Electromagnetic Pumps for Conductive-Propellant Feed Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Markusic, T. E.; Polzin, K. A.

2005-01-01

There has been a recent, renewed interest in high-power electric thrusters for application in nuclear-electric propulsion systems. Two of the most promising thrusters utilize liquid metal propellants: the lithium-fed magnetoplasmadynamic thruster and the bismuth-fed Hall thruster. An important element of part of the maturation of these thrusters will be the development of compact, reliable conductive-propellant feed system components. In the present paper we provide design considerations and experimental calibration data for electromagnetic (EM) pumps. The role of an electromagnetic pump in a liquid metal feed system is to establish a pressure gradient between the propellant reservoir and the thruster - to establish the requisite mass flow rate. While EM pumps have previously been used to a limited extent in nuclear reactor cooling loops, they have never been implemented in electric propulsion (EP) systems. The potential benefit of using EM pumps for EP are reliability (no moving parts) and the ability to precisely meter the propellant flow rate. We have constructed and tested EM pumps that use gallium, lithium, and bismuth propellants. Design details, test results (pressure developed versus current), and material compatibility issues are reported. It is concluded that EM pumps are a viable technology for application in both laboratory and flight EP conductive-propellant feed systems.

Use of geophysical methods to characterize groundwater in karstic rocks near Puerto Morelos, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

cerda Garcia, C. G.; Carpenter, P. J.; Leal-Bautista, R. M.

2017-12-01

Geophysical surveys were used to determine the depth of the freshwater/saltwater interface and groundwater preferential flow pathways along the Ruta de los Cenotes, near Puerto Morelos (northeast part of the Yucatán peninsula). The Yucatán Peninsula is a limestone platform that allows quick recharge of the aquifer, the main supply of water for this region. The water in the aquifer is divided into freshwater and saltwater zones. A Schlumberger resistivity sounding along the road near one cenote suggests the water table is 5 meters deep and the freshwater/saltwater interface is 38 meters deep. A time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) sounding suggests the freshwater/saltwater interface is 45 meters deep. The depth of the interface determines the volume of fresh water available. Preferential flow pathways in the vadose and saturated zones are karst conduits where groundwater percolates downward in the vadose zone. These were identified using resistivity profiling and spontaneous self-potential (SP) geophysical methods. Interpretation of SP profile Line SP1, located 3 m south of the cenote, suggests two fractures, which appear to extend south as far as SP profile Line SP2, 15 m south of the cenote; both lines are parallel to each other. SP anomalies suggest water flow along these fractures. The use of noninvasive geophysical methods, specifically SP, resistivity and TEM are useful for exploring the karst system in the Yucatán peninsula.

Plumbing the depths of Yellowstone's hydrothermal system from helicopter magnetic and electromagnetic data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Finn, C.; Bedrosian, P.; Holbrook, W. S.; Auken, E.; Lowenstern, J. B.; Hurwitz, S.; Sims, K. W. W.; Carr, B.; Dickey, K.

2017-12-01

Although Yellowstone's iconic hydrothermal systems and lava flows are well mapped at the surface, their groundwater flow systems and thickness are almost completely unknown. In order to track the geophysical signatures of geysers, hot springs, mud pots, steam vents, hydrothermal explosion craters and lava flows at depths to hundreds of meters, we collected helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic (HEM) data. The data cover significant portions of the caldera including a majority of the known thermal areas. HEM data constrain electrical resistivity which is sensitive to groundwater salinity and temperature, phase distribution (liquid-vapor), and clay formed during chemical alteration of rocks. The magnetic data are sensitive to variations in the magnetization of lava flows, faults and hydrothermal alteration. The combination of electromagnetic and magnetic data is ideal for mapping zones of cold fresh water, hot saline water, steam, clay, and altered and unaltered rock. Preliminary inversion of the HEM data indicates very low resistivity directly beneath the northern part of Yellowstone Lake, intersecting with the lake bottom in close correspondence with mapped vents, fractures and hydrothermal explosion craters and are also associated with magnetic lows. Coincident resistivity and magnetic lows unassociated with mapped alteration occur, for example, along the southeast edge of the Mallard Lake dome and along the northeastern edge of Sour Creek Dome, suggesting the presence of buried alteration. Low resistivities unassociated with magnetic lows may relate to hot and/or saline groundwater or thin (<50 m) layers of early lake sediments to which the magnetic data are insensitive. Resistivity and magnetic lows follow interpreted caldera boundaries in places, yet deviate in others. In the Norris-Mammoth Corridor, NNE-SSW trending linear resistivity and magnetic lows align with mapped faults. This pattern of coincident resistivity and magnetic lows may reflect fractures along which water is flowing. In addition, low resistivities underlie highly resistive and magnetic rhyolite flows, indicating the old lake sediments at the base of flows and in several cases, suggest interconnection between the different thermal areas.

Reservoir computer predictions for the Three Meter magnetic field time evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perevalov, A.; Rojas, R.; Lathrop, D. P.; Shani, I.; Hunt, B. R.

2017-12-01

The source of the Earth's magnetic field is the turbulent flow of liquid metal in the outer core. Our experiment's goal is to create Earth-like dynamo, to explore the mechanisms and to understand the dynamics of the magnetic and velocity fields. Since it is a complicated system, predictions of the magnetic field is a challenging problem. We present results of mimicking the three Meter experiment by a reservoir computer deep learning algorithm. The experiment is a three-meter diameter outer sphere and a one-meter diameter inner sphere with the gap filled with liquid sodium. The spheres can rotate up to 4 and 14 Hz respectively, giving a Reynolds number near to 108. Two external electromagnets apply magnetic fields, while an array of 31 external and 2 internal Hall sensors measure the resulting induced fields. We use this magnetic probe data to train a reservoir computer to predict the 3M time evolution and mimic waves in the experiment. Surprisingly accurate predictions can be made for several magnetic dipole time scales. This shows that such a complicated MHD system's behavior can be predicted. We gratefully acknowledge support from NSF EAR-1417148.

Characterization of Near-Surface Geology and Possible Voids Using Resistivity and Electromagnetic Methods at the Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, Central New Mexico, June 2005

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ball, Lyndsay B.; Lucius, Jeffrey E.; Land, Lewis A.; Teeple, Andrew

2006-01-01

At the Gran Quivira Unit of Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument in central New Mexico, a partially excavated pueblo known as Mound 7 has recently become architecturally unstable. Historical National Park Service records indicate both natural caves and artificial tunnels may be present in the area. Knowledge of the local near-surface geology and possible locations of voids would aid in preservation of the ruins. Time-domain and frequency-domain electromagnetic as well as direct-current resistivity methods were used to characterize the electrical structure of the near-surface geology and to identify discrete electrical features that may be associated with voids. Time-domain electromagnetic soundings indicate three major electrical layers; however, correlation of these layers to geologic units was difficult because of the variability of lithologic data from existing test holes. Although resistivity forward modeling was unable to conclusively determine the presence or absence of voids in most cases, the high-resistivity values (greater than 5,000 ohm-meters) in the direct-current resistivity data indicate that voids may exist in the upper 50 meters. Underneath Mound 7, there is a possibility of large voids below a depth of 20 meters, but there is no indication of substantial voids in the upper 20 meters. Gridded lines and profiled inversions of frequency-domain electromagnetic data showed excellent correlation to resistivity features in the upper 5 meters of the direct-current resistivity data. This technique showed potential as a reconnaissance tool for detecting voids in the very near surface.

How to use your peak flow meter

MedlinePlus

Peak flow meter - how to use; Asthma - peak flow meter; Reactive airway disease - peak flow meter; Bronchial asthma - peak flow meter ... your airways are narrowed and blocked due to asthma, your peak flow values drop. You can check ...

The Seven-Segment Data Logger

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bates, Alan

2015-01-01

Instruments or digital meters with data values visible on a seven-segment display can easily be found in the physics lab. Examples include multimeters, sound level meters, Geiger-Müller counters and electromagnetic field meters, where the display is used to show numerical data. Such instruments, without the ability to connect to computers or data…

The Peak Flow Working Group: test of portable peak flow meters by explosive decompression.

PubMed

Pedersen, O F; Miller, M R

1997-02-01

In 1991, 50 new Vitalograph peak flow meters and 27 previously used mini-Wright peak flow meters were tested at three peak flows by use of a calibrator applying explosive decompression. The mini-Wright peak flow meters were also compared with eight new meters. For both makes of meter there was an excellent within-meter and between-meter variation. The accuracy, however, was poor, with a maximal overestimation of true flows of 50 and 70 L.min-1 in the interval from 200 to 400 L.min-1 for the Vitalograph and mini-Wright meters, respectively. The deviation is explained by the physical characteristics of the variable orifice peak flow meters. They have been supplied with equidistant scales, which give non-linear readings.

Field Demonstrations of Five Geophysical Methods that Could Be Used to Characterize Deposits of Alluvial Aggregate

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ellefsen, K.J.; Burton, B.L.; Lucius, J.E.; Haines, S.S.; Fitterman, D.V.; Witty, J.A.; Carlson, D.; Milburn, B.; Langer, W.H.

2007-01-01

Personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey and Martin Marietta Aggregates, Inc., conducted field demonstrations of five different geophysical methods to show how these methods could be used to characterize deposits of alluvial aggregate. The methods were time-domain electromagnetic sounding, electrical resistivity profiling, S-wave reflection profiling, S-wave refraction profiling, and P-wave refraction profiling. All demonstrations were conducted at one site within a river valley in central Indiana, where the stratigraphy consisted of 1 to 2 meters of clay-rich soil, 20 to 35 meters of alluvial sand and gravel, 1 to 6 meters of clay, and multiple layers of limestone and dolomite bedrock. All geophysical methods, except time-domain electromagnetic sounding, provided information about the alluvial aggregate that was consistent with the known geology. Although time-domain electromagnetic sounding did not work well at this site, it has worked well at other sites with different geology. All of these geophysical methods complement traditional methods of geologic characterization such as drilling.

Real-time three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for characterizing the spatial velocity distribution and quantifying the peak flow rate in the left ventricular outflow tract

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tsujino, H.; Jones, M.; Shiota, T.; Qin, J. X.; Greenberg, N. L.; Cardon, L. A.; Morehead, A. J.; Zetts, A. D.; Travaglini, A.; Bauer, F.;

Energy Autonomous Wireless Water Meter with Integrated Turbine Driven Energy Harvester

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker, P.; Folkmer, B.; Goepfert, R.; Hoffmann, D.; Willmann, A.; Manoli, Y.

2013-12-01

Accurate meter reading is the fundamental task of the home water system for the handling of payments. Meters need to be read correctly, to avoid an effect of adding events that increase unnecessary cost and create customer dissatisfaction. This paper presents a fully integrated wireless, energy autonomous water metering system based on the European Standard EN 13757 "Communication systems for meters and remote reading of meters". The system can be used in multiple water metering scenarios. No maintenance will be required and the system will provide precise and secure data transmission as well as timely and accurate recording of the consumption of water. The identification of any leakages will be improved through the analysis of the actual quantity supplied and recorded by the meters. The system is powered by an energy harvester, based on a water driven turbine wheel that is directly coupled to an electromagnetic energy transducer. The power delivered by the generator is dependent of the amount of flowing water and the pressure in the water pipes. Therefor the power is commonly non-continuous, fluctuant and unstable in the voltage amplitude. To be able to report the meter readings at all times, the system needs to be powered not only in times when the energy harvester delivers energy. Therefor an energy buffer, that stores the harvested energy, is installed to compensate the energy requirement between the actual generator output and the energy consumption of the application. Besides a complete system overview, the presentation will focus on the power management and energy aware battery charging circuitry. The design, fabrication, measuring results and the preparations for field tests in rural and urban environment will be presented and discussed.

Millimeter Wave Sensor For On-Line Inspection Of Thin Sheet Dielectrics

DOEpatents

Bakhtiari, Sasan; Gopalsami, Nachappa; Raptis, Apostolos C.

1999-03-23

A millimeter wave sensor is provided for non-destructive inspection of thin sheet dielectric materials. The millimeter wave sensor includes a Gunn diode oscillator (GDO) source generating a mill meter wave electromagnetic energy signal having a single frequency. A heater is coupled to the GDO source for stabilizing the single frequency. A small size antenna is coupled to the GDO source for transmitting the millimeter wave electromagnetic energy signal to a sample material and for receiving a reflected millimeter wave electromagnetic energy signal from the sample material. Ferrite circulator isolators coupled between the GDO source and the antenna separate the millimeter wave electromagnetic energy signal into transmitted and received electromagnetic energy signal components and a detector detects change in both amplitude and phase of the transmitted and received electromagnetic energy signal components. A millimeter wave sensor is provided for non-destructive inspection of thin sheet dielectric materials. The millimeter wave sensor includes a Gunn diode oscillator (GDO) source generating a mill meter wave electromagnetic energy signal having a single frequency. A heater is coupled to the GDO source for stabilizing the single frequency. A small size antenna is coupled to the GDO source for transmitting the millimeter wave electromagnetic energy signal to a sample material and for receiving a reflected millimeter wave electromagnetic energy signal from the sample material. Ferrite circulator isolators coupled between the GDO source and the antenna separate the millimeter wave electromagnetic energy signal into transmitted and received electromagnetic energy signal components and a detector detects change in both amplitude and phase of the transmitted and received electromagnetic energy signal components.

Geological Hypothesis Testing and Investigations of Coupling with Transient Electromagnetics (TEM)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adams, A. C.; Moeller, M. M.; Snyder, E.; Workman, E. J.; Urquhart, S.; Bedrosian, P.; Pellerin, L.

2014-12-01

Transient electromagnetic (TEM) data were acquired in Borrego Canyon within the Santo Domingo Basin of the Rio Grande Rift, central New Mexico, during the 2014 Summer of Applied Geophysical Experience (SAGE) field program. TEM surveys were carried out in several regions both to investigate geologic structure and to illustrate the effects of coupling to anthropogenic structures. To determine an optimal survey configuration, 50, 100 and 200 m square transmitter loops were deployed; estimates of depth-of-investigation and logistical considerations determined that 50 m loops were sufficient for production-style measurements. A resistive (100s of ohm-m) layer was identified at a depth of 25-75 m at several locations, and interpreted as dismembered parts of one or more concealed volcanic flows, an interpretation consistent with Tertiary volcanic flows that cap the Santa Anna Mesa immediately to the south. TEM soundings were also made across an inferred fault to investigate whether fault offset is accompanied by lateral changes in electrical resistivity. Soundings within several hundred meters of the inferred fault strand were identical, indicating no resistivity contrast across the fault, and possibly an absence of recent activity. An old windmill and water tank, long-abandoned, offered an excellent laboratory to study the effect of coupling to metallic anthropogenic structures. The character of the measured data strongly suggests the water tank is in electrical contact with the earth (galvanic coupling), and an induced response was persistent to more than 1 second after current turn-off. Coupling effects could be identified at least 150 meters from the tank. Understanding the mechanism behind such coupling and the ability to identify coupled data are critical skills, as one-dimensional modeling of data is affected by such coupling producing artificial conductive layers at depth.

Validation of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for quantifying left ventricular volumes in the presence of a left ventricular aneurysm: in vitro and in vivo studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Qin, J. X.; Jones, M.; Shiota, T.; Greenberg, N. L.; Tsujino, H.; Firstenberg, M. S.; Gupta, P. C.; Zetts, A. D.; Xu, Y.; Ping Sun, J.;

Frequency Management for Electromagnetic Continuous Wave Conductivity Meters.

PubMed

Mazurek, Przemyslaw; Putynkowski, Grzegorz

2016-04-07

Ground conductivity meters use electromagnetic fields for the mapping of geological variations, like the determination of water amount, depending on ground layers, which is important for the state analysis of embankments. The VLF band is contaminated by numerous natural and artificial electromagnetic interference signals. Prior to the determination of ground conductivity, the meter's working frequency is not possible, due to the variable frequency of the interferences. Frequency management based on the analysis of the selected band using track-before-detect (TBD) algorithms, which allows dynamical frequency changes of the conductivity of the meter transmitting part, is proposed in the paper. Naive maximum value search, spatio-temporal TBD (ST-TBD), Viterbi TBD and a new algorithm that uses combined ST-TBD and Viterbi TBD are compared. Monte Carlo tests are provided for the numerical analysis of the properties for a single interference signal in the considered band, and a new approach based on combined ST-TBD and Viterbi algorithms shows the best performance. The considered algorithms process spectrogram data for the selected band, so DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) could be applied for the computation of the spectrogram. Real-time properties, related to the latency, are discussed also, and it is shown that TBD algorithms are feasible for real applications.

Balanced Flow Meters without Moving Parts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelley, Anthony R.; VanBuskirk, Paul

2008-01-01

Balanced flow meters are recent additions to an established class of simple, rugged flow meters that contain no moving parts in contact with flow and are based on measurement of pressure drops across objects placed in flow paths. These flow meters are highly accurate, minimally intrusive, easily manufacturable, and reliable. A balanced flow meter can be easily mounted in a flow path by bolting it between conventional pipe flanges. A balanced flow meter can be used to measure the flow of any of a variety of liquids or gases, provided that it has been properly calibrated. Relative to the standard orifice-plate flow meter, the balanced flow meter introduces less turbulence and two times less permanent pressure loss and is therefore capable of offering 10 times greater accuracy and repeatability with less dissipation of energy. A secondary benefit of the reduction of turbulence is the reduction of vibration and up to 15 times less acoustic noise generation. Both the balanced flow meter and the standard orifice-plate flow meter are basically disks that contain holes and are instrumented with pressure transducers on their upstream and downstream faces. The most obvious difference between them is that the standard orifice plate contains a single, central hole while the balanced flow meter contains multiple holes. The term 'balanced' signifies that in designing the meter, the sizes and locations of the holes are determined in an optimization procedure that involves balancing of numerous factors, including volumetric flow, mass flow, dynamic pressure, kinetic energy, all in an effort to minimize such undesired effects as turbulence, pressure loss, dissipation of kinetic energy, and non-repeatability and nonlinearity of response over the anticipated range of flow conditions. Due to proper balancing of these factors, recent testing demonstrated that the balanced flow-meter performance was similar to a Venturi tube in both accuracy and pressure recovery, but featured reduced cost and pipe-length requirements.

Phasic changes in human right coronary blood flow before and after repair of aortic insufficiency.

PubMed

Folts, J D; Rowe, G G; Kahn, D R; Young, W P

1979-02-01

We have shown previously that acute aortic insufficiency in chronically instrumented dogs reverses the normally high ratio of diastolic to systolic coronary blood flow. Phasic blood flow in the dominant right coronary artery was measured directly with an electromagnetic flow meter during surgery in eight patients with severe aortic insufficiency before and after relacement of the aortic valve. Before the insufficiency was eliminated, right coronary flow average 116 +/- 37 ml./minute and the diastolic to systolic flow ratio was 0.88 +/- 17. Mean arterial blood pressure averaged 106 +/- 17 mm. Hg, heart rate 84 +/- 19 beats/minute, and mean diastolic pressure averaged 67 +/- 10 mm. Hg. After the aortic valve was replaced with an average heart rate of 90 +/- 15 and mean blood pressure of 103 +/- 13 mm. Hg, the average right coronary blood flow increased to 180 +/- 40 ml./minute with a D/S ratio of 2.18 +/- 0.8. In all cases the right coronary blood flow increased after the aortic insufficiency was eliminated surgically. Right coronary flow probably increased because of the improved diastolic perfusion pressure and the change from predominantly systolic to diastolic coronary flow.

Revisiting the accuracy of peak flow meters: a double-blind study using formal methods of agreement.

PubMed

Nazir, Z; Razaq, S; Mir, S; Anwar, M; Al Mawlawi, G; Sajad, M; Shehab, A; Taylor, R S

2005-05-01

There is widespread use of peak flow meters in both hospitals and general practice. Previous studies to assess peak flow meter accuracy have shown significant differences in the values obtained from different meters. However, many of these studies did not use human subjects for peak flow measurements and did not compare meters of varying usage. In this study human subjects have been used with meters of varying usage. Participants were tested using two new (meters A and C) and one old peak flow meter (meter B) in random order. The study was double-blinded. Participants were recruited from the university campus. Four hundred and nine individuals participated. The difference between peak flow means of A and B was -9.93 l/min (95% CI: -12.37 to -7.48, P<0.0001). The difference between peak flow means of B and C was 20.08 l/min (95% CI: 17.85-22.29, P<0.0001). The difference between peak flow means of A and C was 10.15 l/min (95% CI: 7.68-12.61, P<0.0001). There was a significant difference between the values obtained from the new and old peak flow meters and also between the two new peak flow meters. We conclude that there is need for caution in interchangeably using flow meters in clinical practice.

40 CFR 1065.225 - Intake-air flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... flow meter. (a) Application. You may use an intake-air flow meter in combination with a chemical..., you may use an intake-air flow meter signal that does not give the actual value of raw exhaust, as... requirements. We recommend that you use an intake-air flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of...

Repeatability and oblique flow response characteristics of current meters

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fulford, Janice M.; Thibodeaux, Kirk G.; Kaehrle, William R.; ,

1993-01-01

Laboratory investigation into the precision and accuracy of various mechanical-current meters are presented. Horizontal-axis and vertical-axis meters that are used for the measurement of point velocities in streams and rivers were tested. Meters were tested for repeatability and response to oblique flows. Both horizontal- and vertical-axis meters were found to under- and over-register oblique flows with errors generally increasing as the velocity and angle of flow increased. For the oblique flow tests, magnitude of errors were smallest for horizontal-axis meters. Repeatability of all meters tested was good, with the horizontal- and vertical-axis meters performing similarly.

Vortex shedding flow meter performance at high flow velocities

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegwarth, J. D.

1986-01-01

In some of the ducts of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME), the maximum liquid oxygen flow velocities approach 10 times those at which liquid flow measurements are normally made. The hydrogen gas flow velocities in other ducts exceed the maximum for gas flow measurement by more than a factor of 3. The results presented here show from water flow tests that vortex shedding flow meters of the appropriate design can measure water flow to velocities in excess of 55 m/s, which is a Reynolds number of about 2 million. Air flow tests have shown that the same meter can measure flow to a Reynolds number of at least 22 million. Vortex shedding meters were installed in two of the SSME ducts and tested with water flow. Narrow spectrum lines were obtained and the meter output frequencies were proportional to flow to + or - 0.5% or better over the test range with no flow conditioning, even though the ducts had multiple bends preceeding the meter location. Meters with the shedding elements only partially spanning the pipe and some meters with ring shaped shedding elements were also tested.

Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

PubMed

Havas, Magda

2006-01-01

Dirty electricity is a ubiquitous pollutant. It flows along wires and radiates from them and involves both extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and radio frequency radiation. Until recently, dirty electricity has been largely ignored by the scientific community. Recent inventions of metering and filter equipment provide scientists with the tools to measure and reduce dirty electricity on electrical wires. Several case studies and anecdotal reports are presented. Graham/Stetzer (GS) filters have been installed in schools with sick building syndrome and both staff and students reported improved health and more energy. The number of students needing inhalers for asthma was reduced in one school and student behavior associated with ADD/ADHD improved in another school. Blood sugar levels for some diabetics respond to the amount of dirty electricity in their environment. Type 1 diabetics require less insulin and Type 2 diabetics have lower blood sugar levels in an electromagnetically clean environment. Individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis have better balance and fewer tremors. Those requiring a cane walked unassisted within a few days to weeks after GS filters were installed in their home. Several disorders, including asthma, ADD/ADHD, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, are increasing at an alarming rate, as is electromagnetic pollution in the form of dirty electricity, ground current, and radio frequency radiation from wireless devices. The connection between electromagnetic pollution and these disorders needs to be investigated and the percentage of people sensitive to this form of energy needs to be determined.

40 CFR 1065.640 - Flow meter calibration calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Flow meter calibration calculations... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calculations and Data Requirements § 1065.640 Flow meter calibration calculations. This section describes the calculations for calibrating various flow meters. After...

Flow Meter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1990-01-01

Hedland Flow Meters manufactures a complete line of flow meters used in industrial operations to monitor the flow of oil, water or other liquids, air and other compressed gases, including caustics or corrosive liquids/gases. The company produces more than 1,000 types of flow meters featuring rugged construction, simplicity of installation and the ability to operate in any position.

40 CFR 1065.230 - Raw exhaust flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... flow meter. (a) Application. You may use measured raw exhaust flow, as follows: (1) Use the actual... the following cases, you may use a raw exhaust flow meter signal that does not give the actual value... consumed. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you use a raw-exhaust flow meter that meets the...

Integrated geophysical surveys for mapping lati-andesite intrusive bodies, Chino Valley, Arizona

USGS Publications Warehouse

El-Kaliouby, Hesham; Sternberg, Ben K.; Hoffmann, John P.; Langenheim, V.E.

2012-01-01

Three different geophysical methods (magnetic, transient electromagnetic (TEM) and gravity) were used near Chino Valley, Arizona, USA in order to map a suspected lati-andesite intrusive body (plug) previously located by interpretation of aeromagnetic data. The magnetic and TEM surveys provided the best indication of the location and depth of the plug. The north-south spatial extent of this plug was estimated to be approximately 600 meters. The depth to the top of the plug was found from the TEM survey to be approximately 350 meters near the center of the survey. The location of the plug defined by the ground magnetic data is consistent with that from the TEM data. Gravity data mostly image the basin-basement interface with a small contribution from the plug of about 0.5 mGal. Results from this investigation can be used to help define the irregular subsurface topography caused by several intrusive lati-andesite plugs that could influence groundwater flow in the area.

Relations Among Systems of Electromagnetic Equations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

page, Chester H.

1970-01-01

Contends that the equations of electromagnetism, whether in rationalized or non-rationalized form, express an invariant set of physical relationships. The relationships among corresponding symbols are given and applied to precise statements about the relation between the oersted and the amphere per meter, the abampere and the ampere, etc.…

Use of a resistance meter to locate manure suitable for energy recovery in beef cattle feedyards

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Mineral constituents, i.e., salts, contained in beef feedlot manure alter inherent soil conductivity. Researchers at USMARC have adapted tools such as electromagnetic soil conductivity meters and mapping/modeling software to identify areas where by manure accumulates on beef cattle feedlots. These t...

40 CFR 92.117 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.117 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to...

40 CFR 92.117 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Gas meter or flow instrumentation... ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.117 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to...

40 CFR 92.117 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.117 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to...

40 CFR 92.117 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.117 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to...

40 CFR 92.117 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... ENGINES Test Procedures § 92.117 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration, particulate measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to...

Measurement and control systems for an imaging electromagnetic flow metre.

PubMed

Zhao, Y Y; Lucas, G; Leeungculsatien, T

2014-03-01

Electromagnetic flow metres based on the principles of Faraday's laws of induction have been used successfully in many industries. The conventional electromagnetic flow metre can measure the mean liquid velocity in axisymmetric single phase flows. However, in order to achieve velocity profile measurements in single phase flows with non-uniform velocity profiles, a novel imaging electromagnetic flow metre (IEF) has been developed which is described in this paper. The novel electromagnetic flow metre which is based on the 'weight value' theory to reconstruct velocity profiles is interfaced with a 'Microrobotics VM1' microcontroller as a stand-alone unit. The work undertaken in the paper demonstrates that an imaging electromagnetic flow metre for liquid velocity profile measurement is an instrument that is highly suited for control via a microcontroller. © 2013 ISA Published by ISA All rights reserved.

Low Flow Vortex Shedding Flow Meter for Hypergolics/all Media

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thinh, Ngo Dinh

1991-01-01

A family of vortex shedding flow meters, for measurement of hypergol flows, was designed and fabricated. The test loops to evaluate the flow meters for water flow, as well as Freon -113 flow which simulates the hypergolic fluids, were modified and constructed to utilize a pump system which has an output capacity of 200 gpm. Test runs were conducted on the small 1/2 inch model with Freon 113 and on the larger models with water. Results showed that the linearity between the frequency of the vortices and the flow rate of the fluids was very close to that of the turbine flow meter. It is suggested that the vortex shedding flow meter is a possible replacement for the existing turbine type.

40 CFR 98.423 - Calculating CO2 supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Calculate the annual mass of CO2 captured, extracted, imported, or exported through each flow meter in... flow meters are used, you shall calculate the annual mass of CO2 for all flow meters according to the procedures specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (1) For each mass flow meter, you shall calculate...

Collection, processing, and quality assurance of time-series electromagnetic-induction log datasets, 1995–2016, south Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Prinos, Scott T.; Valderrama, Robert

2016-12-13

Time-series electromagnetic-induction log (TSEMIL) datasets are collected from polyvinyl-chloride cased or uncased monitoring wells to evaluate changes in water conductivity over time. TSEMIL datasets consist of a series of individual electromagnetic-induction logs, generally collected at a frequency of once per month or once per year that have been compiled into a dataset by eliminating small uniform offsets in bulk conductivity between logs probably caused by minor variations in calibration. These offsets are removed by selecting a depth at which no changes are apparent from year to year, and by adjusting individual logs to the median of all logs at the selected depth. Generally, the selected depths are within the freshwater saturated part of the aquifer, well below the water table. TSEMIL datasets can be used to monitor changes in water conductivity throughout the full thickness of an aquifer, without the need for long open-interval wells which have, in some instances, allowed vertical water flow within the well bore that has biased water conductivity profiles. The TSEMIL dataset compilation process enhances the ability to identify small differences between logs that were otherwise obscured by the offsets. As a result of TSEMIL dataset compilation, the root mean squared error of the linear regression between bulk conductivity of the electromagnetic-induction log measurements and the chloride concentration of water samples decreased from 17.4 to 1.7 millisiemens per meter in well G–3611 and from 3.7 to 2.2 millisiemens per meter in well G–3609. The primary use of the TSEMIL datasets in south Florida is to detect temporal changes in bulk conductivity associated with saltwater intrusion in the aquifer; however, other commonly observed changes include (1) variations in bulk conductivity near the water table where water saturation of pore spaces might vary and water temperature might be more variable, and (2) dissipation of conductive water in high-porosity rock layers, which might have entered these layers during drilling. Although TSEMIL dataset processing of even a few logs improves evaluations of the differences between the logs that are related to changes in the salinity, about 16 logs are needed to estimate the bulk conductivity within ±2 millisiemens per meter. Unlike many other types of data published by the U.S. Geological Survey, the median of TSEMIL datasets should not be considered final until 16 logs are collected and the median of the dataset is stable.

Hybrid TLC-pair meter for the Sphinx Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wada, T.; Yamamoto, I.; Takahashi, N.; Misaki, A.

1985-01-01

The chief aims in THE SPHINX PROJECT are research of super lepton physics and new detector experiments. At the second phase of THE SPHINX PROJECT, a hybrid TLC-PAIR METER was designed for measuring high energy neutrino sources (E upsilon * TeV), searching high energy muon sources (E mu TeV) and measuring muon group (E mu 1 TeV). The principle of PAIR METER has been already proposed. In this TLC-PAIR METER, electromagnetic shower induced by cosmic ray muons are detected using TL (Thermoluminescence) sheets with position counters.

Electromagnetic interference in electrical systems of motor vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dziubiński, M.; Drozd, A.; Adamiec, M.; Siemionek, E.

2016-09-01

Electronic ignition system affects the electronic equipment of the vehicle by electric and magnetic fields. The measurement of radio electromagnetic interference originating from the ignition system affecting the audiovisual test bench was carried out with a variable speed of the ignition system. The paper presents measurements of radio electromagnetic interference in automobiles. In order to determine the level of electromagnetic interference, the audiovisual test bench was equipped with a set of meters for power consumption and assessment of the level of electromagnetic interference. Measurements of the electromagnetic interference level within the audiovisual system were performed on an experimental test bench consisting of the ignition system, starting system and charging system with an alternator and regulator.

40 CFR 1065.245 - Sample flow meter for batch sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.245... difference between a diluted exhaust sample flow meter and a dilution air meter to calculate raw exhaust flow...

40 CFR 1065.245 - Sample flow meter for batch sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.245... difference between a diluted exhaust sample flow meter and a dilution air meter to calculate raw exhaust flow...

40 CFR 1065.245 - Sample flow meter for batch sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.245... difference between a diluted exhaust sample flow meter and a dilution air meter to calculate raw exhaust flow...

40 CFR 1065.245 - Sample flow meter for batch sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.245... difference between a diluted exhaust sample flow meter and a dilution air meter to calculate raw exhaust flow...

Accuracy of mini peak flow meters in indicating changes in lung function in children with asthma.

PubMed Central

Sly, P. D.; Cahill, P.; Willet, K.; Burton, P.

1994-01-01

OBJECTIVE--To assess whether mini flow meters used to measure peak expiratory flow can track changes in lung function and indicate clinically important changes. DESIGN--Comparison of measurements with a spirometer and different brands of mini flow meter; the meters were allocated to subjects haphazardly. SUBJECTS--12 boys with asthma aged 11 to 17 attending boarding school. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Peak expiratory flow measured twice daily for three months with a spirometer and at least one of four brands of mini flow meter. RESULTS--The relation between changes in lung function measured with the spirometer and those measured with the mini flow meters was generally poor. In all, 26 episodes (range 1-3 in an individual child) of clinically important deterioration in lung function were detected from the records obtained with the spirometer. One mini flow meter detected six of 19 episodes, one detected six of 15, one detected six of 18, and one detected three of 21. CONCLUSIONS--Not only are the absolute values of peak expiratory flow obtained with mini flow meters inaccurate but the clinical message may also be incorrect. These findings do not imply that home monitoring of peak expiratory flow has no place in the management of childhood asthma but that the values obtained should be interpreted cautiously. PMID:8148680

Low flow vortex shedding flowmeter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waugaman, Charles J.

1989-01-01

The purpose was to continue a development project on a no moving parts vortex shedding flowmeter used for flow measurement of hypergols. The project involved the design and construction of a test loop to evaluate the meter for flow of Freon which simulates the hypergol fluids. Results were obtained on the output frequency characteristics of the flow meter as a function of flow rate. A family of flow meters for larger size lines and ranges of flow was sized based on the results of the tested meter.

75 FR 42330 - Elemental Mercury Used in Flow Meters, Natural Gas Manometers, and Pyrometers; Significant New...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-21

..., the sale of mercury-containing flow meters is banned in six states: California, Maine, Massachusetts... Elemental Mercury Used in Flow Meters, Natural Gas Manometers, and Pyrometers; Significant New Use Rule... mercury (CAS No. 7439-97-6) for use in flow meters, natural gas manometers, and pyrometers, except for use...

Soil profile water content determination:Spatiotemporal variability of electromagnetic and neutron probe sensors in access tubes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Since the late 1980s, electromagnetic (EM) sensors for determination on of soil water content from within nonmetallic access tubes have been marketed as replacements for the neutron moisture meter (NMM); however, the accuracy, variability and physical significance of EM sensor field measurements hav...

Edward Weston and the "Modern" Galvanometer Movement

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenslade, Thomas B., Jr.

2008-01-01

One of my favorite 19th century electrical scientists is Edward Weston, and one of my favorite devices for teaching the topics of electromagnetic forces and torques is the D'Arsonval galvanometer. The junction of these two topics is Weston's improved meter movement that has been used in analog meters for the past 125 years.

Performance of Thermal Mass Flow Meters in a Variable Gravitational Environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brooker, John E.; Ruff, Gary A.

2004-01-01

The performance of five thermal mass flow meters, MKS Instruments 179A and 258C, Unit Instruments UFM-8100, Sierra Instruments 830L, and Hastings Instruments HFM-200, were tested on the KC-135 Reduced Gravity Aircraft in orthogonal, coparallel, and counterparallel orientations relative to gravity. Data was taken throughout the parabolic trajectory where the g-level varied from 0.01 to 1.8 times normal gravity. Each meter was calibrated in normal gravity in the orthogonal position prior to flight followed by ground testing at seven different flow conditions to establish a baseline operation. During the tests, the actual flow rate was measured independently using choked-flow orifices. Gravitational acceleration and attitude had a unique effect on the performance of each meter. All meters operated within acceptable limits at all gravity levels in the calibrated orthogonal position. However, when operated in other orientations, the deviations from the reference flow became substantial for several of the flow meters. Data analysis indicated that the greatest source of error was the effect of orientation, followed by the gravity level. This work emphasized that when operating thermal flow meters in a variable gravity environment, it is critical to orient the meter in the same direction relative to gravity in which it was calibrated. Unfortunately, there was no test in normal gravity that could predict the performance of a meter in reduced gravity. When operating in reduced gravity, all meters indicated within 5 percent of the full scale reading at all flow conditions and orientations.

Precision Geolocation of Active Electromagnetic Sensors Using Stationary Magnetic Sensors

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

0.0003, 0.0003 ] m TiltMeter Mean Pitch: -1.71576990 and Roll: 0.92591697 LSQ Moment Pitch: 0.00576850 and Roll: -0.35543026 Run #5...Standard deviation of optimized solution: [ 0.0028, 0.0014, 0.0012 ] m TiltMeter Mean Pitch: -1.08757549 and Roll: 1.09065730 LSQ Moment...0.00, 0.00, -434.95 ] Standard deviation of optimized solution: [ 0.0051, 0.0031, 0.0035 ] m TiltMeter Mean Pitch: 0.05301905

Intravenous fluid flow meter concept for zero gravity environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, C. G.

1972-01-01

Measuring chamber, included in infusion-set tubing, and peristaltic flow meter concept can be incorporated into flow meter that measures fluid flow rates between 100 and 600 cu cm per hour and at the same time maintains sterilization.

Development and Testing of the Europa Mission's Venturi Flow Meter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Diaz, C. E.; McKim, S. A.

2017-01-01

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), in collaboration with NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Fox Valve Development Corp. and Oxford Lasers, is developing a set of venturi flow meters for use on the Europa Mission's propulsion subsystem. The requirement for the venturi flow meters' throat diameters is approximately 0.040". An early risk reduction activity conducted by MSFC revealed that a venturi flow meter produced by FOX with a throat diameter near 0.040" had much higher pressure loss than venturi flow meters with larger throat diameters and venturis of similar throat diameter size but with no pressure taps (i.e. venturis with a throat length to diameter ratio of zero). In response, a series of venturi flow meters was fabricated and flow tested to gain insight into pressure recovery as it is affected by pressure port diameter, throat length and diffuser angle in an effort to improve the performance of a venturi flow meter. This presentation provides a summary of the venturi flow meter development activity including: a description of the test's objectives, a detailed description of each venturi configuration, a description of the manufacturing processes of the venturis, and observations from the test data. A summary of the current development activities will also be given, as well as the current development path forward. Ultimately, the knowledge gained through the fabrication and testing of these venturis provides guidance to design a flight venturi flow meters with pressure recoveries that is acceptable for the Europa flight application.

Effect of Doppler flow meter position on discharge measurement in surcharged manholes.

PubMed

Yang, Haoming; Zhu, David Z; Liu, Yanchen

2018-02-01

Determining the proper installation location of flow meters is important for accurate measurement of discharge in sewer systems. In this study, flow field and flow regimes in two types of manholes under surcharged flow were investigated using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The error in measuring the flow discharge using a Doppler flow meter (based on the velocity in a Doppler beam) was then estimated. The values of the corrective coefficient were obtained for the Doppler flow meter at different locations under various conditions. Suggestions for selecting installation positions are provided.

40 CFR 1065.230 - Raw exhaust flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Raw exhaust flow meter. 1065.230... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.230 Raw exhaust flow meter. (a) Application. You may use measured raw exhaust flow, as follows: (1) Use the actual...

40 CFR 1065.220 - Fuel flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Fuel flow meter. 1065.220 Section 1065... ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.220 Fuel flow meter. (a) Application. You may use fuel flow in combination with a chemical balance of fuel, inlet air, and...

40 CFR 1065.220 - Fuel flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Fuel flow meter. 1065.220 Section 1065... ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.220 Fuel flow meter. (a) Application. You may use fuel flow in combination with a chemical balance of fuel, inlet air, and...

27 CFR 19.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., section, or portion of this part: Accurate mass flow meter. A mass flow meter for making volume determinations of bulk distilled spirits. A mass flow meter used for tax determination of bulk spirits must be certified by the manufacturer of the meter or other qualified person as accurate within a tolerance of plus...

27 CFR 19.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., section, or portion of this part: Accurate mass flow meter. A mass flow meter for making volume determinations of bulk distilled spirits. A mass flow meter used for tax determination of bulk spirits must be certified by the manufacturer of the meter or other qualified person as accurate within a tolerance of plus...

27 CFR 19.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., section, or portion of this part: Accurate mass flow meter. A mass flow meter for making volume determinations of bulk distilled spirits. A mass flow meter used for tax determination of bulk spirits must be certified by the manufacturer of the meter or other qualified person as accurate within a tolerance of plus...

27 CFR 19.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., section, or portion of this part: Accurate mass flow meter. A mass flow meter for making volume determinations of bulk distilled spirits. A mass flow meter used for tax determination of bulk spirits must be certified by the manufacturer of the meter or other qualified person as accurate within a tolerance of plus...

First results from experiment in South China Sea using marine controlled source electromagnetic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yuan; Wang, Lipeng; Deng, Ming

2016-04-01

We concentrated on the use of marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) sounding with a horizontal electric dipole source towed close to the seafloor and receivers anchored on the seafloor. We applied the CSEM method in South China Sea for the first time in 2014, which not only test the application of our instrument, but also test our data processing method. Electromagnetic fields transmitted by a towed electric dipole source in deep sea were measured by a linear array of six seafloor receivers, positioned 600 meter (m) apart. Our results provided two highly resistivity layers beneath the survey line and the gas hydrate saturation profile associated with the anomalous resistivity. In the letter, we discussed some anomalous layers during the interpretation steps. The most plausible explanation of the first resistivity layer anomalies is that large amounts of gas hydrate have accumulated at 200 m depth below the seep sites, and the second layers is considerable volumes of gas hydrate have accumulated the seafloor at survey line according to the conceptual model, during the resistivity compared with other evidence like seismic and well data from the same survey. We should try other observation like heat flow, geochemical or other evidence to test the statement in the future.

The Anti-RFI Design of Intelligent Electric Energy Meters with UHF RFID

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xiangqun; Huang, Rui; Shen, Liman; chen, Hao; Xiong, Dezhi; Xiao, Xiangqi; Liu, Mouhai; Xu, Renheng

2018-03-01

In order to solve the existing artificial meter reading watt-hour meter industry is still slow and inventory of common problems, using the uhf radio frequency identification (RFID) technology and intelligent watt-hour meter depth fusion, which has a one-time read multiple tags, identification distance, high transmission rate, high reliability, etc, while retaining the original asset management functions, in order to ensure the uhf RFID and minimum impact on the operation of the intelligent watt-hour meter, proposed to improve the stability of the electric meter system while working at the same time, this paper designs the uhf RFID intelligent watt-hour meter radio frequency interference resistance, put forward to improve intelligent watt-hour meter electromagnetic compatibility design train of thought, and introduced its power and the hardware circuit design of printed circuit board, etc.

40 CFR 86.120-94 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... Procedures § 86.120-94 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde... or flow instrumentation to determine flow through the particulate filters, methanol impingers and...

40 CFR 86.120-94 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... Procedures § 86.120-94 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde... or flow instrumentation to determine flow through the particulate filters, methanol impingers and...

40 CFR 86.120-94 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... Procedures § 86.120-94 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde... or flow instrumentation to determine flow through the particulate filters, methanol impingers and...

40 CFR 86.120-94 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... Procedures § 86.120-94 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde... or flow instrumentation to determine flow through the particulate filters, methanol impingers and...

40 CFR 86.120-94 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... Procedures § 86.120-94 Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol and formaldehyde... or flow instrumentation to determine flow through the particulate filters, methanol impingers and...

40 CFR 98.426 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream capture, dehydration... measure CO2 concentration. (7) The location of the flow meter in your process chain in relation to the... through subsequent flow meter(s) in metric tons. (iii) The total annual CO2 mass supplied in metric tons...

Environmental projects. Volume 6: Environmental assessment. New 34-meter antenna at Venus site

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kushner, L.

1988-01-01

The Jet Propulsion Lab has proposed replacing the 26-meter antenna at the Venus Station of the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex with a new 34-meter antenna. An environmental impact assessment of this proposed change is presented. It is concluded that the proposed antenna and its operation would not result in significant adverse impacts to the physical or human environment. It will, however, be necessary to manage electromagnetic transmissions from the antenna in such a manner as to ensure safe operation.

Frequency Management for Electromagnetic Continuous Wave Conductivity Meters

PubMed Central

Mazurek, Przemyslaw; Putynkowski, Grzegorz

2016-01-01

Ground conductivity meters use electromagnetic fields for the mapping of geological variations, like the determination of water amount, depending on ground layers, which is important for the state analysis of embankments. The VLF band is contaminated by numerous natural and artificial electromagnetic interference signals. Prior to the determination of ground conductivity, the meter’s working frequency is not possible, due to the variable frequency of the interferences. Frequency management based on the analysis of the selected band using track-before-detect (TBD) algorithms, which allows dynamical frequency changes of the conductivity of the meter transmitting part, is proposed in the paper. Naive maximum value search, spatio-temporal TBD (ST-TBD), Viterbi TBD and a new algorithm that uses combined ST-TBD and Viterbi TBD are compared. Monte Carlo tests are provided for the numerical analysis of the properties for a single interference signal in the considered band, and a new approach based on combined ST-TBD and Viterbi algorithms shows the best performance. The considered algorithms process spectrogram data for the selected band, so DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) could be applied for the computation of the spectrogram. Real–time properties, related to the latency, are discussed also, and it is shown that TBD algorithms are feasible for real applications. PMID:27070608

Electromagnetic surveys to detect clay-rich sediment in the Rio Grande inner valley, Albuquerque area, New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bartolino, James R.; Sterling, Joseph M.

2000-01-01

Information on the presence of clay-rich layers in the inner-valley alluvium is essential for quantifying the amount of water transmitted between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system. This report describes a study that used electromagnetic surveys to provide this information. In the first phase of the study, electromagnetic soundings were made using time-domain and frequency-domain electro- magnetic methods. On the basis of these initial results, the time- domain method was judged ineffective because of cultural noise in the study area, so subsequent surveys were made using the frequency-domain method. For the second phase of the study, 31 frequency-domain electromagnetic surveys were conducted along the inner valley and parallel to the Rio Grande in the Albuquerque area in the spring and summer of 1997 to determine the presence of hydrologically significant clay-rich layers buried in the inner-valley alluvium. For this report, the 31 survey sections were combined into 10 composite sections for ease of interpretation. Terrain-conductivity data from the surveys were modeled using interpretation software to produce geoelectric cross sections along the survey lines. This modeling used lithologic logs from two wells installed near the survey lines: the Bosque South and Rio Bravo 5 wells. Because of cultural interference, location of the wells and soundings, complex stratigraphy, and difficulty interpreting lithology, such interpretation was inconclusive. Instead, a decision process based on modeling results was developed using vertical and horizontal dipole 40-meter intercoil spacing terrain-conductivity values. Values larger than or equal to 20 millisiemens per meter were interpreted to contain a hydrologically significant thickness of clay-rich sediment. Thus, clay-rich sediment was interpreted to underlie seven segments of the 10 composited survey lines, totaling at least 2,660 meters of the Rio Grande inner valley. The longest of these clay-rich segments is a 940-meter reach between Bridge and Rio Bravo Boulevards.

On-site flow calibration of turbine meters for natural gas custody transfer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ting, V.C.; Schexnayder, L.L.; Conkling, D.B.

1991-05-01

This paper presents the design criteria, performance characteristics, and calibration procedures relating to a turbine-meter flow-calibration facility used in the high-volume custody transfer of natural gas. The facility, located in Venice, LA, is owned and operated by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. and is used to meter sales volumes of up to 500 MMscf/D (14.16 {times} 10 std m{sup 3}/d) at a nominal operating pressure of 1,000 psig (6.9 MPa). The system includes three 12-in. (30.48 cm) turbine meters used for sales-volume measurement, a bank of sonic nozzles, and a master turbine meter connected in series with the sales meters. The sonicmore » nozzles and master meter serve as flow-proving and -calibration devices. sonic nozzles are recommended by the turbine-meter standard for meter calibration. This paper examines the performance of on-site calibration of gas turbine meters. The Venice facility successfully demonstrated that on-site calibration of gas-metering devices can ensure accurate gas-flow measurement under field conditions.« less

Examination of magnetic resonance soundings in the Central Platter River Basin for ground water model enhancements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abraham, J. D.; Kress, W. H.; Cannia, J. C.; Steele, G. V.; Smith, B. D.; Woodward, D.

2008-12-01

In 2007, the USGS in cooperation with the Central Platte Natural Resources District, central Nebraska, initiated a four year study to test the usefulness of magnetic resonance rounding (MRS) to gather information on aquifer characteristics. Magnetic resonance sounding is a ground surface applied tool which has the potential to measure hydraulic conductivity at depth using noninvasive means. This in turn will provide a low cost alternative to traditional aquifer tests. MRS also will allow for collection of large data sets of aquifer properties during short periods of time. The work is under way in Dawson County near Lexington, Nebraska to characterize the hydrogeology of the Quaternary-age alluvial and underlying Tertiary-age Ogallala Group aquifers that occur within the Platte River Valley. This county was selected because it lies in an area of Nebraska that has major groundwater- surface water management issues which have stimulated the development of regional and local groundwater models. Data used to evaluate the MRS during this study were derived from traditional constant discharge aquifer tests, borehole flow meter tests, lithologic descriptions, borehole geophysics, and time-domain electromagnetic soundings. This study presents methods and interpretation of MRS. The MRS-derived hydraulic conductivity data will be compared to hydraulic conductivity data from two separate constant discharge pumping tests of the alluvium and Ogallala Group aquifers at Site 72 The MRS-derived hydraulic conductivity data will also be compared to conductivity estimates based on data from a borehole flow meter test. This information can potentially be incorporated into groundwater models of the area to provide improved data sets of aquifer characteristics. The research will document an integrated MRS, surface geophysical, borehole geophysical, borehole flow meter and aquifer test approach in which the hydrostratigraphy of the Platte River alluvial aquifer and Ogallala aquifer can be described.

Acceleration of objects to high velocity by electromagnetic forces

DOEpatents

Post, Richard F

2017-02-28

Two exemplary approaches to the acceleration of projectiles are provided. Both approaches can utilize concepts associated with the Inductrack maglev system. Either of them provides an effective means of accelerating multi-kilogram projectiles to velocities of several kilometers per second, using launchers of order 10 meters in length, thus enabling the acceleration of projectiles to high velocities by electromagnetic forces.

Measurement of Moisture in Wood for Application in the Restoration of Old Buildings.

PubMed

Moron, Carlos; Garcia-Fuentevilla, Luisa; Garcia, Alfonso; Moron, Alberto

2016-05-14

There are many historic buildings whose construction is based on timber frame walls. Most buildings built during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were based on timber frame walls with vertical support elements. These timber frame elements are affected by their moisture content and by the passage of time. If the interaction of the timber frame walls with hygrothermal fluctuations were known, the maintenance of these buildings could be improved significantly. To determine the moisture content of wood there are two types of meters on the market: on the one hand, capacitance meters which consist of two side ends and where the moisture content is measured locally between two peaks. On the other hand, there are meters based on the variation of electromagnetic transmittance of timber, which depends on the moisture of timber. The second ones are very expensive and difficult to handle. This work presents a new non-intrusive capacitive sensor that measures the global moisture content in a section of the timber frame walls and therefore its accuracy is similar to the accuracy that can be obtained with electromagnetic transmittance meters. Additionally, as it is a capacitive sensor, it is low cost and easy to operate.

Measurement of Moisture in Wood for Application in the Restoration of Old Buildings

PubMed Central

Moron, Carlos; Garcia-Fuentevilla, Luisa; Garcia, Alfonso; Moron, Alberto

2016-01-01

There are many historic buildings whose construction is based on timber frame walls. Most buildings built during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were based on timber frame walls with vertical support elements. These timber frame elements are affected by their moisture content and by the passage of time. If the interaction of the timber frame walls with hygrothermal fluctuations were known, the maintenance of these buildings could be improved significantly. To determine the moisture content of wood there are two types of meters on the market: on the one hand, capacitance meters which consist of two side ends and where the moisture content is measured locally between two peaks. On the other hand, there are meters based on the variation of electromagnetic transmittance of timber, which depends on the moisture of timber. The second ones are very expensive and difficult to handle. This work presents a new non-intrusive capacitive sensor that measures the global moisture content in a section of the timber frame walls and therefore its accuracy is similar to the accuracy that can be obtained with electromagnetic transmittance meters. Additionally, as it is a capacitive sensor, it is low cost and easy to operate. PMID:27187410

Intelligent Flow Control Valve

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelley, Anthony R (Inventor)

2015-01-01

The present invention is an intelligent flow control valve which may be inserted into the flow coming out of a pipe and activated to provide a method to stop, measure, and meter flow coming from the open or possibly broken pipe. The intelligent flow control valve may be used to stop the flow while repairs are made. Once repairs have been made, the valve may be removed or used as a control valve to meter the amount of flow from inside the pipe. With the addition of instrumentation, the valve may also be used as a variable area flow meter and flow controller programmed based upon flowing conditions. With robotic additions, the valve may be configured to crawl into a desired pipe location, anchor itself, and activate flow control or metering remotely.

Comparison of a few recording current meters in San Francisco Bay, CA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cheng, R.T.

