterns, and the dominant dark matter of all galaxies; that is, clumps of ~10^12 frozen hydrogen earth-mass planets that make stars and globular-star-clusters when gravitationally agitated. When the planets were hot gas, we can speculate that they hosted the formation of the first life in a seeded cosmic organic-chemical soup of hot- water oceans as planets merged to form and over-feed the first stars.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhST..155a4023G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhST..155a4023G"><span>Turbulence and fossil turbulence lead to life in the universe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gibson, Carl H.</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than all the other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Fossil turbulence is a perturbation produced by turbulence that persists after the fluid ceases to be turbulent at the scale of the perturbation. Because vorticity is produced at small scales, turbulence must cascade from small scales to large, providing a consistent physical basis for Kolmogorovian universal similarity laws. Oceanic and astrophysical mixing and diffusion are dominated by fossil turbulence and fossil turbulent waves. Observations from space telescopes show turbulence and vorticity existed in the beginning of the universe and that their fossils persist. Fossils of big bang turbulence include spin and the dark matter of galaxies: clumps of ∼1012 frozen hydrogen planets that make globular star clusters as seen by infrared and microwave space telescopes. When the planets were hot gas, they hosted the formation of life in a cosmic soup of hot-water oceans as they merged to form the first stars and chemicals. Because spontaneous life formation according to the standard cosmological model is virtually impossible, the existence of life falsifies the standard cosmological model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JCos...18.9751G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JCos...18.9751G"><span>Turbulence and Fossil Turbulence lead to Life in the Universe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gibson, Carl H.</p> <p>2012-03-01</p> <p>Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than all the other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Fossil turbulence is a perturbation produced by turbulence that persists after the fluid ceases to be turbulent at the scale of the perturbation. Because vorticity is produced at small scales, turbulence must cascade from small scales to large, providing a consistent physical basis for Kolmogorovian universal similarity laws. Oceanic and astrophysical mixing and diffusion are dominated by fossil turbulence and fossil turbulent waves. Observations from space telescopes show turbulence and vorticity existed in the beginning of the universe and that their fossils persist. Fossils of big bang turbulence include spin and the dark matter of galaxies: clumps of ~ 1012 frozen hydrogen planets that make globular star clusters as seen by infrared and microwave space telescopes. When the planets were hot gas, they hosted the formation of life in a cosmic soup of hot- water oceans as they merged to form the first stars and chemicals. Because spontaneous life formation according to the standard cosmological model is virtually impossible, the existence of life falsifies the standard cosmological model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863384','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23863384"><span>Large Eddy Simulation of complex sidearms subject to solar radiation and surface cooling.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Dittko, Karl A; Kirkpatrick, Michael P; Armfield, Steven W</p> <p>2013-09-15</p> <p>Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to model two lake sidearms subject to heating from solar radiation and cooling from a surface flux. The sidearms are part of Lake Audrey, NJ, USA and Lake Alexandrina, SA, Australia. The simulation domains are created using bathymetry data and the boundary is modelled with an Immersed Boundary Method. We investigate the cooling and heating phases with separate quasi-steady state simulations. Differential heating occurs in the cavity due to the changing depth. The resulting temperature gradients drive lateral flows. These flows are the dominant transport process in the absence of wind. Study in this area is important in water quality management as the lateral circulation can carry particles and various pollutants, transporting them to and mixing them with the main lake body. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.........9U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT.........9U"><span>Large eddy simulation of premixed and non-premixed combustion in a Stagnation Point Reverse Flow combustor</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Undapalli, Satish</p> <p></p> <p>A new combustor referred to as Stagnation Point Reverse Flow (SPRF) combustor has been developed at Georgia Tech to meet the increasingly stringent emission regulations. The combustor incorporates a novel design to meet the conflicting requirements of low pollution and high stability in both premixed and non-premixed modes. The objective of this thesis work is to perform Large Eddy Simulations (LES) on this lab-scale combustor and elucidate the underlying physics that has resulted in its excellent performance. To achieve this, numerical simulations have been performed in both the premixed and non-premixed combustion modes, and velocity field, species field, entrainment characteristics, flame structure, emissions, and mixing characteristics have been analyzed. Simulations have been carried out first for a non-reactive case to resolve relevant fluid mechanics without heat release by the computational grid. The computed mean and RMS quantities in the non-reacting case compared well with the experimental data. Next, the simulations were extended for the premixed reactive case by employing different sub-grid scale combustion chemistry closures: Eddy Break Up (EBU), Artificially Thickened Flame (TF) and Linear Eddy Mixing (LEM) models. Results from the EBU and TF models exhibit reasonable agreement with the experimental velocity field. However, the computed thermal and species fields have noticeable discrepancies. Only LEM with LES (LEMLES), which is an advanced scalar approach, has been able to accurately predict both the velocity and species fields. Scalar mixing plays an important role in combustion, and this is solved directly at the sub-grid scales in LEM. As a result, LEM accurately predicts the scalar fields. Due to the two way coupling between the super-grid and sub-grid quantities, the velocity predictions also compare very well with the experiments. In other approaches, the sub-grid effects have been either modeled using conventional approaches (EBU) or need some ad hoc adjustments to account these effects accurately (TF). The results from LEMLES, using a reduced chemical mechanism, have been analyzed in the premixed mode. The results show that mass entrainment occurs along the shear layer in the combustor. The entrained mass carries products into the reactant stream and provides reactant preheating. Thus, product entrainment enhances the reaction rates and help stabilize the flame even at very lean conditions. These products have been shown to enter into the flame through local extinction zones present on the flame surface. The flame structure has been further analyzed, and the combustion mode was found to be primarily in thin reaction zones. Closer to the injector, there are isolated regions, where the combustion mode is in broken reaction zones, while the downstream flame structure is closer to a flamelet regime. The emissions in the combustor have been studied using simple global mechanisms for NO x. Computations have shown extremely low NOx values, comparable to the measured emissions. These low emissions have been shown to be primarily due to the low temperatures in the combustor. LEMLES computations have also been performed with a detailed chemistry to capture more accurate flame structure. The flame in the detailed chemistry case shows more extinction zones close to the injector than that in the reduced chemical mechanism. The LEMLES approach has also been used to resolve the combustion mode in the non-premixed case. The studies have indicated that the mixing of the fuel and air close to the injector controls the combustion process. The predictions in the near field have been shown to be very sensitive to the inflow conditions. Analysis has shown that the fuel and air mixing occurs to lean proportions in the combustor before any burning takes place. The flame structure in the non-premixed mode was very similar to the premixed mode. Along with the fuel air mixing, the products also mixed with the reactants and provided the preheating effects to stabilize the flame in the downstream region of the combustor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21020311-supersymmetric-contributions-weak-decay-correlation-coefficients','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21020311-supersymmetric-contributions-weak-decay-correlation-coefficients"><span>Supersymmetric contributions to weak decay correlation coefficients</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Profumo, S.; Ramsey-Musolf, M. J.; Tulin, S.</p> <p>2007-04-01</p> <p>We study supersymmetric contributions to correlation coefficients that characterize the spectral shape and angular distribution for polarized {mu}- and {beta}-decays. In the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM), one-loop box graphs containing superpartners can give rise to non-(V-Ax(V-A) four-fermion operators in the presence of left-right or flavor mixing between sfermions. We analyze the present phenomenological constraints on such mixing and determine the range of allowed contributions to the weak decay correlation coefficients. We discuss the prospective implications for future {mu}- and {beta}-decay experiments, and argue that they may provide unique probes of left-right mixing in the first generation scalar fermion sector.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AdWR...10..164K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AdWR...10..164K"><span>The modelling of dispersion in 2-D tidal flow over an uneven bed</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kalkwijk, Jan P. Th.</p> <p></p> <p>This paper deals with the effective mixing by topographic induced velocity variations in 2-D tidal flow. This type of mixing is characterized by tidally-averaged dispersion coefficients, which depend on the magnitude of the depth variations with respect to a mean depth, the velocity variations and the basic dispersion coefficients. The analysis is principally based on a Taylor type approximation (large clouds, small concentration variations) of the 2-D advection diffusion equation and a 2-D velocity field that behaves harmonically both in time and in space. Neglecting transient phenomena and applying time and space averaging the effective dispersion coefficients can be derived. Under certain circumstances it is possible to relate the velocity variations to the depth variations, so that finally effective dispersion coefficients can be determined using the power spectrum of the depth variations. In a special paragraph attention is paid to the modelling of sub-grid mixing in case of numerical integration of the advection-diffusion equation. It appears that the dispersion coefficients taking account of the sub-grid mixing are not only determined by the velocity variations within a certain grid cell, but also by the velocity variations at a larger scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14..858K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14..858K"><span>Role of mesoscale eddies on exchanges between coastal regions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kersalé, M.; Petrenko, A. A.; Doglioli, A. M.; Nencioli, F.; Bouffard, J.; Dekeyser, I.