77 FR 18965 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

...-0338; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW-51-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France Model SA341G.... Discussion The Direction Generale de l'Aviation Civile (DGAC), which is the aviation authority for France...

Strategy proposed by Electricite de France in the development of automatic tools

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Castaing, C.; Cazin, B.

1995-03-01

The strategy proposed by EDF in the development of a means to limit personal and collective dosimetry is recent. It follows in the steps of a policy that consisted of developing remote operation means for those activities of inspection and maintenance on the reactor, pools bottom, steam generators (SGs), also reactor building valves; target activities because of their high dosimetric cost. One of the main duties of the UTO (Technical Support Department), within the EDF, is the maintenance of Pressurized Water Reactors in French Nuclear Power Plant Operations (consisting of 54 units) and the development and monitoring of specialized tools.more » To achieve this, the UTO has started a national think-tank on the implementation of the ALARA process in its field of activity and created an ALARA Committee responsible for running and monitoring it, as well as a policy for developing tools. This point will be illustrated in the second on reactor vessel heads.« less

Bioelectromagnetics Research in France--An Assessment.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-29

to level of the Defense Department. He was 5 years. The latter will help demon- replaced in normal rotation by a manager strate the breadth and scope...engineering. Unless support is found Ondes Electromagnetiques et Biologie immediately in industry or in other (Jouy en Josas, France, 1980), countries, France...Bioelectromagnetics de URSI, Ondes Electromagnetiques et Journal, not one French paper has been Biologie (Jouy en Josas, France, published in it. Whether any were

[Description of unused drugs collected in pharmacies in the Puy-de-Dôme region in France].

PubMed

Marchiset-Ferlay, N; Gerbaud, L; Sauvant, M P; Jaffeux, P; Manhes, G; Leblanc, N; Coste, F; Andriollo, O

2001-12-01

An unused drug (UD) is defined as a drug which is purchased, after prescription or not, but which is not taken. Public health campaigns in France have requested people to return these drugs to their pharmacy. To data, few data have been available concerning the quantity of collected UD and their potential re-use. A study was performed in the pharmacies of the Puy-de-Dôme region in France to describe the UD circuit. A random sample of 1 out of 5 pharmacies in the Puy-de-Dôme region (France) were defined by single level stratified sampling from the list of all pharmacies operating in the region. An exhaustive record of all UD people brought back to these pharmacies was made in 1998 during three 1-week periods. The following data were recorded for each UD: the name of the drug, the pharmaceutical industry code (CIP), the price, the rate of social Security refunding, the mention of "free specimen" on the package, the inscription on the list of poisonous substances and on the list of essential drugs defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), the registration on the list of drugs reserved for hospital use, the packaging notice (opened or not), the therapeutic class, and the formulation. 10,254 US (717kg) were collected during the study period. The therapeutic classes of the UD were similar to those of drugs purchased in France. According to the selling price, these UD had an economic value of 405,845FF (i.e. 3.6% of Social Security refundings paid in the Puy-de-Dôme region during this same period). Only 20% of the UD were potentially reusable for humanitarian purposes. Their estimated economic value was 87,456FF (i.e. 0.78% of the annual Puy-de-Dôme Social Security refunding). Moreover, 43.4% of the reusable drugs were on the WHO list of essential drugs. Although the volume of collected UD is high, use by humanitarian associations is on the decline because of the cost of collection and low economic yield. Furthermore, UD must be collected in a systematic manner

[Comparisons outpatient drug prescriptions: France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden].

PubMed

Dezileaux, Barbara; Martinez, Florie

2016-06-01

Comparisons outpatient drug prescriptions: France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden. Project compares quantitatively outpatient drug prescriptions in France, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Data were obtained from national databases; the unit of measurement was defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants. The five most prescribed drug classes were compared in each country in 2009, then benzodiazepines and antibiotics from 2006 to 2012. A literature review was focused on the context of prescriptions for each country. In 2009, the five most prescribed drug classes in the four countries represented seven classes in total. France was not the biggest prescriber of drugs, but from 2006 to 2012 benzodiazepines and antibiotics were prescribed much more in France than in the other countries. The evolution of prescriptions was different for each country, and very stable in France. In 2009, France was not the biggest drugs consumer of all classes, but was characterized by high prescriptions in some classes. Copyright © 2016 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Physical fitness levels of adolescents in the Ile de France region: comparisons with European standards and relevance for future cardiovascular risk.

PubMed

Vanhelst, Jérémy; Fardy, Paul S; Chapelot, Didier; Czaplicki, Grégory; Ulmer, Zekya

2016-11-01

The aim was to assess physical fitness in French schoolchildren in the region of Ile de France and to compare the results with European countries. The relationship between physical fitness and future health profile was of particular interest. Participants were 1851 French youth in the Ile de France region. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, speed, flexibility and speed agility were tested. Independent t-tests were used to compare differences between different variables. Spearman's rho correlation coefficients assessed the relationship between body mass index, socio-economic status and physical fitness. Boys were physically fitter than girls with the most significant difference being in agility. Subjects of normal weight have significantly better results than overweight or obese adolescents (+10·9% to 56·1%) (P<0·05). Subjects with high socio-economic status had better physical fitness than those with low socio-economic status (+0·5% to 9·4%) (P<0·05). Results also showed that the percentage of adolescents at increased future cardiovascular risk was 15·3% and 10·2% for boys and girls, respectively. Physical fitness in French schoolchildren living in the region of Ile de France is relatively low and unfavourable, especially in girls, when compared with existing European test results. In contrast, the adolescent boys are generally fitter and also above the average of the European data. Introducing a health promotion curriculum in the schools of Ile de France is suggested to improve health and physical fitness. © 2015 Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

[History of clinical pharmacology in France: adaptation, evaluation, defense and illustration of drug in France 1978-1981].

PubMed

Montastruc, Paul

2014-01-01

This text illustrates some unknown aspects of the history and beginnings of clinical pharmacology in France in the late 1970s and early 1980s From the current situation, development and objectives of clinical pharmacology are recalled as well as obstacles necessary to overcome to change the paradigm in the field of drug evaluation and appropriate use in France. The text recalls this important moment where French medicine and medical pharmacology entered the modern era. © 2014 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.

Conceptual Design of the Chornobyl New Safe Confinement - an Overview

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kulishenko, Valery N.; Hogg, Charles; Schmieman, Eric A.

2006-05-01

The Object Shelter, constructed over the Chornobyl nuclear power plant that was destroyed by a 1986 accident, is at risk of collapse. The Consortium of Bechtel, Electricité De France, and Battelle, in cooperation with subcontractor КСК, recently completed the conceptual design for a New Safe Confinement (NSC) building to reduce Shelter corrosion, to mitigate the consequences of potential collapse, and to enable the safe deconstruction of unstable structures. The arch-shaped NSC will be constructed at a distance from the Shelter to minimize radiation exposure to construction workers, and then slid into place over the Shelter. After sliding, cranes and othermore » tools inside the NSC will be remotely operated for deconstruction of the Shelter. The NSC is designed for a 100-year life. Bechtel designed the arch structure and was responsible for project management functions. Electricité De France designed the foundations and designed deconstruction of the Object Shelter unstable elements. Battelle performed safety analyses and environmental impact assessment. КСК (a consortium of КIЕЛ [KIEP], НДIБК [NIISK], and МНТЦ [ISTC]), as a working partner in all aspects of the design and analysis processes, was the Ukrainian licensed engineer for conceptual design. The design is currently being reviewed by Ukrainian regulatory authorities. An open international tender for detailed design and construction is anticipated to be announced by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in December, 2003, with two-stage bid evaluation beginning in April, 2004.« less

The New Microbiology: a conference at the Institut de France.

PubMed

Radoshevich, Lilliana; Bierne, Hélène; Ribet, David; Cossart, Pascale

2012-08-01

In May 2012, three European Academies held a conference on the present and future of microbiology. The conference, entitled "The New Microbiology", was a joint effort of the French Académie des sciences, of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina and of the British Royal Society. The organizers - Pascale Cossart and Philippe Sansonetti from the "Académie des sciences", David Holden and Richard Moxon from the "Royal Society", and Jörg Hacker and Jürgen Hesseman from the "Leopoldina Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften" - wanted to highlight the current renaissance in the field of microbiology mostly due to the advent of technological developments and allowing for single-cell analysis, rapid and inexpensive genome-wide comparisons, sophisticated microscopy and quantitative large-scale studies of RNA regulation and proteomics. The conference took place in the historical Palais de l'Institut de France in Paris with the strong support of Jean-François Bach, Secrétaire Perpétuel of the Académie des sciences. Copyright © 2012 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Material control and accountancy at EDF PWR plants; GCN: Gestion du Combustible Nucleaire

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

de Cormis, F.

1991-01-01

The paper describes the comprehensive system which is developed and implemented at Electricite de France to provide a single reliable nuclear material control and accounting system for all nuclear plants. This software aims at several objectives among which are: the control and the accountancy of nuclear material at the plant, the optimization of the consistency of data by minimizing the possibility of transcription errors, the fulfillment of the statutory requirements by automatic transfer of reports to national and international safeguards authorities, the servicing of other EDF users of nuclear material data for technical or commercial purposes.

Environmental assessment of biofuel pathways in Ile de France based on ecosystem modeling.

PubMed

Gabrielle, Benoît; Gagnaire, Nathalie; Massad, Raia Silvia; Dufossé, Karine; Bessou, Cécile

2014-01-01

The objective of the work reported here was to reduce the uncertainty on the greenhouse gas balances of biofuels using agro-ecosystem modeling at a high resolution over the Ile-de-France region in Northern France. The emissions simulated during the feedstock production stage were input to a life-cycle assessment of candidate biofuel pathways: bioethanol from wheat, sugar-beet and miscanthus, and biodiesel from oilseed rape. Compared to the widely-used methodology based on fixed emission factors, ecosystem modeling lead to 55-70% lower estimates for N2O emissions, emphasizing the importance of regional factors. The life-cycle GHG emissions of first-generation biofuels were 50-70% lower than fossil-based equivalents, and 85% lower for cellulosic ethanol. When including indirect land-use change effects, GHG savings became marginal for biodiesel and wheat ethanol, but were positive due to direct effects for cellulosic ethanol. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Concentrating Solar Power Projects - ISCC Ain Beni Mathar | Concentrating

Science.gov Websites

Location: Ain Beni Mathar (Ain Beni Mathar) Owner(s): ONE (Office National de l'Electricite) (100 Project Type: Commercial Participants Developer(s): Abener Owner(s) (%): ONE (Office National de l'Electricite) (100%) EPC Contractor: Abener Operator(s): Abengoa Solar / ONE Generation Offtaker(s): ONE

Barremian decapod crustaceans from Serre de Bleyton (Drôme, SE France)

PubMed Central

Hyžný, Matúš; Kroh, Andreas

2015-01-01

Based on mostly small-sized isolated cheliped fingers, a new decapod crustacean assemblage is described from the Barremian of Serre de Bleyton (Drôme, SE France). The assemblage is composed mostly of representatives of the crab family Dynomenidae. In addition, remains of astacidean lobsters, axiidean shrimps, paguroid hermit crabs and brachyurous crabs of the families Necrocarcinidae and ?Cenomanocarcinidae occur in low numbers. Graptocarcinus moosleitneri (Dynomenidae) and ?Paranecrocarcinus schloegli (Necrocarcinidae) are introduced as new species. They both exhibit presence of multi-setal pores on dactyli that are interpreted as parts of a sieving mechanism used in feeding. The stratigraphic range of Graptocarcinus is extended herein to the Barremian. PMID:26097276

La punaise diabolique a la conquete de la France

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Halyomorpha halys is now present in France in Alsace and in several neighboring countries (Switzerland and Italy). The potential risk of invasion of H. halys throughout France is considered to be high. Through its natural dispersal, or with human assistance, this insect will likely colonize the majo...

[Medication administration practices in elderly residential facilities in Ile de France Region in 2014: findings and room for improvement].

PubMed

de Saunière, Anne; Bonneau, Laetitia; Donio, Valérie; Godinot, Valérie; Flouzat, Jean-Philippe; Bensasson, Géraldine; Code, Christelle; Galay, Guillaume; Pige, Dominique

2016-11-25

The institutions expressed great interest in medication administration systems and tools designed to monitor all stages of medication administration. A dozen simple and pragmatic improvement actions were identified and listed in the Ile-de-France Regional Health Agency action plan to improve medication administration management of in EHPAD..

A late Neandertal femur from Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve, France

PubMed Central

Beauval, Cédric; Maureille, Bruno; Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, François; Serre, David; Peressinotto, David; Bordes, Jean-Guillaume; Cochard, David; Couchoud, Isabelle; Dubrasquet, David; Laroulandie, Véronique; Lenoble, Arnaud; Mallye, Jean-Baptiste; Pasty, Sylvain; Primault, Jérôme; Rohland, Nadin; Pääbo, Svante; Trinkaus, Erik

2005-01-01

In 2002, a Neandertal partial femoral diaphysis was discovered at Les Rochers-de-Villeneuve (Vienne, France). Radiocarbon dated to ≈40,700 14C years before present, this specimen is one of the most recent Middle Paleolithic Neandertals. The diaphysis derives from an archeological level indicating alternating human and carnivore (mostly hyena) occupation of the cave, reinforcing the close proximity and probable competition of Middle Paleolithic humans with large carnivores for resources and space. Morphological aspects of the diaphysis and ancient DNA extracted from it indicate that it is aligned with the Neandertals and is distinct from early modern humans. However, its midshaft cortical bone distribution places it between other Middle Paleolithic Neandertals and the Châtelperronian Neandertal from La Roche-à-Pierrot, supporting a pattern of changing mobility patterns among late Middle Paleolithic Neandertals on the eve of modern human dispersals into Europe. PMID:15878988

Poppers regulation for public sale: No measure in France yet.

PubMed

Victorri-Vigneau, Caroline; Trewick, David; Dejoie, Thomas; Masson, Damien; Bulteau, Samuel; Rousselet, Morgane; Sauvaget, Anne; Grall-Bronnec, Marie; Jolliet, Pascale

2017-10-23

Poppers have become legal in France since June 2013. Is their liberalisation associated with an increase of severe side effects observed? To identify elevated methaemoglobinaemia related to poppers abuse, we reviewed all methaemoglobin concentrations measured in Nantes university hospital, during 12 months. Methaemoglobin concentrations were superior to 25% in three cases of poppers consumption that occurred after the legalisation. Evaluating the prevalence of elevated methaemoglobinaemia could help to monitor severe complications of poppers use in France. Copyright © 2017 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

GIS insulation co-ordination: On-site tests and dielectric diagnostic techniques, a utility point of view

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sabot, A.; Petit, A.; Taillebois, J.P.

1996-07-01

This paper summarizes the Electricite de France experience with insulation co-ordination of GIS. After a review of the insulation co-ordination practice mainly dealing with fast front overvoltage and the one minute AC test, some results of the on-site test procedure applied since 30 years are presented and related to the insulation co-ordination practice. The in-service return of experience dealing with dielectric failures is analyzed then the dielectric diagnostic techniques now available are briefly presented with their possibilities and limitations. According to this survey, the expectations of EDF from these diagnostic techniques as well as the new on-site test and on-linemore » monitoring tendencies at EDF are presented.« less

[Primary care in France].

PubMed

Sánchez-Sagrado, T

2016-01-01

The poor planning of health care professionals in Spain has led to an exodus of doctors leaving the country. France is one of the chosen countries for Spanish doctors to develop their professional career. The French health care system belongs to the Bismarck model. In this model, health care system is financed jointly by workers and employers through payroll deduction. The right to health care is linked to the job, and provision of services is done by sickness-funds controlled by the Government. Primary care in France is quite different from Spanish primary care. General practitioners are independent workers who have the right to set up a practice anywhere in France. This lack of regulation has generated a great problem of "medical desertification" with problems of health care access and inequalities in health. French doctors do not want to work in rural areas or outside cities because "they are not value for money". Medical salary is linked to professional activity. The role of doctors is to give punctual care. Team work team does not exist, and coordination between primary and secondary care is lacking. Access to diagnostic tests, hospitals and specialists is unlimited. Duplicity of services, adverse events and inefficiencies are the norm. Patients can freely choose their doctor, and they have a co-payment for visits and hospital care settings. Two years training is required to become a general practitioner. After that, continuing medical education is compulsory, but it is not regulated. Although the French medical Health System was named by the WHO in 2000 as the best health care system in the world, is it not that good. While primary care in Spain has room for improvement, there is a long way for France to be like Spain. Copyright © 2015 Sociedad Española de Médicos de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

[Outbreak of carbon monoxide poisoning in the Ile-de-France region during the spring 2016 Seine flooding].

PubMed

Dufayet, Laurène; Médernach, Chantal; Bassi, Clément; Garnier, Robert; Langrand, Jérôme

2017-01-01

Heavy rainfall in May 2016 caused large-scale flooding of the Seine and its tributaries. Analysis of this unusual event showed that it could recur on an even larger scale. The sanitary consequences were less frequently assessed in this analysis, particularly the risk of accidental collective carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning caused by the use of combustion engine drainage pumps. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of acute accidental carbon monoxide exposure observed in the Ile-de-France region, related to the use of drainage pumps in spring and summer 2016 and notified to the Ile-de-France CO poisoning surveillance network. Five events were identified, including 45 people exposed to carbon monoxide. Thirty-four of these people were poisoned, 5 were not poisoned and insufficient data were available for 6 people. Three people showed signs of severity and 2 were treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The other poisoned individuals were managed in hospital and treated by oxygen therapy. All were cured. Collective CO poisonings are common sanitary events during flooding and can be potentially severe. They can occur during the event or over the following days. Preventive measures may help to reduce the risk of CO poisoning, such as increased awareness among professionals, better information of individuals who rent these types of devices or even the use of CO detectors during their use.

France and the Rif War: Lessons from a Forgotten Counterinsurgency War (Northern Morocco - April 1925 - May 1927)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-07

the fighting: the then captains Alphonse Juin, Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, and Lieutenant Philippe de Hautecloque. In his study Three Marshals of...d’aviation. Paris: Berger Levrault, 1928. Juin, Alphonse (Marechal), Je suis soldat: Paris, Editions du Conquistador, 1960. Laure, Auguste, La...Marshals of France, 15 0. 83 Clayton, Three Marshals of France, 155. 84 Juin, Alphonse (man\\chal), Je suis soldat, pp. 102-103. « J’ai rappe!e moi

Influence of Stress Corrosion Crack Morphology on Ultrasonic Examination Performances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dupond, O.; Duwig, V.; Fouquet, T.

2009-03-01

Stress Corrosion Cracking represents a potential damage for several components in PWR. For this reason, NDE of stress corrosion cracks corresponds to an important stake for Electricité de France (EDF) both for availability and for safety of plants. This paper is dedicated to the ultrasonic examination of SCC crack defects. The study mixes an experimental approach conducted on artificial flaws—meant to represent the characteristic morphologic features often encountered on SCC cracks—and a 2D finite element modelling with the code ATHENA 2D developed by EDF. Results indicate that ATHENA reproduces correctly the interaction of the beam on the complex defect. Indeed specific ultrasonic responses resulting from the defect morphology have been observed experimentally and reproduced with the modelling.

Les cooperatives et l'electrification rurale du Quebec, 1945--1964

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorion, Marie-Josee

Cette these est consacree a l'histoire de l'electrification rurale du Quebec, et, plus particulierement, a l'histoire des cooperatives d'electricite. Fondees par vagues successives a partir de 1945, les cooperatives rurales d'electricite ont ete actives dans plusieurs regions du Quebec et elles ont electrifie une partie significative des zones rurales. Afin de comprendre le contexte de la creation des cooperatives d'electricite, notre these debute (premiere partie) par une analyse du climat sociopolitique des annees precedant la naissance du systeme cooperatif d'electrification rurale. Nous y voyons de quelle facon l'electrification rurale devient progressivement, a partir de la fin des annees 1920, une question d'actualite a laquelle les divers gouvernements qui se succedent tentent de trouver une solution, sans engager---ou si peu---les fonds de l'Etat. En ce sens, la premiere etatisation et la mise sur pied d'Hydro-Quebec, en 1944, marquent une rupture quant au mode d'action privilegie jusque-la. La nouvelle societe d'Etat se voit cependant retirer son mandat d'electrifier le monde rural un an apres sa fondation, car le gouvernement Duplessis, de retour au pouvoir, prefere mettre en place son propre modele d'electrification rurale. Ce systeme repose sur des cooperatives d'electricite, soutenues par un organisme public, l'Office de l'electrification rurale (OER). L'OER suscite de grandes attentes de la part des ruraux et c'est par centaines qu'ils se manifestent. Cet engouement pour les cooperatives complique la tache de l'OER, qui doit superviser de nouvelles societes tout en assurant sa propre organisation. Malgre des hesitations et quelques delais introduits par un manque de connaissances techniques et de personnel qualifie, les commissaires de l'OER se revelent perspicaces et parviennent a mettre sur pied un systeme cooperatif d'electrification rurale qui produit des resultats rapides. Il leur faudra cependant compter sur l'aide des autres acteurs engages

Petroliferous wastewaters treatment with water hyacinths (Raffinerie de Provence, France): Experimental statement

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Casabianca, M.L. de; Laugier, T.; Posada, F.

1995-12-31

The production and purification abilities of the water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms., were tested on petrochemical wastewaters at Raffinerie de Provence, Total (La Mede, France), in controlled and in situ experiments. The mean production obtained was of about 6.1 g (dry weight) day{sup {minus}1} m{sup {minus}2} (10-fold lower than those obtained on paper industry effluent), and can be explained by the high salinity and pH of the effluent, and the negative effect of hydrocarbons. In comparison with the control pond, the water hyacinth system induced a rapid settlement effect. Finally, the removal gains due to the water hyacinths systemmore » were about 26% for the suspended solids (i.e., 40.1 kg day{sup {minus}1}), 28% for the total hydrocarbons (i.e., 17.2 kg day{sup {minus}1}) and 18% for the total organic carbon (i.e., 27 kg day{sup {minus}1}).« less

Frequency Dependence and Spatial Distribution of Seismic Attenuation in France: Experimental Results and Possible Interpretations

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-12

and possible interpretations. M. Campillo Laboratoire de Geophysique Interne et Tectonophysique Universite Joseph Fourier and Observatoire de Grenoble...IRIGM, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble, France J.L. Plantet Laboratoire de Detection Geophysique Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique BP 12, 91680 Bruyere-le

[Hypospadia and infertility of Henry II of France (1519-1559)].

PubMed

Hatzinger, M; Al-Shajlawi, S; Sohn, M

2014-03-01

Henry II (1519-1559) of France was the second son of Francis I (1494-1547) and Claude de France (1498-1524) born in 1519 in St. Germain-en-Laye. After his older brother's and his father's death in 1547, he was anointed the French king in Reims. In 1533 already, as a 14-year-old boy, for reasons of state, he was married to the same aged Catherine de Medici (1519-1589), as her uncle was Pope Clement VII (1478-1534). The marriage remained childless for 11 years since Henry, due to a distinct hypospadia and a completely sexually inexperienced wife was unable to conceive children with her. His existing liaison to Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566) - a 19-year-older maid of honor of his father Francis I from 1537 until his death - influenced his sexual life immensely.The blame for the childless marriage was placed primarily on his wife, as Henry had become father of an illegitimate daughter with a mistress. Catherine then underwent all possible medical and alchemical procedures to finally give birth to the hoped Dauphin. Ironically, her rival for the favor of her husband, Diane de Poitiers was one of her greatest allies. She made clear that the cause lay with Henry and not with his wife. This was confirmed by the added solid physician Jean Fernel (1497-1558). His treatment of Henry and the simultaneous training of the unexperienced Catherine by Diane de Poitiers led to success.The result was the birth of Francis II (1544-1560) in 1544, the first of 10 children in 12 years. Thus, the dynasty was saved. After the death of Henry in a tragic tournament accident in 1559, three of his sons became kings of France. But the line of Valois remained without further descendants and was continued by Henry IV, the first Bourbon king in 1589.

Temporal Trends in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in France: FRANCE 2 to FRANCE TAVI.

PubMed

Auffret, Vincent; Lefevre, Thierry; Van Belle, Eric; Eltchaninoff, Hélène; Iung, Bernard; Koning, René; Motreff, Pascal; Leprince, Pascal; Verhoye, Jean Philippe; Manigold, Thibaut; Souteyrand, Geraud; Boulmier, Dominique; Joly, Patrick; Pinaud, Frédéric; Himbert, Dominique; Collet, Jean Philippe; Rioufol, Gilles; Ghostine, Said; Bar, Olivier; Dibie, Alain; Champagnac, Didier; Leroux, Lionel; Collet, Frédéric; Teiger, Emmanuel; Darremont, Olivier; Folliguet, Thierry; Leclercq, Florence; Lhermusier, Thibault; Olhmann, Patrick; Huret, Bruno; Lorgis, Luc; Drogoul, Laurent; Bertrand, Bernard; Spaulding, Christian; Quilliet, Laurent; Cuisset, Thomas; Delomez, Maxence; Beygui, Farzin; Claudel, Jean-Philippe; Hepp, Alain; Jegou, Arnaud; Gommeaux, Antoine; Mirode, Anfani; Christiaens, Luc; Christophe, Charles; Cassat, Claude; Metz, Damien; Mangin, Lionel; Isaaz, Karl; Jacquemin, Laurent; Guyon, Philippe; Pouillot, Christophe; Makowski, Serge; Bataille, Vincent; Rodés-Cabau, Josep; Gilard, Martine; Le Breton, Hervé

2017-07-04

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is standard therapy for patients with severe aortic stenosis who are at high surgical risk. However, national data regarding procedural characteristics and clinical outcomes over time are limited. The aim of this study was to assess nationwide performance trends and clinical outcomes of TAVR during a 6-year period. TAVRs performed in 48 centers across France between January 2013 and December 2015 were prospectively included in the FRANCE TAVI (French Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) registry. Findings were further compared with those reported from the FRANCE 2 (French Aortic National CoreValve and Edwards 2) registry, which captured all TAVRs performed from January 2010 to January 2012 across 34 centers. A total of 12,804 patients from FRANCE TAVI and 4,165 patients from FRANCE 2 were included in this analysis. The median age of patients was 84.6 years, and 49.7% were men. FRANCE TAVI participants were older but at lower surgical risk (median logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation [EuroSCORE]: 15.0% vs. 18.4%; p < 0.001). More than 80% of patients in FRANCE TAVI underwent transfemoral TAVR. Transesophageal echocardiography guidance decreased from 60.7% to 32.3% of cases, whereas more recent procedures were increasingly performed in hybrid operating rooms (15.8% vs. 35.7%). Rates of Valve Academic Research Consortium-defined device success increased from 95.3% in FRANCE 2 to 96.8% in FRANCE TAVI (p < 0.001). In-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were 4.4% and 5.4%, respectively, in FRANCE TAVI compared with 8.2% and 10.1%, respectively, in FRANCE 2 (p < 0.001 for both). Stroke and potentially life-threatening complications, such as annulus rupture or aortic dissection, remained stable over time, whereas rates of cardiac tamponade and pacemaker implantation significantly increased. The FRANCE TAVI registry provided reassuring data regarding trends in TAVR performance in an all

Girls in Science and Technology in Secondary and Post-Secondary Education: The Case of France

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stevanovic, Biljana

2014-01-01

Based on surveys undertaken by the Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France's National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) and by the Direction de l'évaluation de la prospective et de la performance (Directorate of Evaluation, Forecasting and Performance), this article examines the evolution of female student…

NRC assessment of the Department of Energy annealing demonstration project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jackson, D.A.; Malik, S.N.

1997-02-01

Thermal annealing is the only known method for mitigating the effects of neutron irradiation embrittlement in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. In May 1996, the US Department of Energy (DOE) in conjunction with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Westinghouse, Cooperheat, Electric Power Research Institute (with participating utilities), Westinghouse Owner`s Group, Consumers Power, Electricite` de France, Duquesne Light and the Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry (Japan) sponsored an annealing demonstration project (ADP) at Marble Hill. The Marble Hill Plant, located in Madison, Indiana, is a Westinghouse 4 loop design. The plant was nearly 70% completed when themore » project was canceled. Hence, the RPV was never irradiated. The paper will present highlights from the NRCs independent evaluation of the Marble Hill Annealing Demonstration Project.« less

From Sun King to Royal Twilight: Painting in Eighteenth Century France from the Musee Picardie, Amiens.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johnson, Mark M.

2000-01-01

Focuses on the traveling exhibition from the Musee de Picardie in Amiens, France, called "From the Sun King to the Royal Twilight: Painting in Eighteenth Century France," that provides an overview of French paintings from the reign of Louis IV to the fall of the monarchy. (CMK)

Current process and future path for health economic assessment of pharmaceuticals in France

PubMed Central

Toumi, Mondher; Rémuzat, Cécile; El Hammi, Emna; Millier, Aurélie; Aballéa, Samuel; Chouaid, Christos; Falissard, Bruno

2015-01-01

The Social Security Funding Law for 2012 introduced the Economic and Public Health Assessment Committee (Commission Evaluation Economique et de Santé Publique, or CEESP) in the Social Security Code as a specialised committee affiliated with the Haute Autorité de Santé in charge of providing recommendations and health economic opinions. This article provides an in-depth description of the CEESP's structure and working methods, and analyses the impact of health economic assessment on market access of drugs in France. It also points out the areas of uncertainty and the conflicting rules following the introduction of the health economic assessment in France. The authors also provide their personal opinion on the likely future of health economic assessment of drugs in France, including the possible merge of the CEESP and the Transparency Committee, the implementation of a French threshold, and the extension of health economic assessment to a larger number of products. PMID:27123173

Sterol Alkyl Ethers in Immature Callovian (Middle Jurassic) Sediments of Pas de Calais and Normandy (France): Environmental Constraints on their Potential Origins.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kenig, F. P. H.

2017-12-01

Steryl alkyl ethers (SAEs), steroids with C8-C12 alkyl ether substituent at C3have only been reported in a limited number of studies since their first identification in modern diatomaceous ooze (Boon and de Leeuw, 1979 Mar. Chem. 7, 117-132). These compounds were identified in Holocene to Eocene sediments, but only once in the Cretaceous, in the Valanginian sediments of Shasky Rise (Brassell, 2009; Palaeo Palaeo Palaeo 282, 45-57). The origin of these compounds remains unclear, though they have been proposed to be associated with diatoms and biologically productive environments and cold water. Here we report the occurrence of SAEs in Callovian (Middle Jurassic), thermally immature sediments of the Marnes d'Argences near Caen (Normandy, France) and near Le Wast (Pas de Calais, France), extanding their geological occurrence by 28 million years. These marls contain C36 to C41 SAEs with C9 or C10 alkyl moieties. The steroid moieties (C27 to C31) are saturated, unsaturated (at C5 or C22), or di-unsaturated (at C5 and C22). Some of the samples collected near Le Wast contain only 4-methyl substituted C27, C28 and C29 steroid moieties as well as steroid moieties typical of dinoflagellates such 4,23,24-trimethylsteroids saturated and unsaturated at C22, and diatoms such as 4-desmethyl-23,24-dimethyl-steroid. The origin of SAEs will be discussed in view of their novel identification in Jurassic sediments and considering the environment of deposition of the Marnes d'Argences and comparison with their stratigraphic equivalent in England (Oxford Clay) and Eastern France where none of these compounds were observed.

Descriptive study of the parkinsonian population in the north of France: Epidemiological analysis and healthcare consumption.

PubMed

Carriere, N; Verloop, D; Dupont, C; Fontaine, V; Tir, M; Krystkowiak, P; Blanchard, A; Defebvre, M-M; Defebvre, L

2017-06-01

The "neurodegenerative diseases plan" under elaboration for the Hauts-de-France region requires better knowledge of the patient population and care pathways. In France, the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been estimated from cohorts to be about 1-3 per 1000 inhabitants, but exhaustive data are scarce for the general population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of PD in the Hauts-de-France region and to assess PD-related healthcare consumption. A descriptive study was conducted to identify the parkinsonian population in the Hauts-de-France region (including the administrative districts of Pas-de-Calais and Picardie) for the year 2014. Parkinsonian patients were identified from health insurance fund reimbursement data using the following criteria: (i) reimbursement for a PD-specific medication; (ii) attribution of long-duration disease status coded as PD; (iii) hospital stay with PD diagnosis in the standard discharge report contained in the French medico-economic database on hospital activity (PMSI). The raw prevalence of PD in the region was 5.03 per 1000 inhabitants aged 20 years and older. The standardized prevalence by health territory ranged from 4.0 to 9.0 per 1000 inhabitants aged 20 years and older. During the 1-year study period, 33.5% of patients had a neurology consultation, 57.1% attended a physiotherapy session, and 7.7% received speech therapy. Most of patients (79.6%) were treated with levodopa, sometimes in combination with a catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor (14.4%). Dopaminergic agonists were prescribed in 33.5% of cases. A neuroleptic was prescribed for 6.9% of the population (clozapine for 25.9%). The prevalence of PD is high in the Hauts-de-France region with a heterogeneous distribution by health territory. Neurology consultations were attended by a minority of patients in 2014. This work provides perspectives for necessary improvement in specialized care for this disease, both in terms of follow

Minimisation de l'influence de la témperature sur un capteur polarimétrique de position angulaire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaumont, Eric; Chakari, Ayoub; Clement, Michel; Meyrueis, Patrick

2018-04-01

This paper, "Minimisation de l'influence de la témperature sur un capteur polarimétrique de position angulaire," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Satellite remote sensing of hailstorms in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Melcón, Pablo; Merino, Andrés; Sánchez, José Luis; López, Laura; Hermida, Lucía

2016-12-01

Hailstorms are meteorological phenomena of great interest to the scientific community, owing to their socioeconomic impact, which is mainly on agricultural production. With its global coverage and high spatial and temporal resolution, satellite remote sensing can contribute to monitoring of such events through the development of appropriate techniques. This paper presents an extensive validation in the south of France of a hail detection tool (HDT) developed for the Middle Ebro Valley (MEV). The HDT is based on consecutive application of two filters, a convection mask (CM) and hail mask (HM), using spectral channels of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. The south of France is an ideal area for studying hailstorms, because there is a robust database of hail falls recorded by an extensive network of hailpads managed by the Association Nationale d'Etude et de Lutte contre les Fleáux Atmosphériques (ANELFA). The results show noticeably poorer performance of the HDT in France relative to that in the MEV, with probability of detection (POD) 60.4% and false alarm rate (FAR) 26.6%. For this reason, a new tool to suit the characteristics of hailstorms in France has been developed. The France Hail Detection Tool (FHDT) was developed using logistic regression from channels of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) sensor of the MSG. The FHDT was validated, resulting in POD 69.3% and FAR 15.4%, thus improving hail detection in the study area as compared with the previous tool. The new tool was tested in a case study with satisfactory results, supporting its future practical application.

International Workshop on Beam Injection Assessment of Defects in Semiconductors Held in Meudon-Bellevue (France) on 18-20 July 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-07-20

Krause , Phys. Stat. Sol. (a) 102, 443 (1987) 2) \\1. Tajima, in "Defects and Properties of Semiconductors: Defect Engineering", edited by J. Chikawa (Tokyo...illustrate that the newly developed electron optical column satisfies all the requirements for internal measurements on VLSI circuits. (1] E. Wolfgang ...JEME29, rue Jeanne Marvig 13397 MARSEILLE CEDE-X 13 31400 TOULOUSE FRANCE FRANCE PICQUERA-S Javier- SCHROTER Wolfgang Dpto de Fisica de Materiales IV

[France, an attractive country for international clinical research: 2010 survey assessed by Leem (French association of pharmaceutical companies)].

PubMed

Lassale, Catherine; Sibenaler, Claire; Behier, Jehan-Michel; Pletan, Yannick; Courcier, Soizic

2011-01-01

In order to evaluate the attractiveness of France for conducting international clinical trials, a survey is performed every two years among pharmaceutical companies that are based in France or have affiliates in France. Twenty-nine companies (72% of the French market) including 10 newly participants, have participated in the current survey which included 328 international phase II and III clinical studies, 79 countries, 24,337 centres and 249,704 patients (included in 2008/2009). France (291 patients/million inhabitants) ranked among the best European recruiters in second position behind Scandinavia. Since 2008, protocols are still to be given the go-ahead by French Authorities (Afssaps and CPP) within 60 days, in accordance with European directive. The continuation of reduction in deadlines for hospital contracts is encouraging and highlights the positive effect of CeNGEPS. French state-of-art is well recognized in Oncology/Hematology and Orphan disease which could be an example to improve the competitiveness of France in other key therapeutic areas such as Alzheimer's disease and Immuno-Inflammation. © 2011 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.

Fine-scale human genetic structure in Western France.

PubMed

Karakachoff, Matilde; Duforet-Frebourg, Nicolas; Simonet, Floriane; Le Scouarnec, Solena; Pellen, Nadine; Lecointe, Simon; Charpentier, Eric; Gros, Françoise; Cauchi, Stéphane; Froguel, Philippe; Copin, Nane; Le Tourneau, Thierry; Probst, Vincent; Le Marec, Hervé; Molinaro, Sabrina; Balkau, Beverley; Redon, Richard; Schott, Jean-Jacques; Blum, Michael Gb; Dina, Christian

2015-06-01

The difficulties arising from association analysis with rare variants underline the importance of suitable reference population cohorts, which integrate detailed spatial information. We analyzed a sample of 1684 individuals from Western France, who were genotyped at genome-wide level, from two cohorts D.E.S.I.R and CavsGen. We found that fine-scale population structure occurs at the scale of Western France, with distinct admixture proportions for individuals originating from the Brittany Region and the Vendée Department. Genetic differentiation increases with distance at a high rate in these two parts of Northwestern France and linkage disequilibrium is higher in Brittany suggesting a lower effective population size. When looking for genomic regions informative about Breton origin, we found two prominent associated regions that include the lactase region and the HLA complex. For both the lactase and the HLA regions, there is a low differentiation between Bretons and Irish, and this is also found at the genome-wide level. At a more refined scale, and within the Pays de la Loire Region, we also found evidence of fine-scale population structure, although principal component analysis showed that individuals from different departments cannot be confidently discriminated. Because of the evidence for fine-scale genetic structure in Western France, we anticipate that rare and geographically localized variants will be identified in future full-sequence analyses.

The Comtesse De Genlis' "Théâtre À L'Usage Des Jeunes Personnes" (1779-1780): Educating for Order and Prejudice in Pre-Revolutionary France

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pinto, Isabel

2017-01-01

This essay explores the educational contribution of the Comtesse de Genlis' "Théâtre à l'usage des jeunes personnes" ["Theatre of Education"] (1792/1779-1780), a four-volume collection of closet drama, in light of the social, political and cultural shifts occurring in France in the period prior to the French Revolution. In…

Comparative morphology and paleobiology of Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l'Aubesier, Vaucluse, France.

PubMed

Lebel, S; Trinkaus, E; Faure, M; Fernandez, P; Guérin, C; Richter, D; Mercier, N; Valladas, H; Wagner, G A

2001-09-25

The discovery of later Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l'Aubesier, France reinforces an evolutionary model of the gradual accumulation of Neandertal-derived facial and dental features during the Middle Pleistocene of the northwestern Old World. The pronounced maxillary incisor beveling of Aubesier 4 helps to extend the antiquity of nondietary use of the anterior dentition. The interproximal "toothpick" groove on the Aubesier 10 molar increases the sample for these lesions. The pathological loss of the mandibular dentition of Aubesier 11 indicates advanced antemortem masticatory impairment, at a level previously undocumented before the Late Pleistocene. These remains support a view of later Middle Pleistocene humans able to support debilitated individuals despite the considerable use of their bodies to accomplish routine activities.

The epidemiological information system of the French national electricity and gas company: the SI-EPI project.

PubMed

Goldberg, M; Chevalier, A; Imbernon, E; Coing, F; Pons, H

1996-01-01

SI-EPI is epidemiological information system set up in 1978 in the national electricity and gas company, Electricité de France-Gaz de France (EDF-GDF). The worker population comprises about 150,000 individuals, involved in production, transmission and distribution of energy. SI-EPI was developed by the epidemiologists of the Occupational Health Department (180 physicians), and of the Sécurité Sociale Department (120 physicians). Several data bases constitute SI-EPI. The population data base contains demographic, socioeconomic and professional data about each worker. The health data base is an exhaustive register of sick leave, accidents, permanent disabilities, compensated diseases, causes of death and cancer incidence among active workers. The Occupational Exposure and Working Conditions data base includes the MATEX job-exposure matrix (30 potentially carcinogenic agents) and FINDEX files which record data obtained from the systematic individual surveillance of workers. The GAZEL cohort data base concerns a sample of more than 20,000 volunteer workers, followed since 1989; in addition to data from the data bases, it contains information collected from other different sources, including self-questionnaires. Numerous epidemiological studies based on SI-EPI data have been conducted by in-house epidemiologists as well as by external research groups. They include mortality and morbidity studies and address various topics and health problems. Their results are used for internal information, as well as for epidemiological research purposes.

Ionising radiation and risk of death from leukaemia and lymphoma in radiation-monitored workers (INWORKS): an international cohort study.

PubMed

Leuraud, Klervi; Richardson, David B; Cardis, Elisabeth; Daniels, Robert D; Gillies, Michael; O'Hagan, Jacqueline A; Hamra, Ghassan B; Haylock, Richard; Laurier, Dominique; Moissonnier, Monika; Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K; Thierry-Chef, Isabelle; Kesminiene, Ausrele

2015-07-01

There is much uncertainty about the risks of leukaemia and lymphoma after repeated or protracted low-dose radiation exposure typical of occupational, environmental, and diagnostic medical settings. We quantified associations between protracted low-dose radiation exposures and leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma mortality among radiation-monitored adults employed in France, the UK, and the USA. We assembled a cohort of 308,297 radiation-monitored workers employed for at least 1 year by the Atomic Energy Commission, AREVA Nuclear Cycle, or the National Electricity Company in France, the Departments of Energy and Defence in the USA, and nuclear industry employers included in the National Registry for Radiation Workers in the UK. The cohort was followed up for a total of 8.22 million person-years. We ascertained deaths caused by leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. We used Poisson regression to quantify associations between estimated red bone marrow absorbed dose and leukaemia and lymphoma mortality. Doses were accrued at very low rates (mean 1.1 mGy per year, SD 2.6). The excess relative risk of leukaemia mortality (excluding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) was 2.96 per Gy (90% CI 1.17-5.21; lagged 2 years), most notably because of an association between radiation dose and mortality from chronic myeloid leukaemia (excess relative risk per Gy 10.45, 90% CI 4.48-19.65). This study provides strong evidence of positive associations between protracted low-dose radiation exposure and leukaemia. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, AREVA, Electricité de France, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, US Department of Energy, US Department of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina, Public Health England. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

La Maison Paternelle: 'A College of Repression' for Wayward Bourgeois Adolescents in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ramsland, John

1989-01-01

Describes the Maison Paternelle de St Antoine near Tours, France, which operated as a private institution for the correction of recalcitrant bourgeois adolescents from 1855 until 1909. Cites the suicide of an inmate as the factor which led to the closing of this facility and the focusing of attention in France on the rights of children. (KO)

4TH International Topical Conference on High-Power Electron and Ion-Beam Research and Technology, held in Palaiseau, France, 29 June - 3 July 1981.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-10-09

N. Camarcat (Centre d’Etudes de Valduc ) noted that the French were new in this field and presented the results of the experiments on LIB production...Beam Production on Low Impedance Generators" N. Camarcat et al. C.E.A.-D.A.M.-S.E.C.R. Centre d’Etudes de Valduc , France 7...Acceleration on the Thalie Generator" J. Cortella et al. C.E.A.-D.A.M.-S.E.C.R. Centre d’Etudes de Valduc , France ION PRODUCTION II "The Work on High

[Attractiveness of France for international clinical research: 8th survey conducted by Leem (French association for pharmaceutical companies)].

PubMed

Galaup, Ariane; Barthélémy, Philippe; Pouletty-Lefebvre, Brigitte; Béhier, Jehan-Michel; Zetlaoui, Jean; Borel, Thomas

2018-04-18

The Leem (French association of pharmaceutical companies) has conducted the eighth survey on attractiveness of France for clinical research. It serves to measure France's global competitiveness for international clinical trials and assess its strengths and areas of excellence. It also highlights the potential for progress and emerging trends at a time when the regulatory environment in France and Europe is undergoing change. This survey has been updated every two years since 2002 using the same methodology. It assesses the current status of research undertaken in France by the pharmaceutical industry between January 1st 2014 and December 31st 2015. Thirty companies (62% of the French market) have participated in this 8th survey which involved 3474 centers (versus 2860 in 2014) and 16,622 patients (versus 14,634 in 2014) enrolled in France across 586 clinical trials (versus 613 in 2014). This survey shows a reduction in the number of phase I and phase II trials. It also confirms that the studies conducted in France are primarily concerned with oncology (45%). Despite improvements across hospital contracts times (due to the adoption of the sole agreement) and performance indicators in trials (such as the number of patients enrolled by center), trial setup times in France are still overly lengthy (with stable times by French authorities). Ensuring that clinical research remains a priority issue for country is crucial for patients because of rapid access to innovation but also for the vitality of the French economy. Constructive dialogue with stakeholders on the subject of clinical research is essential to enhance the attractiveness of France and to improve the continuum between research, innovation and care. Copyright © 2018 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

What strategy should France implement for H2020?

PubMed

Dhainaut, Jean-François; Diebolt, Vincent; Pouletty-Lefèbvre, Brigitte; Baker, Angela; Bassompierre, François; Borel, Thomas; Braunstein, David; Demotes, Jacques; François, Bruno; Huet, Stéphane; Micallef, Joëlle; Misse, Christophe; Molon, Annamaria; Rascol, Olivier; Ravoire, Sophie; Schwartz, Bertrand; Donne, Nathalie; Donne, Nathalie; Fusaï, Guillaume; Pouletty, Philippe; Vicaut, Eric

2015-01-01

The initiation of Horizon 2020--the European Union's 8th Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, allotted a budget of 79 billion euros--provides an opportunity to review France's participation in previous Framework Programmes. Indeed, French participation does not match either its scientific importance or its financial investment. While France contributed 16.5 to 17% of the EU's 7th Framework Programme research budget, its return through the funding of coordinated projects in which French teams are participating stands at around 12.5 to 13%, a shortfall of 600 million euros. Although the situation depends on the type of activity, French participation in clinical research appears to be smaller than that of its neighbours, with fewer responses to European calls for proposals. While France has many assets, which include the assured funding of clinical research, structured thematic networks and the initiation of major national programmes, it suffers from the dilution of resources due to France's regional development policy, the lack of multidisciplinarity and the ignorance of both the medical and scientific community and the institutions to which they belong as to how Horizon 2020 actually works. We propose three types of strategy to encourage proposals for coordinated clinical research projects or projects involving French teams, and to help in the drawing up of applications: Broaden the vision of our children, students and colleagues, helping them to adapt to the globalisation of knowledge throughout their educational and professional lives. Recognise the value of European actions to influence the European landscape and change mentalities. Help and support project initiators by pooling skills within a limited number of expert centres designed to assist them in their funding application. • Broaden the vision of our children, students and colleagues, helping them to adapt to the globalisation of knowledge throughout their educational and professional lives

Historique en grandes enjambées de la thermodynamique de l'équilibre

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hertz, J.

2004-12-01

La Thermodynamique, une science totalement nouvelle au XIXème siècle, a germé en France en contrepoint des idées du siècle des Lumières, dans le milieu particulier des anciens élèves de l’Ecole Polytechnique, officiers supérieurs formés pour l’armée républicaine ou napoléonienne, mais qui ne trouvaient plus leur place dans l’armée de la Restauration. Ils se convertissaient en ingénieurs civils des métiers industriels en pleine expansion, comme le développement de la machine à vapeur ou des chemins de fer. La plupart d’entre eux, plutôt libre-penseurs, adhéraient aux idées scientistes du « positivisme », véhiculées dans les Loges de la Franc-Maçonnerie du Grand Orient de France et plus particulièrement dans les cercles Saint-Simoniens, premiers adeptes du socialisme industriel. C’est ainsi que naquit en 1824, dans le cerveau subtil mais brouillon de Sadi Carnot toute la vision illuminée de cette science nouvelle, incompréhensible pour ses contemporains. Elle ressuscita en 1834 sous la plume d’un Emile Clapeyron qui avait pris conscience de l’immensité de l’œuvre de Sadi Carnot. Mais le rappel de Clapeyron demeura également sans écho pendant dix années. Le réveil de la Thermodynamique se fera désormais hors de France par des hommes de grande pratique religieuse et généralement protestants. C’est ainsi que William Thomson en Ecosse et Rudolph Clausius, venu de Prusse, achevèrent l’œuvre de leurs deux prédécesseurs et que la Thermodynamique mécano-thermique fut définitivement établie en 1864. La thermodynamique chimique peut être attribuée à un seul génie mathématicien, Josiah Willard Gibbs qui travaillait tout seul au Yale College de New-Haven, dans le Connecticut, et rédigea sa nouvelle théorie entre 1875 et 1878. Enfin l’interprétation statistique du second principe sera l’œuvre en 1877 d’un Autrichien, Ludwig Boltzmann, homme génial mais fragile qui eut le temps d’insuffler ses id

Strategic proposal for a national trauma system in France.

PubMed

Gauss, Tobias; Balandraud, Paul; Frandon, Julien; Abba, Julio; Ageron, Francois Xavier; Albaladejo, Pierre; Arvieux, Catherine; Barbois, Sandrine; Bijok, Benjamin; Bobbia, Xavier; Charbit, Jonathan; Cook, Fabrice; David, Jean-Stephane; Maurice, Guillaume De Saint; Duranteau, Jacques; Garrigue, Delphine; Gay, Emmanuel; Geeraerts, Thomas; Ghelfi, Julien; Hamada, Sophie; Harrois, Anatole; Kobeiter, Hicham; Leone, Marc; Levrat, Albrice; Mirek, Sebastien; Nadji, Abdel; Paugam-Burtz, Catherine; Payen, Jean Francois; Perbet, Sebastien; Pirracchio, Romain; Plenier, Isabelle; Pottecher, Julien; Rigal, Sylvain; Riou, Bruno; Savary, Dominique; Secheresse, Thierry; Tazarourte, Karim; Thony, Frederic; Tonetti, Jerome; Tresallet, Christophe; Wey, Pierre-Francois; Picard, Julien; Bouzat, Pierre

2018-05-29

In this road map for trauma in France, we focus on the main challenges for system implementation, surgical and radiology training, and upon innovative training techniques. Regarding system organisation: procedures for triage, designation and certification of trauma centres are mandatory to implement trauma networks on a national scale. Data collection with registries must be created, with a core dataset defined and applied through all registries. Regarding surgical and radiology training, diagnostic-imaging processes should be standardised and the role of the interventional radiologist within the trauma team and the trauma network should be clearly defined. Education in surgery for trauma is crucial and recent changes in medical training in France will promote trauma surgery as a specific sub-specialty. Innovative training techniques should be implemented and be based on common objectives, scenarios and evaluation, so as to improve individual and team performances. The group formulated 14 proposals that should help to structure and improve major trauma management in France over the next 10 years. Copyright © 2018 Société française d'anesthésie et de réanimation (Sfar). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Archeology, biology, anthropology: human evolution according to Gabriel de Mortillet and John Lubbock (France, England c. 1860-1870).

PubMed

Richard, Nathalie

2012-01-01

This essay compares the first evolutionary syntheses on human prehistory formulated by John Lubbock (1865) in Britain and Gabriel de Mortillet (1869-1883) in France, which both brought the question of human evolution in multidisciplinary light by borrowing tools from archaeology and ethnology rather than from biology. This paper shows that these syntheses displayed similarities as well as differences, and intends to give a comparative assessment of some intellectual and social characteristics of British and French nineteenth-century prehistoric archaeology. Lubbock's and Mortillet's syntheses relied heavily on archaeological collections but these were of different content and status. They stressed progress but they were also organized in accordance to different visions of evolution. Both were articulated from political and religious standpoints, but these standpoints were different in their content and tone.

Adult scurvy in New France: Samuel de Champlain's "Mal de la terre" at Saint Croix Island, 1604-1605.

PubMed

Crist, Thomas A; Sorg, Marcella H

2014-06-01

Diagnosing scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) in adult skeletal remains is difficult despite documentary evidence of its past prevalence. Analysis of 20 European colonists buried at Saint Croix Island in New France during the winter of 1604-1605, accompanied by their leader Samuel de Champlain's eyewitness account of their symptoms, provided the opportunity to document lesions of adult scurvy within a tightly dated historical context. Previous diagnoses of adult scurvy have relied predominantly on the presence of periosteal lesions of the lower limbs and excessive antemortem tooth loss. Our analysis suggests that, when observed together, reactive lesions of the oral cavity associated with palatal inflammation and bilateral lesions at the mastication muscle attachment sites support the differential diagnosis of adult scurvy. Antemortem loss of the anterior teeth, however, is not a reliable diagnostic indicator. Employing a biocultural interpretive approach, analysis of these early colonists' skeletal remains enhances current understanding of the methods that medical practitioners used to treat the disorder during the Age of Discovery, performing rudimentary oral surgery and autopsies. Although limited by a small sample and taphonomic effects, this analysis strongly supports the use of weighted paleopathological criteria to diagnose adult scurvy based on the co-occurrence of specific porotic lesions. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Floods in southwest-central Florida from hurricane Frances, September 2004

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kane, Richard L.

2005-01-01

Hurricane Frances brought heavy rainfall and widespread flooding to southwest-central Florida September 4-14, 2004. The center of Hurricane Frances made landfall on the east coast of Florida on September 5 as a category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, then moved west-northwestward through central Florida before exiting Pasco County into the Gulf of Mexico on September 6 (fig. 1; National Weather Service, 2004). The hurricane moved across the Florida Peninsula generating 5 to 11 inches of rain over already saturated ground (table 1). Record flooding occurred in parts of Hardee, Hillsborough, Pasco, and Polk Counties (fig. 1). The hurricane and resulting floods caused an estimated $4-5 billion in damage to public and private property (Harrington, 2004), and 23 deaths were attributed to Hurricane Frances (National Weather Service, 2004). Several watersheds drain counties in southwest-central Florida that were affected by Hurricane Frances. De Soto, Hardee, and Polk Counties generally are drained by the Peace River system, which flows southwestward to Charlotte Harbor and the Gulf of Mexico. Hillsborough and Pasco Counties generally are drained by the Alafia, Hillsborough, Anclote, and Pithlachascotee River systems. Water in the Hillsborough and Alafia River watersheds flows west to Tampa Bay and water in the Anclote and Pithlachascotee River watersheds flows west to the Gulf of Mexico. (fig. 1, http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/2005/3028/#fig1).

