Multi-scale theory-assisted nano-engineering of plasmonic-organic hybrid electro-optic device performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elder, Delwin L.; Johnson, Lewis E.; Tillack, Andreas F.; Robinson, Bruce H.; Haffner, Christian; Heni, Wolfgang; Hoessbacher, Claudia; Fedoryshyn, Yuriy; Salamin, Yannick; Baeuerle, Benedikt; Josten, Arne; Ayata, Masafumi; Koch, Ueli; Leuthold, Juerg; Dalton, Larry R.

2018-02-01

Multi-scale (correlated quantum and statistical mechanics) modeling methods have been advanced and employed to guide the improvement of organic electro-optic (OEO) materials, including by analyzing electric field poling induced electro-optic activity in nanoscopic plasmonic-organic hybrid (POH) waveguide devices. The analysis of in-device electro-optic activity emphasizes the importance of considering both the details of intermolecular interactions within organic electro-optic materials and interactions at interfaces between OEO materials and device architectures. Dramatic improvement in electro-optic device performance-including voltage-length performance, bandwidth, energy efficiency, and lower optical losses have been realized. These improvements are critical to applications in telecommunications, computing, sensor technology, and metrology. Multi-scale modeling methods illustrate the complexity of improving the electro-optic activity of organic materials, including the necessity of considering the trade-off between improving poling-induced acentric order through chromophore modification and the reduction of chromophore number density associated with such modification. Computational simulations also emphasize the importance of developing chromophore modifications that serve multiple purposes including matrix hardening for enhanced thermal and photochemical stability, control of matrix dimensionality, influence on material viscoelasticity, improvement of chromophore molecular hyperpolarizability, control of material dielectric permittivity and index of refraction properties, and control of material conductance. Consideration of new device architectures is critical to the implementation of chipscale integration of electronics and photonics and achieving the high bandwidths for applications such as next generation (e.g., 5G) telecommunications.

Use of layer strains in strained-layer superlattices to make devices for operation in new wavelength ranges, E. G. , InAsSb at 8 to 12. mu. m. [InAs/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x/

DOEpatents

Osbourn, G.C.

1983-10-06

An intrinsic semiconductor electro-optical device comprises a p-n junction intrinsically responsive, when cooled, to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 8 to 12 ..mu..m. This radiation responsive p-n junction comprises a strained-layer superlattice (SLS) of alternating layers of two different III-V semiconductors. The lattice constants of the two semiconductors are mismatched, whereby a total strain is imposed on each pair of alternating semiconductor layers in the SLS structure, the proportion of the total strain which acts on each layer of the pair being proportional to the ratio of the layer thicknesses of each layer in the pair.

Barium Titanate Photonic Crystal Electro-Optic Modulators for Telecommunication and Data Network Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Girouard, Peter D.

The microwave, optical, and electro-optic properties of epitaxial barium titanate thin films grown on (100) MgO substrates and photonic crystal electro-optic modulators fabricated on these films were investigated to demonstrate the applicability of these devices for telecommunication and data networks. The electrical and electro-optical properties were characterized up to modulation frequencies of 50 GHz, and the optical properties of photonic crystal waveguides were determined for wavelengths spanning the optical C band between 1500 and 1580 nm. Microwave scattering parameters were measured on coplanar stripline devices with electrode gap spacings between 5 and 12 mum on barium titanate films with thicknesses between 230 and 680 nm. The microwave index and device characteristic impedance were obtained from the measurements. Larger (lower) microwave indices (impedances) were obtained for devices with narrower electrode gap spacings and on thicker films. Thinner film devices have both lower index mismatch between the co-propagating microwave and optical signals and lower impedance mismatch to a 50O system, resulting in a larger predicted electro-optical 3 dB bandwidth. This was experimentally verified with electro-optical frequency response measurements. These observations were applied to demonstrate a record high 28 GHz electro-optic bandwidth measured for a BaTiO3 conventional ridge waveguide modulator having 1mm long electrodes and 12 mum gap spacing on a 260nm thick film. The half-wave voltage and electro-optic coefficients of barium titanate modulators were measured for films having thicknesses between 260 and 500 nm. The half-wave voltage was directly measured at low frequencies using a polarizer-sample-compensator-analyzer setup by over-driving waveguide integrated modulators beyond their linear response regime. Effective in-device electro-optic coefficients were obtained from the measured half-wave voltages. The effective electro-optic coefficients were found to increase with both applied electrical dc bias and with film thickness. A record low 0.39V ˙ cm (0.45V ˙ cm) voltage-length product was measured for barium titanate modulators operating at telecommunication wavelengths on a device with 5 ?m electrode gap spacing on a 500nm thick film modulated at a frequency of 100 Hz (1 MHz). This measured voltage-length product is more than a factor of 5 lower than that reported for state-of-the-art silicon conventional waveguide modulators. The electro-optical characterization of BaTiO3 films revealed a trade-off that exists for traveling wave BaTiO3 modulators: lower voltages are obtained in thicker film devices with narrow electrode gap spacing while larger bandwidths are obtained in thinner film devices with wider electrode gap spacing. These findings were supported by calculations of the film thickness dependent half-wave voltage and electro-optic bandwidth. In order to demonstrate modulators having simultaneously low voltage operation and high electro-optic bandwidth, photonic crystal waveguide modulators with large group index were investigated through theory and experiment. The theory for slow light phase delay in linear optical materials was extended for second order nonlinear optical materials. This theory was incorporated into a detailed model for predicting photonic crystal modulator performance in terms of voltage-length product and electro-optic bandwidth. Modeling shows that barium titanate photonic crystal modulators with sub-millimeter length, sub-volt operation, and greater than 40 GHz electro-optic bandwidth are achievable in a single device. Two types of photonic crystal waveguides (PC) on BaTiO3 films were designed, fabricated, and characterized: waveguides with hexagonal lattice symmetry and waveguides with hexagonal symmetry having a line defect oriented in the direction of light propagation. Excellent agreement was obtained between the simulated and measured transmission for hexagonal lattice PC waveguides. An extinction of 20 dB was measured across a 9.9 nm stop band edge, yielding a record large band edge sharpness of 2 dB/nm for all photonic crystal waveguides on ferroelectric films. A 12-fold enhancement of the electro-optic coefficient was measured via optical spectral analysis in a line defect BaTiO3 modulator, yielding an effective electro-optic coefficient of 900 pm/V in the photonic crystal region at a modulation frequency of 10 GHz. This enhancement was demonstrated over a 48 nm range, demonstrating the wideband operation of these devices.

Analysis of Polarizing Optical Systems for Digital Optical Computing with Symmetric Self Electrooptic Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-31

I AD-A232 768 I Annual Report Analysis of Polarizing Optical Systems for Digital Optical Computing with I ’ Symmetric Self Electrooptic Devices I To...TTU AND SuSiIU S. PUNDIN mUMBERS Polarizing Optical Systems for Digital Optical Computing with Symmetric Self Electrooptic Devices AFOSR-89-0542 C...UTION COO$ UNLIMITED 13. ABSTRACT (MAxnum00woUw Two architectural approaches have dominated the field of optical computing . The first appAch uses

Durable electrooptic devices comprising ionic liquids

DOEpatents

Warner, Benjamin P [Los Alamos, NM; McCleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos, NM; Burrell, Anthony K [Los Alamos, NM

2006-10-10

Electrolyte solutions for electrochromic devices such as rear view mirrors and displays with low leakage currents are prepared using inexpensive, low conductivity conductors. Preferred electrolytes include bifunctional redox dyes and molten salt solvents with enhanced stability toward ultraviolet radiation. The solvents include lithium or quaternary ammonium cations, and perfluorinated sulfonylimide anions selected from trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.-), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.-), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF.sub.3CF.sub.2SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.-) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.3C.sup.-). Electroluminescent, electrochromic and photoelectrochromic devices with nanostructured electrodes include ionic liquids with bifunctional redox dyes.

Active mode-locked lasers and other photonic devices using electro-optic whispering gallery mode resonators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matsko, Andrey B. (Inventor); Ilchenko, Vladimir (Inventor); Savchenkov, Anatoliy (Inventor); Maleki, Lutfollah (Inventor)

2006-01-01

Techniques and devices using whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical resonators, where the optical materials of the WGM resonators exhibit an electro-optical effect to perform optical modulation. Examples of actively mode-locked lasers and other devices are described.