</p> <p>2012-04-01</p> <p>The general circulation in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea is characterized by a cyclonic circulation. The northern part of this gyre is formed by the Northern Current (NC), which flows along the continental slope from the Ligurian Sea towards the Catalan Shelf. The NC has an important influence on the Gulf of Lion (GoL), a large continental margin in the northern part of the basin. The NC constitutes an effective dynamical barrier which blocks coastal waters on the continental shelf. The western part of the GoL is a key region for regulating the outflow from the continental shelf to the Catalan Basin. These exchanges are mainly induced by partially ageostrophic processes originating from the interaction between the NC and mesoscale activity like meanders, filaments and eddies. Both GoL and Catalan shelf are characterized by an intense mesoscale activity. Eddies in the GoL are baroclinic structures extending throughout the mixed layer (30 to 50m), often elliptic in shape and about 20-30km in diameter. Catalan eddies are characterized by a vertical extension between 70 and 100m and a diameter of about 45km. The LAgrangian Transport EXperiment (LATEX, 2008-2011) was designed to study the mechanisms of formation of anticyclones in the western part of the GoL and their influence on cross-shelf exchanges. Mesoscale anticyclones have been observed in the western part of the GoL and over the Catalan shelf by the combined use of data from satellite observations, in situ measurements and numerical modeling. Recent numerical experiments show an anticyclonic circulation extending over a large part of the coastal area (latitudinal range : 41°50' to 43°N ; longitudinal range : 3°10' to 4°10'E). Interaction with a meander of the NC induces the separation of this circulation in two different eddies, one in the GoL and the other in the Catalan shelf. These eddies exhibit strong interaction between them, resulting in important exchanges between the two coastal regions. On one hand the Catalan eddy causes a heat transfer to the GoL; and, on the other hand, the interaction between the GoL eddy and a topographic barrier (Cap Creus) leads to a transfer of energy to the Catalan eddy. In order to quantify this exchange, a balance of kinetic energy has been analyzed from the model results. Numerical results are also discussed in comparison with in situ observations collected during the Latex09 campaign (August 24-28, 2009). The analysis of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) satellite images, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and Lagrangian drifter trajectories, confirmed the above interpretation derived from numerical model.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6196B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.6196B"><span>A submesoscale coherent vortex in the Ligurian Sea: From dynamical barriers to biological implications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bosse, Anthony; Testor, Pierre; Mayot, Nicolas; Prieur, Louis; D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio; Mortier, Laurent; Le Goff, Hervé; Gourcuff, Claire; Coppola, Laurent; Lavigne, Héloïse; Raimbault, Patrick</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>In June 2013, a glider equipped with oxygen and fluorescence sensors has been used to extensively sample an anticyclonic Submesoscale Coherent Vortex (SCV) in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean Sea). Those measurements are complemented by full-depth CTD casts (T, S, and oxygen) and water samples documenting nutrients and phytoplankton pigments within the SCV and outside. The SCV has a very homogeneous core of oxygenated waters between 300 and 1200 m formed 4.5 months earlier during the winter deep convection event. It has a strong dynamical signature with peak velocities at 700 m depth of 13.9 cm s-1 in cyclogeostrophic balance. The eddy has a small radius of 6.2 km corresponding to high Rossby number of -0.45. The vorticity at the eddy center reaches -0.8f. Cross-stream isopycnic diffusion of tracers between the eddy core and the surroundings is found to be very limited due to dynamical barriers set by the SCV associated with a diffusivity coefficient of about 0.2 m2 s-1. The deep core is nutrients-depleted with concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate, 13-18% lower than the rich surrounding waters. However, the nutriclines are shifted of about 20-50 m toward the surface thus increasing the nutrients availability for phytoplankton. Chlorophyll-a concentrations at the deep chlorophyll maximum are subsequently about twice bigger as compared to outside. Pigments further reveal the predominance of nanophytoplankton inside the eddy and an enhancement of the primary productivity. This study demonstrates the important impact of postconvective SCVs on nutrients distribution and phytoplankton community, as well as on the subsequent primary production and carbon sequestration.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryDue to harsh meteorological conditions in winter, a few places of the world's ocean experience an intense cooling of their surface waters that start to sink in a process called oceanic deep convection. It is crucial for the functioning of the ocean, but also the marine biology as it brings oxygen deep below the surface and nutrients up to the surface thereby stimulating phytoplankton growth. In this study, we describe with unprecedented details the physics and its biological implications of an eddy formed after a convective event occurring in winter 2013 south of France in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. This oceanic eddy has a radius of about 6 km and a subsurface signature with intensified rotation of about 15 cm/s at around 750 m. Its size is rather small for an oceanic eddy and makes it particularly challenging to sample and detect. This type of eddies are able to live for years in the quiescent deep ocean and this specimen was observed 4.5 months after its formation. Water samples collected by a ship inside the eddy enable us to further evaluate for the first time its influence on the nutrients concentration, as well as on the phytoplankton size group.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JTurb..18..854V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JTurb..18..854V"><span>Subgrid-scale scalar flux modelling based on optimal estimation theory and machine-learning procedures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Vollant, A.; Balarac, G.; Corre, C.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>New procedures are explored for the development of models in the context of large eddy simulation (LES) of a passive scalar. They rely on the combination of the optimal estimator theory with machine-learning algorithms. The concept of optimal estimator allows to identify the most accurate set of parameters to be used when deriving a model. The model itself can then be defined by training an artificial neural network (ANN) on a database derived from the filtering of direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. This procedure leads to a subgrid scale model displaying good structural performance, which allows to perform LESs very close to the filtered DNS results. However, this first procedure does not control the functional performance so that the model can fail when the flow configuration differs from the training database. Another procedure is then proposed, where the model functional form is imposed and the ANN used only to define the model coefficients. The training step is a bi-objective optimisation in order to control both structural and functional performances. The model derived from this second procedure proves to be more robust. It also provides stable LESs for a turbulent plane jet flow configuration very far from the training database but over-estimates the mixing process in that case.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PEPI..274...49B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PEPI..274...49B"><span>Numerical solution of a non-linear conservation law applicable to the interior dynamics of partially molten planets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bower, Dan J.; Sanan, Patrick; Wolf, Aaron S.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The energy balance of a partially molten rocky planet can be expressed as a non-linear diffusion equation using mixing length theory to quantify heat transport by both convection and mixing of the melt and solid phases. Crucially, in this formulation the effective or eddy diffusivity depends on the entropy gradient, ∂S / ∂r , as well as entropy itself. First we present a simplified model with semi-analytical solutions that highlights the large dynamic range of ∂S / ∂r -around 12 orders of magnitude-for physically-relevant parameters. It also elucidates the thermal structure of a magma ocean during the earliest stage of crystal formation. This motivates the development of a simple yet stable numerical scheme able to capture the large dynamic range of ∂S / ∂r and hence provide a flexible and robust method for time-integrating the energy equation. Using insight gained from the simplified model, we consider a full model, which includes energy fluxes associated with convection, mixing, gravitational separation, and conduction that all depend on the thermophysical properties of the melt and solid phases. This model is discretised and evolved by applying the finite volume method (FVM), allowing for extended precision calculations and using ∂S / ∂r as the solution variable. The FVM is well-suited to this problem since it is naturally energy conserving, flexible, and intuitive to incorporate arbitrary non-linear fluxes that rely on lookup data. Special attention is given to the numerically challenging scenario in which crystals first form in the centre of a magma ocean. The computational framework we devise is immediately applicable to modelling high melt fraction phenomena in Earth and planetary science research. Furthermore, it provides a template for solving similar non-linear diffusion equations that arise in other science and engineering disciplines, particularly for non-linear functional forms of the diffusion coefficient.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.H51K1361Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.H51K1361Z"><span>Effects of cold front passage on turbulent fluxes over a large inland water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Q.; Liu, H.</p> <p>2011-12-01</p> <p>Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat over a large inland water in southern USA were measured using the eddy covariance method through the year of 2008. In addition, net radiation, air temperatures and relative humidity, and water temperature in different depths were also measured. The specific objective of this study is to examine effects of a cold front passage on the surface energy fluxes. For the typical cold front event selected from April 11 to 14, air temperature decreased by 16°C, while surface temperature only dropped 6°C. Atmospheric vapor pressure decreased by 1.6 kPa, while that in the water-air interface dropped 0.7 kPa. The behavior difference in the water-air interface was caused by the passage of cold, dry air masses immediately behind the cold front. During the cold front event, sensible heat and latent heat flux increased by 171 W m-2 and 284 W m-2, respectively. Linear aggression analysis showed that the sensible heat flux was proportional to the product of wind speed and the temperature gradient of water-air interface, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Latent heat flux was proportional to the product of wind speed and vapor pressure difference between the water surface and overlaying atmosphere, with a correlation coefficient of 0.81. Also, the correlations between both fluxes and the wind speed were weak. This result indicated that the strong wind associated with the cold front event contributed to the turbulent mixing, which indirectly enhanced surface energy exchange between the water surface and the atmosphere. The relationship between the water heat storage energy and turbulent fluxes was also examined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920043091&hterms=high+reaction+chemicals&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dhigh%2Breaction%2Bchemicals','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920043091&hterms=high+reaction+chemicals&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dhigh%2Breaction%2Bchemicals"><span>Model free simulations of a high speed reacting mixing layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steinberger, Craig J.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The effects of compressibility, chemical reaction exothermicity and non-equilibrium chemical modeling in a combusting plane mixing layer were investigated by means of two-dimensional model free numerical simulations. It was shown that increased compressibility generally had a stabilizing effect, resulting in reduced mixing and chemical reaction conversion rate. The appearance of 'eddy shocklets' in the flow was observed at high convective Mach numbers. Reaction exothermicity was found to enhance mixing at the initial stages of the layer's growth, but had a stabilizing effect at later times. Calculations were performed for a constant rate chemical rate kinetics model and an Arrhenius type kinetics prototype. The Arrhenius model was found to cause a greater temperature increase due to reaction than the constant kinetics model. This had the same stabilizing effect as increasing the exothermicity of the reaction. Localized flame quenching was also observed when the Zeldovich number was relatively large.