Introduction of SARS in France, March–April, 2003

PubMed Central

van der Werf, Sylvie; Bonmarin, Isabelle; Levy-Bruhl, Daniel; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Hoen, Bruno; Emmanuelli, Julien; Lesens, Olivier; Dupon, Michel; Natali, François; Michelet, Christian; Reynes, Jacques; Guery, Benoit; Larsen, Christine; Semaille, Caroline; Mouton, Yves; Christmann, Daniel; André, Michel; Escriou, Nicolas; Burguière, Anna; Manuguerra, Jean-Claude; Coignard, Bruno; Lepoutre, Agnés; Meffre, Christine; Bitar, Dounia; Decludt, Bénédicte; Capek, Isabelle; Antona, Denise; Che, Didier; Herida, Magid; Infuso, Andréa; Saura, Christine; Brücker, Gilles; Hubert, Bruno; LeGoff, Dominique; Scheidegger, Suzanne

2004-01-01

We describe severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in France. Patients meeting the World Health Organization definition of a suspected case underwent a clinical, radiologic, and biologic assessment at the closest university-affiliated infectious disease ward. Suspected cases were immediately reported to the Institut de Veille Sanitaire. Probable case-patients were isolated, their contacts quarantined at home, and were followed for 10 days after exposure. Five probable cases occurred from March through April 2003; four were confirmed as SARS coronavirus by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, serologic testing, or both. The index case-patient (patient A), who had worked in the French hospital of Hanoi, Vietnam, was the most probable source of transmission for the three other confirmed cases; two had been exposed to patient A while on the Hanoi-Paris flight of March 22–23. Timely detection, isolation of probable cases, and quarantine of their contacts appear to have been effective in preventing the secondary spread of SARS in France. PMID:15030682

Entre Reproduction et Mobilisation: les Rapports de Genre EN Formation Continue EN France et AU Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fourner, Christine; Béret, Pierre; Doray, Pierre; Bélanger, Paul

2009-01-01

REPRODUCTION OR MOBILISATION? GENDER PROPORTIONS IN CONTINUING EDUCATION IN FRANCE AND CANADA - Initial education provisions for women have evolved greatly over the past 40 years. But what about their situation within adult education and training? This article, comparing Canada and France, shows that, while it is well known that more women than men participate in adult education, their greater presence in professional training courses is a new development. The analysis highlights certain particular findings, such as the growing demand for continuing education in Canada and the increased rate of participation by full-time employees in France. In both countries, a number of social factors continue to influence women's participation.

Geomorphological Monitoring of a Sediment Injection Experimentation: the Old Rhine between Kembs and Breisach dams (France, Germany)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Béal, D.; Arnaud, F.; Piégay, H.; Rollet, A.-J.; Schmitt, L.

2012-04-01

of recommendations for a sustainable sediment dynamics restoration. The injection test provides concrete elements for construction of scenarios of evolution, and for guiding future restoration strategies to diversify aquatic and riparian habitats of the Old Rhine. Moreover equivalent injections performed soon by the local hydroelectric manager (Electricité De France) have already the feedback of this life test.

France. Country profile. [France's economy adjusts to a declining birth rate].

PubMed

Inserra, P

1984-09-01

This discussion of France focuses on regions and cities, age distribution, households and families, housing, labor force, consumption, education, and communications. France counted 54,334,871 citizens as of March 4, 1982. There were 250,000 more people than in 1975, yielding a 7-year growth rate of 3.3%. If present trends continue, there will be 56 million French by the end of the 1980s. Since 1975 when the last census was conducted, cities of more than 200,000 lost an average of 5% of their residents. For the 1st time in more than a century, urban areas of 20,000 or more did not gain population but merely held their own. France continues to experience the effects of the large-scale decimation of its male population during the 2 world wars. The World war i loss showed up March 1982 as a relatively smaller 60-74 group. Conversely the population aged 75 and over is growing, both in absolute numbers and as a percent of the population. There were 3.6 million aged 75 and over (6.6% of the population) in 1982 compared with 3 million (5.6%) in 1975. The 19 and under age group declined between 1975-85, from 31% (16.2 million) to 29% (15.6 million). The 20-59 year old group constitutes the largest segment of the population--about double the group aged 19 and under--and its growing. This group was 50% of the population in 1973 and 53% in 1982. The infant mortality rate has declined steadily in France, from 18.2 deaths/1000 births in 1970 to 13.6 in 1975 and 9.5 at present. The total fertility rate has continued to decline: 1.8 children/woman in the 1982 census a rate less than the number needed to replace the present French population. Between 1975-82 households grew 10.4% to a total of 19.6 million. The growth in the number of households is attributed to the increase in divorce and the tendency for French children to leave the parental home at an earlier age. France has nearly 23 million dwelling places. More than half of householders own their own homes. New housing starts

The "cradle of glass": incubators for infants in late nineteenth-century France.

PubMed

Greene, Gina

2010-01-01

This article examines the development of the incubator for premature infants in fin-de-siècle France. During a period of widespread anxiety in France regarding infant mortality and its implications for population growth, physicians in Paris developed and widely promoted the lifesaving technology. This article explores the ways in which the incubator reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to creating hygienic spaces as well as how it reflected new scientific and symbolic approaches to the traditionally feminine project of infant care. By creating such an isolating and protective milieu around premature infants—an entirely new population of patients—the incubator, I argue, heralded a renegotiation of the boundary between motherhood and medical authority.

Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of Alloy 690 tubes for steam generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diano, P.; Muggeo, A.; Van Duysen, J. C.; Guttmann, M.

1989-12-01

Alloy 690 is used to replace Alloy 600 for the fabrication of tubes for steam generators of french pressurized water nuclear reactors. In order to reduce the dispersion in tensile properties observed for the first Alloy 690 industrial tubes, and which had already been noticed for Alloy 600, a joint research programme has been carried out by Electricité de France (Département Etude des Matériaux) and Valinox Montbard. The dispersion in the tensile properties of the first industrial Alloy 690 tubes for PWR steam generators arises from two main factors: - a grain size dispersion which is in particular controlled by the carbon content and by the final heat treatment, - differences in the degree of strain hardening induced by the straightening process with rollers. An improvement of the fabrication processes which have an influence on these two factors has allowed to reduce considerably the dispersion of the tensile properties of the more recent series of tubes.

Does the Commercial French Syllabus Reflect the Situation in France? A Re-Evaluation and Suggestions for Course Design.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whelan, Raymond E.

The ideal foreign language business course would be a cooperative effort between the business school and the foreign language department, prepare students for any of the five proficiency levels in the French Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie de Paris test, be designed for the American working in France, and have a balanced international trade…

Un accumulateur echangeur de chaleur hybride pour la gestion simultanee des energies solaire et electrique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ait Hammou, Zouhair

Cette etude porte sur la conception d'un accumulateur echangeur de chaleur hybride (AECH) pour la gestion simultanee des energies solaire et electrique. Un modele mathematique reposant sur les equations de conservation de la quantite d'energie est expose. Il est developpe pour tester differents materiaux de stockage, entre autres, les materiaux a changement de phase (solide/liquide) et les materiaux de stockage sensible. Un code de calcul est mis en eeuvre sur ordinateur, puis valide a l'aide des resultats analytiques et numeriques de la litterature. En parallele, un prototype experimental a echelle reduite est concu au laboratoire afin de valider le code de calcul. Des simulations sont effectuees pour etudier les effets des parametres de conception et des materiaux de stockage sur le comportement thermique de l'AECH et sur la consommation d'energie electrique. Les resultats des simulations sur quatre mois d'hiver montrent que la paraffine n-octadecane et l'acide caprique sont deux candidats souhaitables pour le stockage d'energie destine au chauffage des habitats. L'utilisation de ces deux materiaux dans l'AECH permet de reduire la consommation d'energie electrique de 32% et d'aplanir le probleme de pointe electrique puisque 90% de l'energie electrique est consommee durant les heures creuses. En plus, en adoptant un tarif preferentiel, le calcul des couts lies a la consommation d'energie electrique montre que le consommateur adoptant ce systeme beneficie d'une reduction de 50% de la facture d'electricite.

Multi-parameter observation of environmental asbestos pollution at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (Jussieu Campus, France).

PubMed

Besson, P; Lalanne, F X; Wang, Y; Guyot, F

1999-11-01

An original multi-parameter system has been used to study the nature of dust in the ambient air, particularly the total fibers and asbestos fibers, in eight areas of the Institut de Physique de Globe de Paris (France). These analyses provide a detailed case study of environmental pollution by asbestos fibers at low levels. The levels of total fibers with a length greater than 3 microns, measured with a real time fiber analyser monitor (FAM), give a baseline of 2.5 fibers per l., throughout the duration of sampling. The same levels, calculated during periods of effective presence of staff, are smaller than 10 fb per l. During these periods, the instantaneous value can show high peaks, reaching a maximum of 60 fb per l., but more often of about 5 to 10 fb per l. A direct cause and effect relationship exists between fiber concentrations and the presence of people, and indirectly with the variation of the other environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity). The baseline concentration of asbestos fibers, determined by analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM), is about 10(-1) fb per l., with a mean value during the presence of people always less than 1.5 fb per l. The low levels of asbestos fibers do not allow us to establish a precise correlation between the concentration of total fibers and the asbestos concentration, but a rough estimate suggests that asbestos could represent 10-20% of the airborne fibers monitored with the FAM. The statistical study of fiber sizes shows that 70 and 55% of analyzed chrysotile and amosite fibers respectively are smaller than 5 microns. These numbers are 40 and 35% for fibers smaller than 3 microns, which are undetected by the FAM. Amosite, which characterizes most of the asbestos-containing materials (ACM) in the analyzed areas, is detected in the ambient air in quantities ten times less important than chrysotile. The low asbestos levels and the difference between the nature of building asbestos and airborne

Luminescence dating of Holocene dune complexes along the shore of northern France (Picardy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lauer, Tobias; Frechen, Manfred; Meurisse-Fort, Murielle; Gosselin, Guillaume; van Vliet-Lanoë, Brigitte

2010-05-01

The Holocene dune and peat complexes along the shore of northern France (Picardy) had already been studied in detail by Meurisse et al. (2005) and Meurisse-Fort (2009). Information about the palaeodevelopment of those dune fields is hence given due to existing 14C data as well as by sedimentological and morphological analyses. Due to the results from radiocarbon dating, different types of aeolian bodies could be correlated along the Picardy coastline and a regional stratigraphic sequence could be established (Meurisse-Fort, 2009). The aim of the ongoing study is to get a higher chronological resolution for the different phases of dune activity in Picardy by luminescence dating what is a powerful tool to determine the time of last sunlight exposure of grains before burial (this information yields important information about dune movement). Samples for OSL dating were taken from dune bodies located in Tardinghen, Hardelot, Saint-Frieux and Saint-Gabriel. For dating, a single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol (Murray & Wintle 2003) is applied to coarse grained quartz. First tests concerning the signal intensity, the purity of the quartz OSL signal and the bleaching properties showed that quartz OSL dating works well for the dunes of the northern France coastline. The new luminescence ages will help to better unravel the phases of sand dune activity and stabilisation mainly controlled by climate changes and human impact. References: Meurisse, M., Van Vliet-Lanoë, B., Talon, B. & Recourt, P. (2005): Complexes dunaires et tourbeux holocènes du littoral du Nord de la France. - Geoscience, 337 : 675-684. Meurisse-Fort, M. (2009): Enregistrement haute résolution des massifs dunaires ; Manche, mer du Nord et Atlantique - Le rôle des tempêtes. Thèse de Doctorat soutenue en juin 2007, Université de Lille1. Coll. Recherches - Sciences (Sciences de la Terre). EPU-Publibook (ed.), Paris, 310 pp. Murray, A.S. & Wintle, A.G. (2003): The single aliquot regenerative

France and European Security

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

block number) In the 1960s, French defense policy emphasized the protection of French territory rather than the collective security of France and her... France and her European allies. This began to change in the late 1970s. The French contribution to European security is now a matter of considerable...independence. He interpreted independence in a specific manner. Although France would maintain ties and commitments to its allies, the French government

Germany, France and NATO

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-10-17

the Alliance. Ii. France and NATO. " The French position on NAI 0 has evolved since 1990. Rance has moved toward closer military cooperation with...NATO as demonstrated, for example, by the subcrdination c! French troops in the EUROCORPS io SACFUR when a crisis demands it, " Yet France has also...future. Greater cooperation may develop between France and the United Kingdom, particularly in nuclear matters, as indicated in the French White

The VATO project: An original methodology to study the transfer of tritium as HT and HTO in grassland ecosystem.

PubMed

Maro, D; Vermorel, F; Rozet, M; Aulagnier, C; Hébert, D; Le Dizès, S; Voiseux, C; Solier, L; Cossonnet, C; Godinot, C; Fiévet, B; Laguionie, P; Connan, O; Cazimajou, O; Morillon, M; Lamotte, M

2017-02-01

Tritium ( 3 H) is mainly released into the environment by nuclear power plants, military nuclear facilities and nuclear reprocessing plants. The construction of new nuclear facilities in the world as well as the evolution of nuclear fuel management might lead to an increase of 3 H discharges from the nuclear industry. The VATO project was set up by IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) and EDF (Electricité de France) to reduce the uncertainties in the knowledge about transfers of 3 H from an atmospheric source (currently releasing HT and HTO) to a grassland ecosystem. A fully instrumented technical platform with specifically designed materials was set up downwind of the AREVA NC La Hague reprocessing plant (Northwest of the France). This study, started in 2013, was conducted in four main steps to provide an hourly data set of 3 H concentrations in the environment, adequate to develop and/or validate transfer models. It consisted first in characterizing the physico-chemical forms of 3 H present in the air around the plant. Then, 3 H transfer kinetics to grass were quantified regarding contributions from various compartments of the environment. For this purpose, an original experimental procedure was provided to take account for biases due to rehydration of freeze-dried samples for the determination of OBT activity concentrations in biological samples. In a third step, the 3 H concentrations measured in the air and in rainwater were reconstructed at hourly intervals. Finally, a data processing technique was used to determine the biological half-lives of OBT in grass. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental studies of aerosol- cloud droplet interactions at the puy de Dome observatory (France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laj, P.; Dupuy, R.; Sellegri, K.; Pichon, J.; Fournol, J.; Cortes, L.; Preunkert, S.; Legrand, M.

2001-05-01

The interactions between aerosol particles, gases and cloud droplets were studied at the puy de Dome cloud station (France, 1465 a.s.l.) during winter 2000. The partitioning of gas and aerosol species between interstitial and condensed phases is achieved using a series of instrumentation including a newly developed dual counter-flow virtual impactor (CVI)/ Round jet impactor (RJI) system. The RJI/CVI system, coupled with measurement of cloud microphysical properties, provided direct observation of number and mass partitioning of aerosols under different air mass conditions. Preliminary results from this field experiment allowed for the characterization of size segregated chemical composition of CCNs and of interstitial aerosols by means of gravimetric analysis and ion chromatography. It appears that CCNs are clearly enriched in soluble species as respect to interstitial aerosols. We found evidences of limited growth of Ca2+ - rich coarse particles (>1 μm) that did not form droplets larger than the 5 μm CVI cut-off. The number partitioning of aerosol particles between interstitial and condensed phases clearly depends upon cloud microphysics and aerosol properties and therefore undergoes different behaviour according to air mass origin. However, results cannot be fully explained by diffusion growth alone, in particular for high cloud LWC.

Developpement d'un catalyseur nickel-alumine efficace pour le reformage de diesel a la vapeur d'eau et etude du systeme reactionnel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fauteux-Lefebvre, Clemence

Le developpement de sources d'energie alternatives fiables et efficaces est aujourd'hui une necessite. L' interet dans le reformage d'hydrocarbures liquides est ainsi croissant puisqu'il s'agit d'une voie pour l'alimentation des piles a combustible. Les piles a combustible ont une efficacite pour la conversion d'energie en electricite plus grande que celle des moteurs a combustion et font ainsi partie de la recherche de solution en efficacite energetique. Ces piles consomment de l'hydrogene comme combustible pour produire de l'electricite, d'ou l'interet pour le reformage. En effet, cette reaction permet de produire de l'hydrogene et du monoxyde de carbone (un autre combustible des piles a combustible a electrolyte solide) a partir d'hydrocarbure liquide, notamment le diesel. Les piles pourraient donc etre integrees avec une unite de reformage leur fournissant directement le combustible necessaire a partir de diesel. Dans ce projet de recherche, un nouveau catalyseur de nickel sous forme de spinelle nickel-alumine (spinelle NiAl2O4 sur support d'alumine et de zircone stabilisee avec yttria) a ete developpe et teste en laboratoire pour du reformage de propane, d'hydrocarbures liquides et de diesel, a la vapeur d'eau. Par ailleurs, une methode d'ajout des reactifs novatrice a ete utilisee afin de diminuer la pyrolyse precedant le reformage, en utilisant une emulsion. Les resultats de reformage d'hydrocarbures purs ont montre des concentrations tres pres de l'equilibre thermodynamique et une activite constante sans desactivation du catalyseur ni formation de carbone, et ce avec des ratios H2O/C de moins de 2.5 et des temperatures d'operation variant entre 630 °C et 750 °C. Lors de tests effectues en utilisant du diesel fossile, a 705°C, avec un debit volumique des reactifs de plus de 50 000 cm3gcat-1h-1 et un ratio H2O/C de moins de 2.5, l'activite a ete maintenue pendant plus de 15 heures, malgre une operation en cycles. L'analyse du catalyseur apres cette

[Hospitalization due to skin diseases at Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital (Beirut), 1998-2007].

PubMed

Maatouk, Ismaël; Moutran, Roy; Tomb, Roland

2012-01-01

This study aims to determine retrospectively the nature and frequency of dermatological diseases leading to hospitalization at Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital (HDF) in Beirut, between 1998 and 2007 and to compare them with literature data. For the patients who were hospitalized in dermatology at HDF, we studied: demographics, diagnosis of hospitalization, length of stay, service, mode of financial support, in-hospital evolution, diagnostic tests and treatment. The data were processed by SPSS program. Alopecia areata, psoriatic erythroderma, acute urticaria and vasculitic purpura are the top four diagnoses (85% of hospitalizations). The third of the patients was admitted to same day care. The financial support of the hospitalization is based primarily on public insurance (57.6%). Corticosteroids are the most widely used treatment for patients in dermatology hospital with a frequency of 59.8%. The number of hospitalizations peaked at 44 in 2002 and since then has been declining (11 hospitalizations in 2007). Pathologies encountered in hospital are different from those encountered during consultation. Management of skin diseases on an outpatient basis is often insufficient. In the literature, no profile of skin diseases leading to hospitalization is similar to our study.

[Involuntary psychiatric care for inmates in France: Only for "dangerous" patients?

PubMed

Fovet, T; Bertrand, M; Horn, M; Si Mohammed, W; Dandelot, D; Dalle, M-C; Thomas, P; Amad, A

2017-11-27

The unités hospitalières spécialement aménagées (UHSA) are full-time inpatient psychiatric units for inmates in France. Their creation has been associated with several advances in access to psychiatric care for inmates in recent years. However, there is still only one means of involuntary hospitalization for prisoners in France: care by decision of a representative of the state (les soins sur décision d'un représentant de l'état [SDRE]). Interestingly, for SDRE to be recognized as legal by the French judge, the patient must be "a danger to himself or to the others". Thus, there is a major difference with involuntary hospitalization outside the prison, and there are specific criteria for involuntary psychiatric hospitalization for inmates in France. This situation questions the general framework of involuntary psychiatric care and is very inconsistent with French law. Indeed, the goal of the loi n o  94-43 du 18 janvier 1994 relating to public health and social protection is to ensure equivalent care for all patients, incarcerated or not. Copyright © 2017 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Freeing France: The Allies, the Resistance, and the JEDBURGHs

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

attack. Grall suggested and SFHQ agreed the signal would be “Le Chapeau de Napoleon est-il toujours a Perros -Guirec?” (“Is Napoleon’s hat still at... Perros - Guirec?”). After an unsuccessful attempt on 4 July, GILES finally parachuted into the French night on 8/9 July from a Carpetbagger B-24.47...9 and Knox, letter. Napolean’s Hat is the name of a rock formation off the coast of France near the town of Perros -Guirec. 38 “FREDERICK, June Moon

Colloquium P.G.de Gennes

ScienceCinema

None

2018-05-18

Lecture from Professor Pierre Gilles from Gennes, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1991, became a professor at the Collège de France in 1971, director of the Ecole de Physique et Chimie (School of Physics and Chemistry) in Paris, etc.

Programme and Abstracts. Workshop on Expert Evaluation and Control of Compound Semiconductor Materials and Technologies (1st) Held in Ecole Centrale De Lyon, France on 19 -22 May 1992. (EXAMTEC’ 92)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-22

Evaluation and Control of Compound Semiconductor Materials and Technologies (EXMATEC󈨠) at Ecole Centrale de Lyon (Ecully, France, 19th to 22nd May...semiconductor technologies to manufacture advanced devices with improved reproducibility, better reliability and lower cost. -’Device structures...concepts are required for expert evaluation and control of still developing technologies . In this context, the EXMATEC series will constitute a major

Isotopic reconstruction of ancient human migrations: A comprehensive Sr isotope reference database for France and the first case study at Tumulus de Sables, south-western France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willmes, M.; Boel, C.; Grün, R.; Armstrong, R.; Chancerel, A.; Maureille, B.; Courtaud, P.

2012-04-01

Strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) can be used for the reconstruction of human and animal migrations across geologically different terrains. Sr isotope ratios in rocks are a product of age and composition and thus vary between geologic units. From the eroding environment Sr is transported into the soils, plants and rivers of a region. Humans and animals incorporate Sr from their diet into their bones and teeth, where it substitutes for calcium. Tooth enamel contains Sr isotope signatures acquired during childhood and is most resistant to weathering and overprinting, while the dentine is often diagenetically altered towards the local Sr signature. For the reconstruction of human and animal migrations the tooth enamel 87Sr/86Sr ratio is compared to the Sr isotope signature in the vicinity of the burial site and the surrounding area. This study focuses on the establishment of a comprehensive reference map of bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr ratios for France. In a next step we will compare human and animal teeth from key archaeological sites to this reference map to investigate mobility. So far, we have analysed plant and soil samples from ~200 locations across France including the Aquitaine basin, the western and northern parts of the Paris basin, as well as three transects through the Pyrenees Mountains. The isotope data, geologic background information (BRGM 1:1M), field images, and detailed method descriptions are available through our online database iRhum (http://rses.anu.edu.au/research/ee). This database can also be used in forensic studies and food sciences. As an archaeological case study teeth from 16 adult and 8 juvenile individuals were investigated from an early Bell Beaker (2500-2000 BC) site at Le Tumulus des Sables, south-west France (Gironde). The teeth were analysed for Sr isotope ratios using laser ablation ICP-MS. Four teeth were also analysed using solution ICP-MS, which showed a significant offset to the laser ablation results. This requires further

[Anesthesiologists in France].

PubMed

Mizuno, Ju; Hanaoka, Kazuo; Merckx, Paul; Bonneville, Claire Tae; Kavafyan, Juliette; Mantz, Jean

2007-03-01

We review some anesthesiologist's curriculum and demographic characteristics in France to the community of Japanese anesthesiologists. To become a certified anesthesiologist and an intensive care physician currently requires six years' medical education, passing national medical examination, and five years' special training as an intern of anesthesiology and intensive care. This educational course was started in 1984. There are 7942 certified anesthesiologists in France in 1999. The average age is 45.9 years and the ratio of female is 35.3%. Approximately two thirds of certified anesthesiologists are working in public institutions. 89% is full-time workers. More than half of certified anesthesiologists actually participate in daily intensive care practice. The number of certified anesthesiologists has been increasing gradually totaling 10,062 persons in 2005. The number of certified anesthesiologists per ten thousands general population is 1.7 persons and the corresponding ratio to all medical doctors is 4.8%. Working hours and holidays are regulated by the French Labour Law. The anaesthesiologist often works in a team with a nurse anaesthetist. The number of certified anesthesiologists in France is larger than that in Japan. Management of anesthesia in France seems to have an advantage in manpower.

VizieR Online Data Catalog: The Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS) (Lilly+, 1995)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lilly, S. J.; Le Fevre, O.; Crampton, D.; Hammer, F.; Tresse, L.

2001-11-01

The Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS) is a collaboration between astronomers in Canada and France: Simon Lilly (University of Toronto), Olivier Le Fevre and Francois Hammer (Observatoire de Paris Meudon), David Crampton (Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Victoria), Laurence Tresse (Cambridge University), and David Schade and Dan Hudon (University of Toronto). The survey is based primarily on observations with the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The CFRS consists of spectra of over 1000 faint objects selected to have 17.5 < I(AB) < 22.5 in five regions of sky. The survey is providing the first systematic study of normal galaxies at redshifts z > 0.5, corresponding to look-back times of greater than 50% of the age of the Universe. Observations of CFRS galaxies have also been made with the Hubble Space Telescope and the survey will form the basis of future studies with a number of other ground-based and space facilities. We have written a lay-persons guide to the CFRS and the main scientific results that are emerging from it. (1 data file).

Three years of semicontinuous greenhouse gas measurements at the Puy de Dôme station (central France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopez, M.; Schmidt, M.; Ramonet, M.; Bonne, J.-L.; Colomb, A.; Kazan, V.; Laj, P.; Pichon, J.-M.

2015-09-01

Three years of greenhouse gas measurements, obtained using a gas chromatograph (GC) system located at the Puy de Dôme station at 1465 m a.s.l. in central France, are presented. The GC system was installed in 2010 at Puy de Dôme and was designed for automatic and accurate semicontinuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride mole fractions. We present in detail the instrumental setup and the calibration strategy, which together allow the GC to reach repeatabilities of 0.1 μmol mol-1, 1.2 nmol mol-1, 0.3 nmol mol-1 and 0.06 pmol mol-1 for CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6, respectively. The analysis of the 3-year atmospheric time series revealed how the planetary boundary layer height drives the mole fractions observed at a mountain site such as Puy de Dôme where air masses alternate between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere. Accurate long-lived greenhouse gas measurements collocated with 222Rn measurements as an atmospheric tracer allowed us to determine the CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in the catchment area of the station. The derived CO2 surface flux revealed a clear seasonal cycle, with net uptake by plant assimilation in the spring and net emission caused by the biosphere and burning of fossil fuel during the remainder of the year. We calculated a mean annual CO2 flux of 1310 ± 680 t CO2 km-2. The derived CH4 and N2O emissions in the station catchment area were 7.0 ± 4.0 t CH4 km-2 yr-1 and 1.8 ± 1.0 t N2O km-2 yr-1, respectively. Our derived annual CH4 flux is in agreement with the national French inventory, whereas our derived N2O flux is 5 times larger than the same inventory.

[Natural or interactive kinds? The transient mental disorders in Ian Hacking's lectures at the Collège de France (2000-2006)].

PubMed

Delille, Emmanuel; Kirsch, Marc

2016-12-01

The concepts developed by Ian Hacking during his lectures at the Collège de France (2000-2006) have provided an important contribution to the debates within the field of philosophy of psychiatry. Professor at the Chair of Philosophy and History of Scientific Concepts after Michel Foucault, Hacking is the author of a reflection on the classification of mental disorders, which arises from the problem of the natural kinds. In order to explain the case studies developed in Hacking's Paris lectures, we first go back to the definition of a series of concepts, then we discuss the status of his scientific metaphors. Finally we analyze the relationship between the notions, respectively, of "transient mental illness" and "culture-bound syndrome". We emphasize that the latter derives from the Canadian transcultural psychiatry.

Egalite ou Realite: Where Do Muslims Truly Reside in Today’s France?

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

with a terrorist venture." Three additional suspects were placed under formal investigation for financing international terrorism. These arrests...years. Like the French Indochina Campaign, the Algerian War drained French finances and manpower, while dividing the society both politically and... Islamiques de France (UOIF), which, as a subgroup of the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Europe, has many links with Arab governments. Often this

Machine Perception (La Perception de l’Environment par Senseurs Automatiques).

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-01

France, January 25-27, 1984, Lectures. Volumes 1 & 2 Reconnaissance des formes et intelligence artificielle ; Congres Francais, 4th, Paris, France, January...capteurs intelligents intkgris - traitement cellulaire et neuronal - operateurs visuels de base -implantation analogique vs digitale A smart retina is a...I’I riscc Li li mttlL’ dliitrlt ITTIC dies % eiicule it dsitisitl Ct Lie"IIN10%Ct ,v,,temcs intelligents dfaidc a [a perception de lai situatiotn. O

Sociology and positivism in 19th-century France: the vicissitudes of the Société de sociologie (1872-4).

PubMed

Heilbron, Johan

2009-10-01

Little is known about the world's first sociological society, Emile Littré's Société de Sociologie (1872-4). This article, based on prosopographic research, offers an interpretation of the foundation, political-intellectual orientation and early demise of the society. As indicated by recruitment and texts by its founding members, the Société de Sociologie was in fact conceived more as a political club than a learned society. Guided in this by Littré's heterodox positivism and the redefinition of sociology he proposed around 1870, the Société de Sociologie was intended first and foremost to accompany intellectually the political changes that Littré considered imperative in the early years of the Third Republic (1870-1940). This expectation found little echo among the members of the society, and it seems possible that Littré himself and his closest associates were the ones to interrupt the society's meetings. Some of its members' general studies on the status of the social sciences and their main divisions were continued in the framework of the journal "La Philosophie positive" (1867-83), but the authors most committed to those studies were on the margins of the Littré network. Neither the dominant positivist republicanism, centered around Littré and Dubost, nor the general sociology of the more peripheral members of the network (Mesmer, Roberty, Vitry) represented an important intellectual contribution to the formation of academic sociology in France. Given that the Société de Sociologie did contribute to diffuse the project of a sociological science and developed forms of sociology coherent enough to be rejected by the pioneers of university sociology, the group constitutes a significant case of failure in the history of the discipline.

Remobilization of metals from slag and polluted sediments (case study: the canal of the Deûle River, northern France).

PubMed

Vdović, Neda; Billon, Gabriel; Gabelle, Cédric; Potdevin, Jean-Luc

2006-05-01

The anthropogenic impact on the environment in the last century has proven to be very negative due to the fast development of industry. A typical example is the Deûle River in northern France, one of the most polluted sites in this region. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu in river sediments are 300, 800, 50 and 15 times higher, respectively, than the background values. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the capacity of already polluted sediments to capture metals released from industrial wastes (slag). As it were, in spite of the high metal pollution level, sediments have still shown the ability to adsorb metals released from slag under the conditions provided. Their efficiency in "cleaning up" some of the metals (e.g. Pb) seems to be additionally enhanced in anoxic conditions. This study provided some additional information on the importance of sediments as a pollutant sink.

EDF experience with {open_quotes}hot spot{close_quotes} management

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guio, J.M. de

1995-03-01

During the past few years, {open_quotes}hot spots{close_quotes} due to the presence of particles of metal activated during their migration through the reactor core, have been detected at several French pressurized water reactor (PWR) units. These {open_quotes}hot spots,{close_quotes} which generate very high dose rates (from about 10 Gy/h to 200 G/h) are a significant factor in increase occupational exposures during outrates. Of particular concern are the difficult cases which prolong outage duration and increase the volume of radiological waste. Confronted with this situation, Electricite de France (EDF) has set up a national research group, as part of its ALARA program, tomore » establish procedures and techniques to avoid, detect, and eliminate of hot spots. In particular, specific processes have been developed to eliminate these hot spots which are most costly in terms of occupational exposure due to the need for reactor maintenance. This paper sets out the general approach adopted at EDF so far to cope with the problem of hot spots, illustrated by experience at Blayais 3 and 4.« less

ENEL overall PWR plant models and neutronic integrated computing systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pedroni, G.; Pollachini, L.; Vimercati, G.

1987-01-01

To support the design activity of the Italian nuclear energy program for the construction of pressurized water reactors, the Italian Electricity Board (ENEL) needs to verify the design as a whole (that is, the nuclear steam supply system and balance of plant) both in steady-state operation and in transient. The ENEL has therefore developed two computer models to analyze both operational and incidental transients. The models, named STRIP and SFINCS, perform the analysis of the nuclear as well as the conventional part of the plant (the control system being properly taken into account). The STRIP model has been developed bymore » means of the French (Electricite de France) modular code SICLE, while SFINCS is based on the Italian (ENEL) modular code LEGO. STRIP validation was performed with respect to Fessenheim French power plant experimental data. Two significant transients were chosen: load step and total load rejection. SFINCS validation was performed with respect to Saint-Laurent French power plant experimental data and also by comparing the SFINCS-STRIP responses.« less

Les Vietnamiens de Paris: L’Integration sans l’Assimilation et la Conservation de l’Identite Culturelle (The Vietnamese of Paris: Integration without Assimilation and Conservation of Cultural Identity)

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-07-11

il du - un m67iange des deux clo"t~s ou d’un autre facteur comme les liens historiques entre la France et 1’Asie du Sud-Est. Dans toutes ces hypotheses...commun par la famille et des amis.72 Personne ne voulait discuter la m6thode de la ton- tine. Mais la tontine existe au sein de la communaute...ingme steiriotype). Mais de plus, cette communaute’ be’neficle du fait qu’i1 eziste des liens historiques entre la France et le Vietnam. Ces liens

[Rabies in France: an update].

PubMed

Jaussaud, R; Strady, C; Liénard, M; Strady, A

2000-08-01

In 1996, rabies was responsible for more than 35,000 deaths worldwide. Three cases of human rabies that had been contracted abroad were diagnosed in France during the same year. Cases notified in 1997 followed exposure outside the country. Fox, bat, and dog rabies are reviewed on the basis of the latest epidemiological data obtained in France. Two cases of fox rabies diagnosed in 1998 occurred at the border between France and Germany, thus preventing five French departments bordering Germany from being officially declared rabies-free in 1999. The campaigns for oral immunization of foxes that are led since 1986 are responsible for the decrease in rabies incidence. Though not well known, bat rabies is a reality in France, involving either European virus strains (five cases all over the country) or African virus strains that are carried along by imported tropical bats. Dogs rabies is also today an imported disease. The decrease in risk for rabies has resulted from the conjunction of multiple efforts: extensive programs aimed at oral vaccination of foxes in France and its neighboring countries, efficient epidemiological survey, sanitary controls at borders, ban on importing tropical bats. Furthermore, recommendations for preventive pre-exposure immunization have recently been changed, leading to modifications of the French licensing form.

[Sources of information on suicide attempts in the Nord - Pas-de-Calais (France). Contributions and limitations].

PubMed

Plancke, L; Ducrocq, F; Clément, G; Chaud, P; Haeghebaert, S; Amariei, A; Chan-Chee, C; Goldstein, P; Vaiva, G

2014-12-01

There are very few permanent indicators of mental health in France; suicidal behavior is often only understood on the basis of deaths by suicide. The epidemiological interest and methodological limits of four medico-administrative databases from which data on suicide attempts can be extracted have been the subject of a study in the Nord - Pas-de-Calais Region of France: telephone calls for emergency medical assistance after suicide attempt (2009 to 2011), admissions in emergency services with a diagnosis of suicide attempt (2012), medical-surgical hospital admissions as a result of suicide attempt (2009 to 2011), and psychiatric admissions with a diagnosis of suicide attempt (2011). Usable data were provided by one of two emergency medical assistance units, five of thirty emergency departments and all medical-surgical and psychiatric units; in data from the latter two sources, a unique anonymous identifier gave individual statistics, while the first two covered only suicide attempts. In 2011, the number of suicide attempt calls per 100,000 inhabitants was 304, whereas the number of hospitalisations with this diagnosis was 275; rates are highest in men between 20 and 49 years of age, and in women below 20 years of age and between 40 and 49. Sources are seen to be very homogeneous with regards to the average age at which suicide took place (between 37.8 and 38.5 years, depending on the source), and to the sex (55.0% to 57.6% of women). In 2011, the number of patients with a diagnosis of suicide attempt treated in psychiatry is 2.6 times lower than the number hospitalised for suicide attempt in medical-surgical units (3563 vs 9327). Permanent gathering of data, and the large volume of data recorded, should encourage the use of these databases in the definition and assessment of mental health policy: an increased contribution from emergency call centers and emergency services, and the coding of the suicidal nature of intoxications by a few clearly under-declaring units

Hint of Universal Law for the Financial Gains of Competitive Sport Teams. The case of Tour de France cycle race.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ausloos, Marcel

2017-12-01

This short note is intended as a "Letter to the Editor" Perspective in order that it serves as a contribution, in view of reaching the physics community caring about rare events and scaling laws and unexpected findings, on a domain of wide interest: sport and money. It is apparent from the data reported and discussed below that the scarcity of such data does not allow to recommend a complex elaboration of an agent based model, - at this time. In some sense, this also means that much data on sport activities is not necessarily given in terms of physics prone materials, but it could be, and would then attract much attention. Nevertheless the findings tie the data to well known scaling laws and physics processes. It is found that a simple scaling law describes the gains of teams in recent bicycle races, like the Tour de France. An analogous case, ranking teams in Formula 1 races, is shown in an Appendix

Understanding and Explanation in France: From Maine de Biran's Méthode Psychologique to Durkheim's Les Formes Élémentaires de la vie Religieuse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmaus, Warren

My task here is to compare the ways in which the relations between the human and the natural sciences were conceived in late nineteenth and early twentieth century France and Germany. Historical generalization may be a mug's game. But if I had to generalize, I would say that the French distinguished the human or cultural sciences from the natural sciences only in terms of their subject matters, while the Germans were more likely to try to distinguish them in terms of their goals, methods, foundations, and normative content as well. Although we may be able to find many philosophical positions among the French that resemble certain aspects of the thought of Wilhelm Dilthey, Wilhelm Windelband, or Heinrich Rickert, no one in France held exactly the same combination of philosophical views concerning the human sciences as that held by any of these German thinkers. In particular, no one in France tried to distinguish the human from the natural sciences in terms of understanding versus explanation in the way that Dilthey did. Thus, although there were other disputes in France in regard to the human sciences, such as that between Émile Durkheim and Gabriel Tarde over the role of psychology in sociological explanation, or that between sociologists and philosophers over the methods of ethics, there was no controversy analogous to the conflict among Dilthey, Windelband, and Rickert over the best way to distinguish the human from the natural sciences.

[Inventory of training of internal medicine in France: Results of a national survey].

PubMed

Samson, M; Terrier, B; Mangin, O; Mouthon, L

2017-05-01

To make an inventory of training of Internal Medicine in France. This study was conducted between May and September 2015 with coordinators (interviews of 45minutes) of local Internal Medicine training and fellows (online questionnaire). All coordinators (n=28) responded to the interviews. Local training of Internal Medicine exists in 86% of regions (3.1±3.1hours/month) and an interregional training in all interregions (34.7±13.9hours/year). When excluding Île-de-France, no correlation between the number of teachers and the amount of lessons was noted (P=0.61). Of the 550 fellows in Internal Medicine in 2014-2015, 223 (41%) responded to the online questionnaire. Mean level was 5.5±2.7 semesters. The rate of satisfaction (1=very dissatisfied and 5=very satisfied) was 3.0±1.0 and 3.8±0.8 for regional and interregional teaching, respectively (P<0.0001). Regional teaching satisfaction was correlated with the perceived expanse of diseases covered into the program (P<0.0001). In addition, 89% of fellows wish to evaluate themselves online, 66% wish to have a practical evaluation at the bedside and 70% in simulation centers. Finally, 91% of fellows support the establishment of a national program for the training of Internal Medicine. This survey states for the first time an inventory of training of Internal Medicine dedicated to fellows in France. This report highlights that fellows wish to have a national program, be further evaluated and have access to more interactive approach of teaching. Copyright © 2016 Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Chateaubriant, France

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-03-08

This image, acquired 11-05-2007 by NASA Terra spacecraft, shows the city of Chateaubriant, France, surrounded by very old farmsteads. The surrounding countryside presents an interesting pattern of randomly oriented, small individual farmsteads.

Croissance epitaxiale de GaAs sur substrats de Ge par epitaxie par faisceaux chimiques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belanger, Simon

La situation energetique et les enjeux environnementaux auxquels la societe est confrontee entrainent un interet grandissant pour la production d'electricite a partir de l'energie solaire. Parmi les technologies actuellement disponibles, la filiere du photovoltaique a concentrateur solaire (CPV pour concentrator photovoltaics) possede un rendement superieur et mi potentiel interessant a condition que ses couts de production soient competitifs. La methode d'epitaxie par faisceaux chimiques (CBE pour chemical beam epitaxy) possede plusieurs caracteristiques qui la rendent interessante pour la production a grande echelle de cellules photovoltaiques a jonctions multiples a base de semi-conducteurs III-V. Ce type de cellule possede la meilleure efficacite atteinte a ce jour et est utilise sur les satellites et les systemes photovoltaiques a concentrateur solaire (CPV) les plus efficaces. Une des principales forces de la technique CBE se trouve dans son potentiel d'efficacite d'utilisation des materiaux source qui est superieur a celui de la technique d'epitaxie qui est couramment utilisee pour la production a grande echelle de ces cellules. Ce memoire de maitrise presente les travaux effectues dans le but d'evaluer le potentiel de la technique CBE pour realiser la croissance de couches de GaAs sur des substrats de Ge. Cette croissance constitue la premiere etape de fabrication de nombreux modeles de cellules solaires a haute performance decrites plus haut. La realisation de ce projet a necessite le developpement d'un procede de preparation de surface pour les substrats de germanium, la realisation de nombreuses sceances de croissance epitaxiale et la caracterisation des materiaux obtenus par microscopie optique, microscopie a force atomique (AFM), diffraction des rayons-X a haute resolution (HRXRD), microscopie electronique a transmission (TEM), photoluminescence a basse temperature (LTPL) et spectrometrie de masse des ions secondaires (SIMS). Les experiences ont permis

A case study of the suicide of Luis Mendès France, in Bordeaux, in 1695.

PubMed

Bénézech, Michel; Chapenoire, Stéphane

2004-12-01

After being condemned and imprisoned in Lisbon by the Portuguese Inquisition, Luis Mendes de Franca exiled himself in late 1683 to France, where his descendants adopted the family name Mendes France. In 1695, at the age of 55 years, Luis Mendes committed suicide in Bordeaux by a pistol shot that decapitated him. The inquest conducted at that time concluded that Luis Mendes was insane and thus not guilty of the crime of suicide. We hypothesize that he used a flint stone-type pistol loaded with an extraordinarily large quantity of black gunpowder. Using available information on historic firearms, ammunition, and powder, coupled with the preserved testimony of historic figures, we propose a reconstruction of this drama and a diagnostic approach to the psychiatric aspects of the suicide.

A gas chromatograph system for semi-continuous greenhouse gas measurements at Puy de Dôme station, Central France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lopez, M.; Schmidt, M.; Ramonet, M.; Bonne, J.-L.; Colomb, A.; Kazan, V.; Laj, P.; Pichon, J.-M.

2015-03-01

Three years of greenhouse gases measurements, obtained using a gas chromatograph (GC) system located at the Puy de Dôme station at 1465 m a.s.l. in Central France are presented. The GC system was installed in 2010 at Puy de Dôme and was designed for automatic and accurate semi-continuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride mole fractions. We present in detail the instrumental set up and the calibration strategy, which together allow the GC to reach repeatabilities of 0.1 μmol mol-1, 1.2, 0.3 nmol mol-1 and 0.06 pmol mol-1 for CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6, respectively. Comparisons of the atmospheric time series with those obtained using other instruments shown that the GC system meets the World Meteorological Organization recommendations. The analysis of the three-year atmospheric time series revealed how the planetary boundary layer height drives the mole fractions observed at a mountain site such as Puy de Dôme where air masses alternate between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere. Accurate long-lived greenhouse gases measurements collocated with 222Rn measurements as an atmospheric tracer, allowed us to determine the CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in the catchment area of the station. The derived CO2 surface flux revealed a clear seasonal cycle with net uptake by plant assimilation in the spring and net emission caused by the biosphere and burning of fossil fuel during the remainder of the year. We calculated a mean annual CO2 flux of 1150 t(CO2) km-2. The derived CH4 and N2O emissions in the station catchment area were 5.6 t(CH4) km-2 yr-1 and 1.5 t(N2O) km-2 yr-1, respectively. Our derived annual CH4 flux is in agreement with the national French inventory, whereas our derived N2O flux is five times larger than the same inventory.

Women in physics in France

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pierron-Bohnes, Véronique

We present six associations and entities working in France on issues of women in physics: the Women and Physics Commission, French Physical Society; Women in Nuclear (WiN) France; Women and Science Association; Mission for the Place of Women at CNRS; Parity, Diversity, and Women Network, CEA; and the Network of University Equality-Diversity Representatives.

Technique distribuee de gestion de la charge sur le reseau electrique et ring-tree: Un nouveau systeme de communication P2P

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ayoub, Simon

Le reseau de distribution et de transport de l'electricite se modernise dans plusieurs pays dont le Canada. La nouvelle generation de ce reseau que l'on appelle smart grid, permet entre autre l'automatisation de la production, de la distribution et de la gestion de la charge chez les clients. D'un autre cote, des appareils domestiques intelligents munis d'une interface de communication pour des applications du smart grid commencent a apparaitre sur le marche. Ces appareils intelligents pourraient creer une communaute virtuelle pour optimiser leurs consommations d'une facon distribuee. La gestion distribuee de ces charges intelligentes necessite la communication entre un grand nombre d'equipements electriques. Ceci represente un defi important a relever surtout si on ne veut pas augmenter le cout de l'infrastructure et de la maintenance. Lors de cette these deux systemes distincts ont ete concus : un systeme de communication peer-to-peer, appele Ring-Tree, permettant la communication entre un nombre important de noeuds (jusqu'a de l'ordre de grandeur du million) tel que des appareils electriques communicants et une technique distribuee de gestion de la charge sur le reseau electrique. Le systeme de communication Ring-Tree inclut une nouvelle topologie reseau qui n'a jamais ete definie ou exploitee auparavant. Il inclut egalement des algorithmes pour la creation, l'exploitation et la maintenance de ce reseau. Il est suffisamment simple pour etre mis en oeuvre sur des controleurs associes aux dispositifs tels que des chauffe-eaux, chauffage a accumulation, bornes de recharges electriques, etc. Il n'utilise pas un serveur centralise (ou tres peu, seulement lorsqu'un noeud veut rejoindre le reseau). Il offre une solution distribuee qui peut etre mise en oeuvre sans deploiement d'une infrastructure autre que les controleurs sur les dispositifs vises. Finalement, un temps de reponse de quelques secondes pour atteindre 1'ensemble du reseau peut etre obtenu, ce qui est

Bringing Down the Barriers to Information Transfer (L’Abaissement des Barrieres s’Opposant au Transfert de l’Information)

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-02-01

FRANCE AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 505 Bringing down the Barriers to Information Transfer (LAbaissement des Barrires s’Opposant au ’Transfert de ...NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE AGARD CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 505 Bringing down the Barriers to Information Transfer (LAbaissement des Barri~res s’Opposant au...Transfert de I’Information) Papers presented at the Technical Information Panel Specialists’ Meeting held at the Instituto Nacional de Industria, Madrid

France acts on electronic cigarettes.

PubMed

Cahn, Zachary

2013-11-01

France is deciding how to regulate electronic cigarettes. I first consider the French approach and how it contrasts with other attempts at electronic cigarette regulation globally. Next, I critique the individual elements of the French proposal. The overall approach taken by France is a positive development, but banning indoor use appears unnecessary and banning advertising may be counterproductive.

[Evolution of the number and type of penile prostheses implanted in France for erectile dysfunction: Analysis of French national coding database (2006-2013)].

PubMed

Lipsker, A; Saljoghi, R; Lecuelle, D; Caillet, K; Alezra, E; Le Roux, F; Demailly, M; Saint, F

2016-09-01

Patients who are not responding to injectable and/or vacuum oral pharmacological treatments can receive a penile prosthesis. Three types of penile prostheses are used in France: rigid, semi-rigid and inflatable prostheses 3-piece or 2-piece. We have assessed the National surgical insertion practices between 2006 and 2013 (number of prostheses insertions, types, procedure locations, number of surgeons and distribution [public or private sectors]). Data analysis from the French Technical Agency of Information on Hospitals (ATIH) (2006-2013) using the common classification of medical acts (CCAM) and after code extractions related to this surgery (JHLA002, JHLA003, JHLA004). Between 2006 and 2013, the number of penile implants in France doubled (307 to 633), inflatable penile prostheses with an extracavernous component remained the most frequently used (87 %) (228 to 552) (+142 %). The use of semi-rigid prostheses declined by 26.7 %. The distribution between the private and public sector was close to 1 in 2013. More than half of French penile prostheses were implanted in three regions (Île-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes). Nearly 62 % of surgeons implanted only one or two three-compartment prostheses in 2013. The number of penile prostheses in France doubled between 2006 and 2013. Three regions were particularly active as far as this surgery is concerned (Île-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes). They were boosted by 5 surgeons with more than 20 prostheses surgeries a year. 4. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

78 FR 25365 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... applies. FAA's Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and...

Databases for Assessment of Military Speech Technology Equipment. (les Bases de donnees pour l’evatuation des equipements de technologie vocale militaire)

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-03-01

Prieur de la Crte d’Or Ciudad Universitaria 94114 Arcueil Cedex 28040 Madrid France Spain Mr. John J. Grieco Dr. Dough Reynolds AFRL/IFEC Information...CANADA HONGRIE PORTUGAL Directeur - Recherche et d~veloppement - Department for Scientific Estado Maior da Forqa Afrea Communications et gestion de

Source tracing of fluvial suspended sediments by magnetic and geochemical particle characterization: example of the Canche watershed (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patault, Edouard; Alary, Claire; Franke, Christine; Gauthier, Arnaud; Abriak, Nor-Edine

2016-04-01

In France, erosion by water run-off is estimated to 1.5 t ha-1yr-1 and can exceed 10 t ha-1yr-1 in large growing areas, such as the North of France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais). In this region, the Canche watershed (1294 km2) sustains heavy loss of fertile soils. The land use is mainly dominated by arable lands (80%) and in 2013, 104 kt of suspended sediment transited to the estuary. As demonstrated in literature, agricultural soil erosion leads to the gradual disappearance and depletion of fertile soil, which constitute a non-renewable resource at human time scale. Additionally, water erosion can significantly damage the aquatic habitat and can be responsible for the input of nutrients, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals and radionuclides into surface waters. Conscious of these effects, many programs have emerged in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais to reduce erosion. This study presents a combination of environmental magnetic proxy parameters and geochemical analyses on sediments and suspended particulate matter. The aim is to develop effective tools to trace erosion by water run-off and quantify this process. In order to identify the respective sediment sources in the Canche watershed, sediment trap samples of suspended particulate matter were recovered at key positions along the Canche watershed. The preliminary results show that magnetic concentration (Mrs) shows typical values for the agricultural soils in the region, but these variations in magnetic concentrations and total irons concentrations are not always correlated, which may be explained by the iron speciation. In calculating the so-called S-ratio for each sample we can distinguish changes in magneto-mineralogy (and thus iron speciation) from magnetite-dominated assemblages in the mainstream Canche (naturel background signal) to high-coercivity-dominated assemblages in the tributaries, typical for soil erosion material rich in hematite/goethite. In combination with the element concentrations from ICP analyses, this proxy

Air radioactivity levels following the Fukushima reactor accident measured at the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, France.

PubMed

Loaiza, P; Brudanin, V; Piquemal, F; Reyss, J-L; Stekl, I; Warot, G; Zampaolo, M

2012-12-01

The radioactivity levels in the air of the radionuclides released by the Fukushima accident were measured at the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, in the South-East of France, during the period 25 March-18 April 2011. Air-filters from the ventilation system exposed for one or two days were measured using low-background gamma-ray spectrometry. In this paper we present the activity concentrations obtained for the radionuclides (131)I, (132)Te, (134)Cs, (137)Cs, (95)Nb, (95)Zr, (106)Ru, (140)Ba/La and (103)Ru. The activity concentration of (131)I was of the order of 100 μBq/m(3), more than 100 times higher than the activities of other fission products. The highest activities of (131)I were measured as a first peak on 30 March and a second peak on 3-4 April. The activity concentrations of (134)Cs and (137)Cs varied from 5 to 30 μBq/m(3). The highest activity concentration recorded for Cs corresponded to the same period as for (131)I, with a peak on 2-3 April. The results of the radioactivity concentration levels in grass and mushrooms exposed to the air in the Modane region were also measured. Activity concentrations of (131)I of about 100 mBq/m(2) were found in grass. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

77 FR 54796 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-06

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT... France Model AS350 helicopters. This AD requires installing protection sleeves over certain forward... helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the...

78 FR 18230 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-26

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... approved by the aviation authority of France and is approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant...

78 FR 65871 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-04

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral...

77 FR 44118 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-27

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA... airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model EC155B1 helicopters with a certain... Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for...

78 FR 25380 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for...

77 FR 70360 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-26

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France... France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with...

77 FR 5994 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA... airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France EC130B4 helicopters that have not had Eurocopter... actions. FAA's Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and...

78 FR 59306 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-26

...-0826; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-046-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and [[Page 59307

77 FR 57996 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-19

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... directive (AD): 2012-18-08 EUROCOPTER FRANCE: Amendment 39-17184; Docket No. FAA- 2011-1408; Directorate...

78 FR 857 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-07

... Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter... been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States...

Molecular epidemiology of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in France.

PubMed

Micaëlo, M; Goubard, A; La Ruche, G; Denamur, E; Tenaillon, O; Cambau, E; Jacquier, H; Bercot, B

2017-12-01

Characterizing the molecular epidemiology of antibiotic resistance is crucial for a better understanding of the evolution and spread of resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Here, we examine the molecular epidemiology of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates in France. We investigated 176 PPNG isolates collected between 2010 and 2012 by the National Reference Centre in France. Genotyping was performed using the NG-MAST technique, bla TEM genes were Sanger-sequenced, and plasmids were characterized by PCR-typing. We revealed the existence of four major clusters representing about one-third of PPNG circulating in France. These clusters were related to ST1479 (18/176, 10.2%), to ST1582 (15/176, 8.5%), to ST8922 (10/176, 5.6%), and to ST1285 (9/176, 5.1%). Wild-type TEM-1 was identified in 151 (151/176, 85.8%) PPNG isolates, and TEM-1 variants were mostly represented by the M182T mutation (14/176, 8%), followed by P14S/L (8/176, 4.5%), G228S (2/176, 1.1%), and Q269K (1/176, 0.6%). The bla TEM genes were carried by African (157/176, 89.2%), Asian (13/176, 7.4%), and Toronto/Rio (6/176, 3.4%) plasmids. The M182T variants were found in various genetic backgrounds, whereas the P14S variants were disseminated clonally. The G228S and Q269K variants belong to one of the four major clusters of PPNG, which suggests a recent de novo emergence of these mutations. Our results show that approximately one-third of the penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae isolates in France belong to one of four major clusters and that the spread of the different TEM variants is associated with distinct patterns of molecular epidemiology. Copyright © 2017 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

78 FR 1739 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-09

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France... Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC France) AD F-2008-04, dated June 4, 2008, for the Eurocopter...