1978-01-01

A team of research scientists in the U.S. Geological Survey uses San Francisco Bay, California, as an outdoor laboratory to study complicated interactions of physical, chemical, and biological processes which take place in an estuarine environment. A current meter comparison study was conceived because of the need to select a suitable current meter to meet field requirements for current measurements in the Bay. The study took place in south San Francisco Bay, California, in the spring of 1977. An instrument tower which was designed to support instruments free from the conventional mooring line motions was constructed and emplaced in south San Francisco Bay. During a period of two months, four types of recording current meters have been used in the tests. The four types were: (1) Aanderaa, (2) tethered shroud-impeller, (3) drag-inclinometer, and (4) electromagnetic current meters. With the exception of the electromagnetic current meter, one of each type was mounted on the instrument tower, and one of each type was deployed on moorings near the instrument tower. In addition, a wind anemometer and a recording tide gauge were also installed on the tower. This paper discusses the characteristics of each instrument and the accuracy that each instrument can provide when used in an estuarine environment. We pay special attention to our experiences in the field operation with respect to handling of the instruments and to our experiences working up the raw data in the post-deployment data analysis.

Dynamic change in mitral regurgitant orifice area: comparison of color Doppler echocardiographic and electromagnetic flowmeter-based methods in a chronic animal model.

PubMed

Shiota, T; Jones, M; Teien, D E; Yamada, I; Passafini, A; Ge, S; Sahn, D J

1995-08-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate dynamic changes in the mitral regurgitant orifice using electromagnetic flow probes and flowmeters and the color Doppler flow convergence method. Methods for determining mitral regurgitant orifice areas have been described using flow convergence imaging with a hemispheric isovelocity surface assumption. However, the shape of flow convergence isovelocity surfaces depends on many factors that change during regurgitation. In seven sheep with surgically created mitral regurgitation, 18 hemodynamic states were studied. The aliasing distances of flow convergence were measured at 10 sequential points using two ranges of aliasing velocities (0.20 to 0.32 and 0.56 to 0.72 m/s), and instantaneous flow rates were calculated using the hemispheric assumption. Instantaneous regurgitant areas were determined from the regurgitant flow rates obtained from both electromagnetic flowmeters and flow convergence divided by the corresponding continuous wave velocities. The regurgitant orifice sizes obtained using the electromagnetic flow method usually increased to maximal size in early to midsystole and then decreased in late systole. Patterns of dynamic changes in orifice area obtained by flow convergence were not the same as those delineated by the electromagnetic flow method. Time-averaged regurgitant orifice areas obtained by flow convergence using lower aliasing velocities overestimated the areas obtained by the electromagnetic flow method ([mean +/- SD] 0.27 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.12 +/- 0.06 cm2, p < 0.001), whereas flow convergence, using higher aliasing velocities, estimated the reference areas more reliably (0.15 +/- 0.06 cm2). The electromagnetic flow method studies uniformly demonstrated dynamic change in mitral regurgitant orifice area and suggested limitations of the flow convergence method.

40 CFR 1065.240 - Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust flow meter and a dilution air meter to.... We recommend that you use a diluted exhaust flow meter that meets the specifications in Table 1 of... verification in § 1065.307 and the calibration and verifications in § 1065.340 and § 1065.341. You may use the...

Noninvasive blood-flow meter using a curved cannula with zero compensation for an axial flow blood pump.

PubMed

Kosaka, Ryo; Fukuda, Kyohei; Nishida, Masahiro; Maruyama, Osamu; Yamane, Takashi

2013-01-01

In order to monitor the condition of a patient using a left ventricular assist system (LVAS), blood flow should be measured. However, the reliable determination of blood-flow rate has not been established. The purpose of the present study is to develop a noninvasive blood-flow meter using a curved cannula with zero compensation for an axial flow blood pump. The flow meter uses the centrifugal force generated by the flow rate in the curved cannula. Two strain gauges served as sensors. The first gauges were attached to the curved area to measure static pressure and centrifugal force, and the second gauges were attached to straight area to measure static pressure. The flow rate was determined by the differences in output from the two gauges. The zero compensation was constructed based on the consideration that the flow rate could be estimated during the initial driving condition and the ventricular suction condition without using the flow meter. A mock circulation loop was constructed in order to evaluate the measurement performance of the developed flow meter with zero compensation. As a result, the zero compensation worked effectively for the initial calibration and the zero-drift of the measured flow rate. We confirmed that the developed flow meter using a curved cannula with zero compensation was able to accurately measure the flow rate continuously and noninvasively.

40 CFR 98.476 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... section. (a) If you receive CO2 by pipeline, report the following for each receiving flow meter: (1) The total net mass of CO2 received (metric tons) annually. (2) If a volumetric flow meter is used to receive CO2: (i) The volumetric flow through a receiving flow meter at standard conditions (in standard cubic...

Using Electromagnetic Induction Technique to Detect Hydropedological Dynamics: Principles and Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Qing; Liao, Kaihua; Doolittle, James; Lin, Henry

2014-05-01

Hydropedological dynamics including soil moisture variation, subsurface flow, and spatial distributions of different soil properties are important parameters in ecological, environmental, hydrological, and agricultural modeling and applications. However, technical gap exists in mapping these dynamics at intermediate spatial scale (e.g., farm and catchment scales). At intermediate scales, in-situ monitoring provides detailed data, but is restricted in number and spatial coverage; while remote sensing provides more acceptable spatial coverage, but has comparatively low spatial resolution, limited observation depths, and is greatly influenced by the surface condition and climate. As a non-invasive, fast, and convenient geophysical tool, electromagnetic induction (EMI) measures soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) and has great potential to bridge this technical gap. In this presentation, principles of different EMI meters are briefly introduced. Then, case studies of using repeated EMI to detect spatial distributions of subsurface convergent flow, soil moisture dynamics, soil types and their transition zones, and different soil properties are presented. The suitability, effectiveness, and accuracy of EMI are evaluated for mapping different hydropedological dynamics. Lastly, contributions of different hydropedological and terrain properties on soil ECa are quantified under different wetness conditions, seasons, and land use types using Classification and Regression Tree model. Trend removal and residual analysis are then used for further mining of EMI survey data. Based on these analyses, proper EMI survey designs and data processing are proposed.

Cryogenic flow rate measurement with a laser Doppler velocimetry standard

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maury, R.; Strzelecki, A.; Auclercq, C.; Lehot, Y.; Loubat, S.; Chevalier, J.; Ben Rayana, F.

2018-03-01

A very promising alternative to the state-of-the-art static volume measurements for liquefied natural gas (LNG) custody transfer processes is the dynamic principle of flow metering. As the Designated Institute (DI) of the LNE (‘Laboratoire National de métrologie et d’Essais’, being the French National Metrology Institute) for high-pressure gas flow metering, Cesame-Exadebit is involved in various research and development programs. Within the framework of the first (2010-2013) and second (2014-2017) EURAMET Joint Research Project (JRP), named ‘Metrological support for LNG custody transfer and transport fuel applications’, Cesame-Exadebit explored a novel cryogenic flow metering technology using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) as an alternative to ultrasonic and Coriolis flow metering. Cesame-Exadebit is trying to develop this technique as a primary standard for cryogenic flow meters. Currently, cryogenic flow meters are calibrated at ambient temperatures with water. Results are then extrapolated to be in the Reynolds number range of real applications. The LDV standard offers a unique capability to perform online calibration of cryogenic flow meters in real conditions (temperature, pressure, piping and real flow disturbances). The primary reference has been tested on an industrial process in a LNG terminal during truck refuelling. The reference can calibrate Coriolis flow meters being used daily with all the real environmental constraints, and its utilisation is transparent for LNG terminal operators. The standard is traceable to Standard International units and the combined extended uncertainties have been determined and estimated to be lower than 0.6% (an ongoing improvement to reducing the correlation function uncertainty, which has a major impact in the uncertainty estimation).

Balanced Flow Metering and Conditioning: Technology for Fluid Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kelley, Anthony R.

2006-01-01

Revolutionary new technology that creates balanced conditions across the face of a multi-hole orifice plate has been developed, patented and exclusively licensed for commercialization. This balanced flow technology simultaneously measures mass flow rate, volumetric flow rate, and fluid density with little or no straight pipe run requirements. Initially, the balanced plate was a drop in replacement for a traditional orifice plate, but testing revealed substantially better performance as compared to the orifice plate such as, 10 times better accuracy, 2 times faster (shorter distance) pressure recovery, 15 times less acoustic noise energy generation, and 2.5 times less permanent pressure loss. During 2004 testing at MSFC, testing revealed several configurations of the balanced flow meter that match the accuracy of Venturi meters while having only slightly more permanent pressure loss. However, the balanced meter only requires a 0.25 inch plate and has no upstream or downstream straight pipe requirements. As a fluid conditioning device, the fluid usually reaches fully developed flow within 1 pipe diameter of the balanced conditioning plate. This paper will describe the basic balanced flow metering technology, provide performance details generated by testing to date and provide implementation details along with calculations required for differing degrees of flow metering accuracy.

40 CFR 86.1320-90 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate, methanol and formaldehyde emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to determine...

40 CFR 86.1320-90 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate, methanol and formaldehyde emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to determine...

40 CFR 86.1320-90 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate, methanol and formaldehyde emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to determine...

40 CFR 86.1320-90 - Gas meter or flow instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Gas meter or flow instrumentation... instrumentation calibration; particulate, methanol, and formaldehyde measurement. (a) Sampling for particulate, methanol and formaldehyde emissions requires the use of gas meters or flow instrumentation to determine...

40 CFR 1065.240 - Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements... interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust flow meter and a dilution air meter to... compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, and 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW...

40 CFR 1065.240 - Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements... interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust flow meter and a dilution air meter to... compression-ignition engines, two-stroke spark-ignition engines, or four-stroke spark-ignition engines at or...

40 CFR 1065.240 - Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements... interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust flow meter and a dilution air meter to... compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, and 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW...

40 CFR 1065.240 - Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow meters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements... interval. You may use the difference between a diluted exhaust flow meter and a dilution air meter to... compression-ignition engines, 2-stroke spark-ignition engines, and 4-stroke spark-ignition engines below 19 kW...

Use of electromagnetic-terrain conductivity and DC-resistivity profiling techniques for bedrock characterization at the 15th-of-May City extension, Cairo, Egypt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aly, Said A.; Farag, Karam S. I.; Atya, Magdy A.; Badr, Mohamed A. M.

2018-06-01

A joint multi-spacing electromagnetic-terrain conductivity meter and DC-resistivity horizontal profiling survey was conducted at the anticipated eastern extensional area of the 15th-of-May City, southeastern Cairo, Egypt. The main objective of the survey was to highlight the applicability, efficiency, and reliability of utilizing such non-invasive surface techniques in a field like geologic mapping, and hence to image both the vertical and lateral electrical resistivity structures of the subsurface bedrock. Consequently, a total of reliable 6 multi-spacing electromagnetic-terrain conductivity meter and 7 DC-resistivity horizontal profiles were carried out between August 2016 and February 2017. All data sets were transformed-inverted extensively and consistently in terms of two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity smoothed-earth models. They could be used effectively and inexpensively to interpret the area's bedrock geologic sequence using the encountered consecutive electrically resistive and conductive anomalies. Notably, the encountered subsurface electrical resistivity structures, below all surveying profiles, are correlated well with the mapped geological faults in the field. They even could provide a useful understanding of their faulting fashion. Absolute resistivity values were not necessarily diagnostic, but their vertical and lateral variations could provide more diagnostic information about the layer lateral extensions and thicknesses, and hence suggested reliable geo-electric earth models. The study demonstrated that a detailed multi-spacing electromagnetic-terrain conductivity meter and DC-resistivity horizontal profiling survey can help design an optimal geotechnical investigative program, not only for the whole eastern extensional area of the 15th-of-May City, but also for the other new urban communities within the Egyptian desert.

Response of the Cardiovascular System to Vibration and Combined Stresses

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-11-01

flow meter ( Zepeda Instruments) and our di- mension meter (Schussler and Associates) resulted in two suggestions: ’) an outline of possible steps to take...tionally, the flowmeter gate was not adjustable, further limiting our timing ability. Given the features of the Zepeda flowmeter in design (square-wave...dimension meter clock pulse (divided down) as the flow oscillator, rather than capturing the flow oscillator as was necessary with the Zepeda meter. This

Technical Study on Improvement of Endurance Capability of Limit Short-circuit Current of Charge Control SMART Meter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, W. W.; Du, Z. Z.; Yuan, R. m.; Xiong, D. Z.; Shi, E. W.; Lu, G. N.; Dai, Z. Y.; Chen, X. Q.; Jiang, Z. Y.; Lv, Y. G.

2017-10-01

Smart meter represents the development direction of energy-saving smart grid in the future. The load switch, one of the core parts of smart meter, should be of high reliability, safety and endurance capability of limit short-circuit current. For this reason, this paper discusses the quick simulation of relationship between attraction and counterforce of load switch without iteration, establishes dual response surface model of attraction and counterforce and optimizes the design scheme of load switch for charge control smart meter, thus increasing electromagnetic attraction and spring counterforce. In this way, this paper puts forward a method to improve the withstand capacity of limit short-circuit current.

Measuring Your Peak Flow Rate

MedlinePlus

... Living with Asthma > Managing Asthma Measuring Your Peak Flow Rate Download Instructions A peak flow meter is ... to use. Who Benefits from Using a Peak Flow Meter? Many healthcare providers believe that people who ...

Active bypass flow control for a seal in a gas turbine engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ebert, Todd A.; Kimmel, Keith D.

An active bypass flow control system for controlling bypass compressed air based upon leakage flow of compressed air flowing past an outer balance seal between a stator and rotor of a first stage of a gas turbine in a gas turbine engine is disclosed. The active bypass flow control system is an adjustable system in which one or more metering devices may be used to control the flow of bypass compressed air as the flow of compressed air past the outer balance seal changes over time as the outer balance seal between the rim cavity and the cooling cavity wearsmore » In at least one embodiment, the metering device may include an annular ring having at least one metering orifice extending therethrough, whereby alignment of the metering orifice with the outlet may be adjustable to change a cross-sectional area of an opening of aligned portions of the outlet and the metering orifice.« less

Results of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties, Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fitterman, David V.; Prinos, Scott T.

2011-01-01

Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) soundings were made in Miami-Dade and southern Broward Counties to aid in mapping the landward extent of saltwater in the Biscayne aquifer. A total of 79 soundings were collected in settings ranging from urban to undeveloped land, with some of the former posing problems of land access and interference from anthropogenic features. TEM soundings combined with monitoring-well data were used to determine if the saltwater front had moved since the last time it was mapped, to provide additional spatial coverage where existing monitoring wells were insufficient, and to help interpret a previously collected helicopter electromagnetic (HEM) survey flown in the southernmost portion of the study area. TEM soundings were interpreted as layered resistivity-depth models. Using information from well logs and water-quality data, the resistivity of the freshwater saturated Biscayne aquifer is expected to be above 30 ohm-meters, and the saltwater-saturated aquifer will have resistivities of less than 10 ohm-meters allowing determination of water quality from the TEM interpretations. TEM models from 29 soundings were compared to electromagnetic induction logs collected in nearby monitoring wells. In general, the agreement of these results was very good, giving confidence in the use of the TEM data for mapping saltwater encroachment.

Basic study on hot-wire flow meter in forced flow of liquid hydrogen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oura, Y.; Shirai, Y.; Shiotsu, M.; Murakami, K.; Tatsumoto, H.; Naruo, Y.; Nonaka, S.; Kobayashi, H.; Inatani, Y.; Narita, N.

2014-01-01

Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is a key issue in a carbon-free energy infrastructure at the energy storage and transportation stage. The typical features of LH2 are low viscosity, large latent heat and small density, compared with other general liquids. It is necessary to measure a mass flow of liquid hydrogen with a simple and compact method, especially in a two phase separate flow condition. We have proposed applying a hot-wire type flow meter, which is usually used a for gas flow meter, to LH2 flow due to the quite low viscosity and density. A test model of a compact LH2 hot-wire flow meter to measure local flow velocities near and around an inside perimeter of a horizontal tube by resistance thermometry was designed and made. The model flow meter consists of two thin heater wires made of manganin fixed in a 10 mm-diameter and 40 mm-length tube flow path made of GFRP. Each rigid heater wire was set twisted by 90 degrees from the inlet to the outlet along the inner wall. In other words, the wires were aslant with regard to the LH2 stream line. The heated wire was cooled by flowing LH2, and the flow velocity was obtained by means of the difference of the cooling characteristic in response to the flow velocity. In this report, we show results on the basic experiments with the model LH2 hot-wire flow meter. First, the heat transfer characteristics of the two heater wires for several LH2 flow velocities were measured. Second, the heating current was controlled to keep the wire temperature constant for various flow velocities. The relations between the flow velocity and the heating current were measured. The feasibility of the proposed model was confirmed.

Hydrogeologic Framework of the Upper Santa Cruz Basin (Arizona and Sonora) using Well Logs, Geologic Mapping, Gravity, Magnetics, and Electromagnetics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Callegary, J. B.; Page, W. R.; Megdal, S.; Gray, F.; Scott, C. A.; Berry, M.; Rangel, M.; Oroz Ramos, L.; Menges, C. M.; Jones, A.

2011-12-01

In 2006, the U.S. Congress passed the U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Aquifer Assessment Act which provides a framework for study of aquifers shared by the United States and Mexico. The aquifer of the Upper Santa Cruz Basin was chosen as one of four priority aquifers for several reasons, including water scarcity, a population greater than 300,000, groundwater as the sole source of water for human use, and a riparian corridor that is of regional significance for migratory birds and other animals. Several new mines are also being proposed for this area which may affect water quality and availability. To date, a number of studies have been carried out by a binational team composed of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Mexican National Water Commission, and the Universities of Arizona and Sonora. Construction of a cross-border hydrogeologic framework model of the basin between Amado, Arizona and its southern boundary in Sonora is currently a high priority. The relatively narrow Santa Cruz valley is a structural basin that did not experience the same degree of late Cenozoic lateral extension and consequent deepening as found in other basin-and-range alluvial basins, such as the Tucson basin, where basin depth exceeds 3000 meters. This implies that storage may be much less than that found in other basin-and-range aquifers. To investigate the geometry of the basin and facies changes within the alluvium, a database of over one thousand well logs has been developed, geologic mapping and transient electromagnetic (TEM) surveys have been carried out, and information from previous electromagnetic, magnetic, and gravity studies is being incorporated into the hydrogeologic framework. Initial geophysical surveys and analyses have focused on the portion of the basin west of Nogales, Arizona, because it supplies approximately 50% of that city's water. Previous gravity and magnetic modeling indicate that this area is a narrow, fault-controlled half graben. Preliminary modeling of airborne and ground-based transient electromagnetic surveys corroborates earlier conclusions from the gravity modeling that depth to bedrock is greater than 500 meters in some locations. Results from other portions of the study area including Mexico are still being evaluated and incorporated into the three-dimensional hydrologic framework which will ultimately be used to construct a groundwater flow model.

Real-time three-dimensional color doppler evaluation of the flow convergence zone for quantification of mitral regurgitation: Validation experimental animal study and initial clinical experience

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sitges, Marta; Jones, Michael; Shiota, Takahiro; Qin, Jian Xin; Tsujino, Hiroyuki; Bauer, Fabrice; Kim, Yong Jin; Agler, Deborah A.; Cardon, Lisa A.; Zetts, Arthur D.;

Temporal variability of vena contracta and jet areas with color Doppler in aortic regurgitation: a chronic animal model study.

PubMed

Ishii, M; Jones, M; Shiota, T; Yamada, I; Sinclair, B; Heinrich, R S; Yoganathan, A P; Sahn, D J

1998-11-01

The purpose of our study was to determine the temporal variability of regurgitant color Doppler jet areas and the width of the color Doppler imaged vena contracta for evaluating the severity of aortic regurgitation. Twenty-nine hemodynamically different states were obtained pharmacologically in 8 sheep 20 weeks after surgery to produce aortic regurgitation. Aortic regurgitation was quantified by peak and mean regurgitant flow rates, regurgitant stroke volumes, and regurgitant fractions determined using pulmonary and aortic electromagnetic flow probes and meters balanced against each other. The regurgitant jet areas and the widths of color Doppler imaged vena contracta were measured at 4 different times during diastole to determine the temporal variability of this parameter. When measured at 4 different temporal points in diastole, a significant change was observed in the size of the color Doppler imaged regurgitant jet (percent of difference: from 31.1% to 904%; 233% +/- 245%). Simple linear regression analysis between each color jet area at 4 different periods in diastole and flow meter-based severity of the aortic regurgitation showed only weak correlation (0.23 < r < 0.49). In contrast, for most conditions only a slight change was observed in the width of the color Doppler imaged vena contracta during the diastolic regurgitant period (percent of difference, vena contracta: from 2.4% to 12.9%, 5.8% +/- 3.2%). In addition, for each period the width of the color Doppler imaged vena contracta at the 4 different time periods in diastole correlated quite strongly with volumetric measures of the severity of aortic regurgitation (0.81 < r < 0.90) and with the instantaneous flow rate for the corresponding period (0.85 < r < 0.87). Color Doppler imaged vena contracta may provide a simple, practical, and accurate method for quantifying aortic regurgitation, even when using a single frame color Doppler flow mapping image.

Electromagnetic propulsion test facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gooder, S. T.

1984-01-01

A test facility for the exploration of electromagnetic propulsion concept is described. The facility is designed to accommodate electromagnetic rail accelerators of various lengths (1 to 10 meters) and to provide accelerating energies of up to 240 kiloJoules. This accelerating energy is supplied as a current pulse of hundreds of kiloAmps lasting as long as 1 millisecond. The design, installation, and operating characteristics of the pulsed energy system are discussed. The test chamber and its operation at pressures down to 1300 Pascals (10 mm of mercury) are described. Some aspects of safety (interlocking, personnel protection, and operating procedures) are included.

Inadequate peak expiratory flow meter characteristics detected by a computerised explosive decompression device.

PubMed

Miller, M R; Atkins, P R; Pedersen, O F

2003-05-01

Recent evidence suggests that the frequency response requirements for peak expiratory flow (PEF) meters are higher than was first thought and that the American Thoracic Society (ATS) waveforms to test PEF meters may not be adequate for the purpose. The dynamic response of mini-Wright (MW), Vitalograph (V), TruZone (TZ), MultiSpiro (MS) and pneumotachograph (PT) flow meters was tested by delivering two differently shaped flow-time profiles from a computer controlled explosive decompression device fitted with a fast response solenoid valve. These profiles matched population 5th and 95th centiles for rise time from 10% to 90% of PEF and dwell time of flow above 90% PEF. Profiles were delivered five times with identical chamber pressure and solenoid aperture at PEF. Any difference in recorded PEF for the two profiles indicates a poor dynamic response. The absolute (% of mean) flow differences in l/min for the V, MW, and PT PEF meters were 25 (4.7), 20 (3.9), and 2 (0.3), respectively, at PEF approximately 500 l/min, and 25 (10.5), 20 (8.7) and 6 (3.0) at approximately 200 l/min. For TZ and MS meters at approximately 500 l/min the differences were 228 (36.1) and 257 (39.2), respectively, and at approximately 200 l/min they were 51 (23.9) and 1 (0.5). All the meters met ATS accuracy requirements when tested with their waveforms. An improved method for testing the dynamic response of flow meters detects marked overshoot (underdamping) of TZ and MS responses not identified by the 26 ATS waveforms. This error could cause patient misclassification when using such meters with asthma guidelines.

A mercury flow meter for ion thruster testing. [response time, thermal sensitivity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilbur, P. J.

1973-01-01

The theory of operation of the thermal flow meter is presented, and a theoretical model is used to determine design parameters for a device capable of measuring mercury flows in the range of 0 to 5 gm/hr. Flow meter construction is described. Tests performed using a positive displacement mercury pump as well as those performed with the device in the feed line of an operating thruster are discussed. A flow meter response time of about a minute and a sensitivity of about 10 mv/gm/hr are demonstrated. Additional work to relieve a sensitivity of the device to variations in ambient temperature is indicated to improve its quantitative performance.

43 CFR 3275.16 - What standards apply to installing and maintaining meters?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...; (2) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with a turbine, vortex, ultrasonics... frequent; and (3) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with an orifice plate...

43 CFR 3275.16 - What standards apply to installing and maintaining meters?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...; (2) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with a turbine, vortex, ultrasonics... frequent; and (3) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with an orifice plate...

43 CFR 3275.16 - What standards apply to installing and maintaining meters?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...; (2) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with a turbine, vortex, ultrasonics... frequent; and (3) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with an orifice plate...

43 CFR 3275.16 - What standards apply to installing and maintaining meters?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...; (2) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with a turbine, vortex, ultrasonics... frequent; and (3) You must calibrate meters measuring steam or hot water flow with an orifice plate...

76 FR 4097 - Verdant Power, LLC (Verdant); Notice of Application Tendered for Filing With the Commission and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-24

... facilities would include: (1) Three 35-kilowatt (kW), 5-meter-diameter axial flow Kinetic System turbine...; (2) nine additional 5-meter-diameter axial flow Kinetic System turbine generator units mounted on...-meter-diameter axial flow Kinetic System turbine generator units mounted on six triframe mounts, with a...

40 CFR 98.476 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) of this section. (c) If you use more than one receiving flow meter, report the net total mass of CO2... section. (a) If you receive CO2 by pipeline, report the following for each receiving flow meter: (1) The total net mass of CO2 received (metric tons) annually. (2) If a volumetric flow meter is used to receive...

40 CFR 98.476 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) of this section. (c) If you use more than one receiving flow meter, report the net total mass of CO2... section. (a) If you receive CO2 by pipeline, report the following for each receiving flow meter: (1) The total net mass of CO2 received (metric tons) annually. (2) If a volumetric flow meter is used to receive...

40 CFR 1065.640 - Flow meter calibration calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... 1065.640 Section 1065.640 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calculations and Data Requirements § 1065.640 Flow meter...: Table 2 of § 1065.640—C fCFV versus β and γ for CFV Flow Meters C fCFV β γ exh =1.385 γ dexh = γ air = 1...

40 CFR 1065.640 - Flow meter calibration calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... 1065.640 Section 1065.640 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calculations and Data Requirements § 1065.640 Flow meter... Flow Meters C fCFV b g exh =1.385 g dexh = g air = 1.399 0.000 0.6822 0.6846 0.400 0.6857 0.6881 0.500...

40 CFR 1065.640 - Flow meter calibration calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... 1065.640 Section 1065.640 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calculations and Data Requirements § 1065.640 Flow meter...: Table 2 of § 1065.640—C fCFV versus β and γ for CFV Flow Meters C fCFV β γ exh =1.385 γ dexh = γ air = 1...

40 CFR 1065.640 - Flow meter calibration calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... 1065.640 Section 1065.640 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calculations and Data Requirements § 1065.640 Flow meter... Flow Meters C fCFV β γ exh =1.385 γ dexh = γ air = 1.399 0.000 0.6822 0.6846 0.400 0.6857 0.6881 0.500...

40 CFR 98.426 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream capture, dehydration... concentration. (7) The location of the flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream... meter(s) in metric tons. (iii) The total annual CO2 mass supplied in metric tons. (iv) The location of...

40 CFR 98.426 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream capture, dehydration... concentration. (7) The location of the flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream... meter(s) in metric tons. (iii) The total annual CO2 mass supplied in metric tons. (iv) The location of...

40 CFR 98.426 - Data reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream capture, dehydration... concentration. (7) The location of the flow meter in your process chain in relation to the points of CO2 stream... meter(s) in metric tons. (iii) The total annual CO2 mass supplied in metric tons. (iv) The location of...

Near-field testing of the 15-meter hoop-column antenna

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schroeder, Lyle C.; Adams, Richard R.; Bailey, M. C.; Belvin, W. Keith; Butler, David H.; Campbell, Thomas G.

1989-01-01

A 15-m-diameter antenna was tested to verify that dimensional tolerances for acceptable performance could be achieved and to verify structural, electromagnetic, and mechanical performance predictions. This antenna utilized the hoop column structure, a gold plated molybdenum mesh reflector, and 96 control cables to adjust the reflector conformance with a paraboloid. The dimensional conformance of the antenna structure and surface was measured with metric camera and theodolites. Near field pattern data were used to assess the electromagnetic performance at five frequencies from 2.225 to 11.6 GHz. The reflector surface was adjusted to greatly improve electromagnetic performance with a finite element model and the surface measurements. Measurement results show that antenna surface figure and adjustments and electromagnetic patterns agree well with predictions.

Field test of electromagnetic geophysical techniques for locating simulated in situ mining leach solution. Report of investigations/1994

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tweeton, D.R.; Hanson, J.C.; Friedel, M.J.

1994-01-01

The U.S. Bureau of Mines, the University of Arizona, Sandia National Laboratory, and Zonge Engineering and Research, Inc., conducted cooperative field tests of six electromagnetic geophysical methods to compare their effectiveness in locating a brine solution simulating in situ leach solution or a high-conductivity plume of contamination. The brine was approximately 160 meters below the surface. The test site was the University's San Xavier experimental mine near Tucson, Arizona. Geophysical surveys using surface and surface-borehole time-domain electromagnetics (TEM), surface controlled source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT), surface-borehole frequency-domain electromagnetics (FEM), crosshole FEM and surface magnetic field ellipticity were conducted before and duringmore » brine injection.« less

Geophysical Characterization Of Groundwater in the Mangrove Lakes Region of Everglades National Park.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiflai, M. E.; Whitman, D.; Price, R.; Frankovich, T.; Allen, J.

2017-12-01

Everglades National Park has been adversely impacted by past human activities that altered freshwater flow through the system. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) makes an effort to increase the flow of fresh water and modify the groundwater chemistry in Everglades National Park (ENP). This paper aims to present the changes in surface and ground water chemistry in response to CERP project. Electromagnetic (EM) surveys were conducted in Alligator Creek (West Lake) and McCormick Creek (Seven Palm) from 2013 to 2017. During the survey a GSSI Profiler EMP-400, multi- frequency Electromagnetic (EM) conductivity meter was deployed in a flat bottomed plastic kayak towed behind a motorized skiff. An inverse model of the data is performed by constraining the resistivity value of the surface water fixed. Then, the salinity of the groundwater is estimated by assuming a formation factor of 5. In the McCormick Creek system, between January 2016 and February 2017 the salinity of the groundwater shows a considerable decreases. In the northern end of Seven Palm, the salinity decreases from 3.64 PSU in 2016 to 2.5 PSU in 2017. In the southern end the salinity decreases from 8.05 PSU in 2016 to 3.05 in 2017. This demonstrates how the salinity of the groundwater increase from north to south and decreases yearly. Future work will integrate the EM data with DC resistivity measurements collected from a floating Schlumberger array.

Call-Center Based Disease Management of Pediatric Asthmatics

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-04-01

study locations. Purchase peak flow meters. Prepare and reproduce patient education materials, and informed consent work sheets. Contract Oracle data...identified. Electronic peak flow meters have been purchased. Patient education materials and informed consent documents have been reproduced. A web-based...Research Center * Study population identified via military and Foundation Health databases * Electronic peak flow meters purchased * Patient education materials

Mapping of road-salt-contaminated groundwater discharge and estimation of chloride load to a small stream in southern New Hampshire, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harte, P.T.; Trowbridge, P.R.

2010-01-01

Concentrations of chloride in excess of State of New Hampshire water-quality standards (230 mg/l) have been measured in watersheds adjacent to an interstate highway (I-93) in southern New Hampshire. A proposed widening plan for I-93 has raised concerns over further increases in chloride. As part of this effort, road-salt-contaminated groundwater discharge was mapped with terrain electrical conductivity (EC) electromagnetic (EM) methods in the fall of 2006 to identify potential sources of chloride during base-flow conditions to a small stream, Policy Brook. Three different EM meters were used to measure different depths below the streambed (ranging from 0 to 3 m). Results from the three meters showed similar patterns and identified several reaches where high EC groundwater may have been discharging. Based on the delineation of high (up to 350 mmhos/m) apparent terrain EC, seven-streambed piezometers were installed to sample shallow groundwater. Locations with high specific conductance in shallow groundwater (up to 2630 mmhos/m) generally matched locations with high streambed (shallow subsurface) terrain EC. A regression equation was used to convert the terrain EC of the streambed to an equivalent chloride concentration in shallow groundwater unique for this site. Utilizing the regression equation and estimates of onedimensional Darcian flow through the streambed, a maximum potential groundwater chloride load was estimated at 188 Mg of chloride per year. Changes in chloride concentration in stream water during streamflow recessions showed a linear response that indicates the dominant process affecting chloride is advective flow of chloride-enriched groundwater discharge. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Measuring peak expiratory flow in general practice: comparison of mini Wright peak flow meter and turbine spirometer.

PubMed Central

Jones, K P; Mullee, M A

1990-01-01

OBJECTIVE--To compare measurements of the peak expiratory flow rate taken by the mini Wright peak flow meter and the turbine spirometer. DESIGN--Pragmatic study with randomised order of use of recording instruments. Phase 1 compared a peak expiratory flow type expiration recorded by the mini Wright peak flow meter with an expiration to forced vital capacity recorded by the turbine spirometer. Phase 2 compared peak expiratory flow type expirations recorded by both meters. Reproducibility was assessed separately. SETTING--Routine surgeries at Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton. SUBJECTS--212 Patients aged 4 to 78 presenting with asthma or obstructive airways disease. Each patient contributed only once to each phase (105 in phase 1, 107 in phase 2), but some entered both phases on separate occasions. Reproducibility was tested on a further 31 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--95% Limits of agreement between measurements on the two meters. RESULTS--208 (98%) Of the readings taken by the mini Wright meter were higher than the corresponding readings taken by the turbine spirometer, but the 95% limits of agreement (mean difference (2 SD] were wide (1 to 173 l/min). Differences due to errors in reproducibility were not sufficient to predict this level of disagreement. Analysis by age, sex, order of use, and the type of expiration did not detect any significant differences. CONCLUSIONS--The two methods of measuring peak expiratory flow rate were not comparable. The mini Wright meter is likely to remain the preferred instrument in general practice. PMID:2142611

Robust, non-invasive methods for metering groundwater well extraction in remote environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulovic, Nevenka; Keir, Greg; McIntyre, Neil

2017-04-01

Quantifying the rate of extraction from groundwater wells can be essential for regional scale groundwater management and impact assessment. This is especially the case in regions heavily dependent on groundwater such as the semi-arid Surat and Bowen Basins in Queensland, Australia. Of the 30 000+ groundwater wells in this area, the majority of which are used for stock watering and domestic purposes, almost none have flow metering devices installed. As part of a research project to estimate regional groundwater extraction, we have undertaken a small scale flow metering program on a selected set of wells. Conventional in-line flow meters were unsuitable for our project, as both non-invasiveness and adaptability / suitability to a variety of discharge pipe characteristics was critical. We describe the use of two metering technologies not widely used in groundwater applications, non-invasive, clamp-on ultrasonic transit time flow meters and tipping bucket flow meters, as semi-permanent installations on discharge pipes of various artesian and sub-artesian groundwater wells. We present examples of detailed extraction rate time-series, which are of particular value in developing predictive models of water well extraction in data limited areas where water use dynamics and drivers are poorly understood. We conclude by discussing future project trajectories, which include expansion of the monitoring network through development of novel metering techniques and telemetry across large areas of poor connectivity.

Further evaluation of the constrained least squares electromagnetic compensation method

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, William T.

1991-01-01

Technologies exist for construction of antennas with adaptive surfaces that can compensate for many of the larger distortions caused by thermal and gravitational forces. However, as the frequency and size of reflectors increase, the subtle surface errors become significant and degrade the overall electromagnetic performance. Electromagnetic (EM) compensation through an adaptive feed array offers means for mitigation of surface distortion effects. Implementation of EM compensation is investigated with the measured surface errors of the NASA 15 meter hoop/column reflector antenna. Computer simulations are presented for: (1) a hybrid EM compensation technique, and (2) evaluating the performance of a given EM compensation method when implemented with discretized weights.

Electromagnetic mapping of buried paleochannels in eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate, U.A.E.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fitterman, D.V.; Menges, C.M.; Al Kamali, A.M.; Essa, Jama F.

1991-01-01

Transient electromagnetic soundings and terrain conductivity meter measurements were used to map paleochannel geometry in the Al Jaww Plain of eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate, U.A.E. as part of an integrated hydrogeologic study of the Quaternary alluvial aquifer system. Initial interpretation of the data without benefit of well log information was able to map the depth to a conductive clay layer of Tertiary age that forms the base of the aquifer. Comparison of the results with induction logs reveals that a resistive zone exists that was incorporated into the interpretation and its lateral extent mapped with the transient electromagnetic sounding data. ?? 1991.

Hepatic blood flow measurement III. Total hepatic blood flow measured by ICG clearance and electromagnetic flowmeters in a canine septic shock model.

PubMed Central

Nxumalo, J L; Teranaka, M; Schenk, W G

1978-01-01

The validity of the ICG clearance method for the measurement of THBF in abnormal circulatory states remains questionable. In this study THBF measured by this method is compared with the electromagnetic flow technique in a canine spetic model. Good correlation is demonstrated between the two in normal control animals. However, in the septic animals the ICG underestimated the electromagnetic flow result by 20%. This is true in both the high and the low cardiac output septic shock pictures that emerge. In the septic animals, the total hepatic blood flow as measured by the ICG was almost equal to the portal vein flow alone measured by the electromagnetic flowmeters suggesting that this was the quantity it was measuring in this abnormal state. Pathophysiologic mechanisms that may explain the discrepancy are given. PMID:637587

Primary flow meter for calibrating a sniffer test leak artefact by a pressure rise method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arai, Kenta; Yoshida, Hajime

2014-10-01

Sniffer tests are used to locate leaks in equipment during operation. The sensitivity of a sniffer leak detector must be calibrated against a known gas flow to atmospheric pressure generated by a sniffer test leak artefact. We have developed a primary flow meter for calibrating gas flows to atmospheric pressure through the leak artefact. The flow meter is based on a pressure rise method and two chambers are used to measure the pressure rise with small uncertainty even at atmospheric pressure. The calibration range of the flow rate is 5 × 10-7 Pa m3 s-1 to 7 × 10-4 Pa m3 s-1 to atmospheric pressure at 23.0 °C with a minimum uncertainty of 1.4% (k = 2), as well as 4 × 10-8 Pa m3 s-1 to 5 × 10-4 Pa m3 s-1 to a vacuum at 23.0 °C. The long term stability of the flow meter was determined as 0.41% by repeated measurements of the conductance of the leak artefact. In case of the flow rate into a vacuum, the flow meter was successfully linked to the international reference value of CCM.P-K12 by a lab-internal comparison.

Hardening Unmanned Aerial Systems Against High Power Microwave Threats in Support of Forward Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-01

spectrum ( EMS ) to disrupt, degrade, damage, or destroy targets. They can theoretically be used against all Groups of UAS. C-UAS weapons utilizing HPM...18 This pulse creates an electromagnetic ( EM ) field surrounding the target, typically measured in volts per meter, kilovolts per meter, or watts...through a normally utilized input device, such as an antenna. This type of coupling typically only occurs within the narrow band of the EMS that

Assessment of exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields from smart utility meters in GB; part II) numerical assessment of induced SAR within the human body.

PubMed

Qureshi, Muhammad R A; Alfadhl, Yasir; Chen, Xiaodong; Peyman, Azadeh; Maslanyj, Myron; Mann, Simon

2018-04-01

Human body exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic waves emitted from smart meters was assessed using various exposure configurations. Specific energy absorption rate distributions were determined using three anatomically realistic human models. Each model was assigned with age- and frequency-dependent dielectric properties representing a collection of age groups. Generalized exposure conditions involving standing and sleeping postures were assessed for a home area network operating at 868 and 2,450 MHz. The smart meter antenna was fed with 1 W power input which is an overestimation of what real devices typically emit (15 mW max limit). The highest observed whole body specific energy absorption rate value was 1.87 mW kg -1 , within the child model at a distance of 15 cm from a 2,450 MHz device. The higher values were attributed to differences in dimension and dielectric properties within the model. Specific absorption rate (SAR) values were also estimated based on power density levels derived from electric field strength measurements made at various distances from smart meter devices. All the calculated SAR values were found to be very small in comparison to International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection limits for public exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:200-216, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The design of the Langmuir probe onboard a seismo-electromagnetic satellite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guan, Yi-bing; Wang, Sh-ijin; Liu, Chao; Feng, Yu-bo

2011-08-01

The double Langmuir probe, as a payload of a seism-electromagnetic satellite, has been designed for in situ measurements of the parameters of the ionosphere plasma on the 500km altitude orbit to research the electromagnetic coupling between the solid-earth activities and the ionosphere disturbances. The Langmuir probe is comprised of two spherical sensors: the diameter of the smaller one is 1cm and the other one is 5cm. The two sensors are mounted on two parallel booms on the satellite, which are half meter far from each other. The two main ionosphere parameters measured by the Langmuir probe are electron density and electron temperature, which are computed from the I-V curves. The I-V curve is given by a current flow through a sensor in case of a sweep voltage is applied to the sensor. There are three main work models for the Langmuir probe: the normal model, the burst model and the decontamination model. The normal model is for the general measurement of the ionosphere parameters around the globe with 1s time resolution, while the burst model is to measure the ionosphere over the interested areas, like the areas with more earthquake activities, with 0.5s time resolution. The decontamination model would work if the I-V curves shown hysteresis phenomenon, which indicated that the sensors may be contaminated by the outgassing of the satellite. The description of the Langmuir probe instrument and its capabilities is provided.

Research on the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of the gas main switch of a capacitive intense electron-beam accelerator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, Yongfeng; Liu, Jinliang; Yang, Jianhua; Cheng, Xinbing; Li, Guolin

2017-11-01

Strong electromagnetic fields are radiated during the operation of the intense electron-beam accelerator (IEBA), which may lead to the nearby electronic devices out of order. In this paper, the research on the electromagnetic radiation characteristic of the gas main switch of a capacitive IEBA is carried out by the methods of theory analysis and experiment investigation. It is obtained that the gas main switch is the dominating radiation resource. In the absence of electromagnetic shielding for the gas main switch, when the pulse forming line of the IEBA is charged to 700 kV, the radiation field with amplitude of 3280 V/m, dominant frequency of 84 MHz and high frequency 100 MHz is obtained at a distance of 10 meters away from the gas main switch. The experimental results of the radiation field agree with the theoretical calculations. We analyze the achievements of several research groups and find that there is a relationship between the rise time (T) of the transient current of the gas main switch and the dominant frequency (F) of the radiation field, namely, F*T=1. Contrast experiment is carried out with a metal shield cover for the gas main switch. Experimental results show that for the shielded setup the radiation field reduces to 115 V/m, the dominant frequency increases to 86.5 MHz at a distance of 10 away meters from the gas main switch. These conclusions are beneficial for further research on the electromagnetic radiation and protection of the IEBA.

Interpretation of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in the Calico Hills area, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kauahikaua, J.

A controlled source, time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) sounding survey was conducted in the Calico Hills area of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The geoelectric structure was determined as an aid in the evaluation of the site for possible future storage of spent nuclear fuel or high level nuclear waste. The data were initially interpreted with a simple scheme that produces an apparent resistivity versus depth curve from the vertical magnetic field data. These curves are qualitatively interpreted much like standard Schlumberger resistivity sounding curves. Final interpretation made use of a layered earth Marquardt inversion computer program. The results combined with those from a set of Schlumberger soundings in the area show that there is a moderately resistive basement at a depth no greater than 800 meters. The basement resistivity is greater than 100 ohm meters.

Flow-Signature Analysis of Water Consumption in Nonresidential Building Water Networks Using High-Resolution and Medium-Resolution Smart Meter Data: Two Case Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clifford, Eoghan; Mulligan, Sean; Comer, Joanne; Hannon, Louise

2018-01-01

Real-time monitoring of water consumption activities can be an effective mechanism to achieve efficient water network management. This approach, largely enabled by the advent of smart metering technologies, is gradually being practiced in domestic and industrial contexts. In particular, identifying water consumption habits from flow-signatures, i.e., the specific end-usage patterns, is being investigated as a means for conservation in both the residential and nonresidential context. However, the quality of meter data is bivariate (dependent on number of meters and data temporal resolution) and as a result, planning a smart metering scheme is relatively difficult with no generic design approach available. In this study, a comprehensive medium-resolution to high-resolution smart metering program was implemented at two nonresidential trial sites to evaluate the effect of spatial and temporal data aggregation. It was found that medium-resolution water meter data were capable of exposing regular, continuous, peak use, and diurnal patterns which reflect group wide end-usage characteristics. The high-resolution meter data permitted flow-signature at a personal end-use level. Through this unique opportunity to observe water usage characteristics via flow-signature patterns, newly defined hydraulic-based design coefficients determined from Poisson rectangular pulse were developed to intuitively aid in the process of pattern discovery with implications for automated activity recognition applications. A smart meter classification and siting index was introduced which categorizes meter resolution in terms of their suitable application.

40 CFR 63.11646 - What are my compliance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... with Method 29 must collect a minimum sample volume of 0.85 dry standard cubic meters (30 dry standard... weight measurement device, mass flow meter, or densitometer and volumetric flow meter to measure ore...) Measure the weight of concentrate (produced by electrowinning, Merrill Crowe process, gravity feed, or...

40 CFR 63.11646 - What are my compliance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... with Method 29 must collect a minimum sample volume of 0.85 dry standard cubic meters (30 dry standard... weight measurement device, mass flow meter, or densitometer and volumetric flow meter to measure ore...) Measure the weight of concentrate (produced by electrowinning, Merrill Crowe process, gravity feed, or...

40 CFR 63.11646 - What are my compliance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... with Method 29 must collect a minimum sample volume of 0.85 dry standard cubic meters (30 dry standard... weight measurement device, mass flow meter, or densitometer and volumetric flow meter to measure ore...) Measure the weight of concentrate (produced by electrowinning, Merrill Crowe process, gravity feed, or...

40 CFR 63.11646 - What are my compliance requirements?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... with Method 29 must collect a minimum sample volume of 0.85 dry standard cubic meters (30 dry standard... weight measurement device, mass flow meter, or densitometer and volumetric flow meter to measure ore...) Measure the weight of concentrate (produced by electrowinning, Merrill Crowe process, gravity feed, or...

State-of-charge coulometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rowlette, J. J. (Inventor)

1985-01-01

A coulometer for accurately measuring the state-of-charge of an open-cell battery utilizing an aqueous electrolyte, includes a current meter for measuring the battery/discharge current and a flow meter for measuring the rate at which the battery produces gas during charge and discharge. Coupled to the flow meter is gas analyzer which measures the oxygen fraction of the battery gas. The outputs of the current meter, flow meter, and gas analyzer are coupled to a programmed microcomputer which includes a CPU and program and data memories. The microcomputer calculates that fraction of charge and discharge current consumed in the generation of gas so that the actual state-of-charge can be determined. The state-of-charge is then shown on a visual display.

Electromagnetic, heat and fluid flow phenomena in levitated metal droplets both under earthbound and microgravity conditions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Szekely, Julian

1988-01-01

The purpose is to develop an improved understanding of the electromagnetic, heat, and fluid flow phenomena in electromagnetically levitated metal droplets, both under earthbound and microgravity conditions. The main motivation for doing this work, together with the past accomplishments, and the plans for future research are discussed.

Comparison of velocity-log data collected using impeller and electromagnetic flowmeters

USGS Publications Warehouse

Newhouse, M.W.; Izbicki, J.A.; Smith, G.A.

2005-01-01

Previous studies have used flowmeters in environments that are within the expectations of their published ranges. Electromagnetic flowmeters have a published range from 0.1 to 79.0 m/min, and impeller flowmeters have a published range from 1.2 to 61.0 m/min. Velocity-log data collected in five long-screened production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California showed that (1) electromagnetic flowmeter results were comparable within ??2% to results obtained using an impeller flowmeter for comparable depths; (2) the measured velocities from the electromagnetic flowmeter were up to 36% greater than the published maximum range; and (3) both data sets, collected without the use of centralizers or flow diverters, produced comparable and interpretable results. Although either method is acceptable for measuring wellbore velocities and the distribution of flow, the electromagnetic flowmeter enables collection of data over a now greater range of flows. In addition, changes in fluid temperature and fluid resistivity, collected as part of the electromagnetic flowmeter log, are useful in the identification of flow and hydrogeologic interpretation.

Comparison of velocity-log data collected using impeller and electromagnetic flowmeters.

PubMed

Newhouse, M W; Izbicki, J A; Smith, G A

2005-01-01

Previous studies have used flowmeters in environments that are within the expectations of their published ranges. Electromagnetic flowmeters have a published range from 0.1 to 79.0 m/min, and impeller flowmeters have a published range from 1.2 to 61.0 m/min. Velocity-log data collected in five long-screened production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California showed that (1) electromagnetic flowmeter results were comparable within +/-2% to results obtained using an impeller flowmeter for comparable depths; (2) the measured velocities from the electromagnetic flowmeter were up to 36% greater than the published maximum range; and (3) both data sets, collected without the use of centralizers or flow diverters, produced comparable and interpretable results. Although either method is acceptable for measuring wellbore velocities and the distribution of flow, the electromagnetic flowmeter enables collection of data over a now greater range of flows. In addition, changes in fluid temperature and fluid resistivity, collected as part of the electromagnetic flowmeter log, are useful in the identification of flow and hydrogeologic interpretation.

Nutrient Estimation Using Subsurface Sensing Methods

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This report investigates the use of precision management techniques for measuring soil conductivity on feedlot surfaces to estimate nutrient value for crop production. An electromagnetic induction soil conductivity meter was used to collect apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) from feedlot p...

Quantifying exchange between groundwater and surface water in rarely measured organic sediments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosenberry, D. O.; Cavas, M.; Keith, D.; Gefell, M. J.; Jones, P. M.

2016-12-01

Transfer of water and chemicals between poorly competent organic sediments and surface water in low-energy riverine and lentic settings depends on several factors, including rate and direction of flow, redox state, number and type of benthic invertebrates, and chemical gradients at and near the sediment-water interface. In spite of their commonly large areal extent, direct measurements of flow in soft, organic sediments are rarely made and little is known about flux direction, rate, or heterogeneity. Commonly used monitoring wells are difficult to install and suffer from slow response to changing hydraulic head due to the low permeability of these sediments. Seepage meters can directly quantify seepage flux if several challenges can be overcome. Meters are difficult to install and operate where water is deep, visibility is poor, and the position of the sediment-water interface is not readily apparent. Soft, easily eroded sediment can be displaced during meter installation, creating bypass flow beneath the bottom of the seepage cylinder. Poorly competent sediments often cannot support the weight of the meters; they slowly sink into the bed and displace water inside the seepage cylinder, which leads to the interpretation of large upward flow. Decaying organic material within the sediment generates gas that can displace water and corrupt seepage-meter measurements. Several inexpensive modifications to a standard seepage meter, as well as precautions during installation and operation, can minimize these sources of error. Underwater video cameras can be mounted to the meter to remotely observe sediment disturbance during sensor installation and monitor the stability of the meter insertion depth during the period of deployment. Anchor rods can be driven a meter or more into the sediment until refusal, firmly anchoring the seepage meter at a constant sediment insertion depth. Data collected from modified seepage meters installed in Minnesota and New York demonstrate the importance of quantifying flows in these challenging settings where biogeochemistry is complex and seepage rates commonly have been assumed to be insignificantly small.

Discharge Measurements in Shallow Urban Streams Using a Hydroacoustic Current Meter

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fisher, G.T.; Morlock, S.E.; ,

2002-01-01

Hydroacoustic current-meter measurements were evaluated in small urban streams under a range of stages, velocities, and channel-bottom materials. Because flow in urban streams is often shallow, conventional mechanical current-meter measurements are difficult or impossible to make. The rotating-cup Price pygmy meter that is widely used by the U.S. Geological Survey and other agencies should not be used in depths below 0.20 ft and velocities less than 0.30 ft/s. The hydroacoustic device provides measurements at depths as shallow as 0.10 ft and velocities as low as 0.10 ft/s or less. Measurements using the hydroacoustic current meter were compared to conventional discharge measurements. Comparisons with Price-meter measurements were favorable within the range of flows for which the meters are rated. Based on laboratory and field tests, velocity measurements with the hydroacoustic cannot be validated below about 0.07 ft/s. However, the hydroacoustic meter provides valuable information on direction and magnitude of flow even at lower velocities, which otherwise could not be measured with conventional measurements.

Myocardial Blood Flow Distribution during Ischemia-Induced Coronary Vasodilation in the Unanesthetized Dog

PubMed Central

Bache, Robert J.; Cobb, Frederick R.; Greenfield, Joseph C.

1974-01-01

This study was designed to determine whether coronary vasodilation distal to a flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis could result in redistribution of myocardial blood flow to produce subendocardial underperfusion. Studies were performed in 10 awake dogs chronically prepared with electromagnetic flow-meters and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex coronary artery. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured using radionuclide-labeled microspheres, 7-10 μm in diameter, injected into the left atrium. A 5-s coronary artery occlusion was followed by reactive hyperemia with excess inflow of arterial blood effecting 375±20% repayment of the blood flow debt incurred during occlusion. When, after a 5-s occlusion, the occluder was only partially released to hold arterial inflow to the preocclusion level for 20 s before complete release, the delayed reactive hyperemia was augmented (mean blood flow repayment = 610±45%, P < 0.01). This augmentation of the reactive hyperemia suggested that ischemia was continuing during the interval of coronary vasodilation when coronary inflow was at the preocclusion level. Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow demonstrated that endocardial flow slightly exceeded epicardial flow during control conditions. When arterial inflow was limited to the preocclusion rate during vasodilation after a 5-s total coronary artery occlusion, however, flow to the subepicardial myocardium was increased at the expense of underperfusion of the subendocardial myocardium. Thus, in the presence of a flow-limiting proximal coronary artery stenosis, ischemia-induced coronary vasodilation resulted in redistribution of myocardial blood flow with production of subendocardial ischemia in the presence of a net volume of arterial inflow which, if properly distributed, would have been adequate to prevent myocardial ischemia. Images PMID:4279928

Evaluation and enhancement of Texas ramp metering strategies, compliance, and alternative enforcement techniques: Go with the flow Houston. Public outreach plan (revised); Interim research report, September 1995--October 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lancaster, S.; Fette, B.; Busler, L.