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDM34001R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDM34001R"><span>Two-step simulation of velocity and passive scalar mixing at high Schmidt number in turbulent jets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rah, K. Jeff; Blanquart, Guillaume</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>Simulation of passive scalar in the high Schmidt number turbulent mixing process requires higher computational cost than that of velocity fields, because the scalar is associated with smaller length scales than velocity. Thus, full simulation of both velocity and passive scalar with high Sc for a practical configuration is difficult to perform. In this work, a new approach to simulate velocity and passive scalar mixing at high Sc is suggested to reduce the computational cost. First, the velocity fields are resolved by Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Then, by extracting the velocity information from LES, the scalar inside a moving fluid blob is simulated by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). This two-step simulation method is applied to a turbulent jet and provides a new way to examine a scalar mixing process in a practical application with smaller computational cost. NSF, Samsung Scholarship.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960000263','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19960000263"><span>Thermomagnetic phenomena in the mixed state of high temperature superconductors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Meilikhov, E. Z.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Galvano- and thermomagnetic-phenomena in high temperature superconductors, based on kinetic coefficients, are discussed, along with a connection between the electric field and the heat flow in superconductor mixed state. The relationship that determines the transport coefficients of high temperature superconductors in the mixed state based on Seebeck and Nernst effects is developed. It is shown that this relationship is true for a whole transition region of the resistive mixed state of a superconductor. Peltier, Ettingshausen and Righi-Leduc effects associated with heat conductivity as related to high temperature superconductors are also addressed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSHI54A1836M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSHI54A1836M"><span>Eddy Generation and Shedding in a Tidally Energetic Channel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>McIlvenny, J.; Gillibrand, P. A.; Walters, R. A.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>The Pentland Firth in northern Scotland, and its subsidiary channel the Inner Sound, are currently under scrutiny as the first tidal energy array in the world is installed during 2016. The tidal flows in the channel and sound have been intensively observed and modelled in recent years, and the turbulent nature of the flow, with features of eddy generation and shedding, is becoming increasingly well known. Turbulence and eddies pose potential risks to the turbine infrastructure through enhanced stress on the blades, while understanding environmental effects of energy extraction also requires accurate simulation of the hydrodynamics of the flow. Here, we apply a mixed finite element/finite volume hydrodynamic model to the northern Scottish shelf, with a particular focus on flows through the Pentland Firth and the Inner Sound. We use an unstructured grid model, which allows the open boundaries to be far removed from the region of interest, while still allowing a grid spacing of 40m in the Inner Sound. The model employs semi-implicit techniques to solve the momentum and free surface equations, and semi-Lagrangian methods to solve the material derivative in the momentum equation, making it fast, robust and accurate and suitable for simulating flows in irregular coastal ocean environments. The model is well suited to address questions relating to tidal energy potential. We present numerical simulations of tidal currents in The Pentland Firth and Inner Sound. Observed velocities in the Inner Sound, measured by moored ADCP deployments, reach speeds of up to 5 m s-1 and the model successfully reproduces these strong currents. In the simulations, eddies are formed by interactions between the strong flow and the northern and southern headlands on the island of Stroma; some of these eddies are trapped and remain locked in position, whereas others are shed and transported away from the generation zone. We track the development and advection of eddies in relation to the site of the tidal energy farm, and we compare the simulated locations of eddies with observed seabed sediment distributions in the Inner Sound. Simulations with and without the presence of tidal turbines in the Inner Sound are presented, and the potential impact of the turbines on sediment dynamics is considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HTMP...37...25Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HTMP...37...25Z"><span>The Effect of a Dissipative Ladle Shroud on Mixing in Tundish: Mathematical and Experimental Modelling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Jiangshan; Yang, Shufeng; Li, Jingshe; Tang, Haiyan; Jiang, Zhengyi</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>The effect of a dissipative ladle shroud (DLS) on mixing in tundish was investigated, compared with that of a conventional ladle shroud (CLS) using mathematical and physical modelling. The tracer profiles of mathematical results, achieved using large eddy simulation, were validated by physical observations employing high-speed cinephotography. The design of a DLS dramatically changed the flow patterns and contributed the intermixing of fluid elements inside the ladle shroud. The vortex flow encouraged the turbulent mixing and was verified by tracking of physical tracer dispersion inside the DLS. Residence Time Distribution (RTD) curves were obtained in two different sized tundishes to examine the mixing behaviours. The findings indicated that the DLS benefited the tundish mixing in terms of increasing active volume. The effect seemed to be more remarkable in the smaller tundish. The DLS gave rise to a more plug-like flow pattern inside the tundish, showing potential to shorten the transition length during grade change.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8443K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..19.8443K"><span>A Kolmogorov-Brutsaert Structure Function Model for Evaporation from a Rough Surface into a Turbulent Atmosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Katul, Gabriel; Liu, Heping</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>In his 1881 acceptance letter of the Rumford Medal, Gibbs declared that "One of the principal objects of theoretical research is to find the point of view from which the subject appears in the greatest simplicity". Guided by this quotation, the subject of evaporation into the atmosphere from rough surfaces by turbulence offered in a 1965 study by Brutsaert is re-examined. Brutsaert proposed a model that predicted mean evaporation rate E from rough surfaces to scale with the 3/4 power-law of the friction velocity (u∗) and the square-root of molecular diffusivity (Dm) for water vapor. This result was supported by a large corpus of experiments and spawned a number of studies on inter-facial transfer of scalars, evaporation from porous media at single and multiple pore scales, bulk evaporation from bare soil surfaces, as well as isotopic fractionation in hydrological applications. It also correctly foreshadowed the much discussed 1/4 'universal' scaling of liquid transfer coefficients of sparingly soluble gases in air-sea exchange studies. In arriving at these results, a number of assumptions were made regarding the surface renewal rate describing the contact durations between eddies and the evaporating surface, the diffusional mass process from the surface into eddies, and the cascade of turbulent kinetic energy sustaining the eddy renewal process itself. The anzats explored here is that E ˜√Dm-u∗3/4 is a direct outcome of the Kolmogorov scaling for inertial subrange eddies modified to include viscous-cutoff thereby by-passing the need for a surface renewal assumption. It is demonstrated that Brutsaert's model for E may be more general than its original derivation assumed. Extensions to canopy surfaces as well as other scalars with different molecular Schmidt numbers are also featured.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.H42A1065P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AGUFM.H42A1065P"><span>Variation of Evaporation Across a Corn-Soybean Production Region in Central Iowa</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prueger, J. H.; Hatfield, J. L.; Kustas, W. P.</p> <p>2003-12-01</p> <p>Evaporation from production corn-soybean surfaces is often assumed to be uniform across a regional extent such as the Upper Midwest in the U.S.; however, there are few direct measurements of the spatial and temporal variation of evaporation to support this assumption. During a soil moisture remote sensing study in the summer of 2002 (SMEX02), fourteen energy balance stations complete with net radiometers, soil heat flux plates, a three-dimensional sonic anemometer, and fast response CO2-H2O sensors (eddy covariance) were deployed across an 25-kilometer corn-soybean production watershed in central Iowa south of Ames, Iowa. Data were collected beginning in mid-May through August and summarized into half-hourly and daily intervals. Two intercomparisons of all eddy covariance systems were conducted, one prior to the SMEX02 study (May 2002) over an alfalfa field and one after the study over a grass surface in August (2002). The coefficient of variation among the eddy covariance instruments was less than 7%. Latent heat flux values among corn and soybean fields that were greater than 7% were considered to be real differences in evaporation among fields. Diurnal differences in net radiation and latent heat fluxes were evident among both corn and soybean fields and when seasonal totals were evaluated the differences persisted. Variation in latent heat flux among corn and soybeans was attributed to soil type, water availability and spatial variation of precipitation across the watershed. The results from fourteen eddy covariance stations provide a measure of the spatial variation in latent heat flux across a region that is considered to be relatively homogenous. This information will aid in evaluating regional evaporation models.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801556','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801556"><span>Large eddy simulation of transitional flow in an idealized stenotic blood vessel: evaluation of subgrid scale models.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Pal, Abhro; Anupindi, Kameswararao; Delorme, Yann; Ghaisas, Niranjan; Shetty, Dinesh A; Frankel, Steven H</p> <p>2014-07-01</p> <p>In the present study, we performed large eddy simulation (LES) of axisymmetric, and 75% stenosed, eccentric arterial models with steady inflow conditions at a Reynolds number of 1000. The results obtained are compared with the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data (Varghese et al., 2007, "Direct Numerical Simulation of Stenotic Flows. Part 1. Steady Flow," J. Fluid Mech., 582, pp. 253-280). An inhouse code (WenoHemo) employing high-order numerical methods for spatial and temporal terms, along with a 2nd order accurate ghost point immersed boundary method (IBM) (Mark, and Vanwachem, 2008, "Derivation and Validation of a Novel Implicit Second-Order Accurate Immersed Boundary Method," J. Comput. Phys., 227(13), pp. 6660-6680) for enforcing boundary conditions on curved geometries is used for simulations. Three subgrid scale (SGS) models, namely, the classical Smagorinsky model (Smagorinsky, 1963, "General Circulation Experiments With the Primitive Equations," Mon. Weather Rev., 91(10), pp. 99-164), recently developed Vreman model (Vreman, 2004, "An Eddy-Viscosity Subgrid-Scale Model for Turbulent Shear Flow: Algebraic Theory and Applications," Phys. Fluids, 16(10), pp. 3670-3681), and the Sigma model (Nicoud et al., 2011, "Using Singular Values to Build a Subgrid-Scale Model for Large Eddy Simulations," Phys. Fluids, 23(8), 085106) are evaluated in the present study. Evaluation of SGS models suggests that the classical constant coefficient Smagorinsky model gives best agreement with the DNS data, whereas the Vreman and Sigma models predict an early transition to turbulence in the poststenotic region. Supplementary simulations are performed using Open source field operation and manipulation (OpenFOAM) ("OpenFOAM," http://www.openfoam.org/) solver and the results are inline with those obtained with WenoHemo.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25875193','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25875193"><span>Segmentation and tracking of anticyclonic eddies during a submarine volcanic eruption using ocean colour imagery.