78 FR 9634 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-11

...-0119; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-034-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... helicopter. FAA's Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and...

78 FR 21233 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-10

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... (NPRM), which proposed to amend 14 CFR part 39 to include an AD that would apply to Eurocopter France...

78 FR 59298 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-26

...-1158; Directorate Identifier 2010-SW-018-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to revise airworthiness directive (AD) 2011-22-05 for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter...'s Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are...

77 FR 5991 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA... airworthiness directive (AD) for the Eurocopter France (ECF) Model AS332L2 helicopter and superseding an AD for... of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement...

77 FR 18967 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

...-0339; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-051-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France (Eurocopter... Airworthiness Directive (AD): Eurocopter France: Docket No. FAA-2012-0339; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-051-AD...

78 FR 44043 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-23

...-0635; Directorate Identifier 2012-SW-081-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with...

78 FR 23462 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-19

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA... airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model AS332C, AS332L, and AS332L1 helicopters... helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the...

78 FR 16200 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-14

...-0240; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-060-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Eurocopter France (Eurocopter... helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the...

77 FR 44509 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-30

...-0795; Directorate Identifier 2008-SW-53-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... by the aviation authority of the France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant...

78 FR 33764 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-05

...-0479; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-070-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement...

77 FR 36216 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-18

...-0631; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-021-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... rulemaking (NPRM). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant...

77 FR 43734 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-26

...-0774; Directorate Identifier 2010-SW-057-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... Determination This helicopter model is manufactured in France and is type certificated for operation in the...

78 FR 37154 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-20

...-0523; Directorate Identifier 2012-SW-091-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for...

78 FR 51115 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-20

...-0737; Directorate Identifier 2012-SW-111-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Eurocopter France (Eurocopter... approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant...

77 FR 56755 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-14

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... proposed to amend 14 CFR part 39 to include an AD that would apply to Eurocopter France Model SA341G...

Impact of the 1998 Football World Cup on Suicide Rates in France: Results from the National Death Registry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Encrenaz, Gaelle; Contrand, Benjamin; Leffondre, Karen; Queinec, Raphaelle; Aouba, Albertine; Jougla, Eric; Miras, Alain; Lagarde, Emmanuel

2012-01-01

Our objective was to determine whether the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup in 1998 had a short-term impact on the number of suicides in France. Exhaustive individual daily data on suicides from 1979 to 2006 were obtained from the French epidemiological center on the medical causes of death (CepiDC-INSERM;…

77 FR 20319 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-04

...-0354; Directorate Identifier 2010-SW-104-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France (EC) Model SA... France: Docket No. FAA-2012-0354; Directorate Identifier 2010-SW-104-AD. (a) Applicability This AD...

77 FR 43738 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-26

...-0772; Directorate Identifier 2007-SW-053-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... manufactured in France and is type certificated for operation in the United States under the provisions of 14...

77 FR 50582 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-22

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... 39 to include an AD that would apply to Eurocopter France Model EC155B and EC155B1 helicopters with a...

77 FR 14310 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-09

...-0222; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-007-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Eurocopter France Model AS350... Determination These products have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for...

77 FR 36213 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-18

...-0630; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-010-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France EC130B4 helicopters... unsafe condition for the Eurocopter France EC130B4 helicopters. EASA states that it received reports that...

77 FR 36220 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-18

...-0632; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-044-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France (Eurocopter... Civil Aviation (DGAC France) AD F-2008-04, dated June 4, 2008, for the Eurocopter Model EC 155 B, EC 155...

77 FR 11787 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

...-0177; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW-59-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France Model EC155B and... approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant...

78 FR 75579 - Low Enriched Uranium From France

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-12

... From France Determination On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject five-year review, the... uranium from France would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of material injury to an... Commission are contained in USITC Publication 4436 (December 2013), entitled Low Enriched Uranium from France...

Coalition Information Interoperability (Interoperabilite d’informations de coalition)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

rddc.gc.ca FRANCE Dr. Michel Bares DGA/SPDTI/ST/INFO/DSI 18, rue du Docteur Zamenhoff 92131 Issy- Les -Moulineaux e-mail: michel.bares...references reports. ES - 2 RTO-TR-IST-028 Interopérabilité d’informations de coalition (RTO-TR-IST-028) Synthèse Le Groupe Opérationnel (TG...de vue de l’ontologie ; et • La représentation de l’information sous la forme d’importants modèles de données. Les réseaux de communication

78 FR 9777 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-12

... Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of... airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model EC 155B, EC155B1, SA-365N1, AS-365N2 and... aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral...

78 FR 63429 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-24

...-0872; Directorate Identifier 2013-SW-012-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France Model AS332C, AS332L... approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant...

[Suicide in Paris and Ile-de-France].

PubMed

Lecomte, D; Hatton, F; Jougla, E; Le Toullec, A

1995-01-01

A study carried out in collaboration between the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Paris and the INSERM (SC8) concerned all the suicide occurred in Paris region over 1990; 455 suicides in Paris and 1,229 in the suburbs of Paris (overall, 1,684 suicides observed in Paris area for the same period). For Paris city, the rate of suicide reaches 23.3 per 100,000 subjects. This frequency increases up to 40 years and falls after this age with a further rise between 75 and 85 years. Suicide represents 17% of the total mortality for adolescents and young adults living in Paris, with a large over-representation of males (277 males, 178 females). Suicide is more frequent before 45 years in Paris than in France but this tendency is reversed after 45 years. It represents the first cause of violent deaths among young population (15-34 years) living in Paris and is, after AIDS, the second cause of death. In Paris suburbs, it constitutes the second cause of mortality after traffic accidents. The mode of suicide in Paris is essentially poisoning, then hanging and jumping from high place. In contrast, outside Paris, the hanging is more frequently used than poisoning and firearms. The contribution of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Paris is essential for the knowledge of these voluntary deaths, a large part of them being unknown in the National statistic of causes of death. This underestimation is extremely important: only 68% of the suicides are known by the Official Statistic in Paris region and 26% for Paris city.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

77 FR 54353 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-05

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for all Eurocopter France... apply to all Eurocopter France (EC) Model SA-365N, SA-365N1, SA-366G1, AS-365N2, AS 365 N3, EC 155B, and...

Vocational Education and Training in France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willems, Jean-Pierre

This monograph gives an overview of the vocational education and training system in France. It contains the following information: (1) a presentation of the administrative, demographic, and economic background in which the training system in France exists; (2) a brief historical review of the development of the training systems; (3) a presentation…

78 FR 60681 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-02

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration... helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France, EASA, its technical representative, has...

Sleep management and the performance of eight sailors in the Tour de France à la voile yacht race.

PubMed

Léger, D; Elbaz, M; Raffray, T; Metlaine, A; Bayon, V; Duforez, F

2008-01-01

We observed how sailors manage their sleep and alertness before and during competition in a long-haul yacht race. Global performance of the teams was also recorded. We assessed eight sailors aged 21-30 years, split into four teams, who competed in the Tour de France à la Voile 2002 yacht race. Two phases of the race were examined: two legs in both the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Sleep length, sleep debt, and sleepiness before competition and on board during the race were assessed using ambulatory polysomnography. Intermediate and final rankings were considered as a reflection of performance. A significant correlation was observed between the sleep debt before competition and the total sleep time on board during the Atlantic legs. The greater the sleep debt, the more sleepy the participants were. During the Mediterranean legs, almost all the sailors were deprived of sleep and slept during the daytime competitions. We observed that the final ranking in the race related to the sleep management strategy of the participants. In extreme competitive conditions, the effect of a good night's sleep before competition on performance is important. The strategy of the winners was to get sufficient sleep before each leg so as to be the most alert and efficient during the race.

[Violence for educational purpose: Representations of general practitioners in the Paris area, France. A qualitative study].

PubMed

de Brie, Claire; Piet, Emmanuelle; Chariot, Patrick

2018-03-01

Violence for educational purpose refers to a modality of education that includes threats, verbal abuse, physical abuse and humiliations. Twenty European countries, not including France, have abolished corporal punishment through explicit laws and regulations. The position of general practitioners in the screening and care of violence for educational purpose in France is unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess the representations of this form of violence among general practitioners. We have performed semi-directed interviews of general practitioners in the Paris, France region (Île-de-France). Interviews were conducted until data saturation was achieved. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed by two investigators. Interviews were conducted with 20 physicians (November 2015-January 2016). General practitioners considered that physical, verbal or psychological abuse had possible negative consequences on children. Uncertainty regarding the consequences of violence was a cause of tolerance towards violence for educational purpose, depending on the act committed and the context, as perceived by nearly all practitioners. General practitioners expressed interest in the field. They cited their own education and experience as the main obstacles to action. Most of them expressed a feeling of failure when they screened or took care of violence for educational purpose. This study suggests that doctors can participate in supporting the parents in the prevention of violence for educational purpose. Support to parents would need specific medical training as well as a societal change. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

78 FR 60188 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-01

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration... aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France, EASA, its technical representative, has notified us of the unsafe condition described...

78 FR 63853 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration... aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France, EASA, its technical representative, has notified us of the unsafe condition described...

Home and leisure injuries among the French electricity and gas company active employees: circumstances and short-term consequences.

PubMed

Verrier, Agnès; Chevalier, A

2007-11-01

To characterize home and leisure injuries and their immediate consequences among adults aged 20-60 years and to look for homogeneous profiles of injury circumstances to assess the possibility of setting up prevention programs. Cross-sectional survey by questionnaire completed on the occasion of a medical visit after a first episode of absence for home or leisure injury between 1 January and 31 December 1997 among Electricité de France Gaz de France (EDF GDF) workforce of three geographical areas (47,681 employees). Incidence and relative risks according to sex, age and work grade and a multidimensional classification of injury circumstances. Eight hundred and fifty four injuries were studied. Risk was estimated at 18.4 injury victims per 1000 employees, of which 13.4 per 1000 employees were home injury victims and 3.7 leisure injury victims. The risk of all injuries was higher among men than women (RR=1.3) and decreased as work grade rose: for men, it was five times higher among operating employees than managers. Multidimensional analysis of injury circumstances ended by distributing into four main classes which may be useful for prevention: gardening and do-it-yourself injuries outdoors (19.9%), coming and going on the streets (6.9%), falling while coming and going in the home on the stairs (13.4%), and do-it-yourself inside the home (13.0%). Injuries induced essentially four types of lesions: sprains (34%), fractures (31.8%), contusions (24.5%) and wounds. The mean sick-leave lasted 32.1 days but half the subjects returned to work in less than 17 days. Hospitalization was necessary in 19.2% of cases. This study completed by an analysis of the behavioural factors of injuries led us to propose programs aimed at changing the risk behaviours related to do-it-yourself, stairs falls and gardening.

77 FR 16137 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-20

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for the Eurocopter France... directive (AD): 2012-05-01 Eurocopter France: Amendment 39-16973; Docket No. FAA- 2011-0454; Directorate...

Validation of the new code package APOLLO2.8 for accurate PWR neutronics calculations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Santamarina, A.; Bernard, D.; Blaise, P.

2013-07-01

This paper summarizes the Qualification work performed to demonstrate the accuracy of the new APOLLO2.S/SHEM-MOC package based on JEFF3.1.1 nuclear data file for the prediction of PWR neutronics parameters. This experimental validation is based on PWR mock-up critical experiments performed in the EOLE/MINERVE zero-power reactors and on P.I. Es on spent fuel assemblies from the French PWRs. The Calculation-Experiment comparison for the main design parameters is presented: reactivity of UOX and MOX lattices, depletion calculation and fuel inventory, reactivity loss with burnup, pin-by-pin power maps, Doppler coefficient, Moderator Temperature Coefficient, Void coefficient, UO{sub 2}-Gd{sub 2}O{sub 3} poisoning worth, Efficiency ofmore » Ag-In-Cd and B4C control rods, Reflector Saving for both standard 2-cm baffle and GEN3 advanced thick SS reflector. From this qualification process, calculation biases and associated uncertainties are derived. This code package APOLLO2.8 is already implemented in the ARCADIA new AREVA calculation chain for core physics and is currently under implementation in the future neutronics package of the French utility Electricite de France. (authors)« less

78 FR 34960 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-11

...-0501; Directorate Identifier 2011-SW-036-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... rulemaking (NPRM). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France... Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for...

78 FR 66668 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-06

...-0938; Directorate Identifier 2012-SW-057-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... Determination These helicopters have been approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France, EASA, its technical...

78 FR 33766 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-05

...-0480; Directorate Identifier 2012-SW-090-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... approved by the aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France, EASA, its technical representative, has notified us of the...

Genetic characterization of a red color morph of Euphorbia esula subsp. esula (Euphorbiaceae) in the floodplains of Saône (Eastern France)

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The invasive leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L (Euphorbiaceae) is an The invasive leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L (Euphorbiaceae) is an emerging weed in the floodplains of the Val de Saône France, that displaces native flora and desirable forage species by forming dense monotypic stands. It is conside...

The ultracool-field dwarf luminosity-function and space density from the Canada-France Brown Dwarf Survey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reylé, C.; Delorme, P.; Willott, C. J.; Albert, L.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T.; Artigau, E.; Malo, L.; Hill, G. J.; Doyon, R.

2010-11-01

the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, the Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France, and the University of Hawaii. This work is based in part on data products produced at TERAPIX and the Canadian Astronomy Data Centre as part of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey, a collaborative project of NRC and CNRS. Based on observations made with the ESO New Technology Telescope at the La Silla Observatory. Based on observations obtained at the Gemini Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the Science and Technology Facilities Council (United Kingdom), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), the Australian Research Council (Australia), CNPq (Brazil) and CONICET (Argentina). Based on observations with the Kitt Peak National Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma jointly by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Based on observations made at The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin.Tables 3, 5 and 8 are only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org

Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in France: descriptive study from the French national hospital database.

PubMed

Maire, Frédérique; Cibot, Jean-Olivier; Compagne, Catherine; Hentic, Olivia; Hammel, Pascal; Muller, Nelly; Ponsot, Philippe; Levy, Philippe; Ruszniewski, Philippe

2017-08-01

Although indirect evidence suggests that the incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has increased in the last decade, few data are available in European countries. The aim of the present study was to update the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in France in 2014 from the French national hospital database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information). All patients hospitalized for pancreatic cancer in France in 2014 in public or private institutions were included. Patient and stays (length, type of support, institutions) characteristics were studied. The results were compared with those observed in 2010. A total of 13 346 (52% men, median age 71 years) new patients were treated for pancreatic cancer in 2014, accounting for a 12.5% increase compared with 2010. Overall, 22% of patients were operated on. Liver metastases were present in 60% of cases. The disease accounted for 146 680 hospital stays (+24.8% compared with 2010), 76% of which were related to chemotherapy (+32%). The average annual number and length of stay were 7 and 2.6 days, respectively. In 2014, 11 052 deaths were reported (+15.8%). Approximately 13 350 new cases of pancreatic cancer were observed in France in 2014. The increase in incidence was associated with a marked increase in hospital stays for chemotherapy.

A surgical sabbatical in France.

PubMed

Sutherland, F; Launois, B

2000-06-01

During my stay in France I had the unique opportunity to meet surgical professors from all over the world and made many friends and contacts in the field of hepatobiliary surgery. Brittany is a beautiful province of France, having unique way of life and approach to social and societal problems. The cultural enrichment that I received from my year there will last a lifetime, as well the many fond memories of the people, the culinary delights and the spectacular seashore.

France.

PubMed

1987-09-01

In 1986, France had a population of 55,493,000, with an annual growth rate of 0.4%. The infant mortality rate stood at 8.2/1000. Of the work force of 23.8 million, 8.3% were engaged in agriculture, 45.2% were in the industry and commerce sector, and 46.5% were engaged in services. The unemployment rate stood at 10.7%. The country's gross domestic product (GDP) was US$724 billion in 1986, with an average annual growth rate of 2.0%, and per capita income averaged $13,046. France has substantial agricultural resources, a diversified modern industrial system, and a highly skilled labor force. Following the return of a socialist majority in government in 1981, several large manufacturing firms were nationalized along with much of the commercial banking sector. Initial socialist policies were stimulative, relying partly on income redistribution and partly on increased government spending. However, the resultant increase in import demand was not offset by an increased demand French exports. In 1983, an economic stabilization plan of reductions in the budget deficit, involving spending cuts, increased taxes, and tighter monetary and credit policies, was successfully implemented. Although current economic policies should promote stronger growth over the medium to long term, trade competitiveness remains weak and high unemployment is a major social problem.

Amelioration de l'efficacite energetique du procede d'electrolyse de l'aluminium conception d'un nouveau bloc cathodique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blais, Mathieu

Au Quebec, les alumineries sont de grandes consommatrices d'energie electrique, soit pres de 14 % de la puissance installee d'Hydro-Quebec. Dans ce contexte, des petits gains en efficacite energetique des cuves d'electrolyse pourraient avoir un impact important sur la reduction globale de la consommation d'electricite. Le projet de maitrise decrit dans cette etude repond a la problematique suivante : comment l'optimisation de la geometrie d'un bloc cathodique en vue d'uniformiser la densite de courant peut augmenter l'efficacite energetique et la duree de vie de la cuve d'aluminium? Le but premier du projet est de modifier la geometrie en vue d'ameliorer le comportement thermoelectrique des blocs cathodiques et d'accroitre par le fait meme l'efficacite energetique du procede de production d'aluminium. La mauvaise distribution de la densite de courant dans la cuve est responsable de certains problemes energetiques ayant des impacts negatifs sur l'economie et l'environnement. Cette non-uniformite de la distribution du courant induit une usure prematuree de la surface de la cathode et contribue a reduire la stabilite magnetohydrodynamique de la nappe de metal liquide. Afin de quantifier les impacts que peut avoir l'uniformisation de la densite de courant a travers le bloc cathodique, un modele d'un bloc cathodique d'une cuve de la technologie AP-30 a ete concu et analyse par elements finis. A partir de son comportement thermoelectrique et de donnees experimentales d'une cuve AP-30 tirees de la litterature, une correlation entre le profil de densite de courant a la surface du bloc et le taux d'erosion local au meme endroit a ete creee. Cette relation correspond au modele predictif de la duree de vie de tout bloc du meme materiau a partir de son profil de densite de courant. Ensuite, une programmation a ete faite incorporant dans une meme fonction cout les impacts economiques de la duree de vie, de la chute de voltage cathodique et de l'utilisation de nouveaux materiaux

Beginning of Viniculture in France

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

McGovern, Patrick E.; Luley, Benjamin P.; Rovira, Nuria; Mirzoian, Armen; Callahan, Michael P.; Smith, Karen F.; Hall, Gretchen R.; Davidson, Theodore; Henkin, Joshua M.

2013-01-01

Chemical analyses of ancient organic compounds absorbed into the pottery fabrics of imported Etruscan amphoras (ca. 500-475 B.C.) and into a limestone pressing platform (ca. 425-400 B.C.) at the ancient coastal port site of Lattara in southern France provide the earliest biomolecular archaeological evidence for grape wine and viniculture from this country, which is crucial to the later history of wine in Europe and the rest of the world. The data support the hypothesis that export of wine by ship from Etruria in central Italy to southern Mediterranean France fueled an ever-growing market and interest in wine there, which, in turn, as evidenced by the winepress, led to transplantation of the Eurasian grapevine and the beginning of a Celtic industry in France. Herbal and pine resin additives to the Etruscan wine point to the medicinal role of wine in antiquity, as well as a means of preserving it during marine transport.

Beginning of viniculture in France

PubMed Central

McGovern, Patrick E.; Luley, Benjamin P.; Rovira, Nuria; Mirzoian, Armen; Callahan, Michael P.; Smith, Karen E.; Hall, Gretchen R.; Davidson, Theodore; Henkin, Joshua M.

2013-01-01

Chemical analyses of ancient organic compounds absorbed into the pottery fabrics of imported Etruscan amphoras (ca. 500–475 B.C.) and into a limestone pressing platform (ca. 425–400 B.C.) at the ancient coastal port site of Lattara in southern France provide the earliest biomolecular archaeological evidence for grape wine and viniculture from this country, which is crucial to the later history of wine in Europe and the rest of the world. The data support the hypothesis that export of wine by ship from Etruria in central Italy to southern Mediterranean France fueled an ever-growing market and interest in wine there, which, in turn, as evidenced by the winepress, led to transplantation of the Eurasian grapevine and the beginning of a Celtic industry in France. Herbal and pine resin additives to the Etruscan wine point to the medicinal role of wine in antiquity, as well as a means of preserving it during marine transport. PMID:23733937

The response of medical virology laboratories to the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 outbreak in Paris Île-de-France region.

PubMed

Seringe, E; Agut, H

2013-10-01

The outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was a challenge for the laboratories of Paris Île-de-France region in charge of virological diagnosis. In order to evaluate the quality of their response to this challenge, a retrospective survey based on a self-administered standardized questionnaire was undertaken among the 18 hospital laboratories involved in A(H1N1)pdm09 virus detection over a period of 10 months from April 2009 to January 2010. All concerned laboratories responded to the survey. Due to imposed initial biosafety constraints and indications, virological diagnosis was performed in only two laboratories at the start of the studied period. Step by step, it was further settled in the other laboratories starting from June to November 2009. From the beginning, A(H1N1)pdm09-specific RT-PCR was considered the reference method while the use of rapid influenza detection tests remained temporary and concerned a minority of these laboratories. Among the overall 21,656 specimens received, a positive diagnosis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was obtained in 5,390 cases (25%), the positivity range being significantly higher among women as compared to men (P<0.0001) and subjects below 45 years of age as compared to those over 65 years (P<0.0001). Two peaks in positivity frequency were observed at weeks 24 (30%, 8-12 June 2009) and 44 (50%, 26-30 October 2009) respectively, the latter one occurring 2 weeks earlier than the peak of epidemic at the national level. In contrast, a low positivity rate was detected at weeks 38-40 in relationship with other respiratory virus infections which were clinically misinterpreted as a peak of influenza epidemic. These data demonstrate the ability of medical virology laboratories of Paris Île-de-France region to provide in real time a valuable diagnosis of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection and a relevant view of outbreak evolution, suggesting they will be a crucial component in the management of future influenza epidemics. Copyright © 2012

78 FR 49115 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-13

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT... published in the Federal Register. The AD applies to certain Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model AS350B3...

Structural investigations in the Massif-Central, France

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scanvic, J. Y.

1974-01-01

This survey covered the French Massif-Central (where crystalline and volcanic rocks outcrop) and its surrounding sedimentaries, Bassin de Paris, Bassin d'Aquitaine and Rhodanian valley. One objective was the mapping of fracturing and the surveying of its relationship with known ore deposits. During this survey it was found that ERTS imagery outlines lithology in some sedimentary basins. On the other hand, in a basement area, under temperature climate conditions, lithology is rarely expressed. These observations can be related to the fact that band 5 gives excellent results above sedimentary basins in France and generally band 7 is the most useful in a basement area. Several examples show clearly the value of ERTS imagery for mapping linear features and circular structures. All the main fractures are identified with the exception of new ones found both in sedimentaries and basement areas. Other interesting findings concern sun elevation which, stereoscopic effect not being possible, simulates relief in a better way under certain conditions.

75 FR 39277 - Sorbitol From France; Determination

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-08

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731-TA-44 (Third Review)] Sorbitol From France... U.S.C. 1675d(c)) (the Act), that revocation of the antidumping duty order on sorbitol from France... views of the Commission are contained in USITC Publication 4164 (June 2010), entitled Sorbitol from...

Alternatives to Anti-Personnel Landmines (Solutions de remplacement aux mines antipersonnel)

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-05-01

remplacement ont un prix : elles sont plus pesantes sur le plan logistique et impliquent des risques opérationnels pour les forces de l’OTAN. En...très importante, de l’interopérabilité dans le transfert de secteurs qui ont été minés par un pays non-signataire de la Convention d’Ottawa. Le...SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 40(I) Alternatives to Anti-Personnel Landmines (Solutions de remplacement aux mines antipersonnel) Military

Uranium mining in France

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

White, L.

Since the onset of the first ''oil shock'' in 1974, France has pursued a policy of steadily increasing energy independence based on nuclear power for generation of electricity. In 1973, nuclear reactors supplied only 8% of France's electrical power. A strong development effort lifted the nuclear share to 23% in 1980, to 66% in 1985, and the plan is to raise the total to 75% by 1990. In 1976, Cogema (Compagnie Generale des Matieres Nucleaires) was organized from the production division of France's Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA) to handle fuel supply and spent fuel reprocessing for the expanding industrymore » (see subsequent article on Cogema). In parallel with growth of the French nuclear power, Cogema has become a world leader in all aspects of the fuel cycle, providing services not only domestically but internationally as well. As a uranium mining company, Cogema has steadily developed domestic and foreign sources of supply, and over the years it has maintained the world's strongest uranium exploration effort throughout the ups and downs of the market. As a result, the company has become the world's leading uranium supplier, with about 20% of total production contributed either by its domestic mining divisions or overseas subsidiaries.« less

Inside France: Three Missing Pages from Your Students' Textbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conniffe, Patricia, Ed.

This mini-unit seeks to fill the gap in textbooks that exists when teaching about modern France. Many textbooks end their coverage of France with the chapter on World War II. This unit offers high school students a unique introduction to France in the mid-1990s. The mini-unit includes a two-sided poster, teaching tips, and student pages. Student…

Gambling and gambling-related problems in France.

PubMed

Valleur, Marc

2015-12-01

To provide an overview of the gambling landscape and gambling-related problems in France, including the history, legislation, gambling policy and epidemiological data on excessive gambling. A literature review, using Medline, PsycInfo and Toxibase/OFDT databases, based on the systematic monitoring of scientific literature since 2008 (including French and international papers). Since 1776 and the creation of the royal lottery, state monopoly has been the main pillar of gambling policy in France. Increases in gambling venues and opportunities, growing evidence of gambling-related problems, pressures from the European Commission and the growth of on-line gambling have led to major changes in this policy: while land-based gambling remains mainly in the form of a state monopoly, on-line gambling was partially liberalized in 2010, and regulation authorities were established. The first epidemiological survey was conducted in 2010. Rates of problematic gambling in France are within the average of other European countries. Treatment has begun to be made available within addiction centres. A majority of on-line gamblers in France use legal websites, which was one of the initial goals of liberalization. Recent studies confirm that the prevalence of problem gambling in France is far higher among on-line gamblers than among land-based gamblers; however, this difference cannot be attributed only to greater addictiveness of on-line gambling. © 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.

The RHYTMME system: an operational real-time warning and mapping system for flash floods, debris flows, landslide and rock falls in Southeastern France.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fouchier, Catherine; Mériaux, Patrice; Atger, Frédéric; Ecrepont, Stéphane; Liébault, Frédéric; Bertrand, Mélanie; Bel, Coraline; Batista, Dominique; Azemard, Pierre; Saint-Martin, Clotilde; Javelle, Pierre

2016-04-01

Almost all municipalities of Southeastern France are concerned by natural hazards triggered by heavy rainfalls such as floods, debris flows, landslides and rock falls. Although some tools exist to forecast and monitor heavy rains and floods in France, their spatial resolution sometimes does not meet the needs of local risk managers who have to monitor events at a small spatial scale. In order to improve the risk management in the mountainous and Mediterranean areas of Southeastern France, Irstea and Météo-France have led the RHYTMME project. The goal of this project is to improve the ability to forecast and localize high-risk rainfall-induced hazards in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur administrative area. This goal is currently under achievement thanks to the implementation of a real-time warning and mapping system for rainfall induced natural hazards, fed by radar data and whose outputs are made available via the Internet to operators in charge of risk management (local and regional authorities, emergency and rescue services, road and rail networks managers, ...). This system provides maps which display in real-time: - the radar estimations of rainfall for different rain durations and at the spatial resolution of 1 km² (Westrelin et al., 2013), - the estimation of the scarcity of these rainfall estimations, also at the spatial resolution of 1 km², thanks to a comparison with threshold values provided by a regionalized stochastic hourly point rainfall generator (Arnaud et al., 2007), - an anticipation of the rivers discharges, computed at the outlet of 1700 watersheds of Southeastern France thanks to the AIGA warning system which combines a rainfall runoff model and an estimation of the scarcity of the discharges thanks to a comparison with threshold values (Javelle et al., 2014). Maps of susceptibility to debris flow, landslide and rock falls can also be displayed in the RHYTMME warning system along with the real time maps of rainfall hazard (Batista, 2013a

The Stillborn Army: Political Contention and the Fate of De Gaulle’s Armee de Metier

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-25

the Germans in antitank weapons S 1Anthony Adamthwaite, France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939 (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1977), xii...Liddell-Hart, . -. History of the Second World War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1971), 21. 3 James F. McMillan, Dreyfus to de Gaulle: Politics and...Comino of the Second World War , xi. ... 55j. R. Tournoux, P~tain and de Gaulle. 1964, trans. Oliver Coburn .4,-.,., (London: William Heinemann, 1966

78 FR 70202 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT... France (Eurocopter) Model AS350B, BA, B1, B2, B3, D, AS355E, F, F1, F2, and N [[Page 70203

Rotorcraft System Identification (L’Identification des Systemes de Voilures ;Tournantes)

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

Icgroupe detraivail No.18 sur t~idenrifleariisndes systtmes tie vcilures trturnatnt~s. a proe~dde lapplicatioindte toure la gamme tic mdtboties...AD-A244 250 -liii ii _,AGARD-AR-280 , AGAL?1Mw ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ag 7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE...DEVELOPMENT 7 RUE ANCELLE 92200 NEUILLY SUR SEINE FRANCE AGARD ADVISORY REPORT 280 Rotorcraft System Identification (L’ldcntification des Syst~mes de Voidures

Comparaison de la performance environnementale de la production thermique d'electricite avec et sans sequestration geologique du dioxyde de carbone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bellerive, Nathalie

The research project hypothesis is that CO2 capture and sequestration technologies (CSC) leads to a significant decrease in global warming, but increases the impact of all other aspects of the study. This is because other processes used for CO2 capture and sequestration require additional quantities of raw materials and energy. Two other objectives are described in this project. The first is the modeling of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plant for which there is no known generic data. The second is to select the right hypothesis regarding electrical production technologies, CO2 capture, compression and transportation by pipeline and finally sequestration. "Life Cycle Assessment" (LCA) analyses were chosen for this research project. LCA is an exhaustive quantitative method used to evaluate potential environmental impacts associated with a product, a service or an activity from resource extraction to waste elimination. This tool is governed by ISO 14 040 through ISO 14 049 and is sustained by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Two power plants were studied, the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plant and the Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plant. In order to sequester CO2 in geological formation, it is necessary to extract CO2from emission flows. For the IGCC power plant, CO 2 was captured before the burning phase. For the NGCC power plant, the capture was done during the afterburning phase. Once the CO2 was isolated, it was compressed and directed through a transportation pipe 1 000 km in length on the ground surface and in the sea. It is hypothesized that the power plant is 300 km from the shore and the sequestration platform 700 km from France's shore, in the North Sea. The IGCC power plant modeling and data selection regarding CO2 capture and sequestration were done by using primary data from the industry and the Ecoinvent generic database

Status Report on Activities of the Systems Assessment Task Force, OECD-NEA Expert Group on Accident Tolerant Fuels for LWRs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bragg-Sitton, Shannon Michelle

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development /Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA) Nuclear Science Committee approved the formation of an Expert Group on Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) for LWRs (EGATFL) in 2014. Chaired by Kemal Pasamehmetoglu, INL Associate Laboratory Director for Nuclear Science and Technology, the mandate for the EGATFL defines work under three task forces: (1) Systems Assessment, (2) Cladding and Core Materials, and (3) Fuel Concepts. Scope for the Systems Assessment task force includes definition of evaluation metrics for ATF, technology readiness level definition, definition of illustrative scenarios for ATF evaluation, parametric studies, and selection of system codes. Themore » Cladding and Core Materials and Fuel Concepts task forces will identify gaps and needs for modeling and experimental demonstration; define key properties of interest; identify the data necessary to perform concept evaluation under normal conditions and illustrative scenarios; identify available infrastructure (internationally) to support experimental needs; and make recommendations on priorities. Where possible, considering proprietary and other export restrictions (e.g., International Traffic in Arms Regulations), the Expert Group will facilitate the sharing of data and lessons learned across the international group membership. The Systems Assessment Task Force is chaired by Shannon Bragg-Sitton (INL), while the Cladding Task Force will be chaired by a representative from France (Marie Moatti, Electricite de France [EdF]) and the Fuels Task Force will be chaired by a representative from Japan (Masaki Kurata, Japan Atomic Energy Agency [JAEA]). This report provides an overview of the Systems Assessment Task Force charter and status of work accomplishment.« less

78 FR 47230 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-05

...-0679; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW-015-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... aviation authority of France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with France, EASA, its technical representative, has notified us of the unsafe condition described...

[Attractiveness of France for international clinical trials in 2012: 6(th) survey assessed by Leem (French association of pharmaceutical companies)].

PubMed

Lassale, Catherine; Sibenaler, Claire; Béhier, Jehan-Michel; Barthélémy, Philippe; Plétan, Yannick; Courcier, Soizic

2013-01-01

Since 2002, the Leem (French Association of Pharmaceutical Companies) has conducted a survey every two years to update the attractiveness of France for international clinical trials. Thirty companies (68% of the French market) have participated in this 6(th) survey which involved 79 countries, a greater number of Phases I/II, II and III studies (420 versus 352 in 2010), a relatively stable number of included patients (246,895 versus 249,704 in 2010) and a greater number of centers (32,965 versus 24,337 in 2010). The evolution of time-lines for the go-ahead by French Authorities is heterogeneous (shorter time-lines by the French National Agency of Drug and Health Products Safety [ANSM] but longer time-lines by Research Ethics Comittees [CPP]). The time-lines for first hospital contracts remain stable. France ranks at an average position among European countries in regards to quantitative and qualitative data, and its state-of-art in early stages is still recognized. Its good performance in oncology and orphan diseases are major assets of competitiveness. © 2013 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.

Identification des objets et detection de leur alignement en utilisant la technologie RFID

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahma, Zayoud

De nos jours, les vehicules motorises sont essentiels dans notre vie quotidienne, d'ou la necessite de leur approvisionnement en carburant. L'approvisionnement en carburant peut entrainer certains inconvenients, tels que: les files d'attente, la disponibilite non-continuelle du carburant et les fraudes. Les problemes d'attente et de disponibilite non-continuelle du carburant peuvent etre facilement resolus en allant a une autre station d'essence aux alentours si disponibles. Par contre le probleme de fraudes est plus difficile a resoudre. De ce fait, decoule notre solution qui consiste a developper un systeme intelligent pour la gestion d'approvisionnement en carburant afin de remedier a ce probleme de fraudes. Pour des raisons de surete, il faut eviter les risques d'etincelles dans l'environnement du carburant. En particulier, il convient de ne pas utiliser un systeme utilisant 1'electricite proche de la pompe, du tuyau ou du reservoir du carburant du vehicule. Nous avons choisi la technologie RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) et avons opte pour l'utilisation des etiquettes passives, etant donne que les etiquettes semi-passives ou actives contiennent une batterie electrique et sont nettement plus cheres. Un vehicule motorise sera identifie avec une etiquette RFID passive collee au-dessus du goulot de son reservoir. Deux autres etiquettes RFID seront placees sur le pistolet de sorte que le flux du carburant ne sera autorise que lorsque les trois etiquettes sont alignees. Notre travail etait a la demande d'une entreprise petroliere ayant une chaine internationale de stations de carburant. Le travail consiste en la conception, par la recherche, du systeme requis et s'articule sur l'optimisation de la topologie des antennes et des etiquettes de sorte que le systeme juge qu'il y a alignement lorsque le bec du pistolet est fonce dans le goulot du reservoir, et par consequent autorise le versement du carburant. Dans tous les autres cas, le systeme doit juger qu'il n

Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport, France

PubMed Central

Egorova, Svetlana; Timinouni, Mohammed; Demartin, Marie; Granier, Sophie A.; Whichard, Jean M.; Sangal, Vartul; Fabre, Laëtitia; Delauné, Aurélia; Pardos, Maria; Millemann, Yves; Espié, Emmanuelle; Achtman, Mark; Grimont, Patrick A.D.

2008-01-01

The multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serotype Newport strain that produces CMY-2 β-lactamase (Newport MDR-AmpC) was the source of sporadic cases and outbreaks in humans in France during 2000–2005. Because this strain was not detected in food animals, it was most likely introduced into France through imported food products. PMID:18507913

Identification of sperm subpopulations with defined motility characteristics in ejaculates from Ile de France rams.

PubMed

Bravo, J A; Montanero, J; Calero, R; Roy, T J

2011-11-01

The aims of this study were to identify different motile sperm subpopulations in fresh ejaculates from six Ile de France rams, by using a computer-assisted sperm motility analysis (CASA) system, and to evaluate the effects of individual ram and season on population distribution. Overall sperm motility and individual kinematic parameters of motile spermatozoa were evaluated for 125,312 spermatozoa, defined by curvilinear velocity (VCL), linear velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity coefficient (LIN), straightness coefficient (STR), wobble coefficient (WOB), mean amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and frequency of head displacement (BCF). A multivariate cluster analysis was carried out to classify these spermatozoa into a reduced number of subpopulations according to their movement patterns. The statistical analysis clustered the whole motile sperm population into five separate groups: subpopulation 1, constituted by rapid, progressive and non sinuous spermatozoa (VCL=126.41 μm/s, STR=92.87% and LIN=86.47%); subpopulation 2, characterized by progressive spermatozoa with moderate velocity (VCL=74.74 μm/s and STR=84.03%); subpopulation 3, represented by rapid, progressive and sinuous spermatozoa (VCL=130.45 μm/s, STR=76.02% and LIN=47.68%); subpopulation 4 represents rapid nonprogressive spermatozoa (VCL=128.69 μm/s and STR=44.09%); subpopulation 5 includes poorly motile, nonprogressive spermatozoa with a very irregular trajectory (VCL=36.81 μm/s and STR=47.04%). Our results show the existence of five subpopulations of motile spermatozoa in ram ejaculates. The frequency distribution of spermatozoa within subpopulations was quite similar for the six rams, and the five subpopulations turned out to be very stable along seasons. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Aging in France: Population Trends, Policy Issues, and Research Institutions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beland, Daniel; Durandal, Jean-Philippe Viriot

2013-01-01

Like in other advanced industrial countries, in France, demographic aging has become a widely debated research and policy topic. This article offers a brief overview of major aging-related trends in France. The article describes France's demographics of aging, explores key policy matters, maps the institutional field of French social gerontology…

The sex ratio at birth in France was unchanged 9months after the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

PubMed

Masukume, Gwinyai; Grech, Victor

2016-08-01

Positive psychological phenomena such as increased feelings of belonging linked to hosting the FIFA World Cup were observed in France 1998 and South Africa 2010. Approximately nine months after South Africa hosted the 2010 World Cup the sex ratio at birth increased significantly. Given the similarity of positive psychological phenomena between the two countries, this study sought to determine if the sex ratio at birth increased in France circa nine months after the 1998 World Cup. Anonymized publicly available live birth data from 1994 to 2004 inclusive was obtained from the Insee (Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes/Économiques - National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies). For statistical analysis, chi-squared tests were used. The sex ratio at birth for March and April 1999 did not differ significantly from that of the rest of same period from 1996 to 2000 (p=0.558), there was also no significant difference for February and March 1999. The sex ratio at birth did not increase in France after it hosted the 1998 World Cup. Possible reasons why the sex ratio at birth did not increase as it did in South Africa include a higher French prevalence of modern contraceptive use and a different kind/level of excitement for the World Cup in France since it has previously hosted large international sports tournaments. The influence of the World Cup on the sex ratio at birth depends on the context of a specific country. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Analysis of generic drug supply in France].

PubMed

Taboulet, F; Haramburu, F; Latry, Ph

2003-09-01

The list of generic medicines (LGM), published since 1997 by the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé (AFFSSaPS), the French Medicine Agency, concerns a special part of the medicines reimbursed by the National Health Insurance (Social Security). The objectives of the present study were: i) to describe the components of this list, based on pharmaceutical, economical and therapeutic characteristics, ii) to study differences between generic and reference products (formulations, excipients, prices, etc.), iii) to analyze information on excipients provided to health care professionals. The 21st version of the LGM (April 2001) was used. Therapeutic value was retrieved from the 2001 AFSSaPS report on the therapeutic value of 4490 reimbursed medicines. Information on excipients in the LGM and the Vidal dictionary (reference prescription book in France) was compared. The products included in the LGM represent 20% of all reimbursed medicines. The mean price differences between generics and their reference products vary between 30 and 50% for more than two thirds of the generic groups. The therapeutic value of the products of the LGM was judged important in 71% of cases (vs 63% for the 4409 assessed medicines) and insufficient in 13% of cases (vs 19%). Information on excipients is often missing and sometimes erroneous. Although the LGM is regularly revised and thus the generic market in perpetual change, the 2001 cross description of this pharmaceutical market provides much informations and raises some concern.

[Utilization of methylphenidate(Ritalin) in France].

PubMed

Frances, C; Hoizey, G; Millart, H; Trenque, T

2002-01-01

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the only psychostimulant approved in France and indicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children over 6 years. It is under restricted prescription and distribution conditions. As such, it requires a hospital initiated prescription from either a neurology, psychiatry or pediatric specialist and it is covered by the "narcotics" schedule. The French Pharmacovigilance database spontaneous adverse drug reactions reporting, since it was approved in 1995, were analyzed. 21 adverse drug reactions were reported. In 16 cases, methylphenidate was suspected. They were generally non-serious, mild side effects and in most cases promptly resolved. These results do not suggest methylphenidate misuse in France or an overuse in between 1300 and 4000 treated children, to date. Until more information is available concerning the long-term effects of methylphenidate, and in order to limit misuse, inappropriate or overuse, the current prescription and dispensing regulation should be maintained in France, and could well be developed in other countries.

From Higher Education to Employment. Volume III: Finland, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway = De l'enseignement superieur a l'emploi. Volume III: Finlande, France, Italie, Japan, Norrege, Pays-Bas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris (France).

This document presents statistical data from the countries of France, Finland, the Netherlands, Japan, Italy, and Norway regarding the flows of graduates from higher education and their entry into the workforce. Among the statistical data presented are the trends and current situation in each country for such areas as college enrollments and…

77 FR 63262 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-16

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 [Docket No. FAA-2012-1087; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW-32-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... France: Docket No. FAA-2012-1087; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW-32-AD. (a) Applicability This AD applies...

Screening of cloud microorganisms isolated at the Puy de Dôme (France) station for the production of biosurfactants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Renard, Pascal; Canet, Isabelle; Sancelme, Martine; Wirgot, Nolwenn; Deguillaume, Laurent; Delort, Anne-Marie

2016-09-01

A total of 480 microorganisms collected from 39 clouds sampled at the Puy de Dôme station (alt. 1465 m; 45°46'19'' N, 2°57'52'' E; Massif Central, France) were isolated and identified. This unique collection was screened for biosurfactant (surfactants of microbial origin) production by measuring the surface tension (σ) of the crude extracts, comprising the supernatants of the pure cultures, using the pendant drop technique. The results showed that 41 % of the tested strains were active producers (σ < 55 mN m-1), with 7 % being extremely active (σ < 30 mN m-1). The most efficient biosurfactant producers (σ < 45 mN m-1) belong to a few bacterial genera (Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas) from the Υ-Proteobacteria class (78 %) and a yeast genus (Udeniomyces) from the Basidiomycota phylum (11 %). Some Bacillus strains from the Firmicutes phylum were also active but represented a small fraction of the collected population. Strains from the Actinobacteria phylum in the collection examined in the present study showed moderate biosurfactant production (45<σ < 55 mN m-1). Pseudomonas (Υ-Proteobacteria), the most frequently detected genus in clouds, with some species issued from the phyllosphere, was the dominant group for the production of biosurfactants. We observed some correlations between the chemical composition of cloud water and the presence of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms, suggesting the "biogeography" of this production. Moreover, the potential impact of the production of biosurfactants by cloud microorganisms on atmospheric processes is discussed.

Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite: a worldwide building stone from Spain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freire Lista, David Martin; Fort, Rafael

2016-04-01

Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is extracted from the Sierra de Guadarrama (Spanish Central System), about 75 kilometers southwest of Madrid. "Cadalso" means "high place", the topography of Cadalso de los Vidrios village is dominated by the Peña Muñana, where there is an eighth century Arab watchtower built with leucogranite. "Vidrios" refers to glass factories that existed in Cadaso de los Vidrios from the late twelfth century. Today there are no glass factories and quarrying is an important industry, Cadalso de los Vidrios has three quarry zones, and many processing and carving workshops. Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is a fine-medium-grained, hypidiomorphic, equigranular leucogranite. There are many historical buildings built with thisstone, including the archeological site of "La Mezquita" whose original mosque was built between the years 950 and 1012 and the Villena Palace which dates from the fifteenth century. In 1534, this was rebuilt into a Renaissance-style castle In addition the "Arco de la Ermita de Santa Ana" was built between 1463 and 1492 and the Nuestra Señora de la Asunción Church was built in 1498 with its façade being completed in Plateresque-style in 1547.as the "Casa de los Salvajes". The Cadalso de los Vidrios City Hall was built in 1992 also with leucogranite. The current annual production of the Cadalso de los Vidrios leucogranite is 8000 m3, of which 40% is exported primarily to France and Italy. Currently, under the trade name Blanco Cristal, it has been used in places such as Vieux-Port in Marseille, in France; Plaza Romagné Conflans in Ste Honorine (France); Cork International Airport, in Ireland; Terminal 4 of Adolfo Suarez Airport, in Madrid; shopping malls in Dortmund, Germany as well as in Guangzhou, China and the Puri EXIM Bank, in Jakarta. Thermal shock cycles were performed during 24 hours according to the European standard UNE-EN, 14066, 2003 in 7 cubes of Blanco Cristal. First, the samples were put in an oven at

International Reports on Literacy Research: France and Argentina

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malloy, Jacquelynn A., Comp.; Botzakis, Stergios, Comp.

2006-01-01

This is a compilation of two separate reports on international literacy research from France and Argentina. In the reports from France, research correspondent Jacques Fijalkow detailed three research projects that included the following: (1) A description of adult literacy skills; (2) An investigation of how study-abroad students were integrated…

The Challenges Facing Catholic Education in France Today

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moog, François

2016-01-01

The effects of secularisation on society demand a rethinking of the identity and mission of Catholic schools in France. In 2013, the French bishops published a new directory which offers new approaches, described here, based on the three challenges facing Catholic education in France: linking social responsibility and evangelisation, setting up…

47 CFR 3.46 - Use of gold francs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Use of gold francs. 3.46 Section 3.46... AUTHORITIES IN MARITIME AND MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIO SERVICES Settlement Operations § 3.46 Use of gold francs. An accounting authority must accept accounts presented to it from foreign administrations in gold...

47 CFR 3.46 - Use of gold francs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Use of gold francs. 3.46 Section 3.46... AUTHORITIES IN MARITIME AND MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIO SERVICES Settlement Operations § 3.46 Use of gold francs. An accounting authority must accept accounts presented to it from foreign administrations in gold...

47 CFR 3.46 - Use of gold francs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of gold francs. 3.46 Section 3.46... AUTHORITIES IN MARITIME AND MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIO SERVICES Settlement Operations § 3.46 Use of gold francs. An accounting authority must accept accounts presented to it from foreign administrations in gold...

47 CFR 3.46 - Use of gold francs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Use of gold francs. 3.46 Section 3.46... AUTHORITIES IN MARITIME AND MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIO SERVICES Settlement Operations § 3.46 Use of gold francs. An accounting authority must accept accounts presented to it from foreign administrations in gold...

47 CFR 3.46 - Use of gold francs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Use of gold francs. 3.46 Section 3.46... AUTHORITIES IN MARITIME AND MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIO SERVICES Settlement Operations § 3.46 Use of gold francs. An accounting authority must accept accounts presented to it from foreign administrations in gold...

Physics in France Circa 1850-1914; its National Organisation, Characteristics and Content.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, John L.

1990-01-01

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. The thesis begins with an examination of what was understood by the term 'physics' in France circa. 1850. The development of the centralised state educational system and the physics research which was produced within this system in Paris and the provinces, is then considered. Although all the relevant institutions, where some form of physics or physical science was taught, have been examined, the Ecole Polytechnique, and the Ecole Normale Superieure have a particular importance in the early period of this study. As time passed and as a result of reforms put in hand by the republican regime which came out of the defeat of the Franco -Prussian war of 1870-71, the universite system grew in importance, while the role of the Polytechnique declined. The Ecole Normale, the Paris Faculty and the provincial faculties form part of the universite system and participated in its growth. A knowledge of the objectives of the physics courses in these institutions helps in the understanding of the characteristics of physics in France in this period. The central objective was, largely, to produce either science teachers, or (in the case of the Polytechnique), a type of elite 'technocrat', for the state, i.e. men who could communicate clearly, or technically utilise knowledge, which was already established on a firm theoretical basis. This is not to say that research had no place in the institutions of higher education, on the contrary, and this research, carried out by both teachers and students, is examined here to try to relate its form and content to the particular institution in which it was carried out. The role of national organisations like the Societe de physique and the Association Francaise pour l'avancement des sciences in the development of physics in France is also considered, as is the role of the Academie des sciences. The predominantly experimental nature of physics research in France is related to the

De l'ideogramme au syntagme: une semio-pedagogie du Guide Michelin (From Ideograph to Syntagma: A Semio-Pedagogy of the Guide Michelin).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, James W.; Clarke, Paul

1987-01-01

The "Guide Michelin de France" is proposed as an authentic document for studying France and its language, increasing student motivation, and fostering an appreciation of the link between language and culture. Three ways (grammatical, communicative, and cultural) of exploiting the guide's semiotics are demonstrated. (MSE)

Echinococcus ortleppi Infections in Humans and Cattle, France

PubMed Central

Umhang, Gérald; Arbez-Gindre, Francine; Mantion, Georges; Delabrousse, Eric; Millon, Laurence; Boué, Franck

2014-01-01

In 2011 and 2012, liver infections caused by Echinococcus ortleppi tapeworms were diagnosed in 2 humans in France. In 2012, a nationwide slaughterhouse survey identified 7 E. ortleppi infections in cattle. The foci for these infections were spatially distinct. The prevalence of E. ortleppi infections in France may be underestimated. PMID:25417697

In Wake of Riots, France Refashions Priority Zones

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hendrie, Caroline

2006-01-01

This article deals with an initiative embarked upon by the government of France one year after widespread youth violence broke out in many disadvantaged communities in France. The initiative is aimed at adapting its 25-year-old "priority education" program to a landscape that has dramatically changed. The initiative is the centerpiece of…

The last ride of Henry II of France: orbital injury and a king's demise.

PubMed

Eftekhari, Kian; Choe, Christina H; Vagefi, M Reza; Eckstein, Lauren A

2015-01-01

Jousting was a popular pastime for royalty in the Renaissance era. Injuries were common, and the eye was particularly at risk from the splinters of the wooden lance. On June 30, 1559, Henry II of France participated in a jousting tournament to celebrate two royal weddings. In the third match, Gabriel de Montgomery struck Henry on the right shoulder and the lance splintered, sending wooden shards into his face and right orbit. Despite being cared for by the prominent physicians Ambroise Paré and Andreas Vesalius, the king died 10 days later and was found to have a cerebral abscess. The wound was not explored immediately after the injury; nevertheless, wooden foreign bodies were discovered in the orbit at the time of autopsy. The dura had not been violated, suggesting that an infection may have traveled from the orbit into the brain. Nostradamus and Luca Guarico, the astrologer to the Medici family, had prophesied the death of Henry II of France, but he ignored their warnings and thus changed the course of history in Renaissance Europe. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The e-Bug project in France.

PubMed

Touboul, Pia; Dunais, Brigitte; Urcun, Jeanne-Marie; Michard, Jean-Louis; Loarer, Christian; Azanowsky, Jean-Michel; Vincent, Isabelle; Jestin, Christine; Housseau, Bruno; de Warren, Anne; Dellamonica, Pierre

2011-06-01

The high rates of antibiotic prescriptions and antimicrobial resistance in France motivated its participation in the European e-Bug school project concerning microbes, and infection transmission, prevention and treatment. The prospect of raising awareness among children, helping them to adopt suitable attitudes and behaviour towards infection transmission and treatment starting from childhood, generated enthusiastic support from relevant national educational and health institutions throughout the Project. France was actively involved in every stage: background research showed that the subject matter was best suited to the national science curricula of the fourth and fifth forms in junior schools, and the sixth and ninth forms in senior schools; a focus group study with junior and senior teachers elicited teachers' needs concerning teaching resources; and a qualitative and quantitative evaluation, after translation and pack review, enabled further adaptation of the packs. This evaluation showed an overall enthusiastic reception by teachers and their students in France, and reassured teachers on the ease of use of the Project's resources and students' progress. The e-Bug Project was launched through a national institutional implementation plan in September 2009 and orders for e-Bug tools increased rapidly. By the end of October, 57% of all senior science teachers and 16% of all junior school teachers had ordered the pack. France is one of the most frequent users of the e-Bug web site. The collaboration with both educational and health partners was particularly helpful to implementing the Project, and this was confirmed by the favourable reception and participation of teachers and students in the field.

Comparison of rehospitalization rates in France and the United States.

