Sample records for effluent discharge points
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 4 Table 4... Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That use End-of-Pipe Biological...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That Do Not Use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 5 Table 5 to Part 455 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PESTICIDE CHEMICALS...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That Do Not Use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 5 Table 5 to Part 455 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PESTICIDE CHEMICALS...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That Do Not Use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 5 Table 5 to Part 455 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED)...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That Do Not Use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 5 Table 5 to Part 455 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED)...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That Do Not Use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 5 Table 5 to Part 455 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED)...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... this paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a point source subject to... Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... available technology economically achievable if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of... discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH equal to or greater than 6.0 prior to treatment: BAT... concentration or quality of pollutants which may be discharged by any existing coal preparation plant and coal...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... available technology economically achievable if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of... discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH equal to or greater than 6.0 prior to treatment: BAT... concentration or quality of pollutants which may be discharged by any existing coal preparation plant and coal...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... normally exhibit a pH of less than 6.0 prior to treatment: BAT Effluent Limitations Pollutant or pollutant... economically achievable if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH equal to or greater than 6... establish the concentration or quality of pollutants which may be discharged by any existing coal...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false BAT and NSPS Effluent Limitations for Priority Pollutants for Direct Discharge Point Sources That use End-of-Pipe Biological Treatment 4 Table 4... AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE CHEMICALS Pt. 455, Table 4 Table 4 to Part 455—BAT and NSPS...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... this paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a point source subject to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... consecutive days Concentration in mg/l Iron, total 7.0 3.5 Manganese, total 4.0 2.0 TSS 70 35 pH 1 1 1 Within... if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of less than 6.0 prior to treatment: BPT... practicable control technology currently available if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... consecutive days Concentration in mg/l Iron, total 7.0 3.5 Manganese, total 4.0 2.0 TSS 70 35 pH 1 1 1 Within... if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of less than 6.0 prior to treatment: BPT... practicable control technology currently available if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... consecutive days Concentration in mg/l Iron, total 7.0 3.5 Manganese, total 4.0 2.0 TSS 70 35 pH 1 1 1 Within... if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of less than 6.0 prior to treatment: BPT... practicable control technology currently available if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... consecutive days Concentration in mg/l Iron, total 7.0 3.5 Manganese, total 4.0 2.0 TSS 70 35 pH 1 1 1 Within... if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of less than 6.0 prior to treatment: BPT... practicable control technology currently available if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... consecutive days Concentration in mg/l Iron, total 7.0 3.5 Manganese, total 4.0 2.0 TSS 70 35 pH 1 1 1 Within... if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH of less than 6.0 prior to treatment: BPT... practicable control technology currently available if discharges from such point sources normally exhibit a pH...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet Dust... available technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of waste water pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet Dust... available technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of waste water pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling... technology economically achievable: there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling... technology economically achievable: there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling... technology economically achievable: there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling... technology economically achievable: there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet... the best available technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of waste water...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet... the best available technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of waste water...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet... the best available technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of waste water...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Insulation Fiberglass... limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties which may be discharged by...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... CATEGORY Essential Oils Subcategory § 454.52 Effluent limitations and guidelines representing the degree of... this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of essential oils by a point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Essential Oils Subcategory § 454.52 Effluent limitations and guidelines... properties, controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of essential oils by a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Essential Oils Subcategory § 454.52 Effluent limitations and guidelines... properties, controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of essential oils by a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Essential Oils Subcategory § 454.52 Effluent limitations and guidelines... properties, controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of essential oils by a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... CATEGORY Essential Oils Subcategory § 454.52 Effluent limitations and guidelines representing the degree of... this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of essential oils by a point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... best available technology economically achievable (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TIMBER PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Dry Process Hardboard...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... application of the best practicable control technology (BPT): There shall be no discharge of process... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TIMBER PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Dry Process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Crystalline Cane Sugar Refining Subcategory § 409.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... crystalline cane sugar refinery discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process waters...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Puerto Rican Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.82 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): (a) Any cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Louisiana Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Crystalline Cane Sugar Refining Subcategory § 409.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... crystalline cane sugar refinery discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process waters...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Puerto Rican Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.82 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): (a) Any cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Louisiana Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Puerto Rican Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.82 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): (a) Any cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Puerto Rican Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.82 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): (a) Any cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Puerto Rican Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.82 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): (a) Any cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Crystalline Cane Sugar Refining Subcategory § 409.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... crystalline cane sugar refinery discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process waters...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Crystalline Cane Sugar Refining Subcategory § 409.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... crystalline cane sugar refinery discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process waters...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Crystalline Cane Sugar Refining Subcategory § 409.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... crystalline cane sugar refinery discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process waters...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Louisiana Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Louisiana Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Louisiana Raw Cane Sugar Processing Subcategory § 409.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... cane sugar factory continuously discharging both barometric condenser cooling water and other process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Channel Process Subcategory § 458.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Thermal Process Subcategory § 458.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Channel Process Subcategory § 458.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Thermal Process Subcategory § 458.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Thermal Process Subcategory § 458.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Thermal Process Subcategory § 458.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Channel Process Subcategory § 458.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Channel Process Subcategory § 458.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the...): There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wood Rosin, Turpentine and Pine Oil Subcategory § 454.32 Effluent limitations and guidelines... properties, controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of wood rosin...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wood Rosin, Turpentine and Pine Oil Subcategory § 454.32 Effluent limitations and guidelines... properties, controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of wood rosin...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of..., controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of..., controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of..., controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June 29...
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Gaikowski, M.P.; Larson, W.J.; Steuer, J.J.; Gingerich, W.H.
2004-01-01
Accurate estimates of drug concentrations in hatchery effluent are critical to assess the environmental risk of hatchery drug discharge resulting from disease treatment. This study validated two dilution simple n models to estimate chloramine-T environmental introduction concentrations by comparing measured and predicted chloramine-T concentrations using the US Geological Survey's Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center aquaculture facility effluent as an example. The hydraulic characteristics of our treated raceway and effluent and the accuracy of our water flow rate measurements were confirmed with the marker dye rhodamine WT. We also used the rhodamine WT data to develop dilution models that would (1) estimate the chloramine-T concentration at a given time and location in the effluent system and (2) estimate the average chloramine-T concentration at a given location over the entire discharge period. To test our models, we predicted the chloramine-T concentration at two sample points based on effluent flow and the maintenance of chloramine-T at 20 mg/l for 60 min in the same raceway used with rhodamine WT. The effluent sample points selected (sample points A and B) represented 47 and 100% of the total effluent flow, respectively. Sample point B is-analogous to the discharge of a hatchery that does not have a detention lagoon, i.e. The sample site was downstream of the last dilution water addition following treatment. We then applied four chloramine-T flow-through treatments at 20mg/l for 60 min and measured the chloramine-T concentration in water samples collected every 15 min for about 180 min from the treated raceway and sample points A and B during and after application. The predicted chloramine-T concentration at each sampling interval was similar to the measured chloramine-T concentration at sample points A and B and was generally bounded by the measured 90% confidence intervals. The predicted aver,age chloramine-T concentrations at sample points A or B (2.8 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the average measured chloramine-T concentrations (2.7 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively). The close agreement between our predicted and measured chloramine-T concentrations indicate either of the dilution models could be used to adequately predict the chloramine-T environmental introduction concentration in Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center effluent. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 434.53 Section 434.53 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) COAL MINING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY BPT, BAT, BCT... economically achievable (BAT). (a) Reclamation areas. The limitations of this subsection apply to discharges...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium Subcategory § 461.12... 1.49 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory...) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. [49 FR 9134, Mar. 9, 1984; 49 FR...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc...) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. [49 FR 9134, Mar. 9, 1984; 49 FR...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc...) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. [49 FR 9134, Mar. 9, 1984; 49 FR...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium Subcategory § 461.12... 1.49 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... waters. (b) Process wastewater pollutants from a calcium sulfate storage pile runoff facility operated... a surge capacity equal to the runoff from the 10-year, 24-hour rainfall event may be discharged...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... waters. (b) Process wastewater pollutants from a calcium sulfate storage pile runoff facility operated... a surge capacity equal to the runoff from the 10-year, 24-hour rainfall event may be discharged...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... waters. (b) Process wastewater pollutants from a calcium sulfate storage pile runoff facility operated... a surge capacity equal to the runoff from the 10-year, 24-hour rainfall event may be discharged...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Incandescent Lamp... quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a... technology economically achievable: (a) [Reserved] (b) Any manufacturing plant which frosts incandescent lamp...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MINERAL MINING AND PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY... discharged from that impoundment. The height difference between the maximum safe surge capacity level and the normal operating level must be greater than the inches of rain representing the 10-year, 24-hour rainfall...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... CATEGORY Insulation Fiberglass Subcategory § 426.12 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree... properties which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after.... (b) The following limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... CATEGORY Insulation Fiberglass Subcategory § 426.12 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree... properties which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after.... (b) The following limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... CATEGORY Insulation Fiberglass Subcategory § 426.12 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree... properties which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart after.... (b) The following limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... pollutant properties, controlled by this section and attributable to pan, dry digestion, and mechanical... Digestion, and Mechanical Reclaimed Rubber Subcategory § 428.92 Effluent limitations guidelines representing... properties controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... pollutant properties, controlled by this section, and attributable to pan, dry digestion, and mechanical..., and Mechanical Reclaimed Rubber Subcategory § 428.93 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the... properties, controlled by this section, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... CATEGORY Pan, Dry Digestion, and Mechanical Reclaimed Rubber Subcategory § 428.92 Effluent limitations... pan, dry digestion, and mechanical reclaimed rubber processes which are integrated with a wet digestion reclaimed process, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... CATEGORY Pan, Dry Digestion, and Mechanical Reclaimed Rubber Subcategory § 428.92 Effluent limitations... pan, dry digestion, and mechanical reclaimed rubber processes which are integrated with a wet digestion reclaimed process, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... CATEGORY Pan, Dry Digestion, and Mechanical Reclaimed Rubber Subcategory § 428.92 Effluent limitations... pan, dry digestion, and mechanical reclaimed rubber processes which are integrated with a wet digestion reclaimed process, which may be discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this...
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40 CFR 414.111 - Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources. 414.111 Section 414.111 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Indirect...
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40 CFR 414.111 - Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources. 414.111 Section 414.111 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Indirect...
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40 CFR 414.111 - Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources. 414.111 Section 414.111 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Indirect...
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40 CFR 414.111 - Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources. 414.111 Section 414.111 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Indirect...
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40 CFR 414.111 - Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Toxic pollutant standards for indirect discharge point sources. 414.111 Section 414.111 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Indirect...
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Chen, Lei; Han, Zhaoxing; Li, Shuang; Shen, Zhenyao
2016-10-01
The efficacy of traditional effluent trading systems is questionable due to their neglect of seasonal hydrological variation and the creation of upstream hot spots within a watershed. Besides, few studies have been conducted to distinguish the impacts of each influencing factor on effluent trading systems outputs. In this study, a water environmental functional zone-based effluent trading systems framework was configured and a comprehensive analysis of its influencing factors was conducted. This proposed water environmental functional zone-based effluent trading systems was then applied for the control of chemical oxygen demand in the Beiyun River watershed, Beijing, China. Optimal trading results highlighted the integration of water quality constraints and different hydrological seasons, especially for downstream dischargers. The optimal trading of each discharger, in terms of pollutant reduction load and abatement cost, is greatly influenced by environmental and political factors such as background water quality, the location of river assessment points, and tradable discharge permits. In addition, the initial permit allowance has little influence on the market as a whole but does impact the individual discharger. These results provide information that is critical to understanding the impact of policy design on the functionality of an effluent trading systems.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chen, Lei; Han, Zhaoxing; Li, Shuang; Shen, Zhenyao
2016-10-01
The efficacy of traditional effluent trading systems is questionable due to their neglect of seasonal hydrological variation and the creation of upstream hot spots within a watershed. Besides, few studies have been conducted to distinguish the impacts of each influencing factor on effluent trading systems outputs. In this study, a water environmental functional zone-based effluent trading systems framework was configured and a comprehensive analysis of its influencing factors was conducted. This proposed water environmental functional zone-based effluent trading systems was then applied for the control of chemical oxygen demand in the Beiyun River watershed, Beijing, China. Optimal trading results highlighted the integration of water quality constraints and different hydrological seasons, especially for downstream dischargers. The optimal trading of each discharger, in terms of pollutant reduction load and abatement cost, is greatly influenced by environmental and political factors such as background water quality, the location of river assessment points, and tradable discharge permits. In addition, the initial permit allowance has little influence on the market as a whole but does impact the individual discharger. These results provide information that is critical to understanding the impact of policy design on the functionality of an effluent trading systems.
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40 CFR 414.110 - Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources. 414.110 Section 414.110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND...
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40 CFR 414.110 - Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources. 414.110 Section 414.110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND...
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40 CFR 414.110 - Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources. 414.110 Section 414.110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND...
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40 CFR 414.110 - Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources. 414.110 Section 414.110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND...
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40 CFR 414.110 - Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicability; description of the subcategory of indirect discharge point sources. 414.110 Section 414.110 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Casting... copper, lead, zinc, and total phenols. For non-continuous discharges, annual average mass limitations and... for monthly average kg/1,000 kkg (pounds per million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 .0168...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Casting... copper, lead, zinc, and total phenols. For non-continuous discharges, annual average mass limitations and... for monthly average kg/1,000 kkg (pounds per million pounds) of metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 .0168...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Casting... copper, lead, zinc, and total phenols. For non-continuous dischargers, annual average mass limitations....0187 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0339 0.0129 Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Casting... copper, lead, zinc, and total phenols. For non-continuous dischargers, annual average mass limitations....0187 Lead (T) 0.0237 0.0116 Zinc (T) 0.0339 0.0129 Maximum for any 1 day Maximum for monthly average...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines, either open-pit or underground, that produce uranium ore, including mines using in-situ leach methods, shall not exceed: Effluent...). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines, either open-pit or underground, that produce uranium ore, including mines using in-situ leach methods, shall not exceed: Effluent characteristic... provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines, either open-pit or underground, that produce uranium ore, including mines using in-situ leach methods, shall not exceed: Effluent...). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines, either open-pit or underground, that produce uranium ore, including mines using in-situ leach methods, shall not exceed: Effluent characteristic... provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Direct Discharge Point Sources That...(k)fluoranthene 59 22 Benzo(a)pyrene 61 23 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 279 103 Carbon Tetrachloride... Zinc for Rayon Fiber Manufacture that uses the viscose process and Acrylic Fiber Manufacture that uses...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Direct Discharge Point Sources That...(k)fluoranthene 59 22 Benzo(a)pyrene 61 23 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 279 103 Carbon Tetrachloride... Zinc for Rayon Fiber Manufacture that uses the viscose process and Acrylic Fiber Manufacture that uses...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc... for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers, annual... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0344 0.0187 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0509 0.0192 Oil and grease 1.34...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS METAL MOLDING AND CASTING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc... for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers, annual... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0344 0.0187 Lead (T) 0.0353 0.0174 Zinc (T) 0.0509 0.0192 Oil and grease 1.34...
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Odjadjare, Ejovwokoghene C.; Olaniran, Ademola O.
2015-01-01
In this study, we evaluated the impact of treated wastewater effluent from two wastewater treatment plants on the physicochemical parameters and Salmonella spp. load of receiving rivers. Presumptive Salmonella spp. were obtained at all sampled points including the discharge points, with counts ranging from 0 to 4.14 log cfu/mL at both plants. Turbidity, chemical and biological oxygen demand were found to be high and mostly above the required limit for treated wastewater discharge. However, recorded nitrate and phosphate values were very low. Of the 200 confirmed Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from the treated effluent and receiving surface waters, 93% harbored the spiC gene, 84% harbored the misL gene, and 87.5% harbored the orfL gene while 87% harbored the pipD gene. The antibiotic resistance profile revealed that the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and streptomycin, but susceptible to quinolones and third generation β-lactams. These results indicate that in South Africa treated effluents are still a major source of contamination of rivers with pathogens such as Salmonella. Appropriate steps by the regulatory authorities and workers at the treatment plants are needed to enforce stipulated guidelines in order to prevent pollution of surface water resources due to the discharge of poorly treated effluents. PMID:26295245
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Direct Discharge Point Sources...(k)fluoranthene 47 19 Benzo(a)pyrene 48 20 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 258 95 Carbon Tetrachloride... micrograms per liter. 2 Total Zinc for Rayon Fiber Manufacture that uses the viscose process and Acrylic...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Direct Discharge Point Sources...(k)fluoranthene 47 19 Benzo(a)pyrene 48 20 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 258 95 Carbon Tetrachloride... micrograms per liter. 2 Total Zinc for Rayon Fiber Manufacture that uses the viscose process and Acrylic...
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Campbell, J. F.
1972-01-01
An experimental and theoretical investigation was undertaken to study the trajectory and growth of thermal effluents having a range of discharge velocities and temperatures. The discharge of a turbulent effluent into a waterway was mathematically modeled as a submerged jet injection process by using an integral method which accounts for natural fluid mechanisms such as turbulence, entrainment, buoyancy, and heat transfer. The analytical results are supported by experimental data and demonstrate the usefulness of the theory for estimating the location and size of the effluent with respect to the discharge point. The capability of predicting jet flow properties, as well as two- and three-dimensional jet paths, was enhanced by obtaining the jet cross-sectional area during the solution of the conservation equations. Realistic estimates of temperature in the effluent were acquired by accounting for heat losses in the jet flow due to forced convection and to entrainment of free-stream fluid into the jet.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... achievable (BAT). 430.114 Section 430.114 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Non-continuous dischargers shall not be...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... achievable (BAT). 430.114 Section 430.114 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Non-continuous dischargers shall not be...
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Meyer, Wibke; Reich, Margrit; Beier, Silvio; Behrendt, Joachim; Gulyas, Holger; Otterpohl, Ralf
2016-08-01
This study evaluated the impact of secondary municipal effluent discharge on carbamazepine, diclofenac, and metoprolol concentrations in small and medium rivers in northern Germany and compared the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) to the predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) calculated with four well-established models. During a 1-year sampling period, secondary effluent grab samples were collected at four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) together with grab samples from the receiving waters upstream and downstream from the wastewater discharge points. The carbamazepine, diclofenac, and metoprolol concentrations were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) after solid phase extraction. In the secondary effluents, 84-790 ng/L carbamazepine, 395-2100 ng/L diclofenac, and 745-5000 ng/L metoprolol were detected. The carbamazepine, diclofenac, and metoprolol concentrations analyzed in the rivers downstream from the secondary effluent discharge sites ranged from <5 to 68, 370, and 520 ng/L, respectively. Most of the downstream pharmaceutical concentrations were markedly higher than the corresponding upstream concentrations. The impact of wastewater discharge on the MECs in rivers downstream from the WWTPs was clearly demonstrated, but the correlations of the MECs with dilution factors were poor. The smallest rivers exhibited the largest maximum MECs and the widest ranges of MECs downstream from the wastewater discharge point. Three of the four tested models were conservative, as they showed higher PECs than the MECs in the rivers downstream from the WWTPs. However, the most detailed model underestimated the diclofenac concentrations.
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Richards, Samia; Withers, Paul J A; Paterson, Eric; McRoberts, Colin W; Stutter, Marc
2016-11-15
Discharges from the widely distributed small point sources of pollutants such as septic tanks contribute to microbial and nutrient loading of streams and can pose risks to human health and stream ecology, especially during periods of ecological sensitivity. Here we present the first comprehensive data on the compositional variability of septic tank effluents (STE) as a potential source of water pollution during different seasons and the associated links to their influence on stream waters. To determine STE parameters and nutrient variations, the biological and physicochemical properties of effluents sampled quarterly from 12 septic tank systems were investigated with concurrent analyses of upstream and downstream receiving waters. The study revealed that during the warmer dryer months of spring and summer, effluents were similar in composition, as were the colder wetter months of autumn and winter. However, spring/summer effluents differed significantly (P<0.05) from autumn/winter for concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), arsenic, barium (Ba), cobalt, chromium, manganese, strontium (Sr), titanium, tungsten (W) and zinc (Zn). With the exception of BOD, Ba and Sr which were greater in summer and spring, the concentrations of these parameters were greater in winter. Receiving stream waters also showed significant seasonal variation (P≤0.05) in alkalinity, BOD, dissolved organic carbon, sulphate, sulphur, lithium, W, Zn and Escherichiacoli abundance. There was a clear significant influence of STE on downstream waters relative to upstream from the source (P<0.05) for total suspended solids, total particulate P and N, ammonium-N, coliforms and E. coli. The findings of this study found seasonal variation in STE and place effluent discharges as a factor affecting adjacent stream quality and call for appropriate measures to reduce or redirect STE discharges away from water courses. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Evaluation of ionic contribution to the toxicity of a coal-mine effluent using Ceriodaphnia dubia
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Kennedy, A.J.; Cherry, D.S.; Zipper, C.E.
2005-08-01
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has defined national in-stream water-quality criteria (WQC) for 157 pollutants. No WQC to protect aquatic life exist for total dissolved solids (TDS). Some water-treatment processes (e.g., pH modifications) discharge wastewaters of potentially adverse TDS into freshwater systems. Strong correlations between specific conductivity, a TDS surrogate, and several biotic indices in a previous study suggested that TDS caused by a coal-mine effluent was the primary stressor. Further acute and chronic testing in the current study with Ceriodaphnia dubia in laboratory-manipulated media indicated that the majority of the effluent toxicity could be attributed to the mostmore » abundant ions in the discharge, sodium (1952 mg/L) and/or sulfate (3672 mg/L), although the hardness of the effluent (792 43 mg/L as CaCO{sub 3}) ameliorated some toxicity. Based on laboratory testing of several effluent-mimicking media, sodium- and sulfate-dominated TDS was acutely toxic at approximately 7000 {mu} S/cm (5143 mg TDS/L), and chronic toxicity occurred at approximately 3200 {mu} S/cm (2331 mg TDS/L). At a lower hardness (88 mg/L as CaCO{sub 3}), acute and chronic toxicity end-points were decreased to approximately 5000 {mu} S/cm (3663 mg TDS/L) and approximately 2000 {mu} S/cm (1443 mg TDS/L), respectively. Point-source discharges causing in-stream TDS concentrations to exceed these levels may risk impairment to aquatic life.« less
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.163 Section 415.163 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... achievable (BAT). (a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject... technology economically achievable (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.123 Section 415.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.143 Section 415.143 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.123 Section 415.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.163 Section 415.163 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... achievable (BAT). (a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject... technology economically achievable (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.143 Section 415.143 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.123 Section 415.123 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.163 Section 415.163 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... achievable (BAT). (a) Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject... technology economically achievable (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... achievable (BAT). 430.104 Section 430.104 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this... economically achievable (BAT). Non-continuous dischargers shall not be subject to the maximum day mass...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... achievable (BAT). 430.104 Section 430.104 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source subject to this... economically achievable (BAT). Non-continuous dischargers shall not be subject to the maximum day mass...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.143 Section 415.143 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants to navigable waters. ...
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Woodchip bioreactors effectively treat aquaculture effluent
USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Nutrients, in particular nitrogen and phosphorus, can create eutrophication problems in any watershed. Preventing water quality impairment requires controlling nutrients from both point-source and non-point source discharges. Woodchip bioreactors are one relatively new approach that can be utilized ...
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-06-07
...EPA is proposing a regulation that would strengthen the controls on discharges from certain steam electric power plants by revising technology-based effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the steam electric power generating point source category. Steam electric power plants alone contribute 50-60 percent of all toxic pollutants discharged to surface waters by all industrial categories currently regulated in the United States under the Clean Water Act. Furthermore, power plant discharges to surface waters are expected to increase as pollutants are increasingly captured by air pollution controls and transferred to wastewater discharges. This proposal, if implemented, would reduce the amount of toxic metals and other pollutants discharged to surface waters from power plants. EPA is considering several regulatory options in this rulemaking and has identified four preferred alternatives for regulation of discharges from existing sources. These four preferred alternatives differ with respect to the scope of requirements that would be applicable to existing discharges of pollutants found in two wastestreams generated at power plants. EPA estimates that the preferred options for this proposed rule would annually reduce pollutant discharges by 0.47 billion to 2.62 billion pounds, reduce water use by 50 billion to 103 billion gallons, cost $185 million to $954 million, and would be economically achievable.
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USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database
Urban streams are an integral part of the municipal wastewater treatment process by providing a point of discharge for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and additional attenuation through dilution and transformation processes. The receiving surface waters also are a conduit for contaminan...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.133 Section 415.133 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): (a) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section there shall be no discharge of...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.133 Section 415.133 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): (a) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section there shall be no discharge of...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... economically achievable (BAT). 415.133 Section 415.133 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... economically achievable (BAT). Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... (BAT): (a) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section there shall be no discharge of...
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Fergen, R.E.; Vinci, P.; Bloetscher, F.
1999-07-01
A special bioassay study was conducted to review the impact of the City of Hollywood's Membrane Softening Water Treatment Plant (WRP) reject water as it mixes with the City's Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluent. Three sampling periods occurred during 1997. The purpose of this study was to determine potential toxicity of the WTP reject water, pre-chlorinated effluent, and combined effluent, and to demonstrate if the combined effluent was acceptable for ocean discharge on the basis of no potential toxicity. Effluent was acceptable for ocean discharge on the basis of no potential toxicity. Effluent samples were collected at six sampling points;more » three were in the plant, while the other three were along the outfall pipeline. Definitive, static renewal bioassay tests were performed using Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina as indicators of potential toxicity. The bioassay tests at 30% effluent concentration indicate that there is not potential toxicity for the pre-chlorinated WTP effluent, WTP reject water, dechlorinate combined effluent at the plant, and chlorinated combined effluent at Holland Park, the riser, and the terminus. The results indicate that the WTP reject water (100%) is not toxic to Menidia beryllina but was toxic to Mysidopsis bahia. When combined with the WWRP effluent, the reject water's impact on the potential toxicity of the commingled effluent was insignificant. All of the tests indicate the combined effluents are not toxic to the species tested at the 30% effluent level. Therefore, potential toxicity concerns were not demonstrated for this outfall discharge and did not prevent FDEP from issuing a permit to the City of Hollywood for the disposal of the combined effluent. Furthermore, these results, in combination with the previous results, indicated that individual bioassay testing for the reject water for regulatory compliance is not required.« less
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Effects of wastewater effluent discharge on stream quality in Indian Creek, Johnson County, Kansas
Graham, Jennifer L.; Foster, Guy M.
2014-01-01
Contaminants from point and other urban sources affect stream quality in Indian Creek, which is one of the most urban drainage basins in Johnson County, Kansas. The Johnson County Douglas L. Smith Middle Basin and Tomahawk Creek Wastewater Treatment Facilities discharge to Indian Creek. Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Johnson County Wastewater, during June 2004 through June 2013 were used to evaluate stream quality in Indian Creek. This fact sheet summarizes the effects of wastewater effluent discharge on physical, chemical, and biological conditions in Indian Creek downstream from the Douglas L. Smith Middle Basin and Tomahawk Creek Wastewater Treatment Facilities.
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40 CFR 458.45 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to navigable waters. ...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp...
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40 CFR 461.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium...) There shall be no discharge for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operations. ...
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40 CFR 461.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium...) There shall be no discharge for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operations. ...
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40 CFR 461.25 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium...) There shall be no discharge for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operations. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
..., radium and vanadium including mill-mine facilities and mines using in-situ leach methods shall not exceed...). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines, either open-pit...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... which employ dump, heap, in situ leach or vat leach processes for the extraction of copper from ores or... as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines operated to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... which employ dump, heap, in situ leach or vat leach processes for the extraction of copper from ores or... as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines operated to...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
..., radium and vanadium including mill-mine facilities and mines using in-situ leach methods shall not exceed...). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point source... available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from mines, either open-pit...
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40 CFR 421.140 - Applicability: Description of the primary antimony subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of...
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40 CFR 421.150 - Applicability: Description of the primary beryllium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of...
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40 CFR 421.100 - Applicability: Description of the primary tungsten subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of...
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40 CFR 421.120 - Applicability: Description of the secondary silver subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of...
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40 CFR 421.280 - Applicability: Description of the secondary tantalum subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of...
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40 CFR 426.15 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Insulation Fiberglass... establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties which may be discharged by a new...
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40 CFR 426.15 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Insulation Fiberglass... establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties which may be discharged by a new...
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40 CFR 418.30 - Applicability; description of the urea subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Urea Subcategory § 418.30... manufacture of urea. Discharges attributable to shipping losses and precipitation runoff from outside the...
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40 CFR 418.30 - Applicability; description of the urea subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Urea Subcategory § 418.30... manufacture of urea. Discharges attributable to shipping losses and precipitation runoff from outside the...
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40 CFR 418.30 - Applicability; description of the urea subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Urea Subcategory § 418.30... manufacture of urea. Discharges attributable to shipping losses and precipitation runoff from outside the...
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40 CFR 418.30 - Applicability; description of the urea subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Urea Subcategory § 418.30... manufacture of urea. Discharges attributable to shipping losses and precipitation runoff from outside the...
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40 CFR 418.30 - Applicability; description of the urea subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Urea Subcategory § 418.30... manufacture of urea. Discharges attributable to shipping losses and precipitation runoff from outside the...
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Paper focuses on trading schemes in which regulated point sources are allowed to avoid upgrading their pollution control technology to meet water quality-based effluent limits if they pay for equivalent (or greater) reductions in nonpoint source pollution.
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How Much Is Too Little to Detect Impacts? A Case Study of a Nuclear Power Plant
Széchy, Maria T. M.; Viana, Mariana S.; Curbelo-Fernandez, Maria P.; Lavrado, Helena P.; Junqueira, Andrea O. R.; Vilanova, Eduardo; Silva, Sérgio H. G.
2012-01-01
Several approaches have been proposed to assess impacts on natural assemblages. Ideally, the potentially impacted site and multiple reference sites are sampled through time, before and after the impact. Often, however, the lack of information regarding the potential overall impact, the lack of knowledge about the environment in many regions worldwide, budgets constraints and the increasing dimensions of human activities compromise the reliability of the impact assessment. We evaluated the impact, if any, and its extent of a nuclear power plant effluent on sessile epibiota assemblages using a suitable and feasible sampling design with no ‘before’ data and budget and logistic constraints. Assemblages were sampled at multiple times and at increasing distances from the point of the discharge of the effluent. There was a clear and localized effect of the power plant effluent (up to 100 m from the point of the discharge). However, depending on the time of the year, the impact reaches up to 600 m. We found a significantly lower richness of taxa in the Effluent site when compared to other sites. Furthermore, at all times, the variability of assemblages near the discharge was also smaller than in other sites. Although the sampling design used here (in particular the number of replicates) did not allow an unambiguously evaluation of the full extent of the impact in relation to its intensity and temporal variability, the multiple temporal and spatial scales used allowed the detection of some differences in the intensity of the impact, depending on the time of sampling. Our findings greatly contribute to increase the knowledge on the effects of multiple stressors caused by the effluent of a power plant and also have important implications for management strategies and conservation ecology, in general. PMID:23110117
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How much is too little to detect impacts? A case study of a nuclear power plant.
Mayer-Pinto, Mariana; Ignacio, Barbara L; Széchy, Maria T M; Viana, Mariana S; Curbelo-Fernandez, Maria P; Lavrado, Helena P; Junqueira, Andrea O R; Vilanova, Eduardo; Silva, Sérgio H G
2012-01-01
Several approaches have been proposed to assess impacts on natural assemblages. Ideally, the potentially impacted site and multiple reference sites are sampled through time, before and after the impact. Often, however, the lack of information regarding the potential overall impact, the lack of knowledge about the environment in many regions worldwide, budgets constraints and the increasing dimensions of human activities compromise the reliability of the impact assessment. We evaluated the impact, if any, and its extent of a nuclear power plant effluent on sessile epibiota assemblages using a suitable and feasible sampling design with no 'before' data and budget and logistic constraints. Assemblages were sampled at multiple times and at increasing distances from the point of the discharge of the effluent. There was a clear and localized effect of the power plant effluent (up to 100 m from the point of the discharge). However, depending on the time of the year, the impact reaches up to 600 m. We found a significantly lower richness of taxa in the Effluent site when compared to other sites. Furthermore, at all times, the variability of assemblages near the discharge was also smaller than in other sites. Although the sampling design used here (in particular the number of replicates) did not allow an unambiguously evaluation of the full extent of the impact in relation to its intensity and temporal variability, the multiple temporal and spatial scales used allowed the detection of some differences in the intensity of the impact, depending on the time of sampling. Our findings greatly contribute to increase the knowledge on the effects of multiple stressors caused by the effluent of a power plant and also have important implications for management strategies and conservation ecology, in general.