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Marcello, Javier; Eugenio, Francisco; Estrada-Allis, Sheila; Sangrà, Pablo</p> <p>2015-04-14</p> <p>The eruptive phase of a submarine volcano located 2 km away from the southern coast of El Hierro Island started on October 2011. This extraordinary event provoked a dramatic perturbation of the water column. In order to understand and quantify the environmental impacts caused, a regular multidisciplinary monitoring was carried out using remote sensing sensors. In this context, we performed the systematic processing of every MODIS and MERIS and selected high resolution Worldview-2 imagery to provide information on the concentration of a number of biological, physical and chemical parameters. On the other hand, the eruption provided an exceptional source of tracer that allowed the study a variety of oceanographic structures. Specifically, the Canary Islands belong to a very active zone of long-lived eddies. Such structures are usually monitored using sea level anomaly fields. However these products have coarse spatial resolution and they are not suitable to perform submesoscale studies. Thanks to the volcanic tracer, detailed studies were undertaken with ocean colour imagery allowing, using the diffuse attenuation coefficient, to monitor the process of filamentation and axisymmetrization predicted by theoretical studies and numerical modelling. In our work, a novel 2-step segmentation methodology has been developed. The approach incorporates different segmentation algorithms and region growing techniques. In particular, the first step obtains an initial eddy segmentation using thresholding or clustering methods and, next, the fine detail is achieved by the iterative identification of the points to grow and the subsequent application of watershed or thresholding strategies. The methodology has demonstrated an excellent performance and robustness and it has proven to properly capture the eddy and its filaments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdWR..111..435C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdWR..111..435C"><span>Eddy interaction model for turbulent suspension in Reynolds-averaged Euler-Lagrange simulations of steady sheet flow</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cheng, Zhen; Chauchat, Julien; Hsu, Tian-Jian; Calantoni, Joseph</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A Reynolds-averaged Euler-Lagrange sediment transport model (CFDEM-EIM) was developed for steady sheet flow, where the inter-granular interactions were resolved and the flow turbulence was modeled with a low Reynolds number corrected k - ω turbulence closure modified for two-phase flows. To model the effect of turbulence on the sediment suspension, the interaction between the turbulent eddies and particles was simulated with an eddy interaction model (EIM). The EIM was first calibrated with measurements from dilute suspension experiments. We demonstrated that the eddy-interaction model was able to reproduce the well-known Rouse profile for suspended sediment concentration. The model results were found to be sensitive to the choice of the coefficient, C0, associated with the turbulence-sediment interaction time. A value C0 = 3 was suggested to match the measured concentration in the dilute suspension. The calibrated CFDEM-EIM was used to model a steady sheet flow experiment of lightweight coarse particles and yielded reasonable agreements with measured velocity, concentration and turbulence kinetic energy profiles. Further numerical experiments for sheet flow suggested that when C0 was decreased to C0 < 3, the simulation under-predicted the amount of suspended sediment in the dilute region and the Schmidt number is over-predicted (Sc > 1.0). Additional simulations for a range of Shields parameters between 0.3 and 1.2 confirmed that CFDEM-EIM was capable of predicting sediment transport rates similar to empirical formulations. Based on the analysis of sediment transport rate and transport layer thickness, the EIM and the resulting suspended load were shown to be important when the fall parameter is less than 1.25.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BoLMe.150..235S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BoLMe.150..235S"><span>Influence from Surrounding Land on the Turbulence Measurements Above a Lake</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sahlée, Erik; Rutgersson, Anna; Podgrajsek, Eva; Bergström, Hans</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>Turbulence measurements taken at a Swedish lake are analyzed. Although the measurements took place over a relatively large lake with several km of undisturbed fetch, the turbulence structure was found to be highly influenced by the surrounding land during daytime. Variance spectra of both horizontal velocity and scalars during both unstable and stable stratification displayed a low frequency peak. The energy at lower frequencies showed a daily variation, increasing in the morning and decreasing in the afternoon. This behaviour is explained by spectral lag, where the low frequency energy due to large eddies that originate from the convective boundary layer above the surrounding land. When the air is advected over the lake the small eddies rapidly equilibrate with the new surface forcing. However, the large eddies remain for an appreciable distance and influence the turbulence in the developing lake boundary layer. The variances of the horizontal velocity and scalars are increased by these large eddies, while the turbulent fluxes are mainly unaffected. The drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number used to parametrize the momentum flux, heat flux and latent heat flux respectively all compare well with current parametrizations developed for open sea conditions. The diurnal cycle of the partial pressure of methane, pCH4, observed at this site is closely related to the diurnal cycle of the lake-air methane flux. An idealized two-dimensional model simulation of the boundary layer at a lake site indicates that the strong response of pCH4 to the surface methane flux is due to the shallow internal boundary layer that develops above the lake, allowing methane to accumulate in a relatively small volume.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3804469','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3804469"><span>Correcting for Strong Eddy Current Induced B0 Modulation Enables Two-Spoke RF Pulse Design with Parallel Transmission: Demonstration at 9.4T in the Human Brain</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wu, Xiaoping; Adriany, Gregor; Ugurbil, Kamil; Van de Moortele, Pierre-Francois</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Successful implementation of homogeneous slice-selective RF excitation in the human brain at 9.4T using 16-channel parallel transmission (pTX) is demonstrated. A novel three-step pulse design method incorporating fast real-time measurement of eddy current induced B0 variations as well as correction of resulting phase errors during excitation is described. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed method, phantom and in-vivo experiments targeting a uniform excitation in an axial slice were conducted using two-spoke pTX pulses. Even with the pre-emphasis activated, eddy current induced B0 variations with peak-to-peak values greater than 4 kHz were observed on our system during the rapid switches of slice selective gradients. This large B0 variation, when not corrected, resulted in drastically degraded excitation fidelity with the coefficient of variation (CV) of the flip angle calculated for the region of interest being large (∼12% in the phantom and ∼35% in the brain). By comparison, excitation fidelity was effectively restored, and satisfactory flip angle uniformity was achieved when using the proposed method, with the CV value reduced to ∼3% in the phantom and ∼8% in the brain. Additionally, experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical predictions obtained from Bloch simulations. Slice-selective flip angle homogenization in the human brain at 9.4T using 16-channel 3D spoke pTX pulses is achievable despite of large eddy current induced excitation phase errors; correcting for the latter was critical in this success. PMID:24205098</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA579660','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA579660"><span>Variational Data Assimilation for the Global Ocean</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>ocean includes the Geoid (a fixed gravity equipotential surface ) as well as the MDT, which is not known accurately enough relative to the centimeter...scales, including processes that control the surface mixed layer, the formation of ocean eddies, meandering ocean J.A. Cummings (E3) nography Division...variables. Examples of this in the ocean are integral quantities, such as acous^B travel time and altimeter measures of sea surface height, and direct</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850021170&hterms=planetary+boundaries&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dplanetary%2Bboundaries','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850021170&hterms=planetary+boundaries&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dplanetary%2Bboundaries"><span>Large-Eddy Simulation in Planetary Boundary-Layer Research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wyngaard, J. C.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The structure and dynamics of the convective boundary layer are discussed. The vertical transport of a conservative, passive scalar was simulated. Also studied were the statistics by top-down and bottom-up scalar fields. Substantial differences were found between them due, presumably, to the asymmetry in the convective boundary layer. A generalization of mixed-layer scaling was developed which allows one to include the effects of top-down diffusion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090025444','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090025444"><span>Turbulent CO2 Flux Measurements by Lidar: Length Scales, Results and Comparison with In-Situ Sensors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gilbert, Fabien; Koch, Grady J.; Beyon, Jeffrey Y.; Hilton, Timothy W.; Davis, Kenneth J.; Andrews, Arlyn; Ismail, Syed; Singh, Upendra N.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>The vertical CO2 flux in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is investigated with a Doppler differential absorption lidar (DIAL). The instrument was operated next to the WLEF instrumented tall tower in Park Falls, Wisconsin during three days and nights in June 2007. Profiles of turbulent CO2 mixing ratio and vertical velocity fluctuations are measured by in-situ sensors and Doppler DIAL. Time and space scales of turbulence are precisely defined in the ABL. The eddy-covariance method is applied to calculate turbulent CO2 flux both by lidar and in-situ sensors. We show preliminary mean lidar CO2 flux measurements in the ABL with a time and space resolution of 6 h and 1500 m respectively. The flux instrumental errors decrease linearly with the standard deviation of the CO2 data, as expected. Although turbulent fluctuations of CO2 are negligible with respect to the mean (0.1 %), we show that the eddy-covariance method can provide 2-h, 150-m range resolved CO2 flux estimates as long as the CO2 mixing ratio instrumental error is no greater than 10 ppm and the vertical velocity error is lower than the natural fluctuations over a time resolution of 10 s.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1412853-computing-eddy-driven-effective-diffusivity-using-lagrangian-particles','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1412853-computing-eddy-driven-effective-diffusivity-using-lagrangian-particles"><span>Computing eddy-driven effective diffusivity using Lagrangian particles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Wolfram, Phillip J.; Ringler, Todd D.</p> <p>2017-08-14</p> <p>A novel method to derive effective diffusivity from Lagrangian particle trajectory data sets is developed and then analyzed relative to particle-derived meridional diffusivity for eddy-driven mixing in an idealized circumpolar current. Quantitative standard dispersion- and transport-based mixing diagnostics are defined, compared and contrasted to motivate the computation and use of effective diffusivity derived from Lagrangian particles. We compute the effective diffusivity by first performing scalar transport on Lagrangian control areas using stored trajectories computed from online Lagrangian In-situ Global High-performance particle Tracking (LIGHT) using the Model for Prediction Across Scales Ocean (MPAS-O). Furthermore, the Lagrangian scalar transport scheme is comparedmore » against an Eulerian scalar transport scheme. Spatially-variable effective diffusivities are computed from resulting time-varying cumulative concentrations that vary as a function of cumulative area. The transport-based Eulerian and Lagrangian effective diffusivity diagnostics are found to be qualitatively consistent with the dispersion-based diffusivity. All diffusivity estimates show a region of increased subsurface diffusivity within the core of an idealized circumpolar current and results are within a factor of two of each other. The Eulerian and Lagrangian effective diffusivities are most similar; smaller and more spatially diffused values are obtained with the dispersion-based diffusivity computed with particle clusters.