PubMed

Gusmano, Michael; Rodwin, Victor; Weisz, Daniel; Cottenet, Jonathan; Quantin, Catherine

2015-01-01

To compare rates of 30-day all-cause rehospitalization in France and the US among patients aged 65 years and older and explain any difference between the countries. To calculate rehospitalization rates in France, we use an individual identifying variable in the national hospital administrative dataset to track unique individuals aged 65 years or more hospitalized in France in 2010. To calculate the proportion of rehospitalized patients (65+) who received outpatient visits between the time of initial discharge and rehospitalization, we linked the hospital database with a database that includes all medical and surgical admissions. We used step by step regression models to predict rehospitalization. Rates of rehospitalization in France (14.7%) are lower than among Medicare beneficiaries in the US (20%). We find that age, sex, patient morbidity and the ownership status of the hospital are all correlated with rehospitalization in France. Lower rates of rehospitalization in France appear to be due to a combination of better access to primary care, better health among the older French population, longer lengths of stay in French hospitals and the fact that French nursing homes do not face the same financial incentive to rehospitalize residents. © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Technological variability during the Early Middle Palaeolithic in Western Europe. Reduction systems and predetermined products at the Bau de l'Aubesier and Payre (South-East France)

PubMed Central

Carmignani, Leonardo; Fernandes, Paul; Wilson, Lucy

2017-01-01

The study of the lithic assemblages of two French sites, the Bau de l’Aubesier and Payre, contributes new knowledge of the earliest Neanderthal techno-cultural variability. In this paper we present the results of a detailed technological analysis of Early Middle Palaeolithic lithic assemblages of MIS 8 and 7 age from the two sites, which are located on opposite sides of the Rhône Valley in the south-east of France. The MIS 9–7 period is considered in Europe to be a time of new behaviours, especially concerning lithic strategies. The shift from the Lower Palaeolithic to the Early Middle Palaeolithic is “classically” defined by an increase in the number of core technologies, including standardized ones, which are stabilized in the full Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 5–3), associated with the decline of the “Acheulean” biface. Applying a common technological approach to the analysis of the two assemblages highlights their technological variability with respect to reduction systems and end products. Differences between Payre and the Bau de l’Aubesier concerning raw material procurement and faunal exploitation only partially explain this multifaceted technological variability, which in our opinion also reflects the existence of distinct technological strategies within the same restricted geographic area, which are related to distinct traditions, site uses, and/or as yet unknown parameters. PMID:28591159

ALARA and work management

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schieber, C.; Perin, M.; Saumon, P.

1995-03-01

At the request of Electricite de France (EDF) and Framatome, the Nuclear Protection Evaluation Centre (CEPN) developed a three-year research project, between 1991 and 1993, to evaluate the impact of various work management factors that can influence occupational exposures in nuclear power plants (NPPs) and to assess the effectiveness of protective actions implemented to reduce them. Three different categories of factors have been delineated: those linked to working conditions (such as ergonomic of work areas and protective suits), those characterizing the operators (qualification, experience level, motivation, etc.). In order to quantify the impact of these factors, a detailed survey wasmore » carried out in five French NPPs, focusing on three types of operations: primary valves maintenance, decontamination of reactor cavity, and specialized maintenance operations on the steam generator. This survey was augmented by a literature review on the influence of {open_quotes}hostile{close_quotes} environment on working conditions. Finally, a specific study was performed in order to quantify the impact of various types of protective suits used in French nuclear installations according to the type of work to be done. All of these factors have been included in a model aiming at quantifying the effectiveness of protection actions, both from dosimetric and economic point of views.« less

Implementation of ALARA at the design stage of Nuclear Power Plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brissaud, A.; Ridoux, P.

1995-03-01

In the 1970s, Electricite de France (EdF) had limited knowledge and experience of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Electricity generation by nuclear units was oriented towards gas-graphite reactors, even though EdF had a share in the PWR unit of CHOOZ A-1 (250 MWe, later upgraded to 320 MWe). Some facts about the origin of doses in that king of reactor were known to the research and development (R&D) support staff of EdF, which mainly comprises the French Atomic Commission (CEA), but only a few of EdF`s engineers were aware of these facts. One has to bear in mind that CHOOZ A-1more » only went critical in April 1967 and was officially connected to the grid in May 1970 after some important problems had been solved. Meanwhile, the nuclear program was launched at full speed, beginning with the order for FESSENHEIM 1 in 1970, FESSENHEIM 2 and BUGEY 2 and 3 in 1971. TIHANGE 1, in which EdF had a share, went on-line in September 1975. Also, supposing that EdF had had such knowledge and experience, it is quite evident that it would have been very difficult to modify the lay-out inside the reactor building.« less

Scaling up close-range surveys, a challenge for the generalization of as-built data in industrial applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hullo, J.-F.; Thibault, G.

2014-06-01

As-built CAD data reconstructed from Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data are used for more than two decades by Electricité de France (EDF) to prepare maintenance operations in its facilities. But today, the big picture is renewed: "as-built virtual reality" must address a huge scale-up to provide data to an increasing number of applications. In this paper, we first present a wide multi-sensor multi-purpose scanning campaign performed in a 10 floor building of a power plant in 2013: 1083 TLS stations (about 40.109 3D points referenced under a 2 cm tolerance) and 1025 RGB panoramic images (340.106 pixels per point of view). As expected, this very large survey of high precision measurements in a complex environment stressed sensors and tools that were developed for more favourable conditions and smaller data sets. The whole survey process (tools and methods used from acquisition and processing to CAD reconstruction) underwent a detailed follow-up in order to state on the locks to a possible generalization to other buildings. Based on these recent feedbacks, we have highlighted some of these current bottlenecks in this paper: sensors denoising, automation in processes, data validation tools improvements, standardization of formats and (meta-) data structures.

[Air quality surveillance in France].

PubMed

Téton, S; Robin, D; Genève, C

2009-10-01

As air quality has a direct impact on human health, its monitoring is imperative. In France, this task was entrusted by the government (Air Law of 1996) to organisations with territorial responsibility: the Registered Associations for the Surveillance of Air Quality. The type and level of pollution evolve: from industrial and sulphur pollution in the seventies, to urban and photochemical pollution today and to nanoparticles, pesticides and pollutants in buildings tomorrow. The tools, the skills and the roles of the different people involved in air quality control follow these sometimes rapid transitions in connection with an increasingly precise understanding of the relationship between health and the environment and of the considerable research on the subject. This article describes the mechanisms of air quality monitoring in France.

Concentrating Solar Power Projects in France | Concentrating Solar Power |

Science.gov Websites

;alphabetical by project name. You can browse a project profile by clicking on the project name. eLLO Solar NREL France Concentrating solar power (CSP) projects in France are listed belowâ€"

Inorganic trace element content of aerosols at puy de Dôme, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vlastelic, I.; Sellegri, K.; Colomb, A.; Suchroski, K.; Bouvier, L.; Nauret, F.

2012-04-01

The puy de Dôme research station is located at 1465 m above sea level in central France (45° 46' N, 2° 57' E, 1465 m a.s.l.). The station is surrounded by a protected area where agriculture and forests are predominant. The city of Clermont-Ferrand (150 000 inhabitants) is located 16 km east of the station. At the pdD site, the dominant westerly winds bring background or aged air masses. Despite its relatively low elevation, long-term records of gases and meteorological parameters indicate that in winter the site is mainly located in the free troposphere. Aerosol physical and chemical properties (particle size, black carbon mass), and gas-phase mixing ratios (SO2, CO, CO2, O3, NO, and NO2) are measured continuously throughout the year. Since October 2011, inorganic trace element content of aerosols is also monitored weekly. Precisely measured air volumes (typically from 15 to 20 m3) are filtered during two consecutive days and two consecutive nights on high purity teflon filters (47 mm diameter and 1.0 micrometer porosity). The Teflon filters are leached in savillex beakers using HNO3(0.4M) - HF (0.05M) and trace elements concentrations are analyzed by ICPMS (Agilent 7500, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans). Preliminary data were analyzed in logarithmic plots sorting elements according to their decreasing abundance in the upper continental crust. A first group of elements (Al, Na, Fe, Mg, Ti, Mn, Ba, Sr, Zr, V, Cr, Rb, Li, Y, Ga, Co, Sc, Nb, Th, Hf, Cs, U, Be, Ta and Rare Earth Elements) shows a progressive decreasing trend, which suggests a crustal origin. A second group of elements (Zn, Ni, Cu, B, Pb, As, Sn, W, Ge, Mo, Tl, Sb, Bi, Se, Cd, In and Ag) shows strong positive anomalies that superimpose on the smooth trend. With the exception of Ni, all elements from this second group are volatile to some degree. The excess element concentration (i.e., unsupported by crustal input) decreases in the following order: Zn (7.75 ng/m3), B (1.2 ng/m3), Ni (0.44 ng/m3), Pb (0

ADULT EDUCATION IN FRANCE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

TITMUS, COLIN J.

A SURVEY OF NONVOCATIONAL ADULT EDUCATION IN FRANCE, THE FIRST FULL LENGTH STUDY, OUTLINES ITS HISTORY FROM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THROUGH THE RESISTANCE, THE PRINCIPLES AND CONDITIONS OF POPULAR EDUCATION SINCE 1945, LOCAL AND GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS, SERVICES OF PRIVATE AND GENERAL ORGANIZATIONS, PROVISIONS FOR SPECIAL INTERESTS AND GROUPS,…

Assessment and diffusion of medical innovations in France: an overview.

PubMed

Dubromel, Amélie; Geffroy, Loïc; Aulagner, Gilles; Dussart, Claude

2018-01-01

Background: In France, a significant part of health expenditure is publicly funding. This put a heavy burden on society. In an economic context requiring tight control of public spending, it seems relevant to control the diffusion of medical innovations. That is why health technology assessment is subject to an increasing interest at national level for management and approval decisions. This article provides an overview of the assessment and diffusion of medical innovation in France. Method: The data are extracted from French authorities or organisations websites and documents and from French legislative texts. In addition, regarding discussion, a search in MEDLINE database was carried out. Results: An overview of the assessment and diffusion of medical innovation in France is given by presenting the different types of medical innovations according to French health system definition (I); introducing French authorities participating to health technology assessment and describe assessment procedures of medical innovations (II); and giving details about market access process of innovative health product in France (III). Key opportunities and challenges of medical innovation assessment and diffusion in France are discussed at the end of this article. Conclusion: In France, medical innovation is considered as a crucial component for quality of care and performance of healthcare system. The aim of health technology assessment is to promote a secure and timely access to innovation for patients. Nevertheless, it appears necessary to improve regulatory mechanisms.

[Health and politics in France].

PubMed

Tabuteau, Didier

2012-06-01

Health is a dual notion. It is individual, singular and intimate. It is also collective, statistical and political. The modern problematic of health relies upon a balance of complex relations between individual and collective acceptances of the notion. You can try to outline the evolutions and the main concepts through a quadruple approach: health and politics, health and its professionals, health and society and in the end, health and the State. The relationships between health and politics in France are affected by the historical delay of France in public health, namely because of a structural weakness of the administrative organization of public health. Nevertheless France developed a dense and well organized care system and a universal social protection against the disease. The creation of the health professions in France was marked by a historical opposition between the doctors and the state which led to a failure of hygienist medicine and a fundamental misunderstanding on health insurance. Medical domination led to the organization of a system based on professional dichotomy and the delegation of the regulation skills to the health care professionals. The role of health issues in the French society was deeply renewed by the development of the medical and epidemiological knowledge. This resulted in a new political responsibility in the management of health risks but also in the confirmation of the patients' rights and the role of their associations in the health systems operations and the piloting of public policies. In this environment, the state has recently and progressively confirmed its dominating role in the health sector. A public hospital service was created In the 60's and 70's, then in the 80's there were recurrent interventions in order to control health spendings and eventually in the 90's health safety devices were set up. More recently, a process of health policies institutionalization confirmed this evolution. In the future, health issues should

Le pôle de métrologie de SOLEIL

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Idir, M.; Brochet, S.; Delmotte, A.; Lagarde, B.; Mercere, P.; Moreno, T.; Polack, F.; Thomasset, M.

2006-12-01

Le Pôle de METROLOGIE de SOLEIL a pour objet de créer sur le synchrotron SOLEIL, une plateforme constituée : - une ligne de lumière utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron (métrologie dite à la longueur d'onde) - d'un laboratoire de métrologie associé (métrologie dite ll classique gg ) Ces deux types de Métrologie sont l'une et l'autre indispensables pour soutenir l'activité de recherche instrumentale en optique X et X-UV. Ce projet de pôle de METROLOGIE ne répondra pas seulement aux besoins des groupes chargés de l'équipement du synchrotron SOLEIL en optiques et détecteurs mais aussi pour préparer, tester et mettre au point les postes expérimentaux, ce qui concerne déjà une large communauté d'utilisateurs. Il sera aussi largement ouvert, dès sa mise en service, à l'ensemble de la communauté scientifique concernée par l'instrumentation X et XUV en Ile de France, en France, voire même en Europe si la demande continue de croître plus vite que l'offre dans ce domaine. Ligne de lumière Métrologie à la longueur d'onde La ligne de lumière sera équipée de plusieurs stations permettant de mesurer, dans la plus grande partie du spectre couvert par le synchrotron, les paramètres photométriques qui caractérisent les éléments optiques, tels que : la réflectivité de surfaces, l'efficacité de diffraction des réseaux, la diffusion des surfaces ou l'efficacité des détecteurs X et X-UV et la calibration absolue. Cette installation pourra servir également à développer des instruments et des diagnostics nécessaires à la caractérisation des faisceaux de rayons X (intensité, taille, degré de cohérence, polarisation etc.) Métrologie Classique La métrologie des surfaces optiques est devenue une nécessité critique pour les laboratoires et les industries qui utilisent les photons X et X-UV (synchrotrons, centres laser, etc. .). En effet, les progrès de calcul et de conception des systèmes optiques pour ces longueurs d'onde (optiques

75 FR 53857 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model SA330J Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-02

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model SA330J Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration... known U.S. owners and operators of Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model SA330J helicopters by individual...'' rather than checking for ``play.'' This helicopter model is manufactured in France and is type...

75 FR 42380 - Revocation of Antidumping Duty Order on Sorbitol From France

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-21

... Duty Order on Sorbitol From France AGENCY: Import Administration, International Trade Administration... sunset review of the antidumping duty order on sorbitol from France. See Initiation of Five-year... the existing antidumping duty order on sorbitol from France would not be likely to lead to...

[A case of donovanosis acquired in France].

PubMed

Okhremchuk, I; Marmottant, E; Abed, S; Nguyen, A-T; Fournier, B; Boye, T; Morand, J-J

2016-11-01

Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) is a bacterial infection caused by Klebsiella granulomatis that occurs mainly in the genital area and is primarily sexually transmitted; it is seen predominantly in the tropics. Herein, we report a case of the disease contracted in metropolitan France. A 47-year-old man presented with painless ulceration of the glans, present for one month, with progressive extension; there was no history of any recent trip abroad. Skin biopsy with Whartin-Starry and Giemsa staining revealed Donovan bodies in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Based on these findings, further questioning of the patient revealed unprotected sexual contact two months earlier in France. Treatment was initiated with azithromycin 1g on the first day followed by 500mg per day for three weeks. The clinical outcome was spectacular, with almost complete regression of the ulcer at 7 days. This case demonstrates that donovanosis can occur in metropolitan France. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

[The "Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie" and the two world wars].

PubMed

Bonnemain, Bruno

2011-02-01

The "Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie" was the official publication of the Société de Pharmacie de Paris which became later on the French Academy of pharmacy. It is consequently the organ that presented scientific publications and independent position papers from pharmacists being part of this assembly and coming from universities, drugstores or pharmaceutical industries. We have analyzed the content of this journal during the last two world wars in order to evaluate to what extent the members of the Société de Pharmacie de Paris were part of the war efforts, and encouraged or criticized the on-going events. We can observe that, in both cases, pharmacists used their expert opinions to better react and manage consequences of the conflicts, but also to express their disagreement with enemy's opinions or actions, the Society doing everything possible to maintain its activities. One can observe also that both conflicts were an opportunity to reconsider the organization of pharmacy in France, especially during the Second World War where took place discussions on pharmacy reform (1941 law) and creation of the Pharmacists' Order which will ultimately occur after the war end.

"Franklin: Science, Politics and France"

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McClellan, James E., III

2003-04-01

This presentation traces Benjamin Franklin's career as a "civic scientist" in Old-Regime France. It outlines the initial - and not always positive - reception of Franklin's work on electricity by the community of French scientists in the 1750s. It sketches Franklin's subsequent elevation into the pantheon of French Enlightenment heros, and it details his work as a "civic scientist" while American envoy to France in the 1770s and 1780s, notably his service on the government-sponsored commissions that repudiated the scientific and medical claims of Franz Anton Mesmer. This presentation concludes by examining a few features of Franklin's career that are not completely congruent with our notion of what a "civic scientist" might be, a contrast that is intended to illuminate both Franklin and the concept of "civic scientist."

The Definition of Vocational Diplomas in Germany and France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mobus, Martine; Verdier, Eric

1997-01-01

In both France and Germany, the government, employers' organizations, and unions all participate in defining vocational diplomas based on a national framework of procedures of elaborating and standardizing titles. Important differences between the diploma definition processes in France and Germany may be identified. In Germany, the issue is…

76 FR 81430 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-28

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 [Docket No. FAA-2011-1408; Directorate Identifier 2008-SW-10-AD] RIN 2120-AA64 Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France... [Amended] 2. The FAA amends Sec. 39.13 by adding the following new AD: Eurocopter France: Docket No. FAA...

The Marketisation of Guidance Services in Germany, France and Britain.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rees, Teresa; Bartlett, Will; Watts, A. G.

1999-01-01

Compares developments in Britain, France, and Germany, focusing on the trends toward marketing adult career guidance services. Describes how Germany's centralized system and the quasi-market based system in France might apply in Britain. (JOW)

[Hospital emergency and health system organization in France].

PubMed

Moreau, François

2003-01-01

There is no legal definition of the term "emergency" in France. Given the vagueness of this term, a law was passed on 6 January 1986 in France defining the principle of urgent medical assistance as "providing the sick, the wounded and pregnant women, wherever they are, with the appropriate emergency care to meet their condition". The Ethical Medical Code of 6 September 1995 (Art. 77) specifies that "regarding constant availability of health care, the duty of every doctor is to take part in the day and night on-call rota". To understand the emergency care system in France, it should be stressed that the health system is a joint system, with a private sector and a public sector jointly organizing and providing health care. The patient can access either system as he chooses.

76 FR 75772 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model EC 120B Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-05

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model EC 120B Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration... the Eurocopter France Model EC 120B helicopters. This AD requires modifying the pilot cyclic control... include an AD that would apply to Eurocopter France Model EC 120B helicopters. That NPRM was published in...

[Disease, experiment and psychology in mid-19th century France].

PubMed

Babini, Valeria P

2002-01-01

This article offers a contribution to the thesis that considers H. Taine and Th. Ribot the theorists of the "pathological method" in psychology, and thus the forefathers of French experimental psychology. At the same time it points out that the idea of equivalence between observation of the pathological and experimentation could already be found in th psychological medicine of the 1840s. The author examines the early years of the Annals médico-psychologiques (1843-1844), the constitution of the Société médico-psychologique (1852), and the work of J. Moreau de Tours (1843) on hashish and mental alienation, with the intention of demonstrating that in the 1850s French psychiatry was actively engaged in the debate on the Science des rapports du physique et du moral, and that consequently the organicistic paradigm, proclaimed in those years in Germany, had not yet spread to France.

Getting Skills Right: France

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

OECD Publishing, 2017

2017-01-01

This report identifies effective strategies to tackle skills imbalances in France. It provides an assessment of practices and policies in the following areas: the collection and use of information on skill needs to foster a better alignment of skills acquisitions with labour market needs; policies stimulating skills demand and skills use; policies…

Assessment and diffusion of medical innovations in France: an overview

PubMed Central

Dubromel, Amélie; Geffroy, Loïc; Aulagner, Gilles; Dussart, Claude

2018-01-01

ABSTRACT Background: In France, a significant part of health expenditure is publicly funding. This put a heavy burden on society. In an economic context requiring tight control of public spending, it seems relevant to control the diffusion of medical innovations. That is why health technology assessment is subject to an increasing interest at national level for management and approval decisions. This article provides an overview of the assessment and diffusion of medical innovation in France. Method: The data are extracted from French authorities or organisations websites and documents and from French legislative texts. In addition, regarding discussion, a search in MEDLINE database was carried out. Results: An overview of the assessment and diffusion of medical innovation in France is given by presenting the different types of medical innovations according to French health system definition (I); introducing French authorities participating to health technology assessment and describe assessment procedures of medical innovations (II); and giving details about market access process of innovative health product in France (III). Key opportunities and challenges of medical innovation assessment and diffusion in France are discussed at the end of this article. Conclusion: In France, medical innovation is considered as a crucial component for quality of care and performance of healthcare system. The aim of health technology assessment is to promote a secure and timely access to innovation for patients. Nevertheless, it appears necessary to improve regulatory mechanisms. PMID:29686802

[Attractiveness of France for clinical trials: evaluation of laboratories and promoters].

PubMed

d'Enfert, Jérôme; Lassale, Catherine; Prod'homme, Pauline

2003-01-01

Questions have been raised regarding the attractiveness of France versus other countries for performing clinical trials. A questionnaire was sent to pharmaceutical companies with offices in France to assess their level of activity and to get information on the pros and cons of performing phase I-IV international clinical trials in France. Eleven companies, of large to medium size and representing 44% of the shared market returned answers. In 2001, they spent 131 million euros on clinical trials--53% for phase I-III, with a staff of 1469 (not including Contact Research Organisations)--and involved 21,000 investigators recruiting 98,000 patients on local budgets, and 2257 investigators recruiting 10,270 patients on international budgets. France ranked well as regards size of market or resource availability, with an intermediate rank as regards costs, access to patients and disease prevalence, and was weak with regard to speed of recruitment and quality of investigators. Ways of improving France's attractiveness will be discussed.

Climate hazards, adaptation and "resilience" of societies (early Little Ice Age, west of France).

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Athimon, Emmanuelle; Maanan, Mohamed

2016-04-01

Over the past ten to fifteen years, climate hazards and adaptation have received more attention due to the current climate change. Climate historians have gathered strong evidence that the world's climate has evolved over the past millennium and one of the most significant changes took place during the Little Ice Age. Recently, a set of questions has emerged: what were the effects of the Little Ice Age on human's societies? How did humans adapt to these climate changes? How did they react to extreme weather-related events? Using examples of climate hazards from the West of France during the beginning of the Little Ice Age (xivth-xviith centuries) such as storms, flooding, drought, harsh winters, the poster aims at showing how the past societies can constitute a source of inspiration for present ones. Through schemas, this research exposes the system's rebound capacity, points out the importance of the historical depth in research on human's adaptation and resilience and shows the value of integrating a historical approach. It reveals that History contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between societies and climate hazards. Data on climate hazards and adaptation of societies stem from historical sources such as chronicles, diaries, books of accounts, records of cities repairs. To protect themselves and their goods, medieval and modern societies had developed specific skills, practices and strategies. From the xivth to the xviiith century, there is an increase of defense by dikes in the low Loire, as for example the construction of those amongst Longué and Ponts-de-Cé between the early xivth century and 1407. The French kingdom's authorities also tried increasingly to provide technical, material, logistical and fiscal support: for instance, during the winter 1564-1565, several bridges have been destroyed by a river flooding in Nantes. The King Charles IX then offered to people of Nantes part of the funds from taxes on the main activities such as the

Theories of genetics and evolution and the development of medical entomology in France (1900-1939).

PubMed

Gachelin, G; Opinel, A

2008-12-01

The development of entomology and medical entomology in France is discussed in the context of the prevalence of Lamarckian ideas concerning heredity and evolution. Lamarckian ideas have greatly influenced research carried out at the Institut Pasteur by Emile Roubaud and more generally in Felix Mesnil's laboratory, as well as research in general entomology at the Museum national d'histoire naturelle. By contrast, it did not influence research and teaching at the Faculté de médecine of Paris or that of physicians more generally including those in overseas Instituts Pasteur, which clearly kept away from theoretical discussion concerning the origin of variations and adaptation in insects of medical interest.

[Courses in microsurgical techniques in France and abroad].

PubMed

Alzakri, A; Al-Rajeh, M; Liverneaux, P A; Facca, S

2014-06-01

The objective of this work was to determine the state of current training programs for microsurgery in France and abroad. Our survey of microsurgery training programs determined the registration volume, program contents, and number of students in France, and looked at registration volume and teaching time for programs abroad. Data were obtained from the Internet, university administration, those responsible for university diploma programs, and students. There were 18 university diploma programs in microsurgery in France. The average list price was €1,129 for an average of 19 hours of theoretical training and 100 hours of practice. Evaluation methods varied, but all required at least vascular anastomosis in rats. In 2011-2012, 148 students were enrolled and 126 graduated (85% passing rate). Abroad, 16 basic courses were listed in the USA, Europe and Asia. Nine advanced courses were offered. The average price was $1,346 for 36 hours of practice in the basic courses and $1,955 for over 50 hours of training in advanced courses. None of these courses gave out a diploma. Our results show that in France, university diploma programs in microsurgery are heterogeneous and the French College should consider updating them. Globally, a study is underway by the International Microsurgical Simulation Society. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Long-Term Care Financing: Lessons From France

PubMed Central

Doty, Pamela; Nadash, Pamela; Racco, Nathalie

2015-01-01

Context An aging population leads to a growing demand for long-term services and supports (LTSS). In 2002, France introduced universal, income-adjusted, public long-term care coverage for adults 60 and older, whereas the United States funds means-tested benefits only. Both countries have private long-term care insurance (LTCI) markets: American policies create alternatives to out-of-pocket spending and protect purchasers from relying on Medicaid. Sales, however, have stagnated, and the market's viability is uncertain. In France, private LTCI supplements public coverage, and sales are growing, although its potential to alleviate the long-term care financing problem is unclear. We explore whether France's very different approach to structuring public and private financing for long-term care could inform the United States’ long-term care financing reform efforts. Methods We consulted insurance experts and conducted a detailed review of public reports, academic studies, and other documents to understand the public and private LTCI systems in France, their advantages and disadvantages, and the factors affecting their development. Findings France provides universal public coverage for paid assistance with functional dependency for people 60 and older. Benefits are steeply income adjusted and amounts are low. Nevertheless, expenditures have exceeded projections, burdening local governments. Private supplemental insurance covers 11% of French, mostly middle-income adults (versus 3% of Americans 18 and older). Whether policyholders will maintain employer-sponsored coverage after retirement is not known. The government's interest in pursuing an explicit public/private partnership has waned under President François Hollande, a centrist socialist, in contrast to the previous center-right leader, President Nicolas Sarkozy, thereby reducing the prospects of a coordinated public/private strategy. Conclusions American private insurers are showing increasing interest in long

Linguistic Pluralism in France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Laroche, Jacques M.

This paper suggests that a discussion of linguistic pluralism in France begins by chronicling the emergence of French as the primary language in early French history and the role of linguistic minorities at various periods in French history. It then focuses on growing linguistic activism in the second half of the twentieth century, when the…

Trends of bariatric surgery in France during the last 10 years: analysis of 267,466 procedures from 2005-2014.

PubMed

Debs, Tarek; Petrucciani, Niccolo; Kassir, Radwan; Iannelli, Antonio; Amor, Imed Ben; Gugenheim, Jean

During the past decade, the field of bariatric surgery has changed dramatically. The study aims to summarize and perform a periodic assessment of the current trends in the use of bariatric surgery in France and review findings on the long-term progression of bariatric surgery. The data were extracted from the national registry Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d׳Information from 2005 to 2014. National health system and private practice in France. We identified all hospitalizations during which a bariatric procedure was performed for the treatment of morbid obesity from 2005 to 2014 in France. Data were reviewed for patient characteristics and the number and types of bariatric procedures. We also analyzed the setting and the characteristics of the centers and the difference of the activity between the public and private sector. Between 2005 and 2014, the number of bariatric operations increased fourfold. Sleeve gastrectomy became the most performed bariatric intervention, representing 60.7% of bariatric activity in 2014. There was a concomitant steep increase in sleeve gastrectomy, with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increasing slightly overall and a substantial decrease in adjustable gastric banding. In 2014, 481 centers performed bariatric surgery. Among them, one third performed<30 operations/yr. We observed an overall in-hospital mortality ranging from .038% to .05% during the last 3 years. Bariatric surgery is increasing in France, with a fourfold augmentation of interventions in the last 10 years. The number of sleeve gastrectomies has increased considerably. This activity is performed in numerous centers, one third of them performing<30 interventions/yr. Copyright © 2016 American Society for Bariatric Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Prevalence of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) in France: an estimate based on a record linkage of two national databases.

PubMed

Baujat, Geneviève; Choquet, Rémy; Bouée, Stéphane; Jeanbat, Viviane; Courouve, Laurène; Ruel, Amélie; Michot, Caroline; Le Quan Sang, Kim-Hanh; Lapidus, David; Messiaen, Claude; Landais, Paul; Cormier-Daire, Valérie

2017-06-30

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare, severely disabling, and life-shortening genetic disorder that causes the formation of heterotopic bone within soft connective tissue. Previous studies found that the FOP prevalence was about one in every two million lives. The aim of this study is to estimate the FOP prevalence in France by probabilistic record-linkage of 2 national databases: 1) the PMSI (Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d'information), an administrative database that records all hospitalization activities in France and 2) CEMARA, a registry database developed by the French Centres of Reference for Rare Diseases. Using a capture-recapture methodology to adjust the crude number of patients identified in both data sources, 89 FOP patients were identified, which results in a prevalence of 1.36 per million inhabitants (CI95% = [1.10; 1.68]). FOP patients' mean age was 25 years, only 14.9% were above 40 years, and 53% of them were males. The first symptoms - beside toe malformations- occurred after birth for 97.3% of them. Mean age at identified symptoms was 7 years and above 18 years for only 6.9% of patients. Mean age at diagnosis was 10 years, and above 18 years for 14.9% of the patients. FOP patients were distributed across France. Despite the challenge of ascertaining patients with rare diseases, we report a much higher prevalence of FOP in France than in previous studies elsewhere. We suggest that efforts to identify patients and confirm the diagnosis of FOP should be reinforced and extended at both national and European level.

Populations at Risk for Alveolar Echinococcosis, France

PubMed Central

Piarroux, Martine; Piarroux, Renaud; Knapp, Jenny; Bardonnet, Karine; Dumortier, Jérôme; Watelet, Jérôme; Gerard, Alain; Beytout, Jean; Abergel, Armand; Bresson-Hadni, Solange

2013-01-01

During 1982–2007, alveolar echinococcosis (AE) was diagnosed in 407 patients in France, a country previously known to register half of all European patients. To better define high-risk groups in France, we conducted a national registry-based study to identify areas where persons were at risk and spatial clusters of cases. We interviewed 180 AE patients about their way of life and compared responses to those of 517 controls. We found that almost all AE patients lived in 22 départements in eastern and central France (relative risk 78.63, 95% CI 52.84–117.02). Classification and regression tree analysis showed that the main risk factor was living in AE-endemic areas. There, most at-risk populations lived in rural settings (odds ratio [OR] 66.67, 95% CI 6.21–464.51 for farmers and OR 6.98, 95% CI 2.88–18.25 for other persons) or gardened in nonrural settings (OR 4.30, 95% CI 1.82–10.91). These findings can help sensitization campaigns focus on specific groups. PMID:23647623

Double protection passive pour les equipages de l’helicoptere d’attaque Tigre : Concept et etude experimentale (Design and Experimental Study of the Passive Double Hearing Protection for the Crew of the Attack Helicopter Tiger)

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-04-01

alain.leger@fr.thalesgroup.com THALES Aerospace Rue Toussaint Catros 33187 Le Haillan FRANCE RESUME Les coques des écouteurs du casque Topowl ont...déjà fait l’objet d’une étude visant à optimiser leur protection auditive dans les stricts budgets de masse et de volume impartis. La présente...techniques audio (p. 17-1 – 17-14). Compte rendu de réunion RTO-MP-HFM-123, Communication 17. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France : RTO. Disponible sur le site

75 FR 28469 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model AS332L2 Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-21

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model AS332L2 Helicopters AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration.... SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter France (Eurocopter) Model... Unsafe Condition Determination This helicopter has been approved by the aviation authority of France and...

When and What Meteorological Stresses Will Maize Crops Meet in the future in France?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caubel, J.

2015-12-01

Climate change is expected to modify overall climatic conditions and therefore, suitability for cropping. Assessment of when and what meteorological stresses will crops meet in the future is highly useful for planners and land managers who can apply adaptation strategies to improve agricultural potentialities. We propose to evaluate the impacts of climate change on suitability for maize cropping in terms of ecophysiology (e.g., heat stress during grain filling), yield quality (e.g., thermal conditions on protein content) and cultural practices performance (e.g., days available for harvest according to risk of waterlogged soil compaction) in two French areas. The Midi-Pyrénées (southern) and Ile-de-France (northern) regions were chosen as representing the two distinct climates when dividing France into southern and northern parts. The Midi-Pyrénées region is a major irrigated maize producer but could become penalizing in the future because of heat and water stress. By contrast, northern France could become a more suitable area thanks to the expected increasing temperature. To confirm our assumptions, we used the method assessment for crop-climate suitability developed in Caubel et al. (2015) and based on the sub-annual analysis of agroclimatic indicators calculated over phenological periods. Indicators have been calculated using climatic data from 1950 to 2100 simulated by the global climate ARPEGE at the meso-scale SAFRAN (8 km resolution) for the two areas and forced by a greenhouse effect corresponding to the SRES A1B scenario (similar to RCP 6.0). The evaluation was done for two distinct varieties in terms of precocity. Agroclimatic indicators characterizing water deficit and water excess impacts on crop were calculated for three soils with contrasting soil water reserves and depths. Finally, the evaluation was performed with a unique sowing date (the current one), and with an optimized sowing date according to water and thermal requirements for emergence

Enterovirus Migration Patterns between France and Tunisia

PubMed Central

Othman, Ines; Mirand, Audrey; Slama, Ichrak; Mastouri, Maha; Peigue-Lafeuille, Hélène; Aouni, Mahjoub; Bailly, Jean-Luc

2015-01-01

The enterovirus (EV) types echovirus (E-) 5, E-9, and E-18, and coxsackievirus (CV-) A9 are infrequently reported in human diseases and their epidemiologic features are poorly defined. Virus transmission patterns between countries have been estimated with phylogenetic data derived from the 1D/VP1 and 3CD gene sequences of a sample of 74 strains obtained in France (2000–2012) and Tunisia (2011–2013) and from the publicly available sequences. The EV types (E-5, E-9, and E-18) exhibited a lower worldwide genetic diversity (respective number of genogroups: 4, 5, and 3) in comparison to CV-A9 (n = 10). The phylogenetic trees estimated with both 1D/VP1 and 3CD sequence data showed variations in the number of co-circulating lineages over the last 20 years among the four EV types. Despite the low number of genogroups in E-18, the virus exhibited the highest number of recombinant 3CD lineages (n = 10) versus 4 (E-5) to 8 (E-9). The phylogenies provided evidence of multiple transportation events between France and Tunisia involving E-5, E-9, E-18, and CV-A9 strains. Virus spread events between France and 17 other countries in five continents had high probabilities of occurrence as those between Tunisia and two European countries other than France. All transportation events were supported by BF values > 10. Inferring the source of virus transmission from phylogenetic data may provide insights into the patterns of sporadic and epidemic diseases caused by EVs. PMID:26709514

Enterovirus Migration Patterns between France and Tunisia.

PubMed

Othman, Ines; Mirand, Audrey; Slama, Ichrak; Mastouri, Maha; Peigue-Lafeuille, Hélène; Aouni, Mahjoub; Bailly, Jean-Luc

2015-01-01

The enterovirus (EV) types echovirus (E-) 5, E-9, and E-18, and coxsackievirus (CV-) A9 are infrequently reported in human diseases and their epidemiologic features are poorly defined. Virus transmission patterns between countries have been estimated with phylogenetic data derived from the 1D/VP1 and 3CD gene sequences of a sample of 74 strains obtained in France (2000-2012) and Tunisia (2011-2013) and from the publicly available sequences. The EV types (E-5, E-9, and E-18) exhibited a lower worldwide genetic diversity (respective number of genogroups: 4, 5, and 3) in comparison to CV-A9 (n = 10). The phylogenetic trees estimated with both 1D/VP1 and 3CD sequence data showed variations in the number of co-circulating lineages over the last 20 years among the four EV types. Despite the low number of genogroups in E-18, the virus exhibited the highest number of recombinant 3CD lineages (n = 10) versus 4 (E-5) to 8 (E-9). The phylogenies provided evidence of multiple transportation events between France and Tunisia involving E-5, E-9, E-18, and CV-A9 strains. Virus spread events between France and 17 other countries in five continents had high probabilities of occurrence as those between Tunisia and two European countries other than France. All transportation events were supported by BF values > 10. Inferring the source of virus transmission from phylogenetic data may provide insights into the patterns of sporadic and epidemic diseases caused by EVs.

Multiple sclerosis in North African migrants to France.

PubMed

Kurtzke, J F; Delasnerie-Lauprêtre, N; Wallin, M T

1998-11-01

Among some 7500 respondents with known place of birth who had completed a nationwide questionnaire survey for multiple sclerosis (MS) in France in 1986, there were 260 born in former French North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia). They had migrated to France between 1923 and 1986, but 66% came between 1956 and 1964. Two-thirds were from Algeria, where virtually the entire European population had emigrated in 1962 at the end of the Algerian war for independence. The migrants were younger at prevalence day (mean 43.4 years) and at onset (29.4 years) than the French-born MS (46.6; 31.3 years). Eight migrants lacked age information. The 225 migrants with onset more than 1 year after immigration presumably acquired their MS in France. They provided an age adjusted (US 1960) MS prevalence rate 1.54 times that for all France. If the latter is taken at 50 per 100,000 population their estimated adjusted rate is 76.8 with 95% confidence interval of 67.1 to 87.5. The other 27 with presumed acquisition in North Africa gave an estimated adjusted prevalence of 16.6 per 100,000 (95% CI 10.9-24.1). For those migrants with acquisition in France there was a mean interval of 13 years between immigration or age 11 and clinical onset, with a minimum of 3 years. This series provides further support for the theses: 1) that MS is primarily an environmental disease acquired after childhood; 2) that acquisition requires prolonged or repeated exposure (here 3 years for these medium-to-high MS risk migrants) followed by a prolonged latent or incubation period between acquisition and symptom onset (here 10 years); and 3) that this disease is most likely a widespread but unknown persistent infection which results in clinical MS in only a small proportion of those affected.

Predictors of Publication Productivity Among Hospital Pharmacists in France and Quebec

PubMed Central

Lelièvre, Joachim; Lebel, Denis; Prot-Labarthe, Sonia

2011-01-01

Objective To describe publications by hospital pharmacists in France and Quebec and evaluate factors predictive of publication productivity. Method Variables related to scientific publication productivity were identified through a search of the literature and organized into 4 themes (ie, personal and professional characteristics, hospital activities, research and publishing activities, publication-related motivations and perceptions). A questionnaire was developed that included short-answer items and 58 multiple-choice questions to determine respondents' level of agreement with statements about their motivations and perceptions surrounding publishing. Results Four hundred twenty-two hospital pharmacists (218 respondents from France and 204 from Quebec) were recruited. Respondents from France were more prolific than those from Quebec, even when considering factors such as time worked and gender. Furthermore, the percentage of respondents working in a university health center was lower in France than Quebec (46% vs. 70%, p = 0.001), as was the percentage of respondents indicating a mastery of English (43% vs. 88%, p = 0.001). Conclusion Seven factors were predictive of the number of publications per respondent in France and Quebec: practicing hospital pharmacy in France, being male, having academic duties or a PhD, having participated in a clinical trial, having secured funding in one's own name for a research project, and allocating a greater number of hours per week to research. PMID:21451771

Geographical Heterogeneity of Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence in France.

PubMed

Pivot, Diane; Debouverie, Marc; Grzebyk, Michel; Brassat, David; Clanet, Michel; Clavelou, Pierre; Confavreux, Christian; Edan, Gilles; Leray, Emmanuelle; Moreau, Thibault; Vukusic, Sandra; Hédelin, Guy; Guillemin, Francis

2016-01-01

Geographical variation in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is controversial. Heterogeneity is important to acknowledge to adapt the provision of care within the healthcare system. We aimed to investigate differences in prevalence of MS in departments in the French territory. We estimated MS prevalence on October 31, 2004 in 21 administrative departments in France (22% of the metropolitan departments) by using multiple data sources: the main French health insurance systems, neurologist networks devoted to MS and the Technical Information Agency of Hospitalization. We used a spatial Bayesian approach based on estimating the number of MS cases from 2005 and 2008 capture-recapture studies to analyze differences in prevalence. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of MS per 100,000 inhabitants ranged from 68.1 (95% credible interval 54.6, 84.4) in Hautes-Pyrénées (southwest France) to 296.5 (258.8, 338.9) in Moselle (northeast France). The greatest prevalence was in the northeast departments, and the other departments showed great variability. By combining multiple data sources into a spatial Bayesian model, we found heterogeneity in MS prevalence among the 21 departments of France, some with higher prevalence than anticipated from previous publications. No clear explanation related to health insurance coverage and hospital facilities can be advanced. Population migration, socioeconomic status of the population studied and environmental effects are suspected.

[Report on chronic dialysis in France in 2016].

PubMed

Société Francophone de Néphrologie Dialyse Et Transplantation

2017-04-01

The report on dialysis in France in 2016 from the French Speaking Society of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation (SFNDT) provides an exhaustive and documented inventory on dialysis in France. It underlines the organizations that are important in 2016 to maintain a high quality dialysis. Several measures are proposed to maintain and improve the care of dialysis in France: (1) The regulation of dialysis treatment in France must be maintained; (2) a burden of care indicator is proposed to ensure that patients requiring the most care are treated in the centers. Proposals are also made to stimulate peritoneal dialysis offers, (3) to improve the calculation of the cost of dialysis and warn against lower reimbursement rates of dialysis, (4) to reduce transport costs by minimizing transport by ambulance (5). The SFNDT recalls recent recommendations concerning access to the renal transplant waiting list, are recalled; (6) as well as recommendations that require waiting until clinical signs are present to start dialysis (7). The SFNDT makes the proposal to set up advanced renal failure units. These units are expected to develop care that is not supported today: consultation with a nurse, a dietician, a social worker or psychologist, palliative care, and coordination (8). Finally, the financial and human resources for pediatric dialysis should be maintained. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

[The Lebanese in France: population trends and characteristics].

PubMed

Abdulkarim, A

1993-01-01

Demographic characteristics, population trends, and the spatial distribution of Lebanese migrants to France are examined and compared with those of migrants from other countries. The focus is on the decision to migrate and its effect on life in France. The author concludes that Lebanese migration is primarily labor migration, even during times of political upheaval and war, and that this motivation contributes to the assimilation of the Lebanese into the middle and upper socioeconomic classes. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Revealing the hidden structures of an historical bridge by high resolution geophysical methods : A case study of Pont de Coq, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Antoine, R.; Fauchard, C.

2012-04-01

In the last decades, public institutions have shown an increased interest in heritage conservation and monuments protection. Geophysical methods have been used for 20 years as powerful tools to assist in the curation of buildings. Ancient masonry bridges usually exhibit a complex structure/geometry. This complexity makes the use of combined geophysical methods highly necessary to obtain a meaningful model of the internal structure of such constructions and their environment. A high resolution geophysical survey was carried out at a stone arch bridge called Pont de Coq and located near Menerval, Normandy (France) in 2011. This decameter-sized bridge was built 400 years ago and crosses the Epte river, which is a tributary of the Seine river. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the structural state of the bridge and its vicinities. Two complementary methods were used : Electrical Resistivity tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating radar (GPR). Several profiles were realized along the road crossing the bridge and transversally to the construction, as well as on the two banks of the Epte river. High resolution electrical resistivity data were obtained both in the horizontal and vertical direction up to 8 meter-depth by two ERT methods (Wenner/Schlumberger and dipole-dipole). The GPR was used with shielded antennas at three different frequencies (200 MHz, 400 MHz and 1.5 GHz). This approach lead to the investigation of the subsurface up to approximately 6 meters-depth, with a resolution in the range of 0.04 m-0.40m. An excellent correlation is obtained between the ERT and the GPR methods, allowing us to propose a precise structural model of the Pont de Coq and to characterize the soil under the building. Several anomalies are observed within the roadway of the bridge at 50 cm-depth, as well as within the vaulting, corresponding to the presence of voids and a root network which lead to the slow destruction of the structure.

Measures to control an imported case of canine rabies in France.

PubMed

2006-01-01

France has been free from terrestrial rabies since 2001. On 21 August 2004, a female dog aged 4 months died in Gironde (south-west France), after experiencing clinical symptoms suggestive of rabies for 3 days. On 26 August, a diagnosis of rabies was confirmed by the Pasteur Institute. This paper describes the measures that were taken to manage the risks to human and animal health, and analyses the alert raised in France as a result of this imported case of rabies, the third such case in 2004.

The use of regional platforms for managing electronic health records for the production of regional public health indicators in France

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background In France, recent developments in healthcare system organization have aimed at strengthening decision-making and action in public health at the regional level. Firstly, the 2004 Public Health Act, by setting 100 national and regional public health targets, introduced an evaluative approach to public health programs at the national and regional levels. Meanwhile, the implementation of regional platforms for managing electronic health records (EHRs) has also been under assessment to coordinate the deployment of this important instrument of care within each geographic area. In this context, the development and implementation of a regional approach to epidemiological data extracted from EHRs are an opportunity that must be seized as soon as possible. Our article addresses certain design and organizational aspects so that the technical requirements for such use are integrated into regional platforms in France. The article will base itself on organization of the Rhône-Alpes regional health platform. Discussion Different tools being deployed in France allow us to consider the potential of these regional platforms for epidemiology and public health (implementation of a national health identification number and a national information system interoperability framework). The deployment of the Rhône-Alpes regional health platform began in the 2000s in France. By August 2011, 2.6 million patients were identified in this platform. A new development step is emerging because regional decision-makers need to measure healthcare efficiency. To pool heterogeneous information contained in various independent databases, the format, norm and content of the metadata have been defined. Two types of databases will be created according to the nature of the data processed, one for extracting structured data, and the second for extracting non-structured and de-identified free-text documents. Summary Regional platforms for managing EHRs could constitute an important data source for

[End of life in France].

PubMed

Vacheron, André

2013-01-01

Two major changes in end-of-life management have occured in recent decades: first, because of the increase in life expectancy and the resulting aging of the population, most deaths now involve old or very old people; second, more than two-thirds of deaths occur in a hospital or an institution. Our fellow citizens are afraid of suffering and death. They wish for a peaceful death, as rapid as possible and, in recent surveys, say they favour euthanasia. Yet euthanasia is illegal in France and in most other Western countries (with the exception of the Benelux nations). Palliative care ensures dignity in death, without anxiety of suffering, and is expanding rapidly in France. Léonetti's law of 22 April 2005 ensures the protection of the weakest, who should never be considered unworthy of life, yet is poorly known to the public and even to physicians. It now needs to be applied in practice.

77 FR 23508 - Brass Sheet and Strip From France, Germany, Italy, and Japan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-19

...)] Brass Sheet and Strip From France, Germany, Italy, and Japan Determination On the basis of the record \\1... antidumping duty orders on brass sheet and strip from France, Germany, Italy, and Japan would be likely to... from France, Germany, Italy, and Japan: Investigation Nos. 731-TA-313, 314, 317, and 379 (Third Review...

Une alternative au cobalt pour la synthese de nanotubes de carbone monoparoi par plasma inductif thermique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carrier, Jean-Francois

Les nanotubes de carbone de type monoparoi (C-SWNT) sont une classe recente de nanomateriaux qui ont fait leur apparition en 1991. L'interet qu'on leur accorde provient des nombreuses proprietes d'avant-plan qu'ils possedent. Leur resistance mecanique serait des plus rigide, tout comme ils peuvent conduire l'electricite et la chaleur d'une maniere inegalee. Non moins, les C-SWNT promettent de devenir une nouvelle classe de plateforme moleculaire, en servant de site d'attache pour des groupements reactifs. Les promesses de ce type particulier de nanomateriau sont nombreuses, la question aujourd'hui est de comment les realiser. La technologie de synthese par plasma inductif thermique se situe avantageusement pour la qualite de ses produits, sa productivite et les faibles couts d'operation. Par contre, des recherches recentes ont permis de mettre en lumiere des risques d'expositions reliees a l'utilisation du cobalt, comme catalyseur de synthese; son elimination ou bien son remplacement est devenu une preoccupation importante. Quatre recettes alternatives ont ete mises a l'essai afin de trouver une alternative plus securitaire a la recette de base; un melange catalytique ternaire, compose de nickel, de cobalt et d'oxyde d'yttrium. La premiere consiste essentiellement a remplacer la proportion massique de cobalt par du nickel, qui etait deja present dans la recette de base. Les trois options suivantes contiennent de nouveaux catalyseurs, en remplacement au Co, qui sont apparus dans plusieurs recherches scientifiques au courant des dernieres annees: le dioxyde de zircone (ZrO2), dioxyde de manganese (MnO2) et le molybdene (Mo). La methode utilisee consiste a vaporiser la matiere premiere, sous forme solide, dans un reacteur plasma a haute frequence (3 MHz) a paroi refroidi. Apres le passage dans le plasma, le systeme traverse une section dite de "croissance", isolee thermiquement a l'aide de graphite, afin de maintenir une certaine plage de temperature favorable a la

France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-21

view, France should seek a balance that embraces diversity yet preserves a degree of uniformity that sustains the French “identity.” He believes that...Order Code RL32464 France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations Updated May 21, 2008 Paul Gallis Specialist in... France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6

France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-20

TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2009 to 00-00-2009 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French ...Z39-18 France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations Congressional Research Service Summary The factors that shape... French foreign policy have changed since the end of the Cold War. The perspectives of France and the United States have diverged in some cases. More

Bat Rabies in France: A 24-Year Retrospective Epidemiological Study

PubMed Central

Picard-Meyer, Evelyne; Robardet, Emmanuelle; Arthur, Laurent; Larcher, Gérald; Harbusch, Christine; Servat, Alexandre; Cliquet, Florence

2014-01-01

Since bat rabies surveillance was first implemented in France in 1989, 48 autochthonous rabies cases without human contamination have been reported using routine diagnosis methods. In this retrospective study, data on bats submitted for rabies testing were analysed in order to better understand the epidemiology of EBLV-1 in bats in France and to investigate some epidemiological trends. Of the 3176 bats submitted for rabies diagnosis from 1989 to 2013, 1.96% (48/2447 analysed) were diagnosed positive. Among the twelve recognised virus species within the Lyssavirus genus, two species were isolated in France. 47 positive bats were morphologically identified as Eptesicus serotinus and were shown to be infected by both the EBLV-1a and the EBLV-1b lineages. Isolation of BBLV in Myotis nattereri was reported once in the north-east of France in 2012. The phylogenetic characterisation of all 47 French EBLV-1 isolates sampled between 1989 and 2013 and the French BBLV sample against 21 referenced partial nucleoprotein sequences confirmed the low genetic diversity of EBLV-1 despite its extensive geographical range. Statistical analysis performed on the serotine bat data collected from 1989 to 2013 showed seasonal variation of rabies occurrence with a significantly higher proportion of positive samples detected during the autumn compared to the spring and the summer period (34% of positive bats detected in autumn, 15% in summer, 13% in spring and 12% in winter). In this study, we have provided the details of the geographical distribution of EBLV-1a in the south-west of France and the north-south division of EBLV-1b with its subdivisions into three phylogenetic groups: group B1 in the north-west, group B2 in the centre and group B3 in the north-east of France. PMID:24892287

[The pharmaceutical industry in France: the turning point of 1915].

PubMed

Bonnemain, Bruno

2015-12-01

For several convergent reasons, 1915 was a key period for the pharmaceutical industry in France. The overall realization that France was dependent on Germany for chemical and pharmaceutical products came from shortages of key drugs but also from massive use of poison gas for which France was not able to face this unexpected event. France's shortage for chemists properly trained to answer the needs of industry, the weak relationship between industry and faculty, the uncomfortable situation of specialty drugs, the regulations on patents and trademarks were many subjects of controversies which will contribute to the analysis of the source of this French dependence to Germany. It will be at the origin of new orientations after the war for the pharmaceutical industry and the French society. The objective was to be independent for drugs and consequently to resolve the identified issues, as well as to have a dynamic industrial research. The creation and development of several pharmaceutical companies after the war was a more or less direct benefit from the considerations starting in 1915.

Coronographie interferéntielle pour la mission spatuale DARWIN: expérience de validation en laboratoire

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ollivier, Marc; Mariotti, Jean-Marie; Brunaud, Jacqueline; Michel, Guy; Bouchareine, Patrick; Léger, Alain; Artzner, Guy; Malbet, Fabien; Puget, Pascal; Coudé du Foresto, Vincent; Mennesson, Bertrand

2018-04-01

This paper, "Coronographie interferéntielle pour la mission spatuale DARWIN: expérience de validation en laboratoire," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Long-term care financing: lessons from France.

PubMed

Doty, Pamela; Nadash, Pamela; Racco, Nathalie

2015-06-01

POLICY POINTS: France's model of third-party coverage for long-term services and supports (LTSS) combines a steeply income-adjusted universal public program for people 60 or older with voluntary supplemental private insurance. French and US policies differ: the former pay cash; premiums are lower; and take-up rates are higher, in part because employer sponsorship, with and without subsidization, is more common-but also because coverage targets higher levels of need and pays a smaller proportion of costs. Such inexpensive, bare-bones private coverage, especially if marketed as a supplement to a limited public benefit, would be more affordable to those Americans currently most at risk of "spending down" to Medicaid. An aging population leads to a growing demand for long-term services and supports (LTSS). In 2002, France introduced universal, income-adjusted, public long-term care coverage for adults 60 and older, whereas the United States funds means-tested benefits only. Both countries have private long-term care insurance (LTCI) markets: American policies create alternatives to out-of-pocket spending and protect purchasers from relying on Medicaid. Sales, however, have stagnated, and the market's viability is uncertain. In France, private LTCI supplements public coverage, and sales are growing, although its potential to alleviate the long-term care financing problem is unclear. We explore whether France's very different approach to structuring public and private financing for long-term care could inform the United States' long-term care financing reform efforts. We consulted insurance experts and conducted a detailed review of public reports, academic studies, and other documents to understand the public and private LTCI systems in France, their advantages and disadvantages, and the factors affecting their development. France provides universal public coverage for paid assistance with functional dependency for people 60 and older. Benefits are steeply income

[Recent trends in divorce in France: some comparisons with the Czechoslovak republics].

PubMed

Dittgen, A

1992-11-01

The first part of this article presents a demographic analysis of differences in divorce patterns between France and Czechoslovakia. The second part examines social factors affecting divorce in France.