Polymer electro-optic waveguide devices: Low-loss etchless fabrication techniques and passive-to-active integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geary, Kevin

The development of high-frequency polymer electro-optic modulators has seen steady and significant progress in recent years, yet applications of these promising materials to more complicated integrated optic structures and arrays of devices have been limited primarily due to high optical waveguide loss characteristics. This is unfortunate since a major advantage of polymers as photonic materials is their compatibility with photolithographic processing of large components. In this Dissertation, etchless waveguide writing techniques are presented in order to improve the overall optical insertion loss of electro-optic polymer waveguide devices. These techniques include poling-induced writing, stress-induced waveguide writing, and photobleaching. Using these waveguide writing mechanisms, we have demonstrated straight waveguides, phase modulators, Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators, variable optical attenuators, and multimode interference (MMI) power splitters, all with improved loss characteristics over their etched rib waveguide counterparts. Ultimately, the insertion loss of an integrated optic device is limited by the actual material loss of the core waveguide material. In this Dissertation, passive-to-active polymer waveguide transitions are proposed to circumvent this problem. These transitions are compact, in-plane, self-aligned, and require no tapering of any physical dimensions of the waveguides. By utilizing both the time-dependent and intensity-dependent photobleaching characteristics of electro-optic polymer materials, adiabatic refractive index tapers can be seamlessly coupled to in-plane butt couple transitions, resulting in losses as low as 0.1 dB per interface. By integrating passive polymer planar lightwave circuits with the high-speed phase shifting capability of electro-optic polymers, active wideband photonic devices of increased size and complexity can be realized. Optical fiber-to-device coupling can also result in significant contributions to the overall insertion loss of an integrated electro-optic polymer device. In this Dissertation, we leverage the photobleached refractive index taper component of our proposed passive-to-active polymer waveguide transitions in order to realize a two-dimensional optical mode transformer for improved overall fiber-to-device coupling of electro-optic polymer waveguide devices.

Electro-optic Q-switch

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zou, Yingyin (Inventor); Chen, Qiushui (Inventor); Zhang, Run (Inventor); Jiang, Hua (Inventor)

2006-01-01

An electro-optic Q-switch for generating sequence of laser pulses was disclosed. The Q-switch comprises a quadratic electro-optic material and is connected with an electronic unit generating a radio frequency wave with positive and negative pulses alternatively. The Q-switch is controlled by the radio frequency wave in such a way that laser pulse is generated when the radio frequency wave changes its polarity.

Electro-optic studies of novel organic materials and devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jianjun

1997-11-01

Specific single crystal organic materials have high potential for use in high speed optical signal processing and various other electro-optic applications. In this project some of the most important organic crystal materials were studied regarding their detailed electro- optic properties and potential device applications. In particular, the electro-optic properties of N-(4- Nitrophenyl)-L-Prolinol (NPP) and 4'-N,N- dimethylamino-4-methylstilbazolium tosylate (DAST) both of which have extremely large second order susceptibilites were studied. The orientation of the thin film crystal with respect to the substrate surface was determined using-X-ray diffraction. The principal axes of the single crystal thin film were determined by polarization transmission microscopy. The elements of the electro-optic coefficient tensor were measured by field induced birefringence measurements. Detailed measurements for NPP thin films with different orientations of the external electric field with respect to the charge transfer axis were carried out at a wavelength of 1064nm. The wavelength dependence of the electro-optic effect for DAST single crystal thin films was measured using a Ti:Sapphire laser. Several device geometries involving organic single crystal thin film materials were studied. A new method for the fabrication of channel waveguides for organic materials was initiated. Channel waveguides for NPP and ABP were obtained using this methods. Optical modulation due to the electro-optic effect based on the organic channel waveguide for NPP single crystal was demonstrated. The electro-optic modulation using NPP single crystals thin film in a Fabry-Perot cavity was measured. A device using a optical fiber half coupler and organic electro-optic thin film material was constructed, and it has potential applications in optical signal processing.

High signal-to-noise-ratio electro-optical terahertz imaging system based on an optical demodulating detector array.

PubMed

Spickermann, Gunnar; Friederich, Fabian; Roskos, Hartmut G; Bolívar, Peter Haring

2009-11-01

We present a 64x48 pixel 2D electro-optical terahertz (THz) imaging system using a photonic mixing device time-of-flight camera as an optical demodulating detector array. The combination of electro-optic detection with a time-of-flight camera increases sensitivity drastically, enabling the use of a nonamplified laser source for high-resolution real-time THz electro-optic imaging.

Airborne Electro-Optical Sensor Simulation System. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayworth, Don

The total system capability, including all the special purpose and general purpose hardware comprising the Airborne Electro-Optical Sensor Simulation (AEOSS) System, is described. The functional relationship between hardware portions is described together with interface to the software portion of the computer image generation. Supporting rationale…

Reversible electro-optic device employing aprotic molten salts and method

DOEpatents

Warner, Benjamin P [Los Alamos, NM; McCleskey, T Mark [Los Alamos, NM; Burrell, Anthony K [Los Alamos, NM; Hall, Simon B [Palmerston North, NZ

2008-01-08

A single-compartment reversible mirror device having a solution of aprotic molten salt, at least one soluble metal-containing species comprising metal capable of being electrodeposited, and at least one anodic compound capable of being oxidized was prepared. The aprotic molten salt is liquid at room temperature and includes lithium and/or quaternary ammonium cations, and anions selected from trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF.sub.3SO.sub.3.sup.-), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.-), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF.sub.3CF.sub.2SO.sub.2).sub.2N.sup.-) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF.sub.3SO.sub.2).sub.3C.sup.-). A method for preparing substantially pure molten salts is also described.

Reversible Electro-Optic Device Employing Aprotic Molten Salts And Method

DOEpatents

Warner, Benjamin P.; McCleskey, T. Mark; Burrell, Anthony K.; Hall, Simon B.

2005-03-01

A single-compartment reversible mirror device having a solution of aprotic molten salt, at least one soluble metal-containing species comprising metal capable of being electrodeposited, and at least one anodic compound capable of being oxidized was prepared. The aprotic molten salt is liquid at room temperature and includes lithium and/or quaternary ammonium cations, and anions selected from trifluoromethylsulfonate (CF.sub.3 SO.sub.3.sup.-), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF.sub.3 SO.sub.2).sub.2 N.sup.-), bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide ((CF.sub.3 CF.sub.2 SO.sub.2).sub.2 N.sup.-) and tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide ((CF.sub.3 SO.sub.2).sub.3 C.sup.-). A method for preparing substantially pure molten salts is also described.

Integration of a waveguide self-electrooptic effect device and a vertically coupled interconnect waveguide

DOEpatents

Vawter, G Allen [Corrales, NM

2008-02-26

A self-electrooptic effect device ("SEED") is integrated with waveguide interconnects through the use of vertical directional couplers. Light initially propagating in the interconnect waveguide is vertically coupled to the active waveguide layer of the SEED and, if the SEED is in the transparent state, the light is coupled back to the interconnect waveguide.

Highly Non-Linear Optical (NLO) organic crystals and films. Electrooptical organic materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmanus, Samuel P.; Rosenberger, Franz; Matthews, John

1987-01-01

Devices employing nonlinear optics (NLO) hold great promise for important applications in integrated optics, optical information processing and telecommunications. Properly designed organics possess outstanding optical and electrooptical properties which will substantially advance many technologies including electrooptical switching, optical amplification for communications, and parallel processing for hybrid optical computers. A brief comparison of organic and inorganic materials is given.

Organic crystalline films for optical applications and related methods of fabrication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leyderman, Alexander (Inventor); Cui, Yunlong (Inventor)

2003-01-01

The present invention provides organic single crystal films of less than 20 .mu.m, and devices and methods of making such films. The crystal films are useful in electro-optical applications and can be provided as part of an electro-optical device which provides strength, durability, and relative ease of manipulation of the mono-crystalline films during and after crystal growth.

Present status of metrology of electro-optical surveillance systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chrzanowski, K.

2017-10-01

There has been a significant progress in equipment for testing electro-optical surveillance systems over the last decade. Modern test systems are increasingly computerized, employ advanced image processing and offer software support in measurement process. However, one great challenge, in form of relative low accuracy, still remains not solved. It is quite common that different test stations, when testing the same device, produce different results. It can even happen that two testing teams, while working on the same test station, with the same tested device, produce different results. Rapid growth of electro-optical technology, poor standardization, limited metrology infrastructure, subjective nature of some measurements, fundamental limitations from laws of physics, tendering rules and advances in artificial intelligence are major factors responsible for such situation. Regardless, next decade should bring significant improvements, since improvement in measurement accuracy is needed to sustain fast growth of electro-optical surveillance technology.

High-Q photonic resonators and electro-optic coupling using silicon-on-lithium-niobate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Witmer, Jeremy D.; Valery, Joseph A.; Arrangoiz-Arriola, Patricio; Sarabalis, Christopher J.; Hill, Jeff T.; Safavi-Naeini, Amir H.