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDH34007A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDH34007A"><span>Large Eddy Simulations of Colorless Distributed Combustion Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abdulrahman, Husam F.; Jaberi, Farhad; Gupta, Ashwani</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Development of efficient and low-emission colorless distributed combustion (CDC) systems for gas turbine applications require careful examination of the role of various flow and combustion parameters. Numerical simulations of CDC in a laboratory-scale combustor have been conducted to carefully examine the effects of these parameters on the CDC. The computational model is based on a hybrid modeling approach combining large eddy simulation (LES) with the filtered mass density function (FMDF) equations, solved with high order numerical methods and complex chemical kinetics. The simulated combustor operates based on the principle of high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) and has shown to significantly reduce the NOx, and CO emissions while improving the reaction pattern factor and stability without using any flame stabilizer and with low pressure drop and noise. The focus of the current work is to investigate the mixing of air and hydrocarbon fuels and the non-premixed and premixed reactions within the combustor by the LES/FMDF with the reduced chemical kinetic mechanisms for the same flow conditions and configurations investigated experimentally. The main goal is to develop better CDC with higher mixing and efficiency, ultra-low emission levels and optimum residence time. The computational results establish the consistency and the reliability of LES/FMDF and its Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical methodology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAMES...7..423V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JAMES...7..423V"><span>The influence of misrepresenting the nocturnal boundary layer on idealized daytime convection in large-eddy simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>van Stratum, Bart J. H.; Stevens, Bjorn</p> <p>2015-06-01</p> <p>The influence of poorly resolving mixing processes in the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) on the development of the convective boundary layer the following day is studied using large-eddy simulation (LES). Guided by measurement data from meteorological sites in Cabauw (Netherlands) and Hamburg (Germany), the typical summertime NBL conditions for Western Europe are characterized, and used to design idealized (absence of moisture and large-scale forcings) numerical experiments of the diel cycle. Using the UCLA-LES code with a traditional Smagorinsky-Lilly subgrid model and a simplified land-surface scheme, a sensitivity study to grid spacing is performed. At horizontal grid spacings ranging from 3.125 m in which we are capable of resolving most turbulence in the cases of interest to grid a spacing of 100 m which is clearly insufficient to resolve the NBL, the ability of LES to represent the NBL and the influence of NBL biases on the subsequent daytime development of the convective boundary layer are examined. Although the low-resolution experiments produce substantial biases in the NBL, the influence on daytime convection is shown to be small, with biases in the afternoon boundary layer depth and temperature of approximately 100 m and 0.5 K, which partially cancel each other in terms of the mixed-layer top relative humidity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1412853','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1412853"><span>Computing eddy-driven effective diffusivity using Lagrangian particles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wolfram, Phillip J.; Ringler, Todd D.</p> <p></p> <p>A novel method to derive effective diffusivity from Lagrangian particle trajectory data sets is developed and then analyzed relative to particle-derived meridional diffusivity for eddy-driven mixing in an idealized circumpolar current. Quantitative standard dispersion- and transport-based mixing diagnostics are defined, compared and contrasted to motivate the computation and use of effective diffusivity derived from Lagrangian particles. We compute the effective diffusivity by first performing scalar transport on Lagrangian control areas using stored trajectories computed from online Lagrangian In-situ Global High-performance particle Tracking (LIGHT) using the Model for Prediction Across Scales Ocean (MPAS-O). Furthermore, the Lagrangian scalar transport scheme is comparedmore » against an Eulerian scalar transport scheme. Spatially-variable effective diffusivities are computed from resulting time-varying cumulative concentrations that vary as a function of cumulative area. The transport-based Eulerian and Lagrangian effective diffusivity diagnostics are found to be qualitatively consistent with the dispersion-based diffusivity. All diffusivity estimates show a region of increased subsurface diffusivity within the core of an idealized circumpolar current and results are within a factor of two of each other. The Eulerian and Lagrangian effective diffusivities are most similar; smaller and more spatially diffused values are obtained with the dispersion-based diffusivity computed with particle clusters.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTB..tmp...33J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTB..tmp...33J"><span>Large Eddy Simulations of Electromagnetic Braking Effects on Argon Bubble Transport and Capture in a Steel Continuous Casting Mold</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jin, Kai; Vanka, Surya P.; Thomas, Brian G.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>In continuous casting of steel, argon gas is often injected to prevent clogging of the nozzle, but the bubbles affect the flow pattern, and may become entrapped to form defects in the final product. Further, an electromagnetic field is frequently applied to induce a braking effect on the flow field and modify the inclusion transport. In this study, a previously validated GPU-based in-house code CUFLOW is used to investigate the effect of electromagnetic braking on turbulent flow, bubble transport, and capture. Well-resolved large eddy simulations are combined with two-way coupled Lagrangian computations of the bubbles. The drag coefficient on the bubbles is modified to account for the effects of the magnetic field. The distribution of the argon bubbles, capture, and escape rates, are presented and compared with and without the magnetic field. The bubble capture patterns are also compared with results of a previous RANS model as well as with plant measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTB...49.1360J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MMTB...49.1360J"><span>Large Eddy Simulations of Electromagnetic Braking Effects on Argon Bubble Transport and Capture in a Steel Continuous Casting Mold</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jin, Kai; Vanka, Surya P.; Thomas, Brian G.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>In continuous casting of steel, argon gas is often injected to prevent clogging of the nozzle, but the bubbles affect the flow pattern, and may become entrapped to form defects in the final product. Further, an electromagnetic field is frequently applied to induce a braking effect on the flow field and modify the inclusion transport. In this study, a previously validated GPU-based in-house code CUFLOW is used to investigate the effect of electromagnetic braking on turbulent flow, bubble transport, and capture. Well-resolved large eddy simulations are combined with two-way coupled Lagrangian computations of the bubbles. The drag coefficient on the bubbles is modified to account for the effects of the magnetic field. The distribution of the argon bubbles, capture, and escape rates, are presented and compared with and without the magnetic field. The bubble capture patterns are also compared with results of a previous RANS model as well as with plant measurements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810054292&hterms=vertical+integration&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dvertical%2Bintegration','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810054292&hterms=vertical+integration&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dvertical%2Bintegration"><span>The altitude distribution of the Venus ultraviolet nightglow and implications on vertical transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gerard, J. C.; Stewart, A. I. F.; Bougher, S. W.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The altitude distribution of the nitric oxide nightglow was measured with an ultraviolet spectrometer on board Pioneer Venus, in order to study the effects of the distribution on the Venus nightside lower thermosphere transport properties. Limb profiles were obtained with an 8 ms integration period on several orbits near periapsis. The observations were made between P minus 2 min and P plus 4 min, where altitude ranges between 150 and 350 km, and latitude varies from 24 degrees N to 9 degrees S. A method independent of the spacecraft attitude data was used to fit the observed limb profiles, and to find the altitude of the maximum of the layer (115 plus or minus 2 km), and the topside scale height (about 3 km). It is shown that downward transport by diffusion alone is not sufficient, and if vertical motion is parameterized by eddy diffusion, an eddy diffusion coefficient is deduced from the altitude of the layer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhFlA...2..814N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PhFlA...2..814N"><span>The effects of intermittency on statistical characteristics of turbulence and scale similarity of breakdown coefficients</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Novikov, E. A.</p> <p>1990-05-01</p> <p>The influence of intermittency on turbulent diffusion is expressed in terms of the statistics of the dissipation field. The high-order moments of relative diffusion are obtained by using the concept of scale similarity of the breakdown coefficients (bdc). The method of bdc is useful for obtaining new models and general results, which then can be expressed in terms of multifractals. In particular, the concavity and other properties of spectral codimension are proved. Special attention is paid to the logarithmically periodic modulations. The parametrization of small-scale intermittent turbulence, which can be used for large-eddy simulation, is presented. The effect of molecular viscosity is taken into account in the spirit of the renorm group, but without spectral series, ɛ expansion, and fictitious random forces.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531505','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531505"><span>Large eddy simulation applications in gas turbines.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Menzies, Kevin</p> <p>2009-07-28</p> <p>The gas turbine presents significant challenges to any computational fluid dynamics techniques. The combination of a wide range of flow phenomena with complex geometry is difficult to model in the context of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solvers. We review the potential for large eddy simulation (LES) in modelling the flow in the different components of the gas turbine during a practical engineering design cycle. We show that while LES has demonstrated considerable promise for reliable prediction of many flows in the engine that are difficult for RANS it is not a panacea and considerable application challenges remain. However, for many flows, especially those dominated by shear layer mixing such as in combustion chambers and exhausts, LES has demonstrated a clear superiority over RANS for moderately complex geometries although at significantly higher cost which will remain an issue in making the calculations relevant within the design cycle.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ThApC..46..163B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ThApC..46..163B"><span>Applying a simple three-dimensional eddy correlation system for latent and sensible heat flux to contrasting forest canopies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bernhofer, Ch.