Access to healthcare for undocumented migrants in France: a critical examination of State Medical Assistance.

PubMed

André, Jean-Marie; Azzedine, Fabienne

2016-01-01

In France in 2012, of the total population of 65.2 million, 8.7 % were migrants. After being the third principal host country, France is now the 6th highest host country in the OECD. Since the 1980's numerous Acts have been passed by parliament on immigration issues. In 2000 the Universal Health Cover (Couverture Maladie Universelle) was created as health coverage for all residents of France. At the same time the State Medical Assistance (Aide Médicale de l'Etat) was created as health protection for undocumented migrants. Since the creation of this scheme, it has been the object of many political debates which call it into question, on account of its cost, perceived fraud, and the legitimacy of a social protection for undocumented migrants. Recently, access to State Medical Assistance has been made difficult by introducing conditions of residence and financial contributions. After a reports' analysis on institutional, associative, research studies and European recommendations, we note that all reports converge on the necessity of health protection for undocumented migrants. The major reasons are humanitarian, respect of European and International conventions, for public health, and financial. Moreover, fraud allegations have proved to be unfounded. Finally, State Medical Assistance is underused: in 2014 data from Médecins du Monde shows that only 10.2 % of undocumented migrant patients in their health facilities have access to this scheme. We conclude that the political debate concerning the State Medical Assistance should be about its under-utilisation, its improvement, its merger with the Universal Health Cover, and not its elimination. Moreover, the current debates regarding this scheme stigmatize this population, which is already precarious, making it more difficult for migrants to access healthcare, and generally, weaken national social cohesion.

Women and Divorce in France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

International Journal of Family Therapy, 1981

1981-01-01

Reviews the history and current status of women and divorce in France. Recent statistics are noted and changes in the status of women are outlined. Issues related to single women and working women are discussed. Other topics include women and the family, women and politics, divorce laws and ramifications. (RC)

The Dynamic Model and Inherent Variability: The Case of Northern France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hornsby, David

1999-01-01

Explores the claims of the "dynamic" model of variation by testing against data recorded in Avion, Northern France. Parallels are drawn between "langue d'oil" areas of France and decreolization situations in which proponents of the dynamic model have generally worked. (Author/VWL)

[The Ebro River and the Camino de Santiago].

PubMed

Cuchí de la Cuesta, Carlos

2003-01-01

Humans travel for many reasons; here we concentrate in pilgrimage and the role of the Ebro River as their means of transportation. The Camino de Santiago through the Ebro is linked to the devotion to Santa María del Pilar de Zaragoza, where according to the tradition appeared in flesh and body (January 2, 40, BC). Famous pilgrims are Luis VII of France, Lady Blanca, daughter of Carlos III. The Ebro's navigability allowed sustaining the fervor alive as it is proven by the many records found Catón, Estrabrón, Plinio, Avieno) describing its use for pilgrimage and commercial purposes.

A Primer for Accompanying Secondary Student Groups to France. [Revised].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Becker, Jim

Many of the factors that can help ensure a successful and positive learning experience for teachers, leaders, chaperons, and students who travel and/or study in France are addressed in this publication. Although it is geared toward France, many of the ideas, especially the section on pre-departure orientation, can be applied to any travel group.…

[Patterns of prescription of opioid analgesics in Hôtel-Dieu de France of Beyrouth].

PubMed

Noufi, P; Khoury, E; Ayoub, E; Naccache, N; Richa, S

2016-12-01

participants were unrelated to prescribing, but those with specialty training and use of practice guidelines were more likely to prescribe opioids and were less reluctant to do so. A majority of practitioners felt that opioids are effective for the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain and that they have the sufficient training to prescribe them adequately; however, they still worry about the long-term prescription of opioids, particularly fearing the psychological dependence this treatment might cause. Using a series of Spearman correlation tests, we found that practitioners who thought they were adequately trained and who believed in the efficacy of long-term opioid treatment were more likely to prescribe them but that the worries about side effects decreased the frequency of prescription. A significant proportion of practitioners do not evaluate addiction risk factors of patients before prescribing opioids. The results concerning the modalities of follow-up of prescription were very heterogeneous with 87% of practitioners not explaining and 65% not screening for adverse effects. We similarly found that the frequency of follow-up and the management of patients who were exhibiting signs of dependence were very diverse. The results of this study were compatible with those of other recent studies about opioid prescription. The doctors practicing in the university hospital Hôtel-Dieu de France de Beyrouth present comparable prescription patterns, independent of their personal or professional characteristics, and they are more confident in their prescription when professionally trained for it. However, they exhibit a notable heterogeneity in their attitudes towards opioids and in their modalities of evaluating patients receiving long-term treatment. These results suggest a need for additional training in the management of this category of drugs. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

[Factors associated with mortality in Legionnaires' disease, France, 2002-2004].

PubMed

Poupard, M; Campèse, C; Bernillon, P; Che, D

2007-06-01

Risk factors for Legionnaires' disease are well known (older age, smoking, or immunosuppression), however, the factors associated with mortality are less documented. A retrospective analysis based on cases notified between 2002 and 2004 was conducted in France to identify these factors. Cases were identified through mandatory notifications sent to the Institut de veille sanitaire, France. Factors associated with mortality were identified using a logistic regression analysis. Three thousand two hundred sixty-seven cases of Legionnaire's disease were notified during the study period and the evolution was documented for 85% of the cases (2.791). Three hundred seventy-seven deaths (13.5%) were notified. 72.5% of the patients were men and the median age was 61. The multivariate analysis applied to patients under 60 years revealed that cancer or hemopathy (OR=6.4 CI95% 3.6-11.2), underlying renal disease (OR=3.2 CI95% 1.0-9.9), or alcohol abuse (OR=2.2 CI95% 1.1-4.4) were associated with mortality. For older patients (>60 years) factors linked to mortality were: cancer/hemopathy (OR=1.8 CI95% 1.2-2.6), underlying renal disease (OR=3 CI95% 1.4-6.4), underlying cardiac disease (OR=2.4 CI95% 1.4-4), alcohol abuse (OR=2.4 CI95% 1.2-5.2), immunosuppression (OR=1.7 CI95% 1.1-2.6), nosocomial acquisition of the disease (OR=2.0 CI95% 1.3-3), or infection acquired in nursing home residents (OR=2.4 IC 95% 1.6-3.6). These preliminary results further describe Legionnaires' disease and its mortality. However, they should be confirmed by carefully conducted prospective analysis. The description of LD patients at high risk of death will contribute to better prevention measures.

Bordetella pertussis, Finland and France

PubMed Central

Elomaa, Annika; Brun, Delphine; Mertsola, Jussi; He, Qiushui; Guiso, Nicole

2006-01-01

We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis and genotyping to compare clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis recovered since the early 1990s in Finland and France, 2 countries with similar histories of long-term mass vaccination with whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Isolates from both countries were similar genetically but varied temporally. PMID:16707058

Modeling the Historical Flood Events in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, Hani; Blaquière, Simon

2017-04-01

We will present the simulation results for different scenarios based on the flood model developed by AXA Global P&C CAT Modeling team. The model uses a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 75 m resolution, a hydrographic system (DB Carthage), daily rainfall data from "Météo France", water level from "HYDRO Banque" the French Hydrological Database (www.hydro.eaufrance.fr), for more than 1500 stations, hydrological model from IRSTEA and in-house hydraulic tool. In particular, the model re-simulates the most important and costly flood events that occurred during the past decade in France: we will present the re-simulated meteorological conditions since 1964 and estimate insurance loss incurred on current AXA portfolio of individual risks.

INCAS: an analytical model to describe displacement cascades

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jumel, Stéphanie; Claude Van-Duysen, Jean

2004-07-01

REVE (REactor for Virtual Experiments) is an international project aimed at developing tools to simulate neutron irradiation effects in Light Water Reactor materials (Fe, Ni or Zr-based alloys). One of the important steps of the project is to characterise the displacement cascades induced by neutrons. Accordingly, the Department of Material Studies of Electricité de France developed an analytical model based on the binary collision approximation. This model, called INCAS (INtegration of CAScades), was devised to be applied on pure elements; however, it can also be used on diluted alloys (reactor pressure vessel steels, etc.) or alloys composed of atoms with close atomic numbers (stainless steels, etc.). INCAS describes displacement cascades by taking into account the nuclear collisions and electronic interactions undergone by the moving atoms. In particular, it enables to determine the mean number of sub-cascades induced by a PKA (depending on its energy) as well as the mean energy dissipated in each of them. The experimental validation of INCAS requires a large effort and could not be carried out in the framework of the study. However, it was verified that INCAS results are in conformity with those obtained from other approaches. As a first application, INCAS was applied to determine the sub-cascade spectrum induced in iron by the neutron spectrum corresponding to the central channel of the High Flux Irradiation Reactor of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Status Report on Activities of the Systems Assessment Task Force, OECD-NEA Expert Group on Accident Tolerant Fuels for LWRs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bragg-Sitton, Shannon Michelle

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development /Nuclear Energy Agency (OECD/NEA) Nuclear Science Committee approved the formation of an Expert Group on Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) for LWRs (EGATFL) in 2014. Chaired by Kemal Pasamehmetoglu, INL Associate Laboratory Director for Nuclear Science and Technology, the mandate for the EGATFL defines work under three task forces: (1) Systems Assessment, (2) Cladding and Core Materials, and (3) Fuel Concepts. Scope for the Systems Assessment task force (TF1) includes definition of evaluation metrics for ATF, technology readiness level definition, definition of illustrative scenarios for ATF evaluation, and identification of fuel performance and systemmore » codes applicable to ATF evaluation. The Cladding and Core Materials (TF2) and Fuel Concepts (TF3) task forces will identify gaps and needs for modeling and experimental demonstration; define key properties of interest; identify the data necessary to perform concept evaluation under normal conditions and illustrative scenarios; identify available infrastructure (internationally) to support experimental needs; and make recommendations on priorities. Where possible, considering proprietary and other export restrictions (e.g., International Traffic in Arms Regulations), the Expert Group will facilitate the sharing of data and lessons learned across the international group membership. The Systems Assessment task force is chaired by Shannon Bragg-Sitton (Idaho National Laboratory [INL], U.S.), the Cladding Task Force is chaired by Marie Moatti (Electricite de France [EdF], France), and the Fuels Task Force is chaired by a Masaki Kurata (Japan Atomic Energy Agency [JAEA], Japan). The original Expert Group mandate was established for June 2014 to June 2016. In April 2016 the Expert Group voted to extend the mandate one additional year to June 2017 in order to complete the task force deliverables; this request was subsequently approved by the Nuclear Science

Hospital-based health technology assessment in France: A focus on medical devices.

PubMed

Martelli, Nicolas; Puc, Cyril; Szwarcensztein, Karine; Beuscart, Régis; Coulonjou, Hélène; Degrassat-Théas, Albane; Dutot, Camille; Epis de Fleurian, Anne-Aurélie; Favrel-Feuillade, Florence; Hounliasso, Iliona; Lechat, Philippe; Luigi, Emmanuel; Mairot, Laurent; Nguyen, Thao; Piazza, Laurent; Roussel, Christophe; Vienney, Cécile

2017-02-01

at stake in hospital-based HTA and the need to valorise such activities in France. Copyright © 2017 Société française de pharmacologie et de thérapeutique. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Application of laboratory reflectance spectroscopy to target and map expansive soils: example of the western Loiret, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hohmann, Audrey; Dufréchou, Grégory; Grandjean, Gilles; Bourguignon, Anne

2014-05-01

Swelling soils contain clay minerals that change volume with water content and cause extensive and expensive damage on infrastructures. Based on spatial distribution of infrastructure damages and existing geological maps, the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, i.e. the French Geological Survey) published in 2010 a 1:50 000 swelling hazard map of France, indexing the territory to low, moderate, or high swelling risk. This study aims to use SWIR (1100-2500 nm) reflectance spectra of soils acquired under laboratory controlled conditions to estimate the swelling potential of soils and improve the swelling risk map of France. 332 samples were collected at the W of Orléans (France) in various geological formations and swelling risk areas. Comparisons of swelling potential of soil samples and swelling risk areas of the map show several inconsistent associations that confirm the necessity to redraw the actual swelling risk map of France. New swelling risk maps of the sampling area were produce from soil samples using three interpolation methods. Maps produce using kriging and Natural neighbour interpolation methods did not permit to show discrete lithological units, introduced unsupported swelling risk zones, and did not appear useful to refine swelling risk map of France. Voronoi polygon was also used to produce map where swelling potential estimated from each samples were extrapolated to a polygon and all polygons were thus supported by field information. From methods tested here, Voronoi polygon appears thus the most adapted method to produce expansive soils maps. However, size of polygon is highly dependent of the samples spacing and samples may not be representative of the entire polygon. More samples are thus needed to provide reliable map at the scale of the sampling area. Soils were also sampled along two sections with a sampling interval of ca. 260 m and ca. 50 m. Sample interval of 50 m appears more adapted for mapping of smallest lithological

Cord blood banking in France: reorganising the national network.

PubMed

Katz, Gregory; Mills, Antonia

2010-06-01

Paradoxically, France is one of the leading exporters of cord blood units worldwide, but ranks only 17th in terms of cord blood units per inhabitant, and imports 64% of cord blood grafts to meet national transplantation demands. With three operational banks in 2008, the French allogeneic cord blood network is now entering an important phase of development with the creation of seven new banks collecting from local clusters of maternities. Although the French network of public banks is demonstrating a strong commitment to reorganise and scale up its activities, the revision of France's bioethics law in 2010 has sparked a debate concerning the legalisation of commercial autologous banking. The paper discusses key elements for a comprehensive national plan that would strengthen the allogeneic banking network through which France could meet its national medical needs and guarantee equal access to healthcare. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Challenges Ahead for Nuclear Facility Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Assessment in France: The Alternative Energies and the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) Vision

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berge-Thierry, C.; Hollender, F.; Guyonnet-Benaize, C.; Baumont, D.; Ameri, G.; Bollinger, L.

2017-09-01

Seismic analysis in the context of nuclear safety in France is currently guided by a pure deterministic approach based on Basic Safety Rule ( Règle Fondamentale de Sûreté) RFS 2001-01 for seismic hazard assessment, and on the ASN/2/01 Guide that provides design rules for nuclear civil engineering structures. After the 2011 Tohohu earthquake, nuclear operators worldwide were asked to estimate the ability of their facilities to sustain extreme seismic loads. The French licensees then defined the `hard core seismic levels', which are higher than those considered for design or re-assessment of the safety of a facility. These were initially established on a deterministic basis, and they have been finally justified through state-of-the-art probabilistic seismic hazard assessments. The appreciation and propagation of uncertainties when assessing seismic hazard in France have changed considerably over the past 15 years. This evolution provided the motivation for the present article, the objectives of which are threefold: (1) to provide a description of the current practices in France to assess seismic hazard in terms of nuclear safety; (2) to discuss and highlight the sources of uncertainties and their treatment; and (3) to use a specific case study to illustrate how extended source modeling can help to constrain the key assumptions or parameters that impact upon seismic hazard assessment. This article discusses in particular seismic source characterization, strong ground motion prediction, and maximal magnitude constraints, according to the practice of the French Atomic Energy Commission. Due to increases in strong motion databases in terms of the number and quality of the records in their metadata and the uncertainty characterization, several recently published empirical ground motion prediction models are eligible for seismic hazard assessment in France. We show that propagation of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties is feasible in a deterministic approach, as in a

75 FR 16839 - Sorbitol From France

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-02

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731-TA-44 (Third Review)] Sorbitol From France AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission. ACTION: Revised schedule for the subject review. DATES: Effective Date: Date of Commission approval. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dana Lofgren (202...

Management of snakebites in France.

PubMed

de Haro, Luc

2012-09-15

Although not a major health problem in Europe, snakebite in the old continent was the focus of recent studies to evaluate their overall incidence and define management techniques. The purpose of this three-part report is to present the experience of the Marseille Poison Centre with snakebite in France. The first section deals with viper envenomation that now benefits from a validated therapeutic protocol using of purified antivenom of proven efficacy and tolerance in patients showing grade 2 and 3 symptoms. The second section describes the highly variable snakebite situation in French overseas territories that include areas where local species require specialized management, e.g. Martinique and French Guiana. The third section involves the emerging problems associated with the keeping of exotic snakes as pets with problems related to the use of antivenoms from foreign countries. The exotic-snake pets fashion was at the origin of the creation of a national antivenom bank by two French poison centers (Angers and Marseille) to ensure prompt delivery of antivenoms for exotic snake envenomation anywhere in mainland France. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Highlights and Pitfalls of Developing an Intercultural Workshop in France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frey-Hartel, Cheri; Kasum, Duffy

An intercultural training workshop including orientation and travel to France is described. The program was made available to businessmen and women interested or involved in trade with France, to students in communications, foreign languages, and international business, and to community members. The program included pre-departure classes to…

Women authorship in radiology research in France: An analysis of the last three decades.

PubMed

Pyatigorskaya, N; Di Marco, L

2017-11-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of women authorship in France and to analyze the recent trends of the evolution of gender differences in French academic radiology. A retrospective bibliometric analysis was performed by searching for articles published in Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging (Diagn Interv Imaging) and in Journal de Radiologie (J Radiol) in Pubmed over the last three decades. For each of these articles, we determined the gender of the first and last author. The specific radiological field of each article was also determined. The proportion of women authors has significantly increased from 12% in 1984 to 34% in 2014 (P<0.0001) for the first authors and from 11% (11/96) in 1984 to 20% (38/193) in 2014 for last authors (P =0.03). Women authorship in Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging has increased over the last years together with the proportion of women first authors. However, the fraction of women last authors is still underrepresented. More women need to become leaders in radiological research to contribute to stimulate women authorship. Copyright © 2017 Éditions françaises de radiologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Corporate political activity of the dairy industry in France: an analysis of publicly available information.

PubMed

Mialon, Melissa; Mialon, Jonathan

2017-09-01

In the present study, we used a structured approach based on publicly available information to identify the corporate political activity (CPA) strategies of three major actors in the dairy industry in France. We collected publicly available information from the industry, government and other sources over a 6-month period, from March to August 2015. Data collection and analysis were informed by an existing framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry. Setting/Subjects Our study included three major actors in the dairy industry in France: Danone, Lactalis and the Centre National Interprofessionnel de l'Economie Laitière (CNIEL), a trade association. During the period of data collection, the dairy industry employed CPA practices on numerous occasions by using three strategies: the 'information and messaging', the 'constituency building' and the 'policy substitution' strategies. The most common practice was the shaping of evidence in ways that suited the industry. The industry also sought involvement in the community, establishing relationships with public health professionals, academics and the government. Our study shows that the dairy industry used several CPA practices, even during periods when there was no specific policy debate on the role of dairy products in dietary guidelines. The information provided here could inform public health advocates and policy makers and help them ensure that commercial interests of industry do not impede public health policies and programmes.

Synthetic biology. A tribute to S. Leduc (1853-1939, Nantes, France) and an Answer to the Return of Vitalism.

PubMed

Drouin, Emmanuel; Drouin-Masson, Marie

2015-06-01

A very large number of articles about vitalism have been published since 1894 in the journal Science. Vitalism is a theory according to which living organisms appear to possess something more than inanimate objects. The "vital principle" is minted in 1778 by Barthez in "Les nouveaux éléments de la science de l'homme", (Stahl talks of phlogiston for chemistry). In their view, the life of the whole is not the simple sum of the life of the components. Such a view was hatched in response to the Cartesian mechanist interpretation of living matter as proposed by Galileo and Descartes. Vitalist intuition was revived in the XXth century by new researchers such as Henri Bergson ("l'élan vital" or 'vital force') in France and Hans Driesch ("entelechy") in Germany. Could this view of life now be making a comeback in biology?

[Epidemiology of induced abortion in France].

PubMed

Vigoureux, S

2016-12-01

Conduct a synthesis of existing knowledge about the frequency of induced abortion or termination of pregnancy and unplanned pregnancies, the exposure factors of unplanned pregnancies and abortion and the associated morbidity and mortality. Consultation of The Medline database, and national and international reports on abortions in France and in developed countries. Voluntary termination of pregnancy is an induced abortion, opted for non-medical reasons, which in France can be performed before 14 weeks of gestation. Abortion is a common procedure, with rare complications, amounting to about 220,000 procedures per year in France with a stable rate over decades. Similarly to births, women aged 20 to 24 are most affected. The possibility of an abortion exists for all women; this potential event, however, is not equal for each and varies by age of women, socio-professional situations, geographical origins, marital status and past or present domestic and sexual violence. The French historical analysis shows that for 50 years the increase in contraceptive prevalence rate is associated with a decrease in the frequency of unplanned pregnancies. It is therefore possible that the prevention of unplanned pregnancy through early uptake of contraception and contraception options by women is related to a woman's lifestyle. Nonetheless, the number of abortion remains stable since its decriminalization despite the large increase in medicalized contraceptive prevalence rate. Good knowledge of the epidemiology of voluntary termination of pregnancy and unplanned pregnancies is a prerequisite to better adopt prevention and case management strategies. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Curriculum Placement and Educational Stratification in France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hout, Michael; Garnier, Maurice A.

1979-01-01

Maintains that curriculum differentiation in France is the keystone of educational, and, consequently, social stratification. Factors which influence curriculum differentiation include father's occupation, academic performance, parents' expectations, and teachers' expectations. (DB)

Ecological Study on Hospitalizations for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Respiratory Diseases in the Industrial Area of Etang-de-Berre in the South of France

PubMed Central

Pascal, Laurence; Stempfelet, Morgane; Declercq, Christophe

2013-01-01

The Etang-de-Berre area is a large industrialized area in the South of France, exposing 300,000 inhabitants to the plumes of its industries. The possible associated health risks are of the highest concern to the population, who asked for studies investigating their health status. A geographical ecological study based on standardized hospitalizations ratios for cancer, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases was carried out over the 2004–2007 period. Exposure to air pollution was assessed using dispersion models coupled with a geographic information system to estimate an annual mean concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) for each district. Results showed an excess risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction in women living in districts with medium or high SO2 exposure, respectively, 38% [CI 95% 4 : 83] and 54% [14 : 110] greater than women living in districts at the reference level exposure. A 26% [2 : 57] excess risk of hospitalization for myocardial infarction was also observed in men living in districts with high SO2 levels. No excess risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases or for cancer was observed, except for acute leukemia in men only. Results illustrate the impact of industrial air pollution on the cardiovascular system and call for an improvement of the air quality in the area. PMID:23864868

New Terrorism In France

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-03-01

transportation massacre at the hands of al-Qaeda backed militants. While France experienced social rioting in the summer of 2005, it still remained free from...did, I did of my own free will, without any influence by anyone who said to me one day ‘do this, do that.’ I did it all alone. I organized it all...157 Freeman, “Democracy,” 43. 158 The Washington Consensus refers to a set of broad free market economic

The mortality impacts of fine particles in France.

PubMed

Pascal, Mathilde; de Crouy Chanel, Perrine; Wagner, Vérène; Corso, Magali; Tillier, Claude; Bentayeb, Malek; Blanchard, Myriam; Cochet, Amandine; Pascal, Laurence; Host, Sabine; Goria, Sarah; Le Tertre, Alain; Chatignoux, Edouard; Ung, Aymeric; Beaudeau, Pascal; Medina, Sylvia

2016-11-15

Worldwide, air pollution has become a main environmental cause of premature mortality. This burden is largely due to fine particles. Recent cohort studies have confirmed the health risks associated with chronic exposure to PM2.5 for European and French populations. We assessed the mortality impact of PM2.5 in continental France using these new results. Based on a meta-analysis of French and European cohorts, we computed a shrunken estimate of PM2.5-mortality relationship for the French population (RR 1.15 [1.05:1.25] for a 10μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5). This RR was applied to PM2.5 annual concentrations estimated at a fine spatial scale, using a classical health impacts assessment method. The health benefits associated with alternative scenarios of improving air quality were computed for 36,219 French municipalities for 2007-2008. 9% of the total mortality in continental France is attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5. This represents >48,000 deaths per year, and 950,000years of life lost per year, more than half occurring in urban areas larger than 100,000 inhabitants. If none of the municipalities exceeded the World Health Organization guideline value for PM2.5 (10μg/m(3)), the total mortality could be decreased by 3%, corresponding to 400,000years of life saved per year. Results were consistent with previous estimates of the long-term mortality impacts of fine particles in France. These findings show that further actions to improve air quality in France would substantially improve health. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantitative health impact of indoor radon in France.

PubMed

Ajrouche, Roula; Roudier, Candice; Cléro, Enora; Ielsch, Géraldine; Gay, Didier; Guillevic, Jérôme; Marant Micallef, Claire; Vacquier, Blandine; Le Tertre, Alain; Laurier, Dominique

2018-05-08

Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. Since the previous quantitative risk assessment of indoor radon conducted in France, input data have changed such as, estimates of indoor radon concentrations, lung cancer rates and the prevalence of tobacco consumption. The aim of this work was to update the risk assessment of lung cancer mortality attributable to indoor radon in France using recent risk models and data, improving the consideration of smoking, and providing results at a fine geographical scale. The data used were population data (2012), vital statistics on death from lung cancer (2008-2012), domestic radon exposure from a recent database that combines measurement results of indoor radon concentration and the geogenic radon potential map for France (2015), and smoking prevalence (2010). The risk model used was derived from a European epidemiological study, considering that lung cancer risk increased by 16% per 100 becquerels per cubic meter (Bq/m 3 ) indoor radon concentration. The estimated number of lung cancer deaths attributable to indoor radon exposure is about 3000 (1000; 5000), which corresponds to about 10% of all lung cancer deaths each year in France. About 33% of lung cancer deaths attributable to radon are due to exposure levels above 100 Bq/m 3 . Considering the combined effect of tobacco and radon, the study shows that 75% of estimated radon-attributable lung cancer deaths occur among current smokers, 20% among ex-smokers and 5% among never-smokers. It is concluded that the results of this study, which are based on precise estimates of indoor radon concentrations at finest geographical scale, can serve as a basis for defining French policy against radon risk.

Patterns of alcohol consumption in middle-aged men from France and Northern Ireland. The PRIME study.

PubMed

Marques-Vidal, P; Arveiler, D; Evans, A; Montaye, M; Bingham, A; Ruidavets, J B; McMaster, D; Haas, B; Amouyel, P; Ducimetière, P

2000-04-01

To assess the patterns of alcohol consumption in France and Northern Ireland. Four cross-sectional studies. Sample of 50-59 y old men living in France and Northern Ireland, consuming at least one unit of alcoholic beverage per week. 5363 subjects from France and 1367 from Northern Ireland. None. Consumption of wine was higher in France whereas consumption of beer and spirits was higher in Northern Ireland. Alcohol drinking was rather homogeneous throughout the week in France, whereas Fridays and Saturdays accounted for 60% of total alcohol consumption in Northern Ireland. In both countries, current smokers had a higher consumption of all types of alcoholic beverages than non-smokers. Similarly, obese and hypertensive subjects had a higher total alcohol consumption than non-obese or normotensive subjects, but the type of alcoholic beverages differed between countries. In Northern Ireland, subjects which reported some physical activity consumed significantly less alcoholic beverages than sedentary subjects, whereas no differences were found in France. Conversely, subjects with dyslipidemia consumed more alcoholic beverages than normolipidemic subjects in France, whereas no differences were found in Northern Ireland. In France, total alcohol, wine and beer consumption was negatively related to socioeconomic status and educational level. In Northern Ireland, total alcohol, beer and spirits consumption was negatively related whereas wine consumption was positively related to socioeconomic status and educational level. Alcohol drinking patterns differ between France and Northern Ireland, and also according to cardiovascular risk factors, socioeconomic and educational levels. Merck, Sharp & Dohme-Chibret (France), the NICHSA and the Department of Health and Social Service (Northern Ireland).

[Ankle brachial index: motivations, training, and practices among 165 general practitioners in Île-de-France].

PubMed

Meyer, D; Bureau, J-M; Vu Tri, D

2014-02-01

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is under-diagnosed despite its predictive value for cardiovascular mortality. The ankle brachial index (ABI), a simple reliable measure recommended by the French health authorities to detect and evaluate the severity of PAD, is used by too few general practitioners (GPs). This study aimed at identifying motivations and barriers for using ABI in general practice. A representative, descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted amongst 165 GPs practicing in Île-de-France who were interviewed using stratified quotas. Although 1 out of 5 GPs considered ABI to be an irrelevant indicator, most had a favorable opinion about its use (OR: 4.9 [CI 95 %: 4.2-5.7]). Only 42 % (CI 95 %: 34 %-49 %) of GPs knew ABI was recommended by the health authorities. This information had a critical impact on the acceptance of ABI relevancy (OR: 3.7 [CI 95 %: 3.2-4.2]). Training reinforced acceptance (OR: 5.0 [CI 95 %: 4.4-5.6]) and pre-residency education provided a better understanding of ABI (OR: 2.8 [CI 95 %: 2.3-3.4]). Time needed to measure ABI was the main barrier (OR: 0.6 [CI 95 %: 0.6-0.7]). A Doppler-calculation kit (OR: 11.8 [CI 95 %: 8.9-15.6]), equipment cost≤300Euros (OR: 3.4 [CI 99 %: 3.0-3.9]), a specific fee in addition to the regular consultation fee (OR: 2.6 [CI 95 %: 2.3-3.0]) and inclusion of ABI in the GP's evaluation scheme (OR: 2.6 [CI 95 %: 2.3-2.9]) would motivate more GPs. Seven out of 10 GPs agreed that ABI has a positive impact on patient adherence to treatment and follow-up, but ABI remained underexploited for symptomatic patients (OR: 0.4 [CI 95 %: 0.3-0.4]). Better communication and training together with an upgraded status for ABI would provide motivation for GPs to measure ABI. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

LIDAR Developments at Clermont-Ferrand—France for Atmospheric Observation

PubMed Central

Fréville, Patrick; Montoux, Nadège; Baray, Jean-Luc; Chauvigné, Aurélien; Réveret, François; Hervo, Maxime; Dionisi, Davide; Payen, Guillaume; Sellegri, Karine

2015-01-01

We present a Rayleigh-Mie-Raman LIDAR system in operation at Clermont-Ferrand (France) since 2008. The system provides continuous vertical tropospheric profiles of aerosols, cirrus optical properties and water vapour mixing ratio. Located in proximity to the high altitude Puy de Dôme station, labelled as the GAW global station PUY since August 2014, it is a useful tool to describe the boundary layer dynamics and hence interpret in situ measurements. This LIDAR has been upgraded with specific hardware/software developments and laboratory calibrations in order to improve the quality of the profiles, calibrate the depolarization ratio, and increase the automation of operation. As a result, we provide a climatological water vapour profile analysis for the 2009–2013 period, showing an annual cycle with a winter minimum and a summer maximum, consistent with in-situ observations at the PUY station. An overview of a preliminary climatology of cirrus clouds frequency shows that in 2014, more than 30% of days present cirrus events. Finally, the backscatter coefficient profile observed on 27 September 2014 shows the capacity of the system to detect cirrus clouds at 13 km altitude, in presence of aerosols below the 5 km altitude. PMID:25643059

The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: evidence from France.

PubMed

Can, Muhlis; Gozgor, Giray

2017-07-01

This paper reanalyzes the determinants of the CO 2 emissions in France. For this purpose, it considers the unit root test with two structural breaks and a dynamic ordinary least squares estimation. The paper also considers the effects of the energy consumption and the economic complexity on CO 2 emissions. First, it is observed that the EKC hypothesis is valid in France. Second, the positive effect of the energy consumption on CO 2 emissions is obtained. Third, it is observed that a higher economic complexity suppresses the level of CO 2 emissions in the long run. The findings imply noteworthy environmental policy implications to decrease the level of CO 2 emissions in France.

Mercury Distribution in the Deûle River (Northern France) Measured by the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique and Conventional Methods.

PubMed

Diviš, Pavel; Kadlecová, Milada; Ouddane, Baghdad

2016-05-01

The distribution of mercury in surface water and in sediment from Deûle River in Northern France was studied by application of conventional sampling methods and by diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT). Concentration of total dissolved mercury in surface water was 20.8 ± 0.8 ng l(-1). The particulate mercury concentration was 6.2 ± 0.6 µg g(-1). The particulate mercury was accumulated in sediment (9.9 ± 2.3 mg kg(-1)), and it was transformed by methylating bacteria to methylmercury, mainly in the first 2-cm layer of the sediment. Total dissolved concentration of mercury in sediment pore water obtained by application of centrifugation extraction was 17.6 ± 4.1 ng l(-1), and it was comparable with total dissolved pore water mercury concentration measured by DGT probe containing Duolite GT-73 resin gel (18.2 ± 4.3 ng l(-1)), taking the sediment heterogeneity and different principles of the applied methods into account. By application of two DGT probes with different resin gels specific for mercury, it was found that approximately 30% of total dissolved mercury in sediment pore water was present in labile forms easy available for biota. The resolution of mercury DGT depth profiles was 0.5 cm, which allows, unlike conventional techniques, to study the connection of the geochemical cycle of mercury with geochemical cycles of iron and manganese.

An estimation of burden of serious fungal infections in France.

PubMed

Gangneux, J-P; Bougnoux, M-E; Hennequin, C; Godet, C; Chandenier, J; Denning, D W; Dupont, B

2016-12-01

An estimation of burden of serious fungal diseases in France is essential data to inform public health priorities on the importance of resources and research needed on these infections. In France, precise data are available for invasive fungal diseases but estimates for several other diseases such as chronic and immunoallergic diseases are by contrast less known. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Web of Science Platform. Published epidemiology papers reporting fungal infection rates from France were identified. Where no data existed, we used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in those populations to estimate national incidence or prevalence, depending on the condition. The model predicts high prevalences of severe asthma with fungal sensitization episodes (189 cases/100,000 adults per year), of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (145/100,000) and of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (5.24/100,000). Besides, estimated incidence for invasive aspergillosis is 1.8/100,000 annually based on classical high risk factors. Estimates for invasive mucormycosis, pneumocystosis and cryptococcosis are 0.12/100,000, 1/100,000 and 0.2/100,000, respectively. Regarding invasive candidiasis, more than 10,000 cases per year are estimated, and a much higher number of recurrent vaginal candidiasis is probable but must be confirmed. Finally, this survey was an opportunity to report a first picture of the frequency of tinea capitis in France. Using local and literature data of the incidence or prevalence of fungal infections, approximately 1,000,000 (1.47%) people in France are estimated to suffer from serious fungal infections each year. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Mapping for the management of diffuse pollution risks related to agricultural plant protection practices: case of the Etang de l'Or catchment area in France.

PubMed

Mghirbi, Oussama; Bord, Jean-Paul; Le Grusse, Philippe; Mandart, Elisabeth; Fabre, Jacques

2018-03-08

Faced with health, environmental, and socio-economic issues related to the heavy use of pesticides, diffuse phytosanitary pollution becomes a major concern shared by all the field actors. These actors, namely the farmers and territorial managers, have expressed the need to implement decision support tools for the territorial management of diffuse pollution resulting from the plant protection practices and their impacts. To meet these steadily increasing requests, a cartographic analysis approach was implemented based on GIS which allows the spatialization of the diffuse pollution impacts related to plant protection practices on the Etang de l'Or catchment area in the South of France. Risk mapping represents a support-decision tool that enables the different field actors to identify and locate vulnerable areas, so as to determine action plans and agri-environmental measures depending on the context of the natural environment. This work shows that mapping is helpful for managing risks related to the use of pesticides in agriculture by employing indicators of pressure (TFI) and risk on the applicator's health (IRSA) and on the environment (IRTE). These indicators were designed to assess the impact of plant protection practices at various spatial scales (field, farm, etc.). The cartographic analysis of risks related to plant protection practices shows that diffuse pollution is unequally located in the North (known for its abundant garrigues and vineyards) and in the South of the Etang de l'Or catchment area (the Mauguio-Lunel agricultural plain known for its diversified cropping systems). This spatial inequity is essentially related to land use and agricultural production system. Indeed, the agricultural lands cover about 60% of the total catchment area. Consequently, this cartographic analysis helps the territorial actors with the implementation of strategies for managing risks of diffuse pollution related to pesticides use in agriculture, based on environmental and

Medication sales and syndromic surveillance, France.

PubMed

Vergu, Elisabeta; Grais, Rebecca F; Sarter, Hélène; Fagot, Jean-Paul; Lambert, Bruno; Valleron, Alain-Jaques; Flahault, Antoine

2006-03-01

Although syndromic surveillance systems using nonclinical data have been implemented in the United States, the approach has yet to be tested in France. We present the results of the first model based on drug sales that detects the onset of influenza season and forecasts its trend. Using weekly lagged sales of a selected set of medications, we forecast influenzalike illness (ILI) incidence at the national and regional level for 3 epidemic seasons (2000-01, 2001-02, and 2002-03) and validate the model with real-time updating on the fourth (2003-04). For national forecasts 1-3 weeks ahead, the correlation between observed ILI incidence and forecast was 0.85-0.96, an improvement over the current surveillance method in France. Our findings indicate that drug sales are a useful additional tool to syndromic surveillance, a complementary and independent source of information, and a potential improvement for early warning systems for both epidemic and pandemic planning.

France: A Study of the Educational System of France and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions of the United States. World Education Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Assefa, A. Mariam

The purpose of this book is to explain French educational credentials to U.S. college and university admissions officers and credentials evaluators. Following introductory sections providing a map of France and an educational and historical overview of France, the following chapters are presented: (1) elementary and secondary education (including…

[History of the Faculté libre de médecine de Lille, from its origins to the present day].

PubMed

Liefooghe, J

1997-01-01

The catholic University of Lille and its five Faculties, including the "Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie", were grounded by catholic people of the northern France as opposed to scientism, materialism and aggressive atheism of that epoch. Philibert Vrau and his brother in law Camille Feron-Vrau, M.D. names are linked to the founding. From 1876 to 1910, that medical school passed through very difficult years due to a strong anticlerical opposition. World War I diminished the tense atmosphere and the medical school serenely expanded up to 1957. Then, hospital and university administrative reforms gave new disturbances on account of french laws unsuitability for "free" medical structures. The 1971 law opened a new era establishing an official agreement with the State University. Thus the "Faculté libre de médecine" became able to improve its peculiar activity.

Diagnostics optiques pour la mesure de fluides critiques en micro-gravité dans les instruments ALICE et DECLIC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Durieux, Alain; Babolat, Claude; Dureux, Pierre; Martin, Bernard

2018-04-01

This paper, "Diagnostics optiques pour la mesure de fluides critiques en micro-gravité dans les instruments ALICE et DECLIC," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Développement d'un capteur optique de pression pour la mesure in-situ des moteurs cryogéniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Girault, Marc; Graindorge, Philippe; Laloux, Bernard; Desforges, Francois-Xavier; Martin, Philippe; Lefevre, Herve; Rouhet, Jacky

2018-04-01

This paper, "Développement d'un capteur optique de pression pour la mesure in-situ des moteurs cryogéniques," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Temporal evolution of the distribution of hepatitis E virus genotypes in Southwestern France.

PubMed

Lhomme, Sebastien; Abravanel, Florence; Dubois, Martine; Chapuy-Regaud, Sabine; Sandres-Saune, Karine; Mansuy, Jean-Michel; Rostaing, Lionel; Kamar, Nassim; Izopet, Jacques

2015-10-01

Southwest France is a highly endemic region for hepatitis E virus (HEV). This study examined the circulation of HEV strains between 2003 and 2014 in the Midi-Pyrénées, and compared these data with those from the rest of France. The polyproline region (PPR) of the ORF1 region of the HEV genome was also analyzed. HEV genotype was determined by sequencing a 348-nt fragment within the ORF2 gene for 333 strains in the Midi-Pyrénées and for 571 strains from the rest of France. PPR region was characterized for 56 strains. The frequency of subgenotype 3f decreased over time, whereas subgenotype 3c increased in the Midi-Pyrénées. Repartition of strains did not differ in the Midi-Pyrénées compared to the rest of France. HEV3i and HEV4 have been recently detected throughout France. PPR lengths showed that two major groups of HEV3f exist. Our study shows that HEV3 distribution in the Midi-Pyrénées was similar to the whole of France. Local dietary habits could explain the higher seroprevalence in the Midi-Pyrénées rather the circulation of a particular variant in this region. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Socioeconomic Segregation in Large Cities in France and the United States.

PubMed

Quillian, Lincoln; Lagrange, Hugues

2016-08-01

Past cross-national comparisons of socioeconomic segregation have been undercut by lack of comparability in measures, data, and concepts. Using IRIS data from the French Census of 2008 and the French Ministry of Finance as well as tract data from the American Community Survey (2006-2010) and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Picture of Subsidized Households, and constructing measures to be as similar as possible, we compare socioeconomic segregation in metropolitan areas with a population of more than 1 million in France and the United States. We find much higher socioeconomic segregation in large metropolitan areas in the United States than in France. We also find (1) a strong pattern of low-income neighborhoods in central cities and high-income neighborhoods in suburbs in the United States, but varying patterns across metropolitan areas in France; (2) that high-income persons are the most segregated group in both countries; (3) that the shares of neighborhood income differences that can be explained by neighborhood racial/ethnic composition are similar in France and the United States; and (4) that government-assisted housing is disproportionately located in the poorest neighborhoods in the United States but is spread across many neighborhood income levels in France. We conclude that differences in government provision of housing assistance and levels of income inequality are likely important contributing factors to the Franco-U.S. difference in socioeconomic segregation.

The invasive New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now.

PubMed

Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica

2014-01-01

Non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes) have been recorded in thirteen European countries. They include Bipalium kewense and Dolichoplana striata that are largely restricted to hothouses and may be regarded as non-invasive species. In addition there are species from the southern hemisphere such as the invasive New Zealand flatworm Arthurdendyus triangulatus in the United Kingdom, Eire and the Faroe Islands, the Australian flatworm Australoplana sanguinea alba in Eire and the United Kingdom, and the Australian Blue Garden flatworm Caenoplana coerulea in France, Menorca and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has some twelve or more non-indigenous species most of which are Australian and New Zealand species. These species may move to an invasive stage when optimum environmental and other conditions occur, and the flatworms then have the potential to cause economic or environmental harm. In this paper, we report the identification (from morphology and molecular analysis of COI sequences) of non-indigenous terrestrial flatworms found in a hothouse in Caen (France) as the New Guinea flatworm Platydemus manokwari de Beauchamp, 1963 (Platyhelminthes, Continenticola, Geoplanidae, Rhynchodeminae). Platydemus manokwari is among the "100 World's Worst Invader Alien Species". Lists of World geographic records, prey in the field and prey in laboratories of P. manokwari are provided. This species is considered a threat to native snails wherever it is introduced. The recent discovery of P. manokwari in France represents a significant extension of distribution of this Invasive Alien Species from the Indo-Pacific region to Europe. If it escaped the hothouse, the flatworm might survive winters and become established in temperate countries. The existence of this species in France requires an early warning of this incursion to State and European Union authorities, followed by the eradication of the flatworm in its locality, tightening of internal quarantine measures

In situ and laboratory investigations of fluid flow through an argillaceous formation at different scales of space and time, Tournemire tunnel, southern France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boisson, Jean-Yves; Bertrand, Lucien; Heitz, Jean-François; Golvan, Yann Moreau-Le

2001-01-01

In the context of a research and development program on waste disposal, an experimental site (Tournemire tunnel, Aveyron, France) was selected by the French Institute for Nuclear Protection and Safety (IPSN) in order to undertake studies on potential fluid flow at different scales of space and time within a 250-m-thick argillaceous formation. The argillite has a low natural water content ( 3-5%) and very low radii access porosity. Diffusion (tritiated water) coefficients (1×10-12 to 2×10-11 m2/s) and hydraulic conductivities derived from different types of laboratory tests (10-14 to 10-13 m/s) are characteristics of a very low-permeable rock. In situ hydraulic tests (including long-term hydraulic-head measurements) were used to obtain values for hydraulic head and hydraulic conductivity at a scale of 1-10 m (10-13 to 10-11 m/s). Despite uncertainties on these data (due to a scale factor, presence of fissures, and possible artefacts due to hydro-chemo-mechanical coupling), it is expected that fluid flow is essentially governed by diffusion processes. Identification of possible natural flows at larger scales of time and space was investigated using natural isotopic tracers from interstitial fluids. Modelling, based on the deuterium profile along the clay formation and assuming pure diffusion processes, provides estimations of possible flow times. However, lack of knowledge concerning the past geological evolution of the site and the possible role of a fracture network do not permit reduction of uncertainties on these estimations at this stage. Résumé. Dans le cadre de son programme de recherche et développement sur les stockages de déchets, un site expérimental (tunnel de Tournemire, Aveyron, France) a été sélectionné par l'Institut de Protection et Sûreté Nucléaire (IPSN) pour conduire des études sur les possibilités de transferts de fluides à différentes échelles de temps et d'espace au sein d'une formation argileuse de 250 m d'épaisseur. L

Developpements numeriques recents realises en aeroelasticite chez Dassault Aviation pour la conception des avions de combat modernes et des avions d’affaires

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-03-01

combat modernes et des avions d’affaires E. Garrigues, Th. Percheron DASSAULT AVIATION DGT/DTA/IAP F-922 14, Saint-Cloud Cedex France 1. Introduction ...de vol, des acedidrations rigides et des rdponses de la structure ( jauges et acedidrations). Struturl Premdicton Grdjustments n~~~ligh Testsn~n Fig4ure

New Introductions of Enterovirus 71 Subgenogroup C4 Strains, France, 2012

PubMed Central

Henquell, Cécile; Mirand, Audrey; Coste-Burel, Marianne; Marque-Juillet, Stéphanie; Desbois, Delphine; Lagathu, Gisèle; Bornebusch, Laure; Bailly, Jean-Luc; Lina, Bruno

2014-01-01

In France during 2012, human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) subgenogroup C4 strains were detected in 4 children hospitalized for neonatal fever or meningitis. Phylogenetic analysis showed novel and independent EV-A71 introductions, presumably from China, and suggested circulation of C4 strains throughout France. This observation emphasizes the need for monitoring EV-A71 infections in Europe. PMID:25061698

Cannabis use during pregnancy in France in 2010.

PubMed

Saurel-Cubizolles, M-J; Prunet, C; Blondel, B

2014-07-01

The aim was to estimate the proportion of women who reported cannabis use during pregnancy, to analyse the demographic and social characteristics of users, and the link between cannabis use and either preterm or small-for-gestational-age birth. Data were obtained from interviews of a representative sample of women giving birth in France in 2010 in the days after delivery, and from their medical records. All maternity units in France. The analysis includes women with live singleton births in metropolitan France who responded to the question about cannabis use during pregnancy: in total, 13 545 women. The percentage of cannabis users during pregnancy was estimated, and variations according to social characteristics were described. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate any associations between cannabis use and preterm birth or small-for-gestational-age status. Percentage of cannabis use, preterm birth rate, and small-for-gestational-age rate. In all, 1.2% of women reported having used cannabis during pregnancy. This percentage was higher among younger women, women living alone, or women who had a low level of education or low income. It was also associated with tobacco use and drinking alcohol. Cannabis users had higher rates of spontaneous preterm births: 6.4 versus 2.8%, for an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 2.15 (95% CI 1.10-4.18). The corresponding aOR was 2.64 (95% CI 1.12-6.22) among tobacco smokers and 1.22 (95% CI 0.29-5.06) among non-tobacco smokers. Although the reported rate of cannabis use during pregnancy in France is low, efforts should be continued to inform women and healthcare providers about the potential consequences of its use. © 2014 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.

The moral organization of the professions: Bioethics in the United States and France

PubMed Central

De Vries, Raymond; Dingwall, Robert; Orfali, Kristina

2009-01-01

Bioethics is a relatively new endeavor, emerging as a discourse distinct from considerations of moral responsibility occurring within the professions of medicine and science. We use the ‘de-centered comparative method’ to examine how the emergence and development of bioethics varies across different social and cultural settings. In particular, we look at bioethical work in the United States and France, exploring these different manifestations of the movement toward external oversight of those working in medicine and the life sciences. The study of these varied processes of occupational development allows us to address two important issues. One is the way in which pathways of professionalisation are shaped by contingent cultural and historical factors. The other is the degree to which the increasing prominence of the bioethical occupation is the result of the professional desires of bioethicists and/or a concern for the public good. PMID:19756169

Surveying End-of-Life Medical Decisions in France: Evaluation of an Innovative Mixed-Mode Data Collection Strategy

PubMed Central

Pennec, Sophie; Monnier, Alain; Stephan, Amandine; Brouard, Nicolas; Bilsen, Johan; Cohen, Joachim

2016-01-01

Background Monitoring medical decisions at the end of life has become an important issue in many societies. Built on previous European experiences, the survey and project Fin de Vie en France (“End of Life in France,” or EOLF) was conducted in 2010 to provide an overview of medical end-of-life decisions in France. Objective To describe the methodology of EOLF and evaluate the effects of design innovations on data quality. Methods EOLF used a mixed-mode data collection strategy (paper and Internet) along with follow-up campaigns that employed various contact modes (paper and telephone), all of which were gathered from various institutions (research team, hospital, and medical authorities at the regional level). A telephone nonresponse survey was also used. Through descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regressions, these innovations were assessed in terms of their effects on the response rate, quality of the sample, and differences between Web-based and paper questionnaires. Results The participation rate was 40.0% (n=5217). The respondent sample was very close to the sampling frame. The Web-based questionnaires represented only 26.8% of the questionnaires, and the Web-based secured procedure led to limitations in data management. The follow-up campaigns had a strong effect on participation, especially for paper questionnaires. With higher participation rates (63.21% and 63.74%), the telephone follow-up and nonresponse surveys showed that only a very low proportion of physicians refused to participate because of the topic or the absence of financial incentive. A multivariate analysis showed that physicians who answered on the Internet reported less medication to hasten death, and that they more often took no medical decisions in the end-of-life process. Conclusions Varying contact modes is a useful strategy. Using a mixed-mode design is interesting, but selection and measurement effects must be studied further in this sensitive field. PMID:26892632

Five years of beach drainage survey on a macrotidal beach (Quend-Plage, northern France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bain, Olivier; Toulec, Renaud; Combaud, Anne; Villemagne, Guillaume; Barrier, Pascal

2016-07-01

A drainage system was installed in 2008 on the macrotidal beach of Quend-Plage, close to Abbeville (Somme, northern France), following a period of significant erosion of recreational areas. The "Direction départementale des territoires et de la mer" (French Coastal Department Authority) has requested a biannual survey in order to validate the beach drainage setup and its efficiency. This paper presents the methodology used for this survey, and the response of the coastal system to this soft engineering method for preventing erosion. These five years of drainage operation have strongly modified the morphology of the beach. Three main modifications occurred: (i) accretion of the upper beach and foredune, (ii) erosion of the lower and middle beach and (iii) a slight shift in directions of the beach bars and troughs. These morphological changes finally led to the stabilization of the beach.

Recent Demographic Developments in France: Relatively Low Mortality at Advanced Ages.

PubMed

Prioux, France; Barbieri, Magali

2012-10-01

France had 65.3 million inhabitants as of 1 January 2012, including 1.9 million in the overseas départements . The population is slightly younger than that of the European Union as a whole. Population growth continues at the same rate, mainly through natural increase. There are now more African than European immigrants living in France. Fertility was practically stable in 2011 (2.01 children per woman), but the lifetime fertility of the 1971-1972 cohorts reached a historic low in metropolitan France (1.99 children per woman), nevertheless remaining among the highest in Europe. Abortion levels remained stable and rates among young people are no longer increasing. The marriage rate is falling and the divorce rate has stabilized (46.2 divorces per 100 marriages in 2011). The risk of divorce decreases with age, but has greatly increased among the under-70s over the last decade. Life expectancy at birth (78.4 years for men, 85.0 for women) has continued to increase at the same rate, mainly thanks to progress at advanced ages. Among European countries, France has the lowest mortality in the over-65 age group, but it ranks less well for premature mortality.

Molecular Simulation of the Vapor-Liquid Phase Behavior of Lennard-Jones Mixtures in Porous Solids

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

sur la Catalyse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Group de Chimie Theorique, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France...and Group de Chimie Theorique, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 46 Allee d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, Cedex 07, France 14. ABSTRACT We present vapor...Scientifique, Group de Chimie Theorique, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France and Group de Chimie Theorique, Ecole Normale

Sistemas de Documentacion e Informacion Educativa en Belgica, Paises Bajos y Francia (Educational Documentation and Information Systems in Belgium, Holland, and France).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rossi Etchelouz, Nelly Yvis

This booklet describes the working and organization of the information and documentation systems in Belgium, the Netherlands, and France. The discussion begins with a look at the Belgium educational system and how information services operate within that system. The central library, specialized services, and specialized information centers are all…

Progress in industrial holography in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smigielski, Paul

1992-01-01

Industrial applications of holography in France are briefly reviewed. Particular attention is given to nondestructive testing of helicopter blades at Aerospatiale Central Laboratory, the use of holography at Renault for car-engine vibration study, vibration characterization of turbo-jet engine components at SNECMA, and vibration analysis of plates in an industrial hemodynamic tunnel.

Predictive factors of cytomegalovirus seropositivity among pregnant women in Paris, France.

PubMed

N'Diaye, Dieynaba S; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Krivine, Anne; Andrieu, Thibaut; Rozenberg, Flore; Picone, Olivier; Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Goffinet, François; Launay, Odile

2014-01-01

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictive factors for CMV seronegativity in a cohort of pregnant women in Paris, France. Pregnant women enrolled in a prospective cohort during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic were tested for CMV IgG antibodies. Variables collected were age, geographic origin, lifestyle, work characteristics, socioeconomic status, gravidity, parity and number of children at home. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictive factors for CMV seropositivity. Among the 826 women enrolled, 389 (47.1%) were primiparous, and 552 (67.1%) had Metropolitan France as a geographic origin. Out of these, 355 (i.e. 57.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI): [53.6%-60.4%]) were CMV seropositive: 43.7% (95% CI:[39.5%-47.9%]) in those whose geographic origin was Metropolitan France and 84.1% in those with other origins (95% CI:[79.2%-88.3%]). Determinants associated with CMV seropositivity in a multivariate logistic regression model were: (i) geographic origin (p<0.001(compared with Metropolitan France, geographic origins of Africa adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 21.2, 95% CI:[9.7-46.5], French overseas departments and territories and other origin, aOR 7.5, 95% CI:[3.9-14.6], and Europe or Asia, aOR 2.2, 95% CI: [1.3-3.7]); and (ii) gravidity (p = 0.019), (compared with gravidity = 1, if gravidity≥3, aOR = 1.5, 95% CI: [1.1-2.2]; if gravidity = 2, aOR = 1.0, 95% CI: [0.7-1.4]). Work characteristics and socioeconomic status were not independently associated with CMV seropositivity. In this cohort of pregnant women, a geographic origin of Metropolitan France and a low gravidity were predictive factors for CMV low seropositivity. Such women are therefore the likely target population for prevention of CMV infection during pregnancy in France.