2017-04-01

Future quantum networks, in which superconducting quantum processors are connected via optical links, will require microwave-to-optical photon converters that preserve entanglement. A doubly-resonant electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a promising platform to realize this conversion. Here, we present our progress towards building such a modulator by demonstrating the optically-resonant half of the device. We demonstrate high quality (Q) factor ring, disk and photonic crystal resonators using a hybrid silicon-on-lithium-niobate material system. Optical Q factors up to 730,000 are achieved, corresponding to propagation loss of 0.8 dB/cm. We also use the electro-optic effect to modulate the resonance frequency of a photonic crystal cavity, achieving a electro-optic modulation coefficient between 1 and 2 pm/V. In addition to quantum technology, we expect that our results will be useful both in traditional silicon photonics applications and in high-sensitivity acousto-optic devices.

Electro-optical co-simulation for integrated CMOS photonic circuits with VerilogA.

PubMed

Sorace-Agaskar, Cheryl; Leu, Jonathan; Watts, Michael R; Stojanovic, Vladimir

2015-10-19

We present a Cadence toolkit library written in VerilogA for simulation of electro-optical systems. We have identified and described a set of fundamental photonic components at the physical level such that characteristics of composite devices (e.g. ring modulators) are created organically - by simple instantiation of fundamental primitives. Both the amplitude and phase of optical signals as well as optical-electrical interactions are simulated. We show that the results match other simulations and analytic solutions that have previously been compared to theory for both simple devices, such as ring resonators, and more complicated devices and systems such as single-sideband modulators, WDM links and Pound Drever Hall Locking loops. We also illustrate the capability of such toolkit for co-simulation with electronic circuits, which is a key enabler of the electro-optic system development and verification.

A Novel Coupled Resonator Photonic Crystal Design in Lithium Niobate for Electrooptic Applications

DOE PAGES

Ozturk, Birol; Yavuzcetin, Ozgur; Sridhar, Srinivas

2015-01-01

High-aspect-ratio photonic crystal air-hole fabrication on bulk Lithium Niobate (LN) substrates is extremely difficult due to its inherent resistance to etching, resulting in conical structures and high insertion losses. Here, we propose a novel coupled resonator photonic crystal (CRPC) design, combining a coupled resonator approach with that of Bragg gratings. CRPC design parameters were optimized by analytical calculations and FDTD simulations. CRPC structures with optimized parameters were fabricated and electrooptically tested on bulk LN annealed proton exchange waveguides. Low insertion loss and large electrooptic effect were observed with the fabricated devices, making the CRPC design a promising structure for electroopticmore » device applications.« less

Electro-optical characterization of GaAs solar cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Olsen, Larry C.; Dunham, Glen; Addis, F. W.; Huber, Dan; Daling, Dave

1987-01-01

The electro-optical characterization of gallium arsenide p/n solar cells is discussed. The objective is to identify and understand basic mechanisms which limit the performance of high efficiency gallium arsenide solar cells. The approach involves conducting photoresponse and temperature dependent current-voltage measurements, and interpretation of the data in terms of theory to determine key device parameters. Depth concentration profiles are also utilized in formulating a model to explain device performance.

1-D ELECTRO-OPTIC BEAM STEERING DEVICE

PubMed Central

Wang, Wei-Chih; Tsui, Chi Leung

2011-01-01

In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of a 1D beam steering device based on planar electro-optic thermal-plastic prisms and a collimator lens array. With the elimination of moving parts, the proposed device is able to overcome the mechanical limitations of present scanning devices, such as fatigue and low operating frequency, while maintaining a small system footprint (~0.5mm×0.5mm). From experimental data, our prototype device is able to achieve a maximum deflection angle of 5.6° for a single stage prism design and 29.2° for a cascaded three prisms stage design. The lens array shows a 4µm collimated beam diameter. PMID:22199458

CuInS2/ZnS QD-ferroelectric liquid crystal mixtures for faster electro-optical devices and their energy storage aspects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Dharmendra Pratap; Vimal, Tripti; Mange, Yatin J.; Varia, Mahesh C.; Nann, Thomas; Pandey, K. K.; Manohar, Rajiv; Douali, Redouane

2018-01-01

CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (CIS/ZnS QDs) dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mixtures have been characterized for their application in electro-optical devices, energy storage, and solar cells. Physical properties of the CIS/ZnS QD-FLC (ferroelectric liquid crystal) mixtures have also been investigated with varying QD concentrations in order to optimize the critical concentration of QDs in mixtures. The presence of QDs breaks the geometrical symmetry in the FLC matrix, which results in a change in the physical properties of the mixtures. We observed the reduced values of primary and secondary order parameters (tilt angle and spontaneous polarization, respectively) for mixtures, which also depend on the concentration of QDs. The reduction of spontaneous polarization in QDs-FLC mixtures is attributed to the adverse role of flexoelectric contribution in the mixtures. The 92% faster electro-optic response and enhanced capacitance indicate the possible application of these mixtures in electro-optical devices and solar cells. Photoluminescence emission of pure FLC and QDs-FLC mixtures has been thermally tailored, which is explained by suitable models.

Graphene electrodes for lithium-niobate electro-optic devices.

PubMed

Chang, Zeshan; Jin, Wei; Chiang, Kin Seng

2018-04-15

We propose and demonstrate the use of graphene electrodes for lithium-niobate electro-optic (EO) devices to exempt the need of incorporating a buffer layer between the waveguide and the electrodes. Using graphene electrodes, our experimental mode converter, based on an EO-generated long-period grating in a LiNbO 3 waveguide, shows a reduction in the half-π voltage by almost three times, compared with the conventional electrode design using metal. With the buffer layer exempted, the device fabrication process is also significantly simplified. The use of graphene electrodes is an effective approach to enhancing the efficiency of EO devices and, at the same time, reducing their fabrication cost.

Direct electro-optic effect in langasites and α-quartz

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov, Vadim

2018-05-01

Strain-constant (clamped) electro-optic coefficients r11S of langasite La3Ga5SiO14 (LGS), langatate La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 (LGT), catangasite Ca3TaGa3Si2O14 (CTGS) and α-quartz are measured at 1540 nm in the frequency range of 3-25 MHz. Experimental ratio of clamped and unclamped electro-optic coefficients r11S/r11T is 0.97 for LGS, 0.91 for LGT, 0.31 for CTGS, and 0.49 for quartz. Most of direct electro-optic effect in LGS and LGT is associated with lanthanum ions: clamped electro-optic coefficient r11S in lanthanum-free CTGS is 14 times less than in LGS. Low piezoelectric contribution to unclamped electro-optic coefficient r11T makes LGS and LGT promising materials for electro-optic devices, whose performance can be deteriorated by piezoelectric effect, especially, for high-voltage optical voltage sensors.

Electro-optic KTN Devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yagi, Shogo; Fujiura, Kazuo

We have grown KTN crystals with optical quality, and developed high-speed beam deflectors and variable focal length lenses based on KTN's large electro-optic effect.　Furthermore, by using the KTN beam deflectors, we have developed a swept light source for OCT operable at 200 kHz.

InP/ZnS quantum-dot-dispersed nematic liquid crystal illustrating characteristic birefringence and enhanced electro-optical parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy, Aradhana; Pathak, Govind; Herman, Jakub; Inamdar, Sanjeev R.; Srivastava, Atul; Manohar, Rajiv

2018-03-01

The present study investigates the influence of InP/ZnS core/shell QDs on various parameters of Nematic LC sample 1832A, based on 4-(4-alkyl-cyclohexyl)benzene isothiocyanates and 4-(4-alkyl-cyclohexyl)biphenyl isothiocyanates. Observations recorded consist of distinguished functioning of birefringence phenomenon along with characteristic response time measurement. Further study of rotational viscosity and splay elastic constant portrays stupendous behavior strengthening the appositeness of the composites for low-charge consumable devices. The addition of 0.2 ml of core/shell QDs producing more than two times faster response and enhanced birefringence at low-temperature range can be employed in development of thermostable photonic devices. In addition, dielectric properties comprising of relative permittivity and conductivity have been reported supporting the outcome of the investigation in applicative LC-based technologies.

High-Q photonic resonators and electro-optic coupling using silicon-on-lithium-niobate

PubMed Central

Witmer, Jeremy D.; Valery, Joseph A.; Arrangoiz-Arriola, Patricio; Sarabalis, Christopher J.; Hill, Jeff T.; Safavi-Naeini, Amir H.