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40 CFR 427.115 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet Dust Collection... source subject to the provisions of this subpart: There shall be no discharge of process waste water...
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40 CFR 427.115 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wet Dust Collection... source subject to the provisions of this subpart: There shall be no discharge of process waste water...
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Methods for Estimating Annual Wastewater Nutrient Loads in the Southeastern United States
McMahon, Gerard; Tervelt, Larinda; Donehoo, William
2007-01-01
This report describes an approach for estimating annual total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads from point-source dischargers in the southeastern United States. Nutrient load estimates for 2002 were used in the calibration and application of a regional nutrient model, referred to as the SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) watershed model. Loads from dischargers permitted under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System were calculated using data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System database and individual state databases. Site information from both state and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency databases, including latitude and longitude and monitored effluent data, was compiled into a project database. For sites with a complete effluent-monitoring record, effluent-flow and nutrient-concentration data were used to develop estimates of annual point-source nitrogen and phosphorus loads. When flow data were available but nutrient-concentration data were missing or incomplete, typical pollutant-concentration values of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were used to estimate load. In developing typical pollutant-concentration values, the major factors assumed to influence wastewater nutrient-concentration variability were the size of the discharger (the amount of flow), the season during which discharge occurred, and the Standard Industrial Classification code of the discharger. One insight gained from this study is that in order to gain access to flow, concentration, and location data, close communication and collaboration are required with the agencies that collect and manage the data. In addition, the accuracy and usefulness of the load estimates depend on the willingness of the states and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to provide guidance and review for at least a subset of the load estimates that may be problematic.
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40 CFR 458.45 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp... paragraph, which may be discharged from the carbon black lamp process by a new source subject to the...
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40 CFR 440.40 - Applicability; description of the mercury ore subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORE MINING AND DRESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Mercury Ore... are applicable to discharges from (a) mines, either open-pit or underground, that produce mercury ores...
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Hazen, T C; Esch, G W
1983-01-01
The density of Aeromonas hydrophila, standard count bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and 18 physical and chemical parameters were measured simultaneously at six sites for 12 months in Albemarle Sound, N.C. One site was above and two sites were below the discharge plume of a Kraft pulping process paper mill. The fourth site was above and the remaining two sites were below the discharge point of a nitrogen fertilizer factory. The impact of the pulp mill on water quality was acute, whereas that of the nitrogen fertilizer factory was chronic and much more subtle. Diffusion chamber studies indicated that A. hydrophila survival is increased by pulp mill effluent and decreased by nitrogen fertilizer factory effluent. From correlation and regression analysis, A. hydrophila was found to be directly affected by phytoplankton density and, thus, indirectly by concentrations of phosphate, nitrate, and total organic carbon. These two point sources are suspect as indirect causes of red-sore disease epizootics, a disease of fish caused by A. hydrophila. PMID:6297393
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Choi, Minkyu; Furlong, Edward T.; Moon, Hyo-Bang; Yu, Jun; Choi, Hee-Gu
2011-01-01
Nonylphenolic compounds (NPs), coprostanol (COP), and cholestanol, major contaminants in industrial and domestic wastewaters, were analyzed in creek water, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, and sediment samples from artificial Lake Shihwa and its vicinity, one of the most industrialized regions in Korea. We also determined mass discharge of NPs and COP, a fecal sterol, into the lake, to understand the linkage between discharge and sediment contamination. Total NP (the sum of nonylphenol, and nonylphenol mono- and di-ethoxylates) were 0.32–875 μg L-1 in creeks, 0.61–87.0 μg L-1 in WWTP effluents, and 29.3–230 μg g-1 TOC in sediments. Concentrations of COP were 0.09–19.0 μg L-1 in creeks, 0.11–44.0 μg L-1 in WWTP effluents, and 2.51–438 μg g-1 TOC in sediments. The spatial distributions of NPs in creeks and sediments from the inshore region were different from those of COP, suggesting that Lake Shihwa contamination patterns from industrial effluents differ from those from domestic effluents. The mass discharge from the combined outfall of the WWTPs, located in the offshore region, was 2.27 kg d-1 for NPs and 1.00 kg d-1 for COP, accounting for 91% and 95% of the total discharge into Lake Shihwa, respectively. The highest concentrations of NPs and COP in sediments were found in samples at sites near the submarine outfall of the WWTPs, indicating that the submarine outfall is an important point source of wastewater pollution in Lake Shihwa.
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40 CFR 406.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling Subcategory § 406... to the provisions of this subpart: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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40 CFR 406.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling Subcategory § 406... to the provisions of this subpart: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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40 CFR 406.55 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Normal Rice Milling Subcategory § 406... to the provisions of this subpart: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to...
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40 CFR 461.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium Subcategory § 461.15... discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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40 CFR 461.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium Subcategory § 461.15... discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Carey, Richard O.; Migliaccio, Kati W.
2009-08-01
Excessive nutrient loading (considering nitrogen and phosphorus) is a major ongoing threat to water quality and here we review the impact of nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to United States (U.S.) freshwater systems. While urban and agricultural land uses are significant nonpoint nutrient contributors, effluent from point sources such as WWTPs can overwhelm receiving waters, effectively dominating hydrological characteristics and regulating instream nutrient processes. Population growth, increased wastewater volumes, and sustainability of critical water resources have all been key factors influencing the extent of wastewater treatment. Reducing nutrient concentrations in wastewater is an important aspect of water quality management because excessive nutrient concentrations often prevent water bodies from meeting designated uses. WWTPs employ numerous physical, chemical, and biological methods to improve effluent water quality but nutrient removal requires advanced treatment and infrastructure that may be economically prohibitive. Therefore, effluent nutrient concentrations vary depending on the particular processes used to treat influent wastewater. Increasingly stringent regulations regarding nutrient concentrations in discharged effluent, along with greater freshwater demand in populous areas, have led to the development of extensive water recycling programs within many U.S. regions. Reuse programs provide an opportunity to reduce or eliminate direct nutrient discharges to receiving waters while allowing for the beneficial use of reclaimed water. However, nutrients in reclaimed water can still be a concern for reuse applications, such as agricultural and landscape irrigation.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
NONE
1996-09-11
The Department of Energy (DOE) proposes to eliminate industrial effluent from 27 outfalls at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The Proposed Action includes both simple and extensive plumbing modifications, which would result in the elimination of industrial effluent being released to the environment through 27 outfalls. The industrial effluent currently going to about half of the 27 outfalls under consideration would be rerouted to LANL`s sanitary sewer system. Industrial effluent from other outfalls would be eliminated by replacing once-through cooling water systems with recirculation systems, or, in a few instances, operational changes would result in no generation of industrial effluent.more » After the industrial effluents have been discontinued, the affected outfalls would be removed from the NPDES Permit. The pipes from the source building or structure to the discharge point for the outfalls may be plugged, or excavated and removed. Other outfalls would remain intact and would continue to discharge stormwater. The No Action alternative, which would maintain the status quo for LANL`s outfalls, was also analyzed. An alternative in which industrial effluent would be treated at the source facilities was considered but dismissed from further analysis because it would not reasonably meet the DOE`s purpose for action, and its potential environmental effects were bounded by the analysis of the Proposed Action and the No Action alternatives.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Saito, Mitsuyo; Onodera, Shin-ichi; Jin, Guangzhe; Shimizu, Yuta; Taniguchi, Masanobu
2018-12-01
In this study, we examined the nitrogen dynamics of a highly urbanized coastal area, focusing on the impacts of sewage-derived nitrogen. High levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were detected in seawater near treated sewage effluent (TSE) discharge points before decreasing in the offshore direction, suggesting that the impact zone of sewage effluent is about 1-2 km from the discharge point. The stable isotope ratios of nitrate and particulate organic nitrogen suggest nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton as well as dilution by offshore seawater, which contributed to a decrease in sewage-derived nitrogen levels. However, the extent of the impact zone was controlled by tidal variations and differences in temperature between the TSE and seawater. Our results also identify nitrogen transport processes, through exchange between seawater and sediment pore water, as an additional important source of nitrogen in the study area.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart and which uses water for metal cooling... to the provisions of this subpart and which uses aluminum fluoride in its magnesium removal process... Fluoride 0.4 Ammonia (as N) 0.01 Aluminum 1.0 Copper 0.003 COD 1.0 pH (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 9.0. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart and which uses water for metal cooling... to the provisions of this subpart and which uses aluminum fluoride in its magnesium removal process... Fluoride 0.4 Ammonia (as N) 0.01 Aluminum 1.0 Copper 0.003 COD 1.0 pH (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 9.0. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart and which uses water for metal cooling... to the provisions of this subpart and which uses aluminum fluoride in its magnesium removal process... Fluoride 0.4 Ammonia (as N) 0.01 Aluminum 1.0 Copper 0.003 COD 1.0 pH (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 9.0. ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... discharged by a point source subject to the provisions of this subpart and which uses water for metal cooling... to the provisions of this subpart and which uses aluminum fluoride in its magnesium removal process... Fluoride 0.4 Ammonia (as N) 0.01 Aluminum 1.0 Copper 0.003 COD 1.0 pH (1) 1 Within the range of 7.5 to 9.0. ...
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Albert, Ryan J; McLaughlin, Christine; Falatko, Debra
2014-10-15
Fish hold effluent and the effluent produced from the cleaning of fish holds may contain organic material resulting from the degradation of seafood and cleaning products (e.g., soaps and detergents). This effluent is often discharged by vessels into near shore waters and, therefore, could have the potential to contribute to water pollution in bays and estuaries. We characterized effluent from commercial fishing vessels with holds containing refrigerated seawater, ice slurry, or chipped ice. Concentrations of trace heavy metals, wet chemistry parameters, and nutrients in effluent were compared to screening benchmarks to determine if there is a reasonable potential for effluent discharge to contribute to nonattainment of water quality standards. Most analytes (67%) exceeded their benchmark concentration and, therefore, may have the potential to pose risk to human health or the environment if discharges are in significant quantities or there are many vessels discharging in the same areas. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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40 CFR 432.70 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Sausage and Luncheon Meats Processors § 432.70 Applicability. This part applies to discharges of process wastewater resulting from the production of fresh meat...
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40 CFR 461.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium....16 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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40 CFR 461.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium....16 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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40 CFR 461.15 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium....16 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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40 CFR 432.70 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Sausage and Luncheon Meats Processors § 432.70 Applicability. This part applies to discharges of process wastewater resulting from the production of fresh meat...
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A Conceptual Model For Effluent-Dependent Riverine Environments
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Murphy, M. T.; Meyerhoff, R. D.; Osterkamp, W. R.; Smith, E. L.; Hawkins, R. H.
2001-12-01
The Arid West Water Quality Research Project (WQRP) is a multi-year, EPA-funded scientific endeavor directed by the Pima County, Wastewater Management Department in southern Arizona and focussed upon several interconnected ecological questions. These questions are crucial to water quality management in the arid and semi arid western US. A key component has been the ecological, hydrological and geomorphological investigation of habitat created by the discharge of treated effluent into ephemeral streams. Such environments are fundamentally different from the dry streams or rivers they displace; however, they are clearly not the perennial streams they superficially resemble. Under Arizona State regulations, such streams can bear the use designation of "Effluent Dependent Waters," or EDWs. Before this investigation, a hydrological/ecological conceptual model for these unique ecosystems had not been published. We have constructed one for general review that is designed to direct future work in the WQRP. The project investigated ten representative, yet contrasting EDW sites distributed throughout arid areas of the western US, to gather both historical and reconnaissance level field data, including in-stream and riparian, habitat and morphometric fluvial data. In most cases, the cross sectional area of the prior channel is oversized relative to the discharge of the introduced effluent. Where bed control is absent, the channels are incised downstream of the discharge point, further suggesting a disequilibrium between the channel and the regulated effluent flow. Several of the studied stream systems primarily convey storm water and are aggradational, exhibiting braided or anastomizing channels, high energy bedforms, and spatially dynamic interfluves. Active channels are formed in response to individual storm events and can be highly dynamic in both location and cross-sectional morphology. This poses a geomorphological challenge in the selection of a discharge point. We structured the conceptual model around accepted riverine ecological models but with important departures signaling the unique characteristics of EDW communities. In many cases, in-stream habitat values were naturally limited by substrate, flow regimes, or other pre-discharge conditions. Our model is designed to give terrestrial habitat equal footing with in-stream resources in ecological assessment techniques. In the arid West, where in-stream water resources are becoming increasingly limited, EDWs offer important refugia and corridors for neotropical migratory birds and other habitat-limited wildlife species. These beneficial uses require different hydrological tools than in-stream systems for assessing habitat health.
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Sewage-derived nutrient dynamics in highly urbanized coastal rivers, western Japan
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Onodera, S. I.; Saito, M.; Jin, G.; Taniguchi, M.
2016-12-01
Water pollution by domestic sewage is one of the critical environmental problems in the early stage of urbanization with significant growth of population. In case of Osaka metropolitan area in Japan, the pollution was significant until 1970s, while it has been improved by the development of sewage treatment systems. However, removal of nitrogen needs the advanced process therefore relatively large part of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is usually discharged by treated sewage effluent. Besides, increase of sewage-derived pollutant loads through the combined sewage systems during rainfall events is recognized as a new problem in recent years. However, the impacts of sewage-derived loads on the water environment of river and coastal area have not been fully evaluated in previous studies. In the present research, we aimed to examine the dynamics of sewage-derived nutrients in highly urbanized coastal rivers. Study area is located on the coastal area of Osaka bay in Seto Inland Sea, western Japan. Treated sewage effluent is discharged from three sewage treatment plants (KH, SU and SA) to a river and channels. Water and sediment samples were collected and electric conductivity (EC), chlorophyll-a (Chl.-a) and dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) were measured from the discharging points to few kilometers offshore at 100-300 m intervals. Nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and silica), nitrogen and carbon contents and stable isotope ratios (δ15N and δ13C) of particulate organic matter (POM) and sediment, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ15N and δ18O) in nitrate (NO3-) were measured. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentration were significantly high near the discharging point then it decreased to offshore suggesting that impact zone of sewage effluent is about 1 km from the discharging point. Significant NO3-N uptake by phytoplankton as well as dilution process were suggested in the area. However, the impact zone expanded more than twofold during the rainfall event (>20mm/h). Nutrient contents were significantly high both in the sediment and pore water near the discharging points and it caused relatively high diffusion flux to overlying water. It suggests nutrient regeneration process from the sediment is the secondary loading process in the study area.
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40 CFR 461.73 - New source performance standards. (NSPS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory § 461.73 New... times. (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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40 CFR 432.60 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Meat Cutters § 432.60 Applicability. This part applies to discharges of process wastewater resulting from the production of fresh meat cuts, such as steaks, roasts...
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40 CFR 432.90 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Canned Meats Processors § 432.90 Applicability. This part applies to discharges of process wastewater resulting from the production of canned meats, alone or in...
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40 CFR 461.45 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche.... (1) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any... shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing...
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40 CFR 461.45 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche.... (1) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any... shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing...
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40 CFR 461.45 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche.... (1) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any... shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing...
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40 CFR 432.60 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Meat Cutters § 432.60 Applicability. This part applies to discharges of process wastewater resulting from the production of fresh meat cuts, such as steaks, roasts...
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40 CFR 432.90 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Canned Meats Processors § 432.90 Applicability. This part applies to discharges of process wastewater resulting from the production of canned meats, alone or in...
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40 CFR 461.20 - Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... calcium subcategory. 461.20 Section 461.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium Subcategory § 461.20 Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.20 - Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... calcium subcategory. 461.20 Section 461.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium Subcategory § 461.20 Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.50 - Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... lithium subcategory. 461.50 Section 461.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lithium Subcategory § 461.50 Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges...
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40 CFR 461.50 - Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... lithium subcategory. 461.50 Section 461.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lithium Subcategory § 461.50 Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges...
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40 CFR 461.50 - Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... lithium subcategory. 461.50 Section 461.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lithium Subcategory § 461.50 Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.50 - Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... lithium subcategory. 461.50 Section 461.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lithium Subcategory § 461.50 Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges...
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40 CFR 461.50 - Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... lithium subcategory. 461.50 Section 461.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lithium Subcategory § 461.50 Applicability; description of the lithium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium Subcategory § 461.14... 1.49 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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40 CFR 421.240 - Applicability: Description of the secondary nickel subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of nickel by secondary nickel facilities processing slag, spent acids, or scrap metal raw materials. ...
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40 CFR 421.190 - Applicability: Description of the secondary indium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE... subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the production of indium at secondary indium facilities processing spent electrolyte solutions and scrap indium metal raw...
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40 CFR 467.40 - Applicability; description of the forging subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... forging subcategory. 467.40 Section 467.40 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Forging Subcategory § 467.40 Applicability; description of the forging subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of...
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40 CFR 461.20 - Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... calcium subcategory. 461.20 Section 461.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium Subcategory § 461.20 Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges...
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40 CFR 461.20 - Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... calcium subcategory. 461.20 Section 461.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium Subcategory § 461.20 Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges...
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40 CFR 461.20 - Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... calcium subcategory. 461.20 Section 461.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium Subcategory § 461.20 Applicability; description of the calcium subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges...
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40 CFR 461.14 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cadmium Subcategory § 461.14... 1.49 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than those battery manufacturing operations listed above. ...
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Sonntag, W.H.; McPherson, B.F.
1984-01-01
Two test discharges of treated-sewage effluent were made to the Loxahatchee River in February and September 1981 from the ENCON sewage-treatment plant to document nutrient loading and downstream transport of the effluent to the estuary under maximum daily discharge allowable by law (4 million gallons per day). Concentrations of total nitrogen in the effluent exceeded background concentrations by as much as 7 times during the February test, while concentrations of total phosphorus exceeded background concentrations by as much as 112 times during the September test. The effluent was transported downstream to the estuary in less than 24 hours. Discharge of treated sewage effluent to the river-estuary system in the 1981 water year accounted for less than 0.5 percent of the total nitrogen and 8 percent of the total phosphorus discharged from the major tributaries to the estuary. If maximum discharges of effluent (4 million gallons per day) were sustained throughout the year, annual nitrogen loading from the effluent would account for 5 to 18 percent of the total nitrogen input by the major tributaries to the estuary. With maximum discharges of effluent, annual phosphorus loading would exceed the amount of phosphorus input by the major tributaries to the estuary by 54 to 167 percent. (USGS)
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40 CFR 461.45 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche Subcategory § 461...) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day... discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than...
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40 CFR 461.45 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche Subcategory § 461...) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSNS. Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day... discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery manufacturing operation other than...
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Effluent Charts Help | ECHO | US EPA
Effluent Charts present dynamic charts and tables of permitted effluent limits, releases, and violations over time for Clean Water Act (CWA) wastewater discharge permits issued under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Packaging Subcategory § 455.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction... shall provide no discharge additional discharge allowance for those pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) in the pesticide formulating, packaging and repackaging wastewaters when those PAIs are also...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Packaging Subcategory § 455.43 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction... shall provide no discharge additional discharge allowance for those pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) in the pesticide formulating, packaging and repackaging wastewaters when those PAIs are also...
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40 CFR 401.10 - Scope and purpose.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... through 699 of this subchapter prescribe effluent limitations guidelines for existing sources, standards of performance for new sources and pretreatment standards for new and existing sources pursuant to...) and (c) and 1326(b); 86 Stat. 816; Pub. L. 92-500. Point sources of discharges of pollutants are...
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40 CFR 450.10 - Applicability.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicability. 450.10 Section 450.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT POINT SOURCE CATEGORY General Provisions § 450.10 Applicability. (a) This part applies to discharges associated with...
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40 CFR 461.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche Subcategory § 461... existing sources listed below: (1) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSES. Pollutant or pollutant... 0.015 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery...
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40 CFR 405.100 - Applicability; description of the dry milk subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... are applicable to discharges resulting from the manufacture of dry whole milk, dry skim milk and dry... milk subcategory. 405.100 Section 405.100 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS DAIRY PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Dry Milk...
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40 CFR 461.30 - Applicability; description of the lead subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicability; description of the lead...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.30 Applicability; description of the lead subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.30 - Applicability; description of the lead subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Applicability; description of the lead...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.30 Applicability; description of the lead subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.30 - Applicability; description of the lead subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Applicability; description of the lead...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.30 Applicability; description of the lead subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to...
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40 CFR 461.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Leclanche Subcategory § 461... existing sources listed below: (1) Subpart D—Foliar Battery Miscellaneous Wash—PSES. Pollutant or pollutant... 0.015 (b) There shall be no discharge allowance for process wastewater pollutants from any battery...
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40 CFR 426.125 - Standards of performance for new sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Incandescent Lamp Envelope... section, which may be discharged by a new source subject to the provisions of this subpart: (a) Any manufacturing plant which produces incandescent lamp envelopes shall meet the following limitations with regard...
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40 CFR 466.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... pretreatment standards the following equivalent mass standards are provided. (1) There shall be no discharge of... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cast Iron Basis...
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40 CFR 466.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... pretreatment standards the following equivalent mass standards are provided. (1) There shall be no discharge of... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cast Iron Basis Material...
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40 CFR 466.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... pretreatment standards the following equivalent mass standards are provided. (1) There shall be no discharge of... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cast Iron Basis...
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40 CFR 466.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... pretreatment standards the following equivalent mass standards are provided. (1) There shall be no discharge of... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cast Iron Basis Material...
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40 CFR 466.24 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... pretreatment standards the following equivalent mass standards are provided. (1) There shall be no discharge of... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Cast Iron Basis...
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Barber, Larry B.; Loyo-Rosales, Jorge E.; Rice, Clifford P.; Minarik, Thomas A.; Oskouie, Ali K.
2015-01-01
Urban streams are an integral part of the municipal water cycle and provide a point of discharge for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, allowing additional attenuation through dilution and transformation processes, as well as a conduit for transporting contaminants to downstream water supplies. Domestic and commercial activities dispose of wastes down-the-drain, resulting in wastewater containing complex chemical mixtures that are only partially removed during treatment. A key issue associated with WWTP effluent discharge into streams is the potential to cause endocrine disruption in fish. This study provides a long-term (1999-2009) evaluation of the occurrence of alkylphenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other contaminants discharged from WWTPs into streams in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River Regions (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Ohio). The Greater Metropolitan Chicago Area Waterways, Illinois, were evaluated to determine contaminant concentrations in the major WWTP effluents and receiving streams, and assess the behavior of EDCs from their sources within the sewer collection system, through the major treatment unit processes at a WWTP, to their persistence and transport in the receiving stream. Water samples were analyzed for alkylphenolic EDCs and other contaminants, including 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-nonylphenolpolyethoxylates (NPEO), 4-nonylphenolethoxycarboxylic acids (NPEC), 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-tert-octylphenolpolyethoxylates (OPEO), bisphenol A, triclosan, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and trace elements. All of the compounds were detected in all of the WWTP effluents, with EDTA and NPEC having the greatest concentrations. The compounds also were detected in the WWTP effluent dominated rivers. Multiple fish species were collected from river and lake sites and analyzed for NP, NPEO, NPEC, OP, and OPEO. Whole-body fish tissue analysis indicated widespread occurrence of alkylphenolic compounds, with the highest concentrations occurring in streams with the greatest WWTP effluent content. Biomarkers of endocrine disruption in the fish indicated long-term exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the wastewater impacted urban waterways.
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PRN 93-10: Effluent Discharge Labeling Statements
This notice describes revised effluent discharge labeling statements required on all manufacturing use products and end use products that may be discharged to waters of the United States ormunicipal sewer systems.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... section. (e) Effluent limitations for contaminated runoff. The following effluent limitations constitute... attributable to contaminated runoff which may be discharged after the application of the best conventional... contaminated runoff and is not commingled or treated with process wastewater, it may be discharged if it does...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... section. (e) Effluent limitations for contaminated runoff. The following effluent limitations constitute... attributable to contaminated runoff which may be discharged after the application of the best conventional... contaminated runoff and is not commingled or treated with process wastewater, it may be discharged if it does...
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Phillips, Patrick J.; Smith, Steven G.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Zaugg, Steven D.; Buxton, Herbert T.; Furlong, Edward T.
2010-01-01
Abstract Wastewater-treatment-plant (WWTP) effluents are a demonstrated source of pharmaceuticals to the environment. During 2004-09, a study was conducted to identify pharmaceutical compounds in effluents from WWTPs (including two that receive substantial discharges from pharmaceutical formulation facilities), streamwater, and reservoirs. The methods used to determine and quantify concentrations of seven pharmaceuticals are described. In addition, the report includes information on pharmaceuticals formulated or potentially formulated at the two pharmaceutical formulation facilities that provide substantial discharge to two of the WWTPs, and potential limitations to these data are discussed. The analytical methods used to provide data on the seven pharmaceuticals (including opioids, muscle relaxants, and other pharmaceuticals) in filtered water samples also are described. Data are provided on method performance, including spike data, method detection limit results, and an estimation of precision. Quality-assurance data for sample collection and handling are included. Quantitative data are presented for the seven pharmaceuticals in water samples collected at WWTP discharge points, from streams, and at reservoirs. Occurrence data also are provided for 19 pharmaceuticals that were qualitatively identified. Flow data at selected WWTP and streams are presented. Between 2004-09, 35-38 effluent samples were collected from each of three WWTPs in New York and analyzed for seven pharmaceuticals. Two WWTPs (NY2 and NY3) receive substantial inflows (greater than 20 percent of plant flow) from pharmaceutical formulation facilities (PFF) and one (NY1) receives no PFF flow. Samples of effluents from 23 WWTPs across the United States were analyzed once for these pharmaceuticals as part of a national survey. Maximum pharmaceutical effluent concentrations for the national survey and NY1 effluent samples were generally less than 1 ug/L. Four pharmaceuticals (methadone, oxycodone, butalbital and metaxalone) in samples of NY3 effluent had median concentrations ranging from 3.4 to greater than 400 ug/L. Maximum concentrations of oxycodone (1,700 ug/L) and metaxalone (3,800 ug/L) in samples from NY3 effluent exceeded 1,000 ug/L. Three pharmaceuticals (butalbital, carisoprodol, and oxycodone) in samples of NY2 effluent had median concentrations ranging from 2 to 11 ug/L. These findings suggest that current 2 manufacturing practices at these PFFs can result in pharmaceutical concentrations from 10 to 1,000 times higher than those typically found in WWTP effluents.
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76 FR 66286 - Notice of Final 2010 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-10-26
... Coalbed Methane Extraction (CBM) industry and will develop pretreatments requirements for discharges of...) industry. EPA is also issuing the detailed study report for the Coalbed Methane Extraction and the... Methane Point Source Category: Detailed Study Report, EPA-820-R-10-022, DCN 09999; Draft Guidance Document...
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40 CFR 461.70 - Applicability; description of the zinc subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicability; description of the zinc...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory § 461.70 Applicability; description of the zinc subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to waters of the United...
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40 CFR 461.70 - Applicability; description of the zinc subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicability; description of the zinc...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Zinc Subcategory § 461.70 Applicability; description of the zinc subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to waters of the United...
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40 CFR 461.30 - Applicability; description of the lead subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicability; description of the lead...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.30 Applicability; description of the lead subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to waters of the United...
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40 CFR 430.107 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS THE PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Fiber Non...: Subpart J [PSNS for secondary fiber non-deink facilities where paperboard from wastepaper is produced... = wastewater discharged in kgal per ton of product. a The following equivalent mass limitations are provided as...
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40 CFR 430.107 - Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS THE PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Secondary Fiber Non...: Subpart J [PSNS for secondary fiber non-deink facilities where paperboard from wastepaper is produced... = wastewater discharged in kgal per ton of product. a The following equivalent mass limitations are provided as...
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40 CFR 461.30 - Applicability; description of the lead subcategory.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicability; description of the lead...) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS BATTERY MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Lead Subcategory § 461.30 Applicability; description of the lead subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges to waters of the United...
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Excess TDS/Major Ionic Stress/Elevated Conductivities appeared increasing in streams in Central and Eastern Appalachia. Direct discharges from permitted point sources and regional interest in setting eco-based effluent guidelines/aquatic life criteria, as well as potential differ...
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Cultural eutrophication control through water reuse.
Sala, L; Mujeriego, R
2001-01-01
The increasing use of mineral fertilisers over the last decades has contributed to the appearance of numerous cases of water eutrophication, a new form of water pollution. The starting point of eutrophication is the increase of nutrient concentration (nitrogen and phosphorus) in a water mass, which is subsequently followed by an uncontrolled growth of primary producers and episodes of oxygen depletion due to microbial decomposition of algal organic matter. The excess nutrient loads reaching surface waters are usually associated to discharges from anthropogenic activities, which normally involve direct water usage instead of reuse of reclaimed effluents. Agriculture activities and livestock breeding are two of the main nutrient sources responsible for water eutrophication, as well as human--urban and industrial--wastewater discharges. Wastewater reclamation and reuse can be a suitable strategy for preserving the quality of natural waters, by suppressing effluent discharges and the associated nutrient contributions to receiving waters. Reuse of reclaimed water for agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as for environmental enhancement offers an adequate strategy for preserving natural water systems from eutrophication.
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Johannessen, Sophia C; Macdonald, Robie W; Burd, Brenda; van Roodselaar, Albert; Bertold, Stan
2015-03-01
To predict the likely effects of management action on any point source discharge into the coastal ocean, it is essential to understand both the composition of the effluent and the environmental conditions in the receiving waters. We illustrate a broadly-applicable approach to evaluating the comprehensive environmental footprint of a discharge, using regional geochemical budgets and nearfield monitoring. We take as a case study municipal effluent discharged into the Strait of Georgia (west coast of Canada), where there has been public controversy over the discharge of screened or primary-treated effluent directly into the ocean. Wastewater contributes ≤ 1% of the nitrogen, organic carbon and oxygen demand in the Strait and is unlikely to cause eutrophication, harmful algal blooms or hypoxia in this region. Metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) are controlled by natural cycles augmented by past mining and urbanization, with 0.3-5% of the flux contributed by wastewater. Wastewater contributes ~5% of PCBs but ≤ 60% of PBDEs and is likely also important for pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Effects of high organic flux on benthos are measurable in the immediate receiving environment. The availability of particle-active contaminants to enter the food chain depends on how long those contaminants remain in the sediment surface mixed layer before burial. Secondary treatment, slated for completion in Vancouver in 2030, will reduce fluxes of some contaminants, but will have negligible effect on regional budgets for organic carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, metals and PCBs. Removal of PBDEs from wastewater will affect regional budgets, depending on how the sludge is sequestered. Crown Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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PRN 95-1: Effluent Discharge Labeling Statements
This notice exempts certain pesticide products from bearing effluent discharge labeling statements specified by P.R. Notice 93-10 for manufacturing use products and end use products that may be discharged to waters of the U.S. or municipal sewer systems.
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Haggard, B.E.; Galloway, J.M.; Green, W.R.; Meyer, M.T.
2006-01-01
Recently, our attention has focused on the low level detection of many antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals in water resources. The limited studies available suggest that urban or rural streams receiving wastewater effluent are more susceptible to contamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals at 18 sites on seven selected streams in Arkansas, USA, during March, April, and August 2004. Water samples were collected upstream and downstream from the influence of effluent discharges in northwestern Arkansas and at one site on a relatively undeveloped stream in north-central Arkansas. At least one antibiotic, pharmaceutical, or other organic chemical was detected at all sites, except at Spavinaw Creek near Mayesville, Arkansas. The greatest number of detections was observed at Mud Creek downstream from an effluent discharge, including 31 pharmaceuticals and other organic chemicals. The detection of these chemicals occurred in higher frequency at sites downstream from effluent discharges compared to those sites upstream from effluent discharges; total chemical concentration was also greater downstream. Wastewater effluent discharge increased the concentrations of detergent metabolites, fire retardants, fragrances and flavors, and steroids in these streams. Antibiotics and associated degradation products were only found at two streams downstream from effluent discharges. Overall, 42 of the 108 chemicals targeted in this study were found in water samples from at least one site, and the most frequently detected organic chemicals included caffeine, phenol, para-cresol, and acetyl hexamethyl tetrahydro naphthalene (AHTN). ?? ASA, CSSA, SSSA.