Predictive Factors of Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity among Pregnant Women in Paris, France

PubMed Central

N’Diaye, Dieynaba S.; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Krivine, Anne; Andrieu, Thibaut; Rozenberg, Flore; Picone, Olivier; Tsatsaris, Vassilis; Goffinet, François; Launay, Odile

2014-01-01

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictive factors for CMV seronegativity in a cohort of pregnant women in Paris, France. Methods Pregnant women enrolled in a prospective cohort during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic were tested for CMV IgG antibodies. Variables collected were age, geographic origin, lifestyle, work characteristics, socioeconomic status, gravidity, parity and number of children at home. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify independent predictive factors for CMV seropositivity. Results Among the 826 women enrolled, 389 (47.1%) were primiparous, and 552 (67.1%) had Metropolitan France as a geographic origin. Out of these, 355 (i.e. 57.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI): [53.6%–60.4%]) were CMV seropositive: 43.7% (95% CI:[39.5%–47.9%]) in those whose geographic origin was Metropolitan France and 84.1% in those with other origins (95% CI:[79.2%–88.3%]). Determinants associated with CMV seropositivity in a multivariate logistic regression model were: (i) geographic origin (p<0.001(compared with Metropolitan France, geographic origins of Africa adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 21.2, 95% CI:[9.7–46.5], French overseas departments and territories and other origin, aOR 7.5, 95% CI:[3.9–14.6], and Europe or Asia, aOR 2.2, 95% CI: [1.3–3.7]); and (ii) gravidity (p = 0.019), (compared with gravidity = 1, if gravidity≥3, aOR = 1.5, 95% CI: [1.1–2.2]; if gravidity = 2, aOR = 1.0, 95% CI: [0.7–1.4]). Work characteristics and socioeconomic status were not independently associated with CMV seropositivity. Conclusions In this cohort of pregnant women, a geographic origin of Metropolitan France and a low gravidity were predictive factors for CMV low seropositivity. Such women are therefore the likely target population for prevention of CMV infection during pregnancy in France. PMID:24587077

Post-impact hydrothermal system geochemistry and mineralogy: Rochechouart impact structure, France.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simpson, Sarah

2014-05-01

Hypervelocity impacts generate extreme temperatures and pressures in target rocks and may permanently alter them. The process of cratering is at the forefront of research involving the study of the evolution and origin of life, both on Mars and Earth, as conditions may be favourable for hydrothermal systems to form. Of the 170 known impact structures on Earth, over one-third are known to contain fossil hydrothermal systems [1]. The introduction of water to a system, when coupled with even small amounts of heat, has the potential to completely alter the target or host rock geochemistry. Often, the mineral assemblages produced in these environments are unique, and are useful indicators of post-impact conditions. The Rochechouart impact structure in South-Central France is dated to 201 ± 2 Ma into a primarily granitic target [2]. Much of the original morphological features have been eroded and very little of the allochthonous impactites remain. This has, however, allowed researchers to study the shock effects on the lower and central areas of the structure, as well as any subsequent hydrothermal activity. Previous work has focused on detailed classification of the target and autochthonous and allochthonous impactites [3, 4], identification of the projectile [5], and dating the structure using Ar-isotope techniques [2]. Authors have also noted geochemical evidence of K-metasomatism, which is pronounced throughout all lithologies as enrichment in K2O and depletion in CaO and Na2O [3, 4, 5]. This indicates a pervasive hydrothermal system, whose effects throughout the structure have yet to be studied in detail, particularly in those parts at and below the transient floor. The purpose of this study is to classify the mineralogical and geochemical effects of the hydrothermal system. Samples were collected via permission from the Réserve Naturelle de l'Astroblème de Rochechouart-Chassenon [6]. Sample selection was based on the presence of secondary mineralization in hand

Increasing Incidence of Listeriosis in France and Other European Countries

PubMed Central

Hedberg, Craig; Le Monnier, Alban; de Valk, Henriette

2008-01-01

From 1999 through 2005, the incidence of listeriosis in France declined from 4.5 to 3.5 cases/million persons. In 2006, it increased to 4.7 cases/million persons. Extensive epidemiologic investigations of clusters in France have ruled out the occurrence of large foodborne disease outbreaks. In addition, no increase has occurred in pregnancy-associated cases or among persons <60 years of age who have no underlying disease. Increases have occurred mainly among persons >60 years of age and appear to be most pronounced for persons >70 years of age. In 8 other European countries, the incidence of listeriosis has increased, or remained relatively high, since 2000. As in France, these increases cannot be attributed to foodborne outbreaks, and no increase has been observed in pregnancy-associated cases. European countries appear to be experiencing an increased incidence of listeriosis among persons >60 years of age. The cause of this selective increased incidence is unknown. PMID:18439354

World Foods. The Flavor of France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Calhoun, Helen; And Others

This teacher's guide contains materials to be used in a study of France and its cuisine. Unit 1 provides an overview of French geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural characteristics. Unit 2 studies French food habits, nutrition, food preparation, and meal patterns. Each unit contains a list of objectives (e.g., identify the type of…

Conception et validation d'un modele d'analyse et de suivi pour une politique energetique durable et acceptable de l'energie eolienne: Une etude comparative France-Quebec

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feurtey, Evariste

In this research, we built a conceptual model of a sustainable and acceptable wind power policy that we tried to validate through the case study of France and Quebec in the wind energy sector. Our qualitative and comparative approach helps us to illustrate the interaction of institutional variables studied, including the national context of emergence, the balance of power between pressure groups, the supranational and exogenous influences, level of political commitment, policy and regulatory instruments, social acceptance and energy policy mechanisms. The research confirms that the neo-corporatism is present in France as in Quebec. With the unfavorable energy context (low cost of electricity tariff, lack of electricity demand, and an already low zero carbon electric mix), it is an important factor explaining : 1) the 20 years delay accumulated by France and Quebec in the development of wind projects or industrial sector; 2) the 10% limited penetration scale given to wind energy. We also demonstrate that the political commitment to develop wind energy fluctuates with the government majority, the energy context or the influence of pressure groups. This manifests itself in a lack of continuity of policies and tariff instruments used. In both national case studies, the results also show that balanced policies and regulations ensure sustainable development of wind energy only if they allow a sufficient market size. The search results also illustrates that the conceptual division made between acceptance of wind sector, acceptance of ownership, local acceptance is very instructive. Social controversies, though multifactorial, are connected to both a critique of the development model too industrial and private, territorial dilemmas (closed environment), energy context (electric surplus in Quebec), or related to strategic planning system and centralized decision. An important issue for a more acceptable wind policy in the future will come to a greater plurality of ownership

Sub-Saharan African migrants living with HIV acquired after migration, France, ANRS PARCOURS study, 2012 to 2013.

PubMed

Desgrées-du-Loû, Annabel; Pannetier, Julie; Ravalihasy, Andrainolo; Gosselin, Anne; Supervie, Virginie; Panjo, Henri; Bajos, Nathalie; Lert, France; Lydié, Nathalie; Dray-Spira, Rosemary

2015-01-01

We estimated the proportion of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa who acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while living in France. Life-event and clinical information was collected in 2012 and 2013 from a random sample of HIV-infected outpatients born in sub-Saharan Africa and living in the Paris region. We assumed HIV infection in France if at least one of the following was fulfilled: (i) HIV diagnosis at least 11 years after arrival in France, (ii) at least one negative HIV test in France, (iii) sexual debut after arrival in France. Otherwise, time of HIV infection was based on statistical modelling of first CD4(+) T-cell count; infection in France was assumed if more than 50% (median scenario) or more than 95% (conservative scenario) of modelled infection times occurred after migration. We estimated that 49% of 898 HIV-infected adults born in sub-Saharan Africa (95% confidence interval (CI): 45-53) in the median and 35% (95% CI: 31-39) in the conservative scenario acquired HIV while living in France. This proportion was higher in men than women (44% (95% CI: 37-51) vs 30% (95% CI: 25-35); conservative scenario) and increased with length of stay in France. These high proportions highlight the need for improved HIV policies targeting migrants.

Paediatric clinical research from the perspective of hospital pharmacists from France and Canada.

PubMed

Guérin, Aurélie; Tanguay, Cynthia; Lebel, Denis; Prot-Labarthe, Sonia; Bourdon, Olivier; Bussières, Jean-François

2014-12-01

To compare pharmacy support for paediatric research services in France and Canada and to describe the perception of pharmacists and rank the paediatric clinical research issues. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. All paediatric hospitals from Canada and the main hospitals from France were contacted. A survey was conducted from May-September 2012. Descriptive statistics were performed. Results from 11 paediatric hospitals in Canada (11/12, 92%) and 11 (11/18, 61%) in France were obtained. There was a similar number of ongoing paediatric clinical trials per hospital in France versus Canada (38 (10-81) versus 20 (4-178)). A lower number of pharmacists per hospital was observed in France (17 (11.5-35) versus 45 (18.9-76.8)), but a similar number of pharmacists were assigned to clinical trials (1.5 (1-3) versus 1.9 (0.2-17.4)). Institutional protocols represented the majority of paediatric clinical trials in France (61% (14-100) versus 25% (0-100)). Similar pharmacy support services were offered, but the majority of French respondents also offered help for institutional protocol development (91 versus 50% P = 0.063). The main issues associated with paediatric clinical research were absence of financial interest from the pharmaceutical industry, prohibitive cost versus profit ratio, small patient cohorts and the non-availability of the appropriate drug formulations. Difficulties related to pharmaceutical compounding were identified as the main hindrance to paediatric clinical research; particular attention should be paid to these details when setting up a paediatric trial. © 2014 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

[Use in France of Baclofen for Alcohol Dependence from 2007 to 2013: Cohort Study Based on the Databases SNIIRAM and PMSI].

PubMed

Chaignot, Christophe; Weill, Alain; Ricordeau, Philippe; Alla, François

2015-01-01

To quantify and describe the population starting treatment with baclofen for alcohol dependence during the period 2007-2013 in France. The French national health insurance (système national d'information inter-régimes de l'Assurance maladie [SNIIRAM]) and French hospital discharge (programme de médicalisation des systèmes d'information [PMSI]) databases were used to identify the population starting treatment with baclofen, determine the algorithm of baclofen use, define patient characteristics and their treatment. About 200,000 subjects initiated baclofen therapy between 2007 and 2013, for alcohol dependence in 52.0% of cases. In 2013, this population was predominantly male (62.3%), with a mean age of 50.1 years, the first prescriber was a general practitioner in 58.9% of cases, they continued their treatment 6 months after their initiation in 48.8% of cases and one half of these subjects consumed at least 57.0 mg of baclofen daily. The use of baclofen for alcohol dependence increased considerably since 2008, with more than 34,000 new users and more than 9,000 general practitioners as first prescribers in 2013. © 2015 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.

Health-resource use and costs associated with fibromyalgia in France, Germany, and the United States

PubMed Central

Knight, Tyler; Schaefer, Caroline; Chandran, Arthi; Zlateva, Gergana; Winkelmann, Andreas; Perrot, Serge

2013-01-01

Background Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread, persistent pain. Prospective and retrospective studies have demonstrated substantial health-care costs associated with FM in a number of countries. This study evaluated and compared health-resource use (HRU) and associated costs related to FM in routine clinical practice across the US, France, and Germany. Methods Two separate, cross-sectional, observational studies of subjects with FM were conducted: one in the US and one in France and Germany. HRU related to prescription medication, physician office visits, diagnostic tests, and hospitalizations was abstracted from chart review; patient out-of-pocket costs and lost productivity were collected via subject self-report. Costs were assigned to HRU based on standard algorithms. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated and compared by simple linear regression. Results A total of 442 subjects (203 US, 70 France, 169 Germany) with FM were analyzed. The mean (standard deviation) age in the US, France, and Germany was 47.9 (10.9), 51.2 (9.5), and 49.2 (9.8), respectively (P = 0.085). Most subjects were female (95% US, 83% France, 80% Germany) (P < 0.001). Adjusted annual direct costs per subject for FM were significantly higher in the US ($7087) than in France ($481, P < 0.001) or Germany ($2417, P < 0.001). Adjusted mean annual indirect costs per subject for FM were lower in the US ($6431) than in France ($8718) or Germany ($10,001), but represented a significant proportion of total costs in all countries. Conclusion The significant HRU and costs associated with FM in the US, France, and Germany documented in this study highlight the substantial global economic burden of FM. Indirect costs represented a significant proportion of the total costs, particularly in Europe. Comparisons between the three countries show differences in HRU, with significantly higher direct costs in the US compared with France and Germany. PMID:23637545

[A survey on the position of France in international clinical research as assessed by pharmaceutical laboratories].

PubMed

Courcier-Duplantier, Soizic; Bouhours, Philippe; Pinton, Philippe; Sibenaler, Claire; Lassale, Catherine

2004-01-01

In order to evaluate the attractiveness of France for conducting international clinical trials, a survey was performed among pharmaceutical companies that are based in France or that have affiliates in France. The survey concerned international phase II and III clinical studies carried out in 2002 and 2003. Ten pharmaceutical companies representing 36% of the French market completed the survey. 134 trials were analysed in total. France recruited 8.3% of the overall number of patients recruited, and 15.0% of those recruited within Europe. France was within the overall mean with regard to the percentage of active centres (78.5% versus 79.5%) and the percentage of patients evaluable according to protocol (86.8% versus 87.3%). In contrast, France ranked within the last third of analysed countries with respect to the speed of recruitment (1.5 versus 1.9 patients/centre/month), and the number of queries per observation (16.8 versus 10.9). The analysis of the qualitative indicators of performance showed that, although the perception of pharmaceutical companies towards the quality of French medicine and administrative authorities is positive, France notably needs to improve the productivity of its clinical research in order to enhance its attractiveness for the pharmaceutical sponsors of clinical trials.

A coordinated set of ecosystem research platforms open to international research in ecotoxicology, AnaEE-France.

PubMed

Mougin, Christian; Azam, Didier; Caquet, Thierry; Cheviron, Nathalie; Dequiedt, Samuel; Le Galliard, Jean-François; Guillaume, Olivier; Houot, Sabine; Lacroix, Gérard; Lafolie, François; Maron, Pierre-Alain; Michniewicz, Radika; Pichot, Christian; Ranjard, Lionel; Roy, Jacques; Zeller, Bernd; Clobert, Jean; Chanzy, André

2015-10-01

The infrastructure for Analysis and Experimentation on Ecosystems (AnaEE-France) is an integrated network of the major French experimental, analytical, and modeling platforms dedicated to the biological study of continental ecosystems (aquatic and terrestrial). This infrastructure aims at understanding and predicting ecosystem dynamics under global change. AnaEE-France comprises complementary nodes offering access to the best experimental facilities and associated biological resources and data: Ecotrons, seminatural experimental platforms to manipulate terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, in natura sites equipped for large-scale and long-term experiments. AnaEE-France also provides shared instruments and analytical platforms dedicated to environmental (micro) biology. Finally, AnaEE-France provides users with data bases and modeling tools designed to represent ecosystem dynamics and to go further in coupling ecological, agronomical, and evolutionary approaches. In particular, AnaEE-France offers adequate services to tackle the new challenges of research in ecotoxicology, positioning its various types of platforms in an ecologically advanced ecotoxicology approach. AnaEE-France is a leading international infrastructure, and it is pioneering the construction of AnaEE (Europe) infrastructure in the field of ecosystem research. AnaEE-France infrastructure is already open to the international community of scientists in the field of continental ecotoxicology.

Recent Demographic Developments in France: Relatively Low Mortality at Advanced Ages

PubMed Central

Prioux, France; Barbieri, Magali

2013-01-01

France had 65.3 million inhabitants as of 1 January 2012, including 1.9 million in the overseas départements. The population is slightly younger than that of the European Union as a whole. Population growth continues at the same rate, mainly through natural increase. There are now more African than European immigrants living in France. Fertility was practically stable in 2011 (2.01 children per woman), but the lifetime fertility of the 1971–1972 cohorts reached a historic low in metropolitan France (1.99 children per woman), nevertheless remaining among the highest in Europe. Abortion levels remained stable and rates among young people are no longer increasing. The marriage rate is falling and the divorce rate has stabilized (46.2 divorces per 100 marriages in 2011). The risk of divorce decreases with age, but has greatly increased among the under-70s over the last decade. Life expectancy at birth (78.4 years for men, 85.0 for women) has continued to increase at the same rate, mainly thanks to progress at advanced ages. Among European countries, France has the lowest mortality in the over-65 age group, but it ranks less well for premature mortality. PMID:24285939

Dispersant approval procedures in France and Italy: A comparative ecotoxicity study.

PubMed

Manfra, Loredana; Tornambè, Andrea; Guyomarch, Julien; Le Guerrogue, Pascale; Kerambrun, Loïc; Rotini, Alice; Savorelli, Federica; Onorati, Fulvio; Magaletti, Erika

2017-09-01

A research project has been performed to the request of the RAMOGE Executive Secretariat to identify differences between dispersant approval procedures in France and Italy and propose ways to harmonize them. A collaborative study has been conducted by CEDRE (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution) and ISPRA (Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) to: a) compare current approval procedures in Italy and France with identification of differences and commonalities; b) carry out toxicity tests using both procedures on two selected dispersants; c) propose a common approach between Italy and France. The results showed that, because of the differences in ecotoxicological tests and in the evaluation criteria used, the outcomes on the same products could be different in Italy and in France. Both tested dispersants met the French requirements for approval (LC 50 ≥ 10 times reference toxicant), while only one dispersant met the Italian approval criterion (EC 50 > 10mg/L). A possible way of harmonizing the approval procedures could be to increase the number of test organisms in the French procedure, which currently only uses one crustacean species. Furthermore, a common criterion for toxicity assessment should be discussed and agreed. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in small rodents in France.

PubMed

Chastagner, A; Moinet, M; Perez, G; Roy, E; McCoy, K D; Plantard, O; Agoulon, A; Bastian, S; Butet, A; Rantier, Y; Verheyden, H; Cèbe, N; Leblond, A; Vourc'h, G

2016-07-01

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic tick-borne pathogen affecting a wide range of mammals. Rodents are suspected to be natural reservoirs for this bacterium, but their role in the epidemiologic cycles affecting domestic animals and wild ungulates has not been demonstrated. This study aimed to improve our knowledge on A. phagocytophilum prevalence in Apodemus sylvaticus, A. flavicollis and Myodes glareolus using data collected in 2010 in one area in eastern France and in 2012-2013 in two others areas in western France. Rodents were captured in each site and infection was tested using qualitative real-time PCR assays on either blood or spleen samples. Prevalence showed high variability among sites. The highest prevalence was observed in the most eastern site (with an average infection rate of 22.8% across all species), whereas no rodent was found to be PCR positive in the south-west site and only 6.6% were positive in the north-west of France. Finally, a significant increase in prevalence was observed in autumn samples compared to spring samples in the north-west, but no change was found in the other two sites. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

[Current status of animal rabies in France].

PubMed

Aubert, M

1997-01-01

The main host reservoir and vector of rabies in Western Europe is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). A vaccination strategy for this species has been developed and tested in Switzerland since 1978. Results indicate that the vaccine which is administered in spring and autumn for at least two consecutive years is more effective than destruction by shooting or gassing the animals. The same approach using bait containing increasingly effective and safe vaccines has been in use in France since 1986. By creating an immunological barrier from the English channel to the Swiss border, it has been possible to stop the southern progression of the disease. In the following years the vaccination program was extended to all contaminated areas in France (141,700 km2). From 1989 to 1996 rabies decreased in incidence by 99.7% and disappeared from 95% of the previously contaminated area. Although no case of rabies involving a non-flying mammal has been reported since October 1996, rabies cannot be considered as eradicated as long as places of active disease subsist in neighboring areas of Belgium and the Sarreland. Bat rabies in Europe is caused by two viral genotypes that have never been isolated in any species other than bats and man. A total of four cases of bat rabies have been diagnosed in France since 1989. All four cases occurred in the Serotine community including one in 1997. All cases of canine rabies reported in the last 20 years have been observed in imported animals. The last was in 1995 and could have been prevented by stricter border control.

Questionnaire-based survey on distribution of canine ocular thelaziosis in southwestern France.

PubMed

Mérindol, Isabelle; Ravier, Jean-François; Halos, Lénaïg; Guillot, Jacques

2018-04-15

The distribution of Thelazia callipaeda, commonly known as "oriental eyeworm'', has been considered for a long time to be confined to the former soviet Republics and Asia where the nematode causes infections in domestic and wild carnivores, rabbits and sometimes humans. However, since 2000, thelaziosis has been diagnosed in dogs and sometimes in cats from a growing number of European countries, including France. In 2006, a survey demonstrated that many autochthonous cases of canine thelaziosis were present in the department of Dordogne (southwestern France) in three hyperenzootic counties where strawberry production was predominant. The objective of the present study was to obtain an updated evaluation of the enzootic occurrence of T. callipaeda in France. In April 2016, an electronic questionnaire was sent to 1670 veterinary clinics from 24 French departments of southwestern France. Among 279 responses, 97 veterinary clinics reported cases of canine thelaziosis during the last 12 months. Most of them (72/97, 74.2%) reported a limited number of cases. Two veterinary clinics in previously-identified hyperenzootic counties of Dordogne reported the higher incidence (50 and 68 new cases annually). Noteworthly, two clinics located in another department (Landes) also reported many autochthonous cases (30 cases annually) demonstrating the existence of new enzootic foci. The present investigation confirmed that Dordogne is still an enzootic area of ocular thelaziosis and that the disease is spreading in new areas of southwestern France since a decade. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A Report on the International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy (5th) Held at the Laboratoire de Chimie du Coordination du CNRS, Toulouse, France, 10-14 September 1979,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-03

has a rich cultural and academic heritage, being the site of one of the first universities in France . Today it is also the center of the French ...jPECTROSCOPY~iiLD A S.E COTATCEGANUB .C./Carter S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS I*. PROGRAM ELEMENT,, PROJECT . TASK ARE A a WORK UNIT NUNUERS...Resonance spectros- copy took place in Toulouse, France , Se?tember 10-14, 1979. Seven invited lectures and a selection from more than 50 contributed

Jedburgh Operations: Support to the French Resistance in Central France from June through September 1944

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-07

SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Jedbr’rgh Operations: Support to the French Resistance in Central France From June through September 1944 F.. AUTHOR(S...Europe, beginning with operation OVERLORD in France . This study explains the origins, purpose, and missions/tasks of the Jedburgh project . The focus of...Best Available Standard Form 298 Back (Rev 2-89) JEDBURGH OPERATI ONS: SUPPORT TO THE FRENCH RESISTANCE IN CENTRAL FRANCE FROM JUNE THROUGH SEPTEMBER

Faisabilitité d'un separateur spectral integre: étude de filtres optiques localisés et d'un diaphragme absorbant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robic, J.-Y.; Baume, F.; Berger, M.; Boudet, T.; Calvat, C.; Chaton, P.; Lartigue, O.; Quesnel, E.; Ravel, G.; Margail, J.; Fournier, A.; Bodin, Pierre; Laubier, D.

2018-04-01

This paper, "Faisabilitité d'un separateur spectral integre: étude de filtres optiques localisés et d'un diaphragme absorbant," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Eléments-clés de la conception d'un instrument spatial à synthése d'ouverture optique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cassaing, Frédéric; Mugnier, Laurent; Rousset, Gérard; Sorrente, Béatrice

2018-04-01

This paper, "Eléments-clés de la conception d'un instrument spatial à synthése d'ouverture optique," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

The virulence of human pathogenic fungi: notes from the South of France.

PubMed

Reedy, Jennifer L; Bastidas, Robert J; Heitman, Joseph

2007-08-16

The Second FEBS Advanced Lecture Course on Human Fungal Pathogens: Molecular Mechanisms of Host-Pathogen Interactions and Virulence, organized by Christophe d'Enfert (Institut Pasteur, France), Anita Sil (UCSF, USA), and Steffen Rupp (Fraunhofer, IGB, Germany), occurred May 2007 in La Colle sur Loup, France. Here we review the advances presented and the current state of knowledge in key areas of fungal pathogenesis.

Battle of France WWII

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gadhath, Arpitha Rao

The purpose of this thesis is to build an interactive Geographical Information System (GIS) tool, relating to the series of events that occurred during the Battle of France World War II. The tool gives us an insight about the countries involved in the battle, their allies and their strategies. This tool was created to use it as a one stop source of information regarding all the important battles that took place, which lead to the fall of France. The tool brings together the maps of all the countries involved. Integrated with each map is the data relevant to that map. The data for each country includes the place of attack, the strategies used during the attack, and the kind of warfare. The tool also makes use of HTML files to give all the information, along with the images from the time of the war and a footage which explains everything about the particular battle. The tool was build using JAVA, along with the use of MOJO (Map Objects Java Objects) to develop Maps of each of the countries. MOJO is developed by ESRI (Environmental Science Research Institute) which makes it easier to add data to the maps. It also makes highlighting important information easier making use of pop-up windows, charts and infographics. HTML files were designed making use of the open-source template developed by Bootstrap. The tool is built in such a way that the interface is simple and easy for the user to use and understand.

Frances Keesler Graham (1918-2013).

PubMed

Berg, W Keith

2014-09-01

Frances Keesler Graham, noted psychophysiologist and developmental researcher, died on April 16, 2013. Fran was born in Canastota, New York, on August 1, 1918. Fran's high-quality research, her success in obtaining 39 years of uninterrupted funding, and the very high regard in which she was held among her colleagues led to numerous awards and honors. Fran was demanding but equally willing to provide extensive assistance to students willing to work hard. (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

[The attractive position of France in international clinical research: 2006 survey assessed by Leem (French pharmaceutical companies)].

PubMed

Courcier, Soizic; Sibenaler, Claire; Couderc, Monique; Trinquet, Françoise; Plétan, Yannick; Lassale, Catherine

2006-01-01

In order to evaluate the attractiveness of France for conducting international clinical trials, a survey is performed every two years among pharmaceutical companies that are based in France or have affiliates in France. Initiated in 2006, the current survey was much more representative than the previous ones with 20 companies accounting for 61% of the French market. This survey included 352 international phase II and III clinical studies carried out in 2004 and 2005, 74 countries, 17 345 centres and 137 989 patients. France has participated to half of the overall number of international clinical trials. France ranked among the best European recruiters (0,19 patient/1000 inhabitants) at the second position behind Scandinavian countries, taking in account numbers of inhabitants. Protocols are now to be given the go-ahead by Ethics Committee (CCPPRB) within 60 days. With a high productivity in phase IIb and in oncology, France is still an attractive place to locate clinical research.

Frequency and correlates of late presentation for HIV infection in France: older adults are a risk group - results from the ANRS-VESPA2 Study, France.

PubMed

Wilson, Kayigan d'Almeida; Dray-Spira, Rosemary; Aubrière, Cindy; Hamelin, Christine; Spire, Bruno; Lert, France

2014-01-01

Correlates of late presentation (LP) for HIV infection in Metropolitan France and French overseas departments (FODs) were assessed among HIV-infected patients recently diagnosed, using data from a large cross-sectional survey, representative of the French HIV-infected population, conducted in 2011. LP was defined as presentation with either clinical AIDS events within the calendar year of diagnosis or CD4 < 350/mm(3) and presentation with advanced disease (PAD) was defined as presentation with either clinical AIDS events or CD4 < 200/mm(3). Correlates of LP/PAD were assessed through logistic modelling, separately in Metropolitan France and FODs. In Metropolitan France, 47.7% of participants were late presenters and 29.3% presented with advanced disease. LP was more frequent among male and female migrants from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA; 58.5% and 56.4%) and non-African heterosexual males (61.8%) than among men who have sex with men (34.8%). In FODs, 53.2% of participants were late presenters and 36.8% presented with an advanced disease. LP was more frequent among men than women (60.6% vs. 45.3%) and among those with a lower level of education (56.6% vs. 47.5%). A consistent positive association was found in adjusted analyses between LP/PAD and increasing age at diagnosis among all subpopulations, in both settings. In Metropolitan France, among men who have sex with men, those self-declaring as bisexual were at higher risk of LP/PAD; among non-African heterosexual males and females, religiosity was associated with increased risk of LP/PAD; and among SSA migrants, those diagnosed within the year following their arrival in France were at higher risk of LP/PAD. Older age at diagnosis is a major risk factor for LP/PAD independently of any other socio-demographic characteristics. Promotion of HIV testing should be renewed to target each subgroup at risk while paying a particular attention to middle-aged or older adults whose attitudes and beliefs towards HIV/AIDS might

RU 486 in France and England: corporate ethics and compulsory licensing.

PubMed

Boland, R

1992-01-01

Prospects for the introduction of RU-486 into the US in the foreseeable future are not good. The governments of France and England moved forward expeditiously with testing and approval of the drug. The legal developments surrounding the introduction of RU-486 in France and England as well as American, French, and English legal issues of corporate responsibility for licensing valuable drugs and compulsory licensing are outlined. The French government on October 28, 1988, ordered the company Roussel-Uclaf to resume plans to distribute RU-486 out of concern for public health and stated that RU-486 was the moral property of women. Roussel-Uclaf agreed to resume plans for distribution. RU-486 suits were finally decided in late 1990 and early 1991 by the State Council, France's highest administrative court, which issued a series of significant rulings. The French government issued new rules prohibiting the use of RU-486 by women who are heavy smokers or over 35 years old and modifying the dose of prostaglandin to be administered because of an RU-486-related death of an overweight 31-year old woman. In England, RU-486 was initially approved in July 1991. The conditions set were similar to those in France: the drug would have be used within 9 weeks of amenorrhea, as opposed to 7 in France; women over 35 or moderate to heavy smokers would be ineligible; and visits 36-48 hours later would be necessary to have a prostaglandin administered with check ups 7-10 days later. The hostility of the current US administration to the introduction of RU-486 blocks access to the drug. In 1989, the Food and Drug Administration placed reluctant to enter the American market. Under the Bush administration there is little possibility that the American government will act and take an active role in facilitating access to RU-486.

A new efficient method to monitor precocious puberty nationwide in France.

PubMed

Rigou, Annabel; Le Moal, Joëlle; Léger, Juliane; Le Tertre, Alain; Carel, Jean-Claude

2018-02-01

Clinical precocious puberty (PP) is a disease, reputed to be on the increase and suspected to be linked to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) exposure. Population-based epidemiological data are lacking in France and scarce elsewhere. We accessed the feasibility of monitoring PP nationwide in France in this context, using a nationwide existing database, the French National Health Insurance Information System. Here, we present the method we used with a step-by-step approach to build and select the most suitable indicator. We built three indicators reflecting the incidence of idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP), the most frequent form of PP, and we compared these indicators according to their strengths and weaknesses with respect to surveillance purposes. Monitoring ICPP in France proved feasible using a Drug reimbursement indicator. Our method is cost efficient and highly relevant in public health surveillance. Our step-by-step approach proved helpful to achieve this project and could be proposed for assessing the feasibility of monitoring health outcomes of interest using existing data bases. What is known: • Precocious puberty (PP) is suspected to be related to EDC exposure and it is believed to be on the increase in France and in others countries. • Very few epidemiologic data on PP are currently available in the world at the national scale. What is new: • This is the first study describing a method to monitor the most frequent form of PP, idiopathic central PP (ICPP) nationwide in a cost-efficient way, using health insurance databases. • This cost-effective method will allow to estimate and monitor the incidence of ICPP in France and to analyze spatial variations at a very precise scale, which will be very useful to examine the role of environmental exposures, especially to EDCs.

Case ascertainment and estimated incidence of drug-induced long-QT syndrome: study in Southwest France

PubMed Central

Molokhia, Mariam; Pathak, Atul; Lapeyre-Mestre, Maryse; Caturla, Laetitia; Montastruc, Jean Louis; McKeigue, Paul

2008-01-01

AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and reporting rate of drug-induced long-QT syndrome (LQTS) in France [defined by evidence of torsades de pointes (TdP), QT prolongation and exposure to a relevant drug] and to assess feasibility of case collection for drug-induced LQTS. METHODS A retrospective population-based study was carried out in Southwest France in five institutions: three main hospitals, one private clinic and one cardiac emergency unit, searched from 1 January 1999 to 1 January 2005 (population coverage of 614 000). The study population consisted of 861 cases with International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnostic codes for ventricular tachycardia (I147.2), ventricular fibrillation (I149.0) and sudden cardiac death (I146.1) from hospital discharge summaries, supplemented by cases reported to national or regional pharmacovigilance systems, and voluntary reporting by physicians, validated according to internationally defined criteria for drug-induced LQTS. RESULTS Of 861 patients coded with arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death, there were 40 confirmed surviving acquired cases of drug-induced LQTS. We estimated that the incidence of those who survive to reach hospital drug-induced LQTS is approximately 10.9 per million annually in France (95% confidence interval 7.8, 14.8). CONCLUSIONS Many cases of drug-induced LQTS may not survive before they reach hospital, as the reporting rate for drug-induced LQTS identified through the cardiology records and also reported to pharmacovigilance systems for the Midi-Pyrenees area is 3/40 (7.5%). Using the methods outlined it is possible to assemble cases to study genetic susceptibility to drug-induced LQTS and adapt these methods more widely. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Drug-induced long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is a potentially fatal condition that has led to a number of postmarketing withdrawals in recent years. However, many cases may not survive long enough to reach hospital, and

Outcome of occupational electrical injuries among French electric company workers: a retrospective report of 311 cases, 1996-2005.

PubMed

Piotrowski, Aleksandra; Fillet, Anne-Marie; Perez, Philippe; Walkowiak, Philippe; Simon, Denis; Corniere, Marie-Jean; Cabanes, Pierre-André; Lambrozo, Jacques

2014-05-01

This study reviewed records of all electrical incidents involving work-related injury to employees Electricité de France (EDF) from 1996 through 2005 and analysed data for 311 incidents. The results are compared with 1231 electrical incidents that occurred during 1970-1979 and 996 incidents during 1980-1989. A total of 311 electrical incidents were observed. The medical consequences of electrical incident remain severe and particularly, the current fatality rate (3.2%) is similar to that recorded in the 1980s (2.7%) and 1970s (3.3%). Among individuals with non-fatal incidents, any change has occurred in the prevalence of permanent functional sequelae (23.6% in the 1970s vs. 27.6% in the 1980s and 32.5% currently). An increase in the incidence of neuropsychiatric sequelae (5.4% in the 1980s vs. 13% currently) has been observed and they are now the second most common type of sequelae after those directly related to burns. Among the neurological sequelae, peripheral nervous system disorders are the most common, as observed in the 1980s. Since the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has changed between the two periods, we can only report that the current prevalence of PTSD is 7.6%. This study emphasises the need for specific management of neurological and psychological impairments after electrical injuries, including especially early recognition and initiation of effective treatment. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.

[The electric furnace of Henri Moissan at one hundred years: connection with the electric furnace, the solar furnace, the plasma furnace?].

PubMed

Royère, C

1999-03-01

The trace of Henri Moissan's pioneer work 100 years ago is clearly evidenced by an overview of achievements in high temperature devices; 1987: "Le four électrique" by Henri Moissan; 1948-1952: "High temperature heating in a cavity rotary kiln using focusing of solar radiation" by Félix Trombe; 1962: "The cavity rotary kiln using focused solar radiation jointly with a plasma gun" by Marc Foëx; 1970: "The rotary kiln with two plasma guns and arc transfer" by Marc Foëx; 1984: "The plasma furnace" by Electricité de France (EDF) at Renardières; 1997: "The plasma furnace" by the Atomic Energy Center (CEA) at Cadarache, the VULCANO program. The first part of this contribution is devoted to Henri Moissan. Re-reading his early book on the electric furnace, especially the first chapter and the sections on silica, carbon vapor and experiments performed in casting molten metal--the conclusions are outstanding--provides modern readers with an amazing insight into future developments. The last two parts are devoted to Félix Trombe and Marc Foëx, tracing the evolution of high temperature cavity processus leading to the solar furnace and the present day plasma furnace at the CEA. Focus is placed on research conducted by the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) with the solar and plasma furnaces at Odeillo. The relationships with Henri Moissan's early work are amazing, offering a well deserved homage to this pioneer researcher.

The Status of Women in France Today.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weitz, Margaret Collins

1978-01-01

Reviews the women's movement in France during the past two centuries. A discussion of the process by which French women acquired political rights and access to education and the professions leads to examination of the question of future directions. An annotated listing of French women's movements is appended. (AMH)

Corporate Language: The Blind Spot of Language Policy? Reflections on France's Loi Toubon

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saulière, Jérôme

2014-01-01

This article looks at France's Loi Toubon, which mandates the use of French in private companies, to illustrate how macro-level language planning reaches a dead end if it fails to consider local contexts and involve micro-level agents. The motivations, limitations and contradictions of France's language policy in relation to companies are…

Educating the People: "Cours d'adultes" and Social Stratification in France, 1830-1870

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rowe, Steven E.

2010-01-01

This essay examines the formation, operation, and social effects of adult education classes in France during the nineteenth century. These classes were created and operated prior to the formation of France's national education system and were part of the expansion of primary schooling for the working class, or more generally for "the…

[France, an attractive country for international clinical research: 2008 survey assessed by Leem (French association of pharmaceutical companies)].

PubMed

Lassale, Catherine; Sibenaler, Claire; Béhier, Jehan-Michel; Plétan, Yannick; Courcier, Soizic

2008-01-01

In order to evaluate the attractiveness of France for conducting international clinical trials, a survey is performed every two years among pharmaceutical companies that are based in France or have affiliates in France. Nineteen companies (61.9 % of the French market) have participated in the current survey which included 385 international phase II and III clinical studies, 77 countries, 29,708 centres and 312,835 patients (included in 2006/2007). France (400 patients/million inhabitants) ranked among the best European recruiters in second position behind Scandinavia. Since 2006, France has improved administrative processes and reduced deadlines for hospital contracts. Protocols are now to be given the go-ahead by French Authorities (Afssaps and CPP) within 60 days, in accordance with European directive. Its performance in early phases, oncology/hematology and vaccines/anti-infectious contribute to the attractiveness of France in international clinical research.

[Prisma France: implementation program of an innovation in health and services system for disabled people. Adaptation of a case-management based integration model].

PubMed

Somme, D; Trouvé, H; Couturier, Y; Carrier, S; Gagnon, D; Lavallart, B; Hébert, R; Cretin, C; Saint-Jean, O

2008-02-01

The French health and services system to maintain at home is characterized by its fragmentation, whereas the need of the people for intervention is generally total. This fragmentation have consequences: delay in services delivery, inadequate transmission of information, redundant evaluation, service conditioned by the entrance point solicited rather than by the need of the person and inappropriate use of expensive resources by ignorance or difficulty of access to the less expensive resources. The purpose of integration is to improve continuity of interventions for people in loss of autonomy. It consists in setting up a whole of organisational, managerial and clinical common tools. Organisational model "Projet et Recherches sur l'Intégration des Services pour le Maintien de l'Autonomie" (Prisma) tested in Quebec showed a strong impact on the prevention of the loss of autonomy in term of public health on a population level. This model rests on six principal elements: partnership, single entry point, case-management, a multidimensional standardized tool for evaluation, an individualized services plan and a system for information transmission. Thus, it was decided to try to implement in France this organisational model. The project is entitled Prisma France and is presented here. The analysis of the context of implementation of the innovation which represents integration in the field of health and services for frail older reveals obstacles (in particular because of diversity of professional concerned and a presentiment of complexity of the implementation of the model) and favourable conditions (in particular the great tension towards change in this field). The current conditions in France appear mainly favourable to the implementation of integration. The establishment of Prisma model in France requires a partnership work of definition of a common language as well on the diagnoses as on the solutions. The strategic and operational dialogue is thus a key element of the

Seasonal variability of suspended sediment transport in the Seine river catchment area (France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franke, Christine; Baati, Selma; Ayrault, Sophie; Bonte, Philippe; Evrard, Olivier; Kissel, Catherine

2010-05-01

, C., Kissel, C., Robin, E., Bonté, P. and Lagroix, F., 2009, Magnetic particle characterization in the Seine river system: Implications for the determination of natural versus anthropogenic input, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., doi:10.1029/2009GC002544. Tessier, L., Bonté, P., Mouchel, J.M., Lefevre, I., Sogon, S., Ayrault, S., Le Cloarec, M.F., 2003, Transport et characterisation des matieres en suspension dans le basin de la Seine : Identification des signatures naturelles et anthropiques, 14èmes Journées Scientifiques de l'Environnement : l'Eau, la Ville, la Vie, Créteil : France 2003. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/20/30/84/PDF/4-JSE-2003-Manuscrit-Tessier-HAL-2008-01-08.pdf

Fifty years of successful MCT research and production in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bensussan, Philippe; Tribolet, Philippe; Destéfanis, Gérard; Sirieix, Michel

2009-05-01

France has a long and fruitful history regarding Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) research and production and is still one of the leading countries for the production of MCT IR detectors. To give a historical account of its development and progress, SAGEM Défense Sécurité will describe the early days of MCT developments in France. CEA-Leti (the French Atomic Energy Commission and a leading applied research center in electronics) will then present the research carried out on second- and third-generation MCT technologies, followed by Sofradir who will discuss the production of these new detector types.

Patterns of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer in France and Italy.

PubMed

Bouvier, Anne-Marie; Minicozzi, Pamela; Grosclaude, Pascale; Bouvier, Véronique; Faivre, Jean; Sant, Milena

2013-08-01

European guidelines recommend adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer but not for stage II. To determine the extent to which adjuvant chemotherapy was used in Italy and France. A common retrospective database of 2186 colon cancers diagnosed between 2003 and 2005 was analysed according to age, stage and presenting features. 38.9% of patients with stage II and 64.6% with stage III received chemotherapy in Italy, 21.7% and 65.1% in France. For stage II, the association between country and chemotherapy was only significant in patients diagnosed out of emergency (ORItaly/France: 3.05 [2.12-4.37], p<0.001) whereas patients diagnosed in emergency were as likely to receive chemotherapy in both countries. For stage III, there was a trend to a higher administration of chemotherapy for elderly patients in France compared to Italy. French patients were more likely than Italian to receive chemotherapy (OR: 1.91[1.32-2.78], p=0.001). Chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer was as extensively used in Italy as in France for young patients. Its administration could be increased in patients over 75. Stage II patients with a lower risk of relapse received chemotherapy more often in Italy than in France. Copyright © 2013 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Education Provisions in Support of Allophone Students in France: Policies, Achievements and Challenges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Diallo, Ibrahima; Abdallah, Kaouthar Ben; Embarki, Mohamed

2016-01-01

Since 1970, French education authorities have put in place education provisions to address the education needs of the "Elèves Nouvellement Arrivés en France" (ENAF) [Students Newly Arrived in France]. They put in place a series of such and a range of policy frameworks (circulars and decrees) to legitimise the education provisions…

Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in France in 2010.

PubMed

Antona, D; Lepoutre, A; Fonteneau, L; Baudon, C; Halftermeyer-Zhou, F; LE Strat, Y; Lévy-Bruhl, D

2017-05-01

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains the leading cause of congenital virus infection in developed countries. Measuring the national prevalence of this infection, especially among women of childbearing age, is of great value to estimate the risk of congenital CMV infection, as well as to identify risk groups that should be targeted for behavioural interventions and/or vaccination once a CMV vaccine finally becomes available. In order to fulfil these objectives, a seroprevalence survey was conducted in 2010, using a nationally representative, population-based sample of 2536 people aged between 15 and 49 years, living in metropolitan France and attending private microbiological laboratories for blood testing. All blood samples were analysed in the same laboratory and screened for CMV-specific IgG using an enzyme-linked immunoassay technique (Elisa PKS Medac Enzyme immunoassay). The overall point estimate of CMV infection seroprevalence for individuals aged 15-49 years was 41.9%. The estimates were higher in women than in men (respectively 45.6% and 39.3%), and people born in a non-Western country were more likely to be CMV seropositive than those born in France or in another Western country (93.7% vs. 37.7%). Our results showed that a substantial percentage of women of childbearing age in France are CMV seronegative and therefore at risk of primary CMV infection during pregnancy. Educational measures and future vaccine are key issues to prevent infection in pregnant women and congenital CMV disease.

Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Red Fox, France.

PubMed

Michelet, Lorraine; De Cruz, Krystel; Hénault, Sylvie; Tambosco, Jennifer; Richomme, Céline; Réveillaud, Édouard; Gares, Hélène; Moyen, Jean-Louis; Boschiroli, María Laura

2018-06-01

Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild red foxes was found in southern France, where livestock and other wildlife species are infected. Foxes frequently interact with cattle but have been underestimated as a reservoir of M. bovis. Our results suggest a possible role of the red fox in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis.

Cancer incidence and mortality in France in 1975-95.

PubMed

Ménégoz, F; Black, R J; Arveux, P; Magne, V; Ferlay, J; Buémi, A; Carli, P M; Chapelain, G; Faivre, J; Gignoux, M; Grosclaude, P; Mace-Lesec'h, J; Raverdy, N; Schaffer, P

1997-10-01

The aims of the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) are to improve the quality, comparability and availability of cancer registry data in Europe. This paper on cancer incidence and mortality in France presents the most recent available data, with short-term projections to 1995, and a commentary based, where possible, on epidemiological research carried out in France. Cancer incidence in men in France increased throughout the study period 1975 to 1995, from 92,000 new cases in 1975 to about 135,000 in 1995. This increase was partly due to the ageing of the French population, but incidence rates have also increased, particularly from 1975 to 1985. The trend appears to be levelling off in the 1990s, with an incidence rate in 1995 of about 482 per 100,000 (this and subsequent rates quoted are standardized to the European Standard Population). Among women, the all-cancer incidence rates also increased during the 1970s and 1980s. Although the rate of increase was less pronounced than in men, the trend is continuing in the 1990s. The estimated age standardized rate in 1995 was 309 per 100,000, representing 104,000 new cases. The main components of these changes in the last decade were, for men, increases in large bowel and prostate cancer, which have been partly compensated for by decreases in oral cavity, larynx and stomach cancer. For women the trend was dominated by the continuing increase in breast cancer with increases also in large bowel and lung cancers. Of the numerically important cancers in women, only stomach cancer has shown a clear decline. The situation in 1995 was that breast cancer remained the predominant cancer affecting women in France, accounting for almost one third of all new cases of cancer diagnosed and one fifth of cancer deaths. The next most frequent cancers in women were those of the large bowel. Regrettably, incidence rates of both breast and bowel cancer are increasing in women. For men in France the most frequent cancers in 1995

[Costs of healthcare resource consumption after a myocardial infarction in France: An estimate from a medicoadministrative database (GSB)].

PubMed

Philippe, F; Blin, P; Bouée, S; Laurendeau, C; Torreton, E; Gourmelin, J; Velkovski-Rouyer, M; Levy-Bachelot, L; Steg, G

2017-04-01

To estimate the costs of healthcare resource consumption in the year preceding and the year following a myocardial infarction (MI). A historical cohort of patients experiencing an MI in France between 2007 and 2011 was extracted from the échantillon généraliste de bénéficiaires, a 1/97th sample of all beneficiaries of public health insurance in France. A total of 1920 patients experiencing an MI were identified. Two-thirds were men and the mean age was 67 years; 20.6% had diabetes, 37.6% hypercholesterolaemia and 82.4% hypertension. From a societal perspective, the annual costs of medical consumption related to hospitalisations increased from € 4548 before the MI to € 6470 in the following year. Costs of community care rose from € 2932 to € 6208. This increase concerned all components of community healthcare: costs associated with medical transportation increased fourfold, those associated with consultations and laboratory tests tripled, medication costs doubled and costs of paramedical services also increased, but to a lesser extent. It should be noted that the cost of hospitalisation for the index MI (€ 5876) is not included in the above costs. From a society perspective, the cost of healthcare resource consumption increased threefold in the year following an MI. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Context and dating of Aurignacian vulvar representations from Abri Castanet, France

PubMed Central

White, Randall; Mensan, Romain; Bourrillon, Raphaëlle; Cretin, Catherine; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Clark, Amy E.; Sisk, Matthew L.; Tartar, Elise; Gardère, Philippe; Goldberg, Paul; Pelegrin, Jacques; Valladas, Hélène; Tisnérat-Laborde, Nadine; de Sanoit, Jacques; Chambellan, Dominique; Chiotti, Laurent

2012-01-01

We report here on the 2007 discovery, in perfect archaeological context, of part of the engraved and ocre-stained undersurface of the collapsed rockshelter ceiling from Abri Castanet, Dordogne, France. The decorated surface of the 1.5-t roof-collapse block was in direct contact with the exposed archaeological surface onto which it fell. Because there was no sedimentation between the engraved surface and the archaeological layer upon which it collapsed, it is clear that the Early Aurignacian occupants of the shelter were the authors of the ceiling imagery. This discovery contributes an important dimension to our understanding of the earliest graphic representation in southwestern France, almost all of which was discovered before modern methods of archaeological excavation and analysis. Comparison of the dates for the Castanet ceiling and those directly obtained from the Chauvet paintings reveal that the “vulvar” representations from southwestern France are as old or older than the very different wall images from Chauvet. PMID:22586111

Underreporting of musculoskeletal disorders in 10 regions in France in 2009.

PubMed

Rivière, Stéphanie; Penven, Emmanuelle; Cadéac-Birman, Hélène; Roquelaure, Yves; Valenty, Madeleine

2014-10-01

Underreporting of occupational diseases (OD) has been quantified, in particular in the United States, but little information is available in other countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate underreporting of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in France in 2009. We calculated an indicator that approximated the underreporting rate of MSD in 10 regions of France. Two databases were used: data on OD compensated by insurance funding and data from the surveillance program for uncompensated work-related diseases. Analyses were performed for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and elbow, shoulder, and lumbar spine MSD. The underreporting rate was estimated at 59% (range 52-64%) for CTS, 73% (range 67-79%) for elbow MSD, 69% (range 63-74%) for shoulder MSD, and 63% (range 50-76%) for lumbar spine MSD. This study revealed that MSD are substantially underreported in France, as in the United States, despite the differences in workers' compensation systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

VEB-1 Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase–producing Acinetobacter baumannii, France1

PubMed Central

Coignard, Bruno; Carbonne, Anne; Blanckaert, Karine; Bajolet, Odile; Bernet, Claude; Verdeil, Xavier; Astagneau, Pascal; Desenclos, Jean-Claude; Nordmann, Patrice

2006-01-01

VEB-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Acinetobacter baumannii was responsible for an outbreak in hospitals in France. A national alert was triggered in September 2003 when 4 hospitals reported clusters of A. baumannii infection with similar susceptibility profiles. Case definitions and laboratory guidelines were disseminated, and prospective surveillance was implemented; strains were sent to a single laboratory for characterization and typing. From April 2003 through June 2004, 53 hospitals reported 290 cases of A. baumannii infection or colonization; 275 isolates were blaVEB-1-positive and clonally related. Cases were first reported in 5 districts of northern France, then in 10 other districts in 4 regions. Within a region, interhospital spread was associated with patient transfer. In northern France, investigation and control measures led to a reduction of reported cases after January 2004. The national alert enabled early control of new clusters, demonstrating the usefulness of early warning about antimicrobial drug resistance. PMID:16965700

Obesity framing for health policy development in Australia, France and Switzerland.

PubMed

Patchett, Annabelle D; Yeatman, Heather R; Johnson, Keryn M

2016-03-01

The obesity epidemic is a consequence of the interaction of cultural, environmental, genetic and behavioural factors; framing the issue is central to determining appropriate solutions. This study used content and thematic framing analysis to explore portrayal of responsibility for obesity in policy documents in Australia, France and Switzerland. For Australia and France, obesity causality was a combination of individual and environmental factors, but for Switzerland, it was predominantly individual. The primary solutions for all countries were health promotion strategies and children's education. Industry groups proposed more school education while health advocates advised government intervention. Where France emphasized cultural attitudes towards taste, Australia focused on sport. The French were most keen on legislating against unhealthy foods compared with Switzerland where there was opposition towards regulation of individual's choices. To curb the increasing prevalence of obesity, allocation of responsibility needs to be considered and initiatives enacted accordingly. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

L'evolution du littoral meridional de la vendee (France) d'apres des donnees LANDSAT 1, 2 et 3 et SEASAT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cuq, F.; Hilton, R.; Lummaux, L. C.; Verger, F.

Les données des satellites LANDSAT et SEASAT fondent une étude précise des milieux intertidaux ainsi que de la cinématique de la dune et de la plage. Les données SEASAT permettent, grâce à une analyse harmonique de l'image, de cartographier les trains de houles obliques à la côte et donc de percevoir le sens de la dérive des sédiments.

The letter, the dictionary and the laboratory: translating chemistry and mineralogy in eighteenth-century France.

PubMed

Bret, Patrice

2016-04-01

Eighteenth-century scientific translation was not just a linguistic or intellectual affair. It included numerous material aspects requiring a social organization to marshal the indispensable human and non-human actors. Paratexts and actors' correspondences provide a good observatory to get information about aspects such as shipments and routes, processes of translation and language acquisition (dictionaries, grammars and other helpful materials, such as translated works in both languages), texts acquisition and dissemination (including author's additions and corrections, oral presentations in academic meetings and announcements of forthcoming translations). The nature of scientific translation changed in France during the second half of the eighteenth century. Beside solitary translators, it also happened to become a collective enterprise, dedicated to providing abridgements (Collection académique, 1755-79) or enriching the learned journals with full translations of the most recent foreign texts (Guyton de Morveau's 'Bureau de traduction de Dijon', devoted to chemistry and mineralogy, 1781-90). That new trend clearly had a decisive influence on the nature of the scientific press itself. A way to set up science as a social activity in the provincial capital of Dijon, translation required a local and international network for acquiring the linguistic and scientific expertise, along with the original texts, as quickly as possible. Laboratory results and mineralogical observations were used to compare material facts (colour, odour, shape of crystals, etc.) with those described in the original text. By providing a double kind of validation - with both the experiments and the translations - the laboratory thus happened to play a major role in translation.

Actes des Journees de linguistique (Proceedings of the Linguistics Conference) (15th, Quebec, Canada, March 15-16, 2001).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goulet, Marie-Josee, Ed.