This report describes the public outreach plan on the implementation of ramp meters along the Katy Freeway in Houston, Generally, ramp metering is neither beloved nor understood by the public. To gain public awareness, acceptance, compliance and continued support, ramp metering operations should be reinforced by a strong, ongoing public information and outreach campaign that communicates the need for and benefits of the program. Because the term `ramp metering` exhibits restrictions on the public, the phrase `Flow Signals` was developed to better describe the benefits of ramp metering; enhanced flow of traffic, fewer bottlenecks, and fewer trip delays. The logo,more » `Go with the Flow Houston,` and a graphic identity were developed to help communicate the theme throughout the various media where both the primary and secondary messages are intended to reach 15 different audiences. These media will include: a PSA, both static and changeable message signs, a brochure, Internet web site information, letters to specific audience and media relations efforts.« less

Electromagnetic holographic sensitivity field of two-phase flow in horizontal wells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Kuo; Wu, Xi-Ling; Yan, Jing-Fu; Cai, Jia-Tie

2017-03-01

Electromagnetic holographic data are characterized by two modes, suggesting that image reconstruction requires a dual-mode sensitivity field as well. We analyze an electromagnetic holographic field based on tomography theory and Radon inverse transform to derive the expression of the electromagnetic holographic sensitivity field (EMHSF). Then, we apply the EMHSF calculated by using finite-element methods to flow simulations and holographic imaging. The results suggest that the EMHSF based on the partial derivative of radius of the complex electric potential φ is closely linked to the Radon inverse transform and encompasses the sensitivities of the amplitude and phase data. The flow images obtained with inversion using EMHSF better agree with the actual flow patterns. The EMHSF overcomes the limitations of traditional single-mode sensitivity fields.

Methods of measuring pumpage through closed-conduit irrigation systems

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kjelstrom, L.C.

1991-01-01

Methods of measuring volumes of water withdrawn from the Snake River and its tributaries and pumped through closed-conduit irrigation systems were needed for equitable management of and resolution of conflicts over water use. On the basis of evaluations and field tests by researchers from the University of Idaho, Water Resources Research Institute, Moscow, Idaho, an impeller meter was selected to monitor pumpage through closed-conduit systems. In 1988, impeller meters were installed at 20 pumping stations along the Snake River between the Upper Salmon Falls and C.J. Strike Dams. Impeller-derived pumpage data were adjusted if they differed substantially from ultrasonic flow-meter- or current-meter-derived values. Comparisons of pumpage data obtained by ultrasonic flow-meter and current-meter measurements indicated that the ultrasonic flow meter was a reliable means to check operation of impeller meters. The equipment generally performed satisfactorily, and reliable pumpage data could be obtained using impeller meters in closed-conduit irrigation systems. Many pumping stations that divert water from the Snake River for irrigation remain unmeasured; however, regression analyses indicate that total pumpage can be reasonably estimated on the basis of electrical power consumption data, an approximation of total head at a pumping station, and a derived coefficient.

Immersed transient eddy current flow metering: a calibration-free velocity measurement technique for liquid metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krauter, N.; Stefani, F.

2017-10-01

Eddy current flow meters are widely used for measuring the flow velocity of electrically conducting fluids. Since the flow induced perturbations of a magnetic field depend both on the geometry and the conductivity of the fluid, extensive calibration is needed to get accurate results. Transient eddy current flow metering has been developed to overcome this problem. It relies on tracking the position of an impressed eddy current system that is moving with the same velocity as the conductive fluid. We present an immersed version of this measurement technique and demonstrate its viability by numerical simulations and a first experimental validation.

Elbow mass flow meter

DOEpatents

McFarland, Andrew R.; Rodgers, John C.; Ortiz, Carlos A.; Nelson, David C.

1994-01-01

Elbow mass flow meter. The present invention includes a combination of an elbow pressure drop generator and a shunt-type mass flow sensor for providing an output which gives the mass flow rate of a gas that is nearly independent of the density of the gas. For air, the output is also approximately independent of humidity.

40 CFR 98.443 - Calculating CO2 geologic sequestration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... each gas-liquid separator for which flow is measured using a mass flow meter, you must calculate...) For each gas-liquid separator for which flow is measured using a volumetric flow meter, you must...) To aggregate production data, you must sum the mass of all of the CO2 separated at each gas-liquid...

Effect of altitude on spirometric parameters and the performance of peak flow meters.

PubMed Central

Pollard, A. J.; Mason, N. P.; Barry, P. W.; Pollard, R. C.; Collier, D. J.; Fraser, R. S.; Miller, M. R.; Milledge, J. S.

1996-01-01

BACKGROUND: Portable peak flow meters are used in clinical practice for measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) at many different altitudes throughout the world. Some PEF meters are affected by gas density. This study was undertaken to establish which type of meter is best for use above sea level and to determine changes in spirometric measurements at altitude. METHODS: The variable orifice mini-Wright peak flow meter was compared with the fixed orifice Micro Medical Microplus turbine microspirometer at sea level and at Everest Base Camp (5300 m). Fifty one members of the 1994 British Mount Everest Medical Expedition were studied (age range, 19-55). RESULTS: Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) fell by 5% and PEF rose by 25.5%. However, PEF recorded with the mini-Wright peak flow meter underestimated PEF by 31%, giving readings 6.6% below sea level values. FVC was lowest in the mornings and did not improve significantly with acclimatisation. Lower PEF values were observed on morning readings and were associated with higher acute mountain sickness scores, although the latter may reflect decreased effort in those with acute mountain sickness. There was no change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) at altitude when measured with the turbine microspirometer. CONCLUSIONS: The cause of the fall in FVC at 5300 m is unknown but may be attributed to changes in lung blood volume, interstitial lung oedema, or early airways closure. Variable orifice peak flow meters grossly underestimate PEF at altitude and fixed orifice devices are therefore preferable where accurate PEF measurements are required above sea level. PMID:8711651

40 CFR 1065.225 - Intake-air flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Intake-air flow meter. 1065.225 Section 1065.225 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.225 Intake-air...

40 CFR 1065.225 - Intake-air flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Intake-air flow meter. 1065.225 Section 1065.225 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.225 Intake-air...

40 CFR 1065.225 - Intake-air flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Intake-air flow meter. 1065.225 Section 1065.225 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.225 Intake-air...

Guide to Flow Measurement for Electric Propulsion Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frieman, Jason D.; Walker, Mitchell L. R.; Snyder, Steve

2013-01-01

In electric propulsion (EP) systems, accurate measurement of the propellant mass flow rate of gas or liquid to the thruster and external cathode is a key input in the calculation of thruster efficiency and specific impulse. Although such measurements are often achieved with commercial mass flow controllers and meters integrated into propellant feed systems, the variability in potential propellant options and flow requirements amongst the spectrum of EP power regimes and devices complicates meter selection, integration, and operation. At the direction of the Committee on Standards for Electric Propulsion Testing, a guide was jointly developed by members of the electric propulsion community to establish a unified document that contains the working principles, methods of implementation and analysis, and calibration techniques and recommendations on the use of mass flow meters in laboratory and spacecraft electric propulsion systems. The guide is applicable to EP devices of all types and power levels ranging from microthrusters to high-power ion engines and Hall effect thrusters. The establishment of a community standard on mass flow metering will help ensure the selection of the proper meter for each application. It will also improve the quality of system performance estimates by providing comprehensive information on the physical phenomena and systematic errors that must be accounted for during the analysis of flow measurement data. This paper will outline the standard methods and recommended practices described in the guide titled "Flow Measurement for Electric Propulsion Systems."

Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Exploration for Groundwater on Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grimm, Robert E.

2002-01-01

Water with even a small amount of dissolved solids has an electrical conductivity orders of magnitude higher than dry rock and is therefore a near-ideal exploration target on Mars for low frequency, diffusive electromagnetic methods. Models of the temperature- and frequency-dependent electrical properties of rock-ice-water mixtures are used to predict the electromagnetic response of the Martian subsurface. Detection of ice is difficult unless it is massively segregated. In contrast, liquid water profoundly affects soundings, and even a small amount of adsorbed water in the cryosphere can be detected. Subcryospheric water is readily distinguishable at frequencies as low as 100 Hz for fresh water to 10 mHz for brines. These responses can be measured using either natural or artificial sources. Ultra low frequency signals from solar wind and diurnal-heating perturbations of the ionosphere are likely, and disturbances of regional crustal magnetic fields may also be observable. Spherics, or extremely to very low frequency signals from lightning discharge, would provide optimal soundings; however, lightning may be the least likely of the possible natural sources. Among the active techniques, only the time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) method can accommodate a closely spaced transmitter and receiver and sound to depths of hundreds of meters or more. A ground- or aircraft-based TDEM system of several kilograms can detect water to a depth of several hundred meters, and a system of tens of kilograms featuring a large, fixed, rover- or ballistically deployed loop can detect water to several kilometers depth.

The accuracy of portable peak flow meters.

PubMed

Miller, M R; Dickinson, S A; Hitchings, D J

1992-11-01

The variability of peak expiratory flow (PEF) is now commonly used in the diagnosis and management of asthma. It is essential for PEF meters to have a linear response in order to obtain an unbiased measurement of PEF variability. As the accuracy and linearity of portable PEF meters have not been rigorously tested in recent years this aspect of their performance has been investigated. The response of several portable PEF meters was tested with absolute standards of flow generated by a computer driven, servo controlled pump and their response was compared with that of a pneumotachograph. For each device tested the readings were highly repeatable to within the limits of accuracy with which the pointer position can be assessed by eye. The between instrument variation in reading for six identical devices expressed as a 95% confidence limit was, on average across the range of flows, +/- 8.5 l/min for the Mini-Wright, +/- 7.9 l/min for the Vitalograph, and +/- 6.4 l/min for the Ferraris. PEF meters based on the Wright meter all had similar error profiles with overreading of up to 80 l/min in the mid flow range from 300 to 500 l/min. This overreading was greatest for the Mini-Wright and Ferraris devices, and less so for the original Wright and Vitalograph meters. A Micro-Medical Turbine meter was accurate up to 400 l/min and then began to underread by up to 60 l/min at 720 l/min. For the low range devices the Vitalograph device was accurate to within 10 l/min up to 200 l/min, with the Mini-Wright overreading by up to 30 l/min above 150 l/min. Although the Mini-Wright, Ferraris, and Vitalograph meters gave remarkably repeatable results their error profiles for the full range meters will lead to important errors in recording PEF variability. This may lead to incorrect diagnosis and bias in implementing strategies of asthma treatment based on PEF measurement.

The accuracy of portable peak flow meters.

PubMed Central

Miller, M R; Dickinson, S A; Hitchings, D J

1992-01-01

BACKGROUND: The variability of peak expiratory flow (PEF) is now commonly used in the diagnosis and management of asthma. It is essential for PEF meters to have a linear response in order to obtain an unbiased measurement of PEF variability. As the accuracy and linearity of portable PEF meters have not been rigorously tested in recent years this aspect of their performance has been investigated. METHODS: The response of several portable PEF meters was tested with absolute standards of flow generated by a computer driven, servo controlled pump and their response was compared with that of a pneumotachograph. RESULTS: For each device tested the readings were highly repeatable to within the limits of accuracy with which the pointer position can be assessed by eye. The between instrument variation in reading for six identical devices expressed as a 95% confidence limit was, on average across the range of flows, +/- 8.5 l/min for the Mini-Wright, +/- 7.9 l/min for the Vitalograph, and +/- 6.4 l/min for the Ferraris. PEF meters based on the Wright meter all had similar error profiles with overreading of up to 80 l/min in the mid flow range from 300 to 500 l/min. This overreading was greatest for the Mini-Wright and Ferraris devices, and less so for the original Wright and Vitalograph meters. A Micro-Medical Turbine meter was accurate up to 400 l/min and then began to underread by up to 60 l/min at 720 l/min. For the low range devices the Vitalograph device was accurate to within 10 l/min up to 200 l/min, with the Mini-Wright overreading by up to 30 l/min above 150 l/min. CONCLUSION: Although the Mini-Wright, Ferraris, and Vitalograph meters gave remarkably repeatable results their error profiles for the full range meters will lead to important errors in recording PEF variability. This may lead to incorrect diagnosis and bias in implementing strategies of asthma treatment based on PEF measurement. PMID:1465746

Multiphase flowmeter successfully measures three-phase flow at extremely high gas-volume fractions -- Gulf of Suez, Egypt

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leggett, R.B.; Borling, D.C.; Powers, B.S.

1998-02-01

A multiphase flowmeter (MPFM) installed in offshore Egypt has accurately measured three-phase flow in extremely gassy flow conditions. The meter is completely nonintrusive, with no moving parts, requires no flow mixing before measurement, and has no bypass loop to remove gas before multiphase measurement. Flow regimes observed during the field test of this meter ranged from severe slugging to annular flow caused by the dynamics of gas-lift gas in the production stream. Average gas-volume fraction ranged from 93 to 98% during tests conducted on seven wells. The meter was installed in the Gulf of Suez on a well protector platformmore » in the Gulf of Suez Petroleum Co. (Gupco) October field, and was placed in series with a test separator located on a nearby production platform. Wells were individually tested with flow conditions ranging from 1,300 to 4,700 B/D fluid, 2.4 to 3.9 MMscf/D of gas, and water cuts from 1 to 52%. The meter is capable of measuring water cuts up to 100%. Production was routed through both the MPFM and the test separator simultaneously as wells flowed with the assistance of gas-lift gas. The MPFM measured gas and liquid rates to within {+-} 10% of test-separator reference measurement flow rates, and accomplished this at gas-volume fractions from 93 to 96%. At higher gas-volume fractions up to 98%, accuracy deteriorated but the meter continued to provide repeatable results.« less

DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF A BIDIRECTIONAL ADVECTIVE FLUX METER FOR SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE

EPA Science Inventory

A bidirectional advective flux meter for measuring water transport across the sediment-water interface has been successfully developed and field tested. The flow sensor employs a heat-pulse technique combined with a flow collection funnel for the flow measurement. Because the dir...

Data system for multiplexed water-current meters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ramsey, C. R.

1977-01-01

Flow rates at 32 flood plain locations are measured simultaneously by single digital logic unit with high noise immunity. Water flowing through pygmy current meters rotates element that closes electrical contact once every resolution, so flow rate is measured by counting number of closures in time interval.

Acute effects of electromagnetic stimulation of the brain on cortical activity, cortical blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate in the cat: an evaluation of safety.

PubMed Central

Eyre, J A; Flecknell, P A; Kenyon, B R; Koh, T H; Miller, S

1990-01-01

The influence of repeated high intensity electromagnetic stimulation of the brain on cortical activity, cortical blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate has been investigated in the cat, to evaluate the safety of the method. The observations have been made in preparations under propofol anaesthesia before, during and after periods of anoxia. Electromagnetic stimulation of the brain evoked activity in descending motor pathways and was recorded by activity in the median nerve and by muscle twitches. Following repeated series of high intensity stimulation there were no systematic changes in somatosensory evoked potentials or background EEG, nor were there signs of epileptogenic activity during electromagnetic stimulation, before, during or after periods of anoxia. No systematic changes in cortical blood flow, blood pressure or heart rate were observed during electromagnetic stimulation, before or after periods of anoxia. In conclusion, no acute adverse consequences following electromagnetic stimulation in the normal and anoxic cat brain were demonstrated. PMID:2380732

Mars SubsurfAce Sounding by Time-Domain Electromagnetic MeasuRements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tacconi, G.; Minna, L.; Pagnan, S.; Tacconi, M.

1999-09-01

MASTER (Mars subsurfAce Sounding by Time-domain Electromagnetic measuRements) is an experimental project proposed to fly aboard the Italian Drill (DEEDRI) payload for the Mars Surveyor Program 2003. MASTER will offer the scientific community the first opportunity to scan Mars subsurface structure by means of the technique employing time-domain electromagnetic measurements TDEM. Up today proposed experiments for scanning the Martian subsurface have focused on exploring the crust of the planet Mars up to few meters, while MASTER will explore electrical structures and related soil characteristics and processes at depths up to hundreds meters at least. TDEM represents an active remote sensing system and will be used likely a ULF/ELF/VLF ``radar." If a certain volumetric zone has different electrical conductivity, the current in the sample will vary generating a secondary scattered electromagnetic field containing the information about the explored volume. The volumetric mean value of the conductivity will be estimated according to the implicit near field e.m. propagation conditions, considering the skin depth (d) and the apparent resistivity (ra) as the most representative and critical parameters. As any active remotely sensed measurements the TDEM system behaves like a ``bistatic" communication channel and is mandatory to investigate the characteristics of the background noise at the receiver site. The MASTER system, can operate also as a passive listening device of the possible electromagnetic background noise on the Mars surface at ULF/ELF/VLF bands. Present paper will describe in details the application of the TDEM method as well as the approaches to the detection and estimation of the e.m. BGN on Mars surface, in terms of man made, natural BGN and intrinsic noise of the sensors and electronic systems. The electromagnetic background noise detection/estimation represents by itself a no cost experiment and the first experiment of this type on Mars.

Groundwater-Seepage Meter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walthall, Harry G.; Reay, William G.

1993-01-01

Instrument measures seepage of groundwater into inland or coastal body of water. Positioned at depth as great as 40 meters, and measures flow at low rate and low pressure differential. Auxiliary pressure meter provides data for correlation of flow of groundwater with tides and sea states. Seepage meter operates independently for several weeks. Its sampling rate adjusted to suit hydrologic conditions; to measure more frequently when conditions changing rapidly. Used in water-quality management and for biological and geological research. Potential industrial uses include measurement of seepage of caustic and corrosive liquids.

Fuel cell membrane hydration and fluid metering

DOEpatents

Jones, Daniel O.; Walsh, Michael M.

2003-01-01

A hydration system includes fuel cell fluid flow plate(s) and injection port(s). Each plate has flow channel(s) with respective inlet(s) for receiving respective portion(s) of a given stream of reactant fluid for a fuel cell. Each injection port injects a portion of liquid water directly into its respective flow channel. This serves to hydrate at least corresponding part(s) of a given membrane of the corresponding fuel cell(s). The hydration system may be augmented by a metering system including flow regulator(s). Each flow regulator meters an injecting at inlet(s) of each plate of respective portions of liquid into respective portion(s) of a given stream of fluid by corresponding injection port(s).

Application of a Laser Interferometer Skin-Friction Meter in Complex Flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monson, D. J.; Driver, D. M.; Szodruch, J.

1981-01-01

A nonintrusive skin-friction meter has been found useful for a variety of complex wind-tunnel flows. This meter measures skin friction with a remotely located laser interferometer that monitors the thickness change of a thin oil film. Its accuracy has been proven in a low-speed flat-plate flow. The wind-tunnel flows described here include sub-sonic separated and reattached flow over a rearward-facing step, supersonic flow over a flat plate at high Reynolds numbers, and supersonic three - dimensional vortical flow over the lee of a delta wing at angle of attack. The data-reduction analysis was extended to apply to three-dimensional flows with unknown flow direction, large pressure and shear gradients, and large oil viscosity changes with time. The skin friction measurements were verified, where possible, with results from more conventional techniques and also from theoretical computations.

Continuous flow measurements using ultrasonic velocity meters - an update

USGS Publications Warehouse

Oltmann, Rick

1995-01-01

An article in the summer 1993 Newsletter described USGS work to continously monitor tidal flows in the delta using ultrasonic velocity meters.  This article updates progress since 1993, including new installations, results of data analysis, damage during this year's high flows, and the status of each site.

THERMALWATER FLOW METER. Hot Springs National Park, Bathhouse Row, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

THERMAL-WATER FLOW METER. - Hot Springs National Park, Bathhouse Row, Superior Bathhouse: Mechanical & Piping Systems, State Highway 7, 1 mile north of U.S. Highway 70, Hot Springs, Garland County, AR

Weather Impact on Airport Arrival Meter Fix Throughput

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wang, Yao

2017-01-01

Time-based flow management provides arrival aircraft schedules based on arrival airport conditions, airport capacity, required spacing, and weather conditions. In order to meet a scheduled time at which arrival aircraft can cross an airport arrival meter fix prior to entering the airport terminal airspace, air traffic controllers make regulations on air traffic. Severe weather may create an airport arrival bottleneck if one or more of airport arrival meter fixes are partially or completely blocked by the weather and the arrival demand has not been reduced accordingly. Under these conditions, aircraft are frequently being put in holding patterns until they can be rerouted. A model that predicts the weather impacted meter fix throughput may help air traffic controllers direct arrival flows into the airport more efficiently, minimizing arrival meter fix congestion. This paper presents an analysis of air traffic flows across arrival meter fixes at the Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR). Several scenarios of weather impacted EWR arrival fix flows are described. Furthermore, multiple linear regression and regression tree ensemble learning approaches for translating multiple sector Weather Impacted Traffic Indexes (WITI) to EWR arrival meter fix throughputs are examined. These weather translation models are developed and validated using the EWR arrival flight and weather data for the period of April-September in 2014. This study also compares the performance of the regression tree ensemble with traditional multiple linear regression models for estimating the weather impacted throughputs at each of the EWR arrival meter fixes. For all meter fixes investigated, the results from the regression tree ensemble weather translation models show a stronger correlation between model outputs and observed meter fix throughputs than that produced from multiple linear regression method.

DETAIL OF THERMALWATER FLOW METER. Hot Springs National Park, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

DETAIL OF THERMAL-WATER FLOW METER. - Hot Springs National Park, Bathhouse Row, Superior Bathhouse: Mechanical & Piping Systems, State Highway 7, 1 mile north of U.S. Highway 70, Hot Springs, Garland County, AR

5. FLOW METER AND PIPING SHOWING CONNECTIONS. Hot Springs ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

5. FLOW METER AND PIPING SHOWING CONNECTIONS. - Hot Springs National Park Bathhouse Row, Maurice Bathhouse: Mechanical & Piping Systems, State Highway 7, 1 mile north of U.S. Highway 70, Hot Springs, Garland County, AR

Electromagnetic radiation absorbers and modulators comprising polyaniline

DOEpatents

Epstein, Arthur J.; Ginder, John M.; Roe, Mitchell G.; Hajiseyedjavadi, Hamid

1992-01-01

A composition for absorbing electromagnetic radiation, wherein said electromagnetic radiation possesses a wavelength generally in the range of from about 1000 Angstroms to about 50 meters, wherein said composition comprises a polyaniline composition of the formula ##STR1## where y can be equal to or greater than zero, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently selected from the group containing of H, --OCH.sub.3, --CH.sub.3, --F, --Cl, --Br, --I, NR.sup.3 .sub.2, --NHCOR.sup.3, --OH, --O.sup.-, SR.sup.3, --OCOR.sup.3, --NO.sub.2, --COOH, --COOR.sup.3, --COR.sup.3, --CHO, and --CN, where R.sup.3 is a C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl group.

47 CFR 80.217 - Suppression of interference aboard ships.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... to any receiver required by statute or treaty. (b) The electromagnetic field from receivers required... mile from the receiver: Frequency of interfering emissions Field intensity in microvolts per meter... following amounts of power, to an artificial antenna having electrical characteristics equivalent to those...

A system for the real time, direct measurement of natural gas flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sowell, T.

1995-12-31

PMI/Badger Meter, Inc. with partial sponsorship from the Gas Research Institute, has designed and developed direct measurement total energy flow metering instrumentation. As industry demands for improved accuracy and speed of measurement have increased so has the complexity of the overall hardware and software systems. Considering traditional system approaches, few companies have the in house capability of maintaining a complete system. This paper addresses efforts to implement a direct, total gas energy flow metering system which is simple to use and cost effective.

An Investigation of Slurry Fuel Combustion.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

tit Lil’ sitas wtae f).4 mm ap.art. w w =Q L-1~ rAn Li w > 0 0- - q The propane gas flow rate was metered withi a Matlieson Model 604 rotameter and...controlled by a Harris Model 2515 pressure regulator with an output capacity of 0-0.69 MPa. The flow rate of the iydrog’en gas was metered with a...propane 3nd hydrogen flows were calibrated with a Precision Scientific Companv wet-test meter (2.83 ml/rev). The fuel drops were mounted with a

Dynamics and internal structure of an Alaskan debris-covered glacier from repeat airborne photogrammetry and surface geophysics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holt, John; Levy, Joseph; Petersen, Eric; Larsen, Chris; Fahnestock, Mark

2016-04-01

Debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers encompass a range of compositions and activity, and can be useful paleoclimate indicators. They also respond differently to ongoing climate change than glaciers without a protective cover. Their flow dynamics are not well understood, and their unique surface morphologies, including lobate fronts and arcuate ridges, likely result from viscous flow influenced by a combination of composition, structure, and climatic factors. However, basic connections between flow kinematics and surface morphology have not yet been established, limiting our ability to understand these features. In order to begin to address this problem we have undertaken airborne and surface studies of multiple debris-covered glaciers in Alaska and the western U.S. Sourdough Rock Glacier in the St. Elias Mountains, Alaska, is completely debris-covered and exhibits numerous transverse compressional ridges. Its trunk also exhibits highly regular bumps and swales with a wavelength of ~175 m and amplitudes up to 12 m. In the middle trunk, lineations (boulder trains and furrows) bend around a point roughly 200m from the eastern edge. We acquired five high-resolution airborne surveys of Sourdough Rock Glacier between late 2013 and late 2015 using lidar and photogrammetry to assess annual and seasonal change at the sub-meter level. Differencing the DTMs provides vertical change while feature tracking in orthophotos provide horizontal velocities that indicate meters of annual motion. The flow field is highly correlated with surface features; in particular, compressional ridges in the lower lobe. Stranded, formerly active lobes are also apparent. Surface geophysical studies were undertaken to constrain internal structure and composition using a combination of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) at 50 and 100 MHz in six transects, and time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) measurements at 47 locations, primarily in an along-flow transect and two cross-flow transects. We infer from the GPR and TDEM data that Sourdough Rock Glacier is 40-50 m thick and consists of a core of relatively pure glacier ice preserved under a 2.5-3 m thick debris mantle. In conclusion, Sourdough is actively flowing, with surface velocities that correlate with surface slope and thickness. A bedrock restriction is inferred from bending flow lines, low surface velocities, and localized thinning of the ice. This comprehensive suite of observations provides the potential to model ice flow and to ultimately link details of the surface morphology to accumulation and rheology through flow kinematics and internal structure.

Accelerated ions from pulsed-power-driven fast plasma flow in perpendicular magnetic field

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Takezaki, Taichi, E-mail: ttakezaki@stn.nagaokaut.ac.jp; Takahashi, Kazumasa; Sasaki, Toru, E-mail: sasakit@vos.nagaokaut.ac.jp

2016-06-15

To understand the interaction between fast plasma flow and perpendicular magnetic field, we have investigated the behavior of a one-dimensional fast plasma flow in a perpendicular magnetic field by a laboratory-scale experiment using a pulsed-power discharge. The velocity of the plasma flow generated by a tapered cone plasma focus device is about 30 km/s, and the magnetic Reynolds number is estimated to be 8.8. After flow through the perpendicular magnetic field, the accelerated ions are measured by an ion collector. To clarify the behavior of the accelerated ions and the electromagnetic fields, numerical simulations based on an electromagnetic hybrid particle-in-cell methodmore » have been carried out. The results show that the behavior of the accelerated ions corresponds qualitatively to the experimental results. Faster ions in the plasma flow are accelerated by the induced electromagnetic fields modulated with the plasma flow.« less

An alternative arrangement of metered dosing fluid using centrifugal pump

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Islam, Md. Arafat; Ehsan, Md.

2017-06-01

Positive displacement dosing pumps are extensively used in various types of process industries. They are widely used for metering small flow rates of a dosing fluid into a main flow. High head and low controllable flow rates make these pumps suitable for industrial flow metering applications. However their pulsating flow is not very suitable for proper mixing of fluids and they are relatively more expensive to buy and maintain. Considering such problems, alternative techniques to control the fluid flow from a low cost centrifugal pump is practiced. These include - throttling, variable speed drive, impeller geometry control and bypass control. Variable speed drive and impeller geometry control are comparatively costly and the flow control by throttling is not an energy efficient process. In this study an arrangement of metered dosing flow was developed using a typical low cost centrifugal pump using bypass flow technique. Using bypass flow control technique a wide range of metered dosing flows under a range of heads were attained using fixed pump geometry and drive speed. The bulk flow returning from the system into the main tank ensures better mixing which may eliminate the need of separate agitators. Comparative performance study was made between the bypass flow control arrangement of centrifugal pump and a diaphragm type dosing pump. Similar heads and flow rates were attainable using the bypass control system compared to the diaphragm dosing pump, but using relatively more energy. Geometrical optimization of the centrifugal pump impeller was further carried out to make the bypass flow arrangement more energy efficient. Although both the systems run at low overall efficiencies but the capital cost could be reduced by about 87% compared to the dosing pump. The savings in capital investment and lower maintenance cost very significantly exceeds the relatively higher energy cost of the bypass system. This technique can be used as a cost effective solution for industries in Bangladesh and have been implemented in two salt iodization plants at Narayangang.

40 CFR 90.420 - CVS concept of exhaust gas sampling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sampling probe. (2) Exhaust flow metering system. A dilute exhaust flow metering system must be used to... exhaust. The background probe must draw a representative sample of the background air during each sampling... (bag) sampling system. If a critical flow venturi (CFV) is used on the dilute exhaust sample probe...

40 CFR 90.420 - CVS concept of exhaust gas sampling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... sampling probe. (2) Exhaust flow metering system. A dilute exhaust flow metering system must be used to... exhaust. The background probe must draw a representative sample of the background air during each sampling... (bag) sampling system. If a critical flow venturi (CFV) is used on the dilute exhaust sample probe...

40 CFR 90.420 - CVS concept of exhaust gas sampling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sampling probe. (2) Exhaust flow metering system. A dilute exhaust flow metering system must be used to... exhaust. The background probe must draw a representative sample of the background air during each sampling... (bag) sampling system. If a critical flow venturi (CFV) is used on the dilute exhaust sample probe...

40 CFR 90.420 - CVS concept of exhaust gas sampling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sampling probe. (2) Exhaust flow metering system. A dilute exhaust flow metering system must be used to... exhaust. The background probe must draw a representative sample of the background air during each sampling... (bag) sampling system. If a critical flow venturi (CFV) is used on the dilute exhaust sample probe...

40 CFR 90.420 - CVS concept of exhaust gas sampling system.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... sampling probe. (2) Exhaust flow metering system. A dilute exhaust flow metering system must be used to... exhaust. The background probe must draw a representative sample of the background air during each sampling... (bag) sampling system. If a critical flow venturi (CFV) is used on the dilute exhaust sample probe...

Velocity profile survey in a 16-in. custody-transfer orifice meter for natural gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shen, J.J.S.

1991-02-01

This paper describes a research project conducted at Chevron U.S.A. Inc.'s Venice, LA, facility to ascertain that the flow condition inside a nominal 16-in. (406-mm) custody-transfer orifice meter was in compliance with American Gas Assn. (AGA) requirements. The survey was conducted at four flow rates ranging from 160 to 200 MMscf/D (4.53 {times} 10{sup 6} to 5.66 {times} 10{sup 6} std m{sup 3}/d) of processed natural gas at 880 psia (6.1 MPa). Experimental data were collected by a portable data-acquisition system driven by a lap-top microcomputer. The measured profiles indicated that the flow was nearly fully developed at the orificemore » plate location, and no significant swirling motion was detected. This test successfully demonstrated the techniques and equipment developed for determining actual flow distributions inside orifice meters in the field under normal operating conditions. This technology can be used to detect detrimental flow profiles and to verify compliance with AGA requirements on flow conditions in custody-transfer orifice meters.« less

Proof-of-principle demonstration of a virtual flow meter-based transducer for gaseous helium monitoring in particle accelerator cryogenics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arpaia, P.; Technology Department, European Organization for Nuclear Research; Blanco, E.

2015-07-15

A transducer based on a virtual flow meter is proposed for monitoring helium distribution and consumption in cryogenic systems for particle accelerators. The virtual flow meter allows technical and economical constraints, preventing installation of physical instruments in all the needed measurement points, to be overcome. Virtual flow meter performance for the alternative models of Samson [ http://www.samson.de (2015)] and Sereg-Schlumberger [ http://www.slb.com/ (2015)] is compared with the standard IEC 60534-2-1 [Industrial-process control valves—Part 2-1: Flow capacity—sizing equations for fluid flow under installed conditions (2011), https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/2461], for a large temperature range, for both gaseous and liquid helium phases, and for differentmore » pressure drops. Then, the calibration function of the transducer is derived. Finally, the experimental validation for the helium gaseous state on the test station for superconducting magnets in the laboratory SM18 [Pirotte et al., AIP Conf. Proc. 1573, 187 (2014)] at CERN is reported.« less

Novel Air Flow Meter for an Automobile Engine Using a Si Sensor with Porous Si Thermal Isolation

PubMed Central

Hourdakis, Emmanouel; Sarafis, Panagiotis; Nassiopoulou, Androula G.

2012-01-01

An air flow meter for measuring the intake air of an automobile engine is presented. It is based on a miniaturized silicon thermal mass flow sensor using a thick porous Si (Po-Si) layer for local thermal isolation from the Si substrate, on which the sensor active elements are integrated. The sensor is mounted on one side of a printed circuit board (PCB), on the other side of which the readout and control electronics of the meter are mounted. The PCB is fixed on a housing containing a semi-cylindrical flow tube, in the middle of which the sensor is situated. An important advantage of the present air flow meter is that it detects with equal sensitivity both forward and reverse flows. Two prototypes were fabricated, a laboratory prototype for flow calibration using mass flow controllers and a final demonstrator with the housing mounted in an automobile engine inlet tube. The final demonstrator was tested in real life conditions in the engine inlet tube of a truck. It shows an almost linear response in a large flow range between –6,500 kg/h and +6,500 kg/h, which is an order of magnitude larger than the ones usually encountered in an automobile engine. PMID:23202189

Novel air flow meter for an automobile engine using a Si sensor with porous Si thermal isolation.

PubMed

Hourdakis, Emmanouel; Sarafis, Panagiotis; Nassiopoulou, Androula G

2012-11-02

An air flow meter for measuring the intake air of an automobile engine is presented. It is based on a miniaturized silicon thermal mass flow sensor using a thick porous Si (Po-Si) layer for local thermal isolation from the Si substrate, on which the sensor active elements are integrated. The sensor is mounted on one side of a printed circuit board (PCB), on the other side of which the readout and control electronics of the meter are mounted. The PCB is fixed on a housing containing a semi-cylindrical flow tube, in the middle of which the sensor is situated. An important advantage of the present air flow meter is that it detects with equal sensitivity both forward and reverse flows. Two prototypes were fabricated, a laboratory prototype for flow calibration using mass flow controllers and a final demonstrator with the housing mounted in an automobile engine inlet tube. The final demonstrator was tested in real life conditions in the engine inlet tube of a truck. It shows an almost linear response in a large flow range between –6,500 kg/h and +6,500 kg/h, which is an order of magnitude larger than the ones usually encountered in an automobile engine.

Electromagnetic absorption properties of spacecraft and space debris

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Micheli, D.; Santoni, F.; Giusti, A.; Delfini, A.; Pastore, R.; Vricella, A.; Albano, M.; Arena, L.; Piergentili, F.; Marchetti, M.

2017-04-01

Aim of the work is to present a method to evaluate the electromagnetic absorption properties of spacecraft and space debris. For these objects, the radar detection ability depends mainly on volume, shape, materials type and other electromagnetic reflecting behaviour of spacecraft surface components, such as antennas or thermal blankets, and of metallic components in space debris. The higher the electromagnetic reflection coefficient of such parts, the greater the radar detection possibility. In this research an electromagnetic reverberation chamber is used to measure the absorption cross section (ACS) of four objects which may represent space structure operating components as well as examples of space debris: a small satellite, a composite antenna dish, a Thermal Protection System (TPS) tile and a carbon-based composite missile shell. The ACS mainly depends on geometrical characteristics like apertures, face numbers and bulk porosity, as well as on the type of the material itself. The ACS, which is an electromagnetic measurement, is expressed in squared meters and thus can be compared with the objects geometrical cross section. A small ACS means a quite electromagnetic reflective tendency, which is beneficial for radar observations; on the contrary, high values of ACS indicate a strong absorption of the electromagnetic field, which in turn can result a critical hindering of radar tracking.

40 CFR 60.73a - Emissions testing and monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... system (e.g., weigh scale, volume flow meter, mass flow meter, tank volume) to measure and record the... via titration or by determining the temperature and specific gravity of the nitric acid. You may also...

40 CFR 60.73a - Emissions testing and monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... system (e.g., weigh scale, volume flow meter, mass flow meter, tank volume) to measure and record the... via titration or by determining the temperature and specific gravity of the nitric acid. You may also...

Continuous flow measurements using fixed ultrasonic meters

USGS Publications Warehouse

Oltmann, Rick

1993-01-01

USGS has or soon will be installing four continuous flow-monitoring stations in the delta that will use ultrasonic velocity meters (DVM). Funding for the stations has been provided by USGS, DWR, USBR, and Contra Costa Water District.

Coherent flow structures and heat transfer in a duct with electromagnetic forcing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Himo, Rawad; Habchi, Charbel

2018-04-01

Coherent vortices are generated electromagnetically in a square duct flow. The vortices are induced by a Lorentz force applied in a small section near the entrance of the duct. The flow structure complexity increases with the electromagnetic forcing since the primary vortices propagating along the duct detach to generate secondary smaller streamwise vortices and hairpin-like structures. The Reynolds number based on the mean flow velocity and hydraulic diameter is 500, and five cases were studied by varying the electromagnetic forcing. Even though this Reynolds number is relatively low, a periodic sequence of hairpin-like structure flow was observed for the high forcing cases. This mechanism enhances the mixing process between the different flow regions resulting in an increase in the thermal performances which reaches 66% relative to the duct flow without forcing. In addition to the flow complexity, lower forcing cases remained steady, unlike high Lorentz forces that induced periodic instabilities with a Strouhal number around 0.59 for the transient eddies. The effect of the flow structure on the heat transfer is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using numerical simulations based on the finite volume method. Moreover, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis was performed on the flow structures to evaluate the most energetic modes contributing in the flow. It is found from the POD analysis that the primary streamwise vortices and hairpin legs are the flow structures that are the most contributing to the heat transfer process.

47 CFR 2.1511 - Measurements of radiated emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) General set-up instructions. Measurements of radiated electromagnetic emissions (EME) are to be performed... meters in both vertical and horizontal polarization. Record the highest receiver reading in dBm as the... receiver reading in dBm and the instrument settings, antenna height and direction for maximum radiation...

Low power electromagnetic flowmeter providing accurate zero set

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fryer, T. B. (Inventor)

1971-01-01

A low power, small size electromagnetic flowmeter system is described which produces a zero output signal for zero flow. The system comprises an air core type electromagnetic flow transducer, a field current supply circuit for the transducer coils and a pre-amplifier and demodulation circuit connected to the output of the transducer. To prevent spurious signals at zero flow, separate, isolated power supplies are provided for the two circuits. The demodulator includes a pair of synchronous rectifiers which are controlled by signals from the field current supply circuit. Pulse transformer connected in front of the synchronous rectifiers provide isolation between the two circuits.

Ramp metering : procedure manual.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2002-11-01

Ramp metering is a traffic management tool used to increase the efficiency and safety of the : traffic operations on freeways. It is one of the most cost effective ways of managing traffic flow. : It improves traffic flow on congested freeways and of...

Numerical simulation of electromagnetic wave attenuation in a nonequilibrium chemically reacting hypervelocity flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nusca, Michael Joseph, Jr.

The effects of various gasdynamic phenomena on the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through the nonequilibrium chemically reacting air flow field generated by an aerodynamic body travelling at high velocity is investigated. The nonequilibrium flow field is assumed to consist of seven species including nitric oxide ions and free electrons. The ionization of oxygen and nitrogen atoms is ignored. The aerodynamic body considered is a blunt wedge. The nonequilibrium chemically reacting flow field around this body is numerically simulated using a computer code based on computational fluid dynamics. The computer code solves the Navier-Stokes equations including mass diffusion and heat transfer, using a time-marching, explicit Runge-Kutta scheme. A nonequilibrium air kinetics model consisting of seven species and twenty-eight reactions as well as an equilibrium air model consisting of the same seven species are used. The body surface boundaries are considered as adiabatic or isothermal walls, as well as fully-catalytic and non-catalytic surfaces. Both laminar and turbulent flows are considered; wall generated flow turbulence is simulated using an algebraic mixing length model. An electromagnetic wave is considered as originating from an antenna within the body and is effected by the free electrons in the chemically reacting flow. Analysis of the electromagnetics is performed separately from the fluid dynamic analysis using a series solution of Maxwell's equations valid for the propagation of a long-wavelength plane electromagnetic wave through a thin (i.e., in comparison to wavelength) inhomogeneous plasma layer. The plasma layer is the chemically reacting shock layer around the body. The Navier-Stokes equations are uncoupled from Maxwell's equations. The results of this computational study demonstrate for the first time and in a systematic fashion, the importance of several parameters including equilibrium chemistry, nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, the reaction mechanism, flow viscosity, mass diffusion, and wall boundary conditions on modeling wave attenuation resulting from the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with an aerodynamic plasma. Comparison is made with experimental data.

Field calibration of orifice meters for natural gas flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ting, V.C.; Shen, J.J.S.

1989-03-01

This paper presents the orifice calibration results for nominal 15.24, 10.16, and 5.08-cm (6,4,2-in.) orifice meters conducted at the Chevron's Sand Hills natural gas flow measurement facility in Crane, Texas. Over 200 test runs were collected in a field environment to study the accuracy of the orifice meters. Data were obtained at beta ratios ranging from 0.12 to 0.74 at the nominal conditions of 4576 kPa and 27{sup 0}C (650 psig and 80{sup 0}F) with a 0.57 specific gravity processed, pipeline quality natural gas. A bank of critical flow nozzles was used as the flow rate proving device to calibratemore » the orifice meters. Orifice discharge coefficients were computed with ANSI/API 2530-1985 (AGA3) and ISO 5167/ASME MFC-3M-1984 equations for every set of data points. With the orifice bore Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 to 9 million, the Sand Hills calibration data bridge the gap between the Ohio State water data at low Reynolds numbers and Chevron's high Reynolds number test data taken at a large test facility in Venice, Louisiana. The test results also successfully demonstrate that orifice meters can be accurately proved with critical flow nozzles under realistic field conditions.« less

Support of gas flowmeter upgrade

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waugaman, Dennis

1996-01-01

A project history review, literature review, and vendor search were conducted to identify a flowmeter that would improve the accuracy of gaseous flow measurements in the White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) Calibration Laboratory and the Hydrogen High Flow Facility. Both facilities currently use sonic flow nozzles to measure flowrates. The flow nozzle pressure drops combined with corresponding pressure and temperature measurements have been estimated to produce uncertainties in flowrate measurements of 2 to 5 percent. This study investigated the state of flowmeter technology to make recommendations that would reduce those uncertainties. Most flowmeters measure velocity and volume, therefore mass flow measurement must be calculated based on additional pressures and temperature measurement which contribute to the error. The two exceptions are thermal dispersion meters and Coriolis mass flowmeters. The thermal dispersion meters are accurate to 1 to 5 percent. The Coriolis meters are significantly more accurate, at least for liquids. For gases, there is evidence they may be accurate to within 0.5 percent or better of the flowrate, but there may be limitations due to inappropriate velocity, pressure, Mach number and vibration disturbances. In this report, a comparison of flowmeters is presented. Candidate Coriolis meters and a methodology to qualify the meter with tests both at WSTF and Southwest Research Institute are recommended and outlined.

Theoretical analysis of an oscillatory plane Poiseuille flow—A link to the design of vortex flow meter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Huai-Lung; Kuo, Cheng-Hsiung

2017-05-01

Theoretical analysis on an oscillatory plane Poiseuille flow is conducted in terms of a non-dimensional ratio (η) of the channel half-width to Stokes' layer thickness. The cyclic velocity profiles, the phase shifts and the magnitudes among the driving pressure gradient, the induced wall shear stress, and the volume flux are investigated. Also, the flow physics at a different ratio η is demonstrated. In this study, the mechanism of the driving pressure gradient and the oscillating volume flux is similar to and can be employed to demonstrate the slit flow in the application of the novel vortex flow meter using a slit cylinder as a shedder. When applied to the novel vortex flow meter, the non-dimensional ratio η can be expressed as the relation of the slit width ratio (S/D), the Strouhal number, and the Reynolds number. Finally, a range of η between 0.97 < η < 20 will be suggested for the vortex flow meter at the design stage. Large values of η are employed at a high Reynolds number, and small η is used for low Reynolds number applications. In the novel vortex flow meters, a cylinder with a normal axial slit of width (S) is employed as the shedder. Due to the primary lock-on, the process of vortex shedding synchronizes with the rhythm of slit flow leading to a stable shedding frequency. The value η is well correlated by the value of ηopt obtained by experiments and shows a one-to-one correspondence to the slit ratio at each Reynolds number. Once the design value of ηopt is determined, the optimal slit ratio can be estimated for a fixed applied Reynolds number at the design stage.

Performance of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Hot-Dip Round Coreless Galvanizing Bath

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yue, Qiang; Zhang, Chengbo; Xu, Yong; Zhou, Li; Kong, Hui; Wang, Jia

2017-04-01

Flow field in a coreless hot-dip galvanizing pot was investigated through a water modeling experiment. The corresponding velocity vector was measured using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The flow field of molten zinc in the bath was also analyzed. Steel strip velocities from 1.7 to 2.7 m/s were adopted to determine the effect of steel strip velocity on the molten zinc flow in the bath. A large vortex filled the space at the right side of the sink roll, under linear speed from 1.0 to 2.7 m/s and width from 1.0 to 1.3 m of the steel strip, because of the effects of wall and shear stress. The results of the water modeling experiment were compared with those of numerical simulations. In the simulation, Maxwell equations were solved using finite element method to obtain magnetic flux density, electromagnetic force, and Joule heating. The Joule heating rate reached the maximum and minimum values near the side wall and at the core of the bath, respectively, because of the effect of skin and proximity. In an industrial-sized model, the molten zinc flow and temperature fields driven by electromagnetic force and Joule heating in the inductor of a coreless galvanizing bath were numerically simulated. The results indicated that the direction of electromagnetic force concentrated at the center of the galvanizing pot horizontal planes and exerted a pinch effect on molten zinc. Consequently, molten zinc in the pot was stirred by electromagnetic force. Under molten zinc flow and electromagnetic force stirring, the temperature of the molten zinc became homogeneous throughout the bath. This study provides a basis for optimizing electromagnetic fields in coreless induction pot and fine-tuning the design of steel strip parameters.

Hydraulic experimental investigation on spatial distribution and formation process of tsunami deposit on a slope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harada, K.; Takahashi, T.; Yamamoto, A.; Sakuraba, M.; Nojima, K.

2017-12-01

An important aim of the study of tsunami deposits is to estimate the characteristics of past tsunamis from the tsunami deposits found locally. Based on the tsunami characteristics estimated from tsunami deposit, it is possible to examine tsunami risk assessment in coastal areas. It is considered that tsunami deposits are formed based on the dynamic correlation between tsunami's hydraulic values, sediment particle size, topography, etc. However, it is currently not enough to evaluate the characteristics of tsunamis from tsunami deposits. This is considered to be one of the reasons that the understanding of the formation process of tsunami deposits is not sufficiently understood. In this study, we analyze the measurement results of hydraulic experiment (Yamamoto et al., 2016) and focus on the formation process and distribution of tsunami deposits. Hydraulic experiment was conducted with two-dimensional water channel with a slope. Tsunami was inputted as a bore wave flow. The moving floor section was installed as a seabed slope connecting to shoreline and grain size distribution was set some cases. The water level was measured using ultrasonic displacement gauges, and the flow velocity was measured using propeller current meters and an electromagnetic current meter. The water level and flow velocity was measured at some points. The distribution of tsunami deposit was measured from shoreline to run-up limit on the slope. Yamamoto et al. (2016) reported the measurement results on the distribution of tsunami deposit with wave height and sand grain size. Therefore, in this study, hydraulic analysis of tsunami sediment formation process was examined based on the measurement data. Time series fluctuation of hydraulic parameters such as Froude number, Shields number, Rouse number etc. was calculated to understand on the formation process of tsunami deposit. In the front part of the tsunami, the flow velocity take strong flow from shoreline to around the middle of slope. From the measurement result in this time, it is considered that the dominant process of deposit formation is suspended state. At the run-up limit where the flow velocity decreases, the sediment moves in bedload state. As a result, the amount of sediment transport near the run-up limit changes under the influence of particle size.

Demonstrating electromagnetic control of free-surface, liquid-metal flows relevant to fusion reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hvasta, M. G.; Kolemen, E.; Fisher, A. E.; Ji, H.

2018-01-01

Plasma-facing components (PFC’s) made from solid materials may not be able to withstand the large heat and particle fluxes that will be produced within next-generation fusion reactors. To address the shortcomings of solid PFC’s, a variety of liquid-metal (LM) PFC concepts have been proposed. Many of the suggested LM-PFC designs rely on electromagnetic restraint (Lorentz force) to keep free-surface, liquid-metal flows adhered to the interior surfaces of a fusion reactor. However, there is very little, if any, experimental data demonstrating that free-surface, LM-PFC’s can actually be electromagnetically controlled. Therefore, in this study, electrical currents were injected into a free-surface liquid-metal that was flowing through a uniform magnetic field. The resultant Lorentz force generated within the liquid-metal affected the velocity and depth of the flow in a controllable manner that closely matched theoretical predictions. These results show the promise of electromagnetic control for LM-PFC’s and suggest that electromagnetic control could be further developed to adjust liquid-metal nozzle output, prevent splashing within a tokamak, and alter heat transfer properties for a wide-range of liquid-metal systems.

Demonstrating electromagnetic control of free-surface, liquid-metal flows relevant to fusion reactors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hvasta, Michael George; Kolemen, Egemen; Fisher, Adam

Plasma-facing components (PFC's) made from solid materials may not be able to withstand the large heat and particle fluxes that will be produced within next-generation fusion reactors. To address the shortcomings of solid PFC's, a variety of liquid-metal (LM) PFC concepts have been proposed. Many of the suggested LM-PFC designs rely on electromagnetic restraint (Lorentz force) to keep free-surface, liquid-metal flows adhered to the interior surfaces of a fusion reactor. However, there is very little, if any, experimental data demonstrating that free-surface, LM-PFC's can actually be electromagnetically controlled. Therefore, in this study, electrical currents were injected into a free-surface liquid-metalmore » that was flowing through a uniform magnetic field. The resultant Lorentz force generated within the liquid-metal affected the velocity and depth of the flow in a controllable manner that closely matched theoretical predictions. Furthermore, these results show the promise of electromagnetic control for LM-PFC's and suggest that electromagnetic control could be further developed to adjust liquid-metal nozzle output, prevent splashing within a tokamak, and alter heat transfer properties for a wide-range of liquid-metal systems.« less

Demonstrating electromagnetic control of free-surface, liquid-metal flows relevant to fusion reactors

DOE PAGES

Hvasta, Michael George; Kolemen, Egemen; Fisher, Adam; ...

2017-10-13

Plasma-facing components (PFC's) made from solid materials may not be able to withstand the large heat and particle fluxes that will be produced within next-generation fusion reactors. To address the shortcomings of solid PFC's, a variety of liquid-metal (LM) PFC concepts have been proposed. Many of the suggested LM-PFC designs rely on electromagnetic restraint (Lorentz force) to keep free-surface, liquid-metal flows adhered to the interior surfaces of a fusion reactor. However, there is very little, if any, experimental data demonstrating that free-surface, LM-PFC's can actually be electromagnetically controlled. Therefore, in this study, electrical currents were injected into a free-surface liquid-metalmore » that was flowing through a uniform magnetic field. The resultant Lorentz force generated within the liquid-metal affected the velocity and depth of the flow in a controllable manner that closely matched theoretical predictions. Furthermore, these results show the promise of electromagnetic control for LM-PFC's and suggest that electromagnetic control could be further developed to adjust liquid-metal nozzle output, prevent splashing within a tokamak, and alter heat transfer properties for a wide-range of liquid-metal systems.« less

Time-of-flight dependency on transducer separation distance in a reflective-path guided-wave ultrasonic flow meter at zero flow conditions.