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de Carvalho Gomes, Franciane; Godoy, José Marcus; de Carvalho, Zenildo Lara; de Souza, Elder Magalhães; Rodrigues Silva, José Ivan; Tadeu Lopes, Ricardo
2014-10-01
Presently, two nuclear power plants operate in Brazil. Both are located at Itaorna beach, Angra dos Reis, approximately 133 km from Rio de Janeiro city. The reactor cooling circuits require the input of seawater, which is later discharged through a pipeline into the adjacent Piraquara de Fora Cove. The radioactive effluents undergo ion-exchange treatment prior to their release in batches, causing the enrichment of (3)H relative to other radionuclides in the discharged waters. Under steady state conditions, the (3)H gradient in the Piraquara de Fora waters can be used to determine the dependence of the dilution factor on the distance from the discharge point. The present work describes experiments carried out at the reactor site during batch release episodes, including time series sampling at the discharge point and surface seawater sampling every 250 m to a distance of 1250 m, after a double distillation, the (3)H concentration was measured by liquid scintillation counting applying a Quantulus liquid scintillation spectrometer. The obtained results showed a linear relationship between the (3)H concentration and distance from the discharge point. At 1250 m from the discharge point a dilution index of 1:15 was measured which fits the expected value based on modeling. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Formulating and Packaging Subcategory § 455.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... the formulation, packaging or repackaging of pesticides: There shall be no discharge of process... that permitting authorities shall provide no additional discharge allowance for those pesticide active...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Formulating and Packaging Subcategory § 455.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... the formulation, packaging or repackaging of pesticides: There shall be no discharge of process... that permitting authorities shall provide no additional discharge allowance for those pesticide active...
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Chiang, Gustavo; Barra, Ricardo; Díaz-Jaramillo, Mauricio; Rivas, Meyling; Bahamonde, Paulina; Munkittrick, Kelly R
2015-07-01
Pulp and paper mill effluents (PPMEs) have been shown to increase gonad size, cause early maturation, and disrupt hormone functions in native and non-native Chilean fish. In this study, we assessed reproductive (plasma vitellogenin; VTG, gonad development) and metabolic (ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity; EROD) end points, relative liver size (LSI) and condition factor (K) of juvenile female and male rainbow trout exposed to effluents. Unlike previous studies, which have focus either on the specific effects of effluent on fish in laboratory exposures or biotic population statuses downstream of discharge sites, we simultaneously assessed the impacts of PPMES on trout using two approaches: (1) laboratory exposures of tertiary treated PPME produced from processing Eucalyptus globulus or Pinus radiata; and (2) in situ bioassay downstream of the combined discharge of the same pulp mill. Despite an increase in the average gonadosomatic index (GSI) in exposed fish, no statistical differences in gonad size between exposed and unexposed individuals was detected. However, both female and male fish exposed to effluents showed significantly higher concentrations of plasma VTG, so more in fish exposed to Eucalyptus-based effluent when compared to Pinus PPME. In addition, male fish showed intersex characteristics in all exposure assays (Eucaliptus and Pinus) and, despite the low concentration of effluent in the river (<1% [v/v]), similar responses were observed in the caged fish. Finally, EROD activity was induced in both in situ exposures and laboratory assays at the higher PPME concentration (60-85% PPME). This study confirms estrogenic effects in Chilean fish exposed to PPME and the necessity for biological effects monitoring in addition to the assessment of physical-chemical endpoints as required in current government regulations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... operation using HF flotation, discharges of process waste water pollutants from facilities that recycle waste water, for use in the processing shall not exceed the following limitations: Effluent... paragraphs (a) (1) and (3) of this section, there shall be no discharge of process generated waste water...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... operation using HF flotation, discharges of process waste water pollutants from facilities that recycle waste water, for use in the processing shall not exceed the following limitations: Effluent... paragraphs (a) (1) and (3) of this section, there shall be no discharge of process generated waste water...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Takashima, Keisuke; Kaneko, Toshiro
2016-09-01
The control of hydroxyl radical and the other gas phase species generation in the ejected gas through air plasma (air plasma effluent) has been experimentally studied, which is a key to extend the range of plasma treatment. Nanosecond pulse discharge is known to produce high reduced electric field (E/N) discharge that leads to efficient generation of the reactive species than conventional low frequency discharge, while the charge-voltage cycle in the low frequency discharge is known to be well-controlled. In this study, the nanosecond pulse discharge biased with AC low frequency high voltage is used to take advantages of these discharges, which allows us to modulate the reactive species composition in the air plasma effluent. The utilization of the gas-liquid interface and the liquid phase chemical reactions between the modulated long-lived reactive species delivered from the air plasma effluent could realize efficient liquid phase chemical reactions leading to short-lived reactive species production far from the air plasma, which is crucial for some plasma agricultural applications.
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40 CFR 412.46 - New source performance standards (NSPS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... production areas. There must be no discharge of manure, litter, or process wastewater pollutants into waters... practice effluent limitations designed to ensure no discharge of manure, litter, or process wastewater... such effluent limitations, “no discharge of manure, litter, or process wastewater pollutants,” as used...
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Hemachandra, C K; Pathiratne, A
2017-10-01
Complex effluents originating from diverse industrial processes in industrial zones could pose cytotoxic/genotoxic hazards to biota in the receiving ecosystems which cannot be revealed by conventional monitoring methods. This study assessed potential cytotoxicity/genotoxicity of treated effluents of two industrial zones which are discharged into Kelani river, Sri Lanka combining erythrocytic abnormality tests and comet assay of the tropical model fish, Nile tilapia. Exposure of fish to the effluents induced erythrocytic DNA damage and deformed erythrocytes with serrated membranes, vacuolations, nuclear buds and micronuclei showing cytotoxic/genotoxic hazards in all cases. Occasional exceedance of industrial effluent discharge regulatory limits was noted for color and lead which may have contributed to the observed cytotoxicity/genotoxicity of effluents. The results demonstrate that fish erythrocytic responses could be used as effective bioanalytical tools for cytotoxic/genotoxic hazard assessments of complex effluents of industrial zones for optimization of the waste treatment process in order to reduce biological impacts.
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Gurung, Anup; Hassan, Sedky H A; Oh, Sang-Eun
2011-10-01
Bioassays are becoming an important tool for assessing the toxicity of complex mixtures of substances in aquatic environments in which Daphnia magna is routinely used as a test organism. Bioassays outweigh physicochemical analyses and are valuable in the decision-making process pertaining to the final discharge of effluents from wastewater treatment plants as they measure the total effect of the discharge which is ecologically relevant. In this study, the aquatic toxicity of a textile plant effluent and river water downstream from the plant were evaluated with sulfur-oxidizing bacterial biosensors in continuous mode. Collected samples were analysed for different physicochemical parameters and 1,4-dioxane was detected in the effluent. The effluent contained a relatively high chemical oxygen demand of 60 mg L(-1), which exceeded the limit set by the Korean government for industrial effluent discharges. Results showed that both the effluent and river waters were toxic to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. These results show the importance of incorporating bioassays to detect toxicity in wastewater effluents for the sustainable management of water resources.
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40 CFR 125.67 - Increase in effluent volume or amount of pollutants discharged.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM Criteria for Modifying the Secondary Treatment Requirements Under Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act § 125.67 Increase in effluent volume or amount of pollutants discharged. (a) No modified...
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40 CFR 125.67 - Increase in effluent volume or amount of pollutants discharged.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM Criteria for Modifying the Secondary Treatment Requirements Under Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act § 125.67 Increase in effluent volume or amount of pollutants discharged. (a) No modified...
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Decreased fish diversity found near marble industry effluents in River Barandu, Pakistan.
Mulk, Shahi; Korai, Abdul Latif; Azizullah, Azizullah; Khattak, Muhammad Nasir Khan
2016-01-01
In a recently published study we observed that effluents from marble industry affected physicochemical characteristics of River Barandu in District Buner, Pakistan. These changes in water quality due to marble effluents may affect fish community. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the impacts of marble industry effluents on fish communities in River Barandu using abundance, richness, diversity and evenness of fish species as end point criteria. The fish samples were collected by local fishermen on monthly basis from three selected sites (upstream, effluents/industrial, and downstream sites). During the study period, a total of 18 fish species were found belonging to 4 orders, 5 families and 11 genera. The Cyprinidae was observed to be the dominant family at all the three selected sites. Lower abundance and species diversity was observed at the industrial (22%) and downstream sites (33%) as compared to the upstream site (45%). Effluents of marble industry were associated with lower abundance of species in River Barandu. It is recommended that industries should be shifted away from the vicinity of river and their effluents must be treated before discharging to prevent further loss of fish abundance and diversity in the River.
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Galloway, Joel M.; Haggard, Brian E.; Meyers, Michael T.; Green, W. Reed
2005-01-01
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the University of Arkansas and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, collected data in 2004 to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater constituents, including many constituents of emerging environmental concern, in selected streams in northern Arkansas. Samples were collected in March and April 2004 from 17 sites located upstream and downstream from wastewater- treatment plant effluent discharges on 7 streams in northwestern Arkansas and at 1 stream site in a relatively undeveloped basin in north-central Arkansas. Additional samples were collected at three of the sites in August 2004. The targeted organic wastewater constituents and sample sites were selected because wastewater-treatment plant effluent discharge provides a potential point source of these constituents and analytical techniques have improved to accurately measure small amounts of these constituents in environmental samples. At least 1 of the 108 pharmaceutical or other organic wastewater constituents was detected at all sites in 2004, except at Spavinaw Creek near Maysville, Arkansas. The number of detections generally was greater at sites downstream from municipal wastewater-treatment plant effluent discharges (mean = 14) compared to sites not influenced by wastewatertreatment plants (mean = 3). Overall, 42 of the 108 constituents targeted in the collected water-quality samples were detected. The most frequently detected constituents included caffeine, phenol, para-cresol, and acetyl hexamethyl tetrahydro naphthalene.
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Nandy, T; Dhodapkar, R S; Pophali, G R; Kaul, S N; Devotta, S
2005-09-01
Environmental concerns associated with textile processing had placed the textile sector in a Southern State of India under serious threat of survival. The textile industries were closed under the orders of the Statutory Board for reason of inadequate compliance to environmental discharge norms of the State for the protection of the drinking water source of the State capital. In compliance with the direction of the Board for zero effluent discharge, advanced treatment process have been implemented for recovery of boiler feed quality water with recourse to effluent recycling/reuse. The paper describes to a case study on the adequacy assessment of the full scale effluent treatment plant comprising chemical, biological and filtration processes in a small scale textile industry. In addition, implementation of measures for discernable improvement in the performance of the existing units through effective operation & maintenance, and application of membrane separation processes leading to zero effluent discharge is also highlighted.
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40 CFR 35.918-3 - Requirements for discharge of effluents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Requirements for discharge of effluents. 35.918-3 Section 35.918-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS AND OTHER... by EPA under section 304(d)(2) of the Act shall be met for disposal of effluent on or into the soil...
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Harvey, P.; Taylor, M. P.; Handley, H. K.
2016-12-01
Multiple lines of geochemical and biological evidence are applied to identify and fingerprint the nature and source of alleged contamination emanating from a chicken slaughterhouse on the urban fringe of Sydney, Australia. The slaughterhouse has a long history of alleged environmental misconduct. The impact of the facility on catchment source waters by the slaughterhouse has been the subject of controversy. The facility owner has persistently denied breach of their licence condition and maintains it is `a very environmentally conscious operation'. The disputed nature of the possible sources of discharges and its contaminants required a detailed forensic environmental assessment. Water samples collected from off-site discharge points associated with the facility show highly elevated concentrations of faecal coliforms (max 68,000 cfu), ammonia-N (51,000 µg/L), total nitrogen (98,000 µg/L) and phosphorous (32,000 µg/L). Upstream and adjacent watercourses were markedly less contaminated. Water discharge points associated with the slaughterhouse and natural catchment runoff were sampled for arsenic speciation, including assessment for the organoarsenic compound Roxarsone. Roxarsone is used as a chicken growth promoter. Water draining the slaughterhouse facility contained concentrations around 10 times local background levels. The Roxarsone compound was not detected in any waters, but inorganic arsenic, As(V), was present in all waters with the greatest concentrations in waters draining from the slaughterhouse. The environmental evidence was compiled over a series of discharges events and presented to the NSW EPA. Subsequent to receipt of the data supported by their own investigations, the NSW EPA mandated that the slaughterhouse be subject to a pollution reduction program. The efficacy of the pollution reduction program to stem the release of highly contaminated effluent is currently subject to ongoing investigation using a suite of water chemistry measures including DNA analysis.
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Kim, Geonha; Hur, Jin
2010-01-01
This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area. Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer, a combined sewer overflow, the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, and an urban river. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in sediment of an urban river were also measured. Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewage, estimated by assuming first order kinetics at 20 degrees C were 0.197 day(-1), 0.234 day(-1), 0.258 day(-1) and 0.276 day(-1) for total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, respectively. Effects of temperature, sunlight irradiation and settlement on the mortality rate were measured. Results of this research can be used as input data for water quality modeling or can be used as design factors for treatment facilities.
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Sponza, Delia Teresa
2002-01-01
Toxicity of some organic and inorganic chemicals to microorganisms is an important consideration in assessing their environmental impact against their economic benefits. Microorganisms play an important role in several environmental processes, both natural and engineered. Some organic and inorganics at toxic levels have been detected in industrial discharges resulting in plant upsets and discharge permit violations. In addition to this, even though in some cases the effluent wastewater does not exceed the discharge limits, the results of toxicity tests show potential toxicity. Toxicity knowledge of effluents can benefit treatment plant operators in optimising plant operation, setting pre-treatment standards, and protecting receiving water quality and in establishing sewer discharge permits to safeguard the plant. In the Turkish regulations only toxicity dilution factor (TDF) with fish is part of the toxicity monitoring program of permissible wastewater discharge. In various countries, laboratory studies involving the use of different organisms and protocol for toxicity assessment was conducted involving a number of discharges. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of textile and metal industry wastewaters by traditional and enrichment toxicity tests and emphasize the importance of toxicity tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The enrichment toxicity tests are novel applications and give an idea whether there is potential toxicity or growth limiting and stimulation conditions. Different organisms were used such as bacteria (Floc and Coliform bacteria) algae (Chlorella sp.). fish (Lepistes sp.) and protozoan (Vorticella sp.) to represent four tropic levels. The textile industry results showed acute toxicity for at least one organism in 8 out of 23 effluent samples. Acute toxicity for at least two organisms in 7 out of 23 effluent sampling was observed for the metal industry. The toxicity test results were assessed with chemical analyses such as COD, BOD, color and heavy metals. It was observed that the toxicity of the effluents could not be explained by using physicochemical analyses in 5 cases for metal and 4 cases for the textile industries. The results clearly showed that the use of bioassay tests produce additional information about the toxicity potential of industrial discharges and effluents.
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Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent
2011-11-01
the washwater discharge and what are their concentrations or values? How are these pollutants dissipated into the environment when the ship is...40 Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent Contents ii LIST OF TABLES Page 1 PAH Discharge Concentration Limit by...Flow Rate ..........................................................11 2 Concentrations of Metals in the Washwater Discharge from the Zaandam
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40 CFR 125.67 - Increase in effluent volume or amount of pollutants discharged.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION... projections of effluent volume and mass loadings for any pollutants to which the modification applies in 5...
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Radionuclide speciation in effluent from La Hague reprocessing plant in France.
Salbu, B; Skipperud, L; Germain, P; Guéguéniat, P; Strand, P; Lind, O C; Christensen, G
2003-09-01
Effluent from the La Hague nuclear fuel reprocessing plant was mixed with seawater in order to investigate the fate of the various radionuclides. Thus, a major objective of the present work is to characterize the effluent from La Hague reprocessing plant and to study how the radionuclide speciation changes with time when discharged into the marine environment. Discharges from the La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant represent an important source of artificially produced radionuclides to the North Sea. The transport, distribution, and biological uptake of radionuclides in the marine environment depends, however, on the physicochemical forms of radionuclides in the discharged effluents and on transformation processes that occur after entering the coastal waters. Information of these processes is needed to understand the transport and long-term distribution of the radionuclides. In the present work, a weekly discharged effluent from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Cap La Hague in France was mixed with coastal water and fractionated with respect to particle size and charged species using ultra centrifugation and hollow fiber ultrafiltration with on line ion exchange. The size distribution pattern of gamma-emitting radionuclides was followed during a 62-h period after mixing the effluent with seawater. 54Mn was present as particulate material in the effluent, while other investigated radionuclides were discharged in a more mobile form or were mobilized after mixing with sea water (e.g., 60Co) and can be transported long distances in the sea. Sediments can act as a sink for less mobile discharged radionuclides (Skipperud et al. 2000). A kinetic model experiment was performed to provide information of the time-dependent distribution coefficients, Kd (t). The retention of the effluent radionuclides in sediments was surprisingly low (Kd 20-50), and the sediments acted as a poor sink for the released radionuclides. Due to the presence of non-reacting radionuclide species in the effluent, a major fraction of the radionuclides, such as Cs-isotopes, 106Ru and 125Sb, in the effluent will be subjected to marine transport to the Northern Seas (i.e., the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea). The La Hague effluent may, therefore, contribute to enriched levels of radionuclides found in the English Channel, including 90Sr, 60Co and Pu-isotopes, and also 106Ru and 125Sb.
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Maupin, Molly A.; Ivahnenko, Tamara
2011-01-01
Data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System national database were used to calculate annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads to surface waters from municipal and industrial facilities in six major regions of the United States for 1992, 1997, and 2002. Concentration and effluent flow data were examined for approximately 118,250 facilities in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Inconsistent and incomplete discharge locations, effluent flows, and effluent nutrient concentrations limited the use of these data for calculating nutrient loads. More concentrations were reported for major facilities, those discharging more than 1 million gallons per day, than for minor facilities, and more concentrations were reported for TP than for TN. Analytical methods to check and improve the quality of the Permit Compliance System data were used. Annual loads were calculated using "typical pollutant concentrations" to supplement missing concentrations based on the type and size of facilities. Annual nutrient loads for over 26,600 facilities were calculated for at least one of the three years. Sewage systems represented 74% of all TN loads and 58% of all TP loads. This work represents an initial set of data to develop a comprehensive and consistent national database of point-source nutrient loads. These loads can be used to inform a wide range of water-quality management, watershed modeling, and research efforts at multiple scales.
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Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays, and seas
Howarth, Robert; Anderson, Donald; Cloern, James; Elfring, Chris; Hopkinson, Charles; Lapointe, Brian; Malone, Tom; Marcus, Nancy; McGlathery, Karen; Sharpley , Andrew; Walker, Dan
2000-01-01
Over the past 40 years, antipollution laws have greatly reduced discharges of toxic substances into our coastal waters. This effort, however, has focused largely on point-source pollution of industrial and municipal effluent. No comparable effort has been made to restrict the input of nitrogen (N) from municipal effluent, nor to control the flows of N and phosphorus (P) that enter waterways from dispersed or nonpoint sources such as agricultural and urban runoff or as airborne pollutants. As a result, inputs of nonpoint pollutants, particularly N, have increased dramatically. Nonpoint pollution from N and P now represents the largest pollution problem facing the vital coastal waters of the United States.
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Graham, Jennifer L.; Stone, Mandy L.; Rasmussen, Teresa J.; Foster, Guy M.; Poulton, Barry C.; Paxson, Chelsea R.; Harris, Theodore D.
2014-01-01
Indian Creek is one of the most urban drainage basins in Johnson County, Kansas, and environmental and biological conditions of the creek are affected by contaminants from point and other urban sources. The Johnson County Douglas L. Smith Middle Basin (hereafter referred to as the “Middle Basin”) and Tomahawk Creek Wastewater Treatment Facilities (WWTFs) discharge to Indian Creek. In summer 2010, upgrades were completed to increase capacity and include biological nutrient removal at the Middle Basin facility. There have been no recent infrastructure changes at the Tomahawk Creek facility; however, during 2009, chemically enhanced primary treatment was added to the treatment process for better process settling before disinfection and discharge with the added effect of enhanced phosphorus removal. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Johnson County Wastewater, assessed the effects of wastewater effluent on environmental and biological conditions of Indian Creek by comparing two upstream sites to four sites located downstream from the WWTFs using data collected during June 2004 through June 2013. Environmental conditions were evaluated using previously and newly collected discrete and continuous data and were compared with an assessment of biological community composition and ecosystem function along the upstream-downstream gradient. This study improves the understanding of the effects of wastewater effluent on stream-water and streambed sediment quality, biological community composition, and ecosystem function in urban areas. After the addition of biological nutrient removal to the Middle Basin WWTF in 2010, annual mean total nitrogen concentrations in effluent decreased by 46 percent, but still exceeded the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater effluent permit concentration goal of 8.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L); however, the NPDES wastewater effluent permit total phosphorus concentration goal of 1.5 mg/L or less was achieved at the Middle Basin WWTF. At the Tomahawk Creek WWTF, after the addition of chemically enhanced primary treatment in 2009, effluent discharges also had total phosphorus concentrations below 1.5 mg/L. After the addition of biological nutrient removal, annual total nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the Middle Basin WWTF decreased by 42 and 54 percent, respectively, even though effluent volume increased by 11 percent. Annual total phosphorus loads from the Tomahawk Creek WWTF after the addition of chemically enhanced primary treatment decreased by 54 percent despite a 33-percent increase in effluent volume. Total nitrogen and phosphorus from the WWTFs contributed between 30 and nearly 100 percent to annual nutrient loads in Indian Creek depending on streamflow conditions. In-stream total nitrogen primarily came from wastewater effluent except during years with the highest streamflows. Most of the in-stream total phosphorus typically came from effluent during dry years and from other urban sources during wet years. During 2010 through 2013, annual mean discharge from the Middle Basin WWTF was about 75 percent of permitted design capacity. Annual nutrient loads likely will increase when the facility is operated at permitted design capacity; however, estimated maximum annual nutrient loads from the Middle Basin WWTF were 27 to 38 percent lower than before capacity upgrades and the addition of biological nutrient removal to treatment processes. Thus, the addition of biological nutrient removal to the Middle Basin wastewater treatment process should reduce overall nutrient loads from the facility even when the facility is operated at permitted design capacity. The effects of wastewater effluent on the water quality of Indian Creek were most evident during below-normal and normal streamflows (about 75 percent of the time) when wastewater effluent represented about 24 percent or more of total streamflow. Wastewater effluent had the most substantial effect on nutrient concentrations in Indian Creek. Total and inorganic nutrient concentrations at the downstream sites during below-normal and normal streamflows were 10 to 100 times higher than at the upstream sites, even after changes in treatment practices at the WWTFs. Median total phosphorus concentrations during below-normal and normal streamflows at a downstream site were 43 percent lower following improvements in wastewater treatment processes. Similar decreases in total nitrogen were not observed, likely because total nitrogen concentrations only decreased in Middle Basin effluent and wastewater contributed a higher percentage to streamflows when nutrient samples were collected during the after-upgrade period. The wastewater effluent discharges to Indian Creek caused changes in stream-water quality that may affect biological community structure and ecosystem processes, including higher concentrations of bioavailable nutrients (nitrate and orthophosphorus) and warmer water temperatures during winter months. Other urban sources of contaminants also caused changes in stream-water quality that may affect biological community structure and ecosystem processes, including higher turbidities downstream from construction areas and higher specific conductance and chloride concentrations during winter months. Chloride concentrations exceeded acute and chronic exposure criteria at all Indian Creek study sites, regardless of wastewater influence, for weeks or months during winter. Streambed sediment chemistry was affected by wastewater (elevated nutrient and organic wastewater-indicator compound concentrations) and other contaminants from urban sources (elevated polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentrations). Overall habitat conditions were suboptimal or marginal at all sites; general decline in habitat conditions along the upstream-downstream gradient likely was caused by the cumulative effects of urbanization with increasing drainage basin size. Wastewater effluent likely affected algal periphyton biomass and community composition, primary production, and community respiration in Indian Creek. Functional stream health, evaluated using a preliminary framework based on primary production and community respiration, was mildly or severely impaired at most downstream sites relative to an urban upstream Indian Creek site. The mechanistic cause of the changes in these biological variables are unclear, though elevated nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with algal biomass, primary production, and community respiration. Macroinvertebrate communities indicated impairment at all sites, and Kansas Department of Health and Environment aquatic life support scores indicated conditions nonsupporting of aquatic life, regardless of wastewater influences. Urban influences, other than wastewater effluent discharge, likely control macroinvertebrate community structure in Indian Creek. Changes in treatment processes at the Middle Basin and Tomahawk Creek WWTFs improved wastewater effluent quality and decreased nutrient loads, but wastewater effluent discharges still had negative effects on the environmental and biological conditions at downstream Indian Creek sites. Wastewater effluent discharge into Indian Creek likely contributed to changes in measures of ecosystem structure (streamflow, water and streambed-sediment chemistry, algal biomass, and algal periphyton community composition) and function (primary production and community respiration) along the upstream-downstream gradient. Wastewater effluent discharges maintained streamflows and increased nutrient concentrations, algal biomass, primary production, and community respiration at the downstream sites. Functional stream health was severely impaired downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF and mildly impaired downstream from the Tomahawk WWTF relative to the urban upstream site. As distance from the Middle Basin WWTF increased, nutrient concentrations, algal biomass, primary production, and community respiration decreased, and functional stream health was no longer impaired 9.5 kilometers downstream from the discharge relative to the urban upstream site. Therefore, although wastewater effluent caused persistent changes in environmental and biological conditions and functional stream health at sites located immediately downstream from WWTF effluent discharges, some recovery to conditions more similar to the urban upstream site occurred within a relatively short distance.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
O'Farrell, T.; Hund, F.
1986-12-01
The document presents the technical rationale for best conventional technology (BCI) effluent limitations guidelines for the pharmaceutical manufacturing point-source category as required by the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-217, the Act). The document describes the technologies considered as the bases for BCT limitations. Section II of this document summarizes the rulemaking process. Sections III through V describe the technical data and engineering analyses used to develop the regulatory technology options. The costs and removals associated with each technology option for each plant and the application of the BCT cost test methodology are presented in Section VI. BCI limitationsmore » bases on the best conventional pollutant control technology are to be achieved by existing direct-discharging facilities.« less
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) The discharger will meet the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Alternative listed in Table 8 to... in Table 8 of this part 455); (2) The discharger will notify its NPDES permit writer at the time of... discharger will submit to its NPDES permitting authority a periodic certification statements as described in...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) The discharger will meet the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Alternative listed in Table 8 to... in Table 8 of this part 455); (2) The discharger will notify its NPDES permit writer at the time of... discharger will submit to its NPDES permitting authority a periodic certification statements as described in...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
...) The discharger will meet the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Alternative listed in Table 8 to... on Table 8 of this part 455); (2) The discharger will notify its NPDES permitting authority at the....41(a); (3) The discharger will submit to its NPDES permit writer a periodic certification statement...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) The discharger will meet the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Alternative listed in Table 8 to... on Table 8 of this part 455); (2) The discharger will notify its NPDES permitting authority at the....41(a); (3) The discharger will submit to its NPDES permit writer a periodic certification statement...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) The discharger will meet the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Alternative listed in Table 8 to... in Table 8 of this part 455); (2) The discharger will notify its NPDES permit writer at the time of... discharger will submit to its NPDES permitting authority a periodic certification statements as described in...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) The discharger will meet the requirements of the Pollution Prevention Alternative listed in Table 8 to... on Table 8 of this part 455); (2) The discharger will notify its NPDES permitting authority at the....41(a); (3) The discharger will submit to its NPDES permit writer a periodic certification statement...
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Use of COD, TOC, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Estimate BOD in Wastewater.
Christian, Evelyn; Batista, Jacimaria R; Gerrity, Daniel
2017-02-01
Common to all National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits in the United States is a limit on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and fluorescence spectroscopy are also capable of quantifying organic content, although the mechanisms of quantification and the organic fractions targeted differ for each test. This study explores correlations between BOD5 and these alternate test procedures using facility influent, primary effluent, and facility effluent samples from a full-scale water resource recovery facility. Relative reductions of the water quality parameters proved to be strong indicators of their suitability as surrogates for BOD5. Suitable correlations were generally limited to the combined datasets for the three sampling locations or the facility effluent alone. COD exhibited relatively strong linear correlations with BOD5 when considering the three sample points (r = 0.985) and the facility effluent alone (r = 0.914), while TOC exhibited a suitable linear correlation with BOD5 in the facility effluent (r = 0.902). Exponential regressions proved to be useful for estimating BOD5 based on TOC or fluorescence (r > 0.95).
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Origins and fates of PAHs in the coastal marine environment off San Diego (California)
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Zeng, E.Y.; Yu, C.C.; Vista, C.L.
1995-12-31
The main inputs of anthropogenic hydrocarbons to the coastal marine environment off San Diego include the Point Lama wastewater outfall (City of San Diego), Tijuana River (crossing the boarder between the US and Mexico) and several storm drains along the coastline and in San Diego Bay, inadvertent spills, and aerial deposition. Samples collected (in January and June 1994) from the Point Loma wastewater effluent, Tijuana River runoff, and microlayer, sediment trap, and surface sediment at several locations adjacent to the Point Loma outfall, entrance of Tijuana River into the ocean, and San Diego Bay (near the San Diego International Airport)more » were analyzed to determine the origins and fates of PAHs in the coastal marine environment. Alkyl homologue distributions (AHDS) for naphthalene indicated a mainly petrogenic origin for low molecular-weight PAHs in the effluent, water column particle, and sediment near the outfall. Parent compound distributions (PCDS) for PAHs with molecular weights 178, 202, 228, 252, 276, and 278 showed combustion-related inputs in the water column particle and sediment, especially for mid to high molecular-weight PAHs. PAHs with molecular weight equal to or higher than 252 were not detected in the effluent. The compositions of PAHs were substantially different in the effluent particulates and filtrates, implying a great deal about the fates of PAHs from the outfall and their bioaccumulation by organisms. PAHs detected in Tijuana River runoff had similar AHDs and PCDs to those of the Point Loma outfall effluent. AHDs in the San Diego Bay sediment exhibited marked seasonal variation; low molecular-weight PAHs were significantly combustion-related in January and more petrogenic in June. Microlayer samples generally contained dominant combustion-generated PAHs. The impact of the wastewater outfall discharge on the nearby water column and sediment appeared compromised by other non-point source inputs.« less
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... discharge. 4 Produced sand No discharge. Domestic Waste Foam No discharge. 1 All Alaskan facilities are..., both at 275 days as determined by ISO 11734:1995 [specified at § 435.11(e)] method: “Water quality... 11734:1995 (specified at § 435.11(e)) method: “Water quality—Evaluation of the ‘ultimate’ anaerobic...