2017-01-01

Future quantum networks, in which superconducting quantum processors are connected via optical links, will require microwave-to-optical photon converters that preserve entanglement. A doubly-resonant electro-optic modulator (EOM) is a promising platform to realize this conversion. Here, we present our progress towards building such a modulator by demonstrating the optically-resonant half of the device. We demonstrate high quality (Q) factor ring, disk and photonic crystal resonators using a hybrid silicon-on-lithium-niobate material system. Optical Q factors up to 730,000 are achieved, corresponding to propagation loss of 0.8 dB/cm. We also use the electro-optic effect to modulate the resonance frequency of a photonic crystal cavity, achieving a electro-optic modulation coefficient between 1 and 2 pm/V. In addition to quantum technology, we expect that our results will be useful both in traditional silicon photonics applications and in high-sensitivity acousto-optic devices. PMID:28406177

An electro-optic spatial light modulator for thermoelastic generation of programmably focused ultrasound

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1984-12-01

The concept proposed is an electro-optic technique that would make it possible to spatially modulate a high power pulsed laser beam to thermoelastically induce focused ultrasound in a test material. Being a purely electro-optic device, the modulator, and therefore the depth at which the acoustic focus occurs, can be programmed electronically at electronic speeds. If successful, it would become possible to scan ultrasound continuously in three dimensions within the component or structure under test.

High Performance Hermetic Package For LiNbO3 Electro-Optic Waveguide Devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Preston, K. R.; Macdonald, B. M.; Harmon, R. A.; Ford, C. W.; Shaw, R. N.; Reid, I.; Davidson, J. H.; Beaumont, A. R.; Booth, R. C.

1989-02-01

A high performance fibre-tailed package for LiNbO3 electro-optic waveguide devices is described. The package is based around a hermetic metal submodule which contains no epoxy or other organic materials. The LiNbO3 chip is mounted using a soldering technique, and laser welding is used for fibre fixing to give stable, low loss optical coupling to single mode fibres. Optical reflections are minimised by the use of antireflective coatings on the fibre ends and waveguide facets. High speed electrical connections are made via coplanar glass-sealed leadthroughs to LiNb03 travelling wave devices, and packaged device operation to frequencies in excess of 4GHz is demonstrated.

Poling of Microwave Electro-Optic Devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singer, Kenneth D.

1997-01-01

The desire to transmit high frequency, microwave RF signals over fiber optic cables has necessitated the need for electro-optic modulation devices. However, in order to reap these potential benefits, it is necessary to develop the devices and their associated fabrication processes, particularly those processes associated with the poling of the devices. To this end, we entered into a cooperative research agreement with Richard Kunath of NASA LeRC. A graduate student in my group, Tony Kowalczyk, worked closely with the group at NASA to develop processes for construction of a microwave frequency electro-optic modulator. Materials were commercially obtained from Amoco Chemical and in collaboration with Lockheed-Martin. The photolithography processes were developed at NASA LeRC and the electric-field poling process was carried out in our laboratory at CWRU. During the grant period, the poling process conditions were investigated for these multilayer devices. Samples were poled and the resulting nonlinear optical properties were evaluated in our laboratory. Following the grant period, Kowalczyk went to NASA under a NRC fellowship, and I continued to collaborate as a consultant. Publications listed at the end of this report came out of this work. Another manuscript is in preparation and will be submitted shortly.

Generation of arbitrarily shaped picosecond optical pulses using an integrated electrooptic waveguide modulator.

PubMed

Haner, M; Warren, W S

1987-09-01

We have produced complex software adjustable laser pulse shapes with ~10-ps resolution, and pulse energies up to 100 microJ for spectroscopic applications. The key devices are a high damage threshold electrooptic directional coupler and a GaAs circuit for synthesizing arbitrarily shaped microwave pulses.

Fabry-Perot Interferometer-Based Electrooptic Modulator using LiNbO3 and Organic Thin Films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Banks, C.; Frazier, D.; Penn, B.; Abdeldayem, H.; Sharma, A.; Yelleswarapu, C.; Leyderman, Alexander; Correa, Margarita; Curreri, Peter A. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

We report the study of a Fabry-Perot electro-optical modulator using thin crystalline film NPP, and Crystalline LiNbO3. We are able to observe 14, and 60 percent degree of modulation. Measurements were carried using a standard lock-in amplifier with a silicon detector. The proposal to design a Fabry-Perot electro-optic modulator with an intracavity electro-optically active organic material was based on the initial results using poled polymer thin films. The main feature of the proposed device is the observation that in traditional electrooptic modulators like a Packets cell, it requires few kilovolts of driving voltage to cause a 3 dB modulation even in high figure-of-merit electrooptic materials like LiNbO3. The driving voltage for the modulator can be reduced to as low as 10 volts by introducing the electrooptic material inside die resonant cavity of a Fabry-Perot modulator. This is because the transmission of the Fabry-Perot cavity varies nonlinearly with the change of refractive index or phase of light due to applied electric field.

High performance electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrooptical devices enabled by three dimensionally ordered nanodots and nanorods

DOEpatents

Goyal, Amit , Kang; Sukill, [Knoxville, TN

2012-02-21

Novel articles and methods to fabricate same with self-assembled nanodots and/or nanorods of a single or multicomponent material within another single or multicomponent material for use in electrical, electronic, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrooptical devices is disclosed. Self-assembled nanodots and/or nanorods are ordered arrays wherein ordering occurs due to strain minimization during growth of the materials. A simple method to accomplish this when depositing in-situ films is also disclosed. Device applications of resulting materials are in areas of superconductivity, photovoltaics, ferroelectrics, magnetoresistance, high density storage, solid state lighting, non-volatile memory, photoluminescence, thermoelectrics and in quantum dot lasers.

Tutorial: Integrated-photonic switching structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soref, Richard

2018-02-01

Recent developments in waveguided 2 × 2 and N × M photonic switches are reviewed, including both broadband and narrowband resonant devices for the Si, InP, and AlN platforms. Practical actuation of switches by electro-optical and thermo-optical techniques is discussed. Present datacom-and-computing applications are reviewed, and potential applications are proposed for chip-scale photonic and optoelectronic integrated switching networks. Potential is found in the reconfigurable, programmable "mesh" switches that enable a promising group of applications in new areas beyond those in data centers and cloud servers. Many important matrix switches use gated semiconductor optical amplifiers. The family of broadband, directional-coupler 2 × 2 switches featuring two or three side-coupled waveguides deserves future experimentation, including devices that employ phase-change materials. The newer 2 × 2 resonant switches include standing-wave resonators, different from the micro-ring traveling-wave resonators. The resonant devices comprise nanobeam interferometers, complex-Bragg interferometers, and asymmetric contra-directional couplers. Although the fast, resonant devices offer ultralow switching energy, ˜1 fJ/bit, they have limitations. They require several trade-offs when deployed, but they do have practical application.

Testing and characterizations of infrared sensor over the temperature range of 2 Kelvin to 300 Kelvin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hansen, R. G.

1983-01-01

Various cryogenic techniques were used to evaluate state of the art electro-optic devices. As research, development, and production demands require more sensitive testing techniques, faster test results, and higher production throughput, the emphasis on supporting cryogenic systems increases. The three traditional methods currently utilized in electro-optic device testing are discussed: (1) liquid contaiment dewars; (2) liquid transfer systems; and (3) closed cycle refrigeration systems. Advantages, disadvantages, and the current state of the art of each of these cryogenic techniques is discussed.

Electro-optical system for gunshot detection: analysis, concept, and performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kastek, M.; Dulski, R.; Madura, H.; Trzaskawka, P.; Bieszczad, G.; Sosnowski, T.

2011-08-01

The paper discusses technical possibilities to build an effective electro-optical sensor unit for sniper detection using infrared cameras. This unit, comprising of thermal and daylight cameras, can operate as a standalone device but its primary application is a multi-sensor sniper and shot detection system. At first, the analysis was presented of three distinguished phases of sniper activity: before, during and after the shot. On the basis of experimental data the parameters defining the relevant sniper signatures were determined which are essential in assessing the capability of infrared camera to detect sniper activity. A sniper body and muzzle flash were analyzed as targets and the descriptions of phenomena which make it possible to detect sniper activities in infrared spectra as well as analysis of physical limitations were performed. The analyzed infrared systems were simulated using NVTherm software. The calculations for several cameras, equipped with different lenses and detector types were performed. The simulation of detection ranges was performed for the selected scenarios of sniper detection tasks. After the analysis of simulation results, the technical specifications of infrared sniper detection system were discussed, required to provide assumed detection range. Finally the infrared camera setup was proposed which can detected sniper from 1000 meters range.