Papers on language research in this volume include the following: "Temporalite en francais de France. Differences dans la conceptualisation du temps et son expression dans un texte narratif oral" ("Differences in the Conceptualization of Time and Its Expression in Oral Narratives") (Natalia Dankova); "La traduction des…

Forecasts of health care utilization related to pandemic A(H1N1)2009 influenza in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, France.

PubMed

Giovannelli, J; Loury, P; Lainé, M; Spaccaferri, G; Hubert, B; Chaud, P

2015-05-01

To describe and evaluate the forecasts of the load that pandemic A(H1N1)2009 influenza would have on the general practitioners (GP) and hospital care systems, especially during its peak, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (NPDC) region, France. Modelling study. The epidemic curve was modelled using an assumption of normal distribution of cases. The values for the forecast parameters were estimated from a literature review of observed data from the Southern hemisphere and French Overseas Territories, where the pandemic had already occurred. Two scenarios were considered, one realistic, the other pessimistic, enabling the authors to evaluate the 'reasonable worst case'. Forecasts were then assessed by comparing them with observed data in the NPDC region--of 4 million people. The realistic scenarios forecasts estimated 300,000 cases, 1500 hospitalizations, 225 intensive care units (ICU) admissions for the pandemic wave; 115 hospital beds and 45 ICU beds would be required per day during the peak. The pessimistic scenario's forecasts were 2-3 times higher than the realistic scenario's forecasts. Observed data were: 235,000 cases, 1585 hospitalizations, 58 ICU admissions; and a maximum of 11.6 ICU beds per day. The realistic scenario correctly estimated the temporal distribution of GP and hospitalized cases but overestimated the number of cases admitted to ICU. Obtaining more robust data for parameters estimation--particularly the rate of ICU admission among the population that the authors recommend to use--may provide better forecasts. Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Laser, GPS and absolute gravimetry vertical positioning time series comparison at the OCA observatory, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolas, J.; Nocquet, J.; van Camp, M.; Coulot, D.

2003-12-01

Time-dependent displacements of stations usually have magnitude close to the accuracy of each individual technique, and it still remains difficult to separate the true geophysical motion from possible artifacts inherent to each space geodetic technique. The Observatoire de la C“te d'Azur (OCA), located at Grasse, France benefits from the collocation of several geodetic instruments and techniques (3 laser ranging stations, and a permanent GPS) what allows us to do a direct comparison of the time series. Moreover, absolute gravimetry measurement campaigns have also been regularly performed since 1997, first by the "Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST) of Strasbourg, France, and more recently by the Royal Observatory of Belgium. This study presents a comparison between the positioning time series of the vertical component derived from the SLR and GPS analysis with the gravimetric results from 1997 to 2003. The laser station coordinates are based on a LAGEOS -1 and -2 combined solution using reference 10-day arc orbits, the ITRF2000 reference frame, and the IERS96 conventions. Different GPS weekly global solutions provided from several IGS are combined and compared to the SLR results. The absolute gravimetry measurements are converted into vertical displacements with a classical gradient. The laser time series indicate a strong annual signal at the level of about 3-4 cm peak to peak amplitude on the vertical component. Absolute gravimetry data agrees with the SLR results. GPS positioning solutions also indicate a significant annual term, but with a magnitude of only 50% of the one shown by the SLR solution and by the gravimetry measurements. Similar annual terms are also observed on other SLR sites we processed, but usually with! lower and various amplitudes. These annual signals are also compared to vertical positioning variations corresponding to an atmospheric loading model. We present the level of agreement between the different techniques and we

SITELLE: a wide-field imaging Fourier transform spectrometer for the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drissen, L.; Bernier, A.-P.; Rousseau-Nepton, L.; Alarie, A.; Robert, C.; Joncas, G.; Thibault, S.; Grandmont, F.

2010-07-01

We describe the concept of a new instrument for the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope (CFHT), SITELLE (Spectromètre Imageur à Transformée de Fourier pour l'Etude en Long et en Large de raies d'Emission), as well as a science case and a technical study of its preliminary design. SITELLE will be an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer capable of obtaining the visible (350 nm - 950 nm) spectrum of every source of light in a field of view of 15 arcminutes, with 100% spatial coverage and a spectral resolution ranging from R = 1 (deep panchromatic image) to R = 104 (for gas dynamics). SITELLE will cover a field of view 100 to 1000 times larger than traditional integral field spectrographs, such as GMOS-IFU on Gemini or the future MUSE on the VLT. It is a legacy from BEAR, the first imaging FTS installed on the CFHT and the direct successor of SpIOMM, a similar instrument attached to the 1.6-m telescope of the Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic in Québec. SITELLE will be used to study the structure and kinematics of HII regions and ejecta around evolved stars in the Milky Way, emission-line stars in clusters, abundances in nearby gas-rich galaxies, and the star formation rate in distant galaxies.

New formulation of methadone for opioid dependence in France: acceptability and diversion/misuse liability.

PubMed

Eiden, Céline; Léglise, Yves; Bertomeu, Lisa; Clavel, Vivianne; Faillie, Jean-Luc; Petit, Pierre; Peyrière, Hélène

2013-01-01

A new formulation of methadone as capsules is marketed in France since 2008. Few data are available on the patient acceptability and the risk of misuse of this new formulation. To assess the patient acceptability after the switch methadone syrup/capsules and the diversion/misuse liability of the methadone capsule, a study through an anonymous questionnaire was conducted between March 2011 and May 2012 in two methadone centers of the region. Forty-one patients (men 75.6%) participated, with a median age of 37 years [IQR: 33-43 years]. The median duration of syrup methadone maintenance therapy was 1 year [IQR: 1-3 years]. A majority of patients (80.5%) described side-effects due to the syrup formulation. Median daily dose at the switch to methadone capsules was 75 mg [IQR: 42-105 mg]. Six patients described differences in the pharmacologic effect between the two formulations. Concerning the diversion and misuse liability of methadone capsules, 26.8% of patients reported that the medication was available at the "street market". Three patients have tried to solubilize and eight have tried to snooze it. All patients recognize the contribution of this new formulation concerning the use, side-effects and transport. None of them returned to the syrup. © 2013 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.

Artificial snowmaking and potential water conflicts in mountain resorts. The case of Avoriaz (Haute-Savoie, France)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Magnier, E.; Reynard, E.

2012-04-01

. During winter 2010-2011, insufficient snowfall resulted in large-scale production of artificial snow, thereby considerably weakening the water resource. The poor contribution made by precipitation at the end of the winter and during summer did not enable these reserves to be refilled. In November 2011, reserves were insufficient to start snowmaking production. The lake level was very low and was disturbing the drinking water supply. Without precipitation at the beginning of winter the situation would have been catastrophic for the winter season. In conclusion, this study shows that resource sharing is a risky situation and can cause water deficits punctually. Reference Miquel, G. 2003. Rapport sur la qualité de l'eau et de l'assainissement en France. Office parlementaire d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques, Paris, 195 p.

Classification of clouds sampled at the puy de Dôme (France) based on 10 yr of monitoring of their physicochemical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deguillaume, L.; Charbouillot, T.; Joly, M.; Vaïtilingom, M.; Parazols, M.; Marinoni, A.; Amato, P.; Delort, A.-M.; Vinatier, V.; Flossmann, A.; Chaumerliac, N.; Pichon, J. M.; Houdier, S.; Laj, P.; Sellegri, K.; Colomb, A.; Brigante, M.; Mailhot, G.

2014-02-01

Long-term monitoring of the chemical composition of clouds (73 cloud events representing 199 individual samples) sampled at the puy de Dôme (pdD) station (France) was performed between 2001 and 2011. Physicochemical parameters, as well as the concentrations of the major organic and inorganic constituents, were measured and analyzed by multicomponent statistical analysis. Along with the corresponding back-trajectory plots, this allowed for distinguishing four different categories of air masses reaching the summit of the pdD: polluted, continental, marine and highly marine. The statistical analysis led to the determination of criteria (concentrations of inorganic compounds, pH) that differentiate each category of air masses. Highly marine clouds exhibited high concentrations of Na+ and Cl-; the marine category presented lower concentration of ions but more elevated pH. Finally, the two remaining clusters were classified as "continental" and "polluted"; these clusters had the second-highest and highest levels of NH4+, NO3-, and SO24-, respectively. This unique data set of cloud chemical composition is then discussed as a function of this classification. Total organic carbon (TOC) is significantly higher in polluted air masses than in the other categories, which suggests additional anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of carboxylic acids and carbonyls represent around 10% of the organic matter in all categories of air masses and are studied for their relative importance. Iron concentrations are significantly higher for polluted air masses and iron is mainly present in its oxidation state (+II) in all categories of air masses. Finally, H2O2 concentrations are much more varied in marine and highly marine clouds than in polluted clouds, which are characterized by the lowest average concentration of H2O2. This data set provides concentration ranges of main inorganic and organic compounds for modeling purposes on multiphase cloud chemistry.

One year of anaesthesia in France: A comprehensive survey based on the national medical information (PMSI) database. Part 1: In-hospital patients.

PubMed

Dadure, Christophe; Marie, Anaïs; Seguret, Fabienne; Capdevila, Xavier

2015-08-01

Anaesthesia has evolved in France since the last epidemiologic survey in 1996. The national database program for medical information systems (the PMSI) can be used to track specific knowledge concerning anaesthesia for a selected period of time. The goal of this study was to perform a contemporary epidemiological description of anaesthesia in France for the year 2010. The data concerning private or public hospital stays were collected from the national PMSI database. All surgical/medical institutions performing anaesthesia in France and French Overseas Departments and Territories were queried concerning the number of anaesthesias, patient age, sex ratios, institution characteristics, hospitalization types, the duration of hospital stays, and the surgical procedures performed. In 2010, the number of anaesthesia procedures performed was 11,323,630 during 8,568,630 hospital stays. We found that 9,544,326 (84.3%) anaesthetic procedures were performed in adults (> 18 years of age; excluding childbirth), 845,568 (7.5%) were related to childbirth and 933,736 (8.2%) were acts in children (up to 18 years of age). The mean duration of hospital stay was 5.7±8.2 days. 56.5% of adults and 39.5% of children were managed as inpatient hospital stays. The male/female sex ratio and mean age were 42/58 and 54±19 years, respectively. In adults, anaesthesia was predominantly performed for abdominal surgery (24.5%), orthopaedics (16.7%), gynaecology (10.3%), ophthalmology (9.7%) and vascular surgeries (7.1%). For paediatric populations, the main surgical activities were Ear-Nose-Throat surgery (43.1%), orthopaedic surgery (15.1%) and urological surgeries (12.8%). The number of anaesthesias performed in France has dramatically increased (42.7%) since the last major epidemiological survey. Anaesthesia in the 21th century has been adapted to associated demographic changes: an older population with more comorbidities and fewer in-hospital procedures. Copyright © 2015 Société fran

Testing Drugs and Attesting Cures: Pharmaceutical Monopolies and Military Contracts in Eighteenth-Century France.

PubMed

Rivest, Justin

2017-01-01

This article explores the role of testing in the allocation of royal monopoly privileges for drugs in eighteenth-century France by following the multi-generational fortunes of a single "secret remedy" from 1713 to 1776: the poudre fébrifuge of the Chevalier de Guiller. On at least five occasions, this drug was tested on patients in order to decide whether it should be protected by a privilege and whether or not its vendors should be awarded lucrative contracts to supply it in bulk to the French military. Although efforts were made early in the century to test the drug through large-scale hospital trials and to relegate privilege granting to a bureaucratic commission, the case of the poudre fébrifuge instead suggests that military expediency and relatively small-scale trials administered personally by royal practitioners remained decisive in determining whether or not a drug received a monopoly privilege or a military contract.

Murine Typhus, Reunion, France, 2011–2013

PubMed Central

Camuset, Guillaume; Socolovschi, Cristina; Moiton, Marie-Pierre; Kuli, Barbara; Foucher, Aurélie; Poubeau, Patrice; Borgherini, Gianandrea; Wartel, Guillaume; Audin, Héla; Raoult, Didier; Filleul, Laurent; Parola, Philippe; Pagès, Fréderic

2015-01-01

Murine typhus case was initially identified in Reunion, France, in 2012 in a tourist. Our investigation confirmed 8 autochthonous cases that occurred during January 2011–January 2013 in Reunion. Murine typhus should be considered in local patients and in travelers returning from Reunion who have fevers of unknown origin. PMID:25625653

City of Paris, France

NASA Image and Video Library

1992-09-20

STS047-94-010 (12 - 20 Sept 1992) --- This 250mm Hasselblad color photo of Paris, France recorded during this mission, shows urban land uses in great detail. Several airports are clear, including the two major international airports of Orly and Le Bourget. Paris was founded in pre-Roman times on an island in the Seine River and continued as a Roman outpost. The easily defensible location was one of the keys to the growth of this island city. The city expanded from its island state to become a major urban center in Europe because of its location, its easy access by river traffic, and its productive hinterland.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of France's Indoor Smoke-Free Law 1 Year and 5 Years after Implementation: Findings from the ITC France Survey.

PubMed

Fong, Geoffrey T; Craig, Lorraine V; Guignard, Romain; Nagelhout, Gera E; Tait, Megan K; Driezen, Pete; Kennedy, Ryan David; Boudreau, Christian; Wilquin, Jean-Louis; Deutsch, Antoine; Beck, François

2013-01-01

France implemented a comprehensive smoke-free law in two phases: Phase 1 (February 2007) banned smoking in workplaces, shopping centres, airports, train stations, hospitals, and schools; Phase 2 (January 2008) banned smoking in hospitality venues (bars, restaurants, hotels, casinos, nightclubs). This paper evaluates France's smoke-free law based on the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in France (the ITC France Project), which conducted a cohort survey of approximately 1,500 smokers and 500 non-smokers before the implementation of the laws (Wave 1) and two waves after the implementation (Waves 2 and 3). Results show that the smoke-free law led to a very significant and near-total elimination of observed smoking in key venues such as bars (from 94-97% to 4%) and restaurants (from 60-71% to 2-3%) at Wave 2, which was sustained four years later (6-8% in bars; 1-2% in restaurants). The reduction in self-reported smoking by smoking respondents was nearly identical to the effects shown in observed smoking. Observed smoking in workplaces declined significantly after the law (from 41-48% to 18-20%), which continued to decline at Wave 3 (to 14-15%). Support for the smoke-free laws increased significantly after their implementation and continued to increase at Wave 3 (p<.001 among smokers for bars and restaurants; p<.001 among smokers and p = .003 for non-smokers for workplaces). The findings demonstrate that smoke-free policies that are implemented in ways consistent with the Guidelines for Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) lead to substantial and sustained reductions in indoor smoking while also leading to high levels of support by the public. Moreover, contrary to arguments by opponents of smoke-free laws, smoking in the home did not increase after the law was implemented and prevalence of smoke-free homes among smokers increased from 23.2% before the law to 37.2% 5 years after the law.

[Violence against persons in France].

PubMed

Gilgenkrantz, Simone

2009-01-01

The violence against persons in France are various, from those inflicted by society against human groups or individuals, from those, almost unrecognizable, occurring inside the families. It is an important public health problem and need population-based surveys to evaluate and to prevent it. The numerous publications about violence, and particularly about violence against women which have been recently published reflect the actual awareness. But they demonstrate also the diversity and the evolution of the policies which do not simplify the the ways to find solutions.

Does intraoperative neuromonitoring of recurrent nerves have an impact on the postoperative palsy rate? Results of a prospective multicenter study.

PubMed

Mirallié, Éric; Caillard, Cécile; Pattou, François; Brunaud, Laurent; Hamy, Antoine; Dahan, Marcel; Prades, Michel; Mathonnet, Muriel; Landecy, Gérard; Dernis, Henri-Pierre; Lifante, Jean-Christophe; Sebag, Frederic; Jegoux, Franck; Babin, Emmanuel; Bizon, Alain; Espitalier, Florent; Durand-Zaleski, Isabelle; Volteau, Christelle; Blanchard, Claire

2018-01-01

neuromonitoring does not decrease postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rate. Due to its high specificity, however, intraoperative neuromonitoring is useful to predict normal vocal cord mobility. From the CHU de Nantes, a Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Nantes, France; CHU Lille, Université de Lille, b Chirurgie Générale et Endocrinienne, Lille, France; CHU Nancy-Hôpital de Brabois, c Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Biliaire, et Endocrinienne, Nancy, France; CHU Angers, d Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, Angers, France; CHU de Toulouse-Hôpital Larrey, e Chirurgie Thoracique, Pôle Voies Respiratoires, Toulouse; CHU Saint-Etienne-Hôpital Nord, f ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale et Plastique, Saint-Etienne, France; CHU de Limoges-Hôpital Dupuytren, g Chirurgie Digestive, Générale et Endocrinienne, Limoges, France; CHU de Besançon-Hôpital Jean Minjoz, h Chirurgie Digestive, Besançon, France; Centre Hospitalier du Mans, i Service ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Le Mans, France; Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, j Chirurgie Générale, Endocrinienne, Digestive et Thoracique, Pierre Bénite, France; AP-HM-Hôpital de La Conception, k Chirurgie Générale, Marseille, France; CHU de Rennes-Hôpital Pontchaillou, l Service ORL et Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, Rennes, France; CHU de Caen, m ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Caen, France; CHU d'Angers, n ORL et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Angers, France; CHU de Nantes, o Service ORL, Nantes, France; AP HP URCEco île-de-France, p hôpital de l'Hôtel-Dieu, Paris, France; DRCI, département Promotion, q Nantes, France. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Evaluation experimentale et theorique du comportement a la flexion de nouveaux poteaux en materiaux composites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metiche, Slimane

La demande croissante en poteaux pour les differents reseaux d'electricite et de telecommunications a rendu necessaire l'utilisation de materiaux innovants, qui preservent l'environnement. La majorite des poteaux electriques existants au Canada ainsi qu'a travers le monde, sont fabriques a partir de materiaux traditionnels tel que le bois, le beton ou l'acier. Les motivations des industriels et des chercheurs a penser a d'autres solutions sont diverses, citons entre autre: La limitation en longueur des poteaux en bois ainsi que la vulnerabilite des poteaux fabriques en beton ou en acier aux agressions climatiques. Les nouveaux poteaux en materiaux composites se presentent comme de bons candidats a cet effet, cependant; leur comportement structural n'est pas connu et des etudes theoriques et experimentales approfondies sont necessaires avant leur mise en marche a grande echelle. Un programme de recherche intensif comportant plusieurs projets experimentaux, analytiques et numeriques est en cours a l'Universite de Sherbrooke afin d'evaluer le comportement a court et a long termes de ces nouveaux poteaux en Polymeres Renforces de Fibres (PRF). C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit la presente these, et notre recherche vise a evaluer le comportement a la flexion de nouveaux poteaux tubulaires coniques fabriques en materiaux composites par enroulement filamentaire et ce, a travers une etude theorique, ainsi qu'a travers une serie d'essais de flexion en "grandeur reelle" afin de comprendre le comportement structural de ces poteaux, d'optimiser la conception et de proposer une procedure de dimensionnement pour les utilisateurs. Les poteaux en Polymeres Renforces de Fibres (PRF) etudies dans cette these sont fabriques avec une resine epoxyde renforcee de fibres de verre type E. Chaque type poteaux est constitue principalement de trois zones ou les proprietes geometriques (epaisseur, diametre) et les proprietes mecaniques sont differentes d'une zone a l'autre. La difference

Complete Genome and Phylogeny of Puumala Hantavirus Isolates Circulating in France.

PubMed

Castel, Guillaume; Couteaudier, Mathilde; Sauvage, Frank; Pons, Jean-Baptiste; Murri, Séverine; Plyusnina, Angelina; Pontier, Dominique; Cosson, Jean-François; Plyusnin, Alexander; Marianneau, Philippe; Tordo, Noël

2015-10-22

Puumala virus (PUUV) is the agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe. NE incidence presents a high spatial variation throughout France, while the geographical distribution of the wild reservoir of PUUV, the bank vole, is rather continuous. A missing piece of the puzzle is the current distribution and the genetic variation of PUUV in France, which has been overlooked until now and remains poorly understood. During a population survey, from 2008 to 2011, bank voles were trapped in eight different forests of France located in areas known to be endemic for NE or in area from where no NE case has been reported until now. Bank voles were tested for immunoglobulin (Ig)G ELISA serology and two seropositive animals for each of three different areas (Ardennes, Jura and Orleans) were then subjected to laboratory analyses in order to sequence the whole S, M and L segments of PUUV. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that French PUUV isolates globally belong to the central European (CE) lineage although isolates from Ardennes are clearly distinct from those in Jura and Orleans, suggesting a different evolutionary history and origin of PUUV introduction in France. Sequence analyses revealed specific amino acid signatures along the N protein, including in PUUV from the Orleans region from where NE in humans has never been reported. The relevance of these mutations in term of pathophysiology is discussed.

Molecular diagnosis of Pseudoterranova decipiens s.s in human, France.

PubMed

Brunet, Julie; Pesson, Bernard; Royant, Maude; Lemoine, Jean-Philippe; Pfaff, Alexander W; Abou-Bacar, Ahmed; Yera, Hélène; Fréalle, Emilie; Dupouy-Camet, Jean; Merino-Espinosa, Gema; Gómez-Mateos, Magdalena; Martin-Sanchez, Joaquina; Candolfi, Ermanno

2017-06-06

Anisakis and Pseudoterranova are the main genera involved in human infections caused by nematodes of the Anisakidae family. Species identification is complicated due to the lack of differential morphological characteristics at the larval stage, thus requiring molecular differentiation. Pseudoterranova larvae ingested through raw fish are spontaneously eliminated in most cases, but mechanical removal by means of endoscopy might be required. To date, only very few cases of Pseudoterranova infection have been reported in France. A 19-year-old woman from Northeastern France detected, while brushing her teeth, a larva exiting through her mouth. The patient who presented with headache, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps reported having eaten baked cod. The worm was a fourth-stage larva with a size of 22 × 0.9 mm, and molecular biology identified it as Pseudoterranova decipiens sensu stricto (s. s.). In a second P. decipiens infection case, occurring a few months later, a worm exited through the patient's nose after she had eaten raw sea bream. These two cases demonstrate that Pseudoterranova infection is not uncommon among French patients. Therefore, molecular techniques should be more widely applied for a better characterization of anisakidosis epidemiology in France.

Outlier detection for groundwater data in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valmy, Larissa; de Fouquet, Chantal; Bourgine, Bernard

2014-05-01

Quality and quantity water in France are increasingly observed since the 70s. Moreover, in 2000, the EU Water Framework Directive established a framework for community action in the water policy field for the protection of inland surface waters (rivers and lakes), transitional waters (estuaries), coastal waters and groundwater. It will ensure that all aquatic ecosystems and, with regard to their water needs, terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands meet 'good status' by 2015. The Directive requires Member States to establish river basin districts and for each of these a river basin management plan. In France, monitoring programs for the water status were implemented in each basin since 2007. The data collected through these programs feed into an information system which contributes to check the compliance of water environmental legislation implementation, assess the status of water guide management actions (programs of measures) and evaluate their effectiveness, and inform the public. Our work consists in study quality and quantity groundwater data for some basins in France. We propose a specific mathematical approach in order to detect outliers and study trends in time series. In statistic, an outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution. Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of problem, thus, it is important to detect it in order to know the cause. In fact, techniques for temporal data analysis have been developed for several decades in parallel with geostatistical methods. However compared to standard statistical methods, geostatistical analysis allows incomplete or irregular time series analysis. Otherwise, tests carried out by the BRGM showed the potential contribution of geostatistical methods for characterization of environmental data time series. Our approach is to exploit this potential through the development of specific algorithms, tests and validation of methods. We will introduce and explain our method

Providing for Disabled Students: University of Grenoble, France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

PEB Exchange, 2000

2000-01-01

Examines how France's University of Grenoble provides for its disabled students in its residence halls, including a description of the university's service for disabled service. A hospital/education center where disabled students can receive care and physiotherapy while attending school is highlighted. (GR)

Unusual Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, Bordeaux, France, 2009

PubMed Central

Vareil, Marc-Olivier; Tandonnet, Olivier; Chemoul, Audrey; Bogreau, Hervé; Saint-Léger, Mélanie; Micheau, Maguy; Millet, Pascal; Koeck, Jean-Louis; Boyer, Alexandre; Rogier, Christophe

2011-01-01

Plasmodium falciparum malaria is usually transmitted by mosquitoes. We report 2 cases in France transmitted by other modes: occupational blood exposure and blood transfusion. Even where malaria is not endemic, it should be considered as a cause of unexplained acute fever. PMID:21291597

Réseaux holographiques à 6000 t/mm pour l'experience fuse de spectroscopie à haute résolution dans l'ultraviolet lolntain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grange, Robert; Dauer, Véronique; Saisse, Michel; Flamand, Jean; Bonnemason, Francis

2018-04-01

This paper, "Réseaux holographiques à 6000 t/mm pour l'experience fuse de spectroscopie à haute résolution dans l'ultraviolet lolntain," was presented as part of International Conference on Space Optics—ICSO 1997, held in Toulouse, France.

Neanderthal teeth from Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France.

PubMed

Hlusko, Leslea J; Carlson, Joshua P; Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie; Krueger, Kristin L; Mersey, Ben; Ungar, Peter S; Defleur, Alban

2013-07-01

Here we describe dental remains from a Neanderthal fossil assemblage from Moula-Guercy, France. Our report demonstrates that the Moula-Guercy hominid remains contribute important morphological, developmental, and behavioral data to understanding Neanderthal evolutionary history. We include gross comparative morphological descriptions and enamel surface microstructure and microwear data. These teeth reveal numerous characteristics that are diagnostic of Neanderthals and provide no evidence for the presence of any other hominid taxa. Enamel growth increment data from the Moula-Guercy specimens yield evidence of a Neanderthal pattern of development, although at the lower end of the range of variation. The presence of a significant number of linear enamel hypoplasias indicates that these individuals were stressed during childhood. Molar microwear data suggest that these Neanderthals did not differ significantly from modern humans in terms of the fracture properties of the food they were consuming. The incisor microwear and macro striations provide evidence that these individuals may have been using their anterior teeth as tools, similar to the practices of several modern human populations such as the Inuit, Ipiutak, and Australian Aboriginals, and reminiscent of evidence from other Neanderthals from Krapina, Croatia, as well as the 600,000 year old hominids from Sima de los Huesos, Spain. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:477-491, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Copyright ©2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[Mapping of the key oncology indicators available in France].

PubMed

Laanani, Moussa; Vongmany, Natalie; Lafay, Lionel; Cerf, Nicole Rasamimanana; Le Quellec-Nathan, Martine; Viguier, Jérôme; Bousquet, Philippe Jean

2014-01-01

Available data in the field of oncology in France are scattered due to the large number of available indicators and their sources. In order to facilitate identification and analysis of these indicators, the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) has mapped the main indicators available in oncology. Mapping was based on the needs of various categories of potential users. Standardized interviews were conducted face-to-face or by email among representatives to determine their needs and expectations. The underlying data sources were also identified: databases, national surveys, websites. A first selection of indicators was proposed in the report entitled "La situation du cancer en France en 2009" ("The state of cancer in France in 2009") and was expanded. Data collection concerning indicators was performed among INCa correspondents for each theme. Several themes were defined: epidemiology, prevention and risk factors, screening, medical demography, health care offer, living conditions, costs and expenses, research. Data were classified according to: geographical coverage, age, gender, type of cancer, occupational categories. This information was collected for each indicator selected and was made available via the cancer data website (http://lesdonnees.e-cancer.fr). The available oncology indicators are numerous and scattered. Mapping can be a useful tool to facilitate access to these indicators. It should be regularly updated to reflect the most recent data.

Circulation of Pneumocystis dihydropteroate synthase mutants in France.

PubMed

Le Gal, Solène; Damiani, Céline; Perrot, Maëla; Rouillé, Amélie; Virmaux, Michèle; Quinio, Dorothée; Moalic, Elodie; Saliou, Philippe; Berthou, Christian; Le Meur, Yann; Totet, Anne; Nevez, Gilles

2012-10-01

Data on the prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) mutants in France are still limited. In this study, mutant prevalence in the Brest region (western France) was determined. Archival pulmonary specimens from 85 patients infected with P. jirovecii and admitted to our institution (University Hospital, Brest) from October 2007 to February 2010 were retrospectively typed at the DHPS locus using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Type identification was successful in 66 of 85 patients. Sixty-four patients were infected with a wild type, whereas mutants were found in 2 patients (2/66, 3%). Medical chart analysis revealed that these 2 patients usually lived in Paris. Another patient usually lived on the French Riviera, whereas 63 patients were from the city of Brest. Thus, the corrected prevalence of mutants in patients who effectively lived in our geographic area was 0% (0/63). Taking into account that i) Paris is characterized by a high prevalence of mutants from 18.5% to 40%, ii) infection diagnoses were performed in the 2 Parisians during their vacation <30 days, iii) infection incubation is assumed to last about 2 months, the results provide evidence of mutant circulation from Paris to Brest through infected vacationers. The study shows that the usual city of patient residence, rather than the city of infection diagnosis, is a predictor of mutants and that P. jirovecii infections involving mutants do not represent a public health issue in western France. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cohort changes in educational disparities in smoking: France, Germany and the United States

PubMed Central

Pampel, Fred; Legleye, Stephane; Goffette, Celine; Piontek, Daniela; Kraus, Ludwig; Khlat, Myriam

2017-01-01

This study investigates the evolution of educational disparities in smoking uptake across cohorts for men and women in three countries. Nationally representative surveys of adults in France, Germany and the United States in 2009–2010 include retrospective measures of age of uptake that are compared for three cohorts (born 1946–1960–1961–1975, and 1976–1992). Discrete logistic regressions and a relative measure of education are used to model smoking histories until age 34. The following patterns are found: a strengthening of educational disparities in the timing of uptake from older to younger cohorts; an earlier occurrence of the strengthening for men than women and for the United States than France or Germany; a faster pace of the epidemic in France than in the United States, and; a divide between the highest level of education and the others in the United States, as opposed to a gradient across categories in France. Those differences in smoking disparities across cohorts, genders and countries help identify the national and temporal circumstances that shape the size and direction of the relationship between education and health and the need for policies that target educational disparities. PMID:25037853

'Miss Frances', 'Miss Gail' and 'Miss Sandra' Crapemyrtles

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, announces the release to nurserymen of three new crapemyrtle cultivars named 'Miss Gail', 'Miss Frances', and 'Miss Sandra'. ‘Miss Gail’ resulted from a cross-pollination between ‘Catawba’ as the female parent and ‘Arapaho’ ...

Modelization des consequences possibles de la future demande bioenergetique mondiale pour le bois et les forest en France

Treesearch

Joseph Buongiorno; Ronald Raunikar; Shushuai Zhu

2011-01-01

L’article présente une exploration, menée au moyen d’un modèle mondial de la filière-bois, de l’effet sur la filière-bois française des modifications actuelles et prévisibles de la demande mondiale en énergie issue de la biomasse. Deux scénarios contrastés sont testés. Les résultats sont mis en perspective et soulignent le conflit potentiel entre usages du bois : bois...

New archaeorthopteran insects from the Late Carboniferous of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais basins in northern France (Insecta: Cnemidolestodea, Panorthoptera).

PubMed

Coty, David; Háva, Jiří; Prokop, Jakub; Roques, Patrick; Nel, André

2014-10-29

New polyneopteran insects are described from Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian, Moscovian) compressed fossils from the North of France (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Discovery of wing apex with distinct venation, e.g., apical fusion of RA with RP, numerous parallel posterior branches of RP with transversal crossveins, can be assigned to cf. Tococladus sp. (Cnemidolestodea: Tococladidae). It represents the second record of Cnemidolestodea from the Avion locality apart from Aviocladus pectinatus Prokop et al., 2014. Bruaylogus magnificus gen. et sp. nov., based on forewing venation, is attributed to Panorthoptera nec Orthoptera having some distinct characters for the placement either close to Oedischiidae or a more basal position possibly with affinities to genus Heterologus. Aviologus duquesnei gen. et sp. nov., based on forewing venation, differs from Oedischiidae by the presence of basal fork of M far from point of separation between M and Cu and fusion of MA with first posterior branch of RP. Aviologus share a long stem of M and simple CuPaβ with Heterologus duyiwuer and H. langfordorum, but both differ in well separated median and radial veins. These new fossils demonstrate that the archaeorthopterid insect fauna from the North of France was rather diverse with links to late Carboniferous and early Permian assemblages in Euramerica such as the Mazon Creek, Carbondale Formation or Elmo, Wellington Formation (Illinois, Kansas, USA) entomofaunas.

Structure and Governance of Universities in France, the United States of America, and Mexico.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Acostaromero, Salvador

This thesis reviews the main elements of university governance in France, the United States, and Mexico. A brief historical overview of higher education in the three countries precedes an individual analysis. The analysis of university governance in France focuses on the 1968 reform of higher education prompted by student protests and the 1983…

History of infrared optronics in France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fouilloy, J. P.; Siriex, Michel B.

1995-09-01

In France, the real start of work on the applications of infrared radiations occurred around 1947 - 1948. During many years, technological research was performed in the field of detectors, optical material, modulation techniques, and a lot of measurements were made in order to acquire a better knowledge of the propagation medium and radiation of IR sources, namely those of jet engines. The birth of industrial infrared activities in France started with the Franco-German missile guidance programs: Milan, HOT, Roland and the French air to air missile seeker programs: R530, MAGIC. At these early stages of IR technologies development, it was a great technical adventure for both the governmental agencies and industry to develop: detector technology with PbS and InSb, detector cooling for 3 - 5 micrometer wavelength range, optical material transparent in the infrared, opto mechanical design, signal processing and related electronic technologies. Etablissement Jean Turck and SAT were the pioneers associated with Aerospatiale, Matra and under contracts from the French Ministry of Defence (DGA). In the 60s, the need arose to enhance night vision capability of equipment in service with the French Army. TRT was chosen by DGA to develop the first thermal imagers: LUTHER 1, 2, and 3 with an increasing number of detectors and image frequency rate. This period was also the era in which the SAT detector made rapid advance. After basic work done in the CNRS and with the support of DGA, SAT became the world leader of MCT photovoltaic detector working in the 8 to 12 micron waveband. From 1979, TRT and SAT were given the responsibility for the joint development and production of the first generation French thermal imaging modular system so-called SMT. Now, THOMSON TTD Optronique takes over the opto-electronics activities of TRT. Laser based systems were also studied for military application using YAG type laser and CO2 laser: Laboratoire de Marcousis, CILAS, THOMSON CSF and SAT have

Foodborne outbreak and nonmotile Salmonella enterica variant, France.

PubMed

Le Hello, Simon; Brisabois, Anne; Accou-Demartin, Marie; Josse, Adeline; Marault, Muriel; Francart, Sylvie; Da Silva, Nathalie Jourdan; Weill, François-Xavier

2012-01-01

We report a food-related outbreak of salmonellosis in humans caused by a nonmotile variant of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in France in 2009. This nonmotile variant had been circulating in laying hens but was not considered as Typhimurium and consequently escaped European poultry flock regulations.

Systemic Change in Vocational Training Institutions in France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moallem, Abbas; Moallem, Mahnaz

1998-01-01

The Specialized Vocational Training Institutions known as Institut Medico-Professionel (IMPro) in France are faced with increasing demands to provide quality services to adolescents with intellectual disabilities. This article describes the process of organizational changes in IMPro including the model, methods, tools, and techniques used in…

78 FR 23107 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-18

... DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration 14 CFR Part 39 [Docket No. FAA-2012-1087; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW-32-AD; Amendment 39-17424; AD 2013-08-07] RIN 2120-AA64...-07 Eurocopter France: Amendment 39-17424; Docket No. FAA- 2012-1087; Directorate Identifier 2009-SW...

Reliability and validity of the French-Canadian version of the scoliosis research society 22 questionnaire in France.

PubMed

Lonjon, Guillaume; Ilharreborde, Brice; Odent, Thierry; Moreau, Sébastien; Glorion, Christophe; Mazda, Keyvan

2014-01-01

Outcome study to determine the internal consistency, reproducibility, and concurrent validity of the French-Canadian version of the Scoliosis Research Society 22 (SRS-22 fcv) patient questionnaire in France. To determine whether the SRS-22 fcv can be used in a population from France. The SRS-22 has been translated and validated in multiple countries, notably in the French-Canadian language in Quebec, Canada. Use of SRS-22 fcv seems appropriate for evaluating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in France. However, French-Canadian French is noticeably different from the French spoken in France, and no study has investigated the use of a French-Canadian version of a health-quality questionnaire in another French population. The methods used for validating the SRS-22 fcv in Quebec were adopted for use with a group of 200 adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis and 60 healthy adolescents in France. Reliability and reproducibility were measured by the Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), construct validity by factorial analysis, concurrent validity by the Short-Form of the survey, and discriminant validity by analysis of variance and multivariate linear regression. In France, the SRS-22 fcv showed good global internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.87, intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92), a coherent factorial structure, and high correlation coefficients between the SRS-22 fcv and Short-Form of the survey (P < 0.001). However, reliability and validity were slightly less than that for the instrument's original validation and the validation of the SRS-22 fcv in Quebec. These differences could be explained by language and cultural differences. The SRS-22 fcv is relevant for use in France, but further development and validation of a specific French questionnaire remain necessary to improve the assessment of functional outcomes of adolescents with scoliosis in France. N/A.

Estimation and mapping of uranium content of geological units in France.

PubMed

Ielsch, G; Cuney, M; Buscail, F; Rossi, F; Leon, A; Cushing, M E

2017-01-01

In France, natural radiation accounts for most of the population exposure to ionizing radiation. The Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) carries out studies to evaluate the variability of natural radioactivity over the French territory. In this framework, the present study consisted in the evaluation of uranium concentrations in bedrocks. The objective was to provide estimate of uranium content of each geological unit defined in the geological map of France (1:1,000,000). The methodology was based on the interpretation of existing geochemical data (results of whole rock sample analysis) and the knowledge of petrology and lithology of the geological units, which allowed obtaining a first estimate of the uranium content of rocks. Then, this first estimate was improved thanks to some additional information. For example, some particular or regional sedimentary rocks which could present uranium contents higher than those generally observed for these lithologies, were identified. Moreover, databases on mining provided information on the location of uranium and coal/lignite mines and thus indicated the location of particular uranium-rich rocks. The geological units, defined from their boundaries extracted from the geological map of France (1:1,000,000), were finally classified into 5 categories based on their mean uranium content. The map obtained provided useful data for establishing the geogenic radon map of France, but also for mapping countrywide exposure to terrestrial radiation and for the evaluation of background levels of natural radioactivity used for impact assessment of anthropogenic activities. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular Survey of Head and Body Lice, Pediculus humanus, in France.

PubMed

Candy, Kerdalidec; Amanzougaghene, Nadia; Izri, Arezki; Brun, Sophie; Durand, Rémy; Louni, Meriem; Raoult, Didier; Fenollar, Florence; Mediannikov, Oleg

2018-05-01

Human lice, Pediculus humanus, are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Phylogenetically, they belong to several mitochondrial clades exhibiting some geographic differences. Currently, the body louse is the only recognized disease vector, with the head louse being proposed as an additional vector. In this article, we study the genetic diversity of head and body lice collected from Bobigny, a town located close to Paris (France), and look for louse-borne pathogens. By amplifying and sequencing the cytb gene, we confirmed the presence of clades A and B in France. Besides, by amplifying and sequencing both cytb and cox1 gene, we reported, for the first time, the presence of clade E, which has thus far only been found in lice from West Africa. DNA from Bartonella quintana was detected in 16.7% of body lice from homeless individuals, but in none of the head lice collected from 47 families. Acinetobacter DNA was detected in 11.5% of head lice belonging to all three clades and 29.1% of body lice. Six species of Acinetobacter were identified, including two potential new ones. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most prevalent, followed by Candidatus Acinetobacter Bobigny-1, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Acinetobacter junii, and Candidatus Acinetobacter Bobigny-2. Body lice were found to be infected only with A. baumannii. These findings show for the first time, the presence of clade E head lice in France. This study is also the first to report the presence of DNAs of several species of Acinetobacter in human head lice in France.

[Kidney transplantation epidemiology in France].

PubMed

Hiesse, Christian

2013-11-01

Kidney transplantation activity in France is among the most important worldwide: in 2011, 2976 transplants have been performed (47.5 per million population), and the number of patients living with a functional graft is estimated around 30,000, representing 44.7% of all patients (n = 67,270) treated for end-stage renal failure. However, the rate of preemptive kidney transplants remains very low, only 3.3% of incident patients starting renal replacement therapy. The analysis of demand showed a progressive increase in recent years, as demonstrated by the registration rate on the kidney transplantation waiting list, increasing by 5% yearly between 2006 and 2010, but with huge differences according to age categories and regional registration areas, reflecting discrepant appreciations in indications for kidney transplantation. The median waiting time between registration and transplantation increased progressively in recent years, reaching 22.3 months with considerable variations according to regional areas and transplantation teams. Kidney transplantation activity, while increasing continuously, is far to cover the rising demand, and inexorably patients accumulate on the waiting list (around 9000 patients were registered by January 2012). This situation is the consequence of insufficient organ procurement activity. The deceased organ procurement rate remained high: 1572 harvested donors in 2011 (24.1 per million population), but the proportion of older donors rose in recent years, to reach the rate of 26% of donors older than 65 years in 2011. The procurement activity of donors after cardiac arrest was reintroduced in 2006, but increased slowly: 65 transplants were performed in 2011 using kidney procured in non heart-beating donors. The living donor kidney transplantation activity has markedly increased recently: 302 living donor transplantations were performed in 2011, representing 10.1% of the kidney transplantations. Facing the predictable increase in the number of

[Reflection on the psychiatric financial allocation in France].

PubMed

Boyer, L; Fond, G; Devictor, B; Samuelian, J-C; Lancon, C; Rouillon, F; Gaillard, R; Zendjidjian, X; Llorca, P-M

2016-08-01

For 25years work has been underway in France for the implementation of an alternative to public financing of health care. In the absence of progress, some regional health agencies are engaged in work related to the reallocation of public finances between psychiatric institutions. We propose a reflection with suggestion on the method proposed by the Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Regional Health Agency. Without questioning the need for a reallocation of resources between psychiatric institutions, the method proposed here needs to evolve further to be applied in a legitimate and appropriate manner. There is a kind of urgency for a reallocation of resources between psychiatric institutions in France, but it implies a collective thinking and especially the definition of evaluation procedures for the selected models. These conditions are necessary to guarantee the quality of French psychiatry and equity in access to psychiatric care. Copyright © 2016 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Getting ready for crops' adaptation to climate change in France ; two complementary experiences : what lessons can we draw from them ?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Noblet, Nathalie; Levrault, Frédéric; Caubel, Julie; Garcia de CortazarAtauri, Iñaki; Vivant, Anne-Charlotte; Wieruszeski, Sophie; Launay, Marie

2016-04-01

The french agriculture is a sector particularly concerned by climate change: the scale of the already observed impacts and the expected climatic evolutions prevent any hesitation on the necessity of an adaptation of agriculture. This assessment is simultaneously shared by the scientific, political as well as the economic communities. However, a generalized and organized movement of adaptation of agriculture has difficulty in emerging in France and maybe in other countries, while past decades have seen the development of research projects and publications on the adaptation to climate change. Two parallel initiatives have been run in France over the past 5 years, that happen to share the same name while not involving the same actors: an observatory of climate change and agriculture functioning (ORACLE: Observatoire Régional sur l'Agriculture et le Changement Climatique), and a nationally funded research project that explores with various tools risks and opportunities for agro-ecosystems in the future in France (ORACLE: Opportunities and Risks of Agrosystems & forests in response to CLimate, socio-economic and policy changEs in France). The Observatory is carrying on a regional analysis of historical trends of both climatic and agricultural variables. It has for ambition to help the agricultural world to better integrate the evolution of climate into its decision-making, for purposes of adaptation as well as mitigation. The observatory is run since year 2011 in the Poitou-Charentes region and is now being implemented in other regions in France (Aquitaine, Pays de la Loire, Champagne Ardennes, Normandie). The research project has looked into the impacts of various scenarios of climate change through the use of various techniques : mechanistic models (Calvet et al. 2013, Wu et al. 2016) and eco-climatic indicators (Caubel et al. 2015). Informations regarding risks and opportunities for large crops in France is in the process being assessed though those tools and

Space Radar Image of Rhine River, France and Germany

NASA Image and Video Library

1999-04-15

This spaceborne radar image shows a segment of the Rhine River where it forms the border between the Alsace region of northeastern France on the left and the Black Forest region of Germany on the right.

History as Passport: Frances FitzGerald and Her Critics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Westfall, William

1981-01-01

Attempts to get at some of the assumptions and definitions behind "America Revised" by Frances FitzGerald and, in addition, to investigate some of the conceptions of history held by critics who reviewed the book. (DB)

Deposition of radionuclides by fogwater on plants at Houdelaincourt, France

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tav, Jackie; Masson, Olivier; Burnet, Frédéric; De Visme, Anne; Paulat, Pascal; Bourrianne, Thierrry; Conil, Sébastien; Simon, Maxime

2015-04-01

After a nuclear accident like Fukushima, large quantities of radionuclides attached to particles are released in the atmosphere. Those particles can act as condensation nuclei to form fog droplets. To determine the radiological impact of fog droplets deposition on plants, an analysis of the fogwater radioactivity levels and a quantification of the fogwater deposition have been performed. To collect fogwater samples, a replica of the Caltech Active Strand Cloudwater Collector (Demoz et al. 1996) is implemented at the atmospheric research platform in Houdelaincourt (North-East region of France). This instrument allows air containing fog drops to be drawn through a cylinder by a fan. In this tube, rows of Teflon strands are collecting the drops by impaction. Other active collectors have been developed on the same principle with a tube and a mesh grid as the impaction surface. Passive collectors are also used; they consist of vertical strings surrounding a container where the drops are collected. Once the fogwater is collected, it is analyzed to determine the activity levels of gamma emitter radionuclides. In previous studies (Bourcier 2009) the mean level activity for cesium 137, beryllium 7 and lead 210 in rainwater at the Puy de DÙme have been previously estimated. A comparison between activity levels found in rainwater and in fogwater highlights the fact that fog deposition of radionuclides is far from negligible. At the same time a fog monitor FM-120 from DMT provides the size distribution of droplets from 1 to 30 microns. A visibility meter and a PVM from Gerber Scientific Inc. provide respectively the visibility and the liquid water content (LWC) to identify and characterize fog events. In order to quantify the deposition of water on plants, plastics plants were exposed to fog droplet deposition and weighed at the end of the event to measure the amount of water deposited. A second experiment was conducted, during which plastics plants were implemented on a

France's grandes écoles accused of elitism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hellemans, Alexander

2010-02-01

Physicists in France have backed government plans to open up the country's elite grandes écoles to more students from poorer backgrounds. The government wants to allow up to 30% of students to be given free scholarships in an attempt to broaden the social mix of the student body. The physicists say this would not lead to a lowering of standards.

A Paradox in Physics Education in France

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smigiel, Eddie; Sonntag, Michel

2013-01-01

This paper deals with the nature and the level of difficulty of teaching and learning physics in the first year of undergraduate engineering schools in France. Our case study is based on a survey regarding a classic and basic question in applied physics, and which was conducted with a group of second-year students in a post-baccalaureate 1…

[Reasons for General Practitioner Shortage – a Comparison Between France and Switzerland].

PubMed

Cerny, Thomas; Rosemann, Thomas; Tandjung, Ryan; Chmiel, Corinne

2016-05-25

Both France and Switzerland face a general practitioner (GP) shortage. What differences or parallels exist between the two countries with regard to the causes for this shortage? What conclusions might be drawn from a systematic comparison? Literature review with qualitative and semi-quantitative content analysis. Parallels exist in the comparing categories work contents, working structure, income and social status, medical school formation, private life, psychological motives. Differences are found in the categories biography and social selection, medical socialisation, residency. In Switzerland, residency is not uniformly structured, rarely institutionally organised and contains only few elements specific to general medicine. In France, medical socialisation not only exalts the specialists, but also strongly devaluates the GPs. By systematic analysis and comparison of both countries' pertinent literature, France and Switzerland can deepen their understanding of GP shortage. This paper identifies possible fields of action from medical school through residency up to workplace conditions that are pivotal in addressing the shortage of GPs.

Possible application of the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index in France: A pilot study in Brittany

EPA Science Inventory

Our goal was to determine if the US Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) scale might have application in France. Twenty homes in Brittany, north western region of France were classified by inspection as “Moldy” or “Non-Moldy”. Dust and air samples were collected (MiTest ...

[Modalities of transition of diabetic adolescents from pediatrics to the adult care in the Paris-Ile-de-France region: an appeal to cooperative work for improving quality of care. Paris-Ile-de-France Section of DESG (Diabetes Education Study Group) in French language].

PubMed

Crosnier, H; Tubiana-Rufi, N

1998-12-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conditions in which diabetic adolescents are transferred from pediatric to adult health care, and to record the opinions of the physicians about this issue. A questionnaire-based study was performed among all the pediatricians in the hospital setting and all the diabetologists from the Paris-Ile-de-France area. Questionnaires from 50 pediatricians and 51 diabetologists were completed (response rate: 68%). 1) Not enough information was transmitted: a quarter of the diabetologists were visiting for the first time without any information on the adolescent, and only half the pediatricians received feedback information from the internists after the first visit. And yet, when considered, it was important to be kept informed after the first visit and the following ones. 2) Medical relationships were poor: more than three out of four pediatricians and diabetologists had none or very few professional meetings, and two thirds of them were not aware of the way the others were working. 3) Eighty percent of pediatricians and diabetologists considered that the transfer of diabetic adolescents had to be organised in order to keep the coherence of medical follow-up, to minimise the psychological effects of the transition, and to avoid a complete break in the patient follow-up. 4) The expectations of the pediatricians were: the validation of their previous follow-up through the feedback information from diabetologists and the continuity of the medical follow-up; those of the diabetologists were: to gain the patient's confidence and to master the patient's previous history, in order to provide a better follow-up. 5) According to the opinion of both pediatricians and diabetologists, the main errors to avoid were, by the paediatricians, to miss the time and the preparation of the transfer and, by the diabetologists, to denigrate the previous pediatric management and to change the insulin regimen immediately. This study demonstrates a lack

Foodborne Outbreak and Nonmotile Salmonella enterica Variant, France

PubMed Central

Brisabois, Anne; Accou-Demartin, Marie; Josse, Adeline; Marault, Muriel; Francart, Sylvie; Da Silva, Nathalie Jourdan; Weill, François-Xavier

2012-01-01

We report a food-related outbreak of salmonellosis in humans caused by a nonmotile variant of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in France in 2009. This nonmotile variant had been circulating in laying hens but was not considered as Typhimurium and consequently escaped European poultry flock regulations. PMID:22257550

A descriptive study of advising practices during travel health consultations in France.

PubMed

Marchand, C; Merrina, F; Gagnayre, R; Bouchaud, O

2017-09-01

Recommendations for improving traveler adherence address both the content of the advice given and the structure of the consultation. The objective of this article is to describe how travel health consultations are structured in France. A questionnaire based on both theoretical foundations and recommendations in the literature was sent to health professionals who practice in travel clinics, all of them members of France's Société de Médecine des Voyages. The response rate was 78.5% (176/224). One hundred thirty nine respondents (78.9%) reported that treatment (vaccinations, in particular) and advising were done at separate times in the consultation. The majority of respondents questioned the traveler on his wishes, difficulties, expectations, experiences, and previous knowledge. A third explored the traveler's perceptions regarding the seriousness of diseases, the effectiveness of prevention measures and the latter's adverse effects with a difference when health professionals were practicing >5 years and/or had received specific training ( P  < 0.05). At the end of the consultation, 92% of the respondents asked the traveler whether he understood the advice given. One hundred thirty seven respondents (77.8%) gave travelers a booklet with additional advice, and 66.5% gave them a website where they could find health advice on their destination. Travelers were almost never offered group consultations or the opportunity to work on real-life situations. When there were language barriers, the respondents were more likely to seek help from a French-speaking member of the traveler's entourage (48.9%) than from an interpreter (22.7%). While the majority of practitioners follow most of the recommendations regarding the structure of travel health consultations, some of the factors that enhance traveler learning are underutilized, reducing the likelihood that travelers will apply the advice given. The study illustrates the need to develop more educational intervention

Cohort changes in educational disparities in smoking: France, Germany and the United States.

PubMed

Pampel, Fred; Legleye, Stephane; Goffette, Céline; Piontek, Daniela; Kraus, Ludwig; Khlat, Myriam

2015-02-01

This study investigates the evolution of educational disparities in smoking uptake across cohorts for men and women in three countries. Nationally representative surveys of adults in France, Germany and the United States in 2009-2010 include retrospective measures of age of uptake that are compared for three cohorts (born 1946-1960, 1961-1975, and 1976-1992). Discrete logistic regressions and a relative measure of education are used to model smoking histories until age 34. The following patterns are found: a strengthening of educational disparities in the timing of uptake from older to younger cohorts; an earlier occurrence of the strengthening for men than women and for the United States than France or Germany; a faster pace of the epidemic in France than in the United States, and; a divide between the highest level of education and the others in the United States, as opposed to a gradient across categories in France. Those differences in smoking disparities across cohorts, genders and countries help identify the national and temporal circumstances that shape the size and direction of the relationship between education and health and the need for policies that target educational disparities. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-10

Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK...298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations Summary The factors that...shape French foreign policy have changed since the end of the Cold War. The perspectives of France and the United States have diverged in some cases

France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-19

Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK...298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 France : Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.- French Relations Summary The factors that...shape French foreign policy have changed since the end of the Cold War. The perspectives of France and the United States have diverged in some cases

Hospital based ethics, current situation in France: between “Espaces” and committees

PubMed Central

Guerrier, M

2006-01-01

Unlike research ethics committees, which were created in 1988, the number of functioning hospital based ethical organisations in France, such as clinical ethics committees, is unknown. The objectives of such structures are diverse. A recent law created regional ethical forums, the objectives of which are education, debate, and research in relation to healthcare ethics. This paper discusses the current situation in France and the possible evolution and conflicts induced by this law. The creation of official healthcare ethics structures raises several issues. PMID:16943328

76 FR 58299 - Brass Sheet and Strip From France, Germany, Italy, and Japan; Scheduling of a Full Five-Year...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-20

...)] Brass Sheet and Strip From France, Germany, Italy, and Japan; Scheduling of a Full Five-Year Review Concerning the Antidumping Duty Order on Brass Sheet and Strip From France, Germany, Italy, and Japan AGENCY... strip from France, Germany, Italy, and Japan would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of...

Age-specific mortality trends in France and Italy since 1900: period and cohort effects.