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Garcia, Santos N; Clubbs, Rebekah L; Stanley, Jacob K; Scheffe, Brian; Yelderman, Joe C; Brooks, Bryan W
2013-06-01
Though decentralized on-site technologies are extensively employed for wastewater treatment around the globe, an understanding of effluent water quality impairments associated with these systems remain less understood than effluent discharges from centralized municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Using a unique experimental facility, a novel comparative analysis of effluent water quality was performed from model decentralized aerobic (ATS) and septic (STS) on-site wastewater treatment systems and a centralized municipal wastewater treatment plant (MTP). The ATS and STS units did not benefit from further soil treatment. Each system received common influent wastewater from the Waco, Texas, USA Metropolitan Area Regional Sewerage System. We tested the hypothesis that MTP effluent would exhibit higher water quality than on-site effluents, based on parameters selected for study. A tiered testing approach was employed to assess the three effluent discharges: select routine water quality parameters (Tier I), whole effluent toxicity (Tier II), and select endocrine-active compounds (Tier III). Contrary to our hypothesis, ATS effluent was not statistically different from MTP effluents, based on Tier I and III parameters, but reproductive responses of Daphnia magna were slightly more sensitive to ATS than MTP effluents. STS effluent water quality was identified as most degraded of the three wastewater treatment systems. Parameters used to assess centralized wastewater treatment plant effluent water quality such as whole effluent toxicity and endocrine active substances appear useful for water quality assessments of decentralized discharges. Aerobic on-site wastewater treatment systems may represent more robust options than traditional septic systems for on-site wastewater treatment in watersheds with appreciable groundwater - surface water exchange. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Metcalfe, Chris D; Miao, Xiu-Sheng; Koenig, Brenda G; Struger, John
2003-12-01
Prescription and nonprescription drugs have been detected in rivers and streams in Europe and the United States. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are an important source of these contaminants, but few data exist on the spatial distribution of drugs in surface waters near STPs. Samples of surface water were collected in the summer and fall of 2000 at open-water sites in the lower Great Lakes (Lake Ontario and Lake Erie), at sites near the two STPs for the city of Windsor (ON, Canada), and at sites in Hamilton Harbour (ON, Canada), an embayment of western Lake Ontario that receives discharges from several STPs. In a follow-up study in the summer of 2002, samples of surface water and final effluent from adjacent STPs were collected from sites in Hamilton Harbour and Windsor. In addition, surface water and STP effluent samples were collected in Peterborough (ON, Canada). All samples of surface water and STP effluents were analyzed for selected acidic and neutral drugs. In the survey of Hamilton Harbour and Windsor conducted in 2000, acidic drugs and the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine were detected at ng/L concentrations at sites that were up to 500 m away from the STP, but the hydrological conditions of the receiving waters strongly influenced the spatial distribution of these compounds. Drugs were not detected at open-water locations in western Lake Erie or in the Niagara River near the municipality of Niagara-on-the-Lake (ON, Canada). However, clofibric acid, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, and carbamazepine were detected in samples collected in the summer of 2000 at sites in Lake Ontario and at a site in the Niagara River (Fort Erie, ON, Canada) that were relatively remote from STP discharges. Follow-up studies in the summer of 2002 indicated that concentrations of acidic and neutral drugs in surface waters near the point of sewage discharge into the Little River (ON, Canada) STP were approximately equal to the concentrations in the final effluent from the STP. Caffeine and cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, were generally present in STP effluents and surface waters contaminated by drugs. The antidepressant fluoxetine and the antibiotic trimethoprom were also detected in most STP effluents and some surface water samples. For the first time, the lipid regulating drug atorvastatin was detected in samples of STP effluent and surface water.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...(k)fluoranthene 59 22 Benzo(a)pyrene 61 23 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 279 103 Carbon Tetrachloride... Di-n-butyl phthalate 57 27 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 163 77 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 44 31 1,4-Dichlorobenzene... phthalate 203 81 2,4-Dimethylphenol 36 18 Dimethyl phthalate 47 19 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 277 78 2,4...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...(k)fluoranthene 59 22 Benzo(a)pyrene 61 23 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 279 103 Carbon Tetrachloride... Di-n-butyl phthalate 57 27 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 163 77 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 44 31 1,4-Dichlorobenzene... phthalate 203 81 2,4-Dimethylphenol 36 18 Dimethyl phthalate 47 19 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol 277 78 2,4...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...(k)fluoranthene 47 19 Benzo(a)pyrene 48 20 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 258 95 Carbon Tetrachloride... phthalate 43 20 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 794 196 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 380 142 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 380 142 1,1...-Dichloropropane 794 196 1,3-Dichloropropylene 794 196 Diethyl phthalate 113 46 2,4-Dimethylphenol 47 19 Dimethyl...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...(k)fluoranthene 47 19 Benzo(a)pyrene 48 20 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 258 95 Carbon Tetrachloride... phthalate 43 20 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 794 196 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 380 142 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 380 142 1,1...-Dichloropropane 794 196 1,3-Dichloropropylene 794 196 Diethyl phthalate 113 46 2,4-Dimethylphenol 47 19 Dimethyl...
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Donohue, Shane; McCarthy, Valerie; Rafferty, Patrick; Orr, Alison; Flynn, Raymond
2015-08-01
Contaminants discharging from on-site wastewater treatment systems (OSWTSs) can impact groundwater quality, threatening human health and surface water ecosystems. Risk of negative impacts becomes elevated in areas of extreme vulnerability with high water tables, where thin unsaturated intervals limit vadose zone attenuation. A combined geophysical/hydrogeological investigation into the effects of an OSWTS, located over a poorly productive aquifer (PPA) with thin subsoil cover, aimed to characterise effluent impacts on groundwater. Groundwater, sampled from piezometers down-gradient of the OSWTS percolation area displayed spatially erratic, yet temporally consistent, contaminant distributions. Electrical resistivity tomography identified an area of gross groundwater contamination close to the percolation area and, when combined with seismic refraction and water quality data, indicated that infiltrating effluent reaching the water table discharged to a deeper more permeable zone of weathered shale resting on more competent bedrock. Subsurface structure, defined by geophysics, indicated that elevated chemical and microbiological contaminant levels encountered in groundwater samples collected from piezometers, down-gradient of sampling points with lower contaminant levels, corresponded to those locations where piezometers were screened close to the weathered shale/competent rock interface; those immediately up-gradient were too shallow to intercept this interval, and thus the more impacted zone of the contaminant plume. Intermittent occurrence of faecal indicator bacteria more than 100m down gradient of the percolation area suggested relatively short travel times. Study findings highlight the utility of geophysics as part of multidisciplinary investigations for OSWTS contaminant plume characterisation, while also demonstrating the capacity of effluent discharging to PPAs to impact groundwater quality at distance. Comparable geophysical responses observed in similar settings across Ireland suggest the phenomena observed in this study are more widespread than previously suspected. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Foster, Guy M.; Graham, Jennifer L.; Williams, Thomas J.; King, Lindsey R.
2016-10-31
Nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, are a leading cause of water-quality impairment in Kansas and the Nation. Indian Creek is one of the most urban drainage basins in Johnson County, Kansas, and environmental and biological conditions are affected by contaminants from point and other urban sources. The Johnson County Douglas L. Smith Middle Basin (hereinafter Middle Basin) wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) is the largest point-source discharge on Indian Creek. A second facility, the Tomahawk Creek WWTF, discharges into Indian Creek approximately 11.6 kilometers downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF. To better characterize the spatiotemporal variability of nutrients in Indian Creek, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and Johnson County Wastewater, collected high-resolution spatial and temporal (a large number of samples collected over the entire reach or at single locations over a long period of time) inorganic nutrient (nitrate plus nitrite and orthophosphorus) data using a combination of discrete samples and sensor-measured data during 2012 through 2015.Nutrient patterns observed in Indian Creek along the upstream-downstream gradient during wastewater effluent dominated streamflow conditions were largely affected by the WWTFs and by travel time of the parcels of water. Nitrate plus nitrite concentrations in the Middle Basin WWTF effluent and at downstream sites varied by as much as 6 milligrams per liter over a 24-hour period. The cyclical variability in the Middle Basin WWTF effluent generated a nitrate plus nitrite pulse that could be tracked for approximately 11.5 kilometers downstream in Indian Creek, until the effect was masked by the Tomahawk Creek WWTF effluent discharge. All longitudinal surveys showed the same general patterns along the upstream-downstream gradient, though streamflows, wastewater effluent contributions to streamflow, and nutrient concentrations spanned a wide range. Differences in orthophosphorus and nitrate plus nitrite patterns were clear along the upstream-downstream gradient in Indian Creek, and orthophosphorus concentrations were not as variable as nitrate plus nitrite concentrations. In general, nitrate plus nitrite concentrations decreased downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF to minima near the confluence with Tomahawk Creek, increased downstream from the Tomahawk Creek WWTF, and then varied little within the study reach. Orthophosphorus concentrations generally decreased downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF.Despite the marked variability in nitrate plus nitrite concentrations caused by the Middle Basin WWTF effluent discharges, decreases in nitrate plus nitrite concentrations were discernable along the study reach between the two WWTFs. Decreases in nitrate plus nitrite concentrations along study reach were less variable than the cyclical variability typically measured, reiterating the effect of the Middle Basin WWTF effluent discharges on the spatiotemporal variability of nitrate plus nitrite in Indian Creek. Although decreases and rates of change in nitrate plus nitrite concentration were similar between the upper and lower reaches of Indian Creek, relations with initial nitrate plus nitrite concentrations and seasonal patterns were different between the upper (from College to the Marty study sites) and lower reaches (from Marty to the Mission Farms study sites) and did not reflect patterns observed for the overall reach. Quantifying the decreases in nitrate plus nitrite concentration caused by dilution and other in-stream processes were beyond the scope of this study, and were limited by available data. The data that are available suggest that dilution and other in-stream processes play a role in decreasing nitrate plus nitrite concentrations downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF in Indian Creek.Analysis of the spatiotemporal variability of nutrients focused on below-normal and normal streamflow conditions, when streamflow and nutrient conditions in Indian Creek were largely controlled by WWTF effluent flows and nutrient removal processes. Spatial and temporal data indicate there are decreases in nutrient concentrations along the upstream-downstream gradient in Indian Creek, but quantifying decreases is complicated by the variability in nutrient concentrations caused by the WWTFs. During below-normal and normal streamflow conditions, Indian Creek nutrient concentrations downstream from the Middle Basin WWTF primarily reflect effluent concentrations in the hours or days before depending on relative distance downstream.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent...-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit-issuing authority that they are not using these biocides: Subpart C [BAT effluent limitations for...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent...-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit-issuing authority that they are not using these biocides: Subpart A [BAT effluent limitations] Pollutant...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent...-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit-issuing authority that they are not using these biocides: Subpart D [BAT effluent limitations for...
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Combined sewer overflows: an environmental source of hormones and wastewater micropollutants
Phillips, P.J.; Chalmers, A.T.; Gray, J.L.; Kolpin, D.W.; Foreman, W.T.; Wall, G.R.
2012-01-01
Data were collected at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Burlington, Vermont, USA, (serving 30,000 people) to assess the relative contribution of CSO (combined sewer overflow) bypass flows and treated wastewater effluent to the load of steroid hormones and other wastewater micropollutants (WMPs) from a WWTP to a lake. Flow-weighted composite samples were collected over a 13 month period at this WWTP from CSO bypass flows or plant influent flows (n = 28) and treated effluent discharges (n = 22). Although CSO discharges represent 10% of the total annual water discharge (CSO plus treated plant effluent discharges) from the WWTP, CSO discharges contribute 40–90% of the annual load for hormones and WMPs with high (>90%) wastewater treatment removal efficiency. By contrast, compounds with low removal efficiencies (<90%) have less than 10% of annual load contributed by CSO discharges. Concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and WMPs generally are 10 times higher in CSO discharges compared to treated wastewater discharges. Compound concentrations in samples of CSO discharges generally decrease with increasing flow because of wastewater dilution by rainfall runoff. By contrast, concentrations of hormones and many WMPs in samples from treated discharges can increase with increasing flow due to decreasing removal efficiency.
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Combined Sewer Overflows: An Environmental Source of Hormones and Wastewater Micropollutants
2012-01-01
Data were collected at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Burlington, Vermont, USA, (serving 30,000 people) to assess the relative contribution of CSO (combined sewer overflow) bypass flows and treated wastewater effluent to the load of steroid hormones and other wastewater micropollutants (WMPs) from a WWTP to a lake. Flow-weighted composite samples were collected over a 13 month period at this WWTP from CSO bypass flows or plant influent flows (n = 28) and treated effluent discharges (n = 22). Although CSO discharges represent 10% of the total annual water discharge (CSO plus treated plant effluent discharges) from the WWTP, CSO discharges contribute 40–90% of the annual load for hormones and WMPs with high (>90%) wastewater treatment removal efficiency. By contrast, compounds with low removal efficiencies (<90%) have less than 10% of annual load contributed by CSO discharges. Concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and WMPs generally are 10 times higher in CSO discharges compared to treated wastewater discharges. Compound concentrations in samples of CSO discharges generally decrease with increasing flow because of wastewater dilution by rainfall runoff. By contrast, concentrations of hormones and many WMPs in samples from treated discharges can increase with increasing flow due to decreasing removal efficiency. PMID:22540536
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Adell, A D; McBride, G; Wuertz, S; Conrad, P A; Smith, W A
2016-11-01
Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. are waterborne, fecally-transmitted pathogens that cause economic loss due to gastroenteritis and beach closures. We applied quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to determine the health risks for humans and sea otters due to waterborne exposure of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. when swimming in three types of surface waters: river, stormwater and wastewater effluent during the wet and dry seasons in the central coast of California. This is the first application of QMRA to estimate both the probability of infection in Southern sea otters and the probability of illness in humans, using microbial source tracking (MST) as a variable. Children swimming close to stormwater discharges had an estimated Cryptosporidium-associated illness probability that exceeded the accepted U.S. EPA criteria (32 illnesses/1000 swimmers or 3.2%). Based on the assumption that sea otters are as susceptible as humans to Cryptosporidium infection, the infection probabilities were close to 2% and 16% when sea otters were swimming at the end of points of rivers and stormwater discharges, respectively. In the case of Giardia, infection probabilities of 11% and 23% were estimated for sea otters swimming at the end of point of wastewater discharges, assuming that sea otters are as susceptible as gerbils and humans, respectively. The results of this QMRA suggest that 1) humans and sea otters are at risk when swimming at outflow sites for rivers, stormwater and treated wastewater effluent; 2) reduced loads of viable protozoan cysts and oocysts in recreational water can lessen the probability of infection of humans and sea otters; and 3) the risk of infection of humans and sea otters can be reduced with the treatment of wastewater to decrease oocyst and cyst viability before effluent is released into the sea. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Khan, Ilham; Khan, Azim; Khan, Muhammad Sohail; Zafar, Shabnam; Hameed, Asma; Badshah, Shakeel; Rehman, Shafiq Ur; Ullah, Hidayat; Yasmeen, Ghazala
2018-04-04
The impact of city effluents on water quality of Indus River was assessed in the southern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Water samples were collected in dry (DS) and wet (WS) seasons from seven sampling zones along Indus River and the physical, bacteriological, and chemical parameters determining water quality were quantified. There were marked temporal and spatial variations in the water quality of Indus River. The magnitude of pollution was high in WS compared with DS. The quality of water varied across the sampling zones, and it greatly depended upon the nature of effluents entering the river. Water samples exceeded the WHO permissible limits for pH, EC, TDS, TS, TSS, TH, DO, BOD, COD, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , NO 3 - , and PO 4 2- . Piper analysis indicated that water across the seven sampling zones along Indus River was alkaline in nature. Correlation analyses indicated that EC, TDS, TS, TH, DO, BOD, and COD may be considered as key physical parameters, while Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl - , F - , NO 3 - , PO 4 2- , and SO 4 2- as key chemical parameters determining water quality, because they were strongly correlated (r > 0.70) with most of the parameters studied. Cluster analysis indicated that discharge point at Shami Road is the major source of pollution impairing water quality of Indus River. Wastewater treatment plants must be installed at all discharge points along Indus River for protecting the quality of water of this rich freshwater resource in Pakistan.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... Dissolving Sulfite Subcategory § 430.44 Effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent reduction... limitations for dissolving sulfite pulp facilities where nitration, viscose, or cellophane pulps are produced... discharged in kgal per ton of product. Subpart D [BAT effluent limitations for dissolving sulfite pulp...
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Hemachandra, Chamini K; Pathiratne, Asoka
2016-09-01
Bioassays for cyto-genotoxicity assessments are generally not required in current textile industry effluent discharge management regulations. The present study applied in vivo plant and fish based toxicity tests viz. Allium cepa test system and Oreochromis niloticus erythrocyte based comet assay and nuclear abnormalities tests in combination with physico-chemical analysis for assessing potential cytotoxic/genotoxic impacts of treated textile industry effluents reaching a major river (Kelani River) in Sri Lanka. Of the treated effluents tested from two textile industries, color in the Textile industry 1 effluents occasionally and color, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in the Textile industry 2 effluents frequently exceeded the specified Sri Lankan tolerance limits for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface waters. Exposure of A. cepa bulbs to 100% and 12.5% treated effluents from both industries resulted in statistically significant root growth retardation, mito-depression, and induction of chromosomal abnormalities in root meristematic cells in comparison to the dilution water in all cases demonstrating cyto-genotoxicity associated with the treated effluents. Exposure of O. niloticus to the 100% and 12.5% effluents, resulted in erythrocytic genetic damage as shown by elevated total comet scores and induction of nuclear abnormalities confirming the genotoxicity of the treated effluents even with 1:8 dilution. The results provide strong scientific evidence for the crucial necessity of incorporating cyto-genotoxicity impact assessment tools in textile industry effluent management regulations considering human health and ecological health of the receiving water course under chronic exposure. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Methyl Chloride 295 110 Methylene Chloride 170 36 Naphthalene 47 19 Nitrobenzene 6,402 2,237 2...-Trichloroethane 59 22 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 127 32 Trichloroethylene 69 26 Vinyl Chloride 172 97 1 All units are... Fibers Manufacture that uses the zinc chloride/solvent process is 6,796 µg/l and 3,325 µg/l for maximum...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... Chloride 190 86 Methylene Chloride 89 40 Naphthalene 59 22 Nitrobenzene 68 27 2-Nitrophenol 69 41 4...-Trichloroethane 54 21 Trichloroethylene 54 21 Vinyl Chloride 268 104 1 All units are micrograms per liter. 2 Total... the zinc chloride/solvent process is 6,796 µg/l and 3,325 µg/l for maximum for any one day and maximum...
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40 CFR 35.918-3 - Requirements for discharge of effluents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Requirements for discharge of effluents. 35.918-3 Section 35.918-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS AND OTHER FEDERAL ASSISTANCE STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Grants for Construction of Treatment Works-Clean Water Act...
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40 CFR 35.918-3 - Requirements for discharge of effluents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Requirements for discharge of effluents. 35.918-3 Section 35.918-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS AND OTHER FEDERAL ASSISTANCE STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Grants for Construction of Treatment Works-Clean Water Act...
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40 CFR 35.918-3 - Requirements for discharge of effluents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Requirements for discharge of effluents. 35.918-3 Section 35.918-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS AND OTHER FEDERAL ASSISTANCE STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Grants for Construction of Treatment Works-Clean Water Act...
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40 CFR 35.918-3 - Requirements for discharge of effluents.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Requirements for discharge of effluents. 35.918-3 Section 35.918-3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS AND OTHER FEDERAL ASSISTANCE STATE AND LOCAL ASSISTANCE Grants for Construction of Treatment Works-Clean Water Act...
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Evaluation of the efficiency of peracetic acid in the disinfection of sewage effluents.
Stampi, S; De Luca, G; Zanetti, F
2001-11-01
Evaluation of the efficiency of peracetic acid in the disinfection of wastewater in a large treatment plant. Over a period of 18 months 30 sample collections were made, each consisting of three samples taken from: raw incoming sewage, secondary effluent (after 10-12 h) and secondary effluent disinfected with 1.5-2 mg l(-1) of peracetic acid (contact time: 20 min). Total coliforms and Escherichia coli declined from 10(7) MPN 100 ml(-1) in the raw sewage to 10(2) in the disinfected effluent and the enterococci fell from 10(6) MPN 100 ml(-1) to 702 MPN 100 ml(-1). The reduction of bacteria increased with the rise in temperature and decreased with the rise in BOD5. Disinfection with peracetic acid reduced levels of faecal contamination by 97%, thus attaining the limit recommended by current Italian law (Escherichia coli
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Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) describes the aggregate toxic effect of an aqueous sample (e.g., whole effluent wastewater discharge) as measured by an organism's response upon exposure to the sample (e.g., lethality, impaired growth, or reproduction).
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Chun, Ting Sie; Malek, M A; Ismail, Amelia Ritahani
2014-09-20
Effluent discharge from septic tanks is affecting the environment in developing countries. The most challenging issue facing these countries is the cost of inadequate sanitation, which includes significant economic, social, and environmental burdens. Although most sanitation facilities are evaluated based on their immediate costs and benefits, their long-term performance should also be investigated. In this study, effluent quality-namely, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solid (TSS)-was assessed using a biomimetics engineering approach. A novel immune network algorithm (INA) approach was applied to a septic sludge treatment plant (SSTP) for effluent-removal predictive modelling. The Matang SSTP in the city of Kuching, Sarawak, on the island of Borneo, was selected as a case study. Monthly effluent discharges from 2007 to 2011 were used for training, validating, and testing purposes using MATLAB 7.10. The results showed that the BOD effluent-discharge prediction was less than 50% of the specified standard after the 97(th) month of operation. The COD and TSS effluent removals were simulated at the 85(th) and the 121(st) months, respectively. The study proved that the proposed INA-based SSTP model could be used to achieve an effective SSTP assessment and management technique.
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Ahmed, Golam; Miah, M Arzu; Anawar, Hossain M; Chowdhury, Didarul A; Ahmad, Jasim U
2012-07-01
Industrial wastewater discharged into aquatic ecosystems either directly or because of inadequate treatment of process water can increase the concentrations of pollutants such as toxic metals and others, and subsequently deteriorate water quality, environmental ecology and human health in the Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ), the largest industrial belt of 6-EPZ in Bangladesh. Therefore, in order to monitor the contamination levels, this study collected water samples from composite effluent points inside DEPZ and the surrounding surface water body connected to effluent disposal sites and determined the environmental hazards by chemical analysis and statistical approach. The water samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine 12 trace metals such as As, Ag, Cr, Co, Cu, Li, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V and Zn in order to assess the influence of multi-industrial activities on metal concentrations. The composite effluents and surface waters from lagoons were characterized by a strong colour and high concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, total organic carbon, Turb., Cl(-), total suspended solids and total dissolved solids, which were above the limit of Bangladesh industrial effluent standards, but dissolved oxygen concentration was lower than the standard value. The measurement of skewness and kurtosis values showed asymmetric and abnormal distribution of the elements in the respective phases. The mean trend of variation was found in a decreasing order: Zn > Cu > Sr > Pb > Ni > Cr > Li > Co > V > Se > As > Ag in composite industrial effluents and Zn > Cu > Sr > Pb > Ni > Cr > Li > V > As > Ag > Co > Se in surface waters near the DEPZ. The strong correlations between effluent and surface water metal contents indicate that industrial wastewaters discharged from DEPZ have a strong influence on the contamination of the surrounding water bodies by toxic metals. The average contamination factors were reported to be 0.70-96.57 and 2.85-1,462 for industrial effluents and surface waters, respectively. The results reveal that the surface water in the area is highly contaminated with very high concentrations of some heavy/toxic metals like Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr; their average contamination factors are 1,460, 860, 136, 74.71 and 4.9, respectively. The concentrations of the metals in effluent and surface water were much higher than the permissible limits for drinking water and the world average concentrations in surface water. Therefore, the discharged effluent and surface water may create health hazards especially for people working and living inside and in the surrounding area of DEPZ.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zinabu, E.; Kelderman, P.; van der Kwast, J.; Irvine, K.
2018-04-01
Kombolcha, a city in Ethiopia, exemplifies the challenges and problems of the sub-Saharan countries where industrialization is growing fast but monitoring resources are poor and information on pollution unknown. This study monitored metals Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations in five factories' effluents, and in the effluent mixing zones of two rivers receiving discharges during the rainy seasons of 2013 and 2014. The results indicate that median concentrations of Cr in the tannery effluents and Zn in the steel processing effluents were as high as 26,600 and 155,750 µg/L, respectively, much exceeding both the USEPA and Ethiopian emission guidelines. Cu concentrations were low in all effluents. Pb concentrations were high in the tannery effluent, but did not exceed emission guidelines. As expected, no metal emission guidelines were exceeded for the brewery, textile and meat processing effluents. Median Cr and Zn concentrations in the Leyole river in the effluent mixing zones downstream of the tannery and steel processing plant increased by factors of 52 (2660 compared with 51 µg Cr/L) and 5 (520 compared with 110 µg Zn/L), respectively, compared with stations further upstream. This poses substantial ecological risks downstream. Comparison with emission guidelines indicates poor environmental management by industries and regulating institutions. Despite appropriate legislation, no clear measures have yet been taken to control industrial discharges, with apparent mismatch between environmental enforcement and investment policies. Effluent management, treatment technologies and operational capacity of environmental institutions were identified as key improvement areas to adopt progressive sustainable development.
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The fate and risk assessment of psychiatric pharmaceuticals from psychiatric hospital effluent.
Xiang, Jiajia; Wu, Minghong; Lei, Jianqiu; Fu, Chao; Gu, Jianzhong; Xu, Gang
2018-04-15
Psychiatric pharmaceuticals are gaining public attention because of increasing reports of their occurrence in environment and their potential impact on ecosystems and human health. This work studied the occurrence and fate of 15 selected psychiatric pharmaceuticals from 3 psychiatric hospitals effluent in Shanghai and investigated the effect of hospitals effluent on surface water, groundwater, soil and plant. Amitriptyline (83.57ng) and lorazepam (22.26ng) showed the highest concentration and were found frequently in hospital effluent. Lorazepam (8.27ng), carbamazepine (83.80ng) and diazepam (79.33ng) showed higher values in surface water. The concentration of lorazepam (46.83ng) in groundwater was higher than other reports. Only six target compounds were detected in all three soil points in accordance with very low concentration. Alkaline pharmaceuticals were more easily adsorbed by soil. Carbamazepine (1.29ng) and lorazepam (2.95ngg -1 ) were frequently determined in plant tissues. The correlation analyses (Spearman correlations > 0.5) showed the main source of psychiatric pharmaceuticals pollutants might be hospital effluents (from effluent to surface water; from surface water to groundwater). However, hospital effluents were not the only pollution sources from the perspective of the dilution factor analysis. Although the risk assessment indicated that the risk was low to aquatic organism, the continuous discharge of pollution might cause potential environment problem. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE CHEMICALS Metallo-Organic Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing Subcategory § 455.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the... controlled by this paragraph which may be discharged from the manufacture of metallo-organic active...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE CHEMICALS Metallo-Organic Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing Subcategory § 455.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the... controlled by this paragraph which may be discharged from the manufacture of metallo-organic active...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE CHEMICALS Metallo-Organic Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing Subcategory § 455.32 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the... controlled by this paragraph which may be discharged from the manufacture of metallo-organic active...
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A spatial and seasonal assessment of river water chemistry across North West England.
Rothwell, J J; Dise, N B; Taylor, K G; Allott, T E H; Scholefield, P; Davies, H; Neal, C
2010-01-15
This paper presents information on the spatial and seasonal patterns of river water chemistry at approximately 800 sites in North West England based on data from the Environment Agency regional monitoring programme. Within a GIS framework, the linkages between average water chemistry (pH, sulphate, base cations, nutrients and metals) catchment characteristics (topography, land cover, soil hydrology, base flow index and geology), rainfall, deposition chemistry and geo-spatial information on discharge consents (point sources) are examined. Water quality maps reveal that there is a clear distinction between the uplands and lowlands. Upland waters are acidic and have low concentrations of base cations, explained by background geological sources and land cover. Localised high concentrations of metals occur in areas of the Cumbrian Fells which are subjected to mining effluent inputs. Nutrient concentrations are low in the uplands with the exception sites receiving effluent inputs from rural point sources. In the lowlands, both past and present human activities have a major impact on river water chemistry, especially in the urban and industrial heartlands of Greater Manchester, south Lancashire and Merseyside. Over 40% of the sites have average orthophosphate concentrations >0.1mg-Pl(-1). Results suggest that the dominant control on orthophosphate concentrations is point source contributions from sewage effluent inputs. Diffuse agricultural sources are also important, although this influence is masked by the impact of point sources. Average nitrate concentrations are linked to the coverage of arable land, although sewage effluent inputs have a significant effect on nitrate concentrations. Metal concentrations in the lowlands are linked to diffuse and point sources. The study demonstrates that point sources, as well as diffuse sources, need to be considered when targeting measures for the effective reduction in river nutrient concentrations. This issue is clearly important with regards to the European Union Water Framework Directive, eutrophication and river water quality. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... all mechanical barking installations: There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants... hydraulic barking installations: Subpart A Pollutant or pollutant property BPT effluent limitations Maximum...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... all mechanical barking installations: There shall be no discharge of process wastewater pollutants... hydraulic barking installations: Subpart A Pollutant or pollutant property BPT effluent limitations Maximum...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PESTICIDE CHEMICALS Metallo-Organic Pesticide... this paragraph which may be discharged from the manufacture of metallo-organic active ingredient: There...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PESTICIDE CHEMICALS Metallo-Organic Pesticide... this paragraph which may be discharged from the manufacture of metallo-organic active ingredient: There...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... effluent limitations representing the application of BPT: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to navigable waters. (b) Process waste pollutants in the overflow may be discharged to... waste water from a facility designed, constructed and operated to contain all process generated waste...
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78 FR 4170 - License Amendment Request for Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2013-01-18
... clay layer. Since the mean concentration of the effluent discharge area of the sanitary lagoon is well... authorize the release of the licensee's sanitary lagoon and the surrounding effluent discharge area for... the west side of the site and comprised approximately 28 acres. The licensee's sanitary lagoon was...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... operations not employing wet air emissions control scrubbers there shall be no discharge of process generated waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... operations not employing wet air emissions control scrubbers there shall be no discharge of process generated waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... operations not employing wet air emissions control scrubbers there shall be no discharge of process generated waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged from that impoundment...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged from that impoundment...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged from that impoundment...
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The Design of Exhaust Systems and Discharge Stacks [With Comments].
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Clarke, John H.
1963-01-01
An important part of ventilating for safety consists of providing the necessary exhaust systems to remove building contaminants safely. Further, the effluent must be cleaned within practical limits by means of filters, collectors, and scrubbers. Where recirculation is not safe or feasible, the effluent must be discharged to the outside in a manner…
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent... shall be subject to concentration limitations. Concentration limitations are only applicable to non-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent... shall be subject to concentration limitations. Concentration limitations are only applicable to non-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... chlorophenolic-containing biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the... applicable to non-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit-issuing authority that they are not using these biocides: Subpart J [BAT effluent...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the degree of effluent...-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit-issuing authority that they are not using these biocides: Subpart F Pollutant or pollutant property BAT...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... best available technology economically achievable (BAT). Non-continuous dischargers shall not be...
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Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent.
Mason, Sherri A; Garneau, Danielle; Sutton, Rebecca; Chu, Yvonne; Ehmann, Karyn; Barnes, Jason; Fink, Parker; Papazissimos, Daniel; Rogers, Darrin L
2016-11-01
Municipal wastewater effluent has been proposed as one pathway for microplastics to enter the aquatic environment. Here we present a broad study of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent as a pathway for microplastic pollution to enter receiving waters. A total of 90 samples were analyzed from 17 different facilities across the United States. Averaging all facilities and sampling dates, 0.05 ± 0.024 microparticles were found per liter of effluent. Though a small value on a per liter basis, even minor municipal wastewater treatment facilities process millions of liters of wastewater each day, yielding daily discharges that ranged from ∼50,000 up to nearly 15 million particles. Averaging across the 17 facilities tested, our results indicate that wastewater treatment facilities are releasing over 4 million microparticles per facility per day. Fibers and fragments were found to be the most common type of particle within the effluent; however, some fibers may be derived from non-plastic sources. Considerable inter- and intra-facility variation in discharge concentrations, as well as the relative proportions of particle types, was observed. Statistical analysis suggested facilities serving larger populations discharged more particles. Results did not suggest tertiary filtration treatments were an effective means of reducing discharge. Assuming that fragments and pellets found in the effluent arise from the 'microbeads' found in many cosmetics and personal care products, it is estimated that between 3 and 23 billion (with an average of 13 billion) of these microplastic particles are being released into US waterways every day via municipal wastewater. This estimate can be used to evaluate the contribution of microbeads to microplastic pollution relative to other sources (e.g., plastic litter and debris) and pathways (e.g., stormwater) of discharge. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... in the calcium-, magnesium-, or sodium-based sulfite pulp segment: Subpart E [Production of Calcium... apply to non-continuous dischargers: Subpart E [Supplemental BAT effluent limitations] Pollutant or...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... in the calcium-, magnesium-, or sodium-based sulfite pulp segment: Subpart E [Production of Calcium... apply to non-continuous dischargers: Subpart E [Supplemental BAT effluent limitations] Pollutant or...
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Rajkumar, A Samuel; Nagan, S
2010-10-01
In Tiruppur, 729 textile dyeing units are under operation and these units generate 96.1 MLD of wastewater. The untreated effluent was discharged into the Noyyal River till 1997. After the issuance of directions by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) in 1997, these units have installed 8 common effluent treatment plants (CETP) consisting of physical, chemical and biological treatment units. Some of the units have installed individual ETP (IETP). The treated effluent was finally discharged into the river. The dyeing units use sodium chloride in the dyeing process for efficient fixing of dye in the fabric efficiently. This contributes high total dissolved solids (TDS) and chlorides in the effluent. CETPs and IETPs failed to meet discharge standards of TDS and chlorides and thereby significantly affected the river water quality. TDS level in the river water was in the range of 900 - 6600 mg/L, and chloride was in the range of 230 - 2700 mg/L. Orathupalayam dam is located across Noyyal river at 32 km down stream of Tiruppur. The pollutants carried by the river were accumulated in the dam. TDS in the dam water was in the range of 4250 - 7900 mg/L and chloride was in the range of 1600 - 2700 mg/L. The dam sediments contain heavy metals of chromium, copper, zinc and lead. In 2006, the High Court has directed the dyeing units to install zero liquid discharge (ZLD) plant and to stop discharging of effluent into the river. Accordingly, the industries have installed and commissioned the ZLD plant consisting of RO plant and reject management system in 2010. The effluent after secondary treatment from the CETP is further treated in RO plant. The RO permeate is reused by the member units. The RO reject is concentrated in multiple effect evaporator (MEE)/ mechanical vacuum re-compressor (MVR). The concentrate is crystallized and centrifuged to recover salt. The salt recovered is reused. The liquid separated from the centrifuge is sent to solar evaporation pan. The salt collected in the solar pan is bagged and stored in secure land fill facility. Thus, the discharge into the river is now stopped. However, the damage caused to the groundwater and soil contamination in the river basin is yet to be restored.