Thermal annealing and single-domain preparation in tetragonal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 crystal for electro-optic and non-linear optical applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Ye; Wang, Sanhong; Fu, Xiaotian; Zhuang, Yongyong; Yang, Rui; Yang, Zhi; Li, Zhenrong; Xu, Zhuo; Wei, Xiaoyong

2018-02-01

The relaxor-PbTiO3 single crystal has attracted extensive attention in ultrasound transducers, sensors, actuators, and optoelectronics devices due to its excellent piezoelectric response and electro-optic properties. Preparation of a single-domain crystal as a critical process for application in electro-optic and non-linear optical devices suffers from serious and inevitable cracking. Therefore, a pre-poling thermal annealing process was suggested to release residual stress from crystal growth and the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition, which significantly reduced the chance of cracking. The effect of thermal annealing on dielectric properties, strain behavior, and domain structure were investigated. As a result, a significant increase of the dielectric constant near room temperature was obtained after annealing, which is close to the dielectric constant of the a-oriented domain. The annealed single crystal showed a lower and sharper strain peak at the coercive electric field compared with the unannealed sample, and the 90° domain walls completely vanished, which was verified by optical microscopy. The crack-free single-domain crystal showed excellent optical quality, with high transmittance of approximately 70% in the visible and near-infrared regions, which indicates that this crystal is a promising candidate for applications in electro-optic and non-linear optical devices.

High Bandwidth Optical Links for Micro-Satellite Support

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chao, Tien-Hsin (Inventor); Wilson, Keith E. (Inventor); Coste, Keith (Inventor)

2016-01-01

A method, systems, apparatus and device enable high bandwidth satellite communications. An onboard tracking detector, installed in a low-earth orbit satellite, detects a position of an incoming optical beam received/transmitted from a first ground station of one or more ground stations. Tracker electronics determine orientation information of the incoming optical beam based on the position. Control electronics receive the orientation information from the tracker electronics, and control a waveguide drive electronics. The waveguide drive electronics control a voltage that is provided to an electro-optic waveguide beam steering device. The electro-optic waveguide beam steering device steers an outgoing optical beam to one of the one or more ground stations based on the voltage.

Optical Peaking Enhancement in High-Speed Ring Modulators

PubMed Central

Müller, J.; Merget, F.; Azadeh, S. Sharif; Hauck, J.; García, S. Romero; Shen, B.; Witzens, J.

2014-01-01

Ring resonator modulators (RRM) combine extreme compactness, low power consumption and wavelength division multiplexing functionality, making them a frontrunner for addressing the scalability requirements of short distance optical links. To extend data rates beyond the classically assumed bandwidth capability, we derive and experimentally verify closed form equations of the electro-optic response and asymmetric side band generation resulting from inherent transient time dynamics and leverage these to significantly improve device performance. An equivalent circuit description with a commonly used peaking amplifier model allows straightforward assessment of the effect on existing communication system architectures. A small signal analytical expression of peaking in the electro-optic response of RRMs is derived and used to extend the electro-optic bandwidth of the device above 40 GHz as well as to open eye diagrams penalized by intersymbol interference at 32, 40 and 44 Gbps. Predicted peaking and asymmetric side band generation are in excellent agreement with experiments. PMID:25209255

Third-order nonlinear electro-optic measurements in the smectic-? phase

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nowicka, Kamila; Bielejewska, Natalia

2018-02-01

The chiral smectic subphase with three-layer structure, ?, is now of great interest from the point of view of device technologies such as multistate or symmetric switching. We report that the unique nonlinear electro-optic response can serve as precise mark of the phase transition into three-layer structure. The problem is illustrated with the first and third harmonic electro-optic spectra. Furthermore, the characteristic response of the helical liquid crystal phases correlated with particular collective modes using the Debye-type relaxation method for the well-known prototype liquid crystal material (MHPOBC) are presented.

Embodiment of Learning in Electro-Optical Signal Processors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hermans, Michiel; Antonik, Piotr; Haelterman, Marc; Massar, Serge

2016-09-01

Delay-coupled electro-optical systems have received much attention for their dynamical properties and their potential use in signal processing. In particular, it has recently been demonstrated, using the artificial intelligence algorithm known as reservoir computing, that photonic implementations of such systems solve complex tasks such as speech recognition. Here, we show how the backpropagation algorithm can be physically implemented on the same electro-optical delay-coupled architecture used for computation with only minor changes to the original design. We find that, compared to when the backpropagation algorithm is not used, the error rate of the resulting computing device, evaluated on three benchmark tasks, decreases considerably. This demonstrates that electro-optical analog computers can embody a large part of their own training process, allowing them to be applied to new, more difficult tasks.

Embodiment of Learning in Electro-Optical Signal Processors.

PubMed

Hermans, Michiel; Antonik, Piotr; Haelterman, Marc; Massar, Serge

2016-09-16

Delay-coupled electro-optical systems have received much attention for their dynamical properties and their potential use in signal processing. In particular, it has recently been demonstrated, using the artificial intelligence algorithm known as reservoir computing, that photonic implementations of such systems solve complex tasks such as speech recognition. Here, we show how the backpropagation algorithm can be physically implemented on the same electro-optical delay-coupled architecture used for computation with only minor changes to the original design. We find that, compared to when the backpropagation algorithm is not used, the error rate of the resulting computing device, evaluated on three benchmark tasks, decreases considerably. This demonstrates that electro-optical analog computers can embody a large part of their own training process, allowing them to be applied to new, more difficult tasks.

Submicrosecond electro-optic switching in the liquid-crystal smectic A phase: The soft-mode ferroelectric effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andersson, G.; Dahl, I.; Keller, P.; Kuczyński, W.; Lagerwall, S. T.; Skarp, K.; Stebler, B.

1987-08-01

A new liquid-crystal electro-optic modulating device similar to the surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid-crystal device is described. It uses the same kind of ferroelectric chiral smectics and the same geometry as that device (thin sample in the ``bookshelf '' layer arrangement) but instead of using a tilted smectic phase like the C* phase, it utilizes the above-lying, nonferroelectric A phase, taking advantage of the electroclinic effect. The achievable optical intensity modulation that can be detected through the full range of the A phase is considerably lower than for the surface-stabilized device, but the response is much faster. Furthermore, the response is strictly linear with respect to the applied electric field. The device concept is thus appropriate for modulator rather than for display applications. We describe the underlying physics and present measurements of induced tilt angle, of light modulation depth, and of rise time.

Characterization of devices, circuits, and high-temperature superconductor transmission lines by electro-optic testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whitaker, John F.

1991-01-01

The development of a capability for testing transmission lines, devices, and circuits using the optically-based technique of electro-optics sampling was the goal of this project. Electro-optic network analysis of a high-speed device was demonstrated. The project involved research on all of the facets necessary in order to realize this result, including the discovery of the optimum electronic pulse source, development of an adequate test fixture, improvement of the electro-optic probe tip, and identification of a device which responded at high frequency but did not oscillate in the test fixture. In addition, during the process of investigating patterned high-critical-temperature superconductors, several non-contacting techniques for the determination of the transport properties of high T(sub c) films were developed and implemented. These are a transient, optical pump-probe, time-resolved reflectivity experiment, an impulsive-stimulated Raman scattering experiment, and a terahertz-beam coherent-spectroscopy experiment. The latter technique has enabled us to measure both the complex refractive index of an MgO substrate used for high-T(sub c) films and the complex conductivity of a YBa2Cu3O(7-x) sample. This information was acquired across an extremely wide frequency range: from the microwave to the submillimeter-wave regime. The experiments on the YBCO were conducted without patterning of, or contact to, the thin film. Thus, the need for the more difficult transmission-line experiments was eliminated. Progress in all of these areas was made and is documented in a number of papers. These papers may be found in the section listing the abstracts of the publications that were issued during the course of the research.

Integrated Electro-optical Laser-Beam Scanners

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boord, Warren T.

1990-01-01

Scanners using solid-state devices compact, consume little power, and have no moving parts. Integrated electro-optical laser scanner, in conjunction with external lens, points outgoing beam of light in any number of different directions, depending on number of upper electrodes. Offers beam-deflection angles larger than those of acousto-optic scanners. Proposed for such diverse applications as nonimpact laser printing, color imaging, ranging, barcode reading, and robotic vision.

Guided-Wave Optic Devices for Integrated Optic Information Processing.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-08

Modulation and switching of light waves in Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)- Gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) waveguides using Farady rotation , and light...switch, an electrooptic analog-to-digital converter using a Fabry -Perot modula- tor array, and a noncollinear magnetooptic modulator using magnetostatic...data routing in electronic computer networks. ELECTROOPTIC ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER USING CHANNEL WAVEGUIDE FABRY -PEROT MODULATOR ARRAY One of the

Universal Infantry Weapons Trainer (UIWT). Volume 1. M-16 Rifle Model.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

id entityb bloc moo") The Universal Infantry Weapons Trainer (UIWT) is an electro-optic based , micro- computer controlled, training device that...CLASIIClATSON OF THIS PAOt(la., Diat Eaeied) t SUMMARY The Universal Infantry Weapon Trainer (UIWT), is an electro-optic based , microcomputer controlled...Routine Flowchart .... ................ .. 52 111-36 Fixed Base FIFO Operation ...... ................. 54 111-37 Moving Base FIFO Operation

FIBER AND INTEGRATED OPTICS: Radio-frequency electrooptic modulation in optical fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulyuk, A. N.