PubMed

Caselli, G; Vallin, J; Vaupel, J W; Yashin, A

1987-11-01

The age/sex-specific mortality trends of France and Italy were studied over the 1899-1979 period in as much detail as possible in an effort to distinguish between cohort effects and those related to period changes. Complete series of mortality data by individual years of age and calendar years were available from 1869 to 1979 for Italy and from 1899 to 1982 for France. For both countries, these data include the military and civil deaths not registered in vital statistics during the war periods. They cover each national territory as defined by its present boundaries. The graphical representation method of mortality surfaces, elaborated by Vaupel, Gambill, and Yashin (1985), was adopted. The age/sex-specific mortality patterns of France and Italy have not followed the same trends, and the differences observed today are not those of 100 years ago. The mean death probabilities for the 1975-79 period were used to illustrate the age-specific patterns of mortality. Although infant mortality was higher in Italy than in France, the death probabilities at ages 1-15 for both sexes were roughly the same for both countries. At ages 15-23, they were much higher in France than in Italy, and they remained considerably higher in France up to age 55. From then on, the sexes differ: for males, the 2 countries showed similar patterns, whereas for females the probabilities were noticeably higher for France. The situation was very different for both countries at the beginning of the century. For both sexes, higher mortality was observed in Italy not only during infancy but throughout childhood and the adolescent years up to age 15. The 2 countries showed similar patterns from 15-25. Above age 25, the 2 countries had similar patterns for females, whereas male mortality was higher in France right up to the old age groups. Such differences in the age-specific mortality trends depend in part on a different development of health and social conditions but also may be due to factors concerning

A future for systems and computational neuroscience in France?

PubMed

Faugeras, Olivier; Frégnac, Yves; Samuelides, Manuel

2007-01-01

This special issue of the Journal of Physiology, Paris, is an outcome of NeuroComp'06, the first French conference in Computational Neuroscience. The preparation for this conference, held at Pont-à-Mousson in October 2006, was accompanied by a survey which has resulted in an up-to-date inventory of human resources and labs in France concerned with this emerging new field of research (see team directory in http://neurocomp.risc.cnrs.fr/). This thematic JPP issue gathers some of the key scientific presentations made on the occasion of this first interdisciplinary meeting, which should soon become recognized as a yearly national conference representative of a new scientific community. The present introductory paper presents the general scientific context of the conference and reviews some of the historical and conceptual foundations of Systems and Computational Neuroscience in France.

International Reports on Literacy Research: Canada, France, Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malloy, Jacquelynn A., Comp.; Botzakis, Stergios, Comp.

2006-01-01

This article is a compilation of reports on international literacy research. The report includes 3 separate reports on Canada, France and Russia. In the first report, research correspondent Linda M. Phillips, in collaboration with Christian Beaulieu, reports on the Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network (CLLRNet). The vision of CLLRNet is…

Crisis in Feminism: The United States and France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hogsett, Charlotte

Feminism is experiencing a similar dual crisis in the United States and France. One aspect of this crisis, the movement's alignment with other groups, is destructive, inevitably leading to the subordination of women's issues to "human" issues. The other dimension of the crisis, internal differences, is potentially creative, offering the…

Changes in Impedance at the Electrode-Skin Interface of Surface EMG Electrodes During Long-Term EMG Recordings

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-10-25

1Laboratoire de Modélisation et Sûreté des Systèmes, Université de Technologie de Troyes , Troyes , France 2Institut de Myologie, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière...Technologie de Troyes , Troyes , France Performing Organization Report Number Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) and Address(es) US Army Research

[New conditions for organ donation in France].

PubMed

Antoine, Corinne; Maroudy, Daniel

2016-09-01

The procurement of organs from donors after circulatory death is a reliable technique which gives satisfactory posttransplant results and also represents a potential source of additional organs. In order to meet the growing need for organ donations, the 'anticipated organ donation approach' procedure is currently receiving renewed interest with new conditions for its implementation in France. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Does smoke cross the border? Cigarette tax avoidance in France.

PubMed

Ben Lakhdar, Christian; Vaillant, Nicolas Gérard; Wolff, François-Charles

2016-12-01

This paper examines the impact on cigarette sales of the successive increases in cigarette prices in France from 2002 to 2004. Since the price differential between France and neighboring countries increased over the period in question, cross-border purchases became more financially attractive for smokers living near borders. Results from difference-in-differences estimates indicate that the decrease in cigarette sales observed in French border departments was around 20 % higher from 2004 to 2007 compared to non-border departments. The loss of fiscal revenue due to cross-border shopping since the tax increase amounts to 2 billion euros over the period 2002-2007. Our findings highlight the need for improved coordination of policies aimed at reducing tobacco consumption across European Union countries.

OPPIDUM surveillance program: 20 years of information on drug abuse in France.

PubMed

Frauger, Elisabeth; Moracchini, Christophe; Le Boisselier, Reynald; Braunstein, David; Thirion, Xavier; Micallef, Joëlle

2013-12-01

It is important to assess drug abuse liability in 'real life' using different surveillance systems. Some are based on specific population surveys, such as individuals with drug abuse or dependence, or under opiate maintenance treatment, because this population is very familiar with drugs and is more likely to divert or abuse them. In France, an original surveillance system based on this specific population and called 'Observation of illegal drugs and misuse of psychotropic medications (OPPIDUM) survey' was set up in 1990 as the first of its kind. The aim of this article is to describe this precursor of French drug abuse surveillance using different examples, to demonstrate its ability to effectively give health authorities and physicians interesting data on drug abuse. OPPIDUM is an annual, cross-sectional survey that anonymously collects information on abuse and dependence observed in patients recruited in specialized care centers dedicated to drug dependence. From 1990 to 2010, a total of 50,734 patients were included with descriptions of 102,631 psychoactive substance consumptions. These data have outlined emergent behaviors such as the misuse of buprenorphine by intravenous or nasal administration. It has contributed to assess abuse liability of emergent drugs such as clonazepam or methylphenidate. This surveillance system was also able to detect the decrease of flunitrazepam abuse following implementation of regulatory measures. OPPIDUM's twenty years of experience clearly demonstrate that collection of valid and useful data on drug abuse is possible and can provide helpful information for physicians and health authorities. © 2013 The Authors Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology © 2013 Société Française de Pharmacologie et de Thérapeutique.

Promoting Reflective Practice in Continuing Education in France

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ryder, Jane

2012-01-01

Educationalist Fred Korthagen elaborated a model in the 1980s for the relationship between the teacher educator and the teacher which embraces reflective practice as its guiding principle. In the present study, research was carried out into teacher development among a small group of language teachers working in continuing education in France.…

International Reports on Literacy Research: Argentina, Mexico, France

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malloy, Jacquelynn A., Comp.; Mallozzi, Christine, Comp.

2007-01-01

This is a compilation of reports on international literacy research. The report includes 3 separate reports on Argentina, Mexico, and France. In the first report, Melina Porto reports on a new implementation of a teacher-education program currently underway in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, under the leadership of teacher-researcher…

Proceedings of the International Workshop/Symposium on Ice Drilling Technology (2nd) Held at Calgary, Alberta, Canada on 30-31 August 1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

Laboratoire de Glaciologie C. Girard, A. Manouvrier, et Geophysique de l’Environnement, C. Rado and G. Ricou C.N.R.S., Grenoble, France ABSTRACT Using an...Gillet, C. Rado, Laboratoire de Glaciologie G. Marec, M. Maitre, et de Geophysique de l’Environnement J. Perrin and G. Ricou C.N.R.S., Grenoble, France

Montessus de Ballore, a pioneer of seismology: The man and his work

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cisternas, Armando

2009-06-01

Ferdinand de Montessus de Ballore was one of the founders of scientific seismology. He was a pioneer in seismology at the same level as Perrey, Mallet, Milne and Omori. He became familiar with earthquakes and volcanoes in Central America (1881-1885). After his experience in El Salvador his interest for understanding earthquakes and volcanoes oriented all of his life. Back in France he worked out a most complete world catalogue of earthquakes with 170.000 events (1885-1907), and completed his career being the head of the Chilean Seismological Service (1907-1923). Many of his ideas were in advance of later discoveries. He was an exceptional writer and published more than 30 books and hundreds of papers.

Ensemble reconstruction of spatio-temporal extreme low-flow events in France since 1871

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caillouet, Laurie; Vidal, Jean-Philippe; Sauquet, Eric; Devers, Alexandre; Graff, Benjamin

2017-06-01

The length of streamflow observations is generally limited to the last 50 years even in data-rich countries like France. It therefore offers too small a sample of extreme low-flow events to properly explore the long-term evolution of their characteristics and associated impacts. To overcome this limit, this work first presents a daily 140-year ensemble reconstructed streamflow dataset for a reference network of near-natural catchments in France. This dataset, called SCOPE Hydro (Spatially COherent Probabilistic Extended Hydrological dataset), is based on (1) a probabilistic precipitation, temperature, and reference evapotranspiration downscaling of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis over France, called SCOPE Climate, and (2) continuous hydrological modelling using SCOPE Climate as forcings over the whole period. This work then introduces tools for defining spatio-temporal extreme low-flow events. Extreme low-flow events are first locally defined through the sequent peak algorithm using a novel combination of a fixed threshold and a daily variable threshold. A dedicated spatial matching procedure is then established to identify spatio-temporal events across France. This procedure is furthermore adapted to the SCOPE Hydro 25-member ensemble to characterize in a probabilistic way unrecorded historical events at the national scale. Extreme low-flow events are described and compared in a spatially and temporally homogeneous way over 140 years on a large set of catchments. Results highlight well-known recent events like 1976 or 1989-1990, but also older and relatively forgotten ones like the 1878 and 1893 events. These results contribute to improving our knowledge of historical events and provide a selection of benchmark events for climate change adaptation purposes. Moreover, this study allows for further detailed analyses of the effect of climate variability and anthropogenic climate change on low-flow hydrology at the scale of France.

Regional factors interact with educational and income tax levels to influence food intake in France.

PubMed

Wyndels, K; Dallongeville, J; Simon, C; Bongard, V; Wagner, A; Ruidavets, J-B; Arveiler, D; Ferrières, J; Amouyel, P; Dauchet, L

2011-09-01

The goal of the present study was to assess whether geographic factors affect the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and adherence to the French National Nutritional Health Programme (Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS)) guidelines. The MONA LISA-NUT study (2005-2007) is a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample from northern, northeastern and southwestern France. Educational level and household income tax were recorded by trained interviewers. Food intake was assessed with a 3-day food diary in 3188 subjects aged from 35-64 years. Adherence to the PNNS guidelines was assessed with a validated score (the French score of indicators of the PNNS objective (FSIPO)). Multivariate analyses were adjusted for gender, age, marital status, body mass index, energy intake and medically prescribed diets. The FSIPO score was higher in southwestern France than in the two other regions (P<0.0001). The FSIPO score was correlated with the educational level in northern and northeastern France (P<0.0001) but not in southwestern France (region-education interaction: P<0.001). This interaction was accounted for by fruit and vegetable (P<0.0001), calcium (P=0.03), saturated fatty acid (P<0.0001), and fibre (P=0.0001) components of the FSIPO score. In contrast, the income tax level and the FSIPO score were positively correlated (P<0.0001) to a similar extent in all three regions (region × income tax interaction: P=0.09). The relationship between educational level and adherence to the national nutritional health guidelines differs from one region of France to another, suggesting that nutrition education programmes should perhaps be adapted on a regional basis. In contrast, guideline adherence is correlated with income tax level independently of geographical factors, suggesting that financial constraints on food choices are uniform across France.

Accreditation or Validation of Prior Experiential Learning: Knowledge and "Savoirs" in France-A Different Perspective?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pouget, Mireille; Osborne, Michael

2004-01-01

This article stems from the study of the process and application of Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL) in the French higher education system, in France referred to as VAP (Validation des Acquis Professionnels ). The paper seeks to review not only the context in which the concepts underpinning VAP in France have developed, but also…

Wildlife Reservoir for Hepatitis E Virus, Southwestern France

PubMed Central

Lhomme, Sebastien; Top, Sokunthea; Bertagnoli, Stephane; Dubois, Martine; Guerin, Jean-Luc

2015-01-01

Pigs are a reservoir for hepatitis E virus (HEV). To determine the relative contribution of game to the risk for human HEV infection in southwestern France, we tested wildlife samples. HEV RNA was in 3.3% of wildlife livers, indicating that in this region, eating game meat is as risky as eating pork. PMID:26079541

78 FR 70242 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

...). SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Eurocopter (Eurocopter) France Model... proposed AD is prompted by the jamming of the left-hand (LH) side of the fuel shut-off and general cut-off.... Department of Transportation, Docket Operations, M-30, West Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, 1200 New...

Psycho-social influences on food choice in Southern France and Central England.

PubMed

Pettinger, C; Holdsworth, M; Gerber, M

2004-06-01

This study used attitudinal scales to investigate the nature of attitudes to diet and health in a northern European country (Central England) and a southern European country (Mediterranean France). Cross-sectional studies were conducted using self-administered postal questionnaires that were distributed simultaneously in April 2001 in Montpellier, France and Nottingham, England. A stratified random sample of 1000 males and 1000 females aged 18-65 years was generated from the electoral roll in each country. The final sample comprised England: n = 826 (58% male and 42% female; mean age=44 years) and France: n = 766 (42% male and 58% female; mean age=42 years). This study has demonstrated that the pleasurable and social aspects of eating, certain food quality issues, as well as health as a value were regarded as priorities by French respondents. On the other hand, English respondents reported that organic and ethical issues and convenience were important factors influencing their food choices. In conclusion, the two populations can be differentiated overall in their attitudes and beliefs to food choice.

Determinants of tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis vaccinations among Hajj pilgrims, Marseille, France.

PubMed

Gautret, Philippe; Yong, Winnie; Soula, Georges; Parola, Philippe; Brouqui, Philippe; DelVecchio Good, Mary-Jo

2010-08-01

It has been observed that Muslim pilgrims departing France for Mecca have low national immunization rates against tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis (TdP). Our purpose is to identify immigration, socio-economic and socio-cultural determinants of vaccination coverage against TdP. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in late 2006 among 580 pilgrims in preparation who attended the Infectious and Tropical Medicine ward in Hôpital Nord at Marseille to receive their N. meningitidis vaccine required for travel to Mecca. Total vaccination rates for tetanus (18.9%), diphtheria (14.7%) and poliomyelitis (15.0%) were comparable. Pilgrim's characteristic lower socio-economic and social status, in addition to their unifying linguistic, cultural and religious identity defines them as a particularly disadvantageous group in France. French citizenship, higher level of education, better French fluency and no previous travel to country of origin were the strongest and most significant determinants of TdP vaccination status. These results suggest that the Muslim community in France is at risk from inequities of national preventive care efforts.

5. Historic American Buildings Survey Frances Rand Smith Collection California ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. Historic American Buildings Survey Frances Rand Smith Collection California Historical Society Original: After 1860's Re-photo: January 1940 FIRST FRAME CHURCH (LEFT) - Mission San Rafael Archangel, San Rafael, Marin County, CA

[Determinants of the evolution of hospital pharmacy in France and Quebec: Perception of hospital pharmacists].

PubMed

Guérin, A; Lebel, D; Marando, N; Prot-Labarthe, S; Bourdon, O; Bussières, J-F

2014-05-01

Hospital pharmacy practice has evolved differently between France and Quebec. While this development is part of broader systems, French and Quebec hospitals have undergone significant changes over the years to cope with challenges, among others, the economic and demographic realities. The main objective is to evaluate and compare the perception of French and Quebec hospital pharmacists about the factors that have contributed to the evolution of pharmacy practice in their respective context. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The study focuses on a sample of experienced hospital pharmacists in France and Quebec. We targeted a convenience sample of 50 respondents per country. An online questionnaire with 15 pharmaceutical activities to which are connected nine factors that may have influenced the implementation of each of these activities in each country was used. The mean score was calculated for each of the nine factors for each activity. The perception of French and Quebec hospital pharmacists was then compared. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Two hundred and sixty hospital pharmacists were directly contacted in France and 79 in Quebec. Seventy-eight French pharmacists and 77 Quebec pharmacists responded to the survey, that is a respective response rate of 30% and 97%, respectively. The hierarchy of factors that contributed to the evolution of pharmacy practice was similar between the two countries, legislative and regulatory factors as well as the concern for risk management and quality dominate; scientific human, economic factors and training have a relatively similar position. For cons, the news factor (6th in France against the 10th position in Quebec) and the academic factor (10th position in France against the 6th position in Quebec) obtained inverse scores between France and Quebec. There are few data on the determinants of the evolution of hospital pharmacy in France and Quebec. The hierarchy of factors that

Clinical and molecular epidemiology of hospital Enterococcus faecium isolates in eastern France. Members of Réseau Franc-Comtois de Lutte contr les Infections Nosocomiales.

PubMed

Bertrand, X; Thouverez, M; Bailly, P; Cornette, C; Talon, D

2000-06-01

We carried out a surveillance study of Enterococcus faecium isolates in the Franche-Comtéregion of France over three years. Clinical and epidemiological strains were characterized by antibiotype and genotype (pulsed field gel electrophoresis, PFGE). Three case-control studies were performed to identify risk factors for colonization/infection with three defined resistant phenotypes (amoxycillin, high-level gentamicin and high-level kanamycin). The crude incidence of colonization/infection was 0.156%, and 68.8% of cases were classified as hospital-acquired. Incidence did not differ according to the type of hospitalization (middle term or acute care). The urinary tract was the major site of infection. Resistance rates were: 45.8% (amoxycillin), 18.7% (high-level gentamicin), 61.4% (high-level kanamycin) and 3.1% (vancomycin). No isolate produced b-lactamase and one isolate carried the vanA gene. PFGE revealed two major epidemic patterns each including resistant strains isolated in different hospitals and during different periods in the study. Previous antimicrobial treatment was not identified as a risk factor for colonization/infection with any resistant phenotype. Despite the low frequency of vancomycin-resistant isolates in this study, resistant strains were widely disseminated and had characteristics enabling them to persist and spread. If these strains acquired the vanA gene, the risk of an outbreak would be large. So, the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium in hospitals should be carefully monitored in the future. Copyright 2000 The Hospital Infection Society.

Colonial bones: the 2006 burial of Savorgnan de Brazza in the Congo.

PubMed

Bernault, Florence

2010-01-01

The Franco-Congolese agreement to enshrine the corpse of Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in a grand memorial tomb in Brazzaville (2006) has been decried by many observers as neo-colonial farce. This article interprets France's agenda to propose a "suave reconquest" of its former colonies, and Sassou Nguesso's forceful mobilization of national and regional support. Beyond the immediate political significance of the episode, however, the article proposes new ideas on the ways in which modern states, North and South, depend on "tournaments of value" that assign polarized worth to persons, and often back up international deals with transactions in sanctified human remains. The tactic, forged in part during the colonial era, illuminates important aspects of today's global imaginaries of domination. Brazza's bones work, in France and Africa, as a carnal fetish that, borrowing form various philosophies of power, merges Western and African beliefs in the body politic.

Public health implications of contamination of Franc CFA (XAF) circulating in Buea (Cameroon) with drug resistant pathogens.

PubMed

Akoachere, Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla; Gaelle, Nana; Dilonga, Henry Meriki; Nkuo-Akenji, Theresa K

2014-01-08

Studies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Such information which is necessary to facilitate infection control strategies is lacking in many sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon. This study analyzed the Franc de la Communauté Financiere d'Afrique (Franc CFA), the currency used in Cameroon and other countries in the Central African sub-region, as a potential vehicle for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly drug-resistant strains, to generate findings which could create awareness on currency contamination and serve as a guide when formulating health policies on currency. Two hundred and thirteen currency samples representing various denominations of notes and coins randomly collected from diverse sources in Buea, Cameroon were analyzed for bacteria and fungi. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The relationship between contamination and physical state, source or denomination of currency was assessed using the χ2 test. All statistics were discussed at 0.05 significance level. Two hundred (93.9%) samples were contaminated with notes (96.6%) showing higher contamination than coins (88.2%). Uncirculated (mint) samples showed no contamination. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in contamination with respect to currency denomination, physical state and source. All samples from butchers and patients/personnel in hospitals were contaminated. Lower denominations showed significantly higher (P = 0.008) levels of contamination than higher denominations. Dirty currency was more contaminated than clean currency. Nine bacterial species were isolated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (54.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%) predominated. Among the fungi detected, Aspergillus sp (17.3%) and Penicillium sp (15.9%) showed higher frequency of occurrence. Bacteria were susceptible (100%) to ceftriaxone, gentamicin

Supply and Demand: Religious Schooling in Ninteenth-Century France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Curtis, Sarah A.

1999-01-01

Examines the reasons behind the expansion of congregational primary education before the educational push of the Third Republic in the diocese of Lyon (France). Argues that the popularity of Catholic-sponsored schooling in Lyon depended on the conjuncture of religious philanthropy and cost effectiveness. (CMK)

10. Historic American Buildings Survey Frances Rand Smith Collection California ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

10. Historic American Buildings Survey Frances Rand Smith Collection California Historical Society Original: About 1890 Re-photo: January 1940 SECOND FRAME CHURCH REPLACING MISSION (1890) - Mission San Rafael Archangel, San Rafael, Marin County, CA

Outbreak of tularaemia in brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in France, January to March 2011.

PubMed

Decors, A; Lesage, C; Jourdain, E; Giraud, P; Houbron, P; Vanhem, P; Madani, N; Madani, M

2011-07-14

We report an outbreak of tularaemia in brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in France, which occurred from January to March 2011 and was characterised by a high mortality rate in the local hare population. In France, hare tularaemia is usually sporadic and does not significantly affect hare populations. The epizootic form of the outbreak reported here led us to reconsider the potential associated risks for hare populations and public health.

Surname distribution in France: a distance analysis by a distorted geographical map.

PubMed

Mourrieras, B; Darlu, P; Hochez, J; Hazout, S

1995-01-01

The distribution of surnames in 90 distinct regions in France during two successive periods, 1889-1915 and 1916-1940, is analysed from the civil birth registers of the 36,500 administrative units in France. A new approach, called 'Mobile Site Method' (MSM), is developed to allow representation of a surname distance matrix by a distorted geographical map. A surname distance matrix between the various regions in France is first calculated, then a distorted geographical map called the 'surname similarity map' is built up from the surname distances between regions. To interpret this map we draw (a) successive map contours obtained during the step-by-step distortion process, revealing zones of high surname dissimilarity, and (b) maps in grey levels representing the displacement magnitude, and allowing the segmentation of the geographical and surname maps into 'homogeneous surname zones'. By integrating geography and surname information in the same analysis, and by comparing results obtained for the two successive periods, the MSM approach produces convenient maps showing: (a) 'regionalism' of some peripheral populations such as Pays Basque, Alsace, Corsica and Brittany; (b) the presence of preferential axes of communications (Rhodanian corridor, Garonne valley); (c) barriers such as the Central Massif, Vosges; (d) the weak modifications of the distorted maps associated with the two periods studied suggest an extension (but limited) of the tendency of surname uniformity in France. These results are interpreted, in the nineteenth- and twentieth century context, as the consequences of a slow process of local migrations occurring over a long period of time.

(Durability of building materials and components)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Naus, D.J.

1990-11-27

The traveler participated in the fourth meeting of RILEM 100-TSL, Techniques for Service Life Prediction,'' and The Fifth International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components.'' In addition, the traveler met with staff members at Taywood Engineering Ltd., Electricite de France, and AEA Technology. The meeting pertained to performance of concrete materials in nuclear power plant structures, time variation of concrete material properties, methods for evaluating concrete structures, and modeling to predict the effects of degradation factors on concrete materials. As many of the concrete structures in general civil engineering applications as well as nuclear power plant applications inmore » Europe are aging, there is increasing emphasis on assessing the durability of these structures. Information was provided of direct application to the Structural Aging Program which would not have been available without these visits. Of equal, or possibly more importance, was the individual contacts established at the organizations visited. Each organization was extremely interested in both the approach and scope of the Structural Aging Program and requested that they be informed of progress. The initial steps were taken to cooperate with several of these researchers and this should help the Structural Aging Program keep abreast of related European activities. In summary, information obtained during this trip will benefit the ongoing Structural Aging Program by informing Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) of the extensive European research programs addressing the durability of concrete structures, and also by forming and strengthening acquaintances with counterparts in other countries, thus enhancing the basis for possible international cooperation.« less

Short-range evaluation of air pollution near bus and railway stations.

PubMed

Corfa, E; Maury, F; Segers, P; Fresneau, A; Albergel, A

2004-12-01

In the early morning, during workdays, intensive activity is observed at both bus and railway stations. This particular time is critical because of the combination of three factors: (1) simultaneous departure of many buses and trains, (2) cold engines, and, quite frequently, (3) stable meteorological conditions. In our approach, we use ARIA Local, a simulation package applying CFD tools to air pollution modeling, to study different scenarios. The CFD model used in this study is the MERCURE model, developed by Electricite de France. For a bus station, we simulate a typical morning peak hour situation and study in detail how the pollution is accumulated in the station courtyard and the impact on the close vicinity. Two scenarios are presented: one with classical diesel engine and one with buses using AQUAZOL or NGV fuel. The definition of the sources inside the Eulerian grid is described as static linear sources. The total emission is averaged over the mean path driven by the bus from the bus stop to the exit of the bus station. For a railway station, we simulate a situation in a real railway station within the city of Paris. The emission from a diesel "locomotive" and its impact on air quality is computed and compared to the impact of other nonmobile emissions. In this case, the definition of sources is described as mobile point sources following the trajectory of the train. These two scenarios are discussed in an urban context, taking into account the flow around buildings and different meteorological conditions.

External radiation dose and cancer mortality among French nuclear workers: considering potential confounding by internal radiation exposure.

PubMed

Fournier, L; Laurent, O; Samson, E; Caër-Lorho, S; Laroche, P; Le Guen, B; Laurier, D; Leuraud, K

2016-11-01

French nuclear workers have detailed records of their occupational exposure to external radiation that have been used to examine associations with subsequent cancer mortality. However, some workers were also exposed to internal contamination by radionuclides. This study aims to assess the potential for bias due to confounding by internal contamination of estimates of associations between external radiation exposure and cancer mortality. A cohort of 59,004 workers employed for at least 1 year between 1950 and 1994 by CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique), AREVA NC, or EDF (Electricité de France) and badge-monitored for external radiation exposure were followed through 2004 to assess vital status and cause of death. A flag based on a workstation-exposure matrix defined four levels of potential for internal contamination. Standardized mortality ratios were assessed for each level of the internal contamination indicator. Poisson regression was used to quantify associations between external radiation exposure and cancer mortality, adjusting for potential internal contamination. For solid cancer, the mortality deficit tended to decrease as the levels of potential for internal contamination increased. For solid cancer and leukemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia, adjusting the dose-response analysis on the internal contamination indicator did not markedly change the excess relative risk per Sievert of external radiation dose. This study suggests that in this cohort, neglecting information on internal dosimetry while studying the association between external dose and cancer mortality does not generate a substantial bias. To investigate more specifically the health effects of internal contamination, an effort is underway to estimate organ doses due to internal contamination.

Advances in Multi-Sensor Scanning and Visualization of Complex Plants: the Utmost Case of a Reactor Building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hullo, J.-F.; Thibault, G.; Boucheny, C.

2015-02-01

In a context of increased maintenance operations and workers generational renewal, a nuclear owner and operator like Electricité de France (EDF) is interested in the scaling up of tools and methods of "as-built virtual reality" for larger buildings and wider audiences. However, acquisition and sharing of as-built data on a large scale (large and complex multi-floored buildings) challenge current scientific and technical capacities. In this paper, we first present a state of the art of scanning tools and methods for industrial plants with very complex architecture. Then, we introduce the inner characteristics of the multi-sensor scanning and visualization of the interior of the most complex building of a power plant: a nuclear reactor building. We introduce several developments that made possible a first complete survey of such a large building, from acquisition, processing and fusion of multiple data sources (3D laser scans, total-station survey, RGB panoramic, 2D floor plans, 3D CAD as-built models). In addition, we present the concepts of a smart application developed for the painless exploration of the whole dataset. The goal of this application is to help professionals, unfamiliar with the manipulation of such datasets, to take into account spatial constraints induced by the building complexity while preparing maintenance operations. Finally, we discuss the main feedbacks of this large experiment, the remaining issues for the generalization of such large scale surveys and the future technical and scientific challenges in the field of industrial "virtual reality".

Industrial Program of Waste Management - Cigeo Project - 13033

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butez, Marc; Bartagnon, Olivier; Gagner, Laurent

2013-07-01

The French Planning Act of 28 June 2006 prescribed that a reversible repository in a deep geological formation be chosen as the reference solution for the long-term management of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste. It also entrusted the responsibility of further studies and design of the repository (named Cigeo) upon the French Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra), in order for the review of the creation-license application to start in 2015 and, subject to its approval, the commissioning of the repository to take place in 2025. Andra is responsible for siting, designing, implementing, operating the future geological repository, including operationalmore » and long term safety and waste acceptance. Nuclear operators (Electricite de France (EDF), AREVA NC, and the French Commission in charge of Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies (CEA) are technically and financially responsible for the waste they generate, with no limit in time. They provide Andra, on one hand, with waste packages related input data, and on the other hand with their long term industrial experiences of high and intermediate-level long-lived radwaste management and nuclear operation. Andra, EDF, AREVA and CEA established a cooperation agreement for strengthening their collaborations in these fields. Within this agreement Andra and the nuclear operators have defined an industrial program for waste management. This program includes the waste inventory to be taken into account for the design of the Cigeo project and the structural hypothesis underlying its phased development. It schedules the delivery of the different categories of waste and defines associated flows. (authors)« less

[How to approach the discipline of "nursing science" in France?].

PubMed

Lecordier, Didier; Rémy-Largeau, Isabelle; Jovic, Ljiljana

2013-03-01

The last four years have seen the development of supports toward research in nursing and other healthcare professionals' research, along with the fact that, nursing education has become part of university programs. Professional and scientific landscapes are changing and the opening perspectives let glimpse a growing professionalization of nurses' activities but also, raise the question of the nursing science construction in France. By considering interdisciplinary work, as an approach for complex situations of care, by specifying the purpose of the production of nursing scientific knowledge in order to meet the population needs of healthcare, by explaining the purpose of nursing research and theoretical elements that allow its construction, the following article offers an epistemological reflection on the evolution of the profession and on the construction of a nursing scientific discipline in France.

Early signal of diverted use of tropicamide eye drops in France.

PubMed

Ponté, Camille; Pi, Christian; Palmaro, Aurore; Jouanjus, Emilie; Lapeyre-Mestre, Maryse

2017-08-01

Tropicamide is a mydriatic drug used as eye-drops for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. From 2013, a diverted use by intravenous route has been suspected in Eastern Europe in opioids users. To date, no signal of misuse has been identified in France. The aims of this study were to investigate any early signals of a diverted use of tropicamide eye drops and to collect information regarding motives for the misuse and tropicamide-induced effects. Information was obtained at three levels: (1) at regional level (Midi-Pyrénées area), from reimbursement data and pharmacists' reports on suspicious requests; (2) at national level: from reimbursement data and prescriptions suggesting possible abuse from the OSIAP (Ordonnances Suspectes, Indicateur d'Abus Possible) survey; and (3) at international level: from VigiBase ® reports and Web sources. Beta-blocker eye-drops were used as comparators. In France, in 2014-2015, 17 (0.91%, 95% CI [0.53-1.46%]) falsified prescriptions involving tropicamide were identified in the OSIAP survey (compared with 0%, 95% CI [0-0.19%] for beta-blockers). Moreover, 37 other suspicious prescriptions were presented in 2015 (notified in 2016). In Midi-Pyrénées, seven patients aged 35-49 were reimbursed for 19-45 vials of 10 ml, in a year. Since September 2014, the regional Addictovigilance Centre has received 91 notifications of suspicious requests to obtain tropicamide. In VigiBase ® , two cases were identified but none in France. An increased interest in tropicamide-related Internet searches was observed from Russia and Ukraine. These results represent the first early warnings of a tropicamide diverted use in France. Tropicamide abusers would seek euphoria or hallucinations. The high doses involved in intravenous administration could lead to serious complications. © 2017 The British Pharmacological Society.

The Diplomacy of the Jaguar: French Airpower in Postcolonial African Conflicts

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

turned back. Lorell, Airpower in Peripheral Conflict, 46. 32. Ibid., 48. 33. Ibid., 49. 34. Martel, Histoire Militaire de la France, 563. 35. Lorell...Airpower in Peripheral Conflict, 50. 36. Martel, Histoire Militaire de la France, 563. 37. Chipman, French Military Policy and African Security, 9. 38...Pro- longed Wars: A Post-Nuclear Challenge. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, March 2005. 39 Martel, André, ed. Histoire Militaire de la France

 Autochthonous infection with hepatitis E virus related to subtype 3a, France: a case report.

PubMed

Saint-Jacques, Pauline; Tissot-Dupont, Hervé; Colson, Philippe

2016-01-01

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) recently emerged in Europe as a cause of autochthonous acute hepatitis and a porcine zoonosis. European autochthonous cases almost exclusively involved viruses of genotype 3, subtype 3a being only recently reported in France, from farm pigs. We report an autochthonous human infection with a HEV related to subtype 3a in Southeastern France. A 55-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-infected man presented liver cytolysis in June 2014. HEV RNA was detected in serum and three months later, anti-HEV IgM and IgG were positive whereas HEV RNA was no more detectable in serum. No biological or clinical complication did occur. HEV phylogeny based on two capsid gene fragments showed clustering of sequences obtained from the case-patient with HEV-3a, mean nucleotide identity being 91.7 and 91.3% with their 10 best GenBank matches that were obtained in Japan, South Korea, USA, Canada, Germany and Hungria from humans, pigs and a mongoose. Identity between HEV sequence obtained here and HEV-3a sequences obtained at our laboratory from farm pigs sampled in 2012 in Southeastern France was only 90.2-91.4%. Apart from these pig sequences, best hits from France were of subtypes 3i, 3f, or undefined. The patient consumed barely cooked wild-boar meat; no other risk factor for HEV infection was documented. In Europe, HEV-3a has been described in humans in England and Portugal, in wild boars in Germany, and in pigs in Germany, the Netherlands, and, recently, France. These findings suggest to gain a better knowledge of HEV-3a circulation in France.

Identification Strategies of a Texas Rebel: Frances (Sissy) Farenthold.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMahan, Eva M.

The identification techniques in Herbert C. Kelman's schema of identification were used to analyze the near, and perhaps surprising, success of Rep. Frances (Sissy) Farenthold's bid for the Democratic Texas gubernatorial nomination in 1972. Opposing government corruption, Farenthold overcame the potential obstacles of being a politically liberal…

Psychology and Didactics of Mathematics in France--An Overview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vergnaud, Gerard

1983-01-01

Examples are given of the variety of mathematical concepts and problems being studied by psychologically oriented researchers in France. Work on decimals, circles, natural numbers, decimal and real numbers, and didactic transposition are included. Comments on designing research on mathematics concept formation conclude the article. (MNS)

A survey of topsoil arsenic and mercury concentrations across France.

PubMed

Marchant, B P; Saby, N P A; Arrouays, D

2017-08-01

Even at low concentrations, the presence of arsenic and mercury in soils can lead to ecological and health impacts. The recent European-wide LUCAS Topsoil Survey found that the arsenic concentration of a large proportion of French soils exceeded a threshold which indicated that further investigation was required. A much smaller proportion of soils exceeded the corresponding threshold for mercury but the impacts of mining and industrial activities on mercury concentrations are not well understood. We use samples from the French national soil monitoring network (RMQS: Réseau de Mesures de la Qualité des Sols) to explore the variation of topsoil arsenic and mercury concentrations across mainland France at a finer spatial resolution than was reported by LUCAS Topsoil. We use geostatistical methods to map the expected concentrations of these elements in the topsoil and the probabilities that the legislative thresholds are exceeded. We find that, with the exception of some areas where the geogenic concentrations and soil adsorption capacities are very low, arsenic concentrations are generally larger than the threshold which indicates that further assessment of the area is required. The lower of two other guideline values indicating risks to ecology or health is exceeded in fewer than 5% of RMQS samples. These exceedances occur in localised hot-spots primarily associated with mining and mineralization. The probabilities of mercury concentrations exceeding the further assessment threshold value are everywhere less than 0.01 and none of the RMQS samples exceed either of the ecological and health risk thresholds. However, there are some regions with elevated concentrations which can be related to volcanic material, natural mineralizations and industrial contamination. These regions are more diffuse than the hot-spots of arsenic reflecting the greater volatility of mercury and therefore the greater ease with which it can be transported and redeposited. The maps provide a

Incidence of tuberculous meningitis in France, 2000: a capture-recapture analysis.

PubMed

Cailhol, J; Che, D; Jarlier, V; Decludt, B; Robert, J

2005-07-01

To estimate the incidence of culture-positive and culture-negative tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in France in 2000. Capture-recapture method using two unrelated sources of data: the tuberculosis (TB) mandatory notification system (MNTB), recording patients treated by anti-tuberculosis drugs, and a survey by the National Reference Centre (NRC) for mycobacterial drug resistance, recording culture-positive TBM. Of 112 cases of TBM reported to the MNTB, 28 culture-positive and 34 culture-negative meningitis cases were validated (17 duplicates, 3 cases from outside France, 21 false notifications, and 9 lost records were excluded). The NRC recorded 31 culture-positive cases, including 21 known by the MNTB. When the capture-recapture method was applied to the reported culture-positive meningitis cases, the estimated number of meningitis cases was 41 and the incidence was 0.7 cases per million. Sensitivity was 75.6% for the NRC, 68.3% for the MNTB, and 92.7% for both systems together. When sensitivity of the MNTB for culture-positive cases was applied to culture-negative meningitis, the total estimated number of culture-negative meningitis cases was 50 and the incidence was 0.85 cases per million. TBM is underestimated in France. Capture-recapture analysis using different sources to better estimate its incidence is of great interest.

THEORIES AND PRACTICES IN THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN DURING THE AGE OF ENLIGHTMENT IN FRANCE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

FRIEDMAN, LEONARD M.

A REPORT WAS GIVEN ON A SEARCH OF THE LITERATURE ON THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN FRANCE DURING THE PERIOD FROM THE FOUNDING OF ST. CYR (1686) THROUGH THE REVOLUTION. THE AUTHOR SUMMARIZES (1) THE EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES USED AND (2) THE EDUCATIONAL THEORIES PROPOSED AT THAT TIME. WHILE THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN IN 18TH-CENTURY FRANCE LEFT MUCH TO BE…

77 FR 53844 - Ball Bearings and Parts Thereof From France and Italy: Rescission of Antidumping Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-04

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE International Trade Administration [A-475-801, A-427-801] Ball Bearings and... antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof from France and Italy. The period of review is May... the antidumping duty orders on ball bearings and parts thereof from France and Italy in accordance...

MRI in France: the French paradox.

PubMed

Lavayssière, R; Cabée, A E

2001-04-01

Although France is a modern, developed country, which spends nearly 10% of the gross national product on healthcare and has a highly praised level of medicine, the number of modern imaging scanners, such as CT (595), MRI (182), and PET (5), is quite low when compared to other European countries. Politics and a long-standing tradition of centralization are prominent among reasons for such an underdevelopment. This situation has resulted in another French paradox not linked to wine consumption. The French life expectancy is very high, but the number of imaging equipment is very low.

Ensemble reconstruction of severe low flow events in France since 1871

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Caillouet, Laurie; Vidal, Jean-Philippe; Sauquet, Eric; Devers, Alexandre; Graff, Benjamin

2016-04-01

This work presents a study of severe low flow events that occurred from 1871 onwards for a large number of near-natural catchments in France. It aims at assessing and comparing their characteristics to improve our knowledge on historical events and to provide a selection of benchmark events for climate change adaptation purposes. The historical depth of streamflow observations is generally limited to the last 50 years and therefore offers too small a sample of severe low flow events to properly explore the long-term evolution of their characteristics and associated impacts. In order to overcome this limit, this work takes advantage of a 140-year ensemble hydrometeorological dataset over France based on: (1) a probabilistic precipitation and temperature downscaling of the Twentieth Century Reanalysis over France (Caillouet et al., 2015), and (2) a continuous hydrological modelling that uses the high-resolution meteorological reconstructions as forcings over the whole period. This dataset provides an ensemble of 25 equally plausible daily streamflow time series for a reference network of stations in France over the whole 1871-2012 period. Severe low flow events are identified based on a combination of a fixed threshold and a daily variable threshold. Each event is characterized by its deficit, duration and timing by applying the Sequent Peak Algorithm. The procedure is applied to the 25 simulated time series as well as to the observed time series in order to compare observed and simulated events over the recent period, and to characterize in a probabilistic way unrecorded historical events. The ensemble aspect of the reconstruction leads to address specific issues, for properly defining events across ensemble simulations, as well as for adequately comparing the simulated characteristics to the observed ones. This study brings forward the outstanding 1921 and 1940s events but also older and less known ones that occurred during the last decade of the 19th century. For

The features of infectious diseases departments and anti-infective practices in France and Turkey: a cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Erdem, H; Stahl, J P; Inan, A; Kilic, S; Akova, M; Rioux, C; Pierre, I; Canestri, A; Haustraete, E; Engin, D O; Parlak, E; Argemi, X; Bruley, D; Alp, E; Greffe, S; Hosoglu, S; Patrat-Delon, S; Heper, Y; Tasbakan, M; Corbin, V; Hopoglu, M; Balkan, I I; Mutlu, B; Demonchy, E; Yilmaz, H; Fourcade, C; Toko-Tchuindzie, L; Kaya, S; Engin, A; Yalci, A; Bernigaud, C; Vahaboglu, H; Curlier, E; Akduman, D; Barrelet, A; Oncu, S; Korten, V; Usluer, G; Turgut, H; Sener, A; Evirgen, O; Elaldi, N; Gorenek, L

2014-09-01

The aim of this study was to assess the infectious diseases (ID) wards of tertiary hospitals in France and Turkey for technical capacity, infection control, characteristics of patients, infections, infecting organisms, and therapeutic approaches. This cross-sectional study was carried out on a single day on one of the weekdays of June 17-21, 2013. Overall, 36 ID departments from Turkey (n = 21) and France (n = 15) were involved. On the study day, 273 patients were hospitalized in Turkish and 324 patients were followed in French ID departments. The numbers of patients and beds in the hospitals, and presence of an intensive care unit (ICU) room in the ID ward was not different in both France and Turkey. Bed occupancy in the ID ward, single rooms, and negative pressure rooms were significantly higher in France. The presence of a laboratory inside the ID ward was more common in Turkish ID wards. The configuration of infection control committees, and their qualifications and surveillance types were quite similar in both countries. Although differences existed based on epidemiology, the distribution of infections were uniform on both sides. In Turkey, anti-Gram-positive agents, carbapenems, and tigecycline, and in France, cephalosporins, penicillins, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole were more frequently preferred. Enteric Gram-negatives and hepatitis B and C were more frequent in Turkey, while human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and streptococci were more common in France (p < 0.05 for all significances). Various differences and similarities existed in France and Turkey in the ID wards. However, the current scene is that ID are managed with high standards in both countries.

Moral education for the elite of democracy: the classe de philosophie between sociology and philosophy.

PubMed

Barberis, Daniela S

2002-01-01

In this article, I address the issues at stake in the relationship between sociology and philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century by focusing on a debate between two parties: Emile Durkheim, who was attempting to found an independent scientific sociology, and the editors and collaborators of the Revue de métaphysique et de morale (RMM), one of the central philosophical journals of the period. This debate focused on the role of philosophy in secondary school education, but at its heart, this was a struggle between two disciplines over which ought to direct the formation of good citizens for Third Republic France. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Treatment of irradiated graphite from French Bugey reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stevens, Howard; Laurent, Gerard

In 2008, following the general French plan for nuclear waste management, Electricite de France attempted to find for irradiated graphite an alternative solution to direct storage at the low-activity long-life storage center in France managed by the national agency for wastes (ANDRA). EDF management requested that its engineering arm, EDF CIDEN, study the graphite treatment alternatives to direct storage. In mid-2008, this study revealed the potential advantage for EDF to use a steam reforming process known as Thermal Organic Reduction, 'THOR' (owned by Studsvik, Inc., USA), to treat or destroy the graphite matrix and limit the quantity of secondary wastemore » to be stored. In late 2009, EDF began a test program with Studsvik to determine if the THOR steam reforming process could be used to destroy the graphite. The program also sought to determine if the graphite could be treated to release the bulk of activity while minimizing the gasification of the bulk mass of the graphite. In October 2009, tests with non-irradiated graphite were completed and demonstrated destruction of a graphite matrix by the THOR process at satisfactory rates. After gasifying the graphite, focus shifted to the effect of roasting graphite at high temperatures in inert gases with low concentrations of oxidizing gases to preferentially remove volatile radionuclides while minimizing the graphite mass loss to 5%. A radioactive graphite sleeve was imported from France to the US for these tests. Completed in April 2010, 'Phase I' of testing showed that the process removed >99% of H-3 and 46% of C-14 with <6% mass loss. Completed in September 2011, 'Phase II' testing achieved increased removals as high as 80% C-14. During Phase II, it was also discovered that roasting in a reducing atmosphere helped to limit the oxidation of the graphite. Future work seeks to explore the effects of reducing gases to limit the bulk oxidation of graphite. If the graphite could be decontaminated of long

78 FR 21416 - Low Enriched Uranium From France; Scheduling of a Full Five-year Review Concerning the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-10

... INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION [Investigation No. 731-TA-909 (Second Review)] Low Enriched Uranium... Enriched Uranium from France AGENCY: United States International Trade Commission. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY... antidumping duty order on low enriched uranium from France would be likely to lead to continuation or...

Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation: A Comparison between France and French-Speaking Canada.

PubMed

Girard, Lisa-Christine; Côté, Sylvana M; de Lauzon-Guillain, Blandine; Dubois, Lise; Falissard, Bruno; Forhan, Anne; Doyle, Orla; Bernard, Jonathan Y; Heude, Barbara; Saurel-Cubizolles, Marie-Josephe; Kaminski, Monique; Boivin, Michel; Tremblay, Richard E

2016-01-01

Breastfeeding is associated with multiple domains of health for both mothers and children. Nevertheless, breastfeeding initiation is low within certain developed countries. Furthermore, comparative studies of initiation rates using harmonised data across multiple regions is scarce. The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare individual-level determinants of breastfeeding initiation using two French-speaking cohorts. Participants included ~ 3,900 mothers enrolled in two cohort studies in Canada and France. Interviews, questionnaires, and medical records were utilised to collect information on maternal, family, and medical factors associated with breastfeeding initiation. Rates of breastfeeding initiation were similar across cohorts, slightly above 70%. Women in both Canada and France who had higher levels of maternal education, were born outside of their respective countries and who did not smoke during pregnancy were more likely to initiate breastfeeding with the cohort infant. Notably, cohort effects of maternal education at the university level were found, whereby having 'some university' was not statistically significant for mothers in France. Further, younger mothers in Canada, who delivered by caesarean section and who had previous children, had reduced odds of breastfeeding initiation. These results were not found for mothers in France. While some similar determinants were observed, programming efforts to increase breastfeeding initiation should be tailored to the characteristics of specific geographical regions which may be heavily impacted by the social, cultural and political climate of the region, in addition to individual and family level factors.

Frances Kellor, Americanization, and the Quest for Participatory Democracy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Press, John

2010-01-01

Frances Alice Kellor (1873 - 1952) is most famous for leading the Americanization movement that greeted immigrants from 1906 to 1921. The movement has been damned as coercive in the name of conformity in the historical literature. This dissertation argues that Kellor's Americanization movement promoted immigrants and immigration, Americanized…

France's Administrative Tertiary: Stable Numbers for Occupations in Flux.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liaroutzos, Olivier; Meriot, Sylvie-Anne

1995-01-01

During the past decade, the number of jobs in France's administrative service sector has remained stable. General administrative work has become more infrequent; however, the basic occupations of secretary and accountancy have been maintained. Although the number of typists has declined, the number of "secretarial" jobs has increased…

International Reports on Literacy Research: France, United Kingdom, Brazil

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malloy, Jacquelynn A., Comp.; Botza, Stergios, Comp.

2005-01-01

This is a compilation of reports on international literacy research. The report includes 3 separate reports on France, United Kingdom and Brazil. In the first report, research correspondent Jacques Fijalkow presents research into variations of reading motivation related to students' socioeconomic status (SES), age, and gender. Three of these…

Current status of beech bark disease in France

Treesearch

R. Perrin

1983-01-01

The two organisms involved in beech bark disease are endemic everywhere in France. Nevertheless the disease is restricted to the northern part of the beech's range, where it grows on the plains. During the last five years beech bark disease has shown a general decrease in severity but there have been local increases in the north and north-eastern parts of forests...

Clonal propagation on Eucalyptus by cuttings in France

Treesearch

H. Chaperon

1983-01-01

A.FO.CEL has developed a technique for mass propagation by cuttings of Eucalyptus in France. This technique is described from the selection of the ortet to the mass propagation of the clone for afforestation: the first stage is the mobilization of the ortet, the second stage is called pre-propagation which includes rejuvenating and rooting conditioning, the third stage...

8. Historic American Buildings Survey Frances Rand Smith Collection California ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. Historic American Buildings Survey Frances Rand Smith Collection California Historical Society Original: 1870's Re-photo: January, 1940 FIRST FRAME CHURCH (LEFT), OLD MARIN COUNTY COURT HOUSE (CENTER) - Mission San Rafael Archangel, San Rafael, Marin County, CA

Re-Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in France, 2015.

PubMed

Sailleau, C; Bréard, E; Viarouge, C; Vitour, D; Romey, A; Garnier, A; Fablet, A; Lowenski, S; Gorna, K; Caignard, G; Pagneux, C; Zientara, S

2017-06-01

At the end of August 2015, a ram located in central France (department of Allier) showed clinical signs suggestive of BTV (Bluetongue virus) infection. However, none of the other animals located in the herd showed any signs of the Bluetongue disease. Laboratory analyses identified the virus as BTV serotype 8. The viro and sero prevalence intraherd were 2.4% and 8.6% in sheep and 18.3% and 42.9% in cattle, respectively. Phylogenetic studies showed that the sequences of this strain are closely related to another BTV-8 strain that has circulated in France in 2006-2008. The origin of the outbreak is unclear but it may be assumed that the BTV-8 has probably circulated at very low prevalence (possibly in livestock or wildlife) since its first emergence in 2007-2008. © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

75 FR 4475 - Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model AS332L1, AS332L2, and EC225LP Helicopters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-28

... Airworthiness Directives; Eurocopter France Model AS332L1, AS332L2, and EC225LP Helicopters AGENCY: Federal.... SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for the specified Eurocopter France (ECF... France and are approved for operation in the United States. Pursuant to our bilateral [[Page 4476...

Spall Strength of Tungsten Carbide

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-09-01

1 PCS GROUP CAVENDISH LABORATORY W G PROUD MADINGLEY RD CAMBRIDGE UNITED KINGDOM 1 CENTRE D ETUDES DE GRAMAT J Y TRANCHET...46500 GRAMAT FRANCE 1 MINISTERE DE LA DEFENSE DR G BRAULT DGA DSP STTC 4 RUE DE LA PORTE DISSY 75015 PARIS FRANCE 1 SPART

Estimating the budget impact of orphan drugs in Sweden and France 2013-2020.

PubMed

Hutchings, Adam; Schey, Carina; Dutton, Richard; Achana, Felix; Antonov, Karolina

2014-02-13

The growth in expenditure on orphan medicinal products (OMP) across Europe has been identified as a concern. Estimates of future expenditure in Europe have suggested that OMPs could account for a significant proportion of total pharmaceutical expenditure in some countries, but few of these forecasts have been well validated. This analysis aims to establish a robust forecast of the future budget impact of OMPs on the healthcare systems in Sweden and France. A dynamic forecasting model was created to estimate the budget impact of OMPs in Sweden and France between 2013 and 2020. The model used historical data on OMP designation and approval rates to predict the number of new OMPs coming to the market. Average OMP sales were estimated for each year post-launch by regression analysis of historical sales data. Total forecast sales were compared with expected sales of all pharmaceuticals in each country to quantify the relative budget impact. The model predicts that by 2020, 152 OMPs will have marketing authorization in Europe. The base case OMP budget impacts are forecast to grow from 2.7% in Sweden and 3.2% in France of total drug expenditure in 2013 to 4.1% in Sweden and 4.9% in France by 2020. The principal driver of expenditure growth is the number of new OMPs obtaining OMP designation. This is tempered by the slowing success rate for new approvals and the loss of intellectual property protection on existing orphan medicines. Given the forward-looking nature of the analysis, uncertainty exists around model parameters and sensitivity analysis found peak year budget impact varying between 2% and 11%. The budget impact of OMPs in Sweden and France is likely to remain sustainable over time and a relatively small proportion of total pharmaceutical expenditure. This forecast could be affected by changes in the success rate for OMP approvals, average cost of OMPs, and the type of companies developing OMPs.

Ecole Maternelle (Preschool) in France: A Cross-Cultural Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brougere, Gilles; Guenif-Souilamas, Nacira; Rayna, Sylvie

2008-01-01

This article looks at a cross-cultural analysis of interviews of (im/migrant and non-im/migrant) preschool teachers and parents, concerning im/migrant children enrolled in the French "ecole maternelle", in the context of the international Children Crossing Borders (CCB) research project. Interviews were conducted in France following a…

Teacher Training in France in the Early 2010s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lapostolle, Guy; Chevaillier, Thierry

2011-01-01

The organisation of teacher training was thoroughly transformed in France in 2010. This transformation was the consequence of three interrelated reforms: the requirement of a Master's degree for all teachers, the new recruitment process for teachers and the integration of teacher training colleges (IUFM) into the universities. Universities are now…

Sea surface temperature of the coastal zones of France

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deschamps, P. Y.; Verger, F.; Monget, J. M.; Crepon, M. (Principal Investigator); Frouin, R.; Cassanet, J.; Wald, L.

1980-01-01

The results of an investigation to map the various thermal gradients in the coastal zones of France are presented. Paricular emphasis is given to the natural phenomena and man made thermal effluents. It is shown that a close correlation exist between wind speed direction and the offshore width of the effluent.

Educational Inequality and Academic Achievement in England and France.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lees, Lynn Hollen

1994-01-01

In both France and England, students scored in the middle-to-high ranks on the International Assessment of Educational Progress, with large gaps between low and high achievers. Despite attempts to democratize education, educational achievement in both countries continues to be strongly linked to parents' social background, with limited access to…