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Predicting the physical effects of relocating Boston's sewage outfall
Signell, R.P.; Jenter, H.L.; Blumberg, A.F.
2000-01-01
Boston is scheduled to cease discharge of sewage effluent in Boston Harbor in Spring 2000 and begin discharge at a site 14 km offshore in Massachusetts Bay in a water depth of about 30 m. The effects of this outfall relocation on effluent dilution, salinity and circulation are predicted with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The simulations predict that the new bay outfall will greatly decrease effluent concentrations in Boston Harbor (relative to the harbour outfall) and will not significantly change mean effluent concentrations over most of Massachusetts Bay. With the harbour outfall, previous observations and these simulations show that effluent concentrations exceed 0??5% throughout the harbour, with a harbour wide average of 1-2%. With the bay outfall, effluent concentrations exceed 0??5% only within a few km of the new outfall, and harbour concentrations drop to 0??1-0??2%, a 10-fold reduction. During unstratified winter conditions, the local increase in effluent concentration at the bay outfall site is predicted to exist throughout the water column. During stratified summer conditions, however, effluent released at the sea bed rises and is trapped beneath the pycnocline. The local increase in effluent concentration is limited to the lower layer, and as a result, surface layer effluent concentrations in the vicinity of the new outfall site are predicted to decrease (relative to the harbour outfall) during the summer. Slight changes are predicted for the salinity and circulation fields. Removing the fresh water associated with the effluent discharge in Boston Harbor is predicted to increase the mean salinity of the harbour by 0??5 and decrease the mean salinity by 0??10-0??15 within 2-3 km of the outfall. Relative to the existing mean flow, the buoyant discharge at the new outfall is predicted to generate density-driven mean currents of 2-4 cm s-1 that spiral out in a clockwise motion at the surface during winter and at the pycnocline (15-20 m depth) during summer. Compensating counterclockwise currents are predicted to spiral in toward the source at the bottom. Because the scale of the residual current structure induced by the new discharge is comparable to or smaller than typical subtidal water parcel excursions, Lagrangian trajectories will not follow the Eulerian residual flow. Thus, mean currents measured from moorings within 5 km of the bay outfall site will be more useful for model comparison than to indicate net transport pathways.
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Carvalho, Fernando P; Oliveira, João M; Faria, Isabel
2009-11-01
Two large uranium mines, Quinta do Bispo and Cunha Baixa, district of Viseu, North of Portugal, were exploited until 1991. Sulfuric acid was used for in situ uranium leaching in Cunha Baixa mine and for heap leaching of low grade ores at both mines. Large amounts of mining and milling residues were accumulated nearby. Since closure of mines, the treatment of acid mine waters has been maintained and treated water is released into surface water lines. Analysis of radionuclides in the soluble phase and in the suspended matter of water samples from the uranium mines, from the creeks receiving the discharges of mine effluents, from the rivers and from wells in this area, show an enhancement of radioactivity levels. For example, downstream the discharge of mine effluents into Castelo Stream, the concentrations of dissolved uranium isotopes and uranium daughters were up to 14 times the concentrations measured upstream; (238)U concentration in suspended particulate matter of Castelo Stream reached 72 kBq kg(-1), which is about 170 times higher than background concentrations in Mondego River. Nevertheless, radionuclide concentrations decreased rapidly to near background values within a distance of about 7 kilometers from the discharge point. Enhancement of radioactivity in underground waters was positively correlated with a decrease in water pH and with an increase of sulfate ion concentration, pointing out to Cunha Baixa mine as the source of groundwater contamination. The radiotoxic exposure risk arising from using these well waters as drinking water and as irrigation water is discussed and implementation of environmental remediation measures is advised.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seanego, K. G.; Moyo, N. A. G.
Population growth in urban areas is putting pressure on sewage treatment plants. The improper treatment of sewage entering the aquatic ecosystems causes deterioration of the water quality of the receiving water body. The effect of sewage effluent on the Sand River was assessed. Eight sampling sites were selected, site 1 and 2 were upstream of the sewage treatment plant along the urbanised area of Polokwane, whilst sites 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were downstream. The physico-chemical parameters and coliform counts in the water samples were determined. The suitability of the water for irrigation was also determined. Hierarchical average linkage cluster analysis produced two clusters, grouping two sites above the sewage treatment works and six sites downstream of the sewage effluent discharge point. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified total nitrogen, total phosphorus, conductivity and salinity as the major factors contributing to the variability of the Sand River water quality. These factors are strongly associated with the downstream sites. Canonial correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated the macroinvertebrates, Chironomidae, Belastomatidae, Chaoborus and Hirudinea being strongly associated with nitrogen, phosphorus, conductivity and temperature. Escherichia coli levels in the Polokwane wastewater treatment works maturation ponds, could potentially lead to contamination of the Polokwane aquifer. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio was between 1.5 and 3.0 and residual sodium carbonate was below 1.24 Meq/l, indicating that the Sand River water is still suitable for irrigation. The total phosphorus concentrations fluctuated across the different site. Total nitrogen concentrations showed a gradual decrease downstream from the point of discharge. This shows that the river still has a good self-purification capacity.
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Chu, Binh T T; Petrovich, Morgan L; Chaudhary, Adit; Wright, Dorothy; Murphy, Brian; Wells, George; Poretsky, Rachel
2018-03-01
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release treated effluent containing mobile genetic elements (MGEs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and microorganisms into the environment, yet little is known about their influence on nearby microbial communities and the retention of these factors in receiving water bodies. Our research aimed to characterize the genes and organisms from two different WWTPs that discharge into Lake Michigan, as well as from surrounding lake sediments to determine the dispersal and fate of these factors with respect to distance from the effluent outfall. Shotgun metagenomics coupled to distance-decay analyses showed a higher abundance of genes identical to those in WWTP effluent genes in sediments closer to outfall sites than in sediments farther away, indicating their possible WWTP origin. We also found genes attributed to organisms, such as those belonging to Helicobacteraceae , Legionellaceae , Moraxellaceae , and Neisseriaceae , in effluent from both WWTPs and decreasing in abundance in lake sediments with increased distance from WWTPs. Moreover, our results showed that the WWTPs likely influence the ARG composition in lake sediments close to the effluent discharge. Many of these ARGs were located on MGEs in both the effluent and sediment samples, indicating a relatively broad propensity for horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Our approach allowed us to specifically link genes to organisms and their genetic context, providing insight into WWTP impacts on natural microbial communities. Overall, our results suggest a substantial influence of wastewater effluent on gene content and microbial community structure in the sediments of receiving water bodies. IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release their effluent into aquatic environments. Although treated, effluent retains many genes and microorganisms that have the potential to influence the receiving water in ways that are poorly understood. Here, we tracked the genetic footprint, including genes specific to antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic elements and their associated organisms, from WWTPs to lake sediments. Our work is novel in that we used metagenomic data sets to comprehensively evaluate total gene content and the genetic and taxonomic context of specific genes in environmental samples putatively impacted by WWTP inputs. Based on two different WWTPs with different treatment processes, our findings point to an influence of WWTPs on the presence, abundance, and composition of these factors in the environment. Copyright © 2018 Chu et al.
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Chu, Binh T. T.; Petrovich, Morgan L.; Chaudhary, Adit; Wright, Dorothy; Murphy, Brian; Wells, George
2017-01-01
ABSTRACT Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release treated effluent containing mobile genetic elements (MGEs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and microorganisms into the environment, yet little is known about their influence on nearby microbial communities and the retention of these factors in receiving water bodies. Our research aimed to characterize the genes and organisms from two different WWTPs that discharge into Lake Michigan, as well as from surrounding lake sediments to determine the dispersal and fate of these factors with respect to distance from the effluent outfall. Shotgun metagenomics coupled to distance-decay analyses showed a higher abundance of genes identical to those in WWTP effluent genes in sediments closer to outfall sites than in sediments farther away, indicating their possible WWTP origin. We also found genes attributed to organisms, such as those belonging to Helicobacteraceae, Legionellaceae, Moraxellaceae, and Neisseriaceae, in effluent from both WWTPs and decreasing in abundance in lake sediments with increased distance from WWTPs. Moreover, our results showed that the WWTPs likely influence the ARG composition in lake sediments close to the effluent discharge. Many of these ARGs were located on MGEs in both the effluent and sediment samples, indicating a relatively broad propensity for horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Our approach allowed us to specifically link genes to organisms and their genetic context, providing insight into WWTP impacts on natural microbial communities. Overall, our results suggest a substantial influence of wastewater effluent on gene content and microbial community structure in the sediments of receiving water bodies. IMPORTANCE Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release their effluent into aquatic environments. Although treated, effluent retains many genes and microorganisms that have the potential to influence the receiving water in ways that are poorly understood. Here, we tracked the genetic footprint, including genes specific to antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic elements and their associated organisms, from WWTPs to lake sediments. Our work is novel in that we used metagenomic data sets to comprehensively evaluate total gene content and the genetic and taxonomic context of specific genes in environmental samples putatively impacted by WWTP inputs. Based on two different WWTPs with different treatment processes, our findings point to an influence of WWTPs on the presence, abundance, and composition of these factors in the environment. PMID:29269503
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Nutrient Loadings to Streams of the Continental United States from Municipal and Industrial Effluent
Maupin, M.A.; Ivahnenko, T.
2011-01-01
Data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Permit Compliance System national database were used to calculate annual total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads to surface waters from municipal and industrial facilities in six major regions of the United States for 1992, 1997, and 2002. Concentration and effluent flow data were examined for approximately 118,250 facilities in 45 states and the District of Columbia. Inconsistent and incomplete discharge locations, effluent flows, and effluent nutrient concentrations limited the use of these data for calculating nutrient loads. More concentrations were reported for major facilities, those discharging more than 1million gallons per day, than for minor facilities, and more concentrations were reported for TP than for TN. Analytical methods to check and improve the quality of the Permit Compliance System data were used. Annual loads were calculated using "typical pollutant concentrations" to supplement missing concentrations based on the type and size of facilities. Annual nutrient loads for over 26,600 facilities were calculated for at least one of the three years. Sewage systems represented 74% of all TN loads and 58% of all TP loads. This work represents an initial set of data to develop a comprehensive and consistent national database of point-source nutrient loads. These loads can be used to inform a wide range of water-quality management, watershed modeling, and research efforts at multiple scales. ?? 2011 American Water Resources Association. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act provides that each and every point source of pollution be under treatment with the best available technology by July 1983. The Act mandates that: every point source of pollution be issued a national pollutant discharge elimination system (NPDES) permit and comply with effluent guidelines, and the 1983 best…
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Pollution of Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystems by Industrial Effluents: Effects on Fish Productivity
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nwagwu, S. N.; Kuyoro, E. O.; Agboola, D. M.; Salau, K. S.; Kuyoro, T. O.
2016-02-01
Nigeria is uniquely endowed with vast water resources. The near-shore, estuaries, rivers, lakes and pond all taken together, offer tremendous opportunities for fish production. Globally, water bodies are primary means for disposal of waste especially the effluents from industrial, municipal, sewage and agricultural practices near the water body. Studies carried out in most cities in Nigeria has shown that industrial effluent is one of the main sources of water pollution in Nigeria and less than 10% of industries in Nigeria treat their effluents before discharging them into the water bodies. This effluent can alter the physical, chemical and biological nature of the receiving water body resulting in the death of the inhabiting organisms including fish. Untreated industrial waste discharged into water bodies have resulted in eutrophication of aquatic ecosystem as evidence by substantial algal bloom leading to dissolve oxygen depletion and eventually massive mortality of fish and other organisms. Industries like textile producing factory, paper manufacturing plants, oil refinery, brewery and fermentation factory and metal producing industries discharge their wastes into the aquatic ecosystem. These industrial wastes contain pollutants like acids, heavy metals, oil, cyanide, organic chemicals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins etc. Some of these pollutants are carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic while some are poisonous depending on the level of exposure and intake by aquatic organisms and man. These pollutants affect the biological growth and reproduction of fishes in the aquatic ecosystem thereby reducing the amount of captured fishes. Fish and other aquatic lives face total extinction due to destruction of aquatic lives and natural habitats by pollution of water bodies. Effluents and wastes produced by industries should be minimised by using low and non-waste technologies; and effluents should be properly treated before they are discharged into aquatic environment.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
...: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to navigable waters. (b) During any calendar month there may be discharged from the overflow of a process waste water impoundment either a volume of process waste water equal to the difference between the precipitation for that month that falls...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... employing wet air emissions control scrubbers there shall be no discharge of process generated waste water pollutants into navigable waters. (b) Only that volume of water resulting from precipitation that exceeds the maximum safe surge capacity of a process waste water impoundment may be discharged from that impoundment...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Fiberglass Subcategory § 426.12 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction... limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties which may be discharged by... limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Fiberglass Subcategory § 426.12 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction... limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties which may be discharged by... limitations establish the quantity or quality of pollutants or pollutant properties, controlled by this...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (b) of this section. (e) Effluent limitations for contaminated runoff. The following effluent... paragraph and attributable to contaminated runoff which may be discharged after the application of the best... solely of contaminated runoff and is not commingled or treated with process wastewater, it may be...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (b) of this section. (e) Effluent limitations for contaminated runoff. The following effluent... paragraph and attributable to contaminated runoff which may be discharged after the application of the best... solely of contaminated runoff and is not commingled or treated with process wastewater, it may be...
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Method of recovering adsorbed liquid compounds from molecular sieve columns
Burkholder, H.R.; Fanslow, G.E.
1983-12-20
Molecularly adsorbed volatile liquid compounds are recovered from molecular sieve adsorbent columns by directionally applying microwave energy to the bed of the adsorbent to produce a mixed liquid-gas effluent. The gas portion of the effluent generates pressure within the bed to promote the discharge of the effluent from the column bottoms. Preferably the discharged liquid-gas effluent is collected in two to three separate fractions, the second or intermediate fraction having a substantially higher concentration of the desorbed compound than the first or third fractions. The desorption does not need to be assisted by passing a carrier gas through the bed or by applying reduced pressure to the outlet from the bed. 8 figs.
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Method of recovering adsorbed liquid compounds from molecular sieve columns
Burkholder, Harvey R.; Fanslow, Glenn E.
1983-01-01
Molecularly adsorbed volatile liquid compounds are recovered from molecular sieve adsorbent columns by directionally applying microwave energy to the bed of the adsorbent to produce a mixed liquid-gas effluent. The gas portion of the effluent generates pressure within the bed to promote the discharge of the effluent from the column bottoms. Preferably the discharged liquid-gas effluent is collected in two to three separate fractions, the second or intermediate fraction having a substantially higher concentration of the desorbed compound than the first or third fractions. The desorption does not need to be assisted by passing a carrier gas through the bed or by applying reduced pressure to the outlet from the bed.
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Furl, Chad V; Meredith, Callie A; Strynar, Mark J; Nakayama, Shoji F
2011-07-01
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in 10 Washington State rivers and 4 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) under periods of low and high flows to investigate the relative importance of point and non-point sources to rivers. PFCs were detected in all samples with summed values ranging from 1.11 to 74.9 ng/L in surface waters and 62.3-418 ng/L in WWTP effluent. Concentrations in 6 of the 10 rivers exhibited a positive relationship with flow, indicating runoff as a contributing source, with PFC loads greatest at all 10 waterbodies during high flows. Perfluoroheptanoic acid:perfluorooctanoic acid homologue ratios suggest atmospheric contributions to the waterbodies are important throughout the year. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated distinct homologue profiles for high flow, low flow, and effluent samples. The PCA demonstrates that during the spring when flows and loads are at their greatest; WWTP discharges are not the primary sources of PFCs to the river systems. Taken together, the evidence provided signifies non-point inputs are a major pathway for PFCs to surface waters in Washington State. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... CATEGORY Gum Rosin and Turpentine Subcategory § 454.22 Effluent limitations and guidelines representing the..., controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of gum rosin and turpentine by a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... CATEGORY Gum Rosin and Turpentine Subcategory § 454.22 Effluent limitations and guidelines representing the..., controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of gum rosin and turpentine by a...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... CATEGORY Tall Oil Rosin, Pitch and Fatty Acids Subcategory § 454.42 Effluent limitations and guidelines... properties, controlled by this paragraph, which may be discharged from the manufacture of tall oil rosin...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants into navigable waters. [60 FR 33972, June 29...
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Lalonde, Benoit A; Jackman, Paula; Doe, Ken; Garron, Christine; Aubé, Jamie
2009-04-01
There are over 1100 fish-processing plants in Canada and the majority of them discharge untreated effluents directly to marine or estuarine receiving environments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate chemical and toxicological characteristics of sediments near fish-processing plant effluent discharges to assess potential impacts of seafood-processing effluents on receiving environments. Eighteen sediment samples were collected near effluent discharges of six seafood-processing plant outfalls in New Brunswick, Canada in the winter of 2006. Ammonia levels ranged from <0.2 to 3480 microg/g, sulfide levels ranged from <0.4 to 6970 microg/g, and redox ranged from -255 to 443 mV. Only one sample had a Microtox Solid-Phase Test IC(50) value below 1000 mg/kg, whereas three samples caused greater than 30% reduction to amphipod survival. Redox, sulfide, and ammonia concentrations were all found to be significantly related to both Eohaustorius estuarius survival and Microto (Vibrio fischeri) IC(50). An increase in sulfide (R (2) = 0.584; 0.750) and ammonia (R (2) = 0.478; 0.552) and a decrease in redox (R (2) = 0.485; 0.651) were associated with an increase in toxicity to E. estuarius and Microtox, respectively. The highest toxicity to both test organisms, and the most contaminated sediments based on physical/chemical characteristics measured, was observed in samples from Blacks Harbour.
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Pollution control of industrial wastewater from soap and oil industries: a case study.
Abdel-Gawad, S; Abdel-Shafy, M
2002-01-01
Industrial wastewater from soap and oil industries represents a heavy pollution source on their receiving water body. This paper studies a case of pollution control at Tanta Soap and Oil Company, Banha Factory, Egypt. The factory production includes soap, edible oil, and animal fodder. About 4,347 m3/day of industrial wastewater effluent was discharged via gravity sewers to the public sewerage system. Most of the effluent was cooling water because the cooling process in the factory was open circle. In spite of the huge quantity of cooling water being disposed of, disposal of wastewater was violating pertinent legislation. Three procedures were used for controlling the pollution at the Banha Factory. Firstly, all open circuit cooling systems were converted to closed circuit thus reducing the quantity of the discharged wastewater down to 767 m3/day. Secondly, the heavily polluted oil and grease (O&G) wastewater from the refinery unit is treated via two gravity oil separator (GOS) units, dissolved air floatation (DAF), and biological units in order to reduce the high levels of O&G, BOD, COD, and SS to the allowable limits. Thirdly, the heavily polluted waste effluent from the 'red water' saponification unit is treated separately by acidification to convert the emulsified fatty acid to free form in order to be separated through an oil separation unit. The effluent is then passed to liming stage to neutralize excess acidity and precipitate some of the dissolved matters. The mixture is finally clarified and the pH is adjusted to the allowable limits. The effluent wastewater from the three processes is collected and mixed in a final equalization tank for discharging effluent to the public sewerage system. The characteristics of the effluent water are very good with respect to the allowable Egyptian limits for discharging effluent to the public sewerage system.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... waste water, shall meet the following limitations. Effluent characteristic Effluent limitations Lead No limitation. Fluoride Do. TSS Do. pH Do. (b) Any plant which melts raw materials, produces non-leaded hand pressed or blown glassware, discharges greater than 50 gallons per day of process waste water, and employs...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... waste water, shall meet the following limitations. Effluent characteristic Effluent limitations Lead No limitation. Fluoride Do. TSS Do. pH Do. (b) Any plant which melts raw materials, produces non-leaded hand pressed or blown glassware, discharges greater than 50 gallons per day of process waste water, and employs...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... waste water, shall meet the following limitations. Effluent characteristic Effluent limitations Lead No limitation. Fluoride Do. TSS Do. pH Do. (b) Any plant which melts raw materials, produces non-leaded hand pressed or blown glassware, discharges greater than 50 gallons per day of process waste water, and employs...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Industrial Sand Subcategory § 436.42 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... 6.0 and water quality criteria in water quality standards approved under the Act authorize such lower pH, the pH limitation for such discharge may be adjusted downward to the pH water quality...
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Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants.
Carr, Steve A; Liu, Jin; Tesoro, Arnold G
2016-03-15
Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are frequently suspected as significant point sources or conduits of microplastics to the environment. To directly investigate these suspicions, effluent discharges from seven tertiary plants and one secondary plant in Southern California were studied. The study also looked at influent loads, particle size/type, conveyance, and removal at these wastewater treatment facilities. Over 0.189 million liters of effluent at each of the seven tertiary plants were filtered using an assembled stack of sieves with mesh sizes between 400 and 45 μm. Additionally, the surface of 28.4 million liters of final effluent at three tertiary plants was skimmed using a 125 μm filtering assembly. The results suggest that tertiary effluent is not a significant source of microplastics and that these plastic pollutants are effectively removed during the skimming and settling treatment processes. However, at a downstream secondary plant, an average of one micro-particle in every 1.14 thousand liters of final effluent was counted. The majority of microplastics identified in this study had a profile (color, shape, and size) similar to the blue polyethylene particles present in toothpaste formulations. Existing treatment processes were determined to be very effective for removal of microplastic contaminants entering typical municipal WWTPs. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Differential BPA levels in sewage wastewater effluents from metro Detroit communities.
Santos, Julia M; Putt, David A; Jurban, Michael; Joiakim, Aby; Friedrich, Klaus; Kim, Hyesook
2016-10-01
The endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in both aquatic and surface sediment environments because it is continuously released into sewage wastewater effluent. The measurement of BPA at wastewater treatment plants is rarely performed even though the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that current levels of environmental BPA could be a threat to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the aims of this study were to measure BPA levels in sewage wastewater at different collection points over a 1-year period and to compare the levels of BPA to 8-isoprostane, a human derived fatty acid, found in sewage wastewater. We analyzed pre-treated sewage samples collected from three source points located in different communities in the metropolitan Detroit area provided by the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department. Human urine samples were also used in the study. BPA and 8-isoprostane were measured using ELISA kits from Detroit R&D, Inc. BPA levels from the same collection point oscillated more than 10-fold over 1 year. Also, BPA levels fluctuated differentially at each collection point. Highly fluctuating BPA values were confirmed by LC/MS/MS. The concentration of BPA in sewage wastewater was ~100-fold higher than the concentration of 8-isoprostane, while urinary concentration was ~20-fold higher. Thus, BPA levels discharged into the sewage network vary among communities, and differences are also observed within communities over time. The difference in BPA and 8-isoprostane levels suggest that most of the BPA discharged to sewage wastewater might be derived from industries rather than from human urine. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of BPA could account for a better regulation of BPA release into a sewage network.
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Rajamanickam, R; Nagan, S
2010-10-01
Karur is an industrial town located on the bank of river Amaravathi. There are 487 textile processing units in operation and discharge about 14610 kilo litres per day of treated effluent into the river. The groundwater quality in the downstream is deteriorated due to continuous discharge of effluent. In order to assess the present quality of groundwater, 13 open wells were identified in the river basin around Karur and samples were collected during pre-monsoon, post monsoon and summer, and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. TDS, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, chlorides and sulphates exceeded the desirable limit. Amaravathi River water samples were also colleted at the upstream and downstream of Karur and the result shows the river is polluted. During summer season, there is no flow in the river and the river acts as a drainage for the effluent. Hence, there is severe impact on the groundwater quality in the downstream. The best option to protect the groundwater quality in the river basin is that the textile processing units should adopt zero liquid discharge (ZLD) system and completely recycle the treated effluent.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Herrmann, H. W.; Henins, I.; Park, J.; Selwyn, G. S.
1999-05-01
The atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) [A. Schütze et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 1685 (1998)] is a nonthermal, high pressure, uniform glow plasma discharge that produces a high velocity effluent stream of highly reactive chemical species. The discharge operates on a feedstock gas (e.g., He/O2/H2O), which flows between an outer, grounded, cylindrical electrode and an inner, coaxial electrode powered at 13.56 MHz rf. While passing through the plasma, the feedgas becomes excited, dissociated or ionized by electron impact. Once the gas exits the discharge volume, ions and electrons are rapidly lost by recombination, but the fast-flowing effluent still contains neutral metastable species (e.g., O2*, He*) and radicals (e.g., O, OH). This reactive effluent has been shown to be an effective neutralizer of surrogates for anthrax spores and mustard blister agent. Unlike conventional wet decontamination methods, the plasma effluent does not cause corrosion and it does not destroy wiring, electronics, or most plastics, making it highly suitable for decontamination of sensitive equipment and interior spaces. Furthermore, the reactive species in the effluent rapidly degrade into harmless products leaving no lingering residue or harmful by-products.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Drummond, J. D.; Bernal, S.; Meredith, W.; Schumer, R.; Martí Roca, E.
2017-12-01
Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents constitute point source inputs of fine sediment, nutrients, carbon, and microbes to stream ecosystems. A range of responses to these inputs may be observed in recipient streams, including increases in respiration rates, which augment CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Yet, little is known about which fractions of organic carbon (OC) contribute the most to stream metabolism in WWTP-influenced streams. Fine particulate OC (POC) represents ca. 40% of the total mass of OC in river networks, and is generally more labile than dissolved OC. Therefore, POC inputs from WWTPs could contribute disproportionately to higher rates of heterotrophic metabolism by stream microbial communities. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of POC inputs from a WWTP effluent on the metabolism of a Mediterranean stream over a wide range of hydrologic conditions. We hypothesized that POC inputs would have a positive effect on respiration rates, and that the response to POC availability would be larger during low flows when the dilution capacity of the recipient stream is negligible. We focused on the easily resuspended fine sediment near the sediment-water interface (top 3 cm), as this region is a known hot spot for biogeochemical processes. For one year, samples of resuspended sediment were collected bimonthly at 7 sites from 0 to 800 m downstream of the WWTP point source. We measured total POC, organic matter (OM) content (%), and the associated metabolic activity of the resuspended sediment using the resazurin-resorufin smart tracer system as a proxy for aerobic ecosystem respiration. Resuspended sediment showed no difference in total POC over the year, while the OM content increased with decreasing discharge. This result together with the decreasing trend of total POC observed downstream of the point source during autumn after a long dry period, suggests that the WWTP effluent was the main contributor to stream POC. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between aerobic ecosystem respiration and OM content in resuspended sediments. Our results suggest that WWTP effluents can be important sources of POC to recipient streams, and that the increased availability of POC enhances aerobic ecosystem respiration, especially when the dilution capacity of the recipient streams is low.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Specht, W.L.
1991-10-01
In anticipation of the fall 1988 start up of effluent discharges into Upper Three Creek by the F/H Area Effluent Treatment Facility of the Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC, a two and one half year biological study was initiated in June 1987. Upper Three Runs Creek is an intensively studied fourth order stream known for its high species richness. Designed to assess the potential impact of F?H area effluent on the creek, the study includes qualitative and quantitative macroinvertebrate stream surveys at five sites, chronic toxicity testing of the effluent, water chemistry and bioaccumulation analysis. This final report presents themore » results of both pre-operational and post-operational qualitative and quantitative (artificial substrate) macroinvertebrate studies. Six quantitative and three qualitative studies were conducted prior to the initial release of the F/H ETF effluent and five quantitative and two qualitative studies were conducted post-operationally.« less
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Che Munaaim, M. A.; Razali, N.; Ayob, A.; Hamidin, N.; Othuman Mydin, M. A.
2018-03-01
A micro hydroelectric generator is an energy conversion approach to generate electricity from potential (motion) energy to an electrical energy. In this research, it is desired to be implemented by using a micro hydroelectric generator which is desired to be embedded at the continuous flow of effluent discharge point of domestic sewerage treatment plant (STP). This research evaluates the potential of electricity generation from micro hydroelectric generator attached to 30,000 PE sewerage treatment plant. The power output obtained from calculation of electrical power conversion is used to identify the possibility of this system and its ability to provide electrical energy, which can minimize the cost of electric bill especially for the pumping system. The overview of this system on the practical application with the consideration of payback period is summarized. The ultimate aim of the whole application is to have a self-ecosystem electrical power generated for the internal use of STP by using its own flowing water in supporting the sustainable engineering towards renewable energy and energy efficient approach. The results shows that the output power obtained is lower than expected output power (12 kW) and fall beyond of the range of a micro hydro power (5kW - 100kW) since it is only generating 1.58 kW energy by calculation. It is also observed that the estimated payback period is longer which i.e 7 years to recoup the return of investment. A range of head from 4.5 m and above for the case where the flow shall at least have maintained at 0.05 m3/s in the selected plant in order to achieved a feasible power output. In conclusion, wastewater treatment process involves the flowing water (potential energy) especially at the effluent discharge point of STP is possibly harvested for electricity generation by embedding the micro hydroelectric generator. However, the selection of STP needs to have minimum 4.5 meter head with 0.05 m3/s of continuously flowing water to make it feasible to harvest.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Vaute, L.; Drogue, C.; Garrelly, L.; Ghelfenstein, M.
1997-12-01
Study of the movement of chemical compounds naturally present in the water, or which result from pollution, are examined according to the reservoir structure in karstic aquifers. Structure is represented by a simple geometrical model; slow flow takes place in blocks with a network of low-permeability cracks. The blocks are separated by highly permeable karstic conduits that allow rapid flow, and these form the aquifer drainage system. The karst studied covers 110 km 2. It is fed by an interrupted stream draining a 35 km 2 non-karstic basin, contaminated at the entry to the karst by effluents from a sewage treatment station. The underground water reappears as a resurgence with an annual average flow of approximately 1 m 3 s -1, after an apparent underground course of 8 km in the karst. Several local sources of pollution (effluent from septic tanks) contaminate the underground water during its course. Sixteen measurement operations were performed at 12 water points, between the interrupted stream and the spring. Some sampling points were at drains, and others were in the low-permeability fissured blocks. Comparison at each point of the concentrations of 14 chemical compounds gave the following results: when pollutant discharge occurs in a permeable zone, movement is rapid in the drainage network formed by the karstic conduits, and does not reach the less permeable fissured blocks which are thus protected; however, if discharge is in a low-permeability zone, the flow does not allow rapid movement of the polluted water, and this increases the pollutant concentration at the discharge. This simple pattern can be upset by a reversal of the apparent piezometric gradient between a block and a conduit during floods or pumping; this may reverse flow directions and hence modify the movement of contaminants. The study made it possible to site five boreholes whose positions in the karstic structure were unknown, showing the interest of such an approach for the forecasting of the impact of potential pollution.
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Effluent guidelines are national standards for wastewater discharges to surface waters and municipal sewage treatment plants. We issue the regulations for industrial categories based on the performance of treatment and control technologies.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.182 Section 436.182 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process generated...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.32 Section 436.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently... of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.182 Section 436.182 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process generated...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.182 Section 436.182 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process generated...