1992-10-01

The electrooptic interaction in single-mode optical fibers with both linear and circular birefringe is analyzed. In most cases, a large interaction length imposes a limit on the modulation frequency. A circular birefringence in an optical fiber may lead to an effective coupling of polarization normal modes if a phase-matching condition is satisfied. Through an appropriate choice of polarization states of the light at the entrance and exit of the device, one can achieve a polarization modulation or a frequency shift of the light. There are possible applications in rf polarization modulators, devices for shifting the frequency of light, and detectors of electromagnetic fields.

Micro-electro-mechanically switchable near infrared complementary metamaterial absorber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pitchappa, Prakash; Pei Ho, Chong; Institute of Microelectronics

2014-05-19

We experimentally demonstrate a micro-electro-mechanically switchable near infrared complementary metamaterial absorber by integrating the metamaterial layer to be the out of plane movable microactuator. The metamaterial layer is electrostatically actuated by applying voltage across the suspended complementary metamaterial layer and the stationary bottom metallic reflector. Thus, the effective spacing between the metamaterial layer and bottom metal reflector is varied as a function of applied voltage. With the reduction of effective spacing between the metamaterial and reflector layers, a strong spectral blue shift in the peak absorption wavelength can be achieved. With spacing change of 300 nm, the spectral shift of 0.7 μmmore » in peak absorption wavelength was obtained for near infrared spectral region. The electro-optic switching performance of the device was characterized, and a striking switching contrast of 1500% was achieved at 2.1 μm. The reported micro-electro-mechanically tunable complementary metamaterial absorber device can potentially enable a wide range of high performance electro-optical devices, such as continuously tunable filters, modulators, and electro-optic switches that form the key components to facilitate future photonic circuit applications.« less

Electro-optical study of nanoscale Al-Si-truncated conical photodetector with subwavelength aperture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karelits, Matityahu; Mandelbaum, Yaakov; Chelly, Avraham; Karsenty, Avi

2017-10-01

A type of silicon photodiode has been designed and simulated to probe the optical near field and detect evanescent waves. These waves convey subwavelength resolution. This photodiode consists of a truncated conical shaped, silicon Schottky diode having a subwavelength aperture of 150 nm. Electrical and electro-optical simulations have been conducted. These results are promising toward the fabrication of a new generation of photodetector devices.

Electro-optical switching and memory display device

DOEpatents

Skotheim, T.A.; O'Grady, W.E.; Linkous, C.A.

1983-12-29

An electro-optical display device having a housing with wall means including one transparent wall and at least one other wall. Counter electrodes are positioned on the transparent wall and display electrodes are positioned on the other wall with both electrodes in electrically conductive relationship with an electrolyte. Circuits means are connected to the display and counter electrodes to apply different predetermined control potentials between them. The display electrodes are covered with a thin electrically conductive polymer film that is characterized according to the invention by having embedded in it pigment molecules as counter ions. The display device is operable to be switched to a plurality of different visual color states at an exceptionally rapid switching rate while each of the color states is characterized by possessing good color intensity and definition.

Electro-optical switching and memory display device

DOEpatents

Skotheim, Terje A.; O'Grady, William E.; Linkous, Clovis A.

1986-01-01

An electro-optical display device having a housing with wall means including one transparent wall and at least one other wall. Counter electrodes are positioned on the transparent wall and display electrodes are positioned on the other wall with both electrodes in electrically conductive relationship with an electrolyte. Circuit means are connected to the display and counter electrodes to apply different predetermined control potentials between them. The display electrodes are covered with a thin electrically conductive polymer film that is characterized according to the invention by having embedded in it pigment molecules as counter ions. The display device is operable to be switched to a plurality of different visual color states at an exceptionally rapid switching rate while each of the color states is characterized by possessing good color intensity and definition.

Optical to optical interface device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oliver, D. S.; Vohl, P.; Nisenson, P.

1972-01-01

The development, fabrication, and testing of a preliminary model of an optical-to-optical (noncoherent-to-coherent) interface device for use in coherent optical parallel processing systems are described. The developed device demonstrates a capability for accepting as an input a scene illuminated by a noncoherent radiation source and providing as an output a coherent light beam spatially modulated to represent the original noncoherent scene. The converter device developed under this contract employs a Pockels readout optical modulator (PROM). This is a photosensitive electro-optic element which can sense and electrostatically store optical images. The stored images can be simultaneously or subsequently readout optically by utilizing the electrostatic storage pattern to control an electro-optic light modulating property of the PROM. The readout process is parallel as no scanning mechanism is required. The PROM provides the functions of optical image sensing, modulation, and storage in a single active material.

Night vision and electro-optics technology transfer, 1972 - 1981

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fulton, R. W.; Mason, G. F.

1981-09-01

The purpose of this special report, 'Night Vision and Electro-Optics Technology Transfer 1972-1981,' is threefold: To illustrate, through actual case histories, the potential for exploiting a highly developed and available military technology for solving non-military problems. To provide, in a layman's language, the principles behind night vision and electro-optical devices in order that an awareness may be developed relative to the potential for adopting this technology for non-military applications. To obtain maximum dollar return from research and development investments by applying this technology to secondary applications. This includes, but is not limited to, applications by other Government agencies, state and local governments, colleges and universities, and medical organizations. It is desired that this summary of Technology Transfer activities within Night Vision and Electro-Optics Laboratory (NV/EOL) will benefit those who desire to explore one of the vast technological resources available within the Defense Department and the Federal Government.

A deterministic guide for material and mode dependence of on-chip electro-optic modulator performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amin, Rubab; Suer, Can; Ma, Zhizhen; Sarpkaya, Ibrahim; Khurgin, Jacob B.; Agarwal, Ritesh; Sorger, Volker J.

2017-10-01

Electro-optic modulation is a key function in optical data communication and possible future optical computing engines. The performance of modulators intricately depends on the interaction between the actively modulated material and the propagating waveguide mode. While high-performing modulators were demonstrated before, the approaches were taken as ad-hoc. Here we show the first systematic investigation to incorporate a holistic analysis for high-performance and ultra-compact electro-optic modulators on-chip. We show that intricate interplay between active modulation material and optical mode plays a key role in the device operation. Based on physical tradeoffs such as index modulation, loss, optical confinement factors and slow-light effects, we find that bias-material-mode regions exist where high phase modulation and high loss (absorption) modulation is found. This work paves the way for a holistic design rule of electro-optic modulators for on-chip integration.

Electro-optic voltage sensor head

DOEpatents

Crawford, T.M.; Davidson, J.R.; Woods, G.K.

1999-08-17

The invention is an electro-optic voltage sensor head designed for integration with existing types of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus. The sensor head contains a transducer, which comprises a transducing material in which the Pockels electro-optic effect is observed. In the practice of the invention at least one beam of electromagnetic radiation is routed into the transducing material of the transducer in the sensor head. The beam undergoes an electro-optic effect in the sensor head when the transducing material is subjected to an E-field. The electro-optic effect is observed as a differential phase a shift, also called differential phase modulation, of the beam components in orthogonal planes of the electromagnetic radiation. In the preferred embodiment the beam is routed through the transducer along an initial axis and then reflected by a retro-reflector back substantially parallel to the initial axis, making a double pass through the transducer for increased measurement sensitivity. The preferred embodiment of the sensor head also includes a polarization state rotator and at least one beam splitter for orienting the beam along major and minor axes and for splitting the beam components into two signals which are independent converse amplitude-modulated signals carrying E-field magnitude and hence voltage information from the sensor head by way of optic fibers. 6 figs.

Electro-optic voltage sensor head

DOEpatents

Crawford, Thomas M.; Davidson, James R.; Woods, Gregory K.

1999-01-01

The invention is an electro-optic voltage sensor head designed for integration with existing types of high voltage transmission and distribution apparatus. The sensor head contains a transducer, which comprises a transducing material in which the Pockels electro-optic effect is observed. In the practice of the invention at least one beam of electromagnetic radiation is routed into the transducing material of the transducer in the sensor head. The beam undergoes an electro-optic effect in the sensor head when the transducing material is subjected to an E-field. The electro-optic effect is observed as a differential phase a shift, also called differential phase modulation, of the beam components in orthogonal planes of the electromagnetic radiation. In the preferred embodiment the beam is routed through the transducer along an initial axis and then reflected by a retro-reflector back substantially parallel to the initial axis, making a double pass through the transducer for increased measurement sensitivity. The preferred embodiment of the sensor head also includes a polarization state rotator and at least one beam splitter for orienting the beam along major and minor axes and for splitting the beam components into two signals which are independent converse amplitude-modulated signals carrying E-field magnitude and hence voltage information from the sensor head by way of optic fibers.