PubMed

Aanes, Magne; Kippersund, Remi Andre; Lohne, Kjetil Daae; Frøysa, Kjell-Eivind; Lunde, Per

2017-08-01

Transit-time flow meters based on guided ultrasonic wave propagation in the pipe spool have several advantages compared to traditional inline ultrasonic flow metering. The extended interrogation field, obtained by continuous leakage from guided waves traveling in the pipe wall, increases robustness toward entrained particles or gas in the flow. In reflective-path guided-wave ultrasonic flow meters (GW-UFMs), the flow equations are derived from signals propagating solely in the pipe wall and from signals passing twice through the fluid. In addition to the time-of-flight (TOF) through the fluid, the fluid path experiences an additional time delay upon reflection at the opposite pipe wall due to specular and non-specular reflections. The present work investigates the influence of these reflections on the TOF in a reflective-path GW-UFM as a function of transducer separation distance at zero flow conditions. Two models are used to describe the signal propagation through the system: (i) a transient full-wave finite element model, and (ii) a combined plane-wave and ray-tracing model. The study shows that a range-dependent time delay is associated with the reflection of the fluid path, introducing transmitter-receiver distance dependence. Based on these results, the applicability of the flow equations derived using model (ii) is discussed.

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Battery Replacement Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-29

selection of the Reynold’s number enables use of water for simulation of gas or liquid flow. Introduction of dye to the flow stream, with video...calibrated using a soap -film flow meter (Bubble-o-meter, Dublin, OH). Eleven Array system temperature regions were set as follows prior to start of...expected. The ar- ray flow proceeds down the columns: column effects would be more likely than row effects from a design of experiments perspective

Energy transfer model and its applications of ultrasonic gas flow-meter under static and dynamic flow rates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Min; Xu, Ke-Jun; Zhu, Wen-Jiao; Shen, Zi-Wen

2016-01-01

Most of the ultrasonic gas flow-meters measure the gas flow rate by calculating the ultrasonic transmission time difference between the downstream and upstream. Ultrasonic energy attenuation occurs in the processes of the ultrasonic generation, conversion, transmission, and reception. Additionally, at the same time, the gas flow will also affect the ultrasonic propagation during the measurement, which results in the ultrasonic energy attenuation and the offset of ultrasonic propagation path. Thus, the ultrasonic energy received by the transducer is weaker. When the gas flow rate increases, this effect becomes more apparent. It leads to the measurement accuracy reduced, and the measurement range narrowed. An energy transfer model, where the ultrasonic gas flow-meter under without/with the gas flow, is established by adopting the statistical analysis and curve fitting based on a large amount of experimental data. The static sub model without the gas flow expresses the energy conversion efficiency of ultrasonic gas transducers, and the dynamic sub model with the gas flow reflects the energy attenuation pattern following the flow rate variations. The mathematical model can be used to determine the minimum energy of the excitation signal for meeting the requirement of specific measurement range, and predict the maximum measurable flow rate in the case of fixed energy of excitation signal. Based on the above studies, a method to enhance the excitation signal energy is proposed under the output power of the transmitting circuit being a finite value so as to extend the measurement rage of ultrasonic gas flow-meter.

Calibration and application of an automated seepage meter for monitoring water flow across the sediment-water interface.

PubMed

Zhu, Tengyi; Fu, Dafang; Jenkinson, Byron; Jafvert, Chad T

2015-04-01

The advective flow of sediment pore water is an important parameter for understanding natural geochemical processes within lake, river, wetland, and marine sediments and also for properly designing permeable remedial sediment caps placed over contaminated sediments. Automated heat pulse seepage meters can be used to measure the vertical component of sediment pore water flow (i.e., vertical Darcy velocity); however, little information on meter calibration as a function of ambient water temperature exists in the literature. As a result, a method with associated equations for calibrating a heat pulse seepage meter as a function of ambient water temperature is fully described in this paper. Results of meter calibration over the temperature range 7.5 to 21.2 °C indicate that errors in accuracy are significant if proper temperature-dependence calibration is not performed. The proposed calibration method allows for temperature corrections to be made automatically in the field at any ambient water temperature. The significance of these corrections is discussed.

Investigation of Seepage Meter Measurements in Steady Flow and Wave Conditions.

PubMed

Russoniello, Christopher J; Michael, Holly A

2015-01-01

Water exchange between surface water and groundwater can modulate or generate ecologically important fluxes of solutes across the sediment-water interface. Seepage meters can directly measure fluid flux, but mechanical resistance and surface water dynamics may lead to inaccurate measurements. Tank experiments were conducted to determine effects of mechanical resistance on measurement efficiency and occurrence of directional asymmetry that could lead to erroneous net flux measurements. Seepage meter efficiency was high (average of 93%) and consistent for inflow and outflow under steady flow conditions. Wave effects on seepage meter measurements were investigated in a wave flume. Seepage meter net flux measurements averaged 0.08 cm/h-greater than the expected net-zero flux, but significantly less than theoretical wave-driven unidirectional discharge or recharge. Calculations of unidirectional flux from pressure measurements (Darcy flux) and theory matched well for a ratio of wave length to water depth less than 5, but not when this ratio was greater. Both were higher than seepage meter measurements of unidirectional flux made with one-way valves. Discharge averaged 23% greater than recharge in both seepage meter measurements and Darcy calculations of unidirectional flux. Removal of the collection bag reduced this net discharge. The presence of a seepage meter reduced the amplitude of pressure signals at the bed and resulted in a nearly uniform pressure distribution beneath the seepage meter. These results show that seepage meters may provide accurate measurements of both discharge and recharge under steady flow conditions and illustrate the potential measurement errors associated with dynamic wave environments. © 2014, National Ground Water Association.

Non-invasive energy meter for fixed and variable flow systems

DOEpatents

Menicucci, David F.; Black, Billy D.

2005-11-01

An energy metering method and apparatus for liquid flow systems comprising first and second segments of one or more conduits through which a liquid flows, comprising: attaching a first temperature sensor for connection to an outside of the first conduit segment; attaching a second temperature sensor for connection to an outside of the second conduit segment; via a programmable control unit, receiving data from the sensors and calculating energy data therefrom; and communicating energy data from the meter; whereby the method and apparatus operate without need to temporarily disconnect or alter the first or second conduit segments. The invention operates with both variable and fixed flow systems, and is especially useful for both active and passive solar energy systems.

Nonlinear model for offline correction of pulmonary waveform generators.

PubMed

Reynolds, Jeffrey S; Stemple, Kimberly J; Petsko, Raymond A; Ebeling, Thomas R; Frazer, David G

2002-12-01

Pulmonary waveform generators consisting of motor-driven piston pumps are frequently used to test respiratory-function equipment such as spirometers and peak expiratory flow (PEF) meters. Gas compression within these generators can produce significant distortion of the output flow-time profile. A nonlinear model of the generator was developed along with a method to compensate for gas compression when testing pulmonary function equipment. The model and correction procedure were tested on an Assess Full Range PEF meter and a Micro DiaryCard PEF meter. The tests were performed using the 26 American Thoracic Society standard flow-time waveforms as the target flow profiles. Without correction, the pump loaded with the higher resistance Assess meter resulted in ten waveforms having a mean square error (MSE) higher than 0.001 L2/s2. Correction of the pump for these ten waveforms resulted in a mean decrease in MSE of 87.0%. When loaded with the Micro DiaryCard meter, the uncorrected pump outputs included six waveforms with MSE higher than 0.001 L2/s2. Pump corrections for these six waveforms resulted in a mean decrease in MSE of 58.4%.

Fabrication and evaluation of a graphene oxide-based cantilever-type flow-meter for subsonic gas flow rate measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamdollahi, Hassan; Rahbar-Shahrouzi, Javad

2018-05-01

In this paper, a cantilever-type flow meter was fabricated to measure the rate of air flow in turbulent subsonic regimes such as purged gases. In the fabrication process, a piezoresistive material was coated on an interdigitated electric board as a substrate. The piezoresistive layer was a blend of latex as the polymeric matrix and graphene oxide as the sensing nanomaterial agent, which was reduced by solvothermal reduction method. The piezoresistive blend was dip-coated on a substrate with dotted pattern and was then reduced at 240 °C for 1 h in every coating step. When an air flow passed over the surface of the cantilever beam, the beam was bent in the downward direction, resulting in small variations in the resistance of the piezoresistive layer and a change in the bending angle of the cantilever which were measured simultaneously. The air flow rate was acquired via calibrating electrical resistance changes by Arduino and Wheatstone bridge circuit. The blending angle of the substrate caused by the interaction between the airflow and the cantilever and recorded by the camera and image processing was ultimately compared with the simulation results. The flow meter accuracy as a percentage of full scale (% FS) was calculated to be  ±5.8%, and mean deviation was equal to 2.1 (% FS) with the appropriate response time of 0.70 s at the air flow range of 100‑240 m s‑1. Highlights • A cantilever-type flow meter was fabricated to measure the high-speed air flow rate. • The sensitive piezoresistive material was composed of GO and latex. • The dip-coating method was used to deposit the piezoresistive layer on the fiberglass substrate. • The impact of effective parameters on the performance of the flow meter was investigated. • A simulation study was performed and the results were compared with the experimental data.

Fluid Flow Technology that Measures Up

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

From 1994 to 1996, NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center conducted a Center Director's Discretionary Fund research effort to apply artificial intelligence technologies to the health management of plant equipment and space propulsion systems. Through this effort, NASA established a business relationship with Quality Monitoring and Control (QMC), of Kingwood, Texas, to provide hardware modeling and artificial intelligence tools. Very detailed and accurate Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) analysis and algorithms were jointly created, which identified several missing, critical instrumentation needs for adequately evaluating the engine health status. One of the missing instruments was a liquid oxygen (LOX) flow measurement. This instrument was missing since the original SSME included a LOX turbine flow meter that failed during a ground test, resulting in considerable damage for NASA. New balanced flow meter technology addresses this need with robust, safe, and accurate flow metering hardware.

Fuel cell membrane hydration and fluid metering

DOEpatents

Jones, Daniel O.; Walsh, Michael M.

1999-01-01

A hydration system includes fuel cell fluid flow plate(s) and injection port(s). Each plate has flow channel(s) with respective inlet(s) for receiving respective portion(s) of a given stream of reactant fluid for a fuel cell. Each injection port injects a portion of liquid water directly into its respective flow channel in order to mix its respective portion of liquid water with the corresponding portion of the stream. This serves to hydrate at least corresponding part(s) of a given membrane of the corresponding fuel cell(s). The hydration system may be augmented by a metering system including flow regulator(s). Each flow regulator meters an injecting at inlet(s) of each plate of respective portions of liquid into respective portion(s) of a given stream of fluid by corresponding injection port(s).

Dynamic viscoelasticity measurement under alternative torque using electromagnetically spinning method with quadruple electromagnets.

PubMed

Matsuura, Yusuke; Hirano, Taichi; Sakai, Keiji

2017-07-01

In this study, we developed a novel type of rheological measurement system. Here, a spherical probe is driven to rotate periodically by applying torques using quadruple electromagnets in a noncontact manner. Moreover, this system is an enhancement of our electromagnetically spinning (EMS) viscometer, which is widely used for measuring rheological flow curves in various industrial fields. The quadruple EMS method provides the frequency spectrum of viscoelasticity, in addition to shear viscosity, in a steady flow by switching the operation modes of the driving torque. We show the results obtained for Newtonian fluids and viscoelastic materials and demonstrate the validity of the system.

Energy Flow Exciting Field-Aligned Current at Substorm Expansion Onset

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebihara, Y.; Tanaka, T.

2017-12-01

At substorm expansion onset, upward field-aligned currents (FACs) increase abruptly, and a large amount of electromagnetic energy starts to consume in the polar ionosphere. A question arises as to where the energy comes from. Based on the results obtained by the global magnetohydrodynamics simulation, we present energy flow and energy conversion associated with the upward FACs that manifest the onset. Our simulations show that the cusp/mantle region transmits electromagnetic energy to almost the entire region of the magnetosphere when the interplanetary magnetic field is southward. Integral curve of the Poynting flux shows a spiral moving toward the ionosphere, probably suggesting the pathway of electromagnetic energy from the cusp/mantle dynamo to the ionosphere. The near-Earth reconnection initiates three-dimensional redistribution of the magnetosphere. Flow shear in the near-Earth region results in the generation of the near-Earth dynamo and the onset FACs. The onset FACs are responsible to transport the electromagnetic energy toward the Earth. In the near-Earth region, the electromagnetic energy coming from the cusp/mantle dynamo is converted to the kinetic energy (known as bursty bulk flow) and the thermal energy (associated with high-pressure region in the inner magnetosphere). Then, they are converted to the electromagnetic energy associated with the onset FACs. A part of electromagnetic energy is stored in the lobe region during the growth phase. The release of the stored energy, together with the continuously supplied energy from the cusp/mantle dynamo, contributes to the energy supply to the ionosphere during the expansion phase.

Monitoring of multiphase flows for superconducting accelerators and others applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Filippov, Yu. P.; Kakorin, I. D.; Kovrizhnykh, A. M.; Miklayev, V. M.

2017-07-01

This paper is a review on implementation of measuring systems for two-phase helium, hydrogen, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and oil-formation/salty water flows. Two types of such systems are presented. The first type is based on two-phase flow-meters combining void fraction radio-frequency (RF) sensors and narrowing devices. They can be applied for superconducting accelerators cooled with two-phase helium, refueling hydrogen system for space ships and some applications in oil production industry. The second one is based on combination of a gamma-densitometer and a narrowing device. These systems can be used to monitor large two-phase LNG and oil-formation water flows. An electronics system based on a modular industrial computer is described as well. The metrological characteristics for different flow-meters are presented and the obtained results are discussed. It is also shown that the experience gained allows separationless flow-meter for three-phase oil-gas-formation water flows to be produced.

Portable wastewater flow meter

DOEpatents

Hunter, Robert M.

1999-02-02

A portable wastewater flow meter particularly adapted for temporary use at a single location in measuring the rate of liquid flow in a circular entrance conduit of a sewer manhole both under free flow and submerged, open channel conditions and under fill pipe, surcharged conditions, comprising an apparatus having a cylindrical external surface and an inner surface that constricts the flow through the apparatus in such a manner that a relationship exists between (1) the difference between the static pressure head of liquid flowing through the entrance of the apparatus and the static pressure head of liquid flowing through the constriction, and (2) the rate of liquid flow through the apparatus.

Portable wastewater flow meter

DOEpatents

Hunter, Robert M.

1990-01-01

A portable wastewater flow meter particularly adapted for temporary use at a single location in measuring the rate of liquid flow in a circular entrance conduit of a sewer manhole both under free flow and submerged, open channel conditions and under full pipe, surcharged conditions, comprising an apparatus having a cylindrical external surface and an inner surface that constricts the flow through the apparatus in such a manner that a relationship exists between (1) the difference between the static pressure head of liquid flowing through the entrance of the apparatus and the static pressure head of liquid flowing through the constriction, and (2) the rate of liquid flow through the apparatus.

Test Your Asthma Knowledge

MedlinePlus

... be eliminated simply by washing sheets in warm water. True or False? A peak flow meter records how many asthma attacks you have had. ... degrees or less, and by washing items in water temperatures of 130 degrees or ... them. False: Peak flow meters measure how well air moves out of your ...

Fly-by-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bedoya, Carlos A.

1995-05-01

Fiber optics are immune to electromagnetic emissions and have the potential to eliminate this concern especially in flight critical applications if they can be developed to the same level of technology as current systems using wire to carry the signals. As aircraft become more and more dependent of digital signals to control all systems, the Electromagnetic Environment (EME) will become more and more a concern for the safe long term operation. The International Severe HIRF electromagnetic environment (EME) is less than 2000 Volts per meter below 400 MHz and reaches a maximum of 6,850 Volts per meter in the 4-6 GHz range. The normal assumption is that a metal or composite aircraft skin with appropriate seals provides 20 dB attenuation of the external environment. This reduces peak levels at the avionics boxes to less than 200 Volts per meter below 400 MHz and a maximum of 685 Volts per meter in the 406 GHz range. MIL-STD-461D imposed an additional box level requirement to 200 Volts per meter from 10 KHz to 40 GHz. This requirement equals or surpasses the attenuated HIRF environment over significant portions of the spectrum and implies that the aircraft must be designed to achieve and maintain this value throughout its service life. Although wires can be shielded and designed to achieve these requirements, it is a more expensive process, adds the weight of shielding and requires maintenance of the shielding integrity at all times. The very light weight and high bandwidth of fiber optics also offer the potential of eliminating the number of connections and weight savings in aircraft. For example on a one to one replacement of wire by fiber, it is estimated that fiber would weight about 1/20 the weight of wire. Current wire buses used for duplex communications in aircraft applications have a bandwidth of about 1 MHz while equivalent buses using fiber optics have a bandwidth of 20 MHz. For other applications such as video and avionics interfaces, fiber buses in the hundreds of MHz are available. Applications of fiber optic buses would then result in the reduction of wires and connections because of reduction in the number of buses needed for information transfer due to the fact that a large number of different signals can be sent across one fiber by multiplexing each signal. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) Fly-by-Light Advanced Systems Hardware (FLASH) program addresses the development of Fly-by-Light Technology in order to apply the benefits of fiber optics to military and commercial aircraft.

Insert metering plates for gas turbine nozzles

DOEpatents

Burdgick, Steven S.; Itzel, Gary; Chopra, Sanjay; Abuaf, Nesim; Correia, Victor H.

2004-05-11

The invention comprises a metering plate which is assembled to an impingement insert for use in the nozzle of a gas turbine. The metering plate can have one or more metering holes and is used to balance the cooling flow within the nozzle. A metering plate with multiple holes reduces static pressure variations which result from the cooling airflow through the metering plate. The metering plate can be assembled to the insert before or after the insert is inserted into the nozzle.

Peak expiratory flow profiles delivered by pump systems. Limitations due to wave action.

PubMed

Miller, M R; Jones, B; Xu, Y; Pedersen, O F; Quanjer, P H

2000-06-01

Pump systems are currently used to test the performance of both spirometers and peak expiratory flow (PEF) meters, but for certain flow profiles the input signal (i.e., requested profile) and the output profile can differ. We developed a mathematical model of wave action within a pump and compared the recorded flow profiles with both the input profiles and the output predicted by the model. Three American Thoracic Society (ATS) flow profiles and four artificial flow-versus-time profiles were delivered by a pump, first to a pneumotachograph (PT) on its own, then to the PT with a 32-cm upstream extension tube (which would favor wave action), and lastly with the PT in series with and immediately downstream to a mini-Wright peak flow meter. With the PT on its own, recorded flow for the seven profiles was 2.4 +/- 1.9% (mean +/- SD) higher than the pump's input flow, and similarly was 2.3 +/- 2.3% higher than the pump's output flow as predicted by the model. With the extension tube in place, the recorded flow was 6.6 +/- 6.4% higher than the input flow (range: 0.1 to 18.4%), but was only 1.2 +/- 2.5% higher than the output flow predicted by the model (range: -0.8 to 5.2%). With the mini-Wright meter in series, the flow recorded by the PT was on average 6.1 +/- 9.1% below the input flow (range: -23.8 to 2. 5%), but was only 0.6 +/- 3.3% above the pump's output flow predicted by the model (range: -5.5 to 3.9%). The mini-Wright meter's reading (corrected for its nonlinearity) was on average 1.3 +/- 3.6% below the model's predicted output flow (range: -9.0 to 1. 5%). The mini-Wright meter would be deemed outside ATS limits for accuracy for three of the seven profiles when compared with the pump's input PEF, but this would be true for only one profile when compared with the pump's output PEF as predicted by the model. Our study shows that the output flow from pump systems can differ from the input waveform depending on the operating configuration. This effect can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using a model based on nonsteady flow analysis that takes account of pressure wave reflections within pump systems.

Design, fabrication and characterization of LTCC-based electromagnetic microgenerators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gierczak, M.; Markowski, P.; Dziedzic, A.

2016-02-01

Design, manufacturing process and properties of electromagnetic microgenerators fabricated in LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) technology are presented in this paper. Electromagnetic microgenerators consist of planar coils spatially arranged on several layers of LTCC and of a multipole permanent magnet. Two different patterns of coils with 2-, 8-,10- and 12-layers and outer diameter of 50 mm were designed and fabricated. Silver-based pastes ESL 903-A or DuPont 6145 were used. In order to estimate the inductance of a single spatial coil the Greenhouse (self-inductance) and Hoer (mutual inductance) calculation methods were used. To verify the calculation results a single-layer coil was fabricated for each pattern and its inductance was measured using the precision RLC Meter. Fabricated LTCC microgenerators with embedded coils allow to generate voltage higher than ten volts and the electrical output power of approximately 600 mW at the rotor rotation speed of 12 thousands rpm. The self-made system was used for characterization of LTCC-based electromagnetic microgenerators.

Method to produce American Thoracic Society flow-time waveforms using a mechanical pump.

PubMed

Hankinson, J L; Reynolds, J S; Das, M K; Viola, J O

1997-03-01

The American Thoracic Society (ATS) recently adopted a new set of 26 standard flow-time waveforms for use in testing both diagnostic and monitoring devices. Some of these waveforms have a higher frequency content than present in the ATS-24 standard volume-time waveforms, which, when produced by a mechanical pump, may result in a pump flow output that is less than the desired flow due to gas compression losses within the pump. To investigate the effects of gas compression, a mechanical pump was used to generate the necessary flows to test mini-Wright and Assess peak expiratory flow (PEF) meters. Flow output from the pump was measured by two different independent methods, a pneumotachometer and a method based on piston displacement and pressure measured within the pump. Measuring output flow based on piston displacement and pressure has been validated using a pneumotachometer and mini-Wright PEF meter, and found to accurately measure pump output. This method introduces less resistance (lower back-pressure) and dead space volume than using a pneumotachometer in series with the meter under test. Pump output flow was found to be lower than the desired flow both with the mini-Wright and Assess meters (for waveform No. 26, PEFs 7.1 and 10.9% lower, respectively). To compensate for losses due to gas compression, we have developed a method of deriving new input waveforms, which, when used to drive a commercially available mechanical pump, accurately and reliably produces the 26 ATS flow-time waveforms, even those with the fastest rise-times.

Additional deployment of ocean bottom gravity meter and ocean bottom electro-magnetic meter for the multidisciplinary cabled observation in Sagami Bay, Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mitsuzawa, K.; Goto, T.; Araki, E.; Watanabe, T.; Sugioka, H.; Kasaya, T.; Sayanagi, K.; Mikada, H.; Fujimoto, H.; Nagao, T.; Koizumi, K.; Asakawa, K.

2005-12-01

Western part of the Sagami Bay central Pacific side of Japan, is known as one of the high active tectonic areas. In this area, Teishi Knoll, volcanic seamount, erupted in 1989 and the earthquake swarms occurs repeatedly every few years in the eastern coast of the Izu Peninsula. The real-time deep sea floor observatory was deployed about 7 km off Hatsushima Island, Sagami Bay, at a depth of 1174 m in 1993 to monitor seismic activities, underwater pressure, water temperature and deep currents. The video camera and lights were also mounted in the observatory to monitor the relations among biological activities associated with the tectonic activities. The observation system including submarine electro-optical cable with a length of 8 km was completely renewed in 2000. The several underwater-mateable connectors are installed in the new observatory for additional observation instruments. A precise pressure sensor, ocean bottom gravity meter and ocean bottom electro-magnetic meter were installed using ROV Hyper-Dolphin in the cruise of R/V Natsushima from January 9 to 14, 2005. We start to operate them at February 10, 2005 after checking those of data qualities. We also installed an underwater internet interface, which is called Linux Box, as a prototype of underwater network system which was operated by Linux operating system. The Linux Box is a key network system for multidisciplinary observation network. It will be able to connect much kind of observation instruments as using internet connection. We put the precise pressure sensor as a sensor of the Linux Box in this experiment.

Ultrasonic Blood Flow Measurement in Haemodialysis

PubMed Central

Sampson, D.; Papadimitriou, M.; Kulatilake, A. E.

1970-01-01

A 5-megacycle Doppler flow meter, calibrated in-vitro, was found to give a linear response to blood flow in the ranges commonly encountered in haemodialysis. With this, blood flow through artificial kidneys could be measured simply and with a clinically acceptable error. The method is safe, as blood lines do not have to be punctured or disconnected and hence there is no risk of introducing infection. Besides its value as a research tool the flow meter is useful in evaluating new artificial kidneys. Suitably modified it could form the basis of an arterial flow alarm system. PMID:5416812

Exposure Perception as a Key Indicator of Risk Perception and Acceptance of Sources of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.

PubMed

Freudenstein, Frederik; Wiedemann, Peter M; Brown, Tim W C

2015-01-01

The presented survey was conducted in six European countries as an online study. A total of 2454 subjects participated. Two main research questions were investigated: firstly, how does the cognitive, moral, and affective framing of radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure perception influence RF EMF risk perception? Secondly, can the deployment of mobile phone base stations have greater acceptance with RF EMF exposure reduction? The findings with respect to the first question clearly indicated that the cognitive framed exposure perception is the main determinant of RF EMF risk perception. The concomitant sensitivity to exposure strength offers an opportunity to improve the acceptance of base stations by exposure reduction. A linear regression analysis supported this assumption: in a fictional test situation, exposure reduction improved the acceptance of base stations, operationalized as the requested distance of the base station from one's own home. Furthermore, subjects with high RF EMF risk perception were most sensitive to exposure reduction. On average, a 70% exposure reduction reduced the requested distance from about 2000 meters to 1000 meters. The consequences for risk communication are discussed.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction does not affect hydrostatic pulmonary edema formation.

PubMed

Cheney, F W; Bishop, M J; Eisenstein, B L; Artman, L D

1987-02-01

We studied the effects of regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) on lobar flow diversion in the presence of hydrostatic pulmonary edema. Ten anesthetized dogs with the left lower lobe (LLL) suspended in a net for continuous weighing were ventilated with a bronchial divider so the LLL could be ventilated with either 100% O2 or a hypoxic gas mixture (90% N2-5% CO2-5% O2). A balloon was inflated in the left atrium until hydrostatic pulmonary edema occurred, as evidenced by a continuous increase in LLL weight. Left lower lobe flow (QLLL) was measured by electromagnetic flow meter and cardiac output (QT) by thermal dilution. At a left atrial pressure of 30 +/- 5 mmHg, ventilation of the LLL with the hypoxic gas mixture caused QLLL/QT to decrease from 17 +/- 4 to 11 +/- 3% (P less than 0.05), pulmonary arterial pressure to increase from 35 +/- 5 to 37 +/- 6 mmHg (P less than 0.05), and no significant change in rate of LLL weight gain. Gravimetric confirmation of our results was provided by experiments in four animals where the LLL was ventilated with an hypoxic gas mixture for 2 h while the right lung was ventilated with 100% O2. In these animals there was no difference in bloodless lung water between the LLL and right lower lobe. We conclude that in the presence of left atrial pressures high enough to cause hydrostatic pulmonary edema, HPV causes significant flow diversion from an hypoxic lobe but the decrease in flow does not affect edema formation.

Comparison of five portable peak flow meters.

PubMed

Takara, Glaucia Nency; Ruas, Gualberto; Pessoa, Bruna Varanda; Jamami, Luciana Kawakami; Di Lorenzo, Valéria Amorim Pires; Jamami, Mauricio

2010-05-01

To compare the measurements of spirometric peak expiratory flow (PEF) from five different PEF meters and to determine if their values are in agreement. Inaccurate equipment may result in incorrect diagnoses of asthma and inappropriate treatments. Sixty-eight healthy, sedentary and insufficiently active subjects, aged from 19 to 40 years, performed PEF measurements using Air Zone, Assess, Galemed, Personal Best and Vitalograph peak flow meters. The highest value recorded for each subject for each device was compared to the corresponding spirometric values using Friedman's test with Dunn's post-hoc (p<0.05), Spearman's correlation test and Bland-Altman's agreement test. The median and interquartile ranges for the spirometric values and the Air Zone, Assess, Galemed, Personal Best and Vitalograph meters were 428 (263-688 L/min), 450 (350-800 L/min), 420 (310-720 L/min), 380 (300-735 L/min), 400 (310-685 L/min) and 415 (335-610 L/min), respectively. Significant differences were found when the spirometric values were compared to those recorded by the Air Zone(R) (p<0.001) and Galemed (p<0.01) meters. There was no agreement between the spirometric values and the five PEF meters. The results suggest that the values recorded from Galemed meters may underestimate the actual value, which could lead to unnecessary interventions, and that Air Zone meters overestimate spirometric values, which could obfuscate the need for intervention. These findings must be taken into account when interpreting both devices' results in younger people. These differences should also be considered when directly comparing values from different types of PEF meters.

Analysis of Mid-Latitude Plasma Density Irregularities in the Presence of Finite Larmor Radius Effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sotnikov, V. I.; Kim, T. C.; Mishin, E. V.; Kil, H.; Kwak, Y. S.; Paraschiv, I.

2017-12-01

Ionospheric irregularities cause scintillations of electromagnetic signals that can severely affect navigation and transionospheric communication, in particular during space storms. At mid-latitudes the source of F-region Field Aligned Irregularities (FAI) is yet to be determined. They can be created in enhanced subauroral flow channels (SAI/SUBS), where strong gradients of electric field, density and plasma temperature are present. Another important source of FAI is connected with Medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). Related shear flows and plasma density troughs point to interchange and Kelvin-Helmholtz type instabilities as a possible source of plasma irregularities. A model of nonlinear development of these instabilities based on the two-fluid hydrodynamic description with inclusion of finite Larmor radius effects will be presented. This approach allows to resolve density irregularities on the meter scale. A numerical code in C language to solve the derived nonlinear equations for analysis of interchange and flow velocity shear instabilities in the ionosphere was developed. This code will be used to analyze competition between interchange and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the mid-latitude region. The high-resolution simulations with continuous density and velocity profiles will be driven by the ambient conditions corresponding to the in situ data obtained during the 2016 Daejeon (Korea) and MU (Japan) radar campaign and data collected simultaneously by the Swarm satellites passed over Korea and Japan. PA approved #: 88ABW-2017-3641

The electromagnetic force field, fluid flow field and temperature profiles in levitated metal droplets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

El-Kaddah, N.; Szekely, J.

1982-01-01

A mathematical representation was developed for the electromagnetic force field, the flow field, the temperature field (and for transport controlled kinetics), in a levitation melted metal droplet. The technique of mutual inductances was employed for the calculation of the electromagnetic force field, while the turbulent Navier - Stokes equations and the turbulent convective transport equations were used to represent the fluid flow field, the temperature field and the concentration field. The governing differential equations, written in spherical coordinates, were solved numerically. The computed results were in good agreement with measurements, regarding the lifting force, and the average temperature of the specimen and carburization rates, which were transport controlled.

Twin Cities ramp meter evaluation : executive summary

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-02-01

This report details the results of a study on the traffic flow and safety impacts of ramp metering. The study served two important public purposes. 1. It thoroughly documented the benefits resulting from ramp metering to traffic operations and relate...

Non-contact ultrasonic gas flow metering using air-coupled leaky Lamb waves.

PubMed

Fan, Zichuan; Jiang, Wentao; Wright, William M D

2018-04-23

This paper describes a completely non-contact ultrasonic method of gas flow metering using air-coupled leaky Lamb waves. To show proof of principle, a simplified representation of gas flow in a duct, comprising two separated thin isotropic plates with a gas flowing between them, has been modelled and investigated experimentally. An airborne compression wave emitted from an air-coupled capacitive ultrasonic transducer excited a leaky Lamb wave in the first plate in a non-contact manner. The leakage of this Lamb wave crossed the gas flow at an angle between the two plates as a compression wave, and excited a leaky Lamb wave in the second plate. An air-coupled capacitive ultrasonic transducer on the opposite side of this second plate then detected the airborne compression wave leakage from the second Lamb wave. As the gas flow shifted the wave field between the two plates, the point of Lamb wave excitation in the second plate was displaced in proportion to the gas flow rate. Two such measurements, in opposite directions, formed a completely non-contact contra-propagating Lamb wave flow meter, allowing measurement of the flow velocity between the plates. A COMSOL Multiphysics® model was used to visualize the wave fields, and accurately predicted the time differences that were then measured experimentally. Experiments using different Lamb wave frequencies and plate materials were also similarly verified. This entirely non-contact airborne approach to Lamb wave flow metering could be applied in place of clamp-on techniques in thin-walled ducts or pipes. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Energy Harvesting from Fluid Flow in Water Pipelines for Smart Metering Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffmann, D.; Willmann, A.; Göpfert, R.; Becker, P.; Folkmer, B.; Manoli, Y.

2013-12-01

In this paper a rotational, radial-flux energy harvester incorporating a three-phase generation principle is presented for converting energy from water flow in domestic water pipelines. The energy harvester together with a power management circuit and energy storage is used to power a smart metering system installed underground making it independent from external power supplies or depleting batteries. The design of the radial-flux energy harvester is adapted to the housing of a conventional mechanical water flow meter enabling the use of standard components such as housing and impeller. The energy harvester is able to generate up to 720 mW when using a flow rate of 20 l/min (fully opened water tab). A minimum flow rate of 3 l/min is required to get the harvester started. In this case a power output of 2 mW is achievable. By further design optimization of the mechanical structure including the impeller and magnetic circuit the threshold flow rate can be further reduced.

Uncertainty and Traceability for the CEESI Iowa Natural Gas Facility.

PubMed

Johnson, Aaron; Kegel, Tom

2004-01-01

This paper analyzes the uncertainty of a secondary flow measurement facility that calibrates a significant fraction of United States and foreign flow meters used for custody transfer of natural gas. The facility, owned by the Colorado Experimental Engineering Station Incorporated (CEESI), is located in Iowa. This facility measures flow with nine turbine meter standards, each of which is traceable to the NIST primary flow standard. The flow capacity of this facility ranges from 0.7 actual m(3)/s to 10.7 actual m(3)/s at nominal pressures of 7174 kPa and at ambient temperatures. Over this flow range the relative expanded flow uncertainty varies from 0.28 % to 0.30 % (depending on flow).

An inhomogeneous thermal block model of man for the electromagnetic environment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chatterjee, I.; Gandhi, O.P.

An inhomogeneous four layer block thermal model of a human body, composed of 476 electromagnetic-sensitive cubical cells has been developed to study the effects of electromagnetic radiation. Varying tissue properties defined by thermal conductivity, specific heat, blood flow rate and metabolic heat production are accounted for by equations. Peripheral cell temperature is weight-averaged for total cell volume and is thereby higher than actual skin temperature. During electromagnetic field exposure, additional factors considered are increased blood flow rate caused by vasodilation and sweat-induced heat loss. Hot spots have been located in the model and numerical results are presented. Subjected to planemore » wave iradiation, the model's sweating and insensible perspiration cease and all temperatures converge. Testing during electromagnetic hyperthemia shows all temperature body parts to increase approximately at the same rate.« less

On Electromagnetic Modulation of Flow Instabilities, Mixing and Heat Transfer in Conducting and Magnetized Fluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kenjeres, S.

2016-09-01

In the present paper we give a concise review of some recent highlights of our research dealing with electromagnetic control of flow, mixing and heat transfer of electrically conductive or magnetized fluids. We apply a combination of state-of-art numerical (DNS and LES) and experimental (PIV and LIF) techniques to provide fundamental insights into the complex phenomena of interactions between imposed (or induced) electromagnetic fields and underlying fluid flow. Our analysis covers an extensive range of working fluids, i.e. weakly- and highly-electrically-conductive, as well as magnetized fluids. These interactions are defined through the presence of different types of body forces acting per volume of fluid. A fully closed system of governing equations containing an extended set of the Navier-Stokes and a simplified set of the Maxwell equations is presented. The four characteristic examples are selected: the electromagnetic control of self-sustained jet oscillations, the electromagnetic enhancement of heat transfer in thermal convection, the wake interactions behind magnetic obstacles and finally, the thermo-magnetic convection in differentially heated cubical enclosure. The comparative assessment between experimental and numerical results is presented. It is concluded that generally good agreement between simulations and experiments is obtained for all cases considered, proving the concept of electromagnetic modulation, which can be used in numerous technological applications.

Overestimation of low cardiac output measured by thermodilution.

PubMed

Tournadre, J P; Chassard, D; Muchada, R

1997-10-01

We have investigated the influence of a cold water bolus (CWB) injection on overestimation of cardiac output (CO) in low CO states in anaesthetized dogs. CO was measured using three methods: (1) thermodilution (TD), (2) electromagnetic (EM) flow meter placed on the pulmonary artery and (3) transoesophageal echo-Doppler (OD) placed on the descending aorta. Measurements of CO were obtained before (steady state) and after induction of a low CO state with thiopentone 5 mg kg-1 i.v. After CWB injection, mean CO measured by EM and OD increased by 26% and 27%, respectively (P < 0.05) during steady state, and by 85% and 75% (P < 0.05) during the low CO state. This transient increase was produced by an increase in stroke volume, while heart rate did not change. Frank Starling's law may explain this variation by a sudden increase in preload produced by CWB injection. These results indicate that thermodilution overestimated CO during low CO states when CWB injection was used.

A Concept for Directly Coupled Pulsed Electromagnetic Acceleration of Plasmas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thio, Y.C. Francis; Cassibry, Jason T.; Eskridge, Richard; Smith, James; Wu, S. T.; Rodgers, Stephen L. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Plasma jets with high momentum flux density are required for a variety of applications in propulsion research. Methods of producing these plasma jets are being investigated at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The experimental goal in the immediate future is to develop plasma accelerators which are capable of producing plasma jets with momentum flux density represented by velocities up to 200 km/s and ion density up to 10(exp 24) per cu m, with sufficient precision and reproducibility in their properties, and with sufficiently high efficiency. The jets must be sufficiently focused to allow them to be transported over several meters. A plasma accelerator concept is presented that might be able to meet these requirements. It is a self-switching, shaped coaxial pulsed plasma thruster, with focusing of the plasma flow by shaping muzzle current distribution as in plasma focus devices, and by mechanical tapering of the gun walls. Some 2-D MHD modeling in support of the conceptual design will be presented.

A new instrument system to investigate sediment dynamics on continental shelves

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cacchione, D.A.; Drake, D.E.

1979-01-01

A new instrumented tripod, the GEOPROBE system, has been constructed and used to collect time-series data on physical and geological parameters that are important in bottom sediment dynamics on continental shelves. Simultaneous in situ digital recording of pressure, temperature, light scattering, and light transmission, in combination with current velocity profiles measured with a near-bottom vertical array of electromagnetic current meters, is used to correlate bottom shear generated by a variety of oceanic processes (waves, tides, mean flow, etc.) with incipient movement and resuspension of bottom sediment. A bottom camera system that is activated when current speeds exceed preset threshold values provides a unique method to identify initial sediment motion and bed form development. Data from a twenty day deployment of the GEOPROBE system in Norton Sound, Alaska, during the period September 24 - October 14, 1976 show that threshold conditions for sediment movement are commonly exceeded, even in calm weather periods, due to the additive effects of tidal currents, mean circulation, and surface waves. ?? 1979.

Liquid Bismuth Feed System for Electric Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Markusic, T. E.; Polzin, K. A.; Stanojev, B. J.

2006-01-01

Operation of Hall thrusters with bismuth propellant has been shown to be a promising path toward high-power, high-performance, long-lifetime electric propulsion for spaceflight missions. For example, the VHITAL project aims td accurately, experimentally assess the performance characteristics of 10 kW-class bismuth-fed Hall thrusters - in order to validate earlier results and resuscitate a promising technology that has been relatively dormant for about two decades. A critical element of these tests will be the precise metering of propellant to the thruster, since performance cannot be accurately assessed without an accurate accounting of mass flow rate. Earlier work used a pre/post-test propellant weighing scheme that did not provide any real-time measurement of mass flow rate while the thruster was firing, and makes subsequent performance calculations difficult. The motivation of the present work was to develop a precision liquid bismuth Propellant Management System (PMS) that provides real-time propellant mass flow rate measurement and control, enabling accurate thruster performance measurements. Additionally, our approach emphasizes the development of new liquid metal flow control components and, hence, will establish a basis for the future development of components for application in spaceflight. The design of various critical components in a bismuth PMS are described - reservoir, electromagnetic pump, hotspot flow sensor, and automated control system. Particular emphasis is given to material selection and high-temperature sealing techniques. Open loop calibration test results are reported, which validate the systems capability to deliver bismuth at mass flow rates ranging from 10 to 100 mg/sec with an uncertainty of less than +/- 5%. Results of integrated vaporizer/liquid PMS tests demonstrate all of the necessary elements of a complete bismuth feed system for electric propulsion.

Representative Electromagnetic Field Intensities Near the Clam Lake, Wisconsin and Republic, Michigan ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) Facilities.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

wo 60 l s. 0 a -, 3" 0 . I, ,,. 0) 144 3.44 Y., 4 c 4 a ll.,m ._ - ,.,. .. ,. ,3k ,, -9 q𔃾!~ II W3 Q n o i i TIE 15 k USL . i jI O 1 A W.iW8 WA...stakes penetrate soil to a known depth at two points one meter apart. The potential difference between the stakes is measured with a tuned voltmeter to... soil below 100 microvolts per meter (Tables A-5, A-6 and A-12) are not listed. Variations were observed during measurements of such very low intensities

Public Sector Benefits From Aerospace Research and Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamilton, Jeffrey T.

1973-01-01

Many benefits from aerospace research have occurred: research on quiet aircraft engines, worldwide news coverage, contributions to the national economy, development of reliable fluid amplifiers and logic systems, attempts to control airport congestion, a low speed air sensor for use on a pulmonary flow meter and even as a flow meter in a large…

A modified Bitter-type electromagnet and control system for cold atom experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Luan, Tian; Zhou, Tianwei; Chen, Xuzong, E-mail: xuzongchen@pku.edu.cn

2014-02-15

We present a modified Bitter-type electromagnet which features high magnetic field, fine electronic properties and efficient heat removal. The electromagnet is constructed from a stack of copper layers separated by mica layers that have the same shape. A distinctive design of cooling channels on the insulating layers and the parallel ducts between the layers ensures low resistance for cooling water to flow. A continuous current control system is also made to regulate the current through the electromagnet. In our experiment, versatile electromagnets are applied to generate magnetic field and gradient field. From our measurements, a peak magnetic field of 1000more » G and a peak gradient field of 80 G/cm are generated in the center of the apparatuses which are 7 cm and 5 cm away from the edge of each electromagnet with a current of 230 A and 120 A, respectively. With the effective feedback design in the current control system and cooling water flow of 3.8 l/min, the stability of the current through the electromagnets can reach 10{sup −5}.« less

Accuracy of Phase-Contrast Velocity Mapping Proximal and Distal to Stent Artifact During Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PubMed

Avitabile, Catherine M; Harris, Matthew A; Doddasomayajula, Ravi S; Chopski, Steven G; Gillespie, Matthew J; Dori, Yoav; Glatz, Andrew C; Fogel, Mark A; Whitehead, Kevin K

2018-06-15

Little data are available on the accuracy of phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) velocity mapping in the vicinity of intravascular metal stents other than nitinol stents. Therefore, we sought to determine this accuracy using in vitro experiments. An in vitro flow phantom was used with 3 stent types: (1) 316L stainless steel, (2) nitinol self-expanding, and (3) platinum-iridium. Steady and pulsatile flow was delivered with a magnetic resonance imaging-compatible pump (CardioFlow 5000, Shelley Medical, London, Ontario, Canada). Flows were measured using a transit time flow meter (ME13PXN, Transonic, Inc, Ithaca, New York). Mean flows ranged from 0.5 to 7 L/min. For each condition, 5 PC-MRI acquisitions were made: within the stent, immediately adjacent to both edges of the stent artifact, and 1 cm upstream and downstream of the artifact. Mean PC-MRI flows were calculated by segmenting the tube lumen using clinical software (ARGUS, Siemens, Inc, Erlangen, Germany). PC-MRI and flow meter flows were compared by location and stent type using linear regression, Bland-Altman, and intraclass correlation (ICC). PC-MRI flows within the stent artifact were inaccurate for all stents studied, generally underestimating flow meter-measured flow. Agreement between PC-MRI and flow meter-measured flows was excellent for all stent types, both immediately adjacent to and 1 cm away from the edge of the stent artifact. Agreement was highest for the platinum-iridium stent (R = 0.999, ICC = 0.999) and lowest for the nitinol stent (R = 0.993, ICC = 0.987). In conclusion, PC-MRI flows are highly accurate just upstream and downstream of a variety of clinically used stents, supporting its use to directly measure flows in stented vessels. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Electromagnetic methods for rapidly characterizing porosity distributions in the upper part of the Biscayne aquifer, southern Florida

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mount, G. J.; Comas, X.; Cunningham, K. J.

2010-12-01

Gregory J. Mount1, Xavier Comas1, and Kevin J. Cunningham2 1Department of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 2U.S. Geological Survey, 3110 SW 9th Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33315 Although conventional hydrological techniques of aquifer characterization, which rely on data obtained from boreholes and wells can provide very valuable direct information about porosity, storativity and transmissivity, they are invasive and can often become time consuming and relatively expensive. Near-surface electromagnetic techniques, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), provide indirect measurements of aquifer properties that complement traditional point measurements and provide a laterally continuous subsurface image in an efficient and cost effective manner with a minimal impact on the environment. We investigated the carbonate rocks of the uppermost part (3-5 meters) of the Biscayne aquifer in Everglades National Park to better understand the distribution of karst features that can create concentrated flow of groundwater, nutrients, and contaminants. As the Biscayne aquifer is the primary source of drinking water for millions of people in southern Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade counties, knowledge about these features could create a more complete understanding of a critical natural resource. These macroporous elements contribute to the overall storage, permeability, and transmissivity of the aquifer and for that reason, delineation of their distribution and areal extent should aid in the development of more accurate groundwater flow models. The macroporous elements create numerous hyperbolic diffractions in GPR common offset profiles, and these diffractions are used directly used to estimate two-dimensional (2D) models of electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity in the subsurface. Such models are further contrasted with one-dimensional (1D) velocity models using GPR common mid-point surveys at selected locations. In order to estimate measurements of bulk porosity from the data available, a complex refractive index model (CRIM) was used. This allows for the delineation of the distribution of estimated porosity values from both 1D and 2D velocity models. All data are further constrained with terrain conductivity measurements and porosity values measured from whole-core samples. Porosity estimates calculated using the CRIM, range from about 10 to 45% and strongly correspond with the porosity values from the whole-core samples This study illustrates the potential of electromagnetic methods for quickly mapping areas of enhanced porosity. Furthermore, this information may improve understanding of surface water-groundwater exchange in the Everglades, which is a key component of ongoing and future restoration efforts.

Electromagnetic Waves Broadcast by a VCR.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Michael H.

1996-01-01

Presents experiments that use a video cassette recorder (VCR) to demonstrate polarization of radio waves using two dipole antennas and a spark gap transmitter tuned to a frequency of either 60-66 MHz or 66-72 MHz with wavelengths of 5 or 4.3 meters, close to the wavelengths of the original work done by Heinrich Hertz. (JRH)

Infantry Communication Data

DTIC Science & Technology

1968-01-01

which forms a conducting medium between the electrodes of a dry cell , storage cell , or electrolytic capacitor. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD - A mlagnetic...Dry cel batteries. (2) Vehicular batteries. (3) Hand generators. (4) Gas engine generators. (5) Wet cell batteries. 2-5. NETTING TWO RADIO SETS: To net...1600 meters Power output .. .. .. ..... ..... ..... 5watt Power source. .. .. .. ..... ...... ... dry cell battery flA-270/U Battery lift

Comparison of five portable peak flow meters

PubMed Central

Takara, Glaucia Nency; Ruas, Gualberto; Pessoa, Bruna Varanda; Jamami, Luciana Kawakami; Di Lorenzo, Valéria Amorim Pires; Jamami, Mauricio

2010-01-01

OBJECTIVE To compare the measurements of spirometric peak expiratory flow (PEF) from five different PEF meters and to determine if their values are in agreement. Inaccurate equipment may result in incorrect diagnoses of asthma and inappropriate treatments. METHODS Sixty-eight healthy, sedentary and insufficiently active subjects, aged from 19 to 40 years, performed PEF measurements using Air Zone®, Assess®, Galemed®, Personal Best® and Vitalograph® peak flow meters. The highest value recorded for each subject for each device was compared to the corresponding spirometric values using Friedman’s test with Dunn’s post-hoc (p<0.05), Spearman’s correlation test and Bland-Altman’s agreement test. RESULTS The median and interquartile ranges for the spirometric values and the Air Zone®, Assess®, Galemed®, Personal Best® and Vitalograph® meters were 428 (263–688 L/min), 450 (350–800 L/min), 420 (310–720 L/min), 380 (300–735 L/min), 400 (310–685 L/min) and 415 (335–610 L/min), respectively. Significant differences were found when the spirometric values were compared to those recorded by the Air Zone® (p<0.001) and Galemed ® (p<0.01) meters. There was no agreement between the spirometric values and the five PEF meters. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the values recorded from Galemed® meters may underestimate the actual value, which could lead to unnecessary interventions, and that Air Zone® meters overestimate spirometric values, which could obfuscate the need for intervention. These findings must be taken into account when interpreting both devices’ results in younger people. These differences should also be considered when directly comparing values from different types of PEF meters. PMID:20535364

Calibrating Accelerometers Using an Electromagnetic Launcher

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erik Timpson

A Pulse Forming Network (PFN), Helical Electromagnetic Launcher (HEML), Command Module (CM), and Calibration Table (CT) were built and evaluated for the combined ability to calibrate an accelerometer. The PFN has a maximum stored energy of 19.25 kJ bank and is fired by a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR), with appropriate safety precautions. The HEML is constructed out of G-10 fiberglass and is designed to accelerate 600 grams to 10 meters per second. The CM is microcontroller based running Arduino Software. The CM has a keypad input and 7 segment outputs of the bank voltage and desired voltage. After entering amore » desired bank voltage, the CM controls the charge of the PFN. When the two voltages are equal it allows the fire button to send a pulse to the SCR to fire the PFN and in turn, the HEML. The HEML projectile's tip hits a target that is held by the CT. The CT consists of a table to hold the PFN and HEML, a vacuum chuck, air bearing, velocity meter and catch pot. The Target is held with the vacuum chuck awaiting impact. After impact, the air bearing allows the target to fall freely for the velocity meter to get an accurate reading. A known acceleration is determined from the known change in velocity of the target. Thus, if an accelerometer was attached to the target, the measured value can be compared to the known value.« less

Principle design and actuation of a dual chamber electromagnetic micropump with coaxial cantilever valves.

PubMed

Zordan, Enrico; Amirouche, Farid; Zhou, Yu

2010-02-01

This paper deals with the design and characterization of an electromagnetic actuation micropump with superimposed dual chambers. An integral part of microfluidic system includes micropumps which have become a critical design focus and have the potential to alter treatment and drug delivery requirements to patients. In this paper, conceptual design of variable geometrical nozzle/diffuser elements, coaxial cantilever valve, is proposed. It takes advantages of cantilever fluctuating valves with preset geometry to optimize and control fluid flow. The integration of this conceptual valve into a dual chamber micropump has increased the flow rate when compared to a single chamber micropump. This technique also allows for the fluid flow to be actively controlled by adjusting the movement of the intermediate membrane and the cantilever valves due to their fast response and large deflection properties when subjected to an electromagnetic field. To ensure reliability and performance of both the membrane and electromagnets, finite element method was used to perform the stress-strain analysis and optimize the membrane structure and electromagnet configuration. The frequency-dependent flow rates and backpressure are investigated for different frequencies by varying the applied currents from 1A to 1.75A. The current micropump design exhibits a backpressure of 58 mmH(2)O and has a water flow rate that reaches maximum at 1.985 ml/s under a 1.75A current with a resonance frequency of 45 Hz. This proposed micropump while at its initial prototype stage can satisfy the requirements of wide flow rate drug delivery applications. Its controllability and process design are attractive for high volume fabrication and low cost.

Multiple flow processes accompanying a dam-break flood in a small upland watershed, Centralia, Washington

USGS Publications Warehouse

Costa, John E.

1994-01-01

On October 5, 1991, following 35 consecutive days of dry weather, a 105-meter long, 37-meter wide, 5.2-meter deep concrete-lined watersupply reservoir on a hillside in the eastern edge of Centralia, Washington, suddenly failed, sending 13,250 cubic meters of water rushing down a small, steep tributary channel into the city. Two houses were destroyed, several others damaged, mud and debris were deposited in streets, on lawns, and in basements over four city blocks, and 400 people were evacuated. The cause of failure is believed to have been a sliding failure along a weak seam or joint in the siltstone bedrock beneath the reservoir, possibly triggered by increased seepage into the rock foundation through continued deterioration of concrete panel seams, and a slight rise (0.6 meters) in the pool elevation. A second adjacent reservoir containing 18,900 cubic meters of water also drained, but far more slowly, when a 41-cm diameter connecting pipe was broken by the landslide. The maximum discharge resulting from the dam-failure was about 71 cubic meters per second. A reconstructed hydrograph based on the known reservoir volume and calculated peak discharge indicates the flood duration was about 6.2 minutes. Sedimentologic evidence, high-water mark distribution, and landforms preserved in the valley floor indicate that the dam failure flood consisted of two flow phases: an initial debris flow that deposited coarse bouldery sediment along the slope-area reach as it lost volume, followed soon after by a water-flood that achieved a stage about one-half meter higher than the debris flow. The Centralia dam failure is one of three constructed dams destroyed by rapid foundation failure that defines the upper limits of an envelope curve of peak flood discharge as a function of potential energy for failed constructed dams worldwide.

A method of calibrating wind velocity sensors with a modified gas flow calibrator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stump, H. P.