</p> <p>1992-06-01</p> <p>A simple eddy correlation system is presented that allows on-line calculation of latent and sensible heat fluxes. The system is composed of a three dimensional propeller anemometer, a thermocouple and a capacitance relative humidity sensor. Results from two contrasting sites demonstrate the capability of the system to measure turbulent fluxes under varying conditions. A dry mixed (dominantly coniferous) forest in hilly terrain in Austria is compared to a well irrigated, heavily transpiring, deciduous pecan orchard in the Southwest of the US. The US site shows insufficient closure of the energy balance that is attributed to non-turbulent fluxes under advective conditions in a stable boundary layer (Blanford et al., 1991) while the Austrian site exhibits almost perfect closure with the use of the very same instruments when the boundary layer is convective and advection is negligible.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJTJE..34...75S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJTJE..34...75S"><span>Numerical Investigation of a Model Scramjet Combustor Using DDES</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shin, Junsu; Sung, Hong-Gye</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Non-reactive flows moving through a model scramjet were investigated using a delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES), which is a hybrid scheme combining Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes scheme and a large eddy simulation. The three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations were solved numerically on a structural grid using finite volume methods. An in-house was developed. This code used a monotonic upstream-centered scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL) with an advection upstream splitting method by pressure weight function (AUSMPW+) for space. In addition, a 4th order Runge-Kutta scheme was used with preconditioning for time integration. The geometries and boundary conditions of a scramjet combustor operated by DLR, a German aerospace center, were considered. The profiles of the lower wall pressure and axial velocity obtained from a time-averaged solution were compared with experimental results. Also, the mixing efficiency and total pressure recovery factor were provided in order to inspect the performance of the combustor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005APS..DFD.KS007P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005APS..DFD.KS007P"><span>Large Eddy simulation of compressible flows with a low-numerical dissipation patch-based adaptive mesh refinement method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pantano, Carlos</p> <p>2005-11-01</p> <p>We describe a hybrid finite difference method for large-eddy simulation (LES) of compressible flows with a low-numerical dissipation scheme and structured adaptive mesh refinement (SAMR). Numerical experiments and validation calculations are presented including a turbulent jet and the strongly shock-driven mixing of a Richtmyer-Meshkov instability. The approach is a conservative flux-based SAMR formulation and as such, it utilizes refinement to computational advantage. The numerical method for the resolved scale terms encompasses the cases of scheme alternation and internal mesh interfaces resulting from SAMR. An explicit centered scheme that is consistent with a skew-symmetric finite difference formulation is used in turbulent flow regions while a weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme is employed to capture shocks. The subgrid stresses and transports are calculated by means of the streched-vortex model, Misra & Pullin (1997)</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015P%26SS..113..226P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015P%26SS..113..226P"><span>Photochemical control of the distribution of Venusian water</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parkinson, Christopher D.; Gao, Peter; Esposito, Larry; Yung, Yuk; Bougher, Stephen; Hirtzig, Mathieu</p> <p>2015-08-01</p> <p>We use the JPL/Caltech 1-D photochemical model to solve continuity diffusion equation for atmospheric constituent abundances and total number density as a function of radial distance from the planet Venus. Photochemistry of the Venus atmosphere from 58 to 112 km is modeled using an updated and expanded chemical scheme (Zhang et al., 2010, 2012), guided by the results of recent observations and we mainly follow these references in our choice of boundary conditions for 40 species. We model water between 10 and 35 ppm at our 58 km lower boundary using an SO2 mixing ratio of 25 ppm as our nominal reference value. We then vary the SO2 mixing ratio at the lower boundary between 5 and 75 ppm holding water mixing ratio of 18 ppm at the lower boundary and finding that it can control the water distribution at higher altitudes. SO2 and H2O can regulate each other via formation of H2SO4. In regions of high mixing ratios of SO2 there exists a "runaway effect" such that SO2 gets oxidized to SO3, which quickly soaks up H2O causing a major depletion of water between 70 and 100 km. Eddy diffusion sensitivity studies performed characterizing variability due to mixing that show less of an effect than varying the lower boundary mixing ratio value. However, calculations using our nominal eddy diffusion profile multiplied and divided by a factor of four can give an order of magnitude maximum difference in the SO2 mixing ratio and a factor of a few difference in the H2O mixing ratio when compared with the respective nominal mixing ratio for these two species. In addition to explaining some of the observed variability in SO2 and H2O on Venus, our work also sheds light on the observations of dark and bright contrasts at the Venus cloud tops observed in an ultraviolet spectrum. Our calculations produce results in agreement with the SOIR Venus Express results of 1 ppm at 70-90 km (Bertaux et al., 2007) by using an SO2 mixing ratio of 25 ppm SO2 and 18 ppm water as our nominal reference values. Timescales for a chemical bifurcation causing a collapse of water concentrations above the cloud tops (>64 km) are relatively short and on the order of a less than a few months, decreasing with altitude to less than a few days.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvB..75w5110L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvB..75w5110L"><span>Measurement of the Onsager coefficients of mixed ionic-electronic conduction in oxides</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Doh-Kwon; Yoo, Han-Ill</p> <p>2007-06-01</p> <p>In the phenomenon of mixed ionic-electronic conduction in solid state, a flow of mobile ions (Ji) may be induced not only directly by their own electrochemical potential gradient (∇ηi) , but also indirectly by that of electrons (∇ηe) , and vice versa for a flow of electrons (Je) or Jm=-Lmn∇ηn (m,n=i,e) . We have recently succeeded in determining experimentally all the four Onsager coefficients Lmn on the system of TiO2 , and reported [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 255901 (2006)] that the Onsager reciprocity is verified within 1.3% error bound (Lie/Lei=0.993±0.013) and contrary to the general belief, the cross coefficient is not only not negligible but also even larger than a direct one (1.5⩽Lie/Lii⩽3.7) . This paper details the experimental technique which allows one to measure all the Onsager coefficients in a mixed conductor oxide.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1367960-simultaneous-detection-water-methane-carbon-monoxide-atmosphere-exoplanet-hr','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1367960-simultaneous-detection-water-methane-carbon-monoxide-atmosphere-exoplanet-hr"><span>Simultaneous Detection of Water, Methane, and Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere of Exoplanet HR 8799 b</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Barman, Travis S.; Konopacky, Quinn M.; Macintosh, Bruce; ...</p> <p>2015-05-04</p> <p>Here, absorption lines from water, methane, and carbon monoxide are detected in the atmosphere of exoplanet HR 8799 b. A medium-resolution spectrum presented here shows well-resolved and easily identified spectral features from all three molecules across the K band. The majority of the lines are produced by CO and H 2O, but several lines clearly belong to CH 4. Comparisons between these data and atmosphere models covering a range of temperatures and gravities yield log mole fractions of H 2O between –3.09 and –3.91, CO between –3.30 and –3.72, and CH 4 between –5.06 and –5.85. More precise mole fractionsmore » are obtained for each temperature and gravity studied. A reanalysis of H-band data, previously obtained at a similar spectral resolution, results in a nearly identical water abundance as determined from the K-band spectrum. The methane abundance is shown to be sensitive to vertical mixing and indicates an eddy diffusion coefficient in the range of 10 6–10 8 cm 2 s –1, comparable to mixing in the deep troposphere of Jupiter. The model comparisons also indicate a carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) between ~0.58 and 0.7, encompassing previous estimates for a second planet in the same system, HR 8799 c. Super-stellar C/O could indicate planet formation by core-accretion; however, the range of possible C/O for these planets (and the star) is currently too large to comment strongly on planet formation. More precise values of the bulk properties (e.g., effective temperature and surface gravity) are needed for improved abundance estimates.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDQ31003P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DFDQ31003P"><span>Large Eddy Simulation of Wall-Bounded Turbulent Flows with the Lattice Boltzmann Method: Effect of Collision Model, SGS Model and Grid Resolution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pradhan, Aniruddhe; Akhavan, Rayhaneh</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Effect of collision model, subgrid-scale model and grid resolution in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of wall-bounded turbulent flows with the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is investigated in turbulent channel flow. The Single Relaxation Time (SRT) collision model is found to be more accurate than Multi-Relaxation Time (MRT) collision model in well-resolved LES. Accurate LES requires grid resolutions of Δ+ <= 4 in the near-wall region, which is comparable to Δ+ <= 2 required in DNS. At larger grid resolutions SRT becomes unstable, while MRT remains stable but gives unacceptably large errors. LES with no model gave errors comparable to the Dynamic Smagorinsky Model (DSM) and the Wall Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity (WALE) model. The resulting errors in the prediction of the friction coefficient in turbulent channel flow at a bulk Reynolds Number of 7860 (Reτ 442) with Δ+ = 4 and no-model, DSM and WALE were 1.7%, 2.6%, 3.1% with SRT, and 8.3% 7.5% 8.7% with MRT, respectively. These results suggest that LES of wall-bounded turbulent flows with LBM requires either grid-embedding in the near-wall region, with grid resolutions comparable to DNS, or a wall model. Results of LES with grid-embedding and wall models will be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSED14A1607P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUOSED14A1607P"><span>Detection and characterization of submesoscale eddies off the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pomales, L.; Morell, J. M.</p> <p>2016-02-01</p> <p>Ubiquitous submesoscale eddies (SE) have been reported to play a major role in upper ocean stirring, mixing and littoral water circulation. Remotely sensed ocean color imagery provided the first views of coherent submesoscale features all around the Puerto Rico coast. Operational numerical models for the region such as NCOM AMSEAS (3km and 3-hours) and global HYCOM (9km and 3-hours) are not able to resolve these. Deployments of High-Frequency Radars (HFRs) off the southwest coast of Puerto Rico now make possible hourly surface current observations which allow detection and characterization of the two dimensional structure of these submesoscale features. Numerical detection of these features has been achieved by the implementation of a vector geometry identification scheme on the HFR data, which has recently led to an exploratory analysis of a cyclonic persistent SE structure. The detected cyclone had a strong well-defined inner core structure coherency and a 13.86km radius, SE was manually confirmed using USF's Alternative Floating Algae Index satellite imagery (1km and daily), which showed the detected eddy center location had an offset of <8km from the real eddy center which was estimated thanks to a patch of floating algae, presumably Sargassum sp., entrained in its center. NCOM AMSEAS or HYCOM did not resolve the observed SE. Further work will focus on the 3D description of these SEs. HFR vector fields, XBT's, CTD's and Glider profile data will be used to characterize the horizontal and vertical extent of the dynamics involved with these SEs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123..971L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JGRC..123..971L"><span>Evaluating Southern Ocean Carbon Eddy-Pump From Biogeochemical-Argo Floats</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Llort, Joan; Langlais, C.; Matear, R.; Moreau, S.; Lenton, A.; Strutton, Peter G.