Recent Advances in the Design of Electro-Optic Sensors for Minimally Destructive Microwave Field Probing

PubMed Central

Lee, Dong-Joon; Kang, No-Weon; Choi, Jun-Ho; Kim, Junyeon; Whitaker, John F.

2011-01-01

In this paper we review recent design methodologies for fully dielectric electro-optic sensors that have applications in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of devices and materials that radiate, guide, or otherwise may be impacted by microwave fields. In many practical NDE situations, fiber-coupled-sensor configurations are preferred due to their advantages over free-space bulk sensors in terms of optical alignment, spatial resolution, and especially, a low degree of field invasiveness. We propose and review five distinct types of fiber-coupled electro-optic sensor probes. The design guidelines for each probe type and their performances in absolute electric-field measurements are compared and summarized. PMID:22346604

High-speed electro-optic polymers: mm-Wave applications and silica planar lightwave circuit integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Daniel H.

The development of high speed polymer electro-optic modulators has seen steady and significant progress in recent years, enabling novel applications in RF-Photonics. Two of these are described in this Thesis: an Opto-Electronic Oscillator (OEO), which is a hybrid RF and optical oscillator capable of high spectral purity, and Photonic Time-Stretch, which is a signal processing technique for waveform spectral shifting with application to photonically-assisted A/D conversion. In both cases, the operating frequencies achieved have been the highest demonstrated to date. Application of this promising material to more complicated devices, however, is stymied by insertion loss performance. Current loss figures, while acceptable for single modulators, are too high for large arrays of modulators or intrinsically long devices such as AWGs or photonic-RF phase shifters. This is especially frustrating in light of a key virtue which polymers possess as a photonic material: its photolithographic process-ability makes patterning complex devices possible. Indeed, the current ascendancy of silica-based waveguide devices can be attributed largely to the same reason. In this Thesis, we also demonstrate the first hybrid device composed of silica planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) and polymer planar waveguides. Our approach utilizes grayscale lithography to enable vertical coupling between polymer and silica layers, minimizing entanglement of their respective fabrication processes. We have achieved coupling excess loss figures on the order of 1dB. We believe this is the natural next step in the development of electro-optic polymer devices. The two technologies are highly complementary. Silica PLCs, with excellent propagation loss and fiber coupling, are ideally suited for long passive waveguiding. By endowing them with the high-speed phase shifting capability offered by polymers, active wideband photonic devices of increasing complexity and array size can be contemplated.

Nonlinear optical thin films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leslie, Thomas M.

1993-01-01

A focused approach to development and evaluation of organic polymer films for use in optoelectronics is presented. The issues and challenges that are addressed include: (1) material synthesis, purification, and the tailoring of the material properties; (2) deposition of uniform thin films by a variety of methods; (3) characterization of material physical properties (thermal, electrical, optical, and electro-optical); and (4) device fabrication and testing. Photonic materials, devices, and systems were identified as critical technology areas by the Department of Commerce and the Department of Defense. This approach offers strong integration of basic material issues through engineering applications by the development of materials that can be exploited as the active unit in a variety of polymeric thin film devices. Improved materials were developed with unprecedented purity and stability. The absorptive properties can be tailored and controlled to provide significant improvement in propagation losses and nonlinear performance. Furthermore, the materials were incorporated into polymers that are highly compatible with fabrication and patterning processes for integrated optical devices and circuits. By simultaneously addressing the issues of materials development and characterization, keeping device design and fabrication in mind, many obstacles were overcome for implementation of these polymeric materials and devices into systems. We intend to considerably improve the upper use temperature, poling stability, and compatibility with silicon based devices. The principal device application that was targeted is a linear electro-optic modulation etalon. Organic polymers need to be properly designed and coupled with existing integrated circuit technology to create new photonic devices for optical communication, image processing, other laser applications such as harmonic generation, and eventually optical computing. The progression from microscopic sample to a suitable film-forming material in a working device is a complex, multifaceted endeavor. It requires close attention to maintaining the optical properties of the electro-optic active portion of the polymer while manipulating the polymer structure to obtain the desired secondary polymer properties.

Filling in the voids of electrospun hydroxypropyl cellulose network: Dielectric investigations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maximean, Doina Manaila; Danila, Octavian; Ganea, Constantin Paul; Almeida, Pedro L.

2018-04-01

Here we describe an organic electro-optic device, obtained using electrospun hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) polymer fibres and nematic liquid crystals (LC). Its working mechanism is similar to that of a classic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) device. The scanning electron microscopy of the HPC deposited fibres shows a mat of fibres with diameters in the nano and micron size range. Dielectric spectroscopy measurements allow the determination of the dependence of the dielectric constant and electric energy loss on frequency and temperature as well as the determination of the activation energy. The electro-optic study shows a very good optical transmission curve, with an "on"-"off" switching voltage of less than 1V/μ m.

Unusual electro-optical behavior in a wide-temperature BPIII cell.

PubMed

Chen, Hui-Yu; Lu, Sheng-Feng; Hsieh, Yi-Chun

2013-04-22

A low driving voltage and fast response blue phase III (BPIII) liquid-crystal device with very low dielectric anisotropy is demonstrated. To stabilize BPIII in a wide temperature range (> 15°C), a chiral molecule with good solubility was chosen. By studying field-dependent polarization state of the transmitting light, it was found that the field-induced birefringence becomes saturated in the high field. However, the transmitting intensity exhibits a tendency to increase as the electric field increases. This indicates that the electro-optical behavior in BPIII device may be from the flexoelectric effect, which induces tilted optical axis and then induces birefringence. Because the phase transition from BPIII to chiral nematic phase does not happen, the device shows no hysteresis effect and no residual birefringence, exhibits fast response, and can be a candidate for fast photonic application.

Polymer stabilized liquid crystals: Topology-mediated electro-optical behavior and applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weng, Libo

There has been a wide range of liquid crystal polymer composites that vary in polymer concentration from as little as 3 wt.% (polymer stabilized liquid crystal) to as high as 60 wt.% (polymer dispersed liquid crystals). In this dissertation, an approach of surface polymerization based on a low reactive monomer concentration about 1 wt.% is studied in various liquid crystal operation modes. The first part of dissertation describes the development of a vertical alignment (VA) mode with surface polymer stabilization, and the effects of structure-performance relationship of reactive monomers (RMs) and polymerization conditions on the electro-optical behaviors of the liquid crystal device has been explored. The polymer topography plays an important role in modifying and enhancing the electro-optical performance of stabilized liquid crystal alignment. The enabling surface-pinned polymer stabilized vertical alignment (PSVA) approach has led to the development of high-performance and fast-switching displays with controllable pretilt angle, increase in surface anchoring energy, high optical contrast and fast response time. The second part of the dissertation explores a PSVA mode with in-plane switching (IPS) and its application for high-efficiency and fast-switching phase gratings. The diffraction patterns and the electro-optical behaviors including diffraction efficiency and response time are characterized. The diffraction grating mechanism and performance have been validated by computer simulation. Finally, the advantages of surface polymerization approach such as good optical contrast and fast response time have been applied to the fringe-field switching (FFS) system. The concentration of reactive monomer on the electro-optical behavior of the FFS cells is optimized. The outstanding electro-optical results and mechanism of increase in surface anchoring strength are corroborated by the director field simulation. The density and topology of nanoscale polymer protrusions are analyzed and confirmed by morphological study. The developed high-performance polymer-stabilized fringe-field-switching (PS-FFS) could open new types of device applications.