1978-01-01

A procedure was described for calibrating air velocity sensors in the exhaust flow of a gas flow calibrator. The average velocity in the test section located at the calibrator exhaust was verified from the mass flow rate accurately measured by the calibrator's precision sonic nozzles. Air at elevated pressures flowed through a series of screens, diameter changes, and flow straighteners, resulting in a smooth flow through the open test section. The modified system generated air velocities of 2 to 90 meters per second with an uncertainty of about two percent for speeds below 15 meters per second and four percent for the higher speeds. Wind tunnel data correlated well with that taken in the flow calibrator.

Simulation of hydrodynamics, temperature, and dissolved oxygen in Beaver Lake, Arkansas, 1994-1995

USGS Publications Warehouse

Haggard, Brian; Green, W. Reed

2002-01-01

The tailwaters of Beaver Lake and other White River reservoirs support a cold-water trout fishery of significant economic yield in northwestern Arkansas. The Arkansas Game and Fish Commission has requested an increase in existing minimum flows through the Beaver Lake dam to increase the amount of fishable waters downstream. Information is needed to assess the impact of additional minimum flows on temperature and dissolved-oxygen qualities of reservoir water above the dam and the release water. A two-dimensional, laterally averaged hydrodynamic, thermal and dissolved-oxygen model was developed and calibrated for Beaver Lake, Arkansas. The model simulates surface-water elevation, currents, heat transport and dissolved-oxygen dynamics. The model was developed to assess the impacts of proposed increases in minimum flows from 1.76 cubic meters per second (the existing minimum flow) to 3.85 cubic meters per second (the additional minimum flow). Simulations included assessing (1) the impact of additional minimum flows on tailwater temperature and dissolved-oxygen quality and (2) increasing initial water-surface elevation 0.5 meter and assessing the impact of additional minimum flow on tailwater temperatures and dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The additional minimum flow simulation (without increasing initial pool elevation) appeared to increase the water temperature (<0.9 degrees Celsius) and decrease dissolved oxygen concentration (<2.2 milligrams per liter) in the outflow discharge. Conversely, the additional minimum flow plus initial increase in pool elevation (0.5 meter) simulation appeared to decrease outflow water temperature (0.5 degrees Celsius) and increase dissolved oxygen concentration (<1.2 milligrams per liter) through time. However, results from both minimum flow scenarios for both water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were within the boundaries or similar to the error between measured and simulated water column profile values.

Electromagnetically-Actuated Reciprocating Pump for High-Flow-Rate Microfluidic Applications

PubMed Central

Ke, Ming-Tsun; Zhong, Jian-Hao; Lee, Chia-Yen

2012-01-01

This study presents an electromagnetically-actuated reciprocating pump for high-flow-rate microfluidic applications. The pump comprises four major components, namely a lower glass plate containing a copper microcoil, a middle PMMA plate incorporating a PDMS diaphragm with a surface-mounted magnet, upper PMMA channel plates, and a ball-type check valve located at the channel inlet. When an AC current is passed through the microcoil, an alternating electromagnetic force is established between the coil and the magnet. The resulting bi-directional deflection of the PDMS diaphragm causes the check-valve to open and close; thereby creating a pumping effect. The experimental results show that a coil input current of 0.4 A generates an electromagnetic force of 47 mN and a diaphragm deflection of 108 μm. Given an actuating voltage of 3 V and a driving frequency of 15 Hz, the flow rate is found to be 13.2 mL/min under zero head pressure conditions. PMID:23201986

49 CFR 192.381 - Service lines: Excess flow valve performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... hour (0.57 cubic meters per hour); or (B) For an excess flow valve designed to prevent equalization of pressure across the valve, to no more than 0.4 cubic feet per hour (.01 cubic meters per hour); and (4) Not... the manufacturer according to an industry specification, or the manufacturer's written specification...

49 CFR 192.381 - Service lines: Excess flow valve performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... hour (0.57 cubic meters per hour); or (B) For an excess flow valve designed to prevent equalization of pressure across the valve, to no more than 0.4 cubic feet per hour (.01 cubic meters per hour); and (4) Not... the manufacturer according to an industry specification, or the manufacturer's written specification...

49 CFR 192.381 - Service lines: Excess flow valve performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... hour (0.57 cubic meters per hour); or (B) For an excess flow valve designed to prevent equalization of pressure across the valve, to no more than 0.4 cubic feet per hour (.01 cubic meters per hour); and (4) Not... the manufacturer according to an industry specification, or the manufacturer's written specification...

77 FR 63537 - Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program: Proposed Amendments and Confidentiality Determinations for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-16

... consumption. (See Section for ``all flow meters, weigh III.B.6). scales, pressure gauges and thermometers... apportioning consumption. (See Section III.B.8). factors by using direct measurements using gas flow meters or... consumption. Revising 40 CFR 98.94(c)(2)(i) to allow reporters to select a period of the reporting year and...

49 CFR 192.381 - Service lines: Excess flow valve performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... hour (0.57 cubic meters per hour); or (B) For an excess flow valve designed to prevent equalization of pressure across the valve, to no more than 0.4 cubic feet per hour (.01 cubic meters per hour); and (4) Not... the manufacturer according to an industry specification, or the manufacturer's written specification...

40 CFR 98.423 - Calculating CO2 supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... as allowed in paragraph (b) of this section, calculate the annual mass of CO2 captured, extracted... mass of CO2 for all flow meters according to the procedures specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (1) For each mass flow meter, you shall calculate quarterly the mass of CO2 in a CO2 stream in...

40 CFR 98.423 - Calculating CO2 supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... as allowed in paragraph (b) of this section, calculate the annual mass of CO2 captured, extracted... mass of CO2 for all flow meters according to the procedures specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (1) For each mass flow meter, you shall calculate quarterly the mass of CO2 in a CO2 stream in...

40 CFR 98.423 - Calculating CO2 supply.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... as allowed in paragraph (b) of this section, calculate the annual mass of CO2 captured, extracted... mass of CO2 for all flow meters according to the procedures specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. (1) For each mass flow meter, you shall calculate quarterly the mass of CO2 in a CO2 stream in...

Aerodynamic and Acoustic Tests of a 1/15 Scale Model Dry Cooled Jet Aircraft Runup Noise Suppression System,

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-10-01

sophisticated wet-cooled systems having scrubbers and their associated water treatment facilities . The United States Navy has recognized these Hush... venturi meter air inlet to measure the pumped air flow and the exhaust enclosure is provided with suitable ports for the flow to exit. The test program...constantan thermo- couple and venturi flow meters were used to measure the aerodynamic/thermo- dynamic information required from the tests (pressure

Visualization of electromagnetic exposure near LTE antennae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zvezdina, M. Yu; Shokova, Yu A.; Nazarova, O. Yu; Al-Ali, H. T. A.; Al-Farhan, G. H. A.

2018-01-01

Technical progress in wireless data transfer has given an opportunity to apply information and communication technologies in various areas of economics. Digital economy is linked to the 4th and 5th generation mobile network deployment. The peculiarities of the abovementioned standards decrease BTS antenna range three times in dense developed areas and worsen electromagnetic background in big cities. In the paper the comparative assessment results for rooftop electromagnetic exposure near BTS LTE and BTS GSM antennae are given. It is shown, that at the same level of transmitter power, energy flux density for LTE standard is three times less than the one for GSM. Moreover, the conclusion is made that the rooftop could be considered safe for people for indefinite time if antenna is placed more than 5 meters above the rooftop. The value of antenna height is taken to be on the safe side, as it is required by an application of “preventive principle”.

Calibration of the BASS acoustic current meter with carrageenan agar

USGS Publications Warehouse

Morrison, A.T.; Williams, A.J.; Martini, M.

1993-01-01

The BASS current meter can measure currents down to the millimeter per second range. Due to the dependence of zero offset on pressure, determining a sensor referenced velocity requires accurate in situ zeroing of the meter. Previously, flow was restricted during calibration by placing plastic bags around the acoustic volume. In this paper, bacterial grade and carrageenan agars are used in the laboratory to create a zero flow condition during calibration and are shown to be acoustically transparent. Additionally, the results of open ocean and dockside carrageenan and plastic bag comparisons are presented. Carrageenan is shown to reliably provide a low noise, zero mean flow environment that is largely independent of ambient conditions. The improved zeros make millimeter per second accuracy possible under field conditions.

Application of Electromagnetic Induction Technique to Measure the Void Fraction in Oil/Gas Two Phase Flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wahhab, H. A. Abdul; Aziz, A. R. A.; Al-Kayiem, H. H.; Nasif, M. S.; Reda, M. N.

2018-03-01

In this work, electromagnetic induction technique of measuring void fraction in liquid/gas fuel flow was utilized. In order to improve the electric properties of liquid fuel, an iron oxide Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 3% was blended to enhance the liquid fuel magnetization. Experiments have been conducted for a wide range of liquid and gas superficial velocities. From the experimental results, it was realized that there is an existing linear relationship between the void fraction and the measured electromotive force, when induction coils were connected in series for excitation coils, regardless of increase or decrease CNG bubbles distribution in liquid fuel flow. Therefore, it was revealed that the utilized method yielded quite reasonable account for measuring the void fraction, showing good agreement with the other available measurement techniques in the two-phase flow, and also with the published literature of the bubbly flow pattern. From the results of the present investigation, it has been proven that the electromagnetic induction is a feasible technique for the actual measurement of void fraction in a Diesel/CNG fuel flow.

In Situ Soil Venting - Full Scale Test, Hill AFB, Guidance Document. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-01

oxidizer. Another system was connected to the existing air scrubber of a building (Reference 23). The self-contained unit reported by Rippberger...devices on the market for flow rate measurement. Some of the more common devices are orifice meters, venturi meters, rotameters, pitot tubes, hot-wire...Notes on how to size and construct orifice meters can be found in Reference 41. * Venturi Meter - A venturi meter works basically on the same

Energy behaviour of extraordinary waves in magnetized quantum plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moradi, Afshin

2018-05-01

We study the storage and flow of energy in a homogeneous magnetized quantum electron plasma that occurs when an elliptically polarized extraordinary electromagnetic wave propagates in the system. Expressions for the stored energy, energy flow, and energy velocity of extraordinary electromagnetic waves are derived by means of the quantum magnetohydrodynamics theory in conjunction with the Maxwell equations. Numerical results show that the energy flow of the high-frequency mode of extraordinary wave is modified only due to the Bohm potential in the short wavelength limit.

Flow Meter Based on Freely Suspended Smectic Liquid Crystal Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Green, Adam; Qi, Zhiyuan; Park, Cheol; Glaser, Matthew; Maclennan, Joseph; Clark, Noel

We present the realization of a idealized 2D hydrodynamic system coupled to air-flow, and show that freely suspended films (FSF) of smectic liquid crystals can be used as a novel flow-meter. Freely-suspended films of liquid crystals are one of the closest physical realizations of an idealized 2D fluid. The velocity of air-flow above a film suspended above a channel can be inferred by studying the velocity profile of the smectic film. This velocity profile can be measured using digital video microscopy to track the inclusions present in the moving film. The velocity profile is then fitted to the coupled 2D solutions of an embedded fluid in air, and the velocity of the air can then be extracted. This flow meter serves as a demonstration of a robust test-bed for further exploration of 2D hydrodynamics. This work was supported by NASA Grant No. NNX-13AQ81G, NSF MRSEC Grant No. DMR-0820579, and DMR-1420736.

Development and evaluation of an ultrasonic ground water seepage meter.

PubMed

Paulsen, R J; Smith, C F; O'Rourke, D; Wong, T F

2001-01-01

Submarine ground water discharge can influence significantly the near-shore transport and flux of chemicals into the oceans. Quantification of the sources and rates of such discharge requires a ground water seepage meter that provides continuous measurements at high resolution over an extended period of time. An ultrasonic flowmeter has been adapted for such measurements in the submarine environment. Connected to a steel collection funnel, the meter houses two piezoelectric transducers mounted at opposite ends of a cylindrical flow tube. By monitoring the perturbations of fluid flow on the propagation of sound waves inside the flow tube, the ultrasonic meter can measure both forward and reverse fluid flows in real time. Laboratory and field calibrations show that the ultrasonic meter can resolve ground water discharges on the order of 0.1 microm/sec, and it is sufficiently robust for deployment in the field for several days. Data from West Neck Bay, Shelter Island, New York, elucidate the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of submarine ground water discharge and its interplay with tidal loading. A negative correlation between the discharge and tidal elevation was generally observed. A methodology was also developed whereby data for the sound velocity as a function of temperature can be used to infer the salinity and source of the submarine discharge. Independent measurements of electrical conductance were performed to validate this methodology.

Hybrid Method for Power Control Simulation of a Single Fluid Plasma Thruster

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaisankar, S.; Sheshadri, T. S.

2018-05-01

Propulsive plasma flow through a cylindrical-conical diverging thruster is simulated by a power controlled hybrid method to obtain the basic flow, thermodynamic and electromagnetic variables. Simulation is based on a single fluid model with electromagnetics being described by the equations of potential Poisson, Maxwell and the Ohm's law while the compressible fluid dynamics by the Navier Stokes in cylindrical form. The proposed method solved the electromagnetics and fluid dynamics separately, both to segregate the two prominent scales for an efficient computation and for the delivery of voltage controlled rated power. The magnetic transport is solved for steady state while fluid dynamics is allowed to evolve in time along with an electromagnetic source using schemes based on generalized finite difference discretization. The multistep methodology with power control is employed for simulating fully ionized propulsive flow of argon plasma through the thruster. Numerical solution shows convergence of every part of the solver including grid stability causing the multistep hybrid method to converge for a rated power delivery. Simulation results are reasonably in agreement with the reported physics of plasma flow in the thruster thus indicating the potential utility of this hybrid computational framework, especially when single fluid approximation of plasma is relevant.

NaK Plugging Meter Design for the Feasibility Test Loops

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pearson, J. Boise; Godfroy, Thomas J.; Reid, Robert S.; Polzin, Kurt A.

2008-01-01

The design and predicted performance of a plugging meter for use in the measurement of NaK impurity levels are presented. The plugging meter is incorporated into a Feasibility Test Loop (FTL), which is a small pumped-NaK loop designed to enable the rapid, small-scale evaluation of techniques such as in situ purification methods and to permit the measurement of bulk material transport effects (not mechanisms) under flow conditions that are representative of a fission surface power reactor. The FTL operates at temperatures similar to those found in a reactor, with a maximum hot side temperature of 900 K and a corresponding cold side temperature of 860 K. In the plugging meter a low flow rate bypass loop is cooled until various impurities (primarily oxides) precipitate out of solution. The temperatures at which these impurities precipitate are indicative of the level of impurities in the NaK. The precipitates incrementally plug a small orifice in the bypass loop, which is detected by monitoring changes in the liquid metal flow rate.

Application of acoustic doppler velocimeters for streamflow measurements

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rehmel, M.

2007-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) principally has used Price AA and Price pygmy mechanical current meters for measurement of discharge. New technologies have resulted in the introduction of alternatives to the Price meters. One alternative, the FlowTracker acoustic Doppler velocimeter, was designed by SonTek/YSI to make streamflow measurements in wadeable conditions. The device measures a point velocity and can be used with standard midsection method algorithms to compute streamflow. The USGS collected 55 quality-assurance measurements with the FlowTracker at 43 different USGS streamflow-gaging stations across the United States, with mean depths from 0.05to0.67m, mean velocities from 13 to 60 cm/s, and discharges from 0.02 to 12.4m3/s. These measurements were compared with Price mechanical current meter measurements. Analysis of the comparisons shows that the FlowTracker discharges were not statistically different from the Price meter discharges at a 95% confidence level. ?? 2007 ASCE.

Laboratory electrical resistivity analysis of geologic samples from Fort Irwin, California: Chapter E in Geology and geophysics applied to groundwater hydrology at Fort Irwin, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bloss, Benjamin R.; Bedrosian, Paul A.; Buesch, David C.

2015-01-01

Correlating laboratory resistivity measurements with geophysical resistivity models helps constrain these models to the geology and lithology of an area. Throughout the Fort Irwin National Training Center area, 111 samples from both cored boreholes and surface outcrops were collected and processed for laboratory measurements. These samples represent various lithologic types that include plutonic and metamorphic (basement) rocks, lava flows, consolidated sedimentary rocks, and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits that formed in a series of intermountain basins. Basement rocks, lava flows, and some lithified tuffs are generally resistive (≥100 ohm-meters [Ω·m]) when saturated. Saturated unconsolidated samples are moderately conductive to conductive, with resistivities generally less than 100 Ω·m, and many of these samples are less than 50 Ω·m. The unconsolidated samples can further be separated into two broad groups: (1) younger sediments that are moderately conductive, owing to their limited clay content, and (2) older, more conductive sediments with a higher clay content that reflects substantial amounts of originally glassy volcanic ash subsequently altered to clay. The older sediments are believed to be Tertiary. Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) data were acquired near most of the boreholes, and, on the whole, close agreements between laboratory measurements and resistivity models were found. 

Borehole geophysical and flowmeter data for eight boreholes in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, Lake Seminole, Jackson County, Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Clarke, John S.; Hamrick, Michael D.; Holloway, O. Gary

2011-01-01

Borehole geophysical logs and flowmeter data were collected in April 2011 from eight boreholes to identify the depth and orientation of cavernous zones within the Miocene Tampa Limestone in the vicinity of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam in Jackson County, Florida. These data are used to assess leakage near the dam. Each of the eight boreholes was terminated in limestone at depths ranging from 84 to 104 feet. Large cavernous zones were encountered in most of the borings, with several exceeding 20-inches in diameter. The cavernous zones generally were between 1 and 5 feet in height, but a cavern in one of the borings reached a height of about 6 feet. The resistivity of limestone layers penetrated by the boreholes generally was less than 1,000 ohm-meters. Formation resistivity near the cavernous zones did not show an appreciable contrast from surrounding bedrock, probably because the bedrock is saturated, owing to its primary permeability. Measured flow rates in the eight boreholes determined using an electromagnetic flowmeter were all less than ±0.1 liter per second. These low flow rates suggest that vertical hydraulic gradients in the boreholes are negligible and that hydraulic head in the various cavernous zones shows only minor, if any, variation.

Excitation condition analysis of guided wave on PFA tubes for ultrasonic flow meter.

PubMed

Li, Xuan; Xiao, Xufeng; Cao, Li

2016-12-01

Impurity accumulation, which decreases the accuracy of flow measurement, is a critical problem when applying Z-shaped or U-shaped ultrasonic flow meters on straight PFA tubes. It can be expected that the guided wave can be used to implement flow measurement on straight PFA tubes. In this paper, the propagation of guided wave is explained by finite element simulations for the flow meter design. Conditions of guided wave generation, including the excitation frequency and the wedge structure, are studied in the simulations. The wedge is designed as a cone which is friendly to be manufactured and installed. The cone angle, the piezoelectric wafer's resonant frequency and the vibration directions are studied in the simulations. The simulations shows that the propagation of guided wave in thin PFA tubes is influenced by the piezoelectric wafers' resonant frequency and the vibration direction when the mode is on the 'water line'. Based on the results of the simulations, an experiment is conducted to verify the principles of excitation conditions, which performs flow measurement on a straight PFA tube well. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A portable meter for measuring low frequency currents in the human body.

PubMed

Niple, J C; Daigle, J P; Zaffanella, L E; Sullivan, T; Kavet, R

2004-07-01

A portable meter has been developed for measuring low frequency currents that flow in the human body. Although the present version of the meter was specifically designed to measure 50/60 Hz "contact currents," the principles involved can be used with other low frequency body currents. Contact currents flow when the human body provides a conductive path between objects in the environment with different electrical potentials. The range of currents the meter detects is approximately 0.4-800 microA. This provides measurements of currents from the threshold of human perception (approximately 500 microA(RMS)) down to single microampere levels. The meter has a unique design, which utilizes the human subject's body impedance as the sensing element. Some of the advantages of this approach are high sensitivity, the ability to measure current flow in the majority of the body, and relative insensitivity to the current path connection points. Current measurement accuracy varies with the accuracy of the body impedance (resistance) measurement and different techniques can be used to obtain a desired level of accuracy. Techniques are available to achieve an estimated +/-20% accuracy. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Calibrating/testing meters in hot water test bench VM7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kling, E.; Stolt, K.; Lau, P.; Mattiasson, K.

A Hot Water Test Bench, VM7, has been developed and constructed for the calibration and testing of volume and flowmeters, in a project at the National Volume Measurement Laboratory at the Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. The intended area of use includes use as a reference at audit measurements, e.g. for accredited laboratories, calibration of meters for the industry and for the testing of hot water meters. The objective of the project, which was initiated in 1989, was to design equipment with stable flow and with a minimal temperature drop even at very low flow rates. The principle of the design is a closed system with two pressure tanks at different pressures. The water is led from the high pressure tank through the test object and the volume standard, in the form of master meters or a piston prover alternatively, to the low pressure tank. Calibrations/tests are made comparing the indication of the test object to that of master meters covering the current flow rate. These are, in the same test cycle, calibrated to the piston prover. Alternatively, the test object can be calibrated directly to the piston prover.

Fuel supply device for supplying fuel to an engine combustor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lindsay, M.H.; Kerr, W.B.

1990-05-29

This patent describes a variable flow rate fuel supply device for supplying fuel to an engine combustor. It comprises: fuel metering means having a fuel valve means for controlling the flow rate of fuel to the combustor; piston means for dividing a first cooling fluid chamber from a second cooling fluid chamber; coupling means for coupling the piston means to the fuel valve means; and cooling fluid supply means in communication with the first and second cooling fluid chamber for producing a first pressure differential across the piston means for actuating the fuel valve means in a first direction, andmore » for producing a second pressure differential across the piston means for actuating the valve means in a second direction opposite the first direction, to control the flow rate of the fuel through the fuel metering means and into the engine combustor; and means for positioning the fuel metering means within the second cooling air chamber enabling the cooling air supply means to both cool the fuel metering means and control the fuel supply rate of fuel supplied by the fuel metering means to the combustor.« less

Self-organization of large-scale ULF electromagnetic wave structures in their interaction with nonuniform zonal winds in the ionospheric E region

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aburjania, G. D.; Chargazia, Kh. Z.

A study is made of the generation and subsequent linear and nonlinear evolution of ultralow-frequency planetary electromagnetic waves in the E region of a dissipative ionosphere in the presence of a nonuniform zonal wind (a sheared flow). Hall currents flowing in the E region and such permanent global factors as the spatial nonuniformity of the geomagnetic field and of the normal component of the Earth's angular velocity give rise to fast and slow planetary-scale electromagnetic waves. The efficiency of the linear amplification of planetary electromagnetic waves in their interaction with a nonuniform zonal wind is analyzed. When there are shearedmore » flows, the operators of linear problems are non-self-conjugate and the corresponding eigenfunctions are nonorthogonal, so the canonical modal approach is poorly suited for studying such motions and it is necessary to utilize the so-called nonmodal mathematical analysis. It is shown that, in the linear evolutionary stage, planetary electromagnetic waves efficiently extract energy from the sheared flow, thereby substantially increasing their amplitude and, accordingly, energy. The criterion for instability of a sheared flow in an ionospheric medium is derived. As the shear instability develops and the perturbation amplitude grows, a nonlinear self-localization mechanism comes into play and the process ends with the self-organization of nonlinear, highly localized, solitary vortex structures. The system thus acquires a new degree of freedom, thereby providing a new way for the perturbation to evolve in a medium with a sheared flow. Depending on the shape of the sheared flow velocity profile, nonlinear structures can be either purely monopole vortices or vortex streets against the background of the zonal wind. The accumulation of such vortices can lead to a strongly turbulent state in an ionospheric medium.« less

Development of the Dual Aerodynamic Nozzle Model for the NTF Semi-Span Model Support System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Greg S.; Milholen, William E., II; Goodliff, Scott L.

2011-01-01

The recent addition of a dual flow air delivery system to the NASA Langley National Transonic Facility was experimentally validated with a Dual Aerodynamic Nozzle semi-span model. This model utilized two Stratford calibration nozzles to characterize the weight flow system of the air delivery system. The weight flow boundaries for the air delivery system were identified at mildly cryogenic conditions to be 0.1 to 23 lbm/sec for the high flow leg and 0.1 to 9 lbm/sec for the low flow leg. Results from this test verified system performance and identified problems with the weight-flow metering system that required the vortex flow meters to be replaced at the end of the test.

Study of electromagnetic radiation pollution in Jalandhar city, India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basandrai, D.; Dhami, A. K.; Bedi, R. K.; Khan, S. A.

2017-07-01

Environment pollution from electromagnetic radiations emitted from cell phone towers is a new kind of health hazard, which has increase the public concern regarding the health implications of electromagnetic radiations on humans and animals. Long term consequences of these radiations are still unknown. So it become important to measure and maps the electromagnetic radiation level to analyze potential risk. The present study has been taken to estimate the RF pollution by measuring radiation power densities level near school, hospitals and old age home of Jalandhar City, India. The radiation exposure was measured using a handheld portable electrosmog meter. Results were compared with the safety guidelines issued by ICNIRP (International commission on non ionizing radiation protection) and Bio-initiative report, 2012. It has been found that the radiation exposure level in terms of power densities and corresponding specific absorption rate (SAR) are much below than ICNIRP guidelines for all schools, hospitals and old age home. But in the case of 3 schools, the results are quite alarming where the power density and SAR was found to be 79.6% and 4%, respectively higher in comparisons with safe biological limit.

Analysis of Geomorphic and Hydrologic Characteristics of Mount Jefferson Debris Flow, Oregon, November 6, 2006

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sobieszczyk, Steven; Uhrich, Mark A.; Piatt, David R.; Bragg, Heather M.

2008-01-01

On November 6, 2006, a rocky debris flow surged off the western slopes of Mount Jefferson into the drainage basins of Milk and Pamelia Creeks in Oregon. This debris flow was not a singular event, but rather a series of surges of both debris and flooding throughout the day. The event began during a severe storm that brought warm temperatures and heavy rainfall to the Pacific Northwest. Precipitation measurements near Mount Jefferson at Marion Forks and Santiam Junction showed that more than 16.1 centimeters of precipitation fell the week leading up to the event, including an additional 20.1 centimeters falling during the 2 days afterward. The flooding associated with the debris flow sent an estimated 15,500 to 21,000 metric tons, or 9,800 to 13,000 cubic meters, of suspended sediment downstream, increasing turbidity in the North Santiam River above Detroit Lake to an estimated 35,000 to 55,000 Formazin Nephelometric Units. The debris flow started small as rock and ice calved off an upper valley snowfield, but added volume as it eroded weakly consolidated deposits from previous debris flows, pyroclastic flows, and glacial moraines. Mud run-up markings on trees indicated that the flood stage of this event reached depths of at least 2.4 meters. Velocity calculations indicate that different surges of debris flow and flooding reached 3.9 meters per second. The debris flow reworked and deposited material ranging in size from sand to coarse boulders over a 0.1 square kilometer area, while flooding and scouring as much as 0.45 square kilometer. Based on cross-sectional transect measurements recreating pre-event topography and other field measurements, the total volume of the deposit ranged from 100,000 to 240,000 cubic meters.

40 CFR 1033.525 - Smoke testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... measure smoke emissions using a full-flow, open path light extinction smokemeter. A light extinction meter... path length equal to the hydraulic diameter. The light extinction meter must meet the requirements of... apertures (or windows and lenses) and on the axis of the light beam. (8) You may use light extinction meters...

40 CFR 1033.525 - Smoke testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... measure smoke emissions using a full-flow, open path light extinction smokemeter. A light extinction meter... path length equal to the hydraulic diameter. The light extinction meter must meet the requirements of... apertures (or windows and lenses) and on the axis of the light beam. (8) You may use light extinction meters...

40 CFR 1033.525 - Smoke testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... measure smoke emissions using a full-flow, open path light extinction smokemeter. A light extinction meter... path length equal to the hydraulic diameter. The light extinction meter must meet the requirements of... apertures (or windows and lenses) and on the axis of the light beam. (8) You may use light extinction meters...

40 CFR 1033.525 - Smoke testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... measure smoke emissions using a full-flow, open path light extinction smokemeter. A light extinction meter... path length equal to the hydraulic diameter. The light extinction meter must meet the requirements of... apertures (or windows and lenses) and on the axis of the light beam. (8) You may use light extinction meters...

Recessed impingement insert metering plate for gas turbine nozzles

DOEpatents

Itzel, Gary Michael; Burdgick, Steven Sebastian

2002-01-01

An impingement insert sleeve is provided that is adapted to be disposed in a coolant cavity defined through a stator vane. The insert has a generally open inlet end and first and second diametrically opposed, perforated side walls. A metering plate having at least one opening defined therethrough for coolant flow is mounted to the side walls to generally transverse a longitudinal axis of the insert, and is disposed downstream from said inlet end. The metering plate improves flow distribution while reducing ballooning stresses within the insert and allowing for a more flexible insert attachment.

Cryogenic instrumentation for ITER magnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Poncet, J.-M.; Manzagol, J.; Attard, A.; André, J.; Bizel-Bizellot, L.; Bonnay, P.; Ercolani, E.; Luchier, N.; Girard, A.; Clayton, N.; Devred, A.; Huygen, S.; Journeaux, J.-Y.

2017-02-01

Accurate measurements of the helium flowrate and of the temperature of the ITER magnets is of fundamental importance to make sure that the magnets operate under well controlled and reliable conditions, and to allow suitable helium flow distribution in the magnets through the helium piping. Therefore, the temperature and flow rate measurements shall be reliable and accurate. In this paper, we present the thermometric chains as well as the venturi flow meters installed in the ITER magnets and their helium piping. The presented thermometric block design is based on the design developed by CERN for the LHC, which has been further optimized via thermal simulations carried out by CEA. The electronic part of the thermometric chain was entirely developed by the CEA and will be presented in detail: it is based on a lock-in measurement and small signal amplification, and also provides a web interface and software to an industrial PLC. This measuring device provides a reliable, accurate, electromagnetically immune, and fast (up to 100 Hz bandwidth) system for resistive temperature sensors between a few ohms to 100 kΩ. The flowmeters (venturi type) which make up part of the helium mass flow measurement chain have been completely designed, and manufacturing is on-going. The behaviour of the helium gas has been studied in detailed thanks to ANSYS CFX software in order to obtain the same differential pressure for all types of flowmeters. Measurement uncertainties have been estimated and the influence of input parameters has been studied. Mechanical calculations have been performed to guarantee the mechanical strength of the venturis required for pressure equipment operating in nuclear environment. In order to complete the helium mass flow measurement chain, different technologies of absolute and differential pressure sensors have been tested in an applied magnetic field to identify equipment compatible with the ITER environment.

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)—its past, present and future

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lu, Zhong; Kwoun, Oh-Ig; Rykhus, R.P.

2007-01-01

Very simply, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) involves the use of two or more synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of the same area to extract landscape topography and its deformation patterns. A SAR system transmits electromagnetic waves at a wavelength that can range from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters and therefore can operate during day and night under all-weather conditions. Using SAR processing technique (Curlander and McDonough, 1991), both the intensity and phase of the reflected (or backscattered) radar signal of each ground resolution element (a few meters to tens of meters) can be calculated in the form of a complex-valued SAR image that represents the reflectivity of the ground surface. The amplitude or intensity of the SAR image is determined primarily by terrain slope, surface roughness, and dielectric constants, whereas the phase of the SAR image is determined primarily by the distance between the satellite antenna and the ground targets. InSAR imaging utilizes the interaction of electromagnetic waves, referred to as interference, to measure precise distances between the satellite antenna and ground resolution elements to derive landscape topography and its subtle change in elevation.

Exposure Perception as a Key Indicator of Risk Perception and Acceptance of Sources of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields

PubMed Central

Wiedemann, Peter M.; Brown, Tim W. C.

2015-01-01

The presented survey was conducted in six European countries as an online study. A total of 2454 subjects participated. Two main research questions were investigated: firstly, how does the cognitive, moral, and affective framing of radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF) exposure perception influence RF EMF risk perception? Secondly, can the deployment of mobile phone base stations have greater acceptance with RF EMF exposure reduction? The findings with respect to the first question clearly indicated that the cognitive framed exposure perception is the main determinant of RF EMF risk perception. The concomitant sensitivity to exposure strength offers an opportunity to improve the acceptance of base stations by exposure reduction. A linear regression analysis supported this assumption: in a fictional test situation, exposure reduction improved the acceptance of base stations, operationalized as the requested distance of the base station from one's own home. Furthermore, subjects with high RF EMF risk perception were most sensitive to exposure reduction. On average, a 70% exposure reduction reduced the requested distance from about 2000 meters to 1000 meters. The consequences for risk communication are discussed. PMID:26229540

Quasi-static shape adjustment of a 15 meter diameter space antenna

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Belvin, W. Keith; Herstrom, Catherine L.; Edighoffer, Harold H.

1987-01-01

A 15 meter diameter Hoop-Column antenna has been analyzed and tested to study shape adjustment of the reflector surface. The Hoop-Column antenna concept employs pretensioned cables and mesh to produce a paraboloidal reflector surface. Fabrication errors and thermal distortions may significantly reduce surface accuracy and consequently degrade electromagnetic performance. Thus, the ability to adjust the surface shape is desirable. The shape adjustment algorithm consisted of finite element and least squares error analyses to minimize the surface distortions. Experimental results verified the analysis. Application of the procedure resulted in a reduction of surface error by 38 percent. Quasi-static shape adjustment has the potential for on-orbit compensation for a variety of surface shape distortions.

Evaluation of a hemispherical head flow direction sensor for inlet duct measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bennett, D. L.

1975-01-01

A hemispherical head flow direction sensor was tested in a wind tunnel to evaluate its effectiveness for measuring dynamic duct flow direction angles of plus and minus 27 degrees. The tests were conducted at Reynolds numbers of 3.8 million per meter (1.0 million per foot) and 4.92 million per meter (1.5 million per foot) and at Mach numbers from 0.30 to 0.70. The design criteria for the probe are discussed and the wind tunnel results are presented. Three techniques for deriving the flow angles are described.

Apparatus and method for enhanced chemical processing in high pressure and atmospheric plasmas produced by high frequency electromagnetic waves

DOEpatents

Efthimion, Philip C.; Helfritch, Dennis J.

1989-11-28

An apparatus and method for creating high temperature plasmas for enhanced chemical processing of gaseous fluids, toxic chemicals, and the like, at a wide range of pressures, especially at atmospheric and high pressures includes an electro-magnetic resonator cavity, preferably a reentrant cavity, and a wave guiding structure which connects an electro-magnetic source to the cavity. The cavity includes an intake port and an exhaust port, each having apertures in the conductive walls of the cavity sufficient for the intake of the gaseous fluids and for the discharge of the processed gaseous fluids. The apertures are sufficiently small to prevent the leakage of the electro-magnetic radiation from the cavity. Gaseous fluid flowing from the direction of the electro-magnetic source through the guiding wave structure and into the cavity acts on the plasma to push it away from the guiding wave structure and the electro-magnetic source. The gaseous fluid flow confines the high temperature plasma inside the cavity and allows complete chemical processing of the gaseous fluids at a wide range of pressures.

Transition from steady to periodic liquid-metal magnetohydrodynamic flow in a sliding electrical contact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Talmage, Gita; Walker, John S.; Brown, Samuel H.; Sondergaard, Neal A.

1993-09-01

In homopolar motors and generators, large dc electric currents pass through the sliding electrical contacts between rotating copper disks (rotors) and static copper surfaces shrouding the rotor tips (stators). A liquid metal in the small radial gap between the rotor tip and concentric stator surface can provide a low-resistance, low-drag electrical contact. Since there is a strong magnetic field in the region of the electrical contacts, there are large electromagnetic body forces on the liquid metal. The primary, azimuthal motion consists of simple Couette flow, plus an electromagnetically driven flow with large extremes of the azimuthal velocity near the rotor corners. The secondary flow involves the radial and axial velocity components, is driven by the centrifugal force associated with the primary flow, and is opposed by the electromagnetic body force, so that the circulation varies inversely as the square of the magnetic-field strength. Three flow regimes are identified as the angular velocity Ω of the rotor is increased. For small Ω, the primary flow is decoupled from the secondary flow. As Ω increases, the secondary flow begins to convect the azimuthal-velocity peaks radially outward, which in turn changes the centrifugal force driving the secondary flow. At some critical value of Ω, the flow becomes periodic through the coupling of the primary and secondary flows. The azimuthal-velocity peaks begin to move radially in and out with an accompanying oscillation in the secondary-flow strength.

Saturn Northern Hemisphere

NASA Image and Video Library

1998-12-05

This false color picture of Saturn’s northern hemisphere was assembled from ultraviolet, violet and green images obtained Aug. 19 by Voyager 2 from a range of 7.1 million kilometers (4.4 million miles). The several weather patterns evident include three spots flowing westward at about 15 meters-per-second (33 mph). Although the cloud system associated with the western-most spot is part of this flow, the spot itself moves eastward at about 30 meters-per-second (65 mph). Their joint flow shows the anti-cyclonic rotation of the spot, which is about 3,000 km. (1,900 mi.) in diameter. The ribbon- like feature to the north marks a high-speed jet where wind speeds approach 150 meters-per-second (330 mph). http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01365

Flow stagnation at Enceladus: The effects of neutral gas and charged dust

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omidi, N.; Tokar, R. L.; Averkamp, T.; Gurnett, D. A.; Kurth, W. S.; Wang, Z.

2012-06-01

Enceladus is one of Saturn's most active moons. It ejects neutral gas and dust particles from its southern plumes with velocities of hundreds of meters per second. The interaction between the ejected material and the corotating plasma in Saturn's magnetosphere leads to flow deceleration in ways that remain to be understood. The most effective mechanism for the interaction between the corotating plasma and the neutral gas is charge exchange which replaces the hotter corotating ions with nearly stationary cold ions that are subsequently accelerated by the motional electric field. Dust particles in the plume can become electrically charged through electron absorption and couple to the plasma through the motional electric field. The objective of this study is to determine the level of flow deceleration associated with each of these processes using Cassini RPWS dust impact rates, Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) plasma data, and 3-D electromagnetic hybrid (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) simulations. Hybrid simulations show that the degree of flow deceleration by charged dust varies considerably with the spatial distribution of dust particles. Based on the RPWS observations of dust impacts during the E7 Cassini flyby of Enceladus, we have constructed a dust model consisting of multiple plumes. Using this model in the hybrid simulation shows that when the dust density is high enough for complete absorption of electrons at the point of maximum dust density, the corotating flow is decelerated by only a few km/s. This is not sufficient to account for the CAPS observation of flow stagnation in the interaction region. On the other hand, charge exchange with neutral gas plumes similar to the modeled dust plumes but with base (plume opening) densities of ˜109 cm-3 result in flow deceleration similar to that observed by CAPS. The results indicate that charge exchange with neutral gas is the dominant mechanism for flow deceleration at Enceladus.

Seventh Symposium on Subtypes of Musccarinic Receptors.

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-01-01

promises fewer and less severe side effects because of its favourable receptor profile and pharmacokinetic properties (2, 3). This compound has been...6). Following median laparotomy electromagnetic flow probes were positioned on one or both renal arteries. A cannula was introduced into a femoral...equipment for thermodilution and electromagnetic flow measurement (IFD, Miuhlheim, Germany) was used. Respiratory rate was evaluated from the C0 2

40 CFR 1066.140 - Diluted exhaust flow calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... whenever corrective action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted exhaust flow verification (i.e... subsonic venturi flow meter, a long-radius ASME/NIST flow nozzle, a smooth approach orifice, a laminar flow...

Understanding interference experiments with polarized light through photon trajectories

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanz, A.S.; Davidovic, M.; Bozic, M.

2010-04-15

Bohmian mechanics allows to visualize and understand the quantum-mechanical behavior of massive particles in terms of trajectories. As shown by Bialynicki-Birula, Electromagnetism also admits a hydrodynamical formulation when the existence of a wave function for photons (properly defined) is assumed. This formulation thus provides an alternative interpretation of optical phenomena in terms of photon trajectories, whose flow yields a pictorial view of the evolution of the electromagnetic energy density in configuration space. This trajectory-based theoretical framework is considered here to study and analyze the outcome from Young-type diffraction experiments within the context of the Arago-Fresnel laws. More specifically, photon trajectoriesmore » in the region behind the two slits are obtained in the case where the slits are illuminated by a polarized monochromatic plane wave. Expressions to determine electromagnetic energy flow lines and photon trajectories within this scenario are provided, as well as a procedure to compute them in the particular case of gratings totally transparent inside the slits and completely absorbing outside them. As is shown, the electromagnetic energy flow lines obtained allow to monitor at each point of space the behavior of the electromagnetic energy flow and, therefore, to evaluate the effects caused on it by the presence (right behind each slit) of polarizers with the same or different polarization axes. This leads to a trajectory-based picture of the Arago-Fresnel laws for the interference of polarized light.« less

Expanding the Use of Time-Based Metering: Multi-Center Traffic Management Advisor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Landry, Steven J.; Farley, Todd; Hoang, Ty

2005-01-01

Time-based metering is an efficient air traffic management alternative to the more common practice of distance-based metering (or "miles-in-trail spacing"). Despite having demonstrated significant operational benefit to airspace users and service providers, time-based metering is used in the United States for arrivals to just nine airports and is not used at all for non-arrival traffic flows. The Multi-Center Traffic Management Advisor promises to bring time-based metering into the mainstream of air traffic management techniques. Not constrained to operate solely on arrival traffic, Multi-Center Traffic Management Advisor is flexible enough to work in highly congested or heavily partitioned airspace for any and all traffic flows in a region. This broader and more general application of time-based metering is expected to bring the operational benefits of time-based metering to a much wider pool of beneficiaries than is possible with existing technology. It also promises to facilitate more collaborative traffic management on a regional basis. This paper focuses on the operational concept of the Multi-Center Traffic Management Advisor, touching also on its system architecture, field test results, and prospects for near-term deployment to the United States National Airspace System.

Gas compression in lungs decreases peak expiratory flow depending on resistance of peak flowmeter.

PubMed

Pedersen, O F; Pedersen, T F; Miller, M R

1997-11-01

It has recently been shown (O. F. Pedersen T. R. Rasmussen, O. Omland, T. Sigsgaard, P. H. Quanjer. and M. R. Miller. Eur. Respir. J. 9: 828-833, 1996) that the added resistance of a mini-Wright peak flowmeter decreases peak expiratory flow (PEF) by approximately 8% compared with PEF measured by a pneumotachograph. To explore the reason for this, 10 healthy men (mean age 43 yr, range 33-58 yr) were examined in a body plethysmograph with facilities to measure mouth flow vs. expired volume as well as the change in thoracic gas volume (Vb) and alveolar pressure (PA). The subjects performed forced vital capacity maneuvers through orifices of different sizes and also a mini-Wright peak flowmeter. PEF with the meter and other added resistances were achieved when flow reached the perimeter of the flow-Vb curves. The mini-Wright PEF meter decreased PEF from 11.4 +/- 1.5 to 10.3 +/- 1.4 (SD) l/s (P < 0.001), PA increased from 6.7 +/- 1.9 to 9.3 +/- 2.7 kPa (P < 0.001), an increase equal to the pressure drop across the meter, and caused Vb at PEF to decrease by 0.24 +/- 0.09 liter (P < 0.001). We conclude that PEF obtained with an added resistance like a mini-Wright PEF meter is a wave-speed-determined maximal flow, but the added resistance causes gas compression because of increased PA at PEF. Therefore, Vb at PEF and, accordingly, PEF decrease.

Liquid Oxygen/Liquid Methane Test Results of the RS-18 Lunar Ascent Engine at Simulated Altitude Conditions at NASA White Sands Test Facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Melcher, John C., IV; Allred, Jennifer K.

2009-01-01

Tests were conducted with the RS-18 rocket engine using liquid oxygen (LO2) and liquid methane (LCH4) propellants under simulated altitude conditions at NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility (WSTF). This project is part of NASA's Propulsion and Cryogenics Advanced Development (PCAD) project. "Green" propellants, such as LO2/LCH4, offer savings in both performance and safety over equivalently sized hypergolic propulsion systems in spacecraft applications such as ascent engines or service module engines. Altitude simulation was achieved using the WSTF Large Altitude Simulation System, which provided altitude conditions equivalent up to 122,000 ft (37 km). For specific impulse calculations, engine thrust and propellant mass flow rates were measured. LO2 flow ranged from 5.9 - 9.5 lbm/sec (2.7 - 4.3 kg/sec), and LCH4 flow varied from 3.0 - 4.4 lbm/sec (1.4 - 2.0 kg/sec) during the RS-18 hot-fire test series. Propellant flow rate was measured using a coriolis mass-flow meter and compared with a serial turbine-style flow meter. Results showed a significant performance measurement difference during ignition startup due to two-phase flow effects. Subsequent cold-flow testing demonstrated that the propellant manifolds must be adequately flushed in order for the coriolis flow meters to give accurate data. The coriolis flow meters were later shown to provide accurate steady-state data, but the turbine flow meter data should be used in transient phases of operation. Thrust was measured using three load cells in parallel, which also provides the capability to calculate thrust vector alignment. Ignition was demonstrated using a gaseous oxygen/methane spark torch igniter. Test objectives for the RS-18 project are 1) conduct a shakedown of the test stand for LO2/methane lunar ascent engines, 2) obtain vacuum ignition data for the torch and pyrotechnic igniters, and 3) obtain nozzle kinetics data to anchor two-dimensional kinetics codes. All of these objectives were met with the RS-18 data and additional testing data from subsequent LO2/methane test programs in 2009 which included the first simulated-altitude pyrotechnic ignition demonstration of LO2/methane.

Deployable Emergency Shutoff Device Blocks High-Velocity Fluid Flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nabors, Sammy A.

2015-01-01

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a device and method for blocking the flow of fluid from an open pipe. Motivated by the sea-bed oil-drilling catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, NASA innovators designed the device to plug, control, and meter the flow of gases and liquids. Anchored with friction fittings, spikes, or explosively activated fasteners, the device is well-suited for harsh environments and high fluid velocities and pressures. With the addition of instrumentation, it can also be used as a variable area flow metering valve that can be set based upon flow conditions. With robotic additions, this patent-pending innovation can be configured to crawl into a pipe then anchor and activate itself to block or control fluid flow.

Methods of measurement signal acquisition from the rotational flow meter for frequency analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Świsulski, Dariusz; Hanus, Robert; Zych, Marcin; Petryka, Leszek

One of the simplest and commonly used instruments for measuring the flow of homogeneous substances is the rotational flow meter. The main part of such a device is a rotor (vane or screw) rotating at a speed which is the function of the fluid or gas flow rate. A pulse signal with a frequency proportional to the speed of the rotor is obtained at the sensor output. For measurements in dynamic conditions, a variable interval between pulses prohibits the analysis of the measuring signal. Therefore, the authors of the article developed a method involving the determination of measured values on the basis of the last inter-pulse interval preceding the moment designated by the timing generator. For larger changes of the measured value at a predetermined time, the value can be determined by means of extrapolation of the two adjacent interpulse ranges, assuming a linear change in the flow. The proposed methods allow analysis which requires constant spacing between measurements, allowing for an analysis of the dynamics of changes in the test flow, eg. using a Fourier transform. To present the advantages of these methods simulations of flow measurement were carried out with a DRH-1140 rotor flow meter from the company Kobold.

Multirail electromagnetic launcher powered from a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afonin, A. G.; Butov, V. G.; Panchenko, V. P.; Sinyaev, S. V.; Solonenko, V. A.; Shvetsov, G. A.; Yakushev, A. A.

2015-09-01

The operation of an electromagnetic multirail launcher of solids powered from a pulsed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator is studied. The plasma flow in the channel of the pulsed MHD generator and the possibility of launching solids in a rapid-fire mode of launcher operation are considered. It is shown that this mode of launcher operation can be implemented by matching the plasma flow dynamics in the channel of the pulsed MHD generator and the launching conditions. It is also shown that powerful pulsed MHD generators can be used as a source of electrical energy for rapid-fire electromagnetic rail launchers operating in a burst mode.

40 CFR 1065.340 - Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted exhaust flow verification (i.e., propane check) in... subsonic venturi flow meter, a long-radius ASME/NIST flow nozzle, a smooth approach orifice, a laminar flow...

Influence of groundwater on distribution of dwarf wedgemussels (Alasmidonta heterodon) in the upper reaches of the Delaware River, northeastern USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rosenberry, Donald O.; Briggs, Martin A.; Voytek, Emily B.; Lane, John W.

2016-01-01

The remaining populations of the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (DWM) (Alasmidonta heterodon) in the upper Delaware River, northeastern USA, were hypothesized to be located in areas of greater-than-normal groundwater discharge to the river. We combined physical (seepage meters, monitoring wells and piezometers), thermal (fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing, infrared, vertical bed-temperature profiling), and geophysical (electromagnetic-induction) methods at several spatial scales to characterize known DWM habitat and explore this hypothesis. Numerous springs were observed using visible and infrared imaging along the river banks at all three known DWM-populated areas, but not in adjacent areas where DWM were absent. Vertical and lateral groundwater gradients were toward the river along all three DWM-populated reaches, with median upward gradients 3 to 9 times larger than in adjacent reaches. Point-scale seepage-meter measurements indicated that upward seepage across the riverbed was faster and more consistently upward at DWM-populated areas. Discrete and areally distributed riverbed-temperature measurements indicated numerous cold areas of groundwater discharge during warm summer months; all were within areas populated by DWM. Electromagnetic-induction measurements, which may indicate riverbed geology, showed patterning but little correlation between bulk streambed electromagnetic conductivity and areal distribution of DWM. In spite of complexity introduced by hyporheic exchange, multiple lines of research provide strong evidence that DWM are located within or directly downstream of areas of substantial focused groundwater discharge to the river. Broad scale thermal-reconnaissance methods (e.g., infrared) may be useful in locating and protecting other currently unknown mussel populations.

Use of Airborne Electromagnetic Geophysical Survey to Map Discontinuous Permafrost in Goldstream Valley, Interior Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daanen, R. P.; Emond, A.; Liljedahl, A. K.; Walter Anthony, K. M.; Barnes, D. L.; Romanovsky, V. E.; Graham, G.

2016-12-01

An airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey was conducted in Goldstream Valley, Alaska, to map the electrical resistivity of the ground by sending a magnetic field down from a transmitter flying 30m above the ground into the subsurface. The recorded electromagnetic data are a function of the resistivity structure in the ground. The RESOLVE system used in the survey records data for six frequencies, resulting in a depth of investigation from 1-3 meters and up to 150 meters, depending on resistivity of the ground. Recording six frequencies enables the use of inversion methods to find a solution for a discretized resistivity model providing resistivity as a function of depth below ground surface. Using the airborne RESOLVE system in a populated study area involved challenges related to signal noise, access, and public opinion. Noise issues were mainly the consequence of power lines, which produce varying levels and frequencies of noise. We were not permitted to fly directly over homes, cars, animals, or people because of safety concerns, which resulted in gaps in our dataset. Public outreach well in advance of the survey informed residents about the methods used, their benefits to understanding the environment, and their potential impacts on the environment. Inversion of the data provided resistivity models that were interpreted for frozen and thawed ground conditions; these interpretation were constrained by alternate data sources such as well logs, borehole data, ground-based geophysics, and temperature measurements. The resulting permafrost map will be used to interpret groundwater movement into the valley and methane release from thermokarst lakes.

Flow-field differences and electromagnetic-field properties of air and N2 inductively coupled plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Minghao; Yamada, Kazuhiko; Takahashi, Yusuke; Liu, Kai; Zhao, Tong

2016-12-01

A numerical model for simulating air and nitrogen inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) was developed considering thermochemical nonequilibrium and the third-order electron transport properties. A modified far-field electromagnetic model was introduced and tightly coupled with the flow field equations to describe the Joule heating and inductive discharge phenomena. In total, 11 species and 49 chemical reactions of air, which include 5 species and 8 chemical reactions of nitrogen, were employed to model the chemical reaction process. The internal energy transfers among translational, vibrational, rotational, and electronic energy modes of chemical species were taken into account to study thermal nonequilibrium effects. The low-Reynolds number Abe-Kondoh-Nagano k-ɛ turbulence model was employed to consider the turbulent heat transfer. In this study, the fundamental characteristics of an ICP flow, such as the weak ionization, high temperature but low velocity in the torch, and wide area of the plasma plume, were reproduced by the developed numerical model. The flow field differences between the air and nitrogen ICP flows inside the 10-kW ICP wind tunnel were made clear. The interactions between the electromagnetic and flow fields were also revealed for an inductive discharge.

Two-phase flow characterization based on advanced instrumentation, neural networks, and mathematical modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mi, Ye

1998-12-01

The major objective of this thesis is focused on theoretical and experimental investigations of identifying and characterizing vertical and horizontal flow regimes in two-phase flows. A methodology of flow regime identification with impedance-based neural network systems and a comprehensive model of vertical slug flow have been developed. Vertical slug flow has been extensively investigated and characterized with geometric, kinematic and hydrodynamic parameters. A multi-sensor impedance void-meter and a multi-sensor magnetic flowmeter were developed. The impedance void-meter was cross-calibrated with other reliable techniques for void fraction measurements. The performance of the impedance void-meter to measure the void propagation velocity was evaluated by the drift flux model. It was proved that the magnetic flowmeter was applicable to vertical slug flow measurements. Separable signals from these instruments allow us to unearth most characteristics of vertical slug flow. A methodology of vertical flow regime identification was developed. Supervised neural network and self-organizing neural network systems were employed. First, they were trained with results from an idealized simulation of impedance in a two-phase mixture. The simulation was mainly based on Mishima and Ishii's flow regime map, the drift flux model, and the newly developed model of slug flow. Then, these trained systems were tested with impedance signals. The results showed that the neural network systems were appropriate classifiers of vertical flow regimes. The theoretical models and experimental databases used in the simulation were reliable. Furthermore, this approach was applied successfully to horizontal flow identification. A comprehensive model was developed to predict important characteristics of vertical slug flow. It was realized that the void fraction of the liquid slug is determined by the relative liquid motion between the Taylor bubble tail and the Taylor bubble wake. Relying on this understanding and experimental results, a special relationship was built for the void fraction of the liquid slug. The prediction of the void fraction of the liquid slug was considerably improved. Experimental characterization of vertical slug flows was performed extensively with the impedance void-meter and the magnetic flowmeter. The theoretical predictions were compared with the experimental results. The agreements between them are very satisfactory.