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>The vertical transport of surface water and carbon into ocean's interior, known as subduction, is one of the main mechanisms through which the ocean influences Earth's climate. New instrumental approaches have shown the occurrence of localized and intermittent subduction episodes associated with small-scale ocean circulation features. These studies also revealed the importance of such events for the export of organic matter, the so-called eddy-pump. However, the transient and localized nature of episodic subduction hindered its large-scale evaluation to date. In this work, we present an approach to detect subduction events at the scale of the Southern Ocean using measurements collected by biogeochemical autonomous floats (BGCArgo). We show how subduction events can be automatically identified as anomalies of spiciness and Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) below the mixed layer. Using this methodology over more than 4,000 profiles, we detected 40 subduction events unevenly distributed across the Sothern Ocean. Events were more likely found in hot spots of eddy kinetic energy (EKE), downstream major bathymetric features. Moreover, the bio-optical measurements provided by BGCArgo allowed measuring the amount of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) being subducted and assessing the contribution of these events to the total downward carbon flux at 100 m (EP100). We estimated that the eddy-pump represents less than 19% to the EP100 in the Southern Ocean, although we observed particularly strong events able to locally duplicate the EP100. This approach provides a novel perspective on where episodic subduction occurs that will be naturally improved as BGCArgo observations continue to increase.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002132','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150002132"><span>Intercomparison of Large-Eddy Simulations of Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds: Importance of Ice Size Distribution Assumptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ovchinnikov, Mikhail; Ackerman, Andrew S.; Avramov, Alexander; Cheng, Anning; Fan, Jiwen; Fridlind, Ann M.; Ghan, Steven; Harrington, Jerry; Hoose, Corinna; Korolev, Alexei; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20150002132'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150002132_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20150002132_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150002132_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20150002132_hide"></p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Large-eddy simulations of mixed-phase Arctic clouds by 11 different models are analyzed with the goal of improving understanding and model representation of processes controlling the evolution of these clouds. In a case based on observations from the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC), it is found that ice number concentration, Ni, exerts significant influence on the cloud structure. Increasing Ni leads to a substantial reduction in liquid water path (LWP), in agreement with earlier studies. In contrast to previous intercomparison studies, all models here use the same ice particle properties (i.e., mass-size, mass-fall speed, and mass-capacitance relationships) and a common radiation parameterization. The constrained setup exposes the importance of ice particle size distributions (PSDs) in influencing cloud evolution. A clear separation in LWP and IWP predicted by models with bin and bulk microphysical treatments is documented and attributed primarily to the assumed shape of ice PSD used in bulk schemes. Compared to the bin schemes that explicitly predict the PSD, schemes assuming exponential ice PSD underestimate ice growth by vapor deposition and overestimate mass-weighted fall speed leading to an underprediction of IWP by a factor of two in the considered case. Sensitivity tests indicate LWP and IWP are much closer to the bin model simulations when a modified shape factor which is similar to that predicted by bin model simulation is used in bulk scheme. These results demonstrate the importance of representation of ice PSD in determining the partitioning of liquid and ice and the longevity of mixed-phase clouds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15..449B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EGUGA..15..449B"><span>Short-lived radium isotopes on the Scotian Shelf: Unique distribution and tracers of cross-shelf CO2 and nutrient transport</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Burt, William; Thomas, Helmuth</p> <p>2013-04-01</p> <p>Radium (Ra) isotopes have become a common tool for investigating mixing rates on continental shelves, and more recently have been used to quantify the release of dissolved compounds enriched in pore-waters into the water column. We present results from Ra sampling of the Scotian Shelf region of the Canadian northwestern Atlantic Ocean, which reveal cross-shelf Ra distributions that are unique compared to other coastal regions. We explain the observations of lower 224Ra activities near the coast, relatively high activities at large distances offshore (>100km), and gradients in both offshore and onshore directions by inferring the regional geomorphology, as well as shelf bathymetry and circulation patterns. Ra gradients are used to calculate individual estimates of eddy diffusion in both the cross-shelf (KX) and vertical (KZ) directions using 1-D eddy diffusion models. Enhanced vertical mixing above offshore banks allows for Ra enrichments in offshore surface waters, while horizontal dispersion of this bank-related signal can transport Ra off the shelf break in surface waters, and towards the shore beneath the surface mixed layer. Similar onshore gradients in CO2 and nutrient species combined with Ra-derived KX values can yield onshore carbon and nutrient fluxes in subsurface waters, which in turn supply the CO2 outgassing from the Scotian Shelf. Our results thus provide constraints for cross-shelf transports of carbon and nutrients on the Scotian Shelf in order to guide mass balance or model based budget approaches in future studies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MPLB...3250086J','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MPLB...3250086J"><span>Lump and rogue waves for the variable-coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in a fluid</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Jia, Xiao-Yue; Tian, Bo; Du, Zhong; Sun, Yan; Liu, Lei</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>Under investigation in this paper is the variable-coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, which describes the long waves with small amplitude and slow dependence on the transverse coordinate in a single-layer shallow fluid. Employing the bilinear form and symbolic computation, we obtain the lump, mixed lump-stripe soliton and mixed rogue wave-stripe soliton solutions. Discussions indicate that the variable coefficients are related to both the lump soliton’s velocity and amplitude. Mixed lump-stripe soliton solutions display two different properties, fusion and fission. Mixed rogue wave-stripe soliton solutions show that a rogue wave arises from one of the stripe solitons and disappears into the other. When the time approaches 0, rogue wave’s energy reaches the maximum. Interactions between a lump soliton and one-stripe soliton, and between a rogue wave and a pair of stripe solitons, are shown graphically.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JMS...162...57C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JMS...162...57C"><span>South-Eastern Bay of Biscay eddy-induced anomalies and their effect on chlorophyll distribution</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Caballero, Ainhoa; Rubio, Anna; Ruiz, Simón; Le Cann, Bernard; Testor, Pierre; Mader, Julien; Hernández, Carlos</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The analysis of deep-water glider hydrographic and fluorescence data, together with satellite measurements provides a new insight into eddy-induced anomalies within the South-Eastern Bay of Biscay, during summer. Two cyclonic eddies and a SWODDY have been observed in different glider transects and by means of different sources of satellite data. Vertical profiles reveal complex structures (characteristic of the second baroclinic mode): upward/downward displacement of the seasonal/permanent thermocline in the case of X13 and the opposite thermocline displacements in the case of the cyclones. This is a typical behaviour of mode-water and "cyclonic thinny" eddies. A qualitative analysis of the vertical velocities in the anticyclone indicates that though geostrophy dominates the main water column, depressing the isopycnals, near the sea-surface the eddy-wind interaction affects the vertical currents, favouring Ekman pumping and upwelling. The analysis of the Θ-S properties corroborates that inside cyclones and between the 26 and 27 isopycnals, net downwelling occurs. These two types of intra-thermocline lenses appear to deeply impact the Chl-a fluorescence profiles, since the maximum Chl-a fluorescence is located just below the seasonal thermocline. The mean Chl-a fluorescence was higher in the anticyclone than within the cyclones and the mean for the entire study period; the highest values were observed in the centre of the anticyclone. These results are in agreement with previous findings concerning the SWODDY F90 and surrounding cyclones, located in the South-Western Bay of Biscay. Significant differences in the Θ-S properties of the two cyclonic mesoscale structures have been observed: higher temperatures and lower salinity in the easternmost cyclone. Finally, time variation of the salinity content of the shallowest water masses of the anticyclone (salinity decreasing over time), probably indicates advective mixing processes occurred during the mission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMEP23D0859S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMEP23D0859S"><span>Numerical simulation of turbulence and sediment transport of medium sand</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Schmeeckle, M. W.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>Eleven numerical simulations, ranging from no transport to bedload to vigorous suspension transport, are presented of a combined large eddy simulation (LES) and distinct element model (DEM) of an initially flat bed of medium sand. The fluid and particles are fully coupled in momentum. The friction coefficient, defined here as the squared ratio of the friction velocity to the depth-averaged velocity, is in good agreement with well-known rough bed relations at no transport and increases with the intensity of bedload transport. The friction coefficient nearly doubles in value at the onset of sediment suspension owing to a rapid increase of the depth over which particles and fluid exchange momentum. The friction coefficient decreases with increasing suspension intensity because of increasingly stable stratification. Fluid Reynolds stress and time-averaged velocity profiles in the bedload regime agree well with previous experiments and simulations. Also consistent with previous studies of suspended sediment, there is an increase in slope of the lower portion of the velocity profile that has been modeled in the past using stably stratified eddy viscosity closures or an adjusted von Karman constant. Stokes numbers in the simulations, using an estimated lagrangian integral time scale, are less than unity. As such, particles faithfully follow the fluid, except for particle settling and grain-grain interactions near the bed. Fluid-particle velocity correlation coefficients approach one in portions of the flow where volumetric sediment concentrations are below about ten percent. Bedload entrainment is critically connected to vertical velocity fluctuations. When a fluid packet approaches the bed from the interior of the flow (i.e. a sweep), fluid is forced into the bed, and at the edges of the sweep, fluid is forced out of the bed. Much of the particle entrainment occurs at these sweep edges. Fluid velocity statistics following the particles reveal that moving bedload particles are preferentially concentrated in zones of upward fluid velocity. This may explain previous observations noting a rapid vertical rise at the beginning of saltation trajectories. The simulations described here have no lift forces. Because of the short particle time scales relative to that of the turbulent structures, high transport stage bedload entrainment zones involve mutual interaction between turbulence structures and bed deformation. These deformation structures appear as depressed areas of the bed at the center of the sweep and raised areas of entraining particles at the edges of the sweep penetration. Suspended sediment entrainment structures are similar to these bedload entrainment structures but have much larger scales. Preferential concentration of suspended grains in zones of upward moving fluid dampens turbulence intensities and momentum transport. Much of the suspended transport takes place within this highly concentrated near-bed zone of damped turbulence. Particle-fluid correlation coefficients are relatively low in the lower portion of this highly concentrated suspended sediment zone, owing to particle-particle interactions. As such, Rouse-like profiles utilizing eddy viscosity closures, adjusted according to flux Richardson numbers, do not adequately describe the physics of this zone.