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Kabiru, Lawan Mohammed; Bello, Mohammed; Kabir, Junaid; Grande, Laura; Morabito, Stefano
2015-01-01
Pathogenic Escherichia coli can be released with the wastes coming from slaughterhouses into the environment, where they can persist. We investigated the presence of diarrheagenic E. coli in specimens taken at an abattoir located in the Zaria region, Nigeria, in samples of water from the river Koreye, where the effluent from the abattoir spills in, and vegetable specimens taken at a nearby farm. All the isolated E. coli were assayed for the production of Shiga toxins (Stx) by using the Ridascreen verotoxin Immunoassay and by PCR amplification of genes associated with the diarrheagenic E. coli. Three strains from the rectal content of two slaughtered animals and a cabbage were positive for the presence of the Stx-coding genes. Additionally we have isolated one Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) from the abattoir effluent and two Subtilase-producing E. coli from the slaughterhouse’s effluent and a sample of carrots. Our results provide evidence that pathogenic E. coli can contaminate the environment as a result of the discharge into the environment of untreated abattoir effluent, representing a reservoir for STEC and other diarrheagenic E. coli favouring their spread to crops. PMID:25590145
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de Melo Gurgel, Piatã; Navoni, Julio Alejandro; de Morais Ferreira, Douglisnilson; do Amaral, Viviane Souza
2016-12-01
Water pollution generated by industrial effluents discharge is a threat to the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems and human development. The Jundiai River estuarine, located in Northeast Brazil, receives an industrial pretreated effluent load from the city of Macaíba/RN/Brazil. The present study aimed to assess the water quality of this water reservoir through i) physicochemical characterization, ii) quantification of metal concentration and iii) by an ecotoxicological assessment carried out using Mysidopsis juniae and Pomacea lineata. The study was performed throughout the period comprising May to September 2014. Physicochemical variables such as chloride, total solids and electrical conductivity presented values in the waste discharge point, significantly different with those located out of the waste releasing point. Apart from that, metal concentration showed variable behavior throughout the monitored period. Levels of Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Ag were over the considered guidelines. Both natural and anthropogenic sources seem to be involved in the resulting environmental scenario. A reduction in the fecundity rate (using Mysidopsis juniae) along with an increase in mortality rate (in both species) was observed ratifying the presence of toxic substances in this water reservoir. Moreover, a correlation analysis stated an association of the aforementioned toxicological effects with the delivery of industrial waste products. The ecotoxicological assessment performed highlighted the presence of toxic substance/s in water from the Jundiai River. Especially as a consequence of industrial activity, a fact that might threaten the bioma and, therefore, the human health of the population settled in the studied region. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Pathiratne, Asoka; Hemachandra, Chamini K; De Silva, Nimal
2015-12-01
Efficacy of Allium cepa test system for screening cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of treated effluents originated from four types of industrial activities (two textile industries, three rubber based industries, two common treatment plants of industrial zones, and two water treatment plants) was assessed. Physico-chemical parameters including the heavy metal/metalloid levels of the effluents varied depending on the industry profile, but most of the measured parameters in the effluents were within the specified tolerance limits of Sri Lankan environmental regulations for discharge of industrial effluents into inland surface waters. In the A. cepa test system, the undiluted effluents induced statistically significant root growth retardation, mitosis depression, and chromosomal aberrations in root meristematic cells in most cases in comparison to the dilution water and upstream water signifying effluent induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Ethyl methane sulphonate (a mutagen, positive control) and all the effluents under 1:8 dilution significantly induced total chromosomal aberrations in root meristematic cells in comparison to the dilution water and upstream water indicating inadequacy of expected 1:8 dilutions in the receiving waters for curtailing genotoxic impacts. The results support the use of a practically feasible A. cepa test system for rapid screening of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of diverse industrial effluents discharging into inland surface waters.
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Suchetana, Bihu; Rajagopalan, Balaji; Silverstein, JoAnn
2017-11-15
A regression tree-based diagnostic approach is developed to evaluate factors affecting US wastewater treatment plant compliance with ammonia discharge permit limits using Discharge Monthly Report (DMR) data from a sample of 106 municipal treatment plants for the period of 2004-2008. Predictor variables used to fit the regression tree are selected using random forests, and consist of the previous month's effluent ammonia, influent flow rates and plant capacity utilization. The tree models are first used to evaluate compliance with existing ammonia discharge standards at each facility and then applied assuming more stringent discharge limits, under consideration in many states. The model predicts that the ability to meet both current and future limits depends primarily on the previous month's treatment performance. With more stringent discharge limits predicted ammonia concentration relative to the discharge limit, increases. In-sample validation shows that the regression trees can provide a median classification accuracy of >70%. The regression tree model is validated using ammonia discharge data from an operating wastewater treatment plant and is able to accurately predict the observed ammonia discharge category approximately 80% of the time, indicating that the regression tree model can be applied to predict compliance for individual treatment plants providing practical guidance for utilities and regulators with an interest in controlling ammonia discharges. The proposed methodology is also used to demonstrate how to delineate reliable sources of demand and supply in a point source-to-point source nutrient credit trading scheme, as well as how planners and decision makers can set reasonable discharge limits in future. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Howard, Meredith D. A.; Kudela, Raphael M.; McLaughlin, Karen
2017-02-01
Anthropogenic nutrient inputs are one of the most important factors contributing to eutrophication of coastal waters. Coastal upwelling regions are naturally highly variable, exhibiting faster flushing and lower retention times than estuarine systems. As such, these regions are considered more resilient to anthropogenic influences than other coastal waters. Recent studies have shown our perception of the sustainability of these systems may be flawed and that anthropogenic nutrients can have an impact at local and regional spatial scales within these larger upwelling ecosystems. Maintenance of an outfall pipe discharging wastewater effluent to the Southern California Bight (SCB) provided an opportunity to study effects of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on a near-shore coastal ecosystem. The diversion of wastewater effluent from a primary, offshore outfall to a secondary, near-shore outfall set up a large-scale, in situ experiment allowing researchers to track the fate of wastewater plumes as they were "turned off" in one area and "turned on" in another. In this introduction to a special issue, we synthesize results of one such wastewater diversion conducted by the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) during fall 2012. Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) from point-source discharges altered biogeochemical cycling and the community composition of bacteria and phytoplankton. Nitrification of ammonium to nitrate in wastewater effluent close to outfalls constituted a significant source of N utilized by the biological community that should be considered in quantifying "new" production. The microbial-loop component of the plankton community played a significant role, exemplified by a large response of heterotrophic bacteria to wastewater effluent that resulted in nutrient immobilization within the bacterial food web. This response, combined with the photosynthetic inhibition of phytoplankton due to disinfection byproducts, suppressed phytoplankton responses. Our findings have ramifications for future studies and regulatory monitoring, emphasizing the need to consider chemical and biological responses to wastewater effluent in assessing effects of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on urbanized coastal ecosystems.
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76 FR 75913 - Notice of Lodging of Modification of Consent Decree Under the Clean Water Act
Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-05
... (``Regulated Bacteria'') and to comply with interim effluent limitations for those pollutants. The proposed Modification provides new, more stringent interim effluent limitations for Regulated Bacteria and requires... effluent limitations for Regulated Bacteria set forth in the Facility's National Pollutant Discharge...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Formulating and Packaging Subcategory § 455.44 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... permitting authorities shall provide no additional discharge allowance for those pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) in the pesticide formulating, packaging and repackaging wastewaters when those PAIs are also...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Formulating and Packaging Subcategory § 455.44 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of... permitting authorities shall provide no additional discharge allowance for those pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) in the pesticide formulating, packaging and repackaging wastewaters when those PAIs are also...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... conventional pollutant control technology: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... control technology. 418.77 Section 418.77 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best conventional pollutant control technology. The...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... application of the best available technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): There shall be no discharge of process waste water... technology currently available. 424.52 Section 424.52 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: There shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology economically achievable: there shall be no discharge of process waste water pollutants to... representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology... by the application of the best available technology economically achievable. The following...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... chlorophenolic-containing biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the.../kkg (lb/1000 lb) but shall be subject to concentration limitations. Concentration limitations are only applicable to non-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.22 Section 436.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... technology currently available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from... technology currently available (BPT). 440.52 Section 440.52 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.22 Section 436.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.22 Section 436.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... of the best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... technology currently available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from... technology currently available (BPT). 440.52 Section 440.52 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... technology currently available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from... technology currently available (BPT). 440.52 Section 440.52 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... chlorophenolic-containing biocides are used must achieve the following effluent limitations representing the... applicable to non-continuous dischargers. Permittees not using chlorophenolic-containing biocides must certify to the permit-issuing authority that they are not using these biocides: Subpart I [Facilities...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... Copper Casting Subcategory § 464.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... limitations for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0315 0.0156 Zinc (T) 0.0455 0.0171 Oil and grease 1.2 0...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... Copper Casting Subcategory § 464.22 Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent... limitations for copper, lead, zinc, total phenols, oil and grease, and TSS. For non-continuous dischargers... metal poured Copper (T) 0.0307 0.0168 Lead (T) 0.0315 0.0156 Zinc (T) 0.0455 0.0171 Oil and grease 1.2 0...
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Fate of phthalate esters in municipal wastewater treatment plant and their environmental impact.
Kong, Minghao; Song, Yonghui; Zhang, Yizhang; Liu, Ruixia; Wei, Jian; Zheng, Lei
2016-01-01
The fate and distribution of six phthalate esters (PAEs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) employing an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A(2)/O) process were investigated. The process achieved relatively high removal efficiencies of PAEs in the range 55-97%. It illustrated that biotransformation and sludge-adsorption were major elimination pathways by analyzing the mass balance and flux of PAEs. About 83% of ∑PAEs was entirely removed by A(2)/O bioreactors indicating biotransformation is the dominant removal mechanism. PAEs with shorter alkyl chain length and higher water solubility were more biodegradable. Less than 6% of ∑PAEs were removed by excess sludge adsorption. The sludge-adsorption capacity of PAE depends on its hydrophobicity. The levels and fluxes of PAEs were analyzed by monitoring different sites of the receiving river of the WWTP effluent to clarify the potential impact of discharge. Daily flux of PAEs upstream and downstream of the discharging point were 113 kg·d(-1) and 205 kg·d(-1), respectively, which were higher than the effluent devotion value of 6.67 kg·d(-1). It suggested that the emissions from the WWTP appeared to be less than those from the other possible sources, such as potential untreated discharge and surface runoff. Improvement of wastewater collection efficiencies is necessary to eliminate the PAE load in the urban river.
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Kayen, R.E.; Lee, H.J.; Hein, J.R.
2002-01-01
Historic accretion of sediment on the Palos Verdes margin off Los Angeles County, CA, is dominated by two sources, effluent from Whites Point outfall and sediment eroded from the toe of Portuguese Bend landslide. In this paper, we document the recent history of sedimentation from these non-marine sources from 1937 until the late 1990s, and attempt to estimate the amount of material preserved on the shelf. Toward that end, we characterized offshore sediment by physical and geotechnical testing, using non-destructive gamma-ray whole-core logging techniques and conventional geotechnical strength tests, and X-ray diffraction. Results are reported within a geographic information system framework that allows for: (1) the evaluation of the spatial variability of the measured properties, and (2) assessment of the influence of these properties on processes affecting the effluent-affected Sediment layer. In the inner shelf, material eroded by wave action from the toe of the Portuguese Bend landslide since 1956 has contributed 5.7-9.4 million metric tons (Mmt) of sediment, from a total eroded mass of 12.1 Mmt. A lesser fraction (???2.7Mmt) of sediment is incorporated into the mid- and outer-shelf effluent-affected sediment layer. Evidence from X-ray diffractograms clearly indicates that landslide material has mixed with the mid- and outer-shelf effluent. From 1937-1987, it is estimated that 3.8 Mmt of solid anthropogenic effluent was discharged into the water column and onto the Palos Verdes Shelf.
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40 CFR 440.64 - New source performance standards (NSPS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... attainable by the application of the best available demonstrated technology (BADT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from tungsten mines shall not exceed: Effluent characteristic Effluent...
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40 CFR 440.64 - New source performance standards (NSPS).
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... attainable by the application of the best available demonstrated technology (BADT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in mine drainage from tungsten mines shall not exceed: Effluent characteristic Effluent...
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Sauco, Sebastián; Gómez, Julio; Barboza, Francisco R.; Lercari, Diego; Defeo, Omar
2013-01-01
Environmental gradients and wastewater discharges produce aggregated effects on marine populations, obscuring the detection of human impact. Classical assessment methods do not include environmental effects in toxicity tests designs, which could lead to incorrect conclusions. We proposed a modified Whole Effluent Toxicity test (mWET) that includes environmental gradients in addition to effluent dilutions, together with the application of Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) to assess and decouple those effects. We tested this approach, analyzing the lethal effects of wastewater on a marine sandy beach bivalve affected by an artificial canal freshwater discharge used for rice crops irrigation. To this end, we compared bivalve mortality between canal water dilutions (CWd) and salinity controls (SC: without canal water). CWd were prepared by diluting the water effluent (sampled during the pesticide application period) with artificial marine water. The salinity gradient was included in the design by achieving the same final salinities in both CWd and SC, allowing us to account for the effects of salinity by including this variable as a random factor in the GLMM. Our approach detected significantly higher mortalities in CWd, indicating potential toxic effects of the effluent discharge. mWET represents an improvement over the internationally standardized WET tests, since it considers environmental variability and uses appropriate statistical analyses. PMID:23755304
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Kosmala, A; Migeon, B; Flammarion, P; Garric, J
1998-09-01
The impact of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent was assessed with the fish biomarker ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) using field and on-site laboratory experiments. EROD activity was measured in chub (Leuciscus cephalus) and stone loach (Noemacheilus barbatulus) caught at three sites of the Chalaronne River (southeast France). Liver somatic index (LSI) and organochloride bioaccumulation in muscle were estimated for chub only. In September, EROD activity and LSI of chub increased significantly between the sites above and below the WWTP effluent discharge. EROD induction detected in chub was confirmed by on-site tank experiments. EROD levels were determined in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to different concentrations of the WWTP effluent and river water for 16 days. After a 4-day exposure, EROD activities of the carp exposed to the effluent increased significantly compared with the control. The response was linked to the effluent concentration and was stable with exposure time. WWTP effluent induced EROD activity, whereas organic and metal analyses, performed on fish muscle and sediment, did not indicate any difference between upstream and downstream of the discharge. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... limitations apply to all dischargers in the calcium-, magnesium-, or sodium-based sulfite pulp segment: Subpart E [Production of Calcium-, Magnesium-, or Sodium-based Sulfite Pulps] Pollutant or pollutant... [Supplemental BAT effluent limitations] Pollutant or pollutant property Maximum for any 1 day kg/kkg (or pounds...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... technology currently available (BPT). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... technology currently available (BPT). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology... technology currently available (BPT). Except as provided in subpart L of this part and 40 CFR 125.30 through... practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (a) The concentration of pollutants discharged in...
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40 CFR 129.7 - Requirement and procedure for establishing a more stringent effluent limitation.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS TOXIC POLLUTANT EFFLUENT STANDARDS Toxic Pollutant Effluent...) determines that the ambient water criterion established in these standards is not being met or will not be met in the receiving water as a result of one or more discharges at levels allowed by these standards...
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W-007H B Plant Process Condensate Treatment Facility. Revision 3
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Rippy, G.L.
1995-01-20
B Plant Process Condensate (BCP) liquid effluent stream is the condensed vapors originating from the operation of the B Plant low-level liquid waste concentration system. In the past, the BCP stream was discharged into the soil column under a compliance plan which expired January 1, 1987. Currently, the BCP stream is inactive, awaiting restart of the E-23-3 Concentrator. B Plant Steam Condensate (BCS) liquid effluent stream is the spent steam condensate used to supply heat to the E-23-3 Concentrator. The tube bundles in the E-23-3 Concentrator discharge to the BCS. In the past, the BCS stream was discharged into themore » soil column. Currently, the BCS stream is inactive. This project shall provide liquid effluent systems (BCP/BCS/BCE) capable of operating for a minimum of 20 years, which does not include the anticipated decontamination and decommissioning (D and D) period.« less
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Heavy metals in handloom-dyeing effluents and their biosorption by agricultural byproducts.
Nahar, Kamrun; Chowdhury, Md Abul Khair; Chowdhury, Md Akhter Hossain; Rahman, Afzal; Mohiuddin, K M
2018-03-01
The Madhabdi municipality in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh is a well-known area for textile, handloom weaving, and dyeing industries. These textile industries produce a considerable amount of effluents, sewage sludge, and solid waste materials every day that they directly discharge into surrounding water bodies and agricultural fields. This disposal poses a serious threat to the overall epidemic and socio-economic pattern of the locality. This research entailed the collection of 34 handloom-dyeing effluent samples from different handloom-dyeing industries of Madhabdi, which were then analyzed to determine the contents of the heavy metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd). Average concentrations of Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn were 3.81, 1.35, 1.70, 0.17, 0.75, and 0.73 mg L -1 , respectively, whereas Cd content was below the detectable limit of the atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. The concentrations of Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Mn exceed the industrial effluent discharge standards (IEDS) for inland surface water and irrigation water guideline values. A biosorption experiment of the heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn) was conducted without controlling for any experimental parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, or other compounds present in the effluent samples) by using four agricultural wastes or byproducts, namely rice husk, sawdust, lemon peel, and eggshell. Twenty grams of each biosorbent was added to 1 L of effluent samples and stored for 7 days. The biosorption capacity of each biosorbent is ranked as follows: eggshell, sawdust, rice husk, and lemon peel. Furthermore, the biosorption affinity of each metal ion was found in the following order: Cu and Cr (both had similar biosorption affinity), Zn, Fe, Mn. The effluents should not be discharged before treatment, and efficient treatment of effluents is possible with eggshell powder or sawdust at a rate of 20 g of biosorbent per liter of effluents.
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Williams, Donald R.; Sams, James I.; Mulkerrin, Mary E.
1996-01-01
This report describes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, done in cooperation with the Somerset Conservation District, to locate and sample abandoned coal-mine discharges in the Stonycreek River Basin, to prioritize the mine discharges for remediation, and to determine the effects of the mine discharges on water quality of the Stonycreek River and its major tributaries. From October 1991 through November 1994, 270 abandoned coal-mine discharges were located and sampled. Discharges from 193 mines exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency effluent standards for pH, discharges from 122 mines exceeded effluent standards for total-iron concentration, and discharges from 141 mines exceeded effluent standards for total-manganese concentration. Discharges from 94 mines exceeded effluent standards for all three constituents. Only 40 mine discharges met effluent standards for pH and concentrations of total iron and total manganese.A prioritization index (PI) was developed to rank the mine discharges with respect to their loading capacity on the receiving stream. The PI lists the most severe mine discharges in a descending order for the Stonycreek River Basin and for subbasins that include the Shade Creek, Paint Creek, Wells Creek, Quemahoning Creek, Oven Run, and Pokeytown Run Basins.Passive-treatment systems that include aerobic wetlands, compost wetlands, and anoxic limestone drains (ALD's) are planned to remediate the abandoned mine discharges. The successive alkalinity-producing-system treatment combines ALD technology with the sulfate reduction mechanism of the compost wetland to effectively remediate mine discharge. The water quality and flow of each mine discharge will determine which treatment system or combination of treatment systems would be necessary for remediation.A network of 37 surface-water sampling sites was established to determine stream-water quality during base flow. A series of illustrations show how water quality in the mainstem deteriorates downstream because of inflows from tributaries affected by acidic mine discharges. From the upstream mainstem site (site 801) to the outflow mainstem site (site 805), pH decreased from 6.8 to 4.2, alkalinity was completely depleted by inflow acidities, and total-iron discharges increased from 30 to 684 pounds per day. Total-manganese and total-sulfate discharges increased because neither constituent precipitates readily. Also, discharges of manganese and sulfate entering the mainstem from tributary streams have a cumulative effect.Oven Run and Pokeytown Run are two small tributary streams significantly affected by acidic mine drainage (AMD) that flow into the Stonycreek River near the town of Hooversville. The Pokeytown Run inflow is about 0.5 mile downstream from the Oven Run inflow. These two streams are the first major source of AMD flowing into the Stonycreek River. Data collected on the Stonycreek River above the Oven Run inflow and below the Pokeytown Run inflow show a decrease in pH from 7.6 to 5.1, a decrease in alkalinity concentration from 42 to 2 milligrams per liter, an increase in total sulfate discharge from 18 to 41 tons per day, and an increase in total iron discharge from 29 to 1,770 pounds per day. Data collected at three mainstem sites on the Stonycreek River below Oven Run and Pokeytown Run show a progressive deterioration in river water quality from AMD.Shade Creek and Paint Creek are other tributary streams to the Stonycreek River that have a significant negative effect on water quality of the Stonycreek River. One third of the abandoned-mine discharges sampled were in the Shade Creek and Paint Creek Basins.
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DeSimone, Leslie A.; Howes, Brian Louis
1995-01-01
Hydrogeologic, water-quality, and biogeochemical data were collected at the site of a septage- treatment facility in Orleans, Massachusetts, from October 1988 through December 1992, where a nitrogen-rich effluent is discharged to the underlying glacial aquifer. The data were collected as part of a study done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Watershed Management, to investigate the effect of effluent discharge on ground-water quality and the transport of effluent nitrogen through the aquifer. Hydrogeologic data include lithologic logs and ground-water levels. Water-quality data include chemical analyses of the treated septage effluent, of ground water at the water table beneath the infiltration beds, and of ground water throughout the aquifer. Dissolved concentrations of dinitrogen gas, nitrous oxide, and dissolved inorganic carbon also were measured. Biogeochemical data include concentrations of total ammonium and solid-phase carbon and nitrogen in aquifer sediments and sediments from the effluent-infiltration beds.
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Bastos, R K X; Calijuri, M L; Bevilacqua, P D; Rios, E N; Dias, E H O; Capelete, B C; Magalhães, T B
2010-01-01
The results of a 20-month period study in Brazil were analyzed to compare horizontal-flow constructed wetlands (CW) and waste stabilization pond (WSP) systems in terms of land area requirements and performance to produce effluent qualities for surface water discharge, and for wastewater use in agriculture and/or aquaculture. Nitrogen, E. coli and helminth eggs were more effectively removed in WSP than in CW. It is indicated that CW and WSP require similar land areas to achieve a bacteriological effluent quality suitable for unrestricted irrigation (10(3) E. coli per 100 mL), but CW would require 2.6 times more land area than ponds to achieve quite relaxed ammonia effluent discharge standards (20 mg NH(3) L(-1)), and, by far, more land than WSP to produce an effluent complying with the WHO helminth guideline for agricultural use (< or =1 egg per litre).
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Equivocating on the polluter-pays principle: The consequences for Pakistan.
Luken, Ralph A
2009-08-01
The polluter-pays principle has been widely implemented in OECD countries and credited for bring about a significant reduction in pollutant discharge. However, it has had only limited implementation in developing countries. The consequences of not implementing it in developing countries, to the extent they are documented, are limited to estimating the economic damages of environmental degradation. Yet there are several other but seldom documented negative consequences of the failure to implement the polluter-pays principle. These consequences are documented in the case of Pakistan. They include limited construction of effluent treatment plants, heavy dependence on the government and international donors for funding the only two operational common effluent treatment plants, significant operational issues at the two common effluent treatment plants, missed opportunities to build cost-effective common effluent treatment plants and minimal environmental improvements from isolated investments in individual effluent treatment plants in addition to the already documented significant level of environmental degradation due to uncontrolled pollutant discharge.
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Colman, John A.; Massey, Andrew J.; Brandt, Sara L.
2011-09-16
Dilution of aluminum discharged to reservoirs in filter-backwash effluents at water-treatment facilities in Massachusetts was investigated by a field study and computer simulation. Determination of dilution is needed so that permits for discharge ensure compliance with water-quality standards for aquatic life. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic standard for aluminum, 87 micrograms per liter (μg/L), rather than the acute standard, 750 μg/L, was used in this investigation because the time scales of chronic exposure (days) more nearly match rates of change in reservoir concentrations than do the time scales of acute exposure (hours).Whereas dilution factors are routinely computed for effluents discharged to streams solely on the basis of flow of the effluent and flow of the receiving stream, dilution determination for effluents discharged to reservoirs is more complex because (1), compared to streams, additional water is available for dilution in reservoirs during low flows as a result of reservoir flushing and storage during higher flows, and (2) aluminum removal in reservoirs occurs by aluminum sedimentation during the residence time of water in the reservoir. Possible resuspension of settled aluminum was not considered in this investigation. An additional concern for setting discharge standards is the substantial concentration of aluminum that can be naturally present in ambient surface waters, usually in association with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which can bind aluminum and keep it in solution.A method for dilution determination was developed using a mass-balance equation for aluminum and considering sources of aluminum from groundwater, surface water, and filter-backwash effluents and losses caused by sedimentation, water withdrawal, and spill discharge from the reservoir. The method was applied to 13 reservoirs. Data on aluminum and DOC concentrations in reservoirs and influent water were collected during the fall of 2009. Complete reservoir volume was determined to be available for mixing on the basis of vertical and horizontal aluminum-concentration profiling. Losses caused by settling of aluminum were assumed to be proportional to aluminum concentration and reservoir area. The constant of proportionality, as a function of DOC concentration, was established by simulations in each of five reservoirs that differed in DOC concentration.In addition to computing dilution factors, the project determined dilution factors that would be protective with the same statistical basis (frequency of exceedance of the chronic standard) as dilutions computed for streams at the 7-day-average 10-year-recurrence annual low flow (the 7Q10). Low-flow dilutions are used for permitting so that receiving waters are protected even at the worst-case flow levels. The low-flow dilution factors that give the same statistical protection are the lowest annual 7-day-average dilution factors with a recurrence of 10 years, termed 7DF10s. Determination of 7DF10 values for reservoirs required that long periods of record be simulated so that dilution statistics could be determined. Dilution statistics were simulated for 13 reservoirs from 1960 to 2004 using U.S. Geological Survey Firm-Yield Estimator software to model reservoir inputs and outputs and present-day values of filter-effluent discharge and aluminum concentration.Computed settling velocities ranged from 0 centimeters per day (cm/d) at DOC concentrations of 15.5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) to 21.5 cm/d at DOC concentrations of 2.7 mg/L. The 7DF10 values were a function of aluminum effluent discharged. At current (2009) effluent discharge rates, the 7DF10 values varied from 1.8 to 115 among the 13 reservoirs. In most cases, the present-day (2009) discharge resulted in receiving water concentrations that did not exceed the standard at the 7DF10. Exceptions were one reservoir with a very small area and three reservoirs with high concentrations of DOC. Maximum permissible discharges were determined for water-treatment plants by adjusting discharges upward in simulations until the 7DF10 resulted in reservoir concentrations that just met the standard. In terms of aluminum flux, these discharges ranged from 0 to 28 kilograms of aluminum per day.
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Assessment of the effluent quality from a gold mining industry in Ghana.
Acheampong, Mike A; Paksirajan, Kannan; Lens, Piet N L
2013-06-01
The physical and chemical qualities of the process effluent and the tailings dam wastewater of AngloGold-Ashanti Limited, a gold mining company in Ghana, were studied from June to September, 2010. The process effluent from the gold extraction plant contains high amounts of suspended solids and is therefore highly turbid. Arsenic, copper and cyanide were identified as the major pollutants in the process effluent with average concentrations of 10.0, 3.1 and 21.6 mg L(-1), respectively. Arsenic, copper, iron and free cyanide (CN(-)) concentrations in the process effluent exceeded the Ghana EPA discharge limits; therefore, it is necessary to treat the process effluent before it can be discharged into the environment. Principal component analysis of the data indicated that the process effluent characteristics were influenced by the gold extraction process as well as the nature of the gold-bearing ore processed. No significant correlation was observed between the wastewater characteristics themselves, except for the dissolved oxygen and the biochemical oxygen demand. The process effluent is fed to the Sansu tailings dam, which removes 99.9 % of the total suspended solids and 99.7 % of the turbidity; but copper, arsenic and cyanide concentrations were still high. The effluent produced can be classified as inorganic with a high load of non-biodegradable compounds. It was noted that, though the Sansu tailings dam stores the polluted effluent from the gold extraction plant, there will still be serious environmental problems in the event of failure of the dam.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Not Available
1994-08-01
As part of the original Hanford Federal Facility Agreement and Concent Order negotiations, US DOE, US EPA and the Washington State Department of Ecology agreed that liquid effluent discharges to the ground to the Hanford Site are subject to permitting in the State Waste Discharge Permit Program (SWDP). This document constitutes the SWDP Application for the 200 Area TEDF stream which includes the following streams discharged into the area: Plutonium Finishing Plant waste water; 222-S laboratory Complex waste water; T Plant waste water; 284-W Power Plant waste water; PUREX chemical Sewer; B Plant chemical sewer, process condensate, steam condensate; 242-A-81more » Water Services waste water.« less
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Scott, Tia-Marie; Phillips, Patrick J.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Colella, Kaitlyn M.; Furlong, Edward T.; Foreman, William T.; Gray, James L.
2018-01-01
Discharges from pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities (PMFs) previously have been identified as important sources of pharmaceuticals to the environment. Yet few studies are available to establish the influence of PMFs on the pharmaceutical source contribution to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and waterways at the national scale. Consequently, a national network of 13 WWTPs receiving PMF discharges, six WWTPs with no PMF input, and one WWTP that transitioned through a PMF closure were selected from across the United States to assess the influence of PMF inputs on pharmaceutical loading to WWTPs. Effluent samples were analyzed for 120 pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical degradates. Of these, 33 pharmaceuticals had concentrations substantially higher in PMF-influenced effluent (maximum 555,000 ng/L) compared to effluent from control sites (maximum 175 ng/L). Concentrations in WWTP receiving PMF input are variable, as discharges from PMFs are episodic, indicating that production activities can vary substantially over relatively short (several months) periods and have the potential to rapidly transition to other pharmaceutical products. Results show that PMFs are an important, national-scale source of pharmaceuticals to the environment.
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Hubbard, Laura E.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Barber, Larry B.; Duris, Joseph W.; Hutchinson, Kasey J.; Bradley, Paul M.
2016-01-01
Effluent-impacted surface water has the potential to transport not only water, but wastewater-derived contaminants to shallow groundwater systems. To better understand the effects of effluent discharge on in-stream and near-stream hydrologic conditions in wastewater-impacted systems, water-level changes were monitored in hyporheic-zone and shallow-groundwater piezometers in a reach of Fourmile Creek adjacent to and downstream of the Ankeny (Iowa, USA) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Water-level changes were monitored from approximately 1.5 months before to 0.5 months after WWTP closure. Diurnal patterns in WWTP discharge were closely mirrored in stream and shallow-groundwater levels immediately upstream and up to 3 km downstream of the outfall, indicating that such discharge was the primary control on water levels before shutdown. The hydrologic response to WWTP shutdown was immediately observed throughout the study reach, verifying the far-reaching hydraulic connectivity and associated contaminant transport risk. The movement of WWTP effluent into alluvial aquifers has implications for potential WWTP-derived contamination of shallow groundwater far removed from the WWTP outfall.
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Surface wastewater in Samara and their impact on water basins as water supply sources
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Strelkov, Alexander; Shuvalov, Mikhail; Gridneva, Marina
2017-10-01
The paper gives an overview of surface wastewater outlets in Samara through the rainwater sewer system into the Saratov water reservoir and the Samara river. The rainwater sewer system in Samara is designed and executed according to a separate scheme, except for the old part of the city, where surface run-off is dumped into the sewer system through siphoned drain. The rainwater system disposes of surface, drainage, industrial clean-contamined waters, emergency and technology discharges from the city’s heat supply and water supply systems. The effluent discharge is carried out by means of separate wastewater outlets into ravines or directly into the Samara river and the Saratov water reservoir without cleaning. The effluent discharge is carried out through the rainwater sewer system with 17 wastewater outlets into the Saratov water reservoir. In the Samara river, surface runoff drainage and clean-contamined water of industrial enterprises is carried out through 14 wastewater outlets. This study emphasizes the demand to arrange effluent discharge and construction of sewage treatment plants to prevent contamination of water objects by surface run-off from residential areas and industrial territories.
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Edokpayi, Joshua N; Odiyo, John O; Msagati, Titus A M; Popoola, Elizabeth O
2015-06-29
Wastewater treatment facilities are known sources of fresh water pollution. This study was carried out from January to June 2014 to assess the reduction efficiency of some selected contaminants in the Thohoyandou wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The pH and electrical conductivity of the effluent fell within the South African wastewater discharge guidelines. The WWTP showed the chemical oxygen demand reduction efficiency required by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) guidelines of 75 mg/L for the months of April and June, although it was below this standard in March and May. Free chlorine concentration varied between 0.26-0.96 mg/L and exceeded the DWA guideline value of 0.25 mg/L. The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-) N) in the influent and effluent varied between 0.499-2.31 mg/L and 7.545-19.413 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of NO3- N in the effluent complied with DWA effluent discharge standard of 15 mg/L, except in April and May. Phosphate concentrations in the influent and effluent were in the ranges of 0.552-42.646 mg/L and 1.572-32.554 mg/L, respectively. The WWTP showed reduction efficiencies of E. coli and Enterococci during some sampling periods but the level found in the effluent exceeded the recommended guideline value of 1000 cfu/100 mL for faecal indicator organisms in wastewater effluents. Consistent removal efficiencies were observed for Al (32-74%), Fe (7-32%) and Zn (24-94%) in most of the sampling months. In conclusion, the Thohoyandou WWTP is inefficient in treating wastewater to the acceptable quality before discharge.