Influence of a source line position on results of EM observations applied to the diagnostics of underground heating system pipelines in urban area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vetrov, A.

2009-05-01

The condition of underground constructions, communication and supply systems in the cities has to be periodically monitored and controlled in order to prevent their breakage, which can result in serious accident, especially in urban area. The most risk of damage have the underground construction made of steal such as pipelines widely used for water, gas and heat supply. To ensure the pipeline survivability it is necessary to carry out the operative and inexpensive control of pipelines condition. Induced electromagnetic methods of geophysics can be applied to provide such diagnostics. The highly developed surface in urbane area is one of cause hampering the realization of electromagnetic methods of diagnostics. The main problem is in finding of an appropriate place for the source line and electrodes on a limited surface area and their optimal position relative to the observation path to minimize their influence on observed data. Author made a number of experiments of an underground heating system pipeline diagnostics using different position of the source line and electrodes. The experiments were made on a 200 meters section over 2 meters deep pipeline. The admissible length of the source line and angle between the source line and the observation path were determined. The minimal length of the source line for the experiment conditions and accuracy made 30 meters, the maximum admissible angle departure from the perpendicular position made 30 degrees. The work was undertaken in cooperation with diagnostics company DIsSO, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

The turbulent recirculating flow field in a coreless induction furnace. A comparison of theoretical predictions with measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

El-Kaddah, N.; Szekely, J.

1982-01-01

A mathematical representation for the electromagnetic force field and the fluid flow field in a coreless induction furnace is presented. The fluid flow field was represented by writing the axisymmetric turbulent Navier-Stokes equation, containing the electromagnetic body force term. The electromagnetic body force field was calculated by using a technique of mutual inductances. The kappa-epsilon model was employed for evaluating the turbulent viscosity and the resultant differential equations were solved numerically. Theoretically predicted velocity fields are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental measurements reported by Hunt and Moore; furthermore, the agreement regarding the turbulent intensities are essentially quantitative. These results indicate that the kappa-epsilon model provides a good engineering representation of the turbulent recirculating flows occurring in induction furnaces. At this stage it is not clear whether the discrepancies between measurements and the predictions, which were not very great in any case, are attributable either to the model or to the measurement techniques employed.

Open-channel integrating-type flow meter

USGS Publications Warehouse

Koopman, K.C.

1971-01-01

A relatively inexpensive meter for measuring cumulative flow in open channels with a rated control,. called a "totalizer", was developed. It translates the nonlinear function of gage height to flow by use of a cam and a float. A variable resistance element in an electronic circuit is controlled by the float so that the electron flow in the circuit corresponds to the flow of water. The flow of electricity causes electroplating of an electrode with silver. The amount of silver deposited is proportionate to the flow of water. The total flow of water is determined by removing the silver from the electrode at a fixed rate with ·an electronic device and recording the time for removal with a counter. The circuit is designed so that the ,resultant reading on the counter is in acre-feet of water.

Preliminary Results from an Integrated Airborne EM and Aeromagnetic Survey in Yellowstone National Park

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dickey, K.; Holbrook, W. S.; Finn, C.; Auken, E.; Carr, B.; Sims, K. W. W.; Bedrosian, P.; Lowenstern, J. B.; Hurwitz, S.; Pedersen, J. B. B.

2017-12-01

Yellowstone National Park hosts over 10,000 thermal features (e.g. geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, and hot springs), yet little is known about the circulation depth of meteoric water feeding these features, nor the lithological and structural bounds on the pathways that guide deep, hot fluids to the surface. Previous near-surface geophysical studies have been effective in imaging shallow hydrothermal pathways in some areas of the park, but these methods are difficult to conduct over the large areas needed to characterize entire hydrothermal systems. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings and 2D direct current (DC) resistivity profiles show that hydrothermal fluids at active sites have a higher electrical conductivity than the surrounding hydrothermally inactive areas. For that reason, airborne TEM is an effective method to characterize large areas and identify hydrothermally active and inactive zones using electrical conductivity. Aeromagnetic data have been useful in mapping faults that localize hot springs, making the integration of aeromagnetic and EM data effective for structurally characterizing fluid pathways. Here we present the preliminary results from an airborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) and magnetic survey acquired jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the University of Wyoming (UW) in November 2016. We integrate the EM and magnetic data for the purpose of edge detection of rhyolite flow boundaries as well as source depth of hydrothermal features. The maximum horizontal gradient technique applied on magnetic data is a useful tool that used to estimate source depth as well as indicate faults and fractures. The integration of EM with magnetics allows us to distinguish hydrothermally altered fault systems that guide fluids in the subsurface. We have used preliminary 2D inversions of EM from Aarhus Workbench to delineate rhyolite flow edges in the upper 300-600 meters and cross-checked those boundaries with the aeromagnetic map.

Scalable High Performance Computing: Direct and Large-Eddy Turbulent Flow Simulations Using Massively Parallel Computers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morgan, Philip E.

2004-01-01

This final report contains reports of research related to the tasks "Scalable High Performance Computing: Direct and Lark-Eddy Turbulent FLow Simulations Using Massively Parallel Computers" and "Devleop High-Performance Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetics Capability for RCS Prediction, Wave Propagation in Dispersive Media, and Dual-Use Applications. The discussion of Scalable High Performance Computing reports on three objectives: validate, access scalability, and apply two parallel flow solvers for three-dimensional Navier-Stokes flows; develop and validate a high-order parallel solver for Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) problems; and Investigate and develop a high-order Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence model. The discussion of High-Performance Time-Domain Computational Electromagnetics reports on five objectives: enhancement of an electromagnetics code (CHARGE) to be able to effectively model antenna problems; utilize lessons learned in high-order/spectral solution of swirling 3D jets to apply to solving electromagnetics project; transition a high-order fluids code, FDL3DI, to be able to solve Maxwell's Equations using compact-differencing; develop and demonstrate improved radiation absorbing boundary conditions for high-order CEM; and extend high-order CEM solver to address variable material properties. The report also contains a review of work done by the systems engineer.

Water flow measurement in large bore pipes: an experimental comparison between two different types of insertion flowmeters.

PubMed

Cascetta, Furio; Palombo, Adolfo; Scalabrini, Gianfranco

2003-04-01

In this paper the metrological behavior of two different insertion flowmeters (magnetic and turbine types) in large water pipes is described. A master-slave calibration was carried out in order to estimate the overall uncertainty of the tested meters. The experimental results show that (i) the magnetic insertion tested flowmeter performs the claimed accuracy (+/- 2%) within all the flow range (20:1); (ii) the insertion turbine tested meter, instead, reaches the claimed accuracy just in the upper zone of the flow range.

Earth observations taken from Space Shuttle Columbia during STS-80 mission

NASA Image and Video Library

1996-11-30

STS080-733-001 (19 Nov.-7 Dec. 1996) --- This view shows Mount Everest, near the border of Nepal and China, which reaches 29,028 feet in elevation (8,848 meters). Mount Everest is to the left of the V-shaped valley (holding picture with numbers on the right). Tibet is to the right, and Nepal is below. Rongbuk Glacier flows to the north while Khumbu Glacier flows to the south from Mount Everest. Many other glaciers are visible. The snow level is about 4,000 meters south of the divide or rain shadow, and about 6,000 meters north of the divide, in the rain shadow.

WiFi in Schools, Electromagnetic Fields and Cell Phones: Alberta Health Fact Sheet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alberta Education, 2012

2012-01-01

Wireless devices and the networks that support them are becoming more common in Alberta schools. WiFi is a wireless networking technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. Typically the signal is carried by radio waves over an area of up to 100 meters. Through the implementation of a WiFi network,…

Gas flow meter and method for measuring gas flow rate

DOEpatents

Robertson, Eric P.

2006-08-01

A gas flow rate meter includes an upstream line and two chambers having substantially equal, fixed volumes. An adjustable valve may direct the gas flow through the upstream line to either of the two chambers. A pressure monitoring device may be configured to prompt valve adjustments, directing the gas flow to an alternate chamber each time a pre-set pressure in the upstream line is reached. A method of measuring the gas flow rate measures the time required for the pressure in the upstream line to reach the pre-set pressure. The volume of the chamber and upstream line are known and fixed, thus the time required for the increase in pressure may be used to determine the flow rate of the gas. Another method of measuring the gas flow rate uses two pressure measurements of a fixed volume, taken at different times, to determine the flow rate of the gas.

Preparation and Characteristics of Ultrasonic Transducers for High Temperature Using PbNb2O6

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soejima, Junichiro; Sato, Kokichi; Nagata, Kunihiro

2000-05-01

The substance PZT(Pb(Zr, Ti)O3) is chiefly used for piezoceramic transducers in many ultrasonic flow meters. It is difficult to use PZT transducers for flow meters for automobile exhaust gas at high temperatures over 350°C. Lead niobate (PbNb2O6) has a high Curie temperature of 540°C and a low mechanical quality factor, and is the most suitable as the sensor element in flow meters for automobile exhaust gas. However, it is difficult to fabricate dense PbNb2O6 ceramics that have good piezoelectric properties. In this study, ceramics with high density and a high piezoelectric effect were fabricated by adding various elements such as Mn and Ca to PbNb2O6 and by examining the sintering process. A Langevin transducer with a resonance frequency of 80 kHz was made for measuring automobile exhaust gas flow using PbNb2O6 ceramics.

LSST (Hoop/Column) Maypole Antenna Development Program, phase 1, part 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sullivan, M. R.

1982-01-01

Cable technology is discussed. Manufacturing flow and philosophy are considered. Acceptance, gratification and flight tests are discussed. Fifteen-meter and fifty-meter models are considered. An economic assessment is included.

LSST (Hoop/Column) Maypole Antenna Development Program, phase 1, part 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sullivan, M. R.

1982-06-01

Cable technology is discussed. Manufacturing flow and philosophy are considered. Acceptance, gratification and flight tests are discussed. Fifteen-meter and fifty-meter models are considered. An economic assessment is included.

Use of flumes in metering discharge at gaging stations

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kilpatrick, F.A.; Schneider, V.R.

1982-01-01

Flumes for metering discharge are usually of two general types--critical-flow flumes and supercritical-flow flumes. In this report the principles underlying the design of each are discussed, the most commonly used flumes of each of the two types are described, and discharge ratings for each are presented. Considerations in choosing and fitting the appropriate flume for a given situation are discussed along with construction techniques and operational experiences.

Diagnostic Tools for Performance Evaluation of Innovative In-Situ Remediation Technologies at Chlorinated Solvent-Contaminated Sites

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-07-01

fluid resistivity , temperature logging, and flow metering at other sites that typically indicated only two or three active fractures in each hole...was consistent with results of conventional borehole fluid resistivity , temperature logging, and flow metering at other sites that typically indicated...following tests were performed in each boundary monitoring well: ■ Gamma Ray; ■ Spontaneous Potential (SP); ■ Single Point Resistance (SPR

Complete energetic description of hydrokinetic turbine impact on flow channel dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brasseale, E.; Kawase, M.

2016-02-01

Energy budget analysis on tidal channels quantifies and demarcates the impacts of marine renewables on environmental fluid dynamics. Energy budget analysis assumes the change in total kinetic energy within a volume of fluid can be described by the work done by each force acting on the flow. In a numerically simulated channel, the balance between energy change and work done has been validated up to 5% error.The forces doing work on the flow include pressure, turbulent dissipation, and stress from the estuary floor. If hydrokinetic turbines are installed in an estuarine channel to convert tidal energy into usable power, the dynamics of the channel change. Turbines provide additional pressure work against the flow of the channel which will slow the current and lessen turbulent dissipation and bottom stress. These losses may negatively impact estuarine circulation, seafloor scour, and stratification.The environmental effects of turbine deployment have been quantified using a three dimensional, Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes model of an idealized flow channel situated between the ocean and a large estuarine basin. The channel is five kilometers wide, twenty kilometers long and fifty meters deep, and resolved to a grid size of 10 meters by 10 meters by 1 meter. Tidal currents are simulated by an initial difference in sea surface height across the channel of 160 centimeters from the channel entrance to the channel exit. This creates a pressure gradient which drives flow through the channel. Tidal power turbines are represented as disks that force the channel in proportion to the strength of the current. Three tidal turbines twenty meters in diameters have been included in the model to simulate the impacts of a pilot scale test deployment.This study is the first to appreciate the energetic impact of marine renewables in a three dimensional model through the energy equation's constituent terms. This study provides groundwork for understanding and predicting the environmental impacts of marine renewables.

Electromagnetic plasma particle simulations on Solar Probe Plus spacecraft interaction with near-Sun plasma environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miyake, Yohei; Usui, Hideyuki

It is necessary to predict the nature of spacecraft-plasma interactions in extreme plasma conditions such as in the near-Sun environment. The spacecraft environment immersed in the solar corona is characterized by the small Debye length due to dense (7000 mathrm{/cc}) plasmas and a large photo-/secondary electron emission current emitted from the spacecraft surfaces, which lead to distinctive nature of spacecraft-plasma interactions [1,2,3]. In the present study, electromagnetic field perturbation around the Solar Probe Plus (SPP) spacecraft is examined by using our original EM-PIC (electromagnetic particle-in-cell) plasma simulation code called EMSES. In the simulations, we consider the SPP spacecraft at perihelion (0.04 mathrm{AU} from the Sun) and important physical effects such as spacecraft charging, photoelectron and secondary electron emission, solar wind plasma flow including the effect of spacecraft orbital velocity, and the presence of a background magnetic field. Our preliminary results show that both photoelectrons and secondary electrons from the spacecraft are magnetized in a spatial scale of several meters, and make drift motion due the presence of the background convection electric field. This effect leads to non-axisymmetric distributions of the electron density and the resultant electric potential near the spacecraft. Our simulations predict that a strong (˜ 100 mathrm{mV/m}) spurious electric field can be observed by the probe measurement on the spacecraft due to such a non-axisymmetric effect. We also confirm that the large photo-/secondary electron current alters magnetic field intensity around the spacecraft, but the field variation is much smaller than the background magnetic field magnitude (a few mathrm{nT} compared to a few mathrm{mu T}). [1] Ergun et al., textit{Phys. Plasmas}, textbf{17}, 072903, 2010. [2] Guillemant et al., textit{Ann. Geophys.}, textbf{30}, 1075-1092, 2012. [3] Guillemant et al., textit{IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.}, textbf{41}, 3338-3348, 2013.

40 CFR 1065.330 - Exhaust-flow calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calibrations and Verifications Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.330... use other reference meters such as laminar flow elements, which are not commonly designed to withstand...

3D characterization of the critical zone within a basaltic catchment using an airborne electromagnetic survey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dumont, Marc; Join, Jean-Lambert; Wendling, Valentin; Aunay, Bertrand

2017-04-01

Shield volcano islands come from the succession of constructive phases and destructive phases. In this complex geological setting, weathering and paleo-weathering profiles have a major impact on the critical zone hydrology. Nevertheless those underground structures are difficult to characterize, which leads to a leak of understanding of the water balance, infiltration, and ground water flows. Airborne transient electromagnetic method, as SkyTEM dispositive, allows to proceed regional 3D resistivity mapping with almost no topographic and vegetation limitations with an investigation depth higher than 300 m. Electromagnetics results are highly sensitive to conductive layers depending of clay content, water content and water mineralization. Skytem investigations are useful to characterize the thickness of the weathering profile and its lateral variations among large areas. In addition, it provides precise information about buried valleys and paleo-weathering of older lavas flows which control preferential groundwater flows. The French Geological Survey (BRGM) conducted a SkyTEM survey over Reunion Island (2500 km2). This survey yields on a dense 3D resistivity mapping. This continuous information is used to characterize the critical zone of the experimental watershed of Rivière des Pluies. A wide range of weathering profiles has been identified. Their variations are highly dependent of lava flow ages. Furthermore, 3D resistivity model highlights buried valleys characterized by specific weathering due to groundwater flows. Hydrogeological implication is a partitioning of groundwater flows in three different reservoirs: (i) deep basal aquifer, (ii) perched aquifers and (iii) superficial flows. The two latter behaviors have been characterized and mapped above our experimental watershed. The 3D manner of airborne electromagnetics results allows describing the continuity of weathering and alteration structures. The identification of specific groundwater flow paths provides a better understanding of the relation between the surface hydrology, the unsaturated medium and the basal aquifer. This study underlines the key role of volcanic underground structures in the critical zone flows.

Slowing down the speed of light using an electromagnetically-induced-transparency mechanism in a modified reservoir

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ronggang; Liu, Tong; Wang, Yingying; Li, Yujie; Gai, Bingzheng

2017-11-01

We propose an effective method to achieve extremely slow light by using both the mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and the localization of a coupled cavity waveguide (CCW). Based on quantum mechanics theory and the dispersion relation of a CCW, we derive a group-velocity formula that reveals both the effects of the EIT and CCW. Results show that ultralow light velocity at the order of several meters per second or even static light, could be obtained feasibly. In comparison with the EIT mechanism in a background of vacuum, this proposed method is more effective and realistic to achieve extremely slow light. And it exhibits potential values in the field of light storage.

Useful method to monitor the physiological effects of alcohol ingestion by combination of micro-integrated laser Doppler blood flow meter and arm-raising test.

PubMed

Iwasaki, Wataru; Nogami, Hirofumi; Ito, Hiroki; Gotanda, Takeshi; Peng, Yao; Takeuchi, Satoshi; Furue, Masutaka; Higurashi, Eiji; Sawada, Renshi

2012-10-01

Alcohol has a variety of effects on the human body, affecting both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. We examined the peripheral blood flow of alcohol drinkers using a micro-integrated laser Doppler blood flow meter (micro-electromechanical system blood flow sensor). An increased heart rate and blood flow was recorded at the earlobe after alcohol ingestion, and we observed strong correlation between blood flow, heart rate, and breath alcohol content in light drinkers; but not heavy drinkers. We also found that the amplitude of pulse waves measured at the fingertip during an arm-raising test significantly decreased on alcohol consumption, regardless of the individual's alcohol tolerance. Our micro-electromechanical system blood flow sensor successfully detected various physiological changes in peripheral blood circulation induced by alcohol consumption.

Hydrologic discovery through controlled experimentation, data analysis, and numerical and analytical modeling at the Landscape Evolution Observatory (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Troch, P. A.; Gevaert, A.; Smit, Y.; Niu, G.; Nakolan, L.; Kyzivat, E.

2013-12-01

The Landscape Evolution Observatory (LEO) at Biosphere 2-The University of Arizona consists of three identical, sloping, 333 m2 convergent landscapes inside a 5,000 m2 environmentally controlled facility. These engineered landscapes contain 1-meter depth of basaltic tephra, ground to homogenous loamy sand that will undergo physical, chemical, and mineralogical changes over many years. Each landscape contains a spatially dense sensor and sampler network capable of resolving meter-scale lateral heterogeneity and sub-meter scale vertical heterogeneity in moisture, energy and carbon states and fluxes. The density of sensors and frequency at which they can be polled allows for data collection at spatial and temporal scales that are impossible in natural field settings. Embedded solution and gas samplers allow for quantification of biogeochemical processes, and facilitate the use of chemical tracers to study water movement at very high spatial resolutions. Each ~600 metric ton landscape has load cells embedded into the structure to measure changes in total system mass with 0.05% full-scale repeatability (equivalent to less than 1 cm of precipitation). This facilitates the real time accounting of hydrological partitioning at the hillslope scale. Each hillslope is equipped with an engineered rain system capable of raining at rates between 3 and 45 mm/hr in a range of spatial patterns. The rain systems are capable of creating long-term steady state conditions or running complex simulations. The precipitation water supply storage system is flexibly designed to facilitate addition of tracers at constant or time-varying rates for any of the three hillslopes. Six trenches measure subsurface flow via tipping bucket gauges and electromagnetic flowmeters. This presentation will give an overview of lessons learned during the commissioning phase of the first hillslope of LEO, and will indicate several opportunities for collaborative research at Biosphere 2.

Active bypass flow control for a seal in a gas turbine engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ebert, Todd A.; Kimmel, Keith D.

An active bypass flow control system for controlling bypass compressed air based upon leakage flow of compressed air flowing past an outer balance seal between a stator and rotor of a first stage of a gas turbine in a gas turbine engine is disclosed. The active bypass flow control system is an adjustable system in which one or more metering devices may be used to control the flow of bypass compressed air as the flow of compressed air past the outer balance seal changes over time as the outer balance seal between the rim cavity and the cooling cavity wears.more » In at least one embodiment, the metering device may include a valve formed from one or more pins movable between open and closed positions in which the one pin at least partially bisects the bypass channel to regulate flow.« less

Study of electromagnetic radiation pollution in an Indian city.

PubMed

Dhami, A K

2012-11-01

Electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phone towers is a form of environmental pollution and is a new health hazard, especially to children and patients. The present studies were taken to estimate the microwave/RF pollution by measuring radiation power densities near schools and hospitals of Chandigarh city in India. The cell phone radiations were measured using a handheld portable power density meter TES 593 and specific absorption rates were estimated from the measured values. These values of electromagnetic radiation in the environment were compared with the levels at which biological system of humans and animals starts getting affected. The values were also compared with the international exposure limits set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The highest measured power density was 11.48 mW/m(2) which is 1,148% of the biological limit. The results indicated that the exposure levels in the city were below the ICNIRP limit, but much above the biological limit.

Interpreting Electromagnetic Reflections In Glaciology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eisen, O.; Nixdorf, U.; Wilhelms, F.; Steinhage, D.; Miller, H.

Electromagnetic reflection (EMR) measurements are active remote sensing methods that have become a major tool for glaciological investigations. Although the basic pro- cesses are well understood, the unambiguous interpretation of EMR data, especially internal layering, still requires further information. The Antacrtic ice sheet provides a unique setting for investigating the relation between physical­chemical properties of ice and EMR data. Cold ice, smooth surface topography, and low accumulation facilitates matters to use low energy ground penetrating radar (GPR) devices to pene- trate several tens to hundreds of meters of ice, covering several thousands of years of snow deposition history. Thus, sufficient internal layers, primarily of volcanic origin, are recorded to enable studies on a local and regional scale. Based on dated ice core records, GPR measurements at various frequencies, and airborne radio-echo sound- ing (RES) from Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica, combined with numerical modeling techniques, we investigate the influence of internal layering characteristics and properties of the propagating electromagnetic wave on EMR data.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Imani, Mohammadreza F., E-mail: mohamad.imani@gmail.com; Grbic, Anthony

One of the obstacles preventing wireless power transfer from becoming ubiquitous is their leakage of power: high-amplitude electromagnetic fields that can interfere with other electronic devices, increase health concerns, or hinder power metering. In this paper, we present near-field plates (NFPs) as a novel method to tailor the electromagnetic fields generated by a wireless power transfer system while maintaining high efficiency. NFPs are modulated arrays or surfaces designed to form prescribed near-field patterns. The NFP proposed in this paper consists of an array of loaded loops that are designed to confine the electromagnetic fields of a resonant transmitting loop tomore » the desired direction (receiving loop) while suppressing fields in other directions. The step-by-step design procedure for this device is outlined. Two NFPs are designed and examined in full-wave simulation. Their performance is shown to be in close agreement with the design predictions, thereby verifying the proposed design and operation. A NFP is also fabricated and experimentally shown to form a unidirectional wireless power transfer link with high efficiency.« less

Solar wind pickup of ionized Venus exosphere atoms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curtis, S. A.

1981-01-01

Previous calculations of electrostatic and electromagnetic growth rates for plasma instabilities have neglected the thermal spread of the distribution function of the planetary ions. We consider the effects of finite temperatures for exospheric ions borne in the solar wind. Specifically, growth rates are calculated for electromagnetic instabilities in the low-frequency case for Alfven waves and the intermediate frequency case for whistlers. Also, electrostatic growth rates are calculated for the intermediate frequency regime. From these growth rates, estimates are derived for the pickup times of the planetary ions. The electromagnetic instabilities are shown to produce the most rapid pickup. In the situation where the angle between the local Venus magnetic field and the plasma flow direction is small, the pickup times for both electromagnetic and electrostatic instabilities become very long. A possible consequence of this effect is to produce regions of enhanced planetary ion density in favorable Venus magnetic field-solar wind flow geometries.

Geophysical identification of subsurface cavities and fractures near a Superfund site south of Rockford, Illinois

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adams, Ryan Frye

The ACME Superfund site is one of many Superfund sites in Northern Illinois. This 20 acre (8.1 ha) site was contaminated by various volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and heavy metals during the 1960-1980s. To more fully understand the potential extent of the karst system and its interaction with contaminants, both surface and borehole geophysics including seismic refraction tomography, frequency domain electromagnetics, electrical resistivity, ground penetrating radar, as well as natural gamma and electromagnetic well logs, were undertaken over an approximately 3,000 square meter grid in a field immediately south of the ACME site. Seismic refraction tomography provided information on lithology and fluctuations in the bedrock surface in the depth range 6 to 8 m. Refraction, combined with electromagnetic conductivity, also allowed mapping of potential soil pipes and/or filled sinkholes in the overlying soils. These could channel surface waters into the karst conduit system. Frequency domain electromagnetics proved to be the most successful tool for the identifying possible karst conduits below the bedrock surface. Zones of reduced conductivity suggest a series of interconnected solutionally enlarged fractures in an orthogonal pattern at a depth of approximately 8 m immediately south of the ACME site.

Frequency response of portable PEF meters.

PubMed

Hankinson, J L; Das, M K

1995-08-01

Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is a dynamic parameter and therefore requires a measuring device with a high-frequency response. This study evaluated the frequency-response characteristics of eight commercially available PEF meters, using simulated forced-expiratory maneuvers with a computer-controlled mechanical pump. Three different PEF levels were used (200, 400, and 600 L/min) at six levels of harmonic-frequency content similar to those observed in human subjects. For waveforms with higher frequency content (at the high end or above the physiologic range), the Assess, Vitalograph, Pocket Peak, and Spir-O-Flow PEF meters all overread PEF (greater than 15% difference from target values) at all three PEF levels. These results suggest that the frequency response of PEF meters is an important consideration in the selection of such meters and should be included in device requirements. The current practice of using various levels of American Thoracic Society (ATS) waveform 24 with its low-frequency content may not adequately evaluate the frequency characteristics of PEF meters. An upper range (5% of the fundamental frequency) of 12 Hz, within the range observed in normal subjects, appears to be more practical than an upper limit of 20 Hz.

Chevron facility focused on commercial orifice-meter research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, E.H.; Ferguson, K.R.

1987-07-27

Research to determine the accuracy of commercial orifice meters for custody-transfer measurement has indicated that high-volume gas meters can be flow-proven while in such service. The research further yielded more accurate orifice-meter discharge coefficient equations (at Reynolds numbers greater than 4,000,000) than current equations of the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the American Petroleum Institute (API). These are partial findings of a major study conducted by Chevron Oil Field Research Co. at its Venice, La., calibration facility.

40 CFR 1065.325 - Intake-flow calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 1065.325 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calibrations and Verifications Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.325 Intake-flow calibration. (a) Calibrate intake-air flow meters upon initial installation. Follow the...

Sample preparation system for microfluidic applications

DOEpatents

Mosier, Bruce P [San Francisco, CA; Crocker, Robert W [Fremont, CA; Patel, Kamlesh D [Dublin, CA; Harnett, Cindy K [Livermore, CA

2007-05-08

An apparatus that couples automated injection with flow feedback to provide nanoliter accuracy in controlling microliter volumes. The apparatus comprises generally a source of hydraulic fluid pressure, a fluid isolator joined to the outlet of the hydraulic pressure source and a flow sensor to provide pressure-driven analyte metering. For operation generally and particularly in microfluidic systems the hydraulic pressure source is typically an electrokinetic (EK) pump that incorporates gasless electrodes. The apparatus is capable of metering sub-microliter volumes at flowrates of 1 100 .mu.L/min into microsystem load pressures of up to 1000 50 psi, respectively. Flowrates can be specified within 0.5 .mu.L/min and volumes as small as 80 nL can be metered.

Effects of simulated ice on the performance of price type-AA current meter rotors

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fulford, Janice M.

1994-01-01

Slush ice readily adheres to the standard metal rotor of the winter Price type-AA current meter and affects the ability of the meter to measure the flow velocity accurately. Tests conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey Hydraulics Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, attempt to quantify the effects of slush ice on the performance of standard Price type-AA meter metal rotors. Test data obtained for rotors filled with simulated slush are compared with data for solid-cup polymer and standard hollow-cup metal rotors. Partial filling of the cups only marginally affects rotor performance at velocities greater than 15.24 centimeters per second. However, when cups are filled or over-filled with simulated slush, rotor performance is noticeably affected. Errors associated with slush over-filling and filling of cups are also significant when flows are angled vertically.

Electromagnetic radiation as a probe of the initial state and of viscous dynamics in relativistic nuclear collisions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vujanovic, Gojko; Paquet, Jean-François; Denicol, Gabriel S.; Luzum, Matthew; Jeon, Sangyong; Gale, Charles

2016-07-01

The penetrating nature of electromagnetic signals makes them suitable probes to explore the properties of the strongly interacting medium created in relativistic nuclear collisions. We examine the effects of the initial conditions and shear relaxation time on the spectra and flow coefficients of electromagnetic probes, using an event-by-event 3+1-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic simulation (music).

Microwave thawing package and method

DOEpatents

Fathi, Zakaryae; Lauf, Robert J.

2004-03-16

A package for containing frozen liquids during an electromagnetic thawing process includes: a first section adapted for containing a frozen material and exposing the frozen material to electromagnetic energy; a second section adapted for receiving thawed liquid material and shielding the thawed liquid material from further exposure to electromagnetic energy; and a fluid communication means for allowing fluid flow between the first section and the second section.

Electromagnetic Smart Valves for Cryogenic Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Traum, M. J.; Smith, J. L.; Brisson, J. G.; Gerstmann, J.; Hannon, C. L.

2004-06-01

Electromagnetic valves with smart control capability have been developed and demonstrated for use in the cold end of a Collins-style cryocooler. The toroidal geometry of the valves was developed utilizing a finite-element code and optimized for maximum opening force with minimum input current. Electromagnetic smart valves carry two primary benefits in cryogenic applications: 1) magnetic actuation eliminates the need for mechanical linkages and 2) valve timing can be modified during system cool down and in regular operation for cycle optimization. The smart feature of these electromagnetic valves resides in controlling the flow of current into the magnetic coil. Electronics have been designed to shape the valve actuation current, limiting the residence time of magnetic energy in the winding. This feature allows control of flow through the expander via an electrical signal while dissipating less than 0.0071 J/cycle as heat into the cold end. The electromagnetic smart valves have demonstrated reliable, controllable dynamic cycling. After 40 hours of operation, they suffered no perceptible mechanical degradation. These features enable the development of a miniaturized Collins-style cryocooler capable of removing 1 Watt of heat at 10 K.

Introduction to the JEEG Agricultural Geophysics Special Issue

USGS Publications Warehouse

Allred, Barry J.; Smith, Bruce D.

2010-01-01

Near-surface geophysical methods have become increasingly important tools in applied agricultural practices and studies. The great advantage of geophysical methods is their potential rapidity, low cost, and spatial continuity when compared to more traditional methods of assessing agricultural land, such as sample collection and laboratory analysis. Agricultural geophysics investigations commonly focus on obtaining information within the soil profile, which generally does not extend much beyond 2 meters beneath the ground surface. Although the depth of interest oftentimes is rather shallow, the area covered by an agricultural geophysics survey can vary widely in scale, from experimental plots (10 s to 100 s of square meters), to farm fields (10 s to 100 s of hectares), up to the size of watersheds (10 s to 100 s of square kilometers). To date, three predominant methods—resistivity, electromagnetic induction (EMI), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR)—have been used to obtain surface-based geophysical measurements within agricultural settings. However, a recent conference on agricultural geophysics (Bouyoucos Conference on Agricultural Geophysics, September 8–10, 2009, Albuquerque, New Mexico; www.ag-geophysics.org) illustrated that other geophysical methods are being applied or developed. These include airborne electromagnetic induction, magnetometry, seismic, and self-potential methods. Agricultural geophysical studies are also being linked to ground water studies that utilize deeper penetrating geophysical methods than normally used.

Stand-off explosive detection utilizing low power stimulated emission nuclear quadrupole resonance detection and subwavelength focusing wideband super lens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Apostolos, John; Mouyos, William; Feng, Judy; Chase, Walter

2015-05-01

The need for advanced techniques to detect improvised explosive devices (IED) at stand-off distances greater than ten (10) meters has driven AMI Research and Development (AMI) to develop a solution to detect and identify the threat utilizing a forward looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) combined with our CW radar technology Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) detection system. The novel features include a near-field sub-wavelength focusing antenna, a wide band 300 KHz to 300 MHz rapidly scanning CW radar facilitated by a high Q antenna/tuner, and an advanced processor utilizing Rabi transitions where the nucleus oscillates between states under the time dependent incident electromagnetic field and alternately absorbs energy from the incident field while emitting coherent energy via stimulated emission. AMI's Sub-wavelength Focusing Wide Band Super Lens uses a Near-Field SAR, making detection possible at distances greater than ten (10) meters. This super lens is capable of operating on the near-field and focusing electromagnetic waves to resolutions beyond the diffraction limit. When applied to the case of a vehicle approaching an explosive hazard the methodologies of synthetic aperture radar is fused with the array based super resolution and the NQR data processing detecting the explosive hazard.

A Constant-Field Interrupted Resonance System for Percutaneous Electromagnetic Measurement of Blood Flow

PubMed Central

Kolin, Alexander; Steele, James R.; Imai, James S.; Macalpin, Rex N.

1974-01-01

A combination of deformable flow probes of negligible lateral dimensions with an electronic circuit capable of providing a prolonged plateau of dB/dt = 0 and of sampling the flow signal at the end of this interval permits electromagnetic measurement of blood flow with a reliable zero base line secured by switching off the magnet. An extracorporeal magnet provides the magnetic field. The flow transducer is introduced into the vascular system percutaneously through a standard angiographic catheter by conventional technique. The idea of the current generator can be described as “principle of interrupted resonance.” The current wave form can be described as a sequence of disconnected bisected sine waves joined at the apices by horizontal current plateaus where di/dt is strictly zero. Images PMID:4275395

AUTOMATED TECHNIQUE FOR FLOW MEASUREMENTS FROM MARIOTTE RESERVOIRS.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Constantz, Jim; Murphy, Fred

1987-01-01

The mariotte reservoir supplies water at a constant hydraulic pressure by self-regulation of its internal gas pressure. Automated outflow measurements from mariotte reservoirs are generally difficult because of the reservoir's self-regulation mechanism. This paper describes an automated flow meter specifically designed for use with mariotte reservoirs. The flow meter monitors changes in the mariotte reservoir's gas pressure during outflow to determine changes in the reservoir's water level. The flow measurement is performed by attaching a pressure transducer to the top of a mariotte reservoir and monitoring gas pressure changes during outflow with a programmable data logger. The advantages of the new automated flow measurement techniques include: (i) the ability to rapidly record a large range of fluxes without restricting outflow, and (ii) the ability to accurately average the pulsing flow, which commonly occurs during outflow from the mariotte reservoir.

Lateral Variability of Lava flow Morphologies in the Deccan Traps Large Igneous Province (India)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vanderkluysen, L.; Rader, E. L.; Self, S.; Clarke, A. B.; Sheth, H.; Moyer, D. K.

2016-12-01

In continental flood basalt provinces (CFBs), lava flow morphologies have traditionally been classified in two distinct groups recognizable in the field, expressing two different modes of lava flow emplacement mechanisms: (a) compound lava flow fields dominated by meter-sized pāhoehoe toes and lobes; and (b) inflated sheet lobes tens to hundreds of meters in width and meters to tens of meters in height. Temporal transitions between these two emplacement styles have been recognized in many mafic large igneous provinces worldwide and seem to be a fundamental feature of CFBs. However, lateral variations in these morphologies remain poorly studied and understood. In the Deccan CFB of India, two principal hypotheses have been proposed to account for possible lateral variations in lava flow facies: that smaller toes and lobes occur in distal regions of flow fields, representing breakouts at the edges of larger inflated lavas; or on the contrary that smaller toes and lobes represent proximal facies. We conducted a field study focusing on two of the Deccan's formations, the Khandala and the Poladpur, located in the middle and upper sections of the province's defined chemostratigraphy. We studied nine sections along a 600 km long E-W transect, with the easternmost sections representing the most distal outcrops, ≥ 500 km away from inferred vents. The Khandala Formation is traditionally described as a sequence of three thick inflated sheet lobes in the well-exposed sections of the western Deccan. However, in the central Deccan, we find the Khandala to be much thicker overall, with half of its thickness dominated by small, meter-sized toes and lobes. Inflated sheet lobes of the Khandala are thinner on average in the central Deccan than further to the east or west. We document this transition as occurring progressively in outcrops only 80 km apart. In the Poladpur, the average thickness of inflated sheet lobes increases in distal outcrops of the eastern Deccan. We interpret these results as an indication that smaller, meter-sized toes and lobes are indicative of proximal facies, whereas the thickest (> 10 m) inflated sheet lobes are the most likely to reach the far edges of the province. Analogue experiments are currently under way to test the relative importance of eruption parameters in the development of these morphologies.

TH-CD-BRA-04: Effect of a Strong Magnetic Field On TLDs, OSLDs, and Gafchromic Films Using An Electromagnet

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, J; Rubinstein, A; Ohrt, J

Purpose: To study the effect of strong magnetic field on three types of dosimeters using an electromagnet inside a Linac vault. Materials and Methods: Three types of dosimeters, thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), optically stimulated luminescent Dosimeters (OSLDs), and EBT3 Film were used to measure radiation dose response inside an electromagnet that could produce a strong magnetic field (B>1.5 T). The dosimeters were placed inside a plastic phantom between the two poles of the magnet, at approximately 3 meters from the iso-center of an Elekta Versa HD Linac. The B field was calibrated with a Gauss meter (Model: GM-2, AlphaLab Inc). Themore » dosimeters received ∼2 Gy with and without the presence of the 1.5 T magnetic field. The EBT3 films were scanned 24 hours before and 24 hours after irradiation. The TLD dosimeters were read 1 week after irradiation. The OSLDs were read two weeks after irradiation. The ratios of signals of dosimeters irradiated with the B field to the signals without the B field were calculated. Two experiments have been conducted so far. Results: The ratios (averaged over two experiments) of dosimeter signals with vs without B field were 0.994 for films, 0.994 for OSLDs, and 1.002 for TLDs. The statistical uncertainty was ∼3%. Conclusions: The three types of dosimeters (film, TLD, OSLD) seem not affected by the presence of a magnetic field (B=1.5 T) with the uncertainty of ∼3%. They may be suitable for QA purposes in a strong B field up to 1.5 T. More measurements will be conducted for reproducibility testing. We acknowledge research support from Elekta AB.« less

40 CFR 1065.330 - Exhaust-flow calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 1065.330 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS ENGINE-TESTING PROCEDURES Calibrations and Verifications Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.330... ultrasonic flow meter for raw exhaust flow measurement, we recommend that you calibrate it as described in...

Techniques and equipment required for precise stream gaging in tide-affected fresh-water reaches of the Sacramento River, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Smith, Winchell

1971-01-01

Current-meter measurements of high accuracy will be required for calibration of an acoustic flow-metering system proposed for installation in the Sacramento River at Chipps Island in California. This report presents an analysis of the problem of making continuous accurate current-meter measurements in this channel where the flow regime is changing constantly in response to tidal action. Gaging-system requirements are delineated, and a brief description is given of the several applicable techniques that have been developed by others. None of these techniques provides the accuracies required for the flowmeter calibration. A new system is described--one which has been assembled and tested in prototype and which will provide the matrix of data needed for accurate continuous current-meter measurements. Analysis of a large quantity of data on the velocity distribution in the channel of the Sacramento River at Chipps Island shows that adequate definition of the velocity can be made during the dominant flow periods--that is, at times other than slack-water periods--by use of current meters suspended at elevations 0.2 and 0.8 of the depth below the water surface. However, additional velocity surveys will be necessary to determine whether or not small systematic corrections need be applied during periods of rapidly changing flow. In the proposed system all gaged parameters, including velocities, depths, position in the stream, and related times, are monitored continuously as a boat moves across the river on the selected cross section. Data are recorded photographically and transferred later onto punchcards for computer processing. Computer programs have been written to permit computation of instantaneous discharges at any selected time interval throughout the period of the current meter measurement program. It is anticipated that current-meter traverses will be made at intervals of about one-half hour over periods of several days. Capability of performance for protracted periods was, consequently, one of the important elements in system design. Analysis of error sources in the proposed system indicates that errors in individual computed discharges can be kept smaller than 1.5 percent if the expected precision in all measured parameters is maintained.

Evaluation of a turbine flow meter (Ventilometer Mark 2) in the measurement of ventilation.

PubMed

Cooper, C B; Harris, N D; Howard, P

1990-01-01

We have evaluated a turbine flow meter (Ventilometer Mark 2, PK Morgan, Kent, UK) at low flow rates and levels of ventilation which are likely to be encountered during exercise in patients with chronic respiratory disease. Pulsatile flows were generated from a volume-cycled mechanical ventilator, the flow wave-form was modified by damping to simulate a human breathing pattern. Comparative measurements of ventilation were made whilst varying tidal volume (VT) from 0.22 to 1.131 and respiratory rate (fR) from 10 to 35 min-1. At lower levels of ventilation the instrument tended to underread especially with increasing fR. The calibration factor must be adjusted to match the level of ventilation if the measurement errors are to be within 5%.

Determining the optimal approach to identifying individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The DOC study.

PubMed

Ronaldson, Sarah J; Dyson, Lisa; Clark, Laura; Hewitt, Catherine E; Torgerson, David J; Cooper, Brendan G; Kearney, Matt; Laughey, William; Raghunath, Raghu; Steele, Lisa; Rhodes, Rebecca; Adamson, Joy

2018-06-01

Early identification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results in patients receiving appropriate management for their condition at an earlier stage in their disease. The determining the optimal approach to identifying individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (DOC) study was a case-finding study to enhance early identification of COPD in primary care, which evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a series of simple lung function tests and symptom-based case-finding questionnaires. Current smokers aged 35 or more were invited to undertake a series of case-finding tools, which comprised lung function tests (specifically, spirometry, microspirometry, peak flow meter, and WheezoMeter) and several case-finding questionnaires. The effectiveness of these tests, individually or in combination, to identify small airways obstruction was evaluated against the gold standard of spirometry, with the quality of spirometry tests assessed by independent overreaders. The study was conducted with general practices in the Yorkshire and Humberside area, in the UK. Six hundred eighty-one individuals met the inclusion criteria, with 444 participants completing their study appointments. A total of 216 (49%) with good-quality spirometry readings were included in the analysis. The most effective case-finding tools were found to be the peak flow meter alone, the peak flow meter plus WheezoMeter, and microspirometry alone. In addition to the main analysis, where the severity of airflow obstruction was based on fixed ratios and percent of predicted values, sensitivity analyses were conducted by using lower limit of normal values. This research informs the choice of test for COPD identification; case-finding by use of the peak flow meter or microspirometer could be used routinely in primary care for suspected COPD patients. Only those testing positive to these tests would move on to full spirometry, thereby reducing unnecessary spirometric testing. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Cardiovascular Function Profile and Physical Fitness in Overweight Subjects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Megawati, E. R.; Lubis, L. D.; Harahap, F. Y.

2017-03-01

Obesity in children and young adult is associated with cardiovascular risk in short term and long term. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the cardiovascular functions parameters and physical fitness in overweight. This is an analytical observational study with cross sectional approach. The samples of this study were 85 randomly selected subjects aged 18 to 24 years with normoweight and body mass index <40. The parameters measures were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), cardiovascular function parameters (resting pulse, blood pressure, and peak flow meter) and physical fitness parameters (VO2max dengan McArdle step test). The mean BMI was 24,53±4,929. The WC and WHR mean were 86,7±14,10 cms and 0,89±0,073 cm respectively. The mean of resting pulses were higher in normoweight subject (p=0,0209). The mean systole were lower in normoweight subject (p=0,0026). No differences VO2 max between groups (p=0,3888). The peak flow meter was higher in normoweight (p=0,0274). The result of this study indicate that heart rate, systole and peak flow meter are signifantly different between groups. The heart rate and the peak flow meter in the overweight subjects were lower meanwhile the systole blood pressure was higher compared to normoweight subjects.

Anatomy Of The ‘LuSi’ Mud Eruption, East Java

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tingay, M. R.

2009-12-01

Early in the morning of the 29th of May 2006, hot mud started erupting from the ground in the densely populated Porong District of Sidoarjo, East Java. With initial flow rates of ~5000 cubic meters per day, the mud quickly inundated neighbouring villages. Over two years later and the ‘Lusi’ eruption has increased in strength, expelling over 90 million cubic meters of mud at an average rate of approximately 100000 cubic meters per day. The mud flow has now covered over 700 hectares of land to depths of over 25 meters, engulfing a dozen villages and displacing approximately 40000 people. In addition to the inundated areas, other areas are also at risk from subsidence and distant eruptions of gas. However, efforts to stem the mud flow or monitor its evolution are hampered by our overall lack of knowledge and consensus on the subsurface anatomy of the Lusi mud volcanic system. In particular, the largest and most significant uncertainties are the source of the erupted water (shales versus deep carbonates), the fluid flow pathways (purely fractures versus mixed fracture and wellbore) and disputes over the subsurface geology (nature of deep carbonates, lithology of rocks between shale and carbonates). This study will present and overview of the anatomy of the Lusi mud volcanic system with particular emphasis on these critical uncertainties and their influence on the likely evolution of disaster.

21 CFR 870.2120 - Extravascular blood flow probe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Extravascular blood flow probe. 870.2120 Section... blood flow probe. (a) Identification. An extravascular blood flow probe is an extravascular ultrasonic or electromagnetic probe used in conjunction with a blood flowmeter to measure blood flow in a...

21 CFR 870.2120 - Extravascular blood flow probe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Extravascular blood flow probe. 870.2120 Section... blood flow probe. (a) Identification. An extravascular blood flow probe is an extravascular ultrasonic or electromagnetic probe used in conjunction with a blood flowmeter to measure blood flow in a...

21 CFR 870.2120 - Extravascular blood flow probe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Extravascular blood flow probe. 870.2120 Section... blood flow probe. (a) Identification. An extravascular blood flow probe is an extravascular ultrasonic or electromagnetic probe used in conjunction with a blood flowmeter to measure blood flow in a...

21 CFR 870.2120 - Extravascular blood flow probe.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Extravascular blood flow probe. 870.2120 Section... blood flow probe. (a) Identification. An extravascular blood flow probe is an extravascular ultrasonic or electromagnetic probe used in conjunction with a blood flowmeter to measure blood flow in a...

Structure and variability of the Western Maine Coastal Current

USGS Publications Warehouse

Churchill, J.H.; Pettigrew, N.R.; Signell, R.P.

2005-01-01

Analyses of CTD and moored current meter data from 1998 and 2000 reveal a number of mechanisms influencing the flow along the western coast of Maine. On occasions, the Eastern Maine Coastal Current extends into the western Gulf of Maine where it takes the form of a deep (order 100 m deep) and broad (order 20 km wide) southwestward flow with geostrophic velocities exceeding 20 cm s -1. This is not a coastally trapped flow, however. In fields of geostrophic velocity, computed from shipboard-CTD data, the core of this current is roughly centered at the 100 m isobath and its onshore edge is no closer than 10 km from the coast. Geostrophic velocity fields also reveal a relatively shallow (order 10 m deep) baroclinic flow adjacent to the coast. This flow is also directed to the southwest and appears to be principally comprised of local river discharge. Analyses of moored current meter data reveal wind-driven modulations of the coastal flow that are consistent with expectations from simple theoretical models. However, a large fraction of the near-shore current variance does not appear to be directly related to wind forcing. Sea-surface temperature imagery, combined with analysis of the moored current meter data, suggests that eddies and meanders within the coastal flow may at times dominate the near-shore current variance. ?? 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of the turbine pocket spirometer.

PubMed Central

Gunawardena, K A; Houston, K; Smith, A P

1987-01-01

A compact electronic spirometer, the turbine pocket spirometer, which measures the FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) in a single expiration, was compared with the Vitalograph and the Wright peak flow meter in 99 subjects (FEV1 range 0.40-5.50 litres; FVC 0.58-6.48 l; PEF 40-650 l min-1). The mean differences between the machines were small--0.05 l for FEV1, 0.05 l for FVC, and 11.6 l min-1 for PEF, with the limits of agreement at +/- 0.25 l, +/- 0.48 l, and +/- 52.2 l min-1 respectively. The wide limits of agreement for the PEF comparison were probably because of the difference in the technique of blowing: a fast, long blow was used for the pocket spirometer and a short, sharp one for the Wright peak flow meter. The FEV1 and FVC showed a proportional bias of around 4-5% in favour of the Vitalograph. The repeatability coefficient for the pocket spirometer FEV1 was 0.18 l, for FVC 0.22 l, and for PEF 31 l min-1. These compared well with the repeatability coefficients of the Vitalograph and the Wright peak flow meter, which gave values of 0.18 l, 0.28 l, and 27 l min-1 respectively. At flow rates of over 600 l min-1 the resistance of the pocket spirometer marginally exceeded the American Thoracic Society recommendations. The machine is easy to operate and portable, and less expensive than the Vitalograph and Wright peak flow meter combined. It can be recommended for general use. Images PMID:3686460

Direct measurement of proximal isovelocity surface area by real-time three-dimensional color Doppler for quantitation of aortic regurgitant volume: an in vitro validation.

PubMed

Pirat, Bahar; Little, Stephen H; Igo, Stephen R; McCulloch, Marti; Nosé, Yukihiko; Hartley, Craig J; Zoghbi, William A

2009-03-01

The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method is useful in the quantitation of aortic regurgitation (AR). We hypothesized that actual measurement of PISA provided with real-time 3-dimensional (3D) color Doppler yields more accurate regurgitant volumes than those estimated by 2-dimensional (2D) color Doppler PISA. We developed a pulsatile flow model for AR with an imaging chamber in which interchangeable regurgitant orifices with defined shapes and areas were incorporated. An ultrasonic flow meter was used to calculate the reference regurgitant volumes. A total of 29 different flow conditions for 5 orifices with different shapes were tested at a rate of 72 beats/min. 2D PISA was calculated as 2pi r(2), and 3D PISA was measured from 8 equidistant radial planes of the 3D PISA. Regurgitant volume was derived as PISA x aliasing velocity x time velocity integral of AR/peak AR velocity. Regurgitant volumes by flow meter ranged between 12.6 and 30.6 mL/beat (mean 21.4 +/- 5.5 mL/beat). Regurgitant volumes estimated by 2D PISA correlated well with volumes measured by flow meter (r = 0.69); however, a significant underestimation was observed (y = 0.5x + 0.6). Correlation with flow meter volumes was stronger for 3D PISA-derived regurgitant volumes (r = 0.83); significantly less underestimation of regurgitant volumes was seen, with a regression line close to identity (y = 0.9x + 3.9). Direct measurement of PISA is feasible, without geometric assumptions, using real-time 3D color Doppler. Calculation of aortic regurgitant volumes with 3D color Doppler using this methodology is more accurate than conventional 2D method with hemispheric PISA assumption.

Measurement of lung volume in mechanically ventilated monkeys with an ultrasonic flow meter and the nitrogen washout method.

PubMed

Schibler, Andreas; Hammer, Jürg; Isler, Ruedi; Buess, Christian; Newth, Christopher J L

2004-01-01

Measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) during mechanical ventilation is important to standardise respiratory system compliance and adjust the ventilator settings to optimise lung recruitment. In the present study we compared three methods to measure FRC. The bias flow nitrogen washout technique (FRC(N2MC)), the multiple breath nitrogen washout (FRC(MBNW)) and the multiple breath sulphur-hexafluoride washout using the molar mass signal of an ultrasonic flow meter (FRC(MBSF6)) were compared in six adult monkeys after endotracheal intubation and during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation at three different positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels of 0, 5 and 10 cmH2O. Animal research laboratory. We found good agreement between all three methods and they all accurately measured changes in FRC when PEEP was increased. The coefficients of variance of the three measurement techniques were in the same range (1.3-9.2%). The measurement of the tracer gas concentration with the molar mass signal of the ultrasonic flow meter provides a good and simple alternative to respiratory mass spectrometer for FRC measurements in ventilated subjects.

Dynamic Synchronous Capture Algorithm for an Electromagnetic Flowmeter.