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDL30006M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDL30006M"><span>The Role of Free Stream Turbulence on the Aerodynamic Performance of a Wind Turbine Blade</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maldonado, Victor; Thormann, Adrien; Meneveau, Charles; Castillo, Luciano</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>Effects of free stream turbulence with large integral scale on the aerodynamic performance of an S809 airfoil-based wind turbine blade at low Reynolds number are studied using wind tunnel experiments. A constant chord (2-D) S809 airfoil wind turbine blade model with an operating Reynolds number of 208,000 based on chord length was tested for a range of angles of attack representative of fully attached and stalled flow as encountered in typical wind turbine operation. The smooth-surface blade was subjected to a quasi-laminar free stream with very low free-stream turbulence as well as to elevated free-stream turbulence generated by an active grid. This turbulence contained large-scale eddies with levels of free-stream turbulence intensity of up to 6.14% and an integral length scale of about 60% of chord-length. The pressure distribution was acquired using static pressure taps and the lift was subsequently computed by numerical integration. The wake velocity deficit was measured utilizing hot-wire anemometry to compute the drag coefficient also via integration. In addition, the mean flow was quantified using 2-D particle image velocimetry (PIV) over the suction surface of the blade. Results indicate that turbulence, even with very large-scale eddies comparable in size to the chord-length, significantly improves the aerodynamic performance of the blade by increasing the lift coefficient and overall lift-to-drag ratio, L/D for all angles tested except zero degrees.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDE24004M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014APS..DFDE24004M"><span>Optimal control of energy extraction in LES of large wind farms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meyers, Johan; Goit, Jay; Munters, Wim</p> <p>2014-11-01</p> <p>We investigate the use of optimal control combined with Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of wind-farm boundary layer interaction for the increase of total energy extraction in very large ``infinite'' wind farms and in finite farms. We consider the individual wind turbines as flow actuators, whose energy extraction can be dynamically regulated in time so as to optimally influence the turbulent flow field, maximizing the wind farm power. For the simulation of wind-farm boundary layers we use large-eddy simulations in combination with an actuator-disk representation of wind turbines. Simulations are performed in our in-house pseudo-spectral code SP-Wind. For the optimal control study, we consider the dynamic control of turbine-thrust coefficients in the actuator-disk model. They represent the effect of turbine blades that can actively pitch in time, changing the lift- and drag coefficients of the turbine blades. In a first infinite wind-farm case, we find that farm power is increases by approximately 16% over one hour of operation. This comes at the cost of a deceleration of the outer layer of the boundary layer. A detailed analysis of energy balances is presented, and a comparison is made between infinite and finite farm cases, for which boundary layer entrainment plays an import role. The authors acknowledge support from the European Research Council (FP7-Ideas, Grant No. 306471). Simulations were performed on the computing infrastructure of the VSC Flemish Supercomputer Center, funded by the Hercules Foundation and the Flemish Govern.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMEP41D..08C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMEP41D..08C"><span>The Impact of Unsteady Reconfiguration on Turbulence Structure within a Flexible Canopy: Large-Eddy Simulation Study of a Cornfield</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Chamecki, M.; Pan, Y.; Nepf, H. M.; Follett, E.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Flexible plants bend in response to fluid motion and this reconfiguration mechanism allows plants to minimize the increase of drag force with increasing velocity, ensuring survival in flow-dominated habitats. The effect of reconfiguration on the flow field can be modeled by introducing a drag coefficient that decreases with increasing velocity. Typically, a power-law decrease of the drag coefficient with increasing velocity is used, and the negative exponent is known as the Vogel number. In practice, the Vogel number is a function of canopy rigidity and flow conditions. In this work we show that accounting for the effect of reconfiguration is required for large-eddy simulation (LES) models to reproduce the skewness of the streamwise and vertical velocity components and the distribution of sweeps and ejections observed in a large cornfield. Additional LES runs are conducted to investigate the structure of turbulence in different reconfiguration regimes, with mean vertical momentum flux constrained by measurements. The change of the Vogel number has negligible effects on LES predictions of the total vertical momentum flux and the components of turbulent kinetic energy, but produces profound changes in the mechanisms of momentum transport. This work demonstrates the necessity to model the effect of reconfiguration in LES studies of canopy flows. It also highlights the impacts of reconfiguration on the structure of turbulence and the dynamics of momentum fluxes, as well as any other process that depends on velocity fluctuations above and within the canopy region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGO6012W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017APS..DPPGO6012W"><span>Magnetorotational Dynamo Action in the Shearing Box</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Walker, Justin; Boldyrev, Stanislav</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Magnetic dynamo action caused by the magnetorotational instability is studied in the shearing-box approximation with no imposed net magnetic flux. Consistent with recent studies, the dynamo action is found to be sensitive to the aspect ratio of the box: it is much easier to obtain in tall boxes (stretched in the direction normal to the disk plane) than in long boxes (stretched in the radial direction). Our direct numerical simulations indicate that the dynamo is possible in both cases, given a large enough magnetic Reynolds number. To explain the relatively larger effort required to obtain the dynamo action in a long box, we propose that the turbulent eddies caused by the instability most efficiently fold and mix the magnetic field lines in the radial direction. As a result, in the long box the scale of the generated strong azimuthal (stream-wise directed) magnetic field is always comparable to the scale of the turbulent eddies. In contrast, in the tall box the azimuthal magnetic flux spreads in the vertical direction over a distance exceeding the scale of the turbulent eddies. As a result, different vertical sections of the tall box are permeated by large-scale nonzero azimuthal magnetic fluxes, facilitating the instability. NSF AGS-1261659, Vilas Associates Award, NSF-Teragrid Project TG-PHY110016.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDR33006B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016APS..DFDR33006B"><span>Crossover between two- and three-dimensional turbulence in spatial mixing layers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Biancofiore, Luca</p> <p>2016-11-01</p> <p>We investigate how the domain depth affects the turbulent behaviour in spatially developing mixing layers by means of large-eddy simulations (LES) based on a spectral vanishing viscosity technique. Analyses of spectra of the vertical velocity, of Lumley's diagrams, of the turbulent kinetic energy and of the vortex stretching show that a two-dimensional behaviour of the turbulence is promoted in spatial mixing layers by constricting the fluid motion in one direction. This finding is in agreement with previous works on turbulent systems constrained by a geometric anisotropy, pioneered by Smith, Chasnov & Waleffe. We observe that the growth of the momentum thickness along the streamwise direction is damped in a confined domain. A full two-dimensional turbulent behaviour is observed when the momentum thickness is of the same order of magnitude as the confining scale.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1014378','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1014378"><span>Bay of Bengal Surface and Thermocline and the Arabian Sea</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2015-09-30</p> <p>oceanographic processes that exchange low salinity surface and upper thermocline water of the Bay of Bengal with the salty Arabian Sea and tropical Indian Ocean ...two northern embayments of the Indian Ocean . OBJECTIVES Two northern Indian Ocean embayments, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, are so close...e.g. where do the eddies come from? 2. Investigating advective pathways, and the role of isopycnal mixing, exchanging upper ocean water between the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA556663','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA556663"><span>Dual-Mode Scramjet Combustor: Numerical Sensitivity and Evaluation of Experiments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>effects of the air gap; the second took into account the effects of the air gap by using a backpressure imposed boundary condition. Figure 36 shows an... exhauster housing at the exit of the combustor in RC22’s test apparatus. I. Introduction Previous experimental efforts in...amount of air/fuel mixing, which affects combustion . Other approaches such as Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and Direct-Numerical Simulation (DNS) are too</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA496402','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA496402"><span>Hybrid LES of Detonations in Reacting Multi-Phase Mixtures</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2009-02-28</p> <p>Distortion Theories and Linear Interaction Analyses in order to gain insight in the fundamental processes of compressible turbulence. This analytical...equilibrium. More insight into the development of supersonic mixing layers has been gained later from analytical results, Rapid Distortion Theory ...given by esgs s!t = 0.931i—=•—. Spectral closure theories (Kraichnan [1976]) can be used to evaluate the eddy viscosity formulation as ut = 0.441a -3/2</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780014084','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780014084"><span>Large-eddy simulation of a turbulent mixing layer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mansour, N. N.; Ferziger, J. H.; Reynolds, W. C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The three dimensional, time dependent (incompressible) vorticity equations were used to simulate numerically the decay of isotropic box turbulence and time developing mixing layers. The vorticity equations were spatially filtered to define the large scale turbulence field, and the subgrid scale turbulence was modeled. A general method was developed to show numerical conservation of momentum, vorticity, and energy. The terms that arise from filtering the equations were treated (for both periodic boundary conditions and no stress boundary conditions) in a fast and accurate way by using fast Fourier transforms. Use of vorticity as the principal variable is shown to produce results equivalent to those obtained by use of the primitive variable equations.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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