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Edokpayi, Joshua N.; Odiyo, John O.; Msagati, Titus A. M.; Popoola, Elizabeth O.
2015-01-01
Wastewater treatment facilities are known sources of fresh water pollution. This study was carried out from January to June 2014 to assess the reduction efficiency of some selected contaminants in the Thohoyandou wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The pH and electrical conductivity of the effluent fell within the South African wastewater discharge guidelines. The WWTP showed the chemical oxygen demand reduction efficiency required by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) guidelines of 75 mg/L for the months of April and June, although it was below this standard in March and May. Free chlorine concentration varied between 0.26–0.96 mg/L and exceeded the DWA guideline value of 0.25 mg/L. The concentration of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3− N) in the influent and effluent varied between 0.499–2.31 mg/L and 7.545–19.413 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of NO3− N in the effluent complied with DWA effluent discharge standard of 15 mg/L, except in April and May. Phosphate concentrations in the influent and effluent were in the ranges of 0.552–42.646 mg/L and 1.572–32.554 mg/L, respectively. The WWTP showed reduction efficiencies of E. coli and Enterococci during some sampling periods but the level found in the effluent exceeded the recommended guideline value of 1000 cfu/100 mL for faecal indicator organisms in wastewater effluents. Consistent removal efficiencies were observed for Al (32–74%), Fe (7–32%) and Zn (24–94%) in most of the sampling months. In conclusion, the Thohoyandou WWTP is inefficient in treating wastewater to the acceptable quality before discharge. PMID:26132481
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Fernández-Ramos, C; Ballesteros, O; Zafra-Gómez, A; Camino-Sánchez, F J; Blanc, R; Navalón, A; Pérez-Trujillo, J P; Vílchez, J L
2014-02-15
Alcohol sulfates (AS) and alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) are all High Production Volume and 'down-the-drain' chemicals used globally in detergent and personal care products, resulting in low levels ultimately released to the environment via wastewater treatment plant effluents. They have a strong affinity for sorption to sediments. Almost 50% of Tenerife Island surface area is environmentally protected. Therefore, determination of concentration levels of AS/AES in marine sediments near wastewater discharge points along the coast of the Island is of interest. These data were obtained after pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Short chains of AES and especially of AS dominated the homologue distribution for AES. The Principal Components Analysis was used. The results showed that the sources of AS and AES were the same and that both compounds exhibit similar behavior. Three different patterns in the distribution for homologues and ethoxymers were found. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Alumina Refinery Wastewater Management: When Zero Discharge Just Isn't Feasible….
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martin, Lucy; Howard, Steven
Management and treatment of liquid effluents are determinant considerations in the design of alumina refineries. Rainfall, evaporation rate, proximity to the coast, process design and layout, ore mineralogy, the local environment, and potential impact on contiguous communities are all integral to the development of an appropriate refinery water management strategy. The goal is to achieve zero discharge of liquid effluent to the environment. However this is not always the most feasible solution under the extreme rainfall conditions in tropical and subtropical locations. This paper will explore the following issues for both inland and coastal refineries: • Methods to reduce and control refinery discharges
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Gross-Sorokin, Melanie Y.; Roast, Stephen D.; Brighty, Geoffrey C.
2006-01-01
In recent years there has been considerable concern over the ability of substances discharged into the environment to disrupt the normal endocrine function of wildlife. In particular, the apparent widespread feminization of male fish in rivers has received significant attention from regulators in the United Kingdom, the United States, Europe, and Japan. The U.K. and European epidemiological data sets have demonstrated that the occurrence of feminized fish is associated with effluent discharges and that the incidence and severity is positively correlated with the proportion of treated sewage effluent in receiving waters. Although weakly estrogenic substances may contribute to the overall effect, studies have concluded that steroid estrogens are the principal and most potent estrogenic components of domestic sewage. Extensive laboratory data sets confirm that steroid estrogens are capable of eliciting the effects observed in wild fish at concentrations that have been measured in effluents and in the environment. Based on evaluation of the available information, the Environment Agency (England and Wales) has concluded that the weight of evidence for endocrine disruption in fish is sufficient to develop a risk management strategy for estrogenically active effluents that discharge to the aquatic environment. PMID:16818261
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Gross-Sorokin, Melanie Y; Roast, Stephen D; Brighty, Geoffrey C
2006-04-01
In recent years there has been considerable concern over the ability of substances discharged into the environment to disrupt the normal endocrine function of wildlife. In particular, the apparent widespread feminization of male fish in rivers has received significant attention from regulators in the United Kingdom, the United States, Europe, and Japan. The U.K. and European epidemiological data sets have demonstrated that the occurrence of feminized fish is associated with effluent discharges and that the incidence and severity is positively correlated with the proportion of treated sewage effluent in receiving waters. Although weakly estrogenic substances may contribute to the overall effect, studies have concluded that steroid estrogens are the principal and most potent estrogenic components of domestic sewage. Extensive laboratory data sets confirm that steroid estrogens are capable of eliciting the effects observed in wild fish at concentrations that have been measured in effluents and in the environment. Based on evaluation of the available information, the Environment Agency (England and Wales) has concluded that the weight of evidence for endocrine disruption in fish is sufficient to develop a risk management strategy for estrogenically active effluents that discharge to the aquatic environment.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS THE PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Fine and Lightweight Papers from Purchased Pulp Subcategory § 430.113 Effluent limitations... existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limitations representing...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS THE PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Tissue, Filter, Non-Woven, and Paperboard From Purchased Pulp Subcategory § 430.123 Effluent... existing point source subject to this subpart shall achieve the following effluent limitations representing...
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Potential tracers for tracking septic tank effluent discharges in watercourses.
Richards, Samia; Withers, Paul J A; Paterson, Eric; McRoberts, Colin W; Stutter, Marc
2017-09-01
Septic tank effluent (STE) contributes to catchment nutrient and pollutant loads. To assess the role of STE discharges in impairment of surface water, it is essential to identify the sources of pollution by tracing contaminants in watercourses. We examined tracers that were present in STE to establish their potential for identifying STE contamination in two stream systems (low and high dilution levels) against the background of upstream sources. The studied tracers were microbial, organic matter fluorescence, caffeine, artificial sweeteners and effluent chemical concentrations. The results revealed that tracer concentration ratios Cl/EC, Cl/NH 4 -N, Cl/TN, Cl/TSS, Cl/turbidity, Cl/total coliforms, Cl/sucralose, Cl/saccharin and Cl/Zn had potential as tracers in the stream with low dilution level (P < 0.05). Fluorescence spectroscopy could detect STE inputs through the presence of the tryptophan-like peak, but was limited to water courses with low level of dilution and was positively correlated with stream Escherichia coli (E. coli) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). The results also suggested that caffeine and artificial sweeteners can be suitable tracers for effluent discharge in streams with low and high level of dilution. Caffeine and saccharin were positively correlated with faecal coliforms, E. coli, total P and SRP, indicating their potential to trace discharge of a faecal origin and to be a marker for effluent P. Caffeine and SRP had similar attenuation behaviour in the receiving stream waters suggesting caffeine's potential role as a surrogate indicator for the behaviour of P downstream of effluent inputs. Taken together, results suggest that a single tracer alone was not sufficient to evaluate STE contamination of watercourses, but rather a combination of multiple chemical and physical tracing approaches should be employed. A multiple tracing approach would help to identify individual and cumulative STE inputs that pose risks to stream waters in order to prioritise and target effective mitigation measures. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Sepúlveda, M S; Ruessler, D S; Denslow, N D; Holm, S E; Schoeb, T R; Gross, T S
2001-11-01
This study evaluated the potential effects of different concentrations of bleached/unbleached kraft mill effluent (B/UKME) on several reproductive endpoints in adult largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The kraft mill studied produces a 50/50 mix of bleached/unbleached market pulp with an estimated release of 36 million gal of effluent/day. Bleaching sequences were C90d10EopHDp and CEHD for softwood (pines) and hardwoods (mainly tupelo, gums, magnolia, and water oaks), respectively. Bass were exposed to different effluent concentrations (0 [controls, exposed to well water], 10, 20, 40, or 80%) for either 28 or 56 days. At the end of each exposure period, fish were euthanized, gonads collected for histological evaluation and determination of gonadosomatic index (GSI), and plasma was analyzed for 17beta-estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone, and vitellogenin (VTG). Largemouth bass exposed to B/UKME responded with changes at the biochemical level (decline in sex steroids in both sexes and VTG in females) that were usually translated into tissue/organ-level responses (declines in GSI in both sexes and in ovarian development in females). Although most of these responses occurred after exposing fish to 40% B/UKME concentrations or greater, some were observed after exposures to 20% B/UKME. These threshold concentrations fall within the 60% average yearly concentration of effluent that exists in the stream near the point of discharge (Rice Creek), but are above the <10% effluent concentration present in the St. Johns River. The chemical(s) responsible for such changes as well as their mode(s) of action remain unknown at this time.
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David, Arthur; Tournoud, Marie-George; Perrin, Jean-Louis; Rosain, David; Rodier, Claire; Salles, Christian; Bancon-Montigny, Chrystelle; Picot, Bernadette
2013-03-01
This paper analyzes how changes in hydrological conditions can affect the water quality of a temporary river that receives direct inputs of sewage effluents. Data from 12 spatial surveys of the Vène river were examined. Physico-chemical parameters, major ion, and nutrient concentrations were measured. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analyses were performed. ANOVA revealed significant spatial differences for conductivity and major ion but no significant spatial differences for nutrient concentrations even if higher average concentrations were observed at stations located downstream from sewage effluent discharge points. Significant temporal differences were observed among all the parameters. Karstic springs had a marked dilution effect on the direct disposal of sewage effluents. During high-flow periods, nutrient concentrations were high to moderate whereas nutrient concentrations ranged from moderate to bad at stations located downstream from the direct inputs of sewage effluents during low-flow periods. Principal component analysis showed that water quality parameters that explained the water quality of the Vène river were highly dependent on hydrological conditions. Cluster analysis showed that when the karstic springs were flowing, water quality was homogeneous all along the river, whereas when karstic springs were dry, water quality at the monitoring stations was more fragmented. These results underline the importance of considering hydrological conditions when monitoring the water quality of temporary rivers. In view of the pollution observed in the Vène river, "good water chemical status" can probably only be achieved by improving the management of sewage effluents during low-flow periods.
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Implementing the NPDES program: An update on the WET ...
The U.S. EPA has utilized the Clean Water Act - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permitting program to protect waters of the U.S for over 40 years. NPDES permit effluent limitations serve as the primary mechanism for controlling discharges of pollutants to receiving waters. When developing effluent limitations for an NPDES permit, a permit writer must consider limits based on both the technology available to control the pollutants (i.e., technology-based effluent limits) and limits that are protective of the water quality standards of the receiving water (i.e., water quality-based effluent limits). WET testing is one of the water quality-based effluent limitation mechanisms available to permit writers that is useful in determining how the additive, synergistic and compounding effects of toxic effluents effect streams. This presentation will provide an overview of the current EPA NPDES permit program direction for increasing the efficacy of NPDES permits program administered by the U.S. EPA and States. The training implementation plan is expected to provide permit writers with a clearer understanding of WET requirements as established via the U.S. EPA WET test manuals, NPDES permitting regulatory authorities, and the WET science which has been long established. not applicable
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Colorado Springs dedicates zero-discharge coal plant. [Ray D. Nixon plant
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hennessy, M.; Zeien, C.T.
1980-12-01
The zero-discharge Ray D. Nixon coal-fired power plant was designed to treat and recycle effluents in a region with limited water supplies. The site purchase included groundwater rights and some diversion rights, but a properly-managed local aquifer was determined to be adequate. The closed-loop design recovers 95 percent of the water for reuse. The overall water-management system produces adequate water and treats effluents at less cost and with higher water-quality protection than alternate systems. (DCK)
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Binovi, R.D.; Ng, E.K.; Tetla, R.A.
1987-01-01
This is a report of a survey of the Victor Wastewater Reclamation Authority Sewerage system, the sewage treatment plant, and effluent from the various operations at George AFB, California. The scope of work included the characterization of the wastewater from George AFB, as well as characterization of effluents from 29 oil/water separators servicing industrial operations on base, flow measurements at three locations on base, a microbiological evaluation of aeration basin foam, bench-scale activated-sludge studies, and a review of results from previous surveys. Recommendations: (1) AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) should never be discharged to the sewer. (2) Programming for pretreatmentmore » should proceed at selected operations. (3) More waste and wastestream analysis be performed. (4) Upgrade waste accumulation points. (5) Implement an aggressive inspection program for oil/water separators. (6) Cut down on nonessential washing.« less
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Mintenig, S M; Int-Veen, I; Löder, M G J; Primpke, S; Gerdts, G
2017-01-01
The global presence of microplastic (MP) in aquatic ecosystems has been shown by various studies. However, neither MP concentrations nor their sources or sinks are completely known. Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered as significant point sources discharging MP to the environment. This study investigated MP in the effluents of 12 WWTPs in Lower Saxony, Germany. Samples were purified by a plastic-preserving enzymatic-oxidative procedure and subsequent density separation using a zinc chloride solution. For analysis, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) and focal plane array (FPA)-based transmission micro-FT-IR imaging were applied. This allowed the identification of polymers of all MP down to a size of 20 μm. In all effluents MP was found with quantities ranging from 0 to 5 × 10 1 m -3 MP > 500 μm and 1 × 10 1 to 9 × 10 3 m -3 MP < 500 μm. By far, polyethylene was the most frequent polymer type in both size classes. Quantities of synthetic fibres ranged from 9 × 10 1 to 1 × 10 3 m -3 and were predominantly made of polyester. Considering the annual effluxes of tested WWTPs, total discharges of 9 × 10 7 to 4 × 10 9 MP particles and fibres per WWTP could be expected. Interestingly, one tertiary WWTP had an additionally installed post-filtration that reduced the total MP discharge by 97%. Furthermore, the sewage sludge of six WWTPs was examined and the existence of MP, predominantly polyethylene, revealed. Our findings suggest that WWTPs could be a sink but also a source of MP and thus can be considered to play an important role for environmental MP pollution. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hoopes, J. A.; Wu, D. S.; Ganatra, R.
1973-01-01
Effluent concentration distributions from the waste water discharge of the Kraft Division Mill, Consolidated Paper Company, into the Wisconsin River at Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin, is investigated. Effluent concentrations were determined from measurements of the temperature distribution, using temperature as a tracer. Measurements of the velocity distribution in the vicinity of the outfall were also made. Due to limitations in the extent of the field observations, the analysis and comparison of the measurements is limited to the region within about 300 feet from the outfall. Effects of outfall submergence, of buoyancy and momentum of the effluent and of the pattern and magnitude of river currents on these characteristics are considered.
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Barber, Larry B.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Schnoebelen, Douglas J.; Flynn, Jennifer L.; Brown, Gregory K.; Furlong, Edward T.; Glassmeyer, Susan T.; Gray, James L.; Meyer, Michael T.; Sandstrom, Mark W.; Taylor, Howard E.; Zaugg, Steven D.
2011-01-01
This report presents methods and data for a Lagrangian sampling investigation into chemical loading and in-stream attenuation of inorganic and organic contaminants in two wastewater treatment-plant effluent-dominated streams: Boulder Creek, Colorado, and Fourmile Creek, Iowa. Water-quality sampling was timed to coincide with low-flow conditions when dilution of the wastewater treatment-plant effluent by stream water was at a minimum. Sample-collection times corresponded to estimated travel times (based on tracer tests) to allow the same "parcel" of water to reach downstream sampling locations. The water-quality data are linked directly to stream discharge using flow- and depth-integrated composite sampling protocols. A range of chemical analyses was made for nutrients, carbon, major elements, trace elements, biological components, acidic and neutral organic wastewater compounds, antibiotic compounds, pharmaceutical compounds, steroid and steroidal-hormone compounds, and pesticide compounds. Physical measurements were made for field conditions, stream discharge, and time-of-travel studies. Two Lagrangian water samplings were conducted in each stream, one in the summer of 2003 and the other in the spring of 2005. Water samples were collected from five sites in Boulder Creek: upstream from the wastewater treatment plant, the treatment-plant effluent, and three downstream sites. Fourmile Creek had seven sampling sites: upstream from the wastewater treatment plant, the treatment-plant effluent, four downstream sites, and a tributary. At each site, stream discharge was measured, and equal width-integrated composite water samples were collected and split for subsequent chemical, physical, and biological analyses. During the summer of 2003 sampling, Boulder Creek downstream from the wastewater treatment plant consisted of 36 percent effluent, and Fourmile Creek downstream from the respective wastewater treatment plant was 81 percent effluent. During the spring of 2005 samplings, Boulder Creek downstream from the wastewater treatment plant was 40 percent effluent, and Fourmile Creek downstream from that wastewater treatment plant was 28 percent effluent. At each site, 300 individual constituents were determined to characterize the water. Most of the inorganic constituents were detected in all of the stream and treatment-plant effluent samples, whereas detection of synthetic organic compounds was more limited and contaminants typically occurred only in wastewater treatment-plant effluents and at downstream sites. Concentrations ranged from nanograms per liter to milligrams per liter.
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Photocatalytic processes assisted by artificial solar light for soil washing effluent treatment.
Satyro, Suéllen; Race, Marco; Marotta, Raffaele; Dezotti, Márcia; Guida, Marco; Clarizia, Laura
2017-03-01
Contaminated soil has become a growing issue in recent years. The most common technique used to remove contaminants (such as metals) from the soil is the soil washing process. However, this process produces a final effluent containing chelating agents (i.e., ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid, also known as EDDS) and extracted metals (i.e., Cu, Fe, and Zn) at concentrations higher than discharge limits allowed by the Italian and Brazilian environmental law. Therefore, it is necessary to develop further treatments before its proper disposal or reuse. In the present study, soil washing tests were carried out through two sequential paths. Moreover, different artificial sunlight-driven photocatalytic treatments were used to remove Cu, Zn, Fe, and EDDS from soil washing effluents. Metal concentrations after the additional treatment were within the Brazilian and Italian regulatory limits for discharging in public sewers. The combined TiO 2 -photocatalytic processes applied were enough to decontaminate the effluents, allowing their reuse in soil washing treatment. Ecotoxicological assessment using different living organisms was carried out to assess the impact of the proposed two-step photocatalytic process on the effluent ecotoxicity. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Jonczyk, E; Gilron, G; Zajdlik, B
2001-04-01
Most industrial effluents discharged into the marine coastal environment are freshwater in nature and therefore require manipulation prior to testing with marine organisms. The sea urchin fertilization test is a common marine bioassay used for routine environmental monitoring, investigative evaluations, and/or regulatory testing of effluents and sediment pore waters. The existing Canadian and U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies test procedures using sea urchin (and sand dollar) gametes allow for sample salinity adjustment using either brine or dry salts. Moreover, these procedures also allow for the use of either natural or synthetic marine water for culturing/holding test organisms and for full-scale testing. At present, it is unclear to what extent these variables affect test results for whole effluents. The test methods simply state that there are no data available and that the use of artificial dry sea salts should be considered provisional. We conducted a series of concurrent experiments aimed at comparing the two different treatments of sample salinity adjustment and the use of natural versus synthetic seawater in order to test these assumptions and evaluate effects on the estimated end points generated by the sea urchin fertilization sublethal toxicity test. Results from these experiments indicated that there is no significant difference in test end points when dry salts or brine are used for sample salinity adjustment. Similarly, results obtained from parallel (split-sample) industrial effluent tests with natural and artificial seawater suggest that both dilution waters produce similar test results. However, data obtained from concurrent tests with the reference toxicant, copper sulfate, showed higher variability and greater sensitivity when using natural seawater as control/dilution water.
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Schultz, M.M.; Furlong, E.T.; Kolpin, D.W.; Werner, S.L.; Schoenfuss, H.L.; Barber, L.B.; Blazer, V.S.; Norris, D.O.; Vajda, A.M.
2010-01-01
Antidepressant pharmaceuticals are widely prescribed in the United States; release of municipal wastewater effluent is a primary route introducing them to aquatic environments, where little is known about their distribution and fate. Water, bed sediment, and brain tissue from native white suckers (Catostomus commersoni)were collected upstream and atpoints progressively downstream from outfalls discharging to two effluentimpacted streams, Boulder Creek (Colorado) and Fourmile Creek (Iowa). A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was used to quantify antidepressants, including fluoxetine, norfluoxetine (degradate), sertraline, norsertraline (degradate), paroxetine, Citalopram, fluvoxamine, duloxetine, venlafaxine, and bupropion in all three sample matrices. Antidepressants were not present above the limit of quantitation in water samples upstream from the effluent outfalls but were present at points downstream at ng/L concentrations, even at the farthest downstream sampling site 8.4 km downstream from the outfall. The antidepressants with the highest measured concentrations in both streams were venlafaxine, bupropion, and Citalopram and typically were observed at concentrations of at least an order of magnitude greater than the more commonly investigated antidepressants fluoxetine and sertraline. Concentrations of antidepressants in bed sediment were measured at ng/g levels; venlafaxine and fluoxetine were the predominant chemicals observed. Fluoxetine, sertraline, and their degradates were the principal antidepressants observed in fish brain tissue, typically at low ng/g concentrations. Aqualitatively different antidepressant profile was observed in brain tissue compared to streamwater samples. This study documents that wastewater effluent can be a point source of antidepressants to stream ecosystems and that the qualitative composition of antidepressants in brain tissue from exposed fish differs substantially from the compositions observed in streamwater and sediment, suggesting selective uptake. ?? 2010 American Chemical Society.
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Septic tank discharges as multi-pollutant hotspots in catchments.
Richards, Samia; Paterson, Eric; Withers, Paul J A; Stutter, Marc
2016-01-15
Small point sources of pollutants such as septic tanks are recognised as significant contributors to streams' pathogen and nutrient loadings, however there is little data in the UK on which to judge the potential risks that septic tank effluents (STEs) pose to water quality and human health. We present the first comprehensive analysis of STE to help assess multi-pollutant characteristics, management-related risk factors and potential tracers that might be used to identify STE sources. Thirty-two septic tank effluents from residential households located in North East of Scotland were sampled along with adjacent stream waters. Biological, physical, chemical and fluorescence characterisation was coupled with information on system age, design, type of tank, tank management and number of users. Biological characterisation revealed that total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli) concentration ranges were: 10(3)-10(8) and 10(3)-10(7)MPN/100 mL, respectively. Physical parameters such as electrical conductivity, turbidity and alkalinity ranged 160-1730 μS/cm, 8-916 NTU and 15-698 mg/L, respectively. Effluent total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonium-N (NH4-N) concentrations ranged 1-32, <1-26, 11-146 and 2-144 mg/L, respectively. Positive correlations were obtained between phosphorus, sodium, potassium, barium, copper and aluminium. Domestic STE may pose pollution risks particularly for NH4-N, dissolved P, SRP, copper, dissolved N, and potassium since enrichment factors were >1651, 213, 176, 63, 14 and 8 times that of stream waters, respectively. Fluorescence characterisation revealed the presence of tryptophan peak in the effluent and downstream waters but not detected upstream from the source. Tank condition, management and number of users had influenced effluent quality that can pose a direct risk to stream waters as multiple points of pollutants. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Fields, M.K.; Davis, R.P.
1992-08-01
A wastewater characterization survey was conducted by members of the Armstrong Laboratory Occupational and Environmental Health directorate Water Quality Function from 28 Oct 91 - 7 Nov 91 at Whiteman AFB, MO. The purpose of the survey was to identify and characterize the wastewater, determine the appropriateness of present disposal methods, determine the need for routine sampling or monitoring and recommend parameters for wastewater analysis. Results of the sampling showed metals and volatile organic discharge in varying concentrations throughout the base. Recommendations are: (1) evaluation of industrial operations and chemical disposal procedures at designated sites; (2) routine monitoring of themore » discharge from the Hospital and Audiovisual for silver; (3) excavation and sediment disposal at the Transportation Washrack and WWTP Effluent discharge point; (4) collection and analyses of sludge at oil water separators, to include the oil and water side; (5) evaluation of the sanitary sewer system for corrosion and sediment buildup by a mobile Reveal and Seal Unit; (6) background soil sample collection and analyses; and (7) pretreatment of Aqueous Film Forming Foam discharge and notification of the Base Bioenvironmental Engineer, Environmental Coordinator, and WWTP personnel when discharge occurs.« less
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... which may be discharged from an open-cut mine plant site shall not exceed the volume of infiltration... site shall not exceed the volume of infiltration, drainage and mine drainage waters which is in excess...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... which may be discharged from an open-cut mine plant site shall not exceed the volume of infiltration... site shall not exceed the volume of infiltration, drainage and mine drainage waters which is in excess...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
...) Degreasing rinse—subpart I—BPT. There shall be no discharge or process wastewater pollutants. (p) Molten salt.../off-kg (pounds per million off pounds) of zirconium-hafnium treated with molten salt Chromium 3.33 1...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
...) Degreasing rinse—subpart I—BPT. There shall be no discharge or process wastewater pollutants. (p) Molten salt.../off-kg (pounds per million off pounds) of zirconium-hafnium treated with molten salt Chromium 3.33 1...
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Glassmeyer, S.T.; Furlong, E.T.; Kolpin, D.W.; Cahill, J.D.; Zaugg, S.D.; Werner, S.L.; Meyer, M.T.; Kryak, D.D.
2005-01-01
The quality of drinking and recreational water is currently (2005) determined using indicator bacteria. However, the culture tests used to analyze for these bacteria require a long time to complete and do not discriminate between human and animal fecal material sources. One complementary approach is to use chemicals found in human wastewater, which would have the advantages of (1) potentially shorter analysis times than the bacterial culture tests and (2) being selected for human-source specificity. At 10 locations, water samples were collected upstream and at two successive points downstream from a wastewaster treatment plant (WWTP); a treated effluent sample was also collected at each WWTP. This sampling plan was used to determine the persistence of a chemically diverse suite of emerging contaminants in streams. Samples were also collected at two reference locations assumed to have minimal human impacts. Of the 110 chemical analytes investigated in this project, 78 were detected at least once. The number of compounds in a given sample ranged from 3 at a reference location to 50 in a WWTP effluent sample. The total analyte load at each location varied from 0.018 μg/L at the reference location to 97.7 μg/L in a separate WWTP effluent sample. Although most of the compound concentrations were in the range of 0.01−1.0 μg/L, in some samples, individual concentrations were in the range of 5−38 μg/L. The concentrations of the majority of the chemicals present in the samples generally followed the expected trend: they were either nonexistent or at trace levels in the upstream samples, had their maximum concentrations in the WWTP effluent samples, and then declined in the two downstream samples. This research suggests that selected chemicals are useful as tracers of human wastewater discharge.
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Characterizing shipboard bilgewater effluent before and after treatment.
McLaughlin, Christine; Falatko, Debra; Danesi, Robin; Albert, Ryan
2014-04-01
Operational discharges from oceangoing vessels, including discharges of bilgewater, release oil into marine ecosystems that can potentially damage marine life, terrestrial life, human health, and the environment. Bilgewater is a mix of oily fluids and other pollutants from a variety of sources onboard a vessel. If bilgewater cannot be retained onboard, it must be treated by an oily water separator before discharge for larger ocean-going vessels. We evaluated the effectiveness of bilgewater treatment systems by analyzing land-based type approval data, collecting and analyzing shipboard bilgewater effluent data, assessing bilgewater effluent concentrations compared to regulatory standards, evaluating the accuracy of shipboard oil content monitors relative to analytical results, and assessing additional pollution reduction benefits of treatment systems. Land-based type approval data were gathered for 20 treatment systems. Additionally, multiple samples of influent and effluent from operational bilgewater treatment systems onboard three vessels were collected and analyzed, and compared to the land-based type approval data. Based on type approval data, 15 treatment systems were performing below 5 ppm oil. Shipboard performance measurements verified land-based type approval data for the three systems that were sampled. However, oil content monitor readings were more variable than actual oil concentration measurements from effluent samples, resulting in false negatives and positives. The treatment systems sampled onboard for this study generally reduced the majority of other potentially harmful pollutants, which are not currently regulated, with the exception of some heavy metal analytes.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... ocean discharges; (8) Incorporate alternative effluent limitations or standards where warranted by... storm water discharges associated with industrial activity from inactive mining operations may, where...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... ocean discharges; (8) Incorporate alternative effluent limitations or standards where warranted by... storm water discharges associated with industrial activity from inactive mining operations may, where...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... ocean discharges; (8) Incorporate alternative effluent limitations or standards where warranted by... storm water discharges associated with industrial activity from inactive mining operations may, where...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... ocean discharges; (8) Incorporate alternative effluent limitations or standards where warranted by... storm water discharges associated with industrial activity from inactive mining operations may, where...
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Hölgye, Z; Filgas, R
2006-04-01
Airborne effluents of 5 stacks (stacks 1-5) of three nuclear power plants, with 9 pressurized water reactors VVER of 4,520 MWe total power, were searched for transuranium isotopes in different time periods. The search started in 1985. The subject of this work is a presentation of discharge data for the period of 1998-2003 and a final evaluation. It was found that 238Pu, 239,240Pu, 241Am, 242Cm, and 244Cm can be present in airborne effluents. Transuranium isotope contents in most of the quarterly effluent samples from stacks 2, 4 and 5 were not measurable. Transuranium isotopes were present in the effluents from stack l during all 9 years of the study and from stack 3 since the 3rd quarter of 1996 as a result of a defect in the fuel cladding. A relatively high increase of transuranium isotopes in effluents from stack 3 occurred in the 3rd quarter of 1999, and a smaller increase occurred in the 3rd quarter of 2003. In each instance 242Cm prevailed in the transuranium isotope mixtures. 238Pu/239,240Pu, 241Am/239,240Pu, 242Cm/239,240Pu, and 244Cm/239,240Pu ratios in fuel for different burn-up were calculated, and comparison of these ratios in fuel and effluents was performed.
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Plasma discharge elemental detector for a mass spectrometer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Heppner, R. A.
1983-06-01
A material to be analyzed is injected into a mirowave-induced plasma discharge unit, in which the material is carried with a flow of buffer gas through an intense microwave energy field which produces a plasma discharge in the buffer gas. As the material exits from the plasma discharge, the material is sampled and conveyed along a capillary transfer tube to a mass spectrometer where it is analyzed. The plasma discharge causes dissociation of complex organic molecules into simpler molecules which return to the neutral ground state before they are analyzed in the mass spectrometer. The buffer gas is supplied to one end portion of the discharge tube and is withdrawn from the other end portion by a vacuum pump which maintains a subatmospheric pressure in the discharge tube. The sample material is injected by a capillary injection tube into the buffer gas flow as it enters the plasma discharge zone. The dissociated materials are sampled by an axial sampling tube having an entrance where the buffer gas exits from the plasma discharge zone. The sample material may be supplied by a gas chromatography having a capillary effluent line connected to the capillary injection tube, so that the effluent material is injected into the microwave induced plasma discharge. The microwave field is produced by a cavity resonator through which the discharge tube passes.
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Taube, Nadine; He, Jianxun; Ryan, M Cathryn; Valeo, Caterina
2016-08-01
The role of nutrient loading on biomass growth in wastewater-impacted rivers is important in order to effectively optimize wastewater treatment to avoid excessive biomass growth in the receiving water body. This paper directly relates wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent nutrients (including ammonia (NH3-N), nitrate (NO3-N) and total phosphorus (TP)) to the temporal and spatial distribution of epilithic algae and macrophyte biomass in an oligotrophic river. Annual macrophyte biomass, epilithic algae data and WWTP effluent nutrient data from 1980 to 2012 were statistically analysed. Because discharge can affect aquatic biomass growth, locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) was used to remove the influence of river discharge from the aquatic biomass (macrophytes and algae) data before further analysis was conducted. The results from LOWESS indicated that aquatic biomass did not increase beyond site-specific threshold discharge values in the river. The LOWESS-estimated biomass residuals showed a variable response to different nutrients. Macrophyte biomass residuals showed a decreasing trend concurrent with enhanced nutrient removal at the WWTP and decreased effluent P loading, whereas epilithic algae biomass residuals showed greater response to enhanced N removal. Correlation analysis between effluent nutrient concentrations and the biomass residuals (both epilithic algae and macrophytes) suggested that aquatic biomass is nitrogen limited, especially by NH3-N, at most sampling sites. The response of aquatic biomass residuals to effluent nutrient concentrations did not change with increasing distance to the WWTP but was different for P and N, allowing for additional conclusions about nutrient limitation in specific river reaches. The data further showed that the mixing process between the effluent and the river has an influence on the spatial distribution of biomass growth.