PubMed

Fanjiang, Yong-Yi; Lu, Shih-Wei

2017-04-10

This paper proposes a dynamic synchronous capture (DSC) algorithm to calculate the flow rate for an electromagnetic flowmeter. The characteristics of the DSC algorithm can accurately calculate the flow rate signal and efficiently convert an analog signal to upgrade the execution performance of a microcontroller unit (MCU). Furthermore, it can reduce interference from abnormal noise. It is extremely steady and independent of fluctuations in the flow measurement. Moreover, it can calculate the current flow rate signal immediately (m/s). The DSC algorithm can be applied to the current general MCU firmware platform without using DSP (Digital Signal Processing) or a high-speed and high-end MCU platform, and signal amplification by hardware reduces the demand for ADC accuracy, which reduces the cost.

Numerical modeling of continuous flow microwave heating: a critical comparison of COMSOL and ANSYS.

PubMed

Salvi, D; Boldor, Dorin; Ortego, J; Aita, G M; Sabliov, C M

2010-01-01

Numerical models were developed to simulate temperature profiles in Newtonian fluids during continuous flow microwave heating by one way coupling electromagnetism, fluid flow, and heat transport in ANSYS 8.0 and COMSOL Multiphysics v3.4. Comparison of the results from the COMSOL model with the results from a pre-developed and validated ANSYS model ensured accuracy of the COMSOL model. Prediction of power Loss by both models was in close agreement (5-13% variation) and the predicted temperature profiles were similar. COMSOL provided a flexible model setup whereas ANSYS required coupling incompatible elements to transfer load between electromagnetic, fluid flow, and heat transport modules. Overall, both software packages provided the ability to solve multiphysics phenomena accurately.

Dynamic Synchronous Capture Algorithm for an Electromagnetic Flowmeter

PubMed Central

Fanjiang, Yong-Yi; Lu, Shih-Wei

2017-01-01

This paper proposes a dynamic synchronous capture (DSC) algorithm to calculate the flow rate for an electromagnetic flowmeter. The characteristics of the DSC algorithm can accurately calculate the flow rate signal and efficiently convert an analog signal to upgrade the execution performance of a microcontroller unit (MCU). Furthermore, it can reduce interference from abnormal noise. It is extremely steady and independent of fluctuations in the flow measurement. Moreover, it can calculate the current flow rate signal immediately (m/s). The DSC algorithm can be applied to the current general MCU firmware platform without using DSP (Digital Signal Processing) or a high-speed and high-end MCU platform, and signal amplification by hardware reduces the demand for ADC accuracy, which reduces the cost. PMID:28394306

The influence of wellbore inflow on electromagnetic borehole flowmeter measurements.

PubMed

Clemo, Tom; Barrash, Warren; Reboulet, Edward C; Johnson, Timothy C; Leven, Carsten

2009-01-01

This paper describes a combined field, laboratory, and numerical study of electromagnetic borehole flowmeter measurements acquired without the use of a packer or skirt to block bypass flow around the flowmeter. The most significant finding is that inflow through the wellbore screen changes the ratio of flow through the flowmeter to wellbore flow. Experiments reveal up to a factor of two differences in this ratio for conditions with and without inflow through the wellbore screen. Standard practice is to assume the ratio is constant. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the effect of inflow on the flowmeter. The model is formulated using momentum conservation within the borehole and around the flowmeter. The model is embedded in the MODFLOW-2000 ground water flow code.

40 CFR 1065.340 - Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... initial CVS installation and whenever corrective action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted... such as a subsonic venturi flow meter, a long-radius ASME/NIST flow nozzle, a smooth approach orifice...

40 CFR 1065.340 - Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... initial CVS installation and whenever corrective action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted... such as a subsonic venturi flow meter, a long-radius ASME/NIST flow nozzle, a smooth approach orifice...

40 CFR 1065.340 - Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... initial CVS installation and whenever corrective action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted... such as a subsonic venturi flow meter, a long-radius ASME/NIST flow nozzle, a smooth approach orifice...

Imaging water velocity and volume fraction distributions in water continuous multiphase flows using inductive flow tomography and electrical resistance tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Yiqing; Lucas, Gary P.

2017-05-01

This paper presents the design and implementation of an inductive flow tomography (IFT) system, employing a multi-electrode electromagnetic flow meter (EMFM) and novel reconstruction techniques, for measuring the local water velocity distribution in water continuous single and multiphase flows. A series of experiments were carried out in vertical-upward and upward-inclined single phase water flows and ‘water continuous’ gas-water and oil-gas-water flows in which the velocity profiles ranged from axisymmetric (single phase and vertical-upward multiphase flows) to highly asymmetric (upward-inclined multiphase flows). Using potential difference measurements obtained from the electrode array of the EMFM, local axial velocity distributions of the continuous water phase were reconstructed using two different IFT reconstruction algorithms denoted RT#1, which assumes that the overall water velocity profile comprises the sum of a series of polynomial velocity components, and RT#2, which is similar to RT#1 but which assumes that the zero’th order velocity component may be replaced by an axisymmetric ‘power law’ velocity distribution. During each experiment, measurement of the local water volume fraction distribution was also made using the well-established technique of electrical resistance tomography (ERT). By integrating the product of the local axial water velocity and the local water volume fraction in the cross section an estimate of the water volumetric flow rate was made which was compared with a reference measurement of the water volumetric flow rate. In vertical upward flows RT#2 was found to give rise to water velocity profiles which are consistent with the previous literature although the profiles obtained in the multiphase flows had relatively higher central velocity peaks than was observed for the single phase profiles. This observation was almost certainly a result of the transfer of axial momentum from the less dense dispersed phases to the water, which occurred preferentially at the pipe centre. For upward inclined multiphase flows RT#1 was found to give rise to water velocity profiles which are more consistent with results in the previous literature than was the case for RT#2—which leads to the tentative conclusion that the upward inclined multiphase flows investigated in the present study did not contain significant axisymmetric velocity components.

Soil Moisture Estimation Using Hyperspectral SWIR Imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lewis, D.

2007-12-01

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is engaged with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and the University of Georgia's National Environmentally Sound Production Agriculture Laboratory (NESPAL) both in Tifton, Georgia, USA, to develop transformations for medium and high resolution remotely sensed images to generate moisture indicators for soil. The Institute for Technology Development (ITD) is located at the Stennis Space Center in southern Mississippi and has developed hyperspectral sensor systems that, when mounted in aircraft, collect electromagnetic reflectance data of the terrain. The sensor suite consists of sensors for three different sections of the electromagnetic spectrum; the Ultra-Violet (UV), Visible/Near InfraRed (VNIR) and Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR). The USDA/ ARS' Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory has probes that measure and record soil moisture. Data taken from the ITD SWIR sensor and the USDA/ARS soil moisture meters were analyzed to study the informatics relationships between SWIR data and measured soil moisture. The geographic locations of 29 soil moisture meters provided by the USDA/ARS are in the vicinity of Tifton, Georgia. Using USGS Digital Ortho Quads (DOQ), flightlines were drawn over the 29 soil moisture meters. The SWIR sensor was installed into an aircraft. The coordinates for the flightlines were also loaded into the navigational system of the aircraft. This airborne platform was used to collect the data over these flightlines. In order to prepare the data set for analysis, standard preprocessing was performed. These standard processes included sensor calibration, spectral subsetting, and atmospheric calibration. All 60 bands of the SWIR data were collected for each line in the image data, 15 bands of which were stripped from the data set leaving 45 bands of information in the wavelength range of 906 to 1705 nanometers. All the image files were calibrated using the regression equations generated by using radiometer data collected over calibration tarps. Regions of Interest (ROI) were drawn over the image data set corresponding with the location of the soil moisture meters. Scripts written in ENVI's Interactive Data Language (IDL) were developed to extract the spectra from each of the processed hyperspectral image data over each soil moisture meter from its corresponding ROI. The informatics relationship between soil moisture and SWIR spectra was identified by using the resulting data set.

Linear and angular coherence momenta in the classical second-order coherence theory of vector electromagnetic fields.

PubMed

Wang, Wei; Takeda, Mitsuo

2006-09-01

A new concept of vector and tensor densities is introduced into the general coherence theory of vector electromagnetic fields that is based on energy and energy-flow coherence tensors. Related coherence conservation laws are presented in the form of continuity equations that provide new insights into the propagation of second-order correlation tensors associated with stationary random classical electromagnetic fields.

Water velocity meter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roberts, C. W.; Smith, D. L.

1970-01-01

Simple, inexpensive drag sphere velocity meter with a zero to 6 ft/sec range measures steady-state flow. When combined with appropriate data acquisition system, it is suited to applications where large numbers of simultaneous measurements are needed for current mapping or velocity profile determination.

Looking for radio waves with a simple radio wave detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugimoto (Stray Cats), Norihiro

2011-11-01

I created a simple device that can detect radio waves in a classroom. In physics classes I tell students that we live in a sea of radio waves. They come from TV, radio, and cell phone signals as well as other sources. Students don't realize this because those electromagnetic waves are invisible. So, I wondered if I could come up with a way to detect the waves and help students to understand them better. Electromagnetic wave meters, which measure intensity of radio waves quantitatively, are commercially available. However, to students most of these are black boxes, and at the introductory level it is more effective to detect radio waves in a simpler way. This paper describes my device and how I have used it in my classes.

Early spectra of the gravitational wave source GW170817: Evolution of a neutron star merger

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shappee, B. J.; Simon, J. D.; Drout, M. R.; Piro, A. L.; Morrell, N.; Prieto, J. L.; Kasen, D.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kollmeier, J. A.; Kelson, D. D.; Coulter, D. A.; Foley, R. J.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Siebert, M. R.; Madore, B. F.; Murguia-Berthier, A.; Pan, Y.-C.; Prochaska, J. X.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Rest, A.; Adams, C.; Alatalo, K.; Bañados, E.; Baughman, J.; Bernstein, R. A.; Bitsakis, T.; Boutsia, K.; Bravo, J. R.; Di Mille, F.; Higgs, C. R.; Ji, A. P.; Maravelias, G.; Marshall, J. L.; Placco, V. M.; Prieto, G.; Wan, Z.

2017-12-01

Two neutron stars merging together generate a gravitational wave signal and have also been predicted to emit electromagnetic radiation. When the gravitational wave event GW170817 was detected, astronomers rushed to search for the source using conventional telescopes (see the Introduction by Smith). Coulter et al. describe how the One-Meter Two-Hemispheres (1M2H) collaboration was the first to locate the electromagnetic source. Drout et al. present the 1M2H measurements of its optical and infrared brightness, and Shappee et al. report their spectroscopy of the event, which is unlike previously detected astronomical transient sources. Kilpatrick et al. show how these observations can be explained by an explosion known as a kilonova, which produces large quantities of heavy elements in nuclear reactions.

Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), the optical counterpart to a gravitational wave source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coulter, D. A.; Foley, R. J.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Drout, M. R.; Piro, A. L.; Shappee, B. J.; Siebert, M. R.; Simon, J. D.; Ulloa, N.; Kasen, D.; Madore, B. F.; Murguia-Berthier, A.; Pan, Y.-C.; Prochaska, J. X.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Rest, A.; Rojas-Bravo, C.

2017-12-01

Two neutron stars merging together generate a gravitational wave signal and have also been predicted to emit electromagnetic radiation. When the gravitational wave event GW170817 was detected, astronomers rushed to search for the source using conventional telescopes (see the Introduction by Smith). Coulter et al. describe how the One-Meter Two-Hemispheres (1M2H) collaboration was the first to locate the electromagnetic source. Drout et al. present the 1M2H measurements of its optical and infrared brightness, and Shappee et al. report their spectroscopy of the event, which is unlike previously detected astronomical transient sources. Kilpatrick et al. show how these observations can be explained by an explosion known as a kilonova, which produces large quantities of heavy elements in nuclear reactions.

Pathway and conversion of energy incident on auroral and sub-auroral ionosphere at substorm expansion onset

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ebihara, Y.; Tanaka, T.

2017-12-01

One explanation for SAPS/SAID is the poleward ionospheric electric field arising from a pair of Region 1 and Region 2 field-aligned currents (FACs). At substorm expansion onset, the FACs are intensified, resulting in intensification of energy incident on the auroral and sub-auroral ionosphere. Where does the energy comes from? Based on the results obtained by the global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation, we present energy flow and energy conversion associated with the Region 1 and Region 2 FACs that are intensified at the onset of substorm expansion. The cusp/mantle region transmits electromagnetic energy to almost the entire region of the magnetosphere. A part of electromagnetic energy is stored in the lobe in the growth phase. When reconnection takes place in the near-Earth tail region, the stored energy is released in addition to the continuously supplied one from the cusp/mantle dynamo. Two types of pathways of energy seem to be involved in the generation of the near-Earth dynamo that is associated with FACs at the expansion onset. The first type is related to the earthward fast flow in the plasma sheet. The electromagnetic energy coming from the lobe splits into the thermal energy and the kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is then converted to the thermal energy and the electromagnetic energy, in association of flow braking. The second type is that the plasma coming from the lobe goes into the inner magnetosphere directly. The electromagnetic energy is converted to the thermal energy, followed by the electromagnetic energy at off-equator. The near-Earth dynamo region seems to be embedded in the magnetospheric convection system. In this sense, the expansion onset may be regarded as a sudden, local intensification of the convection.

Hydrokinetic canal measurements: inflow velocity, wake flow velocity, and turbulence

DOE Data Explorer

Gunawan, Budi

2014-06-11

The dataset consist of acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity measurements in the wake of a 3-meter diameter vertical-axis hydrokinetic turbine deployed in Roza Canal, Yakima, WA, USA. A normalized hub-centerline wake velocity profile and two cross-section velocity contours, 10 meters and 20 meters downstream of the turbine, are presented. Mean velocities and turbulence data, measured using acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) at 50 meters upstream of the turbine, are also presented. Canal dimensions and hydraulic properties, and turbine-related information are also included.

Standardized UXO Technology Demonstration Site, Blind Grid Scoring Record No. 919

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-01

provided by demonstrator) a. The core component of the electromagnetic (EM) AMOS metal detector is a linear multichannel sensor array consisting of a...Attainable accuracy of depth (z) +0.3 m h. Detection performance for ferrous and nonferrous metals : Will detect ammunition components 20-mm caliber...2-meter-wide transmitter coil and 16 receiver coils, mounted on a robust, all-terrain trailer (fig. 1). b. The AMOS detector unit consists of the

A system for calibrating seepage meters used to measure flow between ground water and surface water

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rosenberry, Donald O.; Menheer, Michael A.

2006-01-01

The in-line flowmeter used with this system is incapable of measuring seepage rates below about 7 centimeters per day. Smaller seepage rates can be measured manually. The seepage- control system also can be modified for measuring slower seepage rates with the use of two flowmeters and a slightly different water-routing system, or a fluid-metering pump can be used to control flow through the flux tank instead of an adjustable-height reservoir.

Apparatus and method to inject a reductant into an exhaust gas feedstream

DOEpatents

Viola, Michael B [Macomb Township, MI

2009-09-22

An exhaust aftertreatment system for an internal combustion engine is provided including an apparatus and method to inject a reductant into the exhaust gas feedstream. Included is a fuel metering device adapted to inject reductant into the exhaust gas feedstream and a controllable pressure regulating device. A control module is operatively connected to the reductant metering device and the controllable pressure regulating device, and, adapted to effect flow of reductant into the exhaust gas feedstream over a controllable flow range.

Research yields precise uncertainty equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, E.H.; Ferguson, K.R.

1987-08-03

Results of a study of orifice-meter accuracy by Chevron Oil Field Research Co. at its Venice, La., calibration facility have important implications for natural gas custody-transfer measurement. The calibration facility, data collection, and equipment calibration were described elsewhere. This article explains the derivation of uncertainty factors and details the study's findings. The results were based on calibration of two 16-in. orifice-meter runs. The experimental data cover a beta-ratio range of from 0.27 to 0.71 and a Reynolds number range of from 4,000,000 to 35,000,000. Discharge coefficients were determined by comparing the orifice flow to the flow from critical-flow nozzles.

Biological and associated water-quality data for lower Olmos Creek and upper San Antonio River, San Antonio, Texas, March-October 1990

USGS Publications Warehouse

Taylor, R. Lynn

1995-01-01

Depths and velocities, measured at sample points after benthic macroinvertebrate sampling, ranged from 0.03 to 0.30 meter and from 0.06 to 1.2 meters per second, respectively. Measurable stream discharge ranged from 0.01 to 0.27 cubic meter per second. During two of the sampling periods, no flow was at site 1.

A New Differential Pressure Flow Meter for Measurement of Human Breath Flow: Simulation and Experimental Investigation

PubMed Central

Bridgeman, Devon; Tsow, Francis; Xian, Xiaojun; Forzani, Erica

2016-01-01

The development and performance characterization of a new differential pressure-based flow meter for human breath measurements is presented in this article. The device, called a “Confined Pitot Tube,” is comprised of a pipe with an elliptically shaped expansion cavity located in the pipe center, and an elliptical disk inside the expansion cavity. The elliptical disk, named Pitot Tube, is exchangeable, and has different diameters, which are smaller than the diameter of the elliptical cavity. The gap between the disk and the cavity allows the flow of human breath to pass through. The disk causes an obstruction in the flow inside the pipe, but the elliptical cavity provides an expansion for the flow to circulate around the disk, decreasing the overall flow resistance. We characterize the new sensor flow experimentally and theoretically, using Comsol Multiphysics® software with laminar and turbulent models. We also validate the sensor, using inhalation and exhalation tests and a reference method. PMID:27818521

40 CFR 1065.545 - Validation of proportional flow control for batch sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of the estimate, SEE, of the sample flow rate versus the total flow rate. For each test interval, demonstrate that SEE was less than or equal to 3.5% of the mean sample flow rate. (b) For any pair of flow meters, use recorded sample and total flow rates, where total flow rate means the raw exhaust flow rate...

Numerical simulation of the effect of upstream swirling flow on swirl meter performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Desheng; Cui, Baoling; Zhu, Zuchao

2018-04-01

Flow measurement is important in the fluid process and transmission system. For the need of accuracy measurement of fluid, stable flow is acquired. However, the elbows and devices as valves and rotary machines may produce swirling flow in the natural gas pipeline networks system and many other industry fields. In order to reveal the influence of upstream swirling flow on internal flow fields and the metrological characteristics, numerical simulations are carried out on the swirl meter. Using RNG k-ɛ turbulent model and SIMPLE algorithm, the flow field is numerically simulated under swirling flows generated from co-swirl and counter-swirl flow. Simulation results show fluctuation is enhanced or weakened depending on the rotating direction of swirling flow. A counter- swirl flow increases the entropy production rate at the inlet and outlet of the swirler, the junction region between throat and divergent section, and then the pressure loss is increased. The vortex precession dominates the static pressure distributions on the solid walls and in the channel, especially at the end region of the throat.

Large Eddy Simulations of Electromagnetic Braking Effects on Argon Bubble Transport and Capture in a Steel Continuous Casting Mold

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Kai; Vanka, Surya P.; Thomas, Brian G.

2018-02-01

In continuous casting of steel, argon gas is often injected to prevent clogging of the nozzle, but the bubbles affect the flow pattern, and may become entrapped to form defects in the final product. Further, an electromagnetic field is frequently applied to induce a braking effect on the flow field and modify the inclusion transport. In this study, a previously validated GPU-based in-house code CUFLOW is used to investigate the effect of electromagnetic braking on turbulent flow, bubble transport, and capture. Well-resolved large eddy simulations are combined with two-way coupled Lagrangian computations of the bubbles. The drag coefficient on the bubbles is modified to account for the effects of the magnetic field. The distribution of the argon bubbles, capture, and escape rates, are presented and compared with and without the magnetic field. The bubble capture patterns are also compared with results of a previous RANS model as well as with plant measurements.

Large Eddy Simulations of Electromagnetic Braking Effects on Argon Bubble Transport and Capture in a Steel Continuous Casting Mold

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jin, Kai; Vanka, Surya P.; Thomas, Brian G.

2018-06-01

In continuous casting of steel, argon gas is often injected to prevent clogging of the nozzle, but the bubbles affect the flow pattern, and may become entrapped to form defects in the final product. Further, an electromagnetic field is frequently applied to induce a braking effect on the flow field and modify the inclusion transport. In this study, a previously validated GPU-based in-house code CUFLOW is used to investigate the effect of electromagnetic braking on turbulent flow, bubble transport, and capture. Well-resolved large eddy simulations are combined with two-way coupled Lagrangian computations of the bubbles. The drag coefficient on the bubbles is modified to account for the effects of the magnetic field. The distribution of the argon bubbles, capture, and escape rates, are presented and compared with and without the magnetic field. The bubble capture patterns are also compared with results of a previous RANS model as well as with plant measurements.

Global simulation of the induction heating TSSG process of SiC for the effects of Marangoni convection, free surface deformation and seed rotation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamamoto, Takuya; Okano, Yasunori; Ujihara, Toru; Dost, Sadik

2017-07-01

A global numerical simulation was performed for the induction heating Top-Seeded Solution Growth (TSSG) process of SiC. Analysis included the furnace and growth melt. The effects of interfacial force due to free surface tension gradient, the RF coil-induced electromagnetic body force, buoyancy, melt free surface deformation, and seed rotation were examined. The simulation results showed that the contributions of free surface tension gradient and the electromagnetic body force to the melt flow are significant. Marangoni convection affects the growth process adversely by making the melt flow downward in the region under the seed crystal. This downward flow reduces carbon flux into the seed and consequently lowers growth rate. The effects of free surface deformation and seed rotation, although positive, are not so significant compared with those of free surface tension gradient and the electromagnetic body force. Due to the small size of the melt the contribution of buoyancy is also small.

Two Primary Standards for Low Flows of Gases

PubMed Central

Berg, Robert F.; Tison, Stuart A.

2004-01-01

We describe two primary standards for gas flow in the range from 0.1 to 1000 μmol/s. (1 μmol/s ≅ 1.3 cm3/min at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere.) The first standard is a volumetric technique in which measurements of pressure, volume, temperature, and time are recorded while gas flows in or out of a stainless steel bellows at constant pressure. The second standard is a gravimetric technique. A small aluminum pressure cylinder supplies gas to a laminar flow meter, and the integrated throughput of the laminar flow meter is compared to the weight decrease of the cylinder. The two standards, which have standard uncertainties of 0.019 %, agree to within combined uncertainties with each other and with a third primary standard at NIST based on pressure measurements at constant volume. PMID:27366623

Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Quinones-Aponte, Vicente; Kotun, Kevin; Whitley, J.F.

1996-01-01

A series of freshwater subsurface injection, storage, and recovery tests were conducted at an injection-well site near Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee County, Florida, to assess the recoverability of injected canal water from the Lower Floridan aquifer. At the study site, the Lower Floridan aquifer is characterized as having four local, relatively independent, high-permeability flow zones (389 to 398 meters, 419 to 424 meters, 456 to 462 meters, and 472 to 476 meters below sea level). Four subsurface injection, storage, and recovery cycles were performed at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site in which volumes of water injected ranged from about 387,275 to 1,343,675 cubic meters for all the cycles, and volumes of water recovered ranged from about 106,200 to 484,400 cubic meters for cycles 1, 2, and 3. The recovery efficiency for successive cycles 2 and 3 increased from 22 to 36 percent and is expected to continue increasing with additional cycles. A comparison of chloride concentration breakthrough curves at the deep monitor well (located about 171 meters from the injection well) for cycles 1, 4, and test no. 4 (from a previous study) revealed unexpected finings. One significant result was that the concentration asymptote, expected to be reached at concentration levels equivalent or close to the injected water concentration, was instead reached at higher concentration levels. The injection to recovery rate ratio might affect the chloride concentration breakthrough curve at the deep monitor well, which could explain this unexpected behavior. Because there are four high-permeability zones, if the rate of injection is smaller than the rate of recovery (natural artesian flow), the head differential might not be transmitted through the entire open wellbore, and injected water would probably flow only through the upper high- permeability zones. Therefore, observed chloride concentration values at the deep monitor well would be higher than the concentration of the injected water and would represent a mix of water from the different high-permeability zones. A generalized digital model was constructed to simulate the subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the Lower Floridan aquifer at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site. The model was constructed using a modified version of the Saturated-Unsaturated TRAnsport code (SUTRA), which simulates variable-density advective-dispersive solute transport and variable-density ground-water flow. Satisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the deep monitor well were obtained when using the model during the injection and recovery phases of cycle 1, but not for the injection well during the recovery phase of cycle 1 even after several attempts. This precluded the determination of the recovery efficiency values by using the model. The unsatisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the injection well and failure of the model to represent the field data at this well could be due to the characteristics of the Lower Floridan aquifer (at the local scale), which is cavernous or conduit in nature. To test this possibility, Reynolds numbers were estimated at varying distances from the injection well, taking into consideration two aquifer types or conceptual systems, porous media and cavernous. For the porous media conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 10 at distances less than 1.42 meters from the injection well. Thus, application of Darcy's law to ground-water flow might not be valid at this distance. However, at the deep monitor well (171 meters from the injection well), the Reynolds number was 0.08 which is indicative of laminar porous media flow. For the cavernous conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 2,000 at distances less than 1,000 meters from the well. This number represents the upper limit of laminar flow, which is the fundamental assumption

The calculation of transport phenomena in electromagnetically levitated metal droplets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

El-Kaddah, N.; Szekely, J.

1982-01-01

A mathematical representation has been developed for the electromagnetic force field, fluid flow field, and solute concentration field of levitation-melted metal specimens. The governing equations consist of the conventional transport equations combined with the appropriate expressions for the electromagnetic force field. The predictions obtained by solving the governing equations numerically on a digital computer are in good agreement with lifting force and average temperature measurements reported in the literature.

Paleohydrology of the southern Great Basin, with special reference to water table fluctuations beneath the Nevada Test Site during the late(?) Pleistocene

USGS Publications Warehouse

Winograd, Isaac Judah; Doty, Gene C.

1980-01-01

Knowledge of the magnitude of water-table rise during Pleistocene pluvial climates, and of the resultant shortening of groundwater flow path and reduction in unsaturated zone thickness, is mandatory for a technical evaluation of the Nevada Test Site (NTS) or other arid zone sites as repositories for high-level or transuranic radioactive wastes. The distribution of calcitic veins filling fractures in alluvium, and of tufa deposits between the Ash Meadows spring discharge area and the Nevada Test Site indicates that discharge from the regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifer during the Late( ) Pleistocene pluvial periods may have occurred at an altitude about 50 meters higher than at present and 14 kilometers northeast of Ash Meadows. Use of the underflow equation (relating discharge to transmissivity, aquifer width, and hydraulic gradient), and various assumptions regarding pluvial recharge, transmissivity, and altitude of groundwater base level, suggest possible rises in potentiometric level in the carbonate aquifer of about -90 meters beneath central Frenchman Flat. During Wisconsin time the rise probably did not exceed 30 meters. Water-level rises beneath Frenchman Flat during future pluvials are unlikely to exceed 30 meters and might even be 10 meters lower than modern levels. Neither the cited rise in potentiometric level in the regional carbonate aquifer, nor the shortened flow path during the Late( ) Pleistocene preclude utilization of the NTS as a repository for high-level or transuranic-element radioactive wastes provided other requisite conditions are met as this site. Deep water tables, attendant thick (up to several hundred meter) unsaturated zones, and long groundwater flow paths characterized the region during the Wisconsin Stage and probably throughout the Pleistocene Epoch and are likely to so characterize it during future glacial periods. (USGS)

Flowmeter for Clear and Translucent Fluids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

White, P. R.

1985-01-01

Transducer with only three moving parts senses flow of clear or translucent fluid. Displacement of diaphragm by force of flow detected electrooptically and displayed by panel meter or other device. Transducer used to measure flow of gasoline to automobile engine.

A High-Pressure Bi-Directional Cycloid Rotor Flowmeter

PubMed Central

Liu, Shuo; Ding, Fan; Ding, Chuan; Man, Zaipeng

2014-01-01

The measurement of the flow rate of various liquids and gases is critical in industrial automation. Rotary positive displacement meters (rotary PD meters) are highly accurate flowmeters that are widely employed in engineering applications, especially in custody transfer operations and hydraulic control systems. This paper presents a high pressure rotary PD meter containing a pair of internal cycloid rotors. It has the advantages of concise structure, low pressure loss, high accuracy and low noise. The curve of the internal rotor is designed as an equidistant curtate epicycloid curve with the external rotor curve as its conjugate. The calculation method used to determine the displacement of the cycloid rotor flowmeter is discussed. A prototype was fabricated, and experiments were performed to confirm measurements over a flow range of 1–100 L/min with relative errors of less than ±0.5%. The pressure loss through the flowmeter was about 3 bar at a flow rate of 100 L/min. PMID:25196162

Restoration of the Apollo 15 Heat Flow Experiment Data from 1975 to 1977

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagihara, S.; Nakamura, Y.; Taylor, P. T.; Williams, D. R.; Kiefer, W. S.

2017-01-01

The Apollo 15 Heat Flow Experiment (HFE) was conducted from July 1971 through January 1977. Two heat flow probes were deployed roughly 8.5 meters apart. Probe 1 and Probe 2 penetrated to 1.4-meters and 1-meter depths into the lunar regolith, respectively. Temperatures at different depths and the surface were logged with 7.25-minute intervals and transmitted to Earth. At the conclusion of the experiment, only data obtained from July 1971 through December 1974 were processed and archived at the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) by the principal investigator of the experiment, Marcus Langseth of Columbia University. Langseth died in 1997. It is not known what happened to the HFE data tapes he used. Current researchers have strong interests in re-examining the HFE data for the full duration of the experiment. We have recovered and processed large portions of the Apollo 15 HFE data from 1975 through 1977 by assembling data and metadata from various sources.

[Electromagnetic radiation of non-thermal intensity and short exposition as a sub-threshold irritant for the central nervous system].

PubMed

Luk'ianova, S N

2013-01-01

This work represents generalization and the analysis of the long-term own materials characterizing reaction of the brain on electromagnetic radiation of low intensity (energy flow density in the continuous regime or in the impulse approximately 500 microW/sm2) and a short exposition (approximately 30 min). A set of the experimental results received on separate neurons, formations and brain as a whole give an idea about the reaction of the central nervous system to the studied influence. Comparison of these data with the corresponding responses to the known incentives (light, sound, electric current) testifies to the electromagnetic radiation of low energy flow density and a short exposition as a sub-threshold irritant for the central nervous system.

Two-dimensional electromagnetic Child-Langmuir law of a short-pulse electron flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, S. H.; Tai, L. C.; Liu, Y. L.

Two-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations were performed to study the effect of the displacement current and the self-magnetic field on the space charge limited current density or the Child-Langmuir law of a short-pulse electron flow with a propagation distance of {zeta} and an emitting width of W from the classical regime to the relativistic regime. Numerical scaling of the two-dimensional electromagnetic Child-Langmuir law was constructed and it scales with ({zeta}/W) and ({zeta}/W){sup 2} at the classical and relativistic regimes, respectively. Our findings reveal that the displacement current can considerably enhance the space charge limited current density as compared to the well-knownmore » two-dimensional electrostatic Child-Langmuir law even at the classical regime.« less

Ground geophysical study of the Buckeye mine tailings, Boulder watershed, Montana

USGS Publications Warehouse

McDougal, Robert R.; Smith, Bruce D.

2000-01-01

The Buckeye mine site is located in the Boulder River watershed along Basin Creek, in northern Jefferson County, Montana. This project is part of the Boulder River watershed Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative, and is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Land Management in the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The site includes a large flotation milltailing deposit, which extends to the stream and meadows below the mine. These tailings contain elevated levels of metals, such as silver, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. Metal-rich fluvial tailings containing these metals, are possible sources of ground and surface water contamination. Geophysical methods were used to characterize the sediments at the Buckeye mine site. Ground geophysical surveys, including electromagnetics, DC resistivity, and total field magnetic methods, were used to delineate anomalies that probably correlate with subsurface metal contamination. Subsurface conductivity was mapped using EM-31 and EM-34 terrain conductivity measuring systems. The conductivity maps represent variation of concentration of dissolved solids in the subsurface from a few meters, to an approximate depth of 30 meters. Conductive sulfides several centimeters thick were encountered in a shallow trench, dug in an area of very high conductivity, at a depth of approximately 1 to1.5 meters. Laboratory measurements of samples of the sulfide layers show the conductivity is on the order of 1000 millisiemens. DC resistivity soundings were used to quantify subsurface conductivity variations and to estimate the depth to bedrock. Total field magnetic measurements were used to identify magnetic metals in the subsurface. The EM surveys identified several areas of relatively high conductivity and detected a conductive plume extending to the southwest, toward the stream. This plume correlates well with the potentiometric surface and direction of ground water flow, and with water quality data from monitoring wells in and around the tailings. The electrical geophysical data suggests there has been vertical migration of high dissolved solids. A DC sounding made on a nearby granite outcrop to the north of the mine showed that the shallow conductivity is on the order of 5 millisiemens/m. Granite underlying the mine tailings, with similar electrical properties as the outcropping area, may be more than 30 meters deep.

The influence of wellbore inflow on electromagnetic borehole flowmeter measurements

USGS Publications Warehouse

Clemo, T.; Barrash, W.; Reboulet, E.C.; Johnson, T.C.; Leven, C.

2009-01-01

This paper describes a combined field, laboratory, and numerical study of electromagnetic borehole flowmeter measurements acquired without the use of a packer or skirt to block bypass flow around the flowmeter. The most significant finding is that inflow through the wellbore screen changes the ratio of flow through the flowmeter to wellbore flow. Experiments reveal up to a factor of two differences in this ratio for conditions with and without inflow through the wellbore screen. Standard practice is to assume the ratio is constant. A numerical model has been developed to simulate the effect of inflow on the flowmeter. The model is formulated using momentum conservation within the borehole and around the flowmeter. The model is embedded in the MODFLOW-2000 ground water flow code. ?? 2009 National Ground Water Association.

Effectiveness of Miles-Per-Gallon Meters as a Means to Conserve Gasoline in Automobiles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-10-01

This report is an assessment of fuel flow instruments reading directly in miles per gallon (mpg). It describes currently available mpg meters, their installation, utility, and safety and presents an analysis of potential cost savings. It discusses me...

Hydraulic characteristics of an underdrained irrigation circle, Muskegon County, wastewater disposal system, Michigan

USGS Publications Warehouse

McDonald, M.G.

1981-01-01

Muskegon County, Michigan, disposes of waste water by spray irrigating farmland on its waste-disposal site. Buried drains in the highly permeable unconfined aquifer at the site control the level of the water table. Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and drain-leakance, the reciprocal of resistance to flow into the drains, was determined at a representative irrigation circle while calibrating a model of the ground-water flow system. Hydraulic conductivity is 0.00055 meter per second in the north zone of the circle and 0.00039 meter per second in the south zone. Drain leakance is low in both zones: 2.9 x 10-6 meters per second in the north and 9.5 x 10-6 meters per second in the south. Low drain leakance is responsible for waterlogging when irrigation rates are maintained at design levels. The capacity of the study circle to accept waste water is 35 percent less than design capacity.

Measurement and Modeling of Personal Exposure to the Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of High Voltage Power Lines.

PubMed

Tourab, Wafa; Babouri, Abdesselam

2016-06-01

This work presents an experimental and modeling study of the electromagnetic environment in the vicinity of a high voltage substation located in eastern Algeria (Annaba city) specified with a very high population density. The effects of electromagnetic fields emanating from the coupled multi-lines high voltage power systems (MLHV) on the health of the workers and people living in proximity of substations has been analyzed. Experimental Measurements for the Multi-lines power system proposed have been conducted in the free space under the high voltage lines. Field's intensities were measured using a referenced and calibrated electromagnetic field meter PMM8053B for the levels 0 m, 1 m, 1.5 m and 1.8 m witch present the sensitive's parts as organs and major functions (head, heart, pelvis and feet) of the human body. The measurement results were validated by numerical simulation using the finite element method and these results are compared with the limit values of the international standards. We project to set own national standards for exposure to electromagnetic fields, in order to achieve a regional database that will be at the disposal of partners concerned to ensure safety of people and mainly workers inside high voltage electrical substations.

Increasing Helicity to Achieve a Dynamo State on the Three-Meter Model of the Earth's Core

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rojas, R.; Perevalov, A.; Lathrop, D. P.

2017-12-01

Dynamo theory describes the generation of magnetic fields in the flows of conducting fluids, for example, in stars and planetary cores. Spherical Couette flows, which are flows between two concentric and independently rotating spheres, is one of the experimental models for achieving this task in the laboratory. We have performed dynamo state search in our three-meter spherical-Couette model reaching up to Reynolds number near 108 with amplifications of the field between 10-30% but without a self-sustained dynamo magnetic field. A recent numerical work [K. Finke and A. Tilgner. Phys. Rev. E, 86:016310, Jul 2012] suggested that a roughened inner core reduces the threshold for dynamo action. The mean flow would have more poloidal component than the one we are generating with our current smooth sphere setup. With baffles flow would be expelled radially outward on the equatorial plane and returned at the poles, with opposite helicities in the two hemispheres. Baffles welded on our smooth inner sphere are proposed to achieve this task. We are working to perform experiments on a scaled water model of our experimental setup with Reynolds number near 105 to measure the helicity improvements of different baffle designs in support of upcoming Three-Meter modifications. We gratefully acknowledge support from NSF EAR-1417148.

Fifty-year flood-inundation maps for La Lima, Honduras

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mastin, Mark C.; Olsen, T.D.

2002-01-01

After the devastating floods caused by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, maps of the areas and depths of the 50-year-flood inundation at 15 municipalities in Honduras were prepared as a tool for agencies involved in reconstruction and planning. This report, which is one in a series of 15, presents maps of areas in the municipality of La Lima that would be inundated by Rio Chamelecon with a discharge of 500 cubic meters per second, the approximate capacity of the river channel through the city of La Lima. The 50-year flood (2,400 cubic meters per second), the original design flow to be mapped, would inundate the entire area surveyed for this municipality. Because water-surface elevations of the 50-year flood could not be mapped properly without substantially expanding the area of the survey, the available data were used instead to estimate the channel capacity of Rio Chamelecon in La Lima by trial-and-error runs of different flows in a numerical model and to estimate the increase in height of levees needed to contain flows of 1,000 and 2,400 cubic meters per second. Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages of the flood inundation are available on a computer in the municipality of La Lima as part of the Municipal GIS project and on the Internet at the Flood Hazard Mapping Web page (http://mitchnts1.cr.usgs.gov/projects/floodhazard.html). These coverages allow users to view the flood inundation in much more detail than is possible using the maps in this report. Water-surface elevations for various discharges on Rio Chamelecon at La Lima were determined using HEC-RAS, a one-dimensional, steady-flow, step-backwater computer program. The channel and floodplain cross sections used in HEC-RAS were developed from an airborne light-detection-and-ranging (LIDAR) topographic survey of the area and ground surveys at three bridges. Top-of-levee or top-of-channel-bank elevations and locations at the cross sections were critical to estimating the channel capacity of Rio Chamelecon. These elevations and locations are provided along with the water-surface elevations for the 500-cubic-meter-per-second flow of Rio Chamelecon. Also, water-surface elevations of the 1,000 and 2,400 cubic-meter-per-second flows are provided, assuming that the existing levees are raised to contained the flows.

Optimization of radioactive sources to achieve the highest precision in three-phase flow meters using Jaya algorithm.

PubMed

Roshani, G H; Karami, A; Khazaei, A; Olfateh, A; Nazemi, E; Omidi, M

2018-05-17

Gamma ray source has very important role in precision of multi-phase flow metering. In this study, different combination of gamma ray sources (( 133 Ba- 137 Cs), ( 133 Ba- 60 Co), ( 241 Am- 137 Cs), ( 241 Am- 60 Co), ( 133 Ba- 241 Am) and ( 60 Co- 137 Cs)) were investigated in order to optimize the three-phase flow meter. Three phases were water, oil and gas and the regime was considered annular. The required data was numerically generated using MCNP-X code which is a Monte-Carlo code. Indeed, the present study devotes to forecast the volume fractions in the annular three-phase flow, based on a multi energy metering system including various radiation sources and also one NaI detector, using a hybrid model of artificial neural network and Jaya Optimization algorithm. Since the summation of volume fractions is constant, a constraint modeling problem exists, meaning that the hybrid model must forecast only two volume fractions. Six hybrid models associated with the number of used radiation sources are designed. The models are employed to forecast the gas and water volume fractions. The next step is to train the hybrid models based on numerically obtained data. The results show that, the best forecast results are obtained for the gas and water volume fractions of the system including the ( 241 Am- 137 Cs) as the radiation source. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effects of sampling location and turbulence on discharge estimates in short converging turbine intakes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Romero-Gomez, P.; Harding, S. F.; Richmond, M. C.

2017-01-01

Standards provide recommendations for best practices when installing current meters to measure fluid flow in closed conduits. A central guideline requires the velocity distribution to be regular and the flow steady. Because of the nature of the short converging intakes typical of low-head hydroturbines, these assumptions may be invalid if current meters are intended to be used to estimate discharge. Usual concerns are (1) the effects of the number of devices, (2) the sampling location and (3) the high turbulence caused by blockage from submersible traveling screens usually deployed for safe downstream fish passage. These three effects were examined inmore » the present study by using 3D simulated flow fields in both steady-state and transient modes. In the process of describing an application at an existing hydroturbine intake at Ice Harbor Dam, the present work outlined the methods involved, which combined computational fluid dynamics, laboratory measurements in physical models of the hydroturbine, and current meter performance evaluations in experimental settings. The main conclusions in this specific application were that a steady-state flow field sufficed to determine the adequate number of meters and their location, and that both the transverse velocity and turbulence intensity had a small impact on estimate errors. However, while it may not be possible to extrapolate these findings to other field conditions and measuring devices, the study laid out a path to conduct similar assessments in other applications.« less

Application of a laser interferometer skin-friction meter in complex flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Monson, D. J.; Driver, D. M.; Szodruch, J.

1981-01-01

The application of a nonintrusive laser-interferometer skin-friction meter, which measures skin friction with a remotely located laser interferometer that monitors the thickness change of a thin oil film, is extended both experimentally and theoretically to several complex wind-tunnel flows. These include two-dimensional seperated and reattached subsonic flows with large pressure and shear gradients, and two and three-dimensional supersonic flows at high Reynolds number, which include variable wall temperatures and cross-flows. In addition, it is found that the instrument can provide an accurate location of the mean reattachment length for separated flows. Results show that levels up to 120 N/sq m, or 40 times higher than previous tests, can be obtained, despite encountering some limits to the method for very high skin-friction levels. It is concluded that these results establish the utility of this instrument for measuring skin friction in a wide variety of flows of interest in aerodynamic testing.

A borehole-to-surface electromagnetic survey

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tseng, Hung-Wen; Becker, A.; Wilt, M.

1995-12-31

We have assessed the feasibility of borehole to surface electromagnetic measurements for fluid injection monitoring. To do this we performed a vertical electromagnetic profiling (VEMP) experiment at the University of California Richmond Field Station where a saline water injection zone was created at a subsurface depth of 30 meters. The methodology used is quite similar to the conventional seismic (VSP) procedure for surface to borehole measurements. In our case however, the transmitter was located in a PVC cased borehole while the receivers were deployed on the surface. With a carefully designed system operating at 9.6 kHz we were able tomore » make measurements accurate to 1 % in amplitude and 1 degree in phase. The data profiles at surface were centered on the injection well and extended for 60 m on either side of it. Measurements were made at 5 m intervals. Although the VEMP process is quite vulnerable to near surface conductivity anomalies we readily detected the flat tabular target zone which was about 3 m thick and covered an area of about 120 M{sup 2}.« less

Measuring Taylor Slough boundary and internal flows, Everglades National Park, Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Tillis, G.M.

2001-01-01

Four intensive data-collection efforts, intended to represent the spectrum of precipitation events and associated flow conditions, were conducted during 1997 and 1998 in the Taylor Slough Basin, Everglades National Park. Flow velocities were measured by newly developed, portable Acoustic Doppler Velocity meters along three transects bisecting the Taylor Slough Basin from east to west, roughly perpendicular to the centerline axis of the slough as well as a fourth transect along the slough's axis. These meters provided the required levels of accuracy in flow-velocity measurements while enabling the rapid collection of multiple time series of flow data at remote sites. Concurrently, flow measurements were made along bordering road culverts and under L-31W and Taylor Slough bridges. Flows across the study area's boundaries provided net flow of water into the system and transect measurements provided flow data within the basin. Collected data are available through the World Wide Web (http://sofia.usgs.gov/projects/flow_velocity/). The high-water and low-water events corresponded with the highest and lowest flow velocities, respectively. The July 1998 data had lower than expected flow velocities and, in some cases, strong winds reversed flow direction.

Theoretical investigation of operation modes of MHD generators for energy-bypass engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, Jingfeng; Li, Nan; Yu, Daren

2014-12-01

A MHD generator with different arrangements of electromagnetic fields will lead the generator working in three modes. A quasi-one-dimensional approximation is used for the model of the MHD generator to analyze the inner mechanism of operation modes. For the MHD generator with a uniform constant magnetic field, a specific critical electric field E cr is required to decelerate a supersonic entrance flow into a subsonic exit flow. Otherwise, the generator works in a steady mode with a larger electric field than E cr in which a steady supersonic flow is provided at the exit, or the generator works in a choked mode with a smaller electric field than E cr in which the supersonic entrance flow is choked in the channel. The detailed flow field characteristics in different operation modes are discussed, demonstrating the relationship of operation modes with electromagnetic fields.

High-Resolution Flow Logging for Hydraulic Characterization of Boreholes and Aquifer Flow Zones at Contaminated Bedrock Sites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, J. H.; Johnson, C. D.; Paillet, F. L.

2004-05-01

In the past, flow logging was largely restricted to the application of spinner flowmeters to determine flow-zone contributions in large-diameter production wells screened in highly transmissive aquifers. Development and refinement of tool-measurement technology, field methods, and analysis techniques has greatly extended and enhanced flow logging to include the hydraulic characterization of boreholes and aquifer flow zones at contaminated bedrock sites. State-of-the-art in flow logging will be reviewed, and its application to bedrock-contamination investigations will be presented. In open bedrock boreholes, vertical flows are measured with high-resolution flowmeters equipped with flexible rubber-disk diverters fitted to the nominal borehole diameters to concentrate flow through the measurement throat of the tools. Heat-pulse flowmeters measure flows in the range of 0.05 to 5 liters per minute, and electromagnetic flowmeters measure flows in the range of 0.3 to 30 liters per minute. Under ambient and low-rate stressed (either extraction or injection) conditions, stationary flowmeter measurements are collected in competent sections of the borehole between fracture zones identified on borehole-wall images. Continuous flow, fluid-resistivity, and temperature logs are collected under both sets of conditions while trolling with a combination electromagnetic flowmeter and fluid tool. Electromagnetic flowmeters are used with underfit diverters to measure flow rates greater than 30 liters per minute and suppress effects of diameter variations while trolling. A series of corrections are applied to the flow-log data to account for the zero-flow response, bypass, trolling, and borehole-diameter biases and effects. The flow logs are quantitatively analyzed by matching simulated flows computed with a numerical model to measured flows by varying the hydraulic properties (transmissivity and hydraulic head) of the flow zones. Several case studies will be presented that demonstrate the integration of flow logging in site-characterization activities framework; 2) evaluate cross-connection effects and determine flow-zone contributions to water-quality samples from open boreholes; and 3) design discrete-zone hydraulic tests and monitoring-well completions.

General Navier–Stokes-like momentum and mass-energy equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Monreal, Jorge, E-mail: jmonreal@mail.usf.edu

2015-03-15

A new system of general Navier–Stokes-like equations is proposed to model electromagnetic flow utilizing analogues of hydrodynamic conservation equations. Such equations are intended to provide a different perspective and, potentially, a better understanding of electromagnetic mass, energy and momentum behaviour. Under such a new framework additional insights into electromagnetism could be gained. To that end, we propose a system of momentum and mass-energy conservation equations coupled through both momentum density and velocity vectors.

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart D of... - TRE Parameters for NSPS Referencing Subpartsa

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...? Net heating value(MJ/scm)b Vent stream flow rate (scm/min)c Values of terms for TRE equation: TRE=A... § 65.64(h). b MJ/scm = mega Joules per standard cubic meter. c scm/min = standard cubic meters per...

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart D of... - TRE Parameters for NSPS Referencing Subpartsa

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...? Net heating value(MJ/scm)b Vent stream flow rate (scm/min)c Values of terms for TRE equation: TRE=A... § 65.64(h). b MJ/scm = mega Joules per standard cubic meter. c scm/min = standard cubic meters per...

Spatial transformation-enabled electromagnetic devices: from radio frequencies to optical wavelengths

PubMed Central

Jiang, Zhi Hao; Turpin, Jeremy P.; Morgan, Kennith; Lu, Bingqian; Werner, Douglas H.

2015-01-01

Transformation optics provides scientists and engineers with a new powerful design paradigm to manipulate the flow of electromagnetic waves in a user-defined manner and with unprecedented flexibility, by controlling the spatial distribution of the electromagnetic properties of a medium. Using this approach, over the past decade, various previously undiscovered physical wave phenomena have been revealed and novel electromagnetic devices have been demonstrated throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. In this paper, we present versatile theoretical and experimental investigations on designing transformation optics-enabled devices for shaping electromagnetic wave radiation and guidance, at both radio frequencies and optical wavelengths. Different from conventional coordinate transformations, more advanced and versatile coordinate transformations are exploited here to benefit diverse applications, thereby providing expanded design flexibility, enhanced device performance, as well as reduced implementation complexity. These design examples demonstrate the comprehensive capability of transformation optics in controlling electromagnetic waves, while the associated novel devices will open up new paths towards future integrated electromagnetic component synthesis and design, from microwave to optical spectral regimes. PMID:26217054

Application of UWB and MIMO Wireless Technologies to Tactical Networks in Austere Environments

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-09-01

Electromagnetic Environmental Noise FCC Federal Communications Commission GB Gigabit GHz Gigahertz GIG Global Information Grid xvi Gbps... light foliage -2 dB foundation/ground -15 dB Table 1. RF absorption rates in austere environments [after: Coleman & Westcott, 2009] 11 2...wavelength in meters, c is the speed of light and f is the known frequency in hertz. So, when applying this formula to an 802.11g OFDM signal, or 2.45GHz

A comparison between red and infrared light for recording pulpal blood flow from human anterior teeth with a laser Doppler flow meter.

PubMed

Kijsamanmith, Kanittha; Timpawat, Siriporn; Vongsavan, Noppakun; Matthews, Bruce

2011-06-01

To compare red (635 nm) and infrared (780 nm) light for recording pulpal blood flow from human anterior teeth with a laser Doppler flow meter. Recordings were made from 7 healthy teeth in 5 subjects (aged 22-55 years) using a laser Doppler flow meter (Periflux 4001) equipped with both red and infrared lasers. Average blood flow signals were obtained with both light sources alternately from each tooth under five conditions: intact tooth without opaque rubber dam, intact tooth with dam, after injecting local anaesthetic (3% Mepivacaine) (LA) over the apex of the tooth and cavity preparation to almost expose the pulp, after removal and replacement of the pulp, and with the root canal empty. With infrared light, because of technical limitations, data were obtained for the first three conditions only. The dam significantly decreased the mean blood flow by 82%. Injecting LA and cavity preparation had no significant effect. With red light, dam produced a decrease of 56%, and the resulting signal was reduced by 33% after LA and cavity preparation. The remaining signal fell by 46% after pulp removal and replacement. This contribution of the pulp is similar to that recorded previously with infrared light. There was no significant further change when the pulp was finally removed. The importance of using opaque rubber dam is confirmed. With dam, there is no advantage to using red rather than infrared light, and in each case the pulp contributes less than 50% to the blood flow signal. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Peak flowmeter resistance decreases peak expiratory flow in subjects with COPD.

PubMed

Miller, M R; Pedersen, O F

2000-07-01

Previous studies have shown that the added resistance of a mini-Wright peak expiratory flow (PEF) meter reduced PEF by approximately 8% in normal subjects because of gas compression reducing thoracic gas volume at PEF and thus driving elastic recoil pressure. We undertook a body plethysmographic study in 15 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), age 65.9 +/- 6.3 yr (mean +/- SD, range 53-75 yr), to examine whether their recorded PEF was also limited by the added resistance of a PEF meter. The PEF meter increased alveolar pressure at PEF (Ppeak) from 3.7 +/- 1.4 to 4.7 +/- 1.5 kPa (P = 0.01), and PEF was reduced from 3.6 +/- 1.3 l/s to 3.2 +/- 0.9 l/s (P = 0.01). The influence of flow limitation on PEF and Ppeak was evaluated by a simple four-parameter model based on the wave-speed concept. We conclude that added external resistance in patients with COPD reduced PEF by the same mechanisms as in healthy subjects. Furthermore, the much lower Ppeak in COPD patients is a consequence of more severe flow limitation than in healthy subjects and not of deficient muscle strength.

Conductivity gradients as inferred by electromagnetic-induction meter (EM38) readings within a salt-affected wetland in Saskatchewan, Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mirck, Jaconette; Schroeder, William

2018-01-01

The change from deep-rooted grass and shrub vegetation to annual-cropping dryland farming has contributed to serious soil salinization challenges on the semi-arid North American Great Plains. In some cases, cultivation of the Great Plains has increased the availability of water, causing dominant sulfate salts to travel from the uphill areas to depressions where it will surface when water evaporates at the soil surface. A potential solution could include the replanting of the native deep-rooted vegetation, which requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil salinity. This study tested the soil factors influencing electromagnetic-induction meter (EM38) readings of soil salinity distribution around wetlands. The objectives were to: (1) predict growth and survival of Salix dasyclados Wimm. (cv. `India') along a salinity gradient in a small wetland, and (2) investigate whether newly established willows affected water-table fluctuations, which would indicate their phreatophytic nature or their ability to obtain their water supply from the zone of saturation. Results indicated significantly lower salinity values for sampling points with EM38 readings above 175 and 250 mS m-1 for height and survival, respectively. In addition, diurnal fluxes of the water table in areas of good willow growth and lower salinity indicated that cultivar `India' was phreatophytic in these areas and therefore has great potential for being used to combat saline seeps.