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González-Plaza, Juan J.; Šimatović, Ana; Milaković, Milena; Bielen, Ana; Wichmann, Fabienne; Udiković-Kolić, Nikolina
2018-01-01
Environments polluted by direct discharges of effluents from antibiotic manufacturing are important reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which could potentially be transferred to human pathogens. However, our knowledge about the identity and diversity of ARGs in such polluted environments remains limited. We applied functional metagenomics to explore the resistome of two Croatian antibiotic manufacturing effluents and sediments collected upstream of and at the effluent discharge sites. Metagenomic libraries built from an azithromycin-production site were screened for resistance to macrolide antibiotics, whereas the libraries from a site producing veterinary antibiotics were screened for resistance to sulfonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and beta-lactams. Functional analysis of eight libraries identified a total of 82 unique, often clinically relevant ARGs, which were frequently found in clusters and flanked by mobile genetic elements. The majority of macrolide resistance genes identified from matrices exposed to high levels of macrolides were similar to known genes encoding ribosomal protection proteins, macrolide phosphotransferases, and transporters. Potentially novel macrolide resistance genes included one most similar to a 23S rRNA methyltransferase from Clostridium and another, derived from upstream unpolluted sediment, to a GTPase HflX from Emergencia. In libraries deriving from sediments exposed to lower levels of veterinary antibiotics, we found 8 potentially novel ARGs, including dihydrofolate reductases and beta-lactamases from classes A, B, and D. In addition, we detected 7 potentially novel ARGs in upstream sediment, including thymidylate synthases, dihydrofolate reductases, and class D beta-lactamase. Taken together, in addition to finding known gene types, we report the discovery of novel and diverse ARGs in antibiotic-polluted industrial effluents and sediments, providing a qualitative basis for monitoring the dispersal of ARGs from environmental hotspots such as discharge sites of pharmaceutical effluents. PMID:29387045
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Baeza, A; Corbacho, J A; Guillén, J; Salas, A; Mora, J C
2011-05-01
The present work studied the radioacitivity impact of a coal-fired power plant (CFPP), a NORM industry, on the water of the Regallo river which the plant uses for cooling. Downstream, this river passes through an important irrigated farming area, and it is a tributary of the Ebro, one of Spain's largest rivers. Although no alteration of the (210)Po or (232)Th content was detected, the (234,238)U and (226)Ra contents of the water were significantly greater immediately below CFPP's discharge point. The (226)Ra concentration decreased progressively downstream from the discharge point, but the uranium content increased significantly again at two sampling points 8 km downstream from the CFPP's effluent. This suggested the presence of another, unexpected uranium source term different from the CFPP. The input from this second uranium source term was even greater than that from the CFPP. Different hypotheses were tested (a reservoir used for irrigation, remobilization from sediments, and the effect of fertilizers used in the area), with it finally being demonstrated that the source was the fertilizers used in the adjacent farming areas. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Environmental Releases for Calendar Year 2001
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
DYEKMAN, D L
2002-08-01
This report fulfills the annual reporting requirements of US Department of Energy (DOE) Order 5400.1, General Environmental Protection Program. The report contains tabular data summaries on air emissions and liquid effluents released to the environment as well as nonroutine releases during calendar year (CY) 2001. These releases, bearing radioactive and hazardous substances, were from Bechtel Hanford, Inc. (BHI), CH2M HILL Hanford Group, Inc. (CHG), and Fluor Hanford (FH) managed facilities and activities. These data were obtained from direct sampling and analysis and from estimates based upon approved release factors. This report further serves as a supplemental resource to the Hanfordmore » Site Environmental Report (HSER PNNL-13910), published by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. HSER includes a yearly accounting of the impacts on the surrounding populace and environment from major activities at the Hanford Site. HSER also summarizes the regulatory compliance status of the Hanford Site. Tables ES-1 through ES-5 display comprehensive data summaries of CY2001 air emission and liquid effluent releases. The data displayed in these tables compiles the following: Radionuclide air emissions; Nonradioactive air emissions; Radionuclides in liquid effluents discharged to ground; Total volumes and flow rates of radioactive liquid effluents discharged to ground; and Radionuclides discharged to the Columbia River.« less
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Reif, Andrew G.; Crawford, J. Kent; Loper, Connie A.; Proctor, Arianne; Manning, Rhonda; Titler, Robert
2012-01-01
Concern over the presence of contaminants of emerging concern, such as pharmaceutical compounds, hormones, and organic wastewater compounds (OWCs), in waters of the United States and elsewhere is growing. Laboratory techniques developed within the last decade or new techniques currently under development within the U.S. Geological Survey now allow these compounds to be measured at concentrations in nanograms per liter. These new laboratory techniques were used in a reconnaissance study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, to determine the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in streams, streambed sediment, and groundwater of Pennsylvania. Compounds analyzed for in the study are pharmaceuticals (human and veterinary drugs), hormones (natural and synthetic), and OWCs (detergents, fragrances, pesticides, industrial compounds, disinfectants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fire retardants and plasticizers). Reconnaissance sampling was conducted from 2006 to 2009 to identify contaminants of emerging concern in (1) groundwater from wells used to supply livestock, (2) streamwater upstream and downstream from animal feeding operations, (3) streamwater upstream from and streamwater and streambed sediment downstream from municipal wastewater effluent discharges, (4) streamwater from sites within 5 miles of drinking-water intakes, and (5) streamwater and streambed sediment where fish health assessments were conducted. Of the 44 pharmaceutical compounds analyzed in groundwater samples collected in 2006 from six wells used to supply livestock, only cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) and the antibiotics tylosin and sulfamethoxazole were detected. The maximum concentration of any contaminant of emerging concern was 24 nanograms per liter (ng/L) for cotinine, and was detected in a groundwater sample from a Lebanon County, Pa., well. Seven pharmaceutical compounds including acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, and the four antibiotics tylosin, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and oxytetracycline were detected in streamwater samples collected in 2006 from six paired stream sampling sites located upstream and downstream from animal-feeding operations. The highest reported concentration of these seven compounds was for the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (157 ng/L), in a sample from the downstream site on Snitz Creek in Lancaster County, Pa. Twenty-one pharmaceutical compounds were detected in streamwater samples collected in 2006 from five paired stream sampling sites located upstream or downstream from a municipal wastewater-effluent-discharge site. The most commonly detected compounds and maximum concentrations were the anticonvulsant carbamazepine, 276 ng/L; the antihistamine diphenhydramine, 135 ng/L; and the antibiotics ofloxacin, 329 ng/L; sulfamethoxazole, 1,340 ng/L; and trimethoprim, 256 ng/L. A total of 51 different contaminants of emerging concern were detected in streamwater samples collected from 2007 through 2009 at 13 stream sampling sites located downstream from a wastewater-effluent-discharge site. The concentrations and numbers of compounds detected were higher in stream sites downstream from a wastewater-effluent-discharge site than in stream sites upstream from a wastewater-effluent-discharge site. This finding indicates that wastewater-effluent discharges are a source of contaminants of emerging concern; these contaminants were present more frequently in the streambed-sediment samples than in streamwater samples. Antibiotic compounds were often present in both the streamwater and streambed-sediment samples, but many OWCs were present exclusively in the streambed-sediment samples. Compounds with endocrine disrupting potential including detergent metabolites, pesticides, and flame retardants, were present in the streamwater and streambed-sediment samples. Killinger Creek, a stream where wastewater-effluent discharges contribute a large percentage of the total flow, stands out as a stream with particularly high numbers of compounds detected and detected at the highest concentrations measured in the reconnaissance sampling. Nineteen contaminants of emerging concern were detected in streamwater samples collected quarterly from 2007 through 2009 at 27 stream sites within 5 miles of a drinking-water intake. The number of contaminants and the concentrations detected at the stream sites within 5 miles of drinking-water intakes were generally very low (concentrations less than 50 ng/L), much lower than those at sites downstream from a wastewater-effluent discharge. The most commonly detected compounds and maximum concentrations were caffeine, 517 ng/L; carbamazepine, 95 ng/L; sulfamethoxazole, 146 ng/L; and estrone, 3.15 ng/L. The concentrations and frequencies of detection of some of the contaminants of emerging concern appear to vary by season, which could be explained by compound use, flow regime, or differences in degradation rates. Concentrations of some contaminants were associated with lower flows as a result of decreased in-stream dilution of wastewater effluents or other contamination sources. Twenty-two contaminants of emerging concern were detected once each in streamwater samples collected in 2007 and 2008 from 16 fish-health stream sites located statewide. The highest concentrations were for the OWCs, including flame retardants tri(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (604 ng/L) and tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (272 ng/L) and the fragrance isoquinoline (330 ng/L). Far fewer numbers of contaminants of emerging concern were detected at the fish-health sites than at the wastewater-effluent-discharge sites. Most of the fish-health sites were not located directly downstream from a wastewater-effluent discharge, but there were multiple wastewater-effluent discharges in the drainage basins upstream from the sampling sites. No distinct pattern of contaminant occurrence could be discerned for the fish-health stream sites
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33 CFR 157.12d - Technical specifications.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... pipe runs full of liquid at all times during the discharge of the effluent. Sampling probes must... line as appropriate, so as to be always filled with the liquid being discharged. (2) A flow meter must... Design, Equipment, and Installation § 157.12d Technical specifications. (a) Oil discharge monitoring and...
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33 CFR 157.12d - Technical specifications.
Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... pipe runs full of liquid at all times during the discharge of the effluent. Sampling probes must... line as appropriate, so as to be always filled with the liquid being discharged. (2) A flow meter must... Design, Equipment, and Installation § 157.12d Technical specifications. (a) Oil discharge monitoring and...
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2017-08-01
Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375-5320 NRL/MR/6360--17-9743 Extraction of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen from Seawater by an Electrolytic...Cation Exchange Module (E-CEM) Part V: E-CEM Effluent Discharge Composition as a Function of Electrode Water Composition August 1, 2017 Approved for...Office of Naval Research Arlington, Virginia Dennis r. HarDy Nova Research Inc. Alexandria, Virginia i REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form
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Oak Ridge Reservation annual site environmental report for 1995
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Koncinski, W.S.
1996-09-01
This report presents the details of the environmental monitoring and management program for the Oak Ridge Reservation. Topics discussed include: site background, climate, and operations; environmental compliance strategies; effluent monitoring; environmental management program including environmental restoration, decontamination and decommissioning, technology development, and public involvement; effluent monitoring of airborne discharges, liquid discharges, toxicity control and monitoring, biological monitoring and abatement; environmental surveillance which encompasses meteorological monitoring, ambient air monitoring, surface water monitoring, soils monitoring, sediment monitoring, and contamination of food stuffs monitoring; radiation doses; chemical exposures; ground water monitoring; and quality assurance.
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DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Xu Fuqing; Shi Jian; Lv Wen
2013-01-15
Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Compared methane production of solid AD inoculated with different effluents. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Food waste effluent (FWE) had the largest population of acetoclastic methanogens. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Solid AD inoculated with FWE produced the highest methane yield at F/E ratio of 4. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Dairy waste effluent (DWE) was rich of cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Solid AD inoculated with DWE produced the highest methane yield at F/E ratio of 2. - Abstract: Effluents from three liquid anaerobic digesters, fed with municipal sewage sludge, food waste, or dairy waste, were evaluated as inocula and nitrogen sources for solid-state batch anaerobic digestion of cornmore » stover in mesophilic reactors. Three feedstock-to-effluent (F/E) ratios (i.e., 2, 4, and 6) were tested for each effluent. At an F/E ratio of 2, the reactor inoculated by dairy waste effluent achieved the highest methane yield of 238.5 L/kgVS{sub feed}, while at an F/E ratio of 4, the reactor inoculated by food waste effluent achieved the highest methane yield of 199.6 L/kgVS{sub feed}. The microbial population and chemical composition of the three effluents were substantially different. Food waste effluent had the largest population of acetoclastic methanogens, while dairy waste effluent had the largest populations of cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria. Dairy waste also had the highest C/N ratio of 8.5 and the highest alkalinity of 19.3 g CaCO{sub 3}/kg. The performance of solid-state batch anaerobic digestion reactors was closely related to the microbial status in the liquid anaerobic digestion effluents.« less
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... discharged if it does not exceed 15 mg/l oil and grease and 110 mg/l total organic carbon (TOC) based upon an... and grease or 110 mg/l TOC is not commingled or treated with any other type of wastewater, the... effluent exceeds 1,000 mg/l (1,000 ppm), the permitting authority may substitute TOC as a parameter in lieu...
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High-voltage spark atomic emission detector for gas chromatography
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Calkin, C. L.; Koeplin, S. M.; Crouch, S. R.
1982-01-01
A dc-powered, double-gap, miniature nanosecond spark source for emission spectrochemical analysis of gas chromatographic effluents is described. The spark is formed between two thoriated tungsten electrodes by the discharge of a coaxial capacitor. The spark detector is coupled to the gas chromatograph by a heated transfer line. The gas chromatographic effluent is introduced into the heated spark chamber where atomization and excitation of the effluent occurs upon breakdown of the analytical gap. A microcomputer-controlled data acquisition system allows the implementation of time-resolution techniques to distinguish between the analyte emission and the background continuum produced by the spark discharge. Multiple sparks are computer averaged to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The application of the spark detector for element-selective detection of metals and nonmetals is reported.
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Charles, Jérémie; Sancey, Bertrand; Morin-Crini, Nadia; Badot, Pierre-Marie; Degiorgi, François; Trunfio, Giuseppe; Crini, Grégorio
2011-10-01
Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals is generally decontaminated by physicochemical treatment consisting in insolublizing the contaminants and separating the two phases, water and sludge, by a physical process (filtration, settling or flotation). However, chemical precipitation does not usually remove the whole pollution load and the effluent discharged into the environment can be toxic even if it comes up to regulatory standards. To assess the impact of industrial effluent from 4 different surface treatment companies, we performed standardized bioassays using seeds of the lettuce Lactuca sativa. We measured the rate of germination, and the length and mass of the lettuce plantlet. The results were used to compare the overall toxicity of the different effluents: effluents containing copper and nickel had a much higher impact than those containing zinc or aluminum. In addition, germination tests conducted using synthetic solutions confirmed that mixtures of metals have higher toxicity than the sum of their separate constituents. These biological tests are cheap, easy to implement, reproducible and highlight the effects caused by effluent treated with the methods commonly applied in industry today. They could be routinely used to check the impact of industrial discharges, even when they meet regulatory requirements for the individual metals. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Pipolo, Marco; Martins, Rui C; Quinta-Ferreira, Rosa M; Costa, Raquel
2017-03-01
The discharge of poorly decontaminated winery wastewater remains a serious environmental problem in many regions, and the industry is welcoming improved treatment methods. Here, an innovative decontamination approach integrating Fenton's process with biofiltration by Asian clams is proposed. The potential of this approach was assessed at the pilot scale using real effluent and by taking an actual industrial treatment system as a benchmark. Fenton peroxidation was observed to remove 84% of the effluent's chemical oxygen demand (COD), reducing it to 205 mg L. Subsequent biofiltration decreased the effluent's COD to approximately zero, well below the legal discharge limit of 150 mg L, in just 3 d. The reduction of the effluent's organic load through Fenton's process did not decrease its toxicity toward , but the effluent was much less harmful after biofiltration. The performance of the treatment proposed exceeded that of the integrated Fenton's process-sequencing batch reactor design implemented in the winery practice, where a residence time of around 10 d in the biological step typically results in 80 to 90% of COD removal. The method proposed is effective and compatible with typical winery budgets and potentially contributes to the management of a nuisance species. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... STANDARDS Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards and Prohibitions § 129.5 Compliance. (a)(1) Within 60 days from the date of promulgation of any toxic pollutant effluent standard or prohibition each owner or operator with a discharge subject to that standard or prohibition must notify the Regional Administrator...
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Biosensing for the protection of water quality
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Firth, B.K.; Cieslek, P.R.
1990-04-01
This paper reports that Weyerhaeuser's Rothschild sulfite pulp and paper facility produces approximately 150 a.d. tons/day of pulp and 350 tons/day of fine paper. The wastewater receives secondary treatment in an activated sludge system for removing solids and reducing the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD{sub 5}). The BOD{sub 5} is reduced nearly 98% across the secondary system. The final effluent is discharged into the Wisconsin River. After extensive field work, the Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources (DNR) developed the Qual III model to represent the assimilative capacity of the Wisconsin River. Using both the Qual III model and guidelines set forthmore » in Section 208 of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (PL 92-500), the agency developed allocations restricting the discharge of BOD{sub 5} wasteload. This paper reports that as a result of the DNR modeling, the Rothschild facility has been under a variable restriction on BOD{sub 5} since 1983. The restrictive period is May through October, with daily BOD{sub 5} discharge limits of between 1360 and 7711 kg/day. Discharge limits change daily based on the receiving water flow, the water temperature, and the allocation period. Industrial companies that discharge effluent to the Wisconsin River system have a serious problem when the river flow is moderated to low and their final effluent BOD{sub 5} loadings begin to approach the wasteload limits.« less
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Treated Wastewater Effluent as a Source of Microbial Pollution of Surface Water Resources
Naidoo, Shalinee; Olaniran, Ademola O.
2013-01-01
Since 1990, more than 1.8 billion people have gained access to potable water and improved sanitation worldwide. Whilst this represents a vital step towards improving global health and well-being, accelerated population growth coupled with rapid urbanization has further strained existing water supplies. Whilst South Africa aims at spending 0.5% of its GDP on improving sanitation, additional factors such as hydrological variability and growing agricultural needs have further increased dependence on this finite resource. Increasing pressure on existing wastewater treatment plants has led to the discharge of inadequately treated effluent, reinforcing the need to improve and adopt more stringent methods for monitoring discharged effluent and surrounding water sources. This review provides an overview of the relative efficiencies of the different steps involved in wastewater treatment as well as the commonly detected microbial indicators with their associated health implications. In addition, it highlights the need to enforce more stringent measures to ensure compliance of treated effluent quality to the existing guidelines. PMID:24366046
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Goblick, Gregory N; Ao, Yaping; Anbarchian, Julie M; Calci, Kevin R
2017-02-15
Since 1925, dilution analysis has been used to minimize pathogenic impacts to bivalve molluscan shellfish growing areas from treated wastewater effluent in the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP). For over twenty five years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended a minimum of 1000:1 dilution of effluent within prohibited closure zones established around wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges. During May 2010, using recent technologies, a hydrographic dye study was conducted in conjunction with a pathogen bioaccumulation study in shellfish adjacent to a WWTP discharge in Yarmouth, ME. For the first time an improved method of the super-position principle was used to determine the buildup of dye tagged sewage effluent and steady state dilution in tidal waters. Results of the improved method of dilution analysis illustrate an economical, reliable and more accurate and manageable approach for estimating the buildup and steady state pollutant conditions in coastal and estuarine waters. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Crawford, Charles G.; Wangsness, David J.
1987-01-01
A diel (24-hour) water-quality survey was done to investigate the sources of dry-weather waste inputs attributable to other than permitted point-source effluent and to evaluate the waste-load assimilative capacity of the Grand Calumet River, Lake County, Indiana, and Cook County, Illinois, in October 1984. Flow in the Grand Calumet River consists almost entirely of municipal and industrial effluents which comprised more than 90% of the 500 cu ft/sec flow observed at the confluence of the East Branch Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Ship Canal during the study. At the time of the study, virtually all of the flow in the West Branch Grand Calumet River was municipal effluent. Diel variations in streamflow of as much as 300 cu ft/sec were observed in the East Branch near the ship canal. The diel variation diminished at the upstream sampling sites in the East Branch. In the West Branch, the diel variation in flow was quite drastic; complete reversals of flow were observed at sampling stations near the ship canal. Average dissolved-oxygen concentrations at stations in the East Branch ranged from 5.7 to 8.2 mg/L and at stations in the West Branch from 0.8 to 6.6 mg/L. Concentrations of dissolved solids, suspended solids, biochemical-oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphorus were substantially higher in the West Branch than in the East Branch. In the East Branch, only the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board water-quality standards for total phosphorus and phenol were exceeded. In the West Branch, water-quality standards for total ammonia, chloride, cyanide, dissolved solids, fluoride, total phosphorus, mercury, and phenol were exceeded and dissolved oxygen was less than the minimum allowable. Three areas of significant differences between cumulative effluent and instream chemical-mass discharges were identified in the East Branch and one in the West Branch. The presence of unidentified waste inputs in the East Branch were indicated by differences in the chemical-mass discharges at three sites. Elevated suspended solids, biochemical-oxygen demand, and ammonia chemical-mass discharges at Columbia Avenue indicated the presence of a source of what may have been untreated sewage to the West Branch during the survey. (Author 's abstract)
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Machibya, Magayane; Mwanuzi, Fredrick
2006-06-01
A study was conducted in a sewage system at Kilombero Sugar Company to review its design, configuration, effectiveness and the quality of influent and effluent discharged into the Ruaha river (receiving body). The concern was that, the water in the river, after effluent has joined the river, is used as drinking water by villages located downstream of the river. Strategic sampling at the inlet of the oxidation pond, at the outlet and in the river before and after the effluent has joined the receiving body (river) was undertaken. Samples from each of these locations were taken three times, in the morning, noon and evening. The sample were then analysed in the laboratory using standard methods of water quality analysis. The results showed that the configuration and or the layout of the oxidation ponds (treatment plant) were not in accordance with the acceptable standards. Thus, the BOD5 of the effluent discharged into the receiving body (Ruaha River) was in the order of 41 mg/l and therefore not meeting several standards as set out both by Tanzanian and international water authorities. The Tanzanian water authorities, for example, requires that the BOD5 of the effluent discharged into receiving bodies be not more that 30 mg/l while the World Health Organization (WHO) requires that the effluent quality ranges between 10 - 30 mg/l. The paper concludes that proper design of treatment plants (oxidation ponds) is of outmost importance especially for factories, industries, camps etc located in rural developing countries where drinking water from receiving bodies like rivers and lakes is consumed without thorough treatment. The paper further pinpoint that both owners of treatment plants and water authorities should establish monitoring/management plan such that treatment plants (oxidation ponds) could be reviewed regarding the change on quantity of influent caused by population increase.
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Lee, Kathy E.; Langer, Susan K.; Barber, Larry B.; Writer, Jeff H.; Ferrey, Mark L.; Schoenfuss, Heiko L.; Furlong, Edward T.; Foreman, William T.; Gray, James L.; ReVello, Rhiannon C.; Martinovic, Dalma; Woodruff, Olivia R.; Keefe, Steffanie H.; Brown, Greg K.; Taylor, Howard E.; Ferrer, Imma; Thurman, E. Michael
2011-01-01
This report presents the study design, environmental data, and quality-assurance data for an integrated chemical and biological study of selected streams or lakes that receive wastewater-treatment plant effluent in Minnesota. This study was a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Cloud State University, the University of St. Thomas, and the University of Colorado. The objective of the study was to identify distribution patterns of endocrine active chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other organic and inorganic chemicals of concern indicative of wastewater effluent, and to identify biological characteristics of estrogenicity and fish responses in the same streams. The U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed water, bed-sediment, and quality-assurance samples, and measured or recorded streamflow once at each sampling location from September through November 2009. Sampling locations included surface water and wastewater-treatment plant effluent. Twenty-five wastewater-treatment plants were selected to include continuous flow and periodic release facilities with differing processing steps (activated sludge or trickling filters) and plant design flows ranging from 0.002 to 10.9 cubic meters per second (0.04 to 251 million gallons per day) throughout Minnesota in varying land-use settings. Water samples were collected from the treated effluent of the 25 wastewater-treatment plants and at one point upstream from and one point downstream from wastewater-treatment plant effluent discharges. Bed-sediment samples also were collected at each of the stream or lake locations. Water samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, pharmaceuticals, phytoestrogens and pharmaceuticals, alkylphenols and other neutral organic chemicals, carboxylic acids, and steroidal hormones. A subset (25 samples) of the bed-sediment samples were analyzed for carbon, wastewater-indicator chemicals, and steroidal hormones; the remaining samples were archived. Biological characteristics were determined by using an in-vitro bioassay to determine total estrogenicity in water samples and a caged fish study to determine characteristics of fish from experiments that exposed fish to wastewater effluent in 2009. St. Cloud State University deployed and processed caged fathead minnows at 13 stream sites during September 2009 for the caged fish study. Measured fish data included length, weight, body condition factor, and vitellogenin concentrations.
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR
2014-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wood Rosin, Turpentine and Pine Oil Subcategory § 454.32 Effluent limitations and... manufacture of wood rosin, turpentine and pine oil by a point source subject to the provisions of this...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR
2012-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wood Rosin, Turpentine and Pine Oil Subcategory § 454.32 Effluent limitations and... manufacture of wood rosin, turpentine and pine oil by a point source subject to the provisions of this...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR
2013-07-01
... AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) GUM AND WOOD CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Wood Rosin, Turpentine and Pine Oil Subcategory § 454.32 Effluent limitations and... manufacture of wood rosin, turpentine and pine oil by a point source subject to the provisions of this...
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In February 2003 the U.S.EPA published a final rule on National Polllutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulation and Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). Manure and wastewater from CAFOs have the potential to c...
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A toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was conducted on effluent from a major industrial discharger. Initial monitoring showed slight chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia; later sample showed substantial toxicity to C. dubia. Chemical analysis detected hexavalent chromium ...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.22 Section 436.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently available. (a... best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process generated...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... technology currently available. 436.22 Section 436.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... reduction attainable by the application of the best practicable control technology currently available. (a... best practicable control technology currently available (BPT): (1) Discharges of process generated...
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Impact of point-source pollution on phosphorus and nitrogen cycling in stream-bed sediments.
Palmer-Felgate, Elizabeth J; Mortimer, Robert J G; Krom, Michael D; Jarvie, Helen P
2010-02-01
Diffusive equilibration in thin films was used to study the cycling of phosphorus and nitrogen at the sediment-water interface in situ and with minimal disturbance to redox conditions. Soluble reactive phosphate (SRP), nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, sulfate, iron, and manganese profiles were measured in a rural stream, 12 m upstream, adjacent to, and 8 m downstream of a septic tank discharge. Sewage fungus adjacent to the discharge resulted in anoxic conditions directly above the sediment. SRP and ammonium increased with depth through the fungus layer to environmentally significant concentrations (440 and 1800 microM, respectively) due to release at the sediment surface. This compared to only 0.8 microM of SRP and 2.0 microM of ammonium in the water column upstream of the discharge. Concomitant removal of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate within 0.5 cm below the fungus-water interface provided evidence for anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). "Hotspots" of porewater SRP (up to 350 microM) at the downstream site demonstrated potential in-stream storage of the elevated P concentrations from the effluent. These results provide direct in situ evidence of phosphorus and nitrogen release from river-bed sediments under anoxic conditions created by sewage-fungus, and highlight the wider importance of redox conditions and rural point sources on in-stream nutrient cycling.
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISSIPATION OF WINDSCALE RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENT IN THE IRISH SEA
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Shaw, A.E.; Charlesworth, F.R.
1952-02-20
diffusion, and residual currents was orginally assessed by Seligman and Scott in 1948. Further experimental work is described which has enabled a new assessment to be made. This work has included a measurement of the initial dilution of fresh water from the pipe line, and a study of the movement of water as indicated by drift bottles. lt is now envisaged that initial dilution, by a factor of 10, will be followed by eddy diffusion with the coefficients as measured by Seligman, and bulk movement primarily due to the force of the wind. Exceptions will occur when defined calm conditionsmore » exist. The discharged effluent will then tend to float on the surface with an initial dilution factor of only a few hundred and successive tidal releases will pour into the diffusing remains of the previous activity, there being no indications of residual currents. No work has been done to see if this more concentrated effluent can come ashore without further dilution. lt is recommended that, to avoid floating effluent, water should not be discharged during very calm weather. Maximum storage space can be assured by normally pumping effluent to sea at the next high tide after treatment. (auth)« less
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Seasonal Variations and Resilience of Bacterial Communities in a Sewage Polluted Urban River
Ouattara, Nouho Koffi; Anzil, Adriana; Verbanck, Michel A.; Brion, Natacha; Servais, Pierre
2014-01-01
The Zenne River in Brussels (Belgium) and effluents of the two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Brussels were chosen to assess the impact of disturbance on bacterial community composition (BCC) of an urban river. Organic matters, nutrients load and oxygen concentration fluctuated highly along the river and over time because of WWTPs discharge. Tag pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed the significant effect of seasonality on the richness, the bacterial diversity (Shannon index) and BCC. The major grouping: -winter/fall samples versus spring/summer samples- could be associated with fluctuations of in situ bacterial activities (dissolved and particulate organic carbon biodegradation associated with oxygen consumption and N transformation). BCC of the samples collected upstream from the WWTPs discharge were significantly different from BCC of downstream samples and WWTPs effluents, while no significant difference was found between BCC of WWTPs effluents and the downstream samples as revealed by ANOSIM. Analysis per season showed that allochthonous bacteria brought by WWTPs effluents triggered the changes in community composition, eventually followed by rapid post-disturbance return to the original composition as observed in April (resilience), whereas community composition remained altered after the perturbation by WWTPs effluents in the other seasons. PMID:24667680
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Talvitie, Julia; Mikola, Anna; Koistinen, Arto; Setälä, Outi
2017-10-15
Conventional wastewater treatment with primary and secondary treatment processes efficiently remove microplastics (MPs) from the wastewater. Despite the efficient removal, final effluents can act as entrance route of MPs, given the large volumes constantly discharged into the aquatic environments. This study investigated the removal of MPs from effluent in four different municipal wastewater treatment plants utilizing different advanced final-stage treatment technologies. The study included membrane bioreactor treating primary effluent and different tertiary treatment technologies (discfilter, rapid sand filtration and dissolved air flotation) treating secondary effluent. The MBR removed 99.9% of MPs during the treatment (from 6.9 to 0.005 MP L -1 ), rapid sand filter 97% (from 0.7 to 0.02 MP L -1 ), dissolved air flotation 95% (from 2.0 to 0.1 MP L -1 ) and discfilter 40-98.5% (from 0.5 - 2.0 to 0.03-0.3 MP L -1 ) of the MPs during the treatment. Our study shows that with advanced final-stage wastewater treatment technologies WWTPs can substantially reduce the MP pollution discharged from wastewater treatment plants into the aquatic environments. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Management scenarios for the Jordan River salinity crisis
Farber, E.; Vengosh, A.; Gavrieli, I.; Marie, Amarisa; Bullen, T.D.; Mayer, B.; Holtzman, R.; Segal, M.; Shavit, U.
2005-01-01
Recent geochemical and hydrological findings show that the water quality of the base flow of the Lower Jordan River, between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, is dependent upon the ratio between surface water flow and groundwater discharge. Using water quality data, mass-balance calculations, and actual flow-rate measurements, possible management scenarios for the Lower Jordan River and their potential affects on its salinity are investigated. The predicted scenarios reveal that implementation of some elements of the Israel-Jordan peace treaty will have negative effects on the Jordan River water salinity. It is predicted that removal of sewage effluents dumped into the river (???13 MCM/a) will significantly reduce the river water's flow and increase the relative proportion of the saline groundwater flux into the river. Under this scenario, the Cl content of the river at its southern point (Abdalla Bridge) will rise to almost 7000 mg/L during the summer. In contrast, removal of all the saline water (16.5 MCM/a) that is artificially discharged into the Lower Jordan River will significantly reduce its Cl concentration, to levels of 650-2600 and 3000-3500 mg/L in the northern and southern areas of the Lower Jordan River, respectively. However, because the removal of either the sewage effluents or the saline water will decrease the river's discharge to a level that could potentially cause river desiccation during the summer months, other water sources must be allocated to preserve in-stream flow needs and hence the river's ecosystem. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
2011-12-27
... develop standards for wastewater discharges produced by natural gas extraction from underground coalbed and shale formations as well as mercury discharges from dental offices. EPA is also accepting...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR
2010-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Beet Sugar Processing... a point source where the sugar beet processing capacity of the point source does not exceed 1090 kkg... results, in whole or in part, from barometric condensing operations and any other beet sugar processing...
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Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR
2011-07-01
... (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SUGAR PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Beet Sugar Processing... a point source where the sugar beet processing capacity of the point source does not exceed 1090 kkg... results, in whole or in part, from barometric condensing operations and any other beet sugar processing...