Conductivity gradients as inferred by electromagnetic-induction meter (EM38) readings within a salt-affected wetland in Saskatchewan, Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mirck, Jaconette; Schroeder, William

2018-06-01

The change from deep-rooted grass and shrub vegetation to annual-cropping dryland farming has contributed to serious soil salinization challenges on the semi-arid North American Great Plains. In some cases, cultivation of the Great Plains has increased the availability of water, causing dominant sulfate salts to travel from the uphill areas to depressions where it will surface when water evaporates at the soil surface. A potential solution could include the replanting of the native deep-rooted vegetation, which requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of soil salinity. This study tested the soil factors influencing electromagnetic-induction meter (EM38) readings of soil salinity distribution around wetlands. The objectives were to: (1) predict growth and survival of Salix dasyclados Wimm. (cv. `India') along a salinity gradient in a small wetland, and (2) investigate whether newly established willows affected water-table fluctuations, which would indicate their phreatophytic nature or their ability to obtain their water supply from the zone of saturation. Results indicated significantly lower salinity values for sampling points with EM38 readings above 175 and 250 mS m-1 for height and survival, respectively. In addition, diurnal fluxes of the water table in areas of good willow growth and lower salinity indicated that cultivar `India' was phreatophytic in these areas and therefore has great potential for being used to combat saline seeps.

Venturi flow meter and Electrical Capacitance Probe in a horizontal two-phase flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monni, G.; Caramello, M.; De Salve, M.; Panella, B.

2015-11-01

The paper presents the results obtained with a spool piece (SP) made of a Venturi flow meter (VMF) and an Electrical Capacitance Probe (ECP) in stratified two-phase flow. The objective is to determine the relationship between the test measurements and the physical characteristics of the flow such as superficial velocities, density and void fraction. The outputs of the ECP are electrical signals proportional to the void fraction between the electrodes; the parameters measured by the VFM are the total and the irreversible pressure losses of the two- phase mixture. The fluids are air and demineralized water at ambient conditions. The flow rates are in the range of 0,065-0,099 kg/s for air and 0- 0,039 kg/s (0-140 l/h) for water. The flow patterns recognized during the experiments are stratified, dispersed and annular flow. The presence of the VFM plays an important role on the alteration of the flow pattern due to wall flow detachment phenomena. The signals of differential pressure of the VFM in horizontal configuration are strongly dependent on the superficial velocities and on the flow pattern because of a lower symmetry of the flow with respect to the vertical configuration.

Quantification of fish habitat in selected reaches of the Marmaton and Marais des Cygnes Rivers, Missouri

USGS Publications Warehouse

Heimann, David C.; Richards, Joseph M.; Brewer, Shannon K.; Norman, Richard D.

2005-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Missouri Department of Conservation, undertook a study to quantify fish habitat by using relations between streamflow and the spatial and temporal distributions of fish habitat at five sites in the Marmaton and Marais des Cygnes Rivers in western Missouri. Twenty-six fish habitat categories were selected for nine species under varying seasonal (spring, summer, and fall), diel (summer day and night), and life-stage (spawning, juvenile, and adult) conditions. Physical habitat characteristics were determined for each category using depth, velocity, and channel substrate criteria. Continuous streamflow data were then combined with the habitat-streamflow relations to compile a habitat time series for each habitat category at each site. Fish habitat categories were assessed as to their vulnerability to habitat alteration based on critical life stages (spawning and juvenile rearing periods) and susceptibility to habitat limitations from dewatering or high flows. Species categories representing critical life stages with physical habitat limitations represent likely bottlenecks in fish populations. Categories with potential bottlenecks can serve as indicator categories and aid managers when determining the flows necessary for maintaining these habitats under altered flow regimes. The relation between the area of each habitat category and streamflow differed greatly between category, season, and stream reach. No single flow maximized selected habitat area for all categories or even for all species/category within a particular season at a site. However, some similarities were noted among habitat characteristics, including the streamflow range for which habitat availability is maximized and the range of streamflows for which a habitat category area is available at the Marmaton River sites. A monthly habitat time series was created for all 26 habitat categories at two Marmaton River sites. A daily habitat time series was created at three Marais des Cygnes River sites for two periods: 1941 through 1963 (pre-regulation) and 1982 through 2003 (post-regulation). The habitat category with the highest median area in spring was paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) with normalized areas of up to 2,000 square meters per 100 meters of stream channel. Flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) habitat area generally was the category area most available in summer and fall. Differences in daily selected habitat area time series between pre- and post-regulation time periods varied by species/category and by site. For instance, whereas there was a decline in the distribution of spring spawning habitat for suckermouth minnow (Phenacobius mirabilis) and slenderhead darter (Percina phoxocephala) from pre- to post-regulation periods at all three sites, the 25 to 75 percentile habitat area substantially increased for paddlefish under post-regulation conditions. Potential habitat area for most species was maximized at the Marmaton River sites at flows of about 1 to 10 cubic meters per second, whereas median monthly streamflows ranged from less than 1 to 20 cubic meters per second depending on site and season. Paddlefish habitat was available beginning at higher flows than other categories (4 to 7 cubic meters per second) and also maximized at higher flows (greater than 50 to 100 cubic meters per second). Selected potential habitat area was maximized for most species at the Marais des Cygnes River sites at flows of about 1 to 50 cubic meters per second, whereas median monthly streamflows ranged from 4 to 55 cubic meters per second depending on site and season. The range of streamflows for which selected habitat area was available in summer and fall was substantially less at the channelized Marais des Cygnes River site when compared to the non-channelized sites, and, therefore, the susceptibility of categories to high-flow habitat limitations was greater at this site. The channelized reach was more unifor

A two-fluid model for avalanche and debris flows.

PubMed

Pitman, E Bruce; Le, Long

2005-07-15

Geophysical mass flows--debris flows, avalanches, landslides--can contain O(10(6)-10(10)) m(3) or more of material, often a mixture of soil and rocks with a significant quantity of interstitial fluid. These flows can be tens of meters in depth and hundreds of meters in length. The range of scales and the rheology of this mixture presents significant modelling and computational challenges. This paper describes a depth-averaged 'thin layer' model of geophysical mass flows containing a mixture of solid material and fluid. The model is derived from a 'two-phase' or 'two-fluid' system of equations commonly used in engineering research. Phenomenological modelling and depth averaging combine to yield a tractable set of equations, a hyperbolic system that describes the motion of the two constituent phases. If the fluid inertia is small, a reduced model system that is easier to solve may be derived.

Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: Implications for r-process nucleosynthesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drout, M. R.; Piro, A. L.; Shappee, B. J.; Kilpatrick, C. D.; Simon, J. D.; Contreras, C.; Coulter, D. A.; Foley, R. J.; Siebert, M. R.; Morrell, N.; Boutsia, K.; Di Mille, F.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kasen, D.; Kollmeier, J. A.; Madore, B. F.; Monson, A. J.; Murguia-Berthier, A.; Pan, Y.-C.; Prochaska, J. X.; Ramirez-Ruiz, E.; Rest, A.; Adams, C.; Alatalo, K.; Bañados, E.; Baughman, J.; Beers, T. C.; Bernstein, R. A.; Bitsakis, T.; Campillay, A.; Hansen, T. T.; Higgs, C. R.; Ji, A. P.; Maravelias, G.; Marshall, J. L.; Moni Bidin, C.; Prieto, J. L.; Rasmussen, K. C.; Rojas-Bravo, C.; Strom, A. L.; Ulloa, N.; Vargas-González, J.; Wan, Z.; Whitten, D. D.

2017-12-01

Two neutron stars merging together generate a gravitational wave signal and have also been predicted to emit electromagnetic radiation. When the gravitational wave event GW170817 was detected, astronomers rushed to search for the source using conventional telescopes (see the Introduction by Smith). Coulter et al. describe how the One-Meter Two-Hemispheres (1M2H) collaboration was the first to locate the electromagnetic source. Drout et al. present the 1M2H measurements of its optical and infrared brightness, and Shappee et al. report their spectroscopy of the event, which is unlike previously detected astronomical transient sources. Kilpatrick et al. show how these observations can be explained by an explosion known as a kilonova, which produces large quantities of heavy elements in nuclear reactions.

Nonlinear excitation of fast magnetosonic waves via quasi-electrostatic whistler wave mixing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zechar, Nathan; Sotnikov, Vladimir; Caplinger, James; Chu, Arthur

2017-10-01

We report on experiments of nonlinear simultaneous generation of low frequency fast magnetosonic waves and electromagnetic whistler waves using two loop antennas in the afterglow of a cold magnetized helium plasma. The exciting antennas each have a frequency that is below half the electron cyclotron frequency, and the difference between the two is just below the lower hybrid frequency. They both directly excite whistler waves, however their nonlinear interaction excite the low frequency fast magnetosonic waves at the frequency given by their difference. Plasma is generated using a helicon plasma source in a one meter length cylindrical chamber. The spatial and temporal data of the electromagnetic and electrostatic components of the plasma waves are then captured with developed diagnostic techniques. Wave spectra, general structure and time domain frequencies observed will be reported.

System and Method for Obtaining Simultaneous Levitation and Rotation of a Ferromagnetic Object

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, Subrata; Sarkar, Mrinal Kanti; Ghosh, Arnab

2017-02-01

In this work a practical demonstration for simultaneous levitation and rotation for a ferromagnetic cylindrical object is presented. A hollow steel cylinder has been arranged to remain suspended stably under I-core electromagnet utilizing dc attraction type levitation principle and then arranged to rotate the levitated object around 1000 rpm speed based on eddy current based energy meter principle. Since the object is to be rotating during levitated condition the device will be frictionless, energy-efficient and robust. This technology may be applied to frictionless energy meter, wind turbine, machine tool applications, precision instruments and many other devices where easy energy-efficient stable rotation will be required. The cascade lead compensation control scheme has been applied for stabilization of unstable levitation system. The proposed device is successfully tested in the laboratory and experimental results have been produced.

Flowing-water optical power meter for primary-standard, multi-kilowatt laser power measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, P. A.; Hadler, J. A.; Cromer, C.; West, J.; Li, X.; Lehman, J. H.

2018-06-01

A primary-standard flowing-water optical power meter for measuring multi-kilowatt laser emission has been built and operated. The design and operational details of this primary standard are described, and a full uncertainty analysis is provided covering the measurement range from 1–10 kW with an expanded uncertainty of 1.2%. Validating measurements at 5 kW and 10 kW show agreement with other measurement techniques to within the measurement uncertainty. This work of the U.S. Government is not subject to U.S. copyright.

Smart Grid Integrity Attacks: Characterizations and Countermeasures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Annarita Giani; Eilyan Bitar; Miles McQueen

2011-10-01

Real power injections at loads and generators, and real power flows on selected lines in a transmission network are monitored, transmitted over a SCADA network to the system operator, and used in state estimation algorithms to make dispatch, re-balance and other energy management system [EMS] decisions. Coordinated cyber attacks of power meter readings can be arranged to be undetectable by any bad data detection algorithm. These unobservable attacks present a serious threat to grid operations. Of particular interest are sparse attacks that involve the compromise of a modest number of meter readings. An efficient algorithm to find all unobservable attacksmore » [under standard DC load flow approximations] involving the compromise of exactly two power injection meters and an arbitrary number of power meters on lines is presented. This requires O(n2m) flops for a power system with n buses and m line meters. If all lines are metered, there exist canonical forms that characterize all 3, 4, and 5-sparse unobservable attacks. These can be quickly detected in power systems using standard graph algorithms. Known secure phase measurement units [PMUs] can be used as countermeasures against an arbitrary collection of cyber attacks. Finding the minimum number of necessary PMUs is NP-hard. It is shown that p + 1 PMUs at carefully chosen buses are sufficient to neutralize a collection of p cyber attacks.« less

40 CFR 1065.248 - Gas divider.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... testing. You may use critical-flow gas dividers, capillary-tube gas dividers, or thermal-mass-meter gas... PROCEDURES Measurement Instruments Flow-Related Measurements § 1065.248 Gas divider. (a) Application. You may...

Environmental Assessment for Selected Regions in the Mediterranean Sea

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

derived from gravity and turbidity flows and include ash layers interbedded with hemipelagic mud. Sedimen- tation rates in these regions are on the order of...CURRENT METERS, ALBORAN I (PISTEK 1984)0& CURRENT METERS, ALBORAN III (PISTEK 1987) A DRIFTING CURRENT METERIS , ALBORAN 11 (PISTEK 1987) 0: CURRENT

Applications of a laser velocimeter in the Langley 4- by 7-meter tunnel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sellers, W. L.; Elliott, J. W.

1982-09-01

Applications of a laser velocimeter in the Langley 4 by 7 meter wind tunnel are discussed. The system configuration is described. The data acquisition, the laser velocimeter traversing, and the particle generating systems are discussed. Flow distribution and rotor wake applications are discussed.

THE VERTICAL PLANAR MOTION MECHANISM; A DYNAMIC TEST APPARATUS FOR EVALUATING CURRENT METERS AND OTHER MARINE INSTRUMENTATION

EPA Science Inventory

The overall objective was to provide a dynamic test apparatus that can produce known, controlled high frequency dynamics for the evaluation of current meters and other marine instrumentation. Of primary interest is the establishment of flow sensor measurement capabilities, and he...

43 CFR 3274.11 - What must I give BLM to approve my commercial use permit application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... configuration, including meters; (f) A schematic flow diagram of the utilization facility, including... calibration schedule of production, injection, and royalty meters; (b) A schematic diagram of the utilization... is located off the utilization site, give us a generalized schematic diagram of the electrical...

43 CFR 3274.11 - What must I give BLM to approve my commercial use permit application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... configuration, including meters; (f) A schematic flow diagram of the utilization facility, including... calibration schedule of production, injection, and royalty meters; (b) A schematic diagram of the utilization... is located off the utilization site, give us a generalized schematic diagram of the electrical...

43 CFR 3274.11 - What must I give BLM to approve my commercial use permit application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... configuration, including meters; (f) A schematic flow diagram of the utilization facility, including... calibration schedule of production, injection, and royalty meters; (b) A schematic diagram of the utilization... is located off the utilization site, give us a generalized schematic diagram of the electrical...

43 CFR 3274.11 - What must I give BLM to approve my commercial use permit application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... configuration, including meters; (f) A schematic flow diagram of the utilization facility, including... calibration schedule of production, injection, and royalty meters; (b) A schematic diagram of the utilization... is located off the utilization site, give us a generalized schematic diagram of the electrical...

Magnetic field in expanding quark-gluon plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stewart, Evan; Tuchin, Kirill

2018-04-01

Intense electromagnetic fields are created in the quark-gluon plasma by the external ultrarelativistic valence charges. The time evolution and the strength of this field are strongly affected by the electrical conductivity of the plasma. Yet, it has recently been observed that the effect of the magnetic field on the plasma flow is small. We compute the effect of plasma flow on magnetic field and demonstrate that it is less than 10%. These observations indicate that the plasma hydrodynamics and the dynamics of electromagnetic field decouple. Thus, it is a very good approximation, on the one hand, to study QGP in the background electromagnetic field generated by external sources and, on the other hand, to investigate the dynamics of magnetic field in the background plasma. We also argue that the wake induced by the magnetic field in plasma is negligible.

Turbulent Transition in Electromagnetically Levitated Drops

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hyers, Robert W.; Trapaga, G.; Abedian, B.; Matson, D. M.; Rose, M. Franklin (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

Electromagnetic levitation (EML) is an important tool in materials research. Because a sample can be processed without contact with a container, experiments may be performed on high temperature, highly reactive, and undercooled liquid metals. Many of these experiments are affected by fluid flow in the sample, driven by the electromagnetic positioning force. Despite the importance of convection in these experiments, the transition to turbulence is not well understood in this system. However, we have observed a transition from laminar to turbulent flow in EML droplets in the course of microgravity experiments in TEMPUS on the Space Shuttle (STS-94). The transition occurs repeatably and over a narrow range of conditions. These experimental observations are compared with two competing theories about the transition to turbulence. Also, the results of a particle tracking study of the instabilities leading up to the transition to turbulence are presented.

Multidisciplinary Investigations of Submarine Flow to Biscayne Bay, Florida

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halley, R. B.; Reich, C. D.; Swarzenski, P. W.; Langevin, C. D.

2005-05-01

Biscayne Bay and Biscayne National Park (BNP) are located next to the Miami-Dade urban complex and are adjacent to the Dade County South Dade Landfill Facility and the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer South District Plant. The base of the landfill is lined to separate it from the underlying Miami Limestone, the host rock for the surficial Biscayne Aquifer. The sewage-treatment facility injects treated sewage into the lower Florida Aquifer (750 m) that is overlain by an aquitard termed the Middle Confining Unit (450 m). The Biscayne Aquifer (up to 50 m thick) borders the western margin of BNP, and the Floridan Aquifer underlies the entire park. There is concern about leakage of contaminated aquifer water into BNP and its potential effects on water quality. Groundwater flux to Biscayne Bay is being studied using pressure measurements and geochemical analyses from submarine wells, electromagnetic seepage meters, streaming resistivity profiling, and local and regional model simulations. Both seepage meters and water analyses provide point information that can be placed into the regional context provided by flow models and geochemical and geophysical profiling, which, in turn, constrain the groundwater contribution. Water samples were collected approximately quarterly from August 2002 until March 2004 from submarine wells along a transect through Biscayne Bay and across the reef to the shelf edge. Samples were analyzed for conductivity (salinity), dissolved oxygen, temperature, redox potential, nutrients, metals, strontium isotopes, radon, sulfate, and wastewater compounds. Low-salinity water was identified from nearshore wells and indicates seepage from the Biscayne Aquifer and/or surface-water intrusion into the rocks along western Biscayne Bay. Analyses of water samples (n = 109) collected from wells across the Florida shelf show no consistent evidence of wastewater contaminants occurring in groundwater beneath BNP. No significant leakage from the Floridan Aquifer (characterized by low strontium-isotope ratios) was detected in the wells. The groundwater beneath the shelf can be characterized as reduced seawater, modified by microbial respiration to remove oxygen, and interacting with sediments and minerals in the host limestone. The data from submarine well samples are consistent with groundwater model results that indicate a narrow zone of discharge along the western margin of Biscayne Bay. This zone varies in width from 100 to 1000 m along the coast. A seepage meter placed in this zone during March 2004 recorded an average flow of 23 cm/day. Submarine discharge is estimated to be about 6% of the surface-water flow to Biscayne Bay, and almost all of this is in the northern half of the bay, where shoreline and water-table elevations are greatest. Saltwater intrusion extends farther inland in the southern portion of the bay, where water-table and coastal elevations are low. Shoreline-parallel radon-222 profiles also indicate more seepage in the north than south, but suggest low-salinity water extends between 1 and 2 km offshore. Resistivity profiling provided a fourth technique (along with wells, models, and radon) that documents low-salinity water along the coast, particularly toward the northern bay. Resistivity is the only methodology that indicates presence of brackish water 5 km offshore, an observation that requires verification. Interdisciplinary approaches that estimate submarine flow to this tropical estuary are helping reinforce observations made by complimentary methods, while clearly identifying other observations as worthy of further investigation and verification.

An analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keshavarzy, A.; Ball, J. E.

1997-06-01

Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.

Flow produced by a free-moving floating magnet driven electromagnetically

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Piedra, Saúl; Román, Joel; Figueroa, Aldo; Cuevas, Sergio

2018-04-01

The flow generated by a free-moving magnet floating in a thin electrolyte layer is studied experimentally and numerically. The magnet is dragged by a traveling vortex dipole produced by a Lorentz force created when a uniform dc current injected in the electrolyte interacts with the magnetic field of the same magnet. The problem represents a typical case of fluid-solid interaction but with a localized electromagnetic force promoting the motion. Classical wake flow structures are observed when the applied current varies in the range of 0.2 to 10 A. Velocity fields at the surface of the electrolyte are obtained for different flow conditions through particle image velocimetry. Quasi-two-dimensional numerical simulations, based on the immersed boundary technique that incorporates the fluid-solid interaction, reproduce satisfactorily the dynamics observed in the experiments.

Evaluation of the apparent losses caused by water meter under-registration in intermittent water supply.

PubMed

Criminisi, A; Fontanazza, C M; Freni, G; Loggia, G La

2009-01-01

Apparent losses are usually caused by water theft, billing errors, or revenue meter under-registration. While the first two causes are directly related to water utility management and may be reduced by improving company procedures, water meter inaccuracies are considered to be the most significant and hardest to quantify. Water meter errors are amplified in networks subjected to water scarcity, where users adopt private storage tanks to cope with the intermittent water supply. The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of two variables influencing the apparent losses: water meter age and the private storage tank effect on meter performance. The study was carried out in Palermo (Italy). The impact of water meter ageing was evaluated in laboratory by testing 180 revenue meters, ranging from 0 to 45 years in age. The effects of the private water tanks were determined via field monitoring of real users and a mathematical model. This study demonstrates that the impact on apparent losses from the meter starting flow rapidly increases with meter age. Private water tanks, usually fed by a float valve, overstate meter under-registration, producing additional apparent losses between 15% and 40% for the users analysed in this study.

40 CFR 1065.245 - Sample flow meter for batch sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rates or total flow sampled into a batch sampling system over a test interval. You may use the... rates or total raw exhaust flow over a test interval. (b) Component requirements. We recommend that you... averaging Pitot tube, or a hot-wire anemometer. Note that your overall system for measuring sample flow must...

Extragalactic circuits, transmission lines, and CR particle acceleration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kronberg, Philipp P.; Lovelace, Richard V. E.

2015-08-01

A non-negligible fraction of a Supermassive Black Hole's (SMBH) rest mass energy gets transported into extragalactic space by a remarkable process in jets which are incompletely understood. What are the physical processes which transport this energy? It is likely that the energy flows electromagnetically, rather than via a particle beam flux. The deduced electromagnetic fields may produce particles of energy as high as ˜ 1020 eV. The energetics of SMBH accretion disk models and the electromagnetic energy transfer imply that a SMBH should generate a 1018 - 1019 Ampères current close to the black hole and its accretion disk. We describe the so far best observation-based estimate of the magnitude of the current flow along the axis of the jet extending from the nucleus of the active galaxy in 3C303. The current is measured to be I ˜ 1018 Ampères at ˜ 40 kpc away from the AGN. This indicates that organised current flow remains intact over multi-kpc distances. The electric current I transports electromagnetic power into free space, P = I2Z, where Z ˜ 30 Ohms is related to the impedance of free space, and this points to the existence of cosmic electric circuit. The associated electric potential drop, V = IZ, is of the order of that required to generate Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR). We also explore further implications, including disruption/deflection of the power flow and also why such measurements, exemplified by those on 3C303, are currently very difficult to make and to unambiguously interpret. This naturally leads to the topic of how such measurements can be extended and improved in the future. We describe the analogy of electromagnetically dominated jets with transmission lines. High powered jets in vacuo can be understood by approximate analogy with a waveguide. The importance of inductance, impedance, and other laboratory electrical concepts are discussed in this context.

Lightning Magnetic Field Measurements around Langmuir Laboratory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stock, M.; Krehbiel, P. R.; Rison, W.; Aulich, G. D.; Edens, H. E.; Sonnenfeld, R. G.

2010-12-01

In the absence of artificial conductors, underground lightning transients are produced by diffusion of the horizontal surface magnetic field of a return stroke vertically downward into the conducting earth. The changing magnetic flux produces an orthogonal horizontal electric field, generating a dispersive, lossy transverse electromagnetic wave that penetrates a hundred meters or more into the ground according to the skin depth of the medium. In turn, the electric field produces currents that flow toward or away from the channel to ground depending on the stroke polarity. The underground transients can produce large radial horizontal potential gradients depending on the distance from the discharge and depth below the surface. In this study we focus on the surface excitation field. The goal of the work is to compare measurements of surface magnetic field waveforms B(t) at different distances from natural lightning discharges with simple and detailed models of the return stroke fields. In addition to providing input to the diffusion mechanism, the results should aid in further understanding return stroke field generation processes. The observational data are to be obtained using orthogonal sets of straightened Rogowski coils to measure magnetic field waveforms in N-S and E-W directions. The waveforms are sampled at 500 kS/s over 1.024 second time intervals and recorded directly onto secure digital cards. The instrument operates off of battery power for several days or weeks at a time in remote, unattended locations and measures magnetic field strengths of up to several tens of amperes/meter. The observations are being made in conjunction with collocated slow electric field change measurements and under good 3-D lightning mapping array (LMA) and fast electric field change coverage.

Upper ocean moored current and density profiler applied to winter conditions near Bermuda

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eriksen, C.C.; Dahlen, J.M.; Shillingford, J.T. Jr.

1982-09-20

A new moored instrument which makes repeated high vertical resolution profiles of current, temperature, and salinity in the upper ocean over extended periods was used to observe midwinter conditions near Bermuda. The operation and performance of the instrument, called the profiling current meter (PCM), in the surface wave environment of winter storms is reported here. The PCM profiles along the upper portion of a slightly subsurface mooring by adjusting its buoyancy under computer control. This design decouples the instrument from vertical motions of the mooring induced by surface waves, so that its electromagnetic current sensor operates in a favorable mean-to-fluctuatingmore » flow regime. Current, temperature, and electrical conductivity are (vector) averaged into contiguous preselected bins several meters wide over the possible profile range of 20- to 250-m depth. The PCM is capable of collecting 1000--4000 profiles in a 6- to 12-month period, depending on depth range and ambient currents. A variety of baroclinic motions are evident in the Bermuda observations. Upper ocean manifestations of both Kelvin and superinertial island-trapped waves dominate longshore currents. Vertical coherence of onshore current and temperature suggest that internal wave vertical wave number energy distribution is independent of frequency but modified by island bathymetry. Kinetic energy in shear integrated over a 115.6-m-thick layer in the upper ocean is limited to values less than or equal to the potential energy required to mix the existing stratification. Mixing events occur when kinetic energy associated with shear drives the bulk Richardson number (defined by the ratio of energy integrals over the range profiles) to unity, where it remains while shear and stratification disappear together.« less

Distribution of "Compound" and "Simple" Flows in the Deccan Traps (India)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vanderkluysen, L.; Self, S.; Jay, A. E.; Sheth, H. C.; Clarke, A. B.

2014-12-01

The Deccan Traps are a dominantly mafic large igneous province (LIP) that, prior to erosion, covered ~1 million km2 of west-central India with lava flows. The type sections of the Western Ghats escarpment, where the Deccan lava pile reaches a maximum reconstructed stratigraphic thickness of ~3400 m, are subdivided into eleven formations defined on chemo-stratigraphic grounds. Earlier work recognized that emplacement of Deccan basalt flows primarily occurs following two main modes: as a stack of meter-sized pāhoehoe toes and lobes, termed "compound" flows; or as inflated sheet lobes tens to hundreds of meters in width and meters to tens of meters in height, previously termed "simple" flows. Initially, the distribution of small lobes and sheet lobes in the Deccan was thought to be controlled by distance from source, but later work suggested the distribution to be mainly controlled along stratigraphic, formational boundaries, with six of the lower formations being composed exclusively of compound flows, and the upper 4-5 formations being wholly built of sheet lobes. This simple stratigraphic subdivision of lava flow morphologies has also been documented in the volcanic architecture of other LIPs, e.g., the Etendeka, the Ethiopian Traps, and in the Faeroe Islands (North Atlantic LIP). Upon examination of eight sections carefully logged along the Western Ghats, this traditional view must be challenged. Where the lower Deccan formations crop out, we found that as much as 65% of the exposed thickness (below the Khandala Formation) is made up of sheet lobes, from 40% in the Bhimashankar Formation to 75% in the Thakurvadi Formation. Near the bottom of the sequence, 25% of the Neral Formation is composed of sheet lobes ≥15 m in thickness. This distribution in lava flow morphology does not seem to be noticeably affected by the inferred distance to the source (based on the location of similar-composition dikes for each formation). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the development of compound flows and inflated sheet lobes, involving one or more of the following factors: underlying slope, varying effusion rate, and source geometry. Analogue experiments are currently under way to test the relative influence of each of these factors in the development of different lava flow morphologies in LIPs.

E.M.I Effects of Cathodic Protection on Electromagnetic Flowmeters

PubMed Central

Gundogdu, Serdar; Sahin, Ozge

2007-01-01

Electromagnetic flowmeters are used to measure the speed of water flow in water distribution systems. Corrosion problem in metal pipelines can be solved by cathodic protection methods. This paper presents a research on corruptive effects of the cathodic protection system on electromagnetic flowmeter depending on its measuring principle. Experimental measurements are realized on the water distribution pipelines of the Izmir Municipality, Department of Water and Drainage Administration (IZSU) in Turkey and measurement results are given. Experimental results proved that the values measured by the electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) are affected by cathodic protection system current. Comments on the measurement results are made and precautions to be taken are proposed.

Direct Measurement of Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area by Real-Time Three-Dimensional Color Doppler for Quantitation of Aortic Regurgitant Volume: An In Vitro Validation

PubMed Central

Pirat, Bahar; Little, Stephen H.; Igo, Stephen R.; McCulloch, Marti; Nosé, Yukihiko; Hartley, Craig J.; Zoghbi, William A.

2012-01-01

Objective The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method is useful in the quantitation of aortic regurgitation (AR). We hypothesized that actual measurement of PISA provided with real-time 3-dimensional (3D) color Doppler yields more accurate regurgitant volumes than those estimated by 2-dimensional (2D) color Doppler PISA. Methods We developed a pulsatile flow model for AR with an imaging chamber in which interchangeable regurgitant orifices with defined shapes and areas were incorporated. An ultrasonic flow meter was used to calculate the reference regurgitant volumes. A total of 29 different flow conditions for 5 orifices with different shapes were tested at a rate of 72 beats/min. 2D PISA was calculated as 2π r2, and 3D PISA was measured from 8 equidistant radial planes of the 3D PISA. Regurgitant volume was derived as PISA × aliasing velocity × time velocity integral of AR/peak AR velocity. Results Regurgitant volumes by flow meter ranged between 12.6 and 30.6 mL/beat (mean 21.4 ± 5.5 mL/beat). Regurgitant volumes estimated by 2D PISA correlated well with volumes measured by flow meter (r = 0.69); however, a significant underestimation was observed (y = 0.5x + 0.6). Correlation with flow meter volumes was stronger for 3D PISA-derived regurgitant volumes (r = 0.83); significantly less underestimation of regurgitant volumes was seen, with a regression line close to identity (y = 0.9x + 3.9). Conclusion Direct measurement of PISA is feasible, without geometric assumptions, using real-time 3D color Doppler. Calculation of aortic regurgitant volumes with 3D color Doppler using this methodology is more accurate than conventional 2D method with hemispheric PISA assumption. PMID:19168322

Inversion of Acoustic and Electromagnetic Recordings for Mapping Current Flow in Lightning Strikes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anderson, J.; Johnson, J.; Arechiga, R. O.; Thomas, R. J.

2012-12-01

Acoustic recordings can be used to map current-carrying conduits in lightning strikes. Unlike stepped leaders, whose very high frequency (VHF) radio emissions have short (meter-scale) wavelengths and can be located by lightning-mapping arrays, current pulses emit longer (kilometer-scale) waves and cannot be mapped precisely by electromagnetic observations alone. While current pulses are constrained to conductive channels created by stepped leaders, these leaders often branch as they propagate, and most branches fail to carry current. Here, we present a method to use thunder recordings to map current pulses, and we apply it to acoustic and VHF data recorded in 2009 in the Magdalena mountains in central New Mexico, USA. Thunder is produced by rapid heating and expansion of the atmosphere along conductive channels in response to current flow, and therefore can be used to recover the geometry of the current-carrying channel. Toward this goal, we use VHF pulse maps to identify candidate conductive channels where we treat each channel as a superposition of finely-spaced acoustic point sources. We apply ray tracing in variable atmospheric structures to forward model the thunder that our microphone network would record for each candidate channel. Because multiple channels could potentially carry current, a non-linear inversion is performed to determine the acoustic source strength of each channel. For each combination of acoustic source strengths, synthetic thunder is modeled as a superposition of thunder signals produced by each channel, and a power envelope of this stack is then calculated. The inversion iteratively minimizes the misfit between power envelopes of recorded and modeled thunder. Because the atmospheric sound speed structure through which the waves propagate during these events is unknown, we repeat the procedure on many plausible atmospheres to find an optimal fit. We then determine the candidate channel, or channels, that minimizes residuals between synthetic and acoustic recordings. We demonstrate the usefulness of this method on both intracloud and cloud-to-ground strikes, and discuss factors affecting our ability to replicate recorded thunder.

In-airway molecular flow sensing: A new technology for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of oxygen consumption in critical care.

PubMed

Ciaffoni, Luca; O'Neill, David P; Couper, John H; Ritchie, Grant A D; Hancock, Gus; Robbins, Peter A

2016-08-01

There are no satisfactory methods for monitoring oxygen consumption in critical care. To address this, we adapted laser absorption spectroscopy to provide measurements of O2, CO2, and water vapor within the airway every 10 ms. The analyzer is integrated within a novel respiratory flow meter that is an order of magnitude more precise than other flow meters. Such precision, coupled with the accurate alignment of gas concentrations with respiratory flow, makes possible the determination of O2 consumption by direct integration over time of the product of O2 concentration and flow. The precision is illustrated by integrating the balance gas (N2 plus Ar) flow and showing that this exchange was near zero. Measured O2 consumption changed by <5% between air and O2 breathing. Clinical capability was illustrated by recording O2 consumption during an aortic aneurysm repair. This device now makes easy, accurate, and noninvasive measurement of O2 consumption for intubated patients in critical care possible.

In-airway molecular flow sensing: A new technology for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of oxygen consumption in critical care

PubMed Central

Ciaffoni, Luca; O’Neill, David P.; Couper, John H.; Ritchie, Grant A. D.; Hancock, Gus; Robbins, Peter A.

2016-01-01

There are no satisfactory methods for monitoring oxygen consumption in critical care. To address this, we adapted laser absorption spectroscopy to provide measurements of O2, CO2, and water vapor within the airway every 10 ms. The analyzer is integrated within a novel respiratory flow meter that is an order of magnitude more precise than other flow meters. Such precision, coupled with the accurate alignment of gas concentrations with respiratory flow, makes possible the determination of O2 consumption by direct integration over time of the product of O2 concentration and flow. The precision is illustrated by integrating the balance gas (N2 plus Ar) flow and showing that this exchange was near zero. Measured O2 consumption changed by <5% between air and O2 breathing. Clinical capability was illustrated by recording O2 consumption during an aortic aneurysm repair. This device now makes easy, accurate, and noninvasive measurement of O2 consumption for intubated patients in critical care possible. PMID:27532048

Snow Depth Calibrations for Electromagnetic Induction Investigations at a Former Munitions Waste Disposal Site in Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glaser, D. R., II; Wagner, A. M.; Gelvin, A.; Saari, S.; Staples, A.; Larsen, G.

2017-12-01

A US Army legacy munitions waste site was identified adjacent to a river near a small arms range in Alaska. As part of remediation efforts, geophysical studies were conducted to characterize the extent of buried metal debris at the site. Time-domain electromagnetic surveys were completed over the site to meet the regulatory guidance for site cleanup. Time-domain and frequency-domain electromagnetic induction, magnetic gradiometry, and ground penetrating radar subsurface geophysical studies were deployed over soil, water, and snow surface conditions throughout the impacted area. The time-domain electromagnetic induction results acquired during summer months, presented clear indications of trenches located directly perpendicular to and adjacent to the river. However, in the follow up investigation where the snow-pack was greater than one meter, the response amplitude of the metallic debris was dampened and possible targets were missed. This was confirmed by the subsequent magnetic gradiometry survey which identified a suspected extension of one of the trenches through the river on to the seasonal sand bar island. The region is subject to extremely cold temperatures as well as significant snow pack and permafrost soil conditions. The snow presented a negative impact to the accurate assessment of the site by changing the effective investigation depth. To address this we developed an approach using ground penetrating radar data calibrated with physical snow depth measurements to generate continuous estimates of snow depth and spatially correct the electromagnetic induction data to the corresponding regulatory amplitude limit as if the snow were not present. Limitations of the approach as related to the signal floor of the electromagnetic induction response were also assessed.

Hydrogeophysical investigation of Logan, MT using electrical techniques and diving wave refraction tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stipe, T. D.

2014-12-01

Logan, Montana USA is located on the Gallatin river, one of the three rivers forming the headwaters of the Missouri river. Hydrogeological studies by the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology have assumed that the location at Logan is a pinch-point for the local Gallatin watershed. Shallow groundwater is expected to discharge into the Gallatin river because depth to bedrock near the river is shallow (~5 meters). Groundwater monitoring wells indicate dry Tertiary sediments overlying bedrock, suggesting surface and groundwater systems are disconnected. We deployed shallow seismic refraction, electrical resistivity, spontaneous potential, and electromagnetic surveys to investigate the groundwater system in the study area. Geophysical measurements were preferentially obtained near the Gallatin river and close to shallow monitoring wells. Hand samples of Mississippian aged rocks of the Madison group were collected from local outcrops to help correlate geophysical results with properties of the carbonate rich bedrock. Preliminary interpretations of geophysical data confirm the shallow bedrock and dry sediments encountered in nearby wells. These results suggest that the pinch-point is located upstream or groundwater follows a network of preferential flow paths through limestone bedrock within the study area.

Stainless Steel NaK-Cooled Circuit (SNaKC) Fabrication and Assembly

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Godfroy, Thomas J.

2007-01-01

An actively pumped Stainless Steel NaK Circuit (SNaKC) has been designed and fabricated by the Early Flight Fission Test Facility (EFF-TF) team at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. This circuit uses the eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium (NaK) as the working fluid building upon the experience and accomplishments of the SNAP reactor program from the late 1960's The SNaKC enables valuable experience and liquid metal test capability to be gained toward the goal of designing and building an affordable surface power reactor. The basic circuit components include a simulated reactor core a NaK to gas heat exchanger, an electromagnetic (EM) liquid metal pump, a liquid metal flow meter, an expansion reservoir and a drain/fill reservoir To maintain an oxygen free environment in the presence of NaK, an argon system is utilized. A helium and nitrogen system are utilized for core, pump, and heat exchanger operation. An additional rest section is available to enable special component testing m an elevated temperature actively pumped liquid metal environment. This paper summarizes the physical build of the SNaKC the gas and pressurization systems, vacuum systems, as well as instrumentation and control methods.

Submerged jet mixing in nuclear waste tanks: a correlation for jet velocity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Daas, M.; Srivastava, R.; Roelant, D.

2007-07-01

Experimental studies were carried out in jet-stirred slurry tanks to correlate the influence of nozzle diameter, initial jet flow velocity, submerged depth of jet, tank diameter and slurry properties on the jet axial velocity. The tanks used in the experimental work had diameters of 0.3 m (1-ft) and 2.13 m (7-ft). The fluids emerged from nozzles of 0.003 m and 0.01 m in diameter, 1/8-inch and 3/8-inch respectively. The examined slurries were non-Newtonian and contained 5 weight percent total insoluble solids. The axial velocities along the centerline of a submerged jet stream were measured at different jet flow rates andmore » at various distances from the nozzle orifice (16 to 200 nozzle diameters) utilizing electromagnetic velocity meter. A new simplified correlation was developed to describe the jet axial velocity in submerged jet stirred tanks utilizing more than 350 data points. The Buckingham Pi theorem and non-linear regression method of multivariate approximation, in conjunction with the Gauss-Jordan elimination method, were used to develop the new correlation. The new correlation agreed well with the experimental data obtained from the current study. Good agreement was also possible with literature data except at large distances from the nozzle as the model slightly overestimated the jet axial velocity. The proposed correlation incorporates the contributions of system geometry, fluid properties, and external forces. Furthermore, it provides reasonable estimates of jet axial velocity. (authors)« less

Measurement and modelling of forced convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of Al2O3- and SiO2-water nanofluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Julia, J. E.; Hernández, L.; Martínez-Cuenca, R.; Hibiki, T.; Mondragón, R.; Segarra, C.; Jarque, J. C.

2012-11-01

Forced convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of SiO2- and Al2O3-water nanofluids were characterized. The experimental facility was composed of thermal-hydraulic loop with a tank with an immersed heater, a centrifugal pump, a bypass with a globe valve, an electromagnetic flow-meter, a 18 kW in-line pre-heater, a test section with band heaters, a differential pressure transducer and a heat exchanger. The test section consists of a 1000 mm long aluminium pipe with an inner diameter of 31.2 mm. Eighteen band heaters were placed all along the test section in order to provide a uniform heat flux. Heat transfer coefficient was calculated measuring fluid temperature using immersed thermocouples (Pt100) placed at both ends of the test section and surface thermocouples in 10 axial locations along the test section (Pt1000). The measurements have been performed for different nanoparticles (Al2O3 and SiO2 with primary size of 11 nm and 12 nm, respectively), volume concentrations (1% v., 5% v.), and flow rates (3 103Re<105). Maximum heat transfer coefficient enhancement (300%) and pressure drop penalty (1000%) is obtained with 5% v. SiO2 nanofluid. Existing correlations can predict, at least in a first approximation, the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of nanofluids if thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat were properly modelled.

Nonlinear dynamics of electromagnetic turbulence in a nonuniform magnetized plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shukla, P. K.; Mirza, Arshad M.; Faria, R. T.

1998-03-01

By using the hydrodynamic electron response with fixed (kinetic) ions along with Poisson's equation as well as Ampère's law, a system of nonlinear equations for low-frequency (in comparison with the electron gyrofrequency) long-(short-) wavelength electromagnetic waves in a nonuniform resistive magnetoplasma has been derived. The plasma contains equilibrium density gradient and sheared equilibrium plasma flows. In the linear limit, local dispersion relations are obtained and analyzed. It is found that sheared equilibrium flows can cause instability of Alfvén-like electromagnetic waves even in the absence of a density gradient. Furthermore, it is shown that possible stationary solutions of the nonlinear equations without dissipation can be represented in the form of various types of vortices. On the other hand, the temporal behavior of our nonlinear dissipative systems without the equilibrium density inhomogeneity can be described by the generalized Lorenz equations which admit chaotic trajectories. The density inhomogeneity may lead to even qualitative changes in the chaotic dynamics. The results of our investigation should be useful in understanding the linear and nonlinear properties of nonthermal electromagnetic waves in space and laboratory plasmas.

Optimization of Magneto-Rheological Damper for Maximizing Magnetic Flux Density in the Fluid Flow Gap Through FEA and GA Approaches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krishna, Hemanth; Kumar, Hemantha; Gangadharan, Kalluvalappil

2017-08-01

A magneto rheological (MR) fluid damper offers cost effective solution for semiactive vibration control in an automobile suspension. The performance of MR damper is significantly depends on the electromagnetic circuit incorporated into it. The force developed by MR fluid damper is highly influenced by the magnetic flux density induced in the fluid flow gap. In the present work, optimization of electromagnetic circuit of an MR damper is discussed in order to maximize the magnetic flux density. The optimization procedure was proposed by genetic algorithm and design of experiments techniques. The result shows that the fluid flow gap size less than 1.12 mm cause significant increase of magnetic flux density.

Meter for very slow flows

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baxter, W. J., Jr.; Frant, M. S.; West, S. J.

1978-01-01

Solid-state sensing unit developed for use with NASA's Water-Quality Monitoring System can detect small velocity changes in slow moving fluid. Nonprotruding sensor is applicable to numerous other uses requiring sensitive measurement of slow flows.

40 CFR 1065.220 - Fuel flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (a) Application. You may use fuel flow in combination with a chemical balance of carbon (or oxygen... concentrations, if the same signal is used in a chemical-balance calculation to determine work from brake...

40 CFR 1065.220 - Fuel flow meter.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (a) Application. You may use fuel flow in combination with a chemical balance of carbon (or oxygen... concentrations, if the same signal is used in a chemical-balance calculation to determine work from brake...

A basin-scale approach for assessing water resources in a semiarid environment: San Diego region, California and Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Flint, L.E.; Flint, A.L.; Stolp, B.J.; Danskin, W.R.

2012-01-01

Many basins throughout the world have sparse hydrologic and geologic data, but have increasing demands for water and a commensurate need for integrated understanding of surface and groundwater resources. This paper demonstrates a methodology for using a distributed parameter water-balance model, gaged surface-water flow, and a reconnaissance-level groundwater flow model to develop a first-order water balance. Flow amounts are rounded to the nearest 5 million cubic meters per year. The San Diego River basin is 1 of 5 major drainage basins that drain to the San Diego coastal plain, the source of public water supply for the San Diego area. The distributed parameter water-balance model (Basin Characterization Model) was run at a monthly timestep for 1940–2009 to determine a median annual total water inflow of 120 million cubic meters per year for the San Diego region. The model was also run specifically for the San Diego River basin for 1982–2009 to provide constraints to model calibration and to evaluate the proportion of inflow that becomes groundwater discharge, resulting in a median annual total water inflow of 50 million cubic meters per year. On the basis of flow records for the San Diego River at Fashion Valley (US Geological Survey gaging station 11023000), when corrected for upper basin reservoir storage and imported water, the total is 30 million cubic meters per year. The difference between these two flow quantities defines the annual groundwater outflow from the San Diego River basin at 20 million cubic meters per year. These three flow components constitute a first-order water budget estimate for the San Diego River basin. The ratio of surface-water outflow and groundwater outflow to total water inflow are 0.6 and 0.4, respectively. Using total water inflow determined using the Basin Characterization Model for the entire San Diego region and the 0.4 partitioning factor, groundwater outflow from the San Diego region, through the coastal plain aquifer to the Pacific Ocean, is calculated to be approximately 50 million cubic meters per year. The area-scale assessment of water resources highlights several hydrologic features of the San Diego region. Groundwater recharge is episodic; the Basin Characterization Model output shows that 90 percent of simulated recharge occurred during 3 percent of the 1982–2009 period. The groundwater aquifer may also be quite permeable. A reconnaissance-level groundwater flow model for the San Diego River basin was used to check the water budget estimates, and the basic interaction of the surface-water and groundwater system, and the flow values, were found to be reasonable. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity values of the volcanic and metavolcanic bedrock in San Diego region range from 1 to 10 m per day. Overall, results establish an initial hydrologic assessment formulated on the basis of sparse hydrologic data. The described flow variability, extrapolation, and unique characteristics represent a realistic view of current (2012) hydrologic understanding for the San Diego region.

Analysis of electromagnetic scattering characteristics of plasma sheath surrounding a hypersonic aerocraft based on high-order auxiliary differential equation finite-difference time-domain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Hao-yu; Cui, Zhiwei; Wang, Jiajie; Han, Yiping; Sun, Peng; Shi, Xiaowei

2018-06-01

A numerical analysis of electromagnetic (EM) scattering characteristics of a hypersonic aerocraft enveloped by a plasma sheath is presented. The flow field parameters around a hypersonic aerocraft are derived by numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations. Through multiphysics coupling of flow field and electromagnetic field, distributions of plasma frequency and collision frequency in plasma sheaths are obtained. A high-order auxiliary differential equation finite-difference time-domain algorithm is employed to investigate the EM wave scattering properties of the aerocraft covered by a plasma sheath. The backward radar cross sections (RCSs) of a blunt cone in the hypersonic flows at different velocities and altitudes with frequencies from 0.1 GHz to 18 GHz are studied. Numerical results show that, for the cases of altitude ranging from 50 km to 55 km and velocity ranging from 18 Ma to 20 Ma, the plasma sheath enhances the backscattering of the blunt cone when frequencies are below 1.5 GHz, and it reduces the backward RCSs of the blunt cone as frequency ranges from 1.5 GHz to 13.5 GHz. The plasma sheath has a larger attenuation effect for frequency lying in the range of 2 GHz to 6 GHz, but it has little influence on the backward electromagnetic scattering characteristics when frequencies are above 14 GHz.

Microwave fluid flow meter

DOEpatents

Billeter, Thomas R.; Philipp, Lee D.; Schemmel, Richard R.

1976-01-01

A microwave fluid flow meter is described utilizing two spaced microwave sensors positioned along a fluid flow path. Each sensor includes a microwave cavity having a frequency of resonance dependent upon the static pressure of the fluid at the sensor locations. The resonant response of each cavity with respect to a variation in pressure of the monitored fluid is represented by a corresponding electrical output which can be calibrated into a direct pressure reading. The pressure drop between sensor locations is then correlated as a measure of fluid velocity. In the preferred embodiment the individual sensor cavities are strategically positioned outside the path of fluid flow and are designed to resonate in two distinct frequency modes yielding a measure of temperature as well as pressure. The temperature response can then be used in correcting for pressure responses of the microwave cavity encountered due to temperature fluctuations.

Hydrological and Geoelectrical monitoring of Landslides in the tropical Andes: Case Study Medellín - Colombia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loaiza-Usuga, J. C.; Monsalve, G.; Arce, L.; Vahos, L. S.; Smolikova, J.; Alzate, J. A.; Ramirez-Hoyos, L.

2016-12-01

With the aim of understanding the dynamics of landslides in the tropical Andes of Colombia, we started a long-term project of monitoring different variables that might play a significant role in triggering mass movements. We selected an area of high slopes and active geomorphic processes in the city of Medellín - Colombia. Landslides in this area are mostly triggered by rain, and their frequency is known to be highly correlated with the bimodal distribution of rainfall that characterizes the region. After a stage of geologic and geomorphic mapping, we selected an area of active landslide processes of nearly 6 square kilometers, which is clearly affecting the nearby roads. We installed some basic equipment to measure several hydrologic variables in the soil, such as porosity, moisture, infiltration and percolation, obtaining clearly differentiated estimations for the dry and wet seasons. We also conducted several electrical resistivity tests, which included vertical soundings at specific locations along the slope, electromagnetic induction measurements to constrain lateral heterogeneity at those locations, and a resistivity tomography along the direction of maximum slope. Preliminary results suggest the presence of a layer of a debris flow about 4 m thick on top of a more consolidated material. The water table seems to fluctuate within the debris flow. The average infiltration and percolation decrease during the wet season by nearly 20% and 61% respectively. According to the measurements taken up to date, we speculate that the landslide dynamics is linked to subsurface flow in the first meters / tens of centimeters of the soil, favored by the high porosity, the presence of a fluctuating water table between 1.5 and 3 m deep, and the large contrast in electrical resistivity at a depth of 4 m.

Sea Salt Aerosol, Atmospheric Radon and Meteorological Observations in the Western South Atlantic Ocean (February 1981).

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-28

approximately isokinetic sampling conditions. The blower motor for the hi-vol was separated from the filter holder unit by a one- meter length of flexible...bridge bulkhead about 15 m above sea level and within 3 meters of the ARCAS inlet. The flow rate through the 20 cm x 25 cm glass fiber filters was...materials, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture and vegetative cover (Larson and Bressan, 1980). Radon concentrations measured a few meters above

Geophysical investigation of Red Devil mine using direct-current resistivity and electromagnetic induction, Red Devil, Alaska, August 2010

USGS Publications Warehouse

Burton, Bethany L.; Ball, Lyndsay B.

2011-01-01

Red Devil Mine, located in southwestern Alaska near the Village of Red Devil, was the state's largest producer of mercury and operated from 1933 to 1971. Throughout the lifespan of the mine, various generations of mills and retort buildings existed on both sides of Red Devil Creek, and the tailings and waste rock were deposited across the site. The mine was located on public Bureau of Land Management property, and the Bureau has begun site remediation by addressing mercury, arsenic, and antimony contamination caused by the minerals associated with the ore deposit (cinnabar, stibnite, realgar, and orpiment). In August 2010, the U.S. Geological Survey completed a geophysical survey at the site using direct-current resistivity and electromagnetic induction surface methods. Eight two-dimensional profiles and one three-dimensional grid of direct-current resistivity data as well as about 5.7 kilometers of electromagnetic induction profile data were acquired across the site. On the basis of the geophysical data and few available soil borings, there is not sufficient electrical or electromagnetic contrast to confidently distinguish between tailings, waste rock, and weathered bedrock. A water table is interpreted along the two-dimensional direct-current resistivity profiles based on correlation with monitoring well water levels and a relatively consistent decrease in resistivity typically at 2-6 meters depth. Three settling ponds used in the last few years of mine operation to capture silt and sand from a flotation ore processing technique possessed conductive values above the interpreted water level but more resistive values below the water level. The cause of the increased resistivity below the water table is unknown, but the increased resistivity may indicate that a secondary mechanism is affecting the resistivity structure under these ponds if the depth of the ponds is expected to extend below the water level. The electromagnetic induction data clearly identified the three monofills and indicate, in conjunction with the three-dimensional resistivity data, additional possible landfill features on the north side of Red Devil Creek. No obvious shallow feature was identified as a possible source for a spring that is feeding into Red Devil Creek from the north bank. However, a discrete, nearly vertical conductive feature observed on the direct-current resistivity line that passes within 5 meters of the spring may be worth investigating. Additional deep soil borings that better differentiate between tailings, waste rock, and weathered bedrock may be very useful in more confidently identifying these rock types in the direct-current resistivity data.