Nonlinear Optical Acrylic Polymers and Use Thereof in Optical and Electro-Optic Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-07

COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Nonlinear Optical Acrylic Polymers and Use Thereof in Optical and Electro - Optic Devices 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT...generators, computational devices and the like. 15. SUBJECT TERMS optical devices, electro - optical devices, optical signal processing...THEREOF IN OPTICAL AND ELECTRO - OPTIC DEVICES [75] Inventors: Le*lie H. Sperling, Bethlehem; Clarence J. Murphy, Stroudsburg; Warren A. Rosen

Sol-Gel Material-Enabled Electro-Optic Polymer Modulators

PubMed Central

Himmelhuber, Roland; Norwood, Robert A.; Enami, Yasufumi; Peyghambarian, Nasser

2015-01-01

Sol-gels are an important material class, as they provide easy modification of material properties, good processability and are easy to synthesize. In general, an electro-optic (EO) modulator transforms an electrical signal into an optical signal. The incoming electrical signal is most commonly information encoded in a voltage change. This voltage change is then transformed into either a phase change or an intensity change in the light signal. The less voltage needed to drive the modulator and the lower the optical loss, the higher the link gain and, therefore, the better the performance of the modulator. In this review, we will show how sol-gels can be used to enhance the performance of electro-optic modulators by allowing for designs with low optical loss, increased poling efficiency and manipulation of the electric field used for driving the modulator. The optical loss is influenced by the propagation loss in the device, as well as the losses occurring during fiber coupling in and out of the device. In both cases, the use of sol-gel materials can be beneficial due to the wide range of available refractive indices and low optical attenuation. The influence of material properties and synthesis conditions on the device performance will be discussed. PMID:26225971

Performance of real time associative memory using a photorefractive crystal and liquid crystal electrooptic switches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Haiying; Yuan, Yang; Yu, Youlong; Xu, Kebin; Xu, Yuhuan

1990-08-01

This paper presents a real time holographic associative memory implemented with photorefractive KNSBN:Co crystal as the memory element and a liquid crystal electrooptic switch array as the reflective thresholding device. The experiment stores and recalls two images and shows that the system has real-time multiple-image storage and recall functions. An associative memory with a dynamic threshold level to decide the closest match of an incomplete input is proposed.

Triggerable electro-optic amplitude modulator bias stabilizer for integrated optical devices

DOEpatents

Conder, A.D.; Haigh, R.E.; Hugenberg, K.F.

1995-09-26

An improved Mach-Zehnder integrated optical electro-optic modulator is achieved by application and incorporation of a DC bias box containing a laser synchronized trigger circuit, a DC ramp and hold circuit, a modulator transfer function negative peak detector circuit, and an adjustable delay circuit. The DC bias box ramps the DC bias along the transfer function curve to any desired phase or point of operation at which point the RF modulation takes place. 7 figs.

Triggerable electro-optic amplitude modulator bias stabilizer for integrated optical devices

DOEpatents

Conder, Alan D.; Haigh, Ronald E.; Hugenberg, Keith F.

1995-01-01

An improved Mach-Zehnder integrated optical electro-optic modulator is achieved by application and incorporation of a DC bias box containing a laser synchronized trigger circuit, a DC ramp and hold circuit, a modulator transfer function negative peak detector circuit, and an adjustable delay circuit. The DC bias box ramps the DC bias along the transfer function curve to any desired phase or point of operation at which point the RF modulation takes place.

10 CFR 73.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... this part. Intrusion alarm means a tamper indicating electrical, electromechanical, electrooptical... manipulation resistant, electromechanical device which provides the same function as a built-in combination...

10 CFR 73.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... this part. Intrusion alarm means a tamper indicating electrical, electromechanical, electrooptical... manipulation resistant, electromechanical device which provides the same function as a built-in combination...

Design of an optical 4-bit binary to BCD converter using electro-optic effect of lithium niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Santosh

2017-07-01

Binary to Binary coded decimal (BCD) converter is a basic building block for BCD processing. The last few decades have witnessed exponential rise in applications of binary coded data processing in the field of optical computing thus there is an eventual increase in demand of acceptable hardware platform for the same. Keeping this as an approach a novel design exploiting the preeminent feature of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) is presented in this paper. Here, an optical 4-bit binary to binary coded decimal (BCD) converter utilizing the electro-optic effect of lithium niobate based MZI has been demonstrated. It exhibits the property of switching the optical signal from one port to the other, when a certain appropriate voltage is applied to its electrodes. The projected scheme is implemented using the combinations of cascaded electro-optic (EO) switches. Theoretical description along with mathematical formulation of the device is provided and the operation is analyzed through finite difference-Beam propagation method (FD-BPM). The fabrication techniques to develop the device are also discussed.

Nonlinear optical polymers for electro-optic signal processing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lindsay, Geoffrey A.

1991-01-01

Photonics is an emerging technology, slated for rapid growth in communications systems, sensors, imagers, and computers. Its growth is driven by the need for speed, reliability, and low cost. New nonlinear polymeric materials will be a key technology in the new wave of photonics devices. Electron-conjubated polymeric materials offer large electro-optic figures of merit, ease of processing into films and fibers, ruggedness, low cost, and a plethora of design options. Several new broad classes of second-order nonlinear optical polymers were developed at the Navy's Michelson Laboratory at China Lake, California. Polar alignment in thin film waveguides was achieved by electric-field poling and Langmuir-Blodgett processing. Our polymers have high softening temperatures and good aging properties. While most of the films can be photobleached with ultraviolet (UV) light, some have excellent stability in the 500-1600 nm range, and UV stability in the 290-310 nm range. The optical nonlinear response of these polymers is subpicosecond. Electro-optic switches, frequency doublers, light modulators, and optical data storage media are some of the device applications anticipated for these polymers.

Superior electro-optic response in multiferroic bismuth ferrite nanoparticle doped nematic liquid crystal device

PubMed Central

Nayek, Prasenjit; Li, Guoqiang

2015-01-01

A superior electro-optic (E-O) response has been achieved when multiferroic bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3/BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were doped in nematic liquid crystal (NLC) host E7 and the LC device was addressed in the large signal regime by an amplitude modulated square wave signal at the frequency of 100 Hz. The optimized concentration of BFO is 0.15 wt%, and the corresponding total optical response time (rise time + decay time) for a 5 μm-thick cell is 2.5 ms for ~7 Vrms. This might be exploited for the construction of adaptive lenses, modulators, displays, and other E-O devices. The possible reason behind the fast response time could be the visco-elastic constant and restoring force imparted by the locally ordered LCs induced by the multiferroic nanoparticles (MNPs). Polarized optical microscopic textural observation shows that the macroscopic dislocation-free excellent contrast have significant impact on improving the image quality and performance of the devices. PMID:26041701

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cladding layers for nonlinear-optic-polymer-based electro-optic devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grote, James G.; Ogata, Naoya; Diggs, Darnell E.; Hopkins, Frank K.

2003-07-01

Nonlinear optic (NLO) polymer based electro-optic devices have been achieving world record low half wave voltages and high frequencies over the last 2-3 years. Part of the advancement is through the use of relatively more conductive polymers for the cladding layers. Based on the current materials available for these cladding materials, however, the desired optical and electromagnetic properites are being balanced for materials processability. One does not want the solvent present in one layer to dissovle the one deposited underneath, or be dissolved by the one being deposited on top. Optimized polymer cladding materials, to further enhance device performance, are continuing to be investigated. Thin films of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), derived from salmon sperm, show promise in providing both the desired optical and magnetic properties, as well as the desired resistance to various solvents used for NLO polymer device fabrication. Thin films of DNA were deposited on glass and silicon substrates and the film quality, optical and electromagnetic properties and resistance to various solvents were characterized.

Measurement of quasi-isentropic compressibility of helium and deuterium at pressures of 1500-2000 GPa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mochalov, M. A., E-mail: postmaster@ifv.vniief.ru; Il'kaev, R. I.; Fortov, V. E.

2012-10-15

The quasi-isentropic compressibility of helium and deuterium plasmas at pressures of up to 1500-2000 GPa has been measured using devices with spherical geometry and an X-ray diagnostic complex comprising three betatrons and a multichannel imaging system with electro-optic gamma detectors. A deuterium density of 4.5 g/cm{sup 3} and a helium density of 3.8 g/cm{sup 3} have been obtained at pressures of 2210 and 1580 GPa, respectively. The internal energy of a deuterium plasma at the indicated pressure is about 1 MJ/cm{sup 3}, which is about 100 times greater than the specific energy of condensed chemical explosives. Analysis of the obtainedmore » data shows that the degree of helium ionization under the achieved plasma compression parameters is about 0.9.« less

Active Control of Charge Density Waves at Degenerate Semiconductor Interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vinnakota, Raj; Genov, Dentcho

We present numerical modeling of an active electronically controlled highly confined charge-density waves, i.e. surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at the metallurgic interfaces of degenerate semiconductor materials. An electro-optic switching element for fully-functional plasmonic circuits based on p-n junction semiconductor Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP) waveguide is shown. Two figures of merits are introduced and parametric study has been performed identifying the device optimal operation range. The Indium Gallium Arsenide (In0.53Ga0.47As) is identified as the best semiconductor material for the device providing high optical confinement, reduced system size and fast operation. The electro-optic SPP switching element is shown to operate at signal modulation up to -24dB and switching rates surpassing 100GHz, thus potentially providing a new pathway toward bridging the gap between electronic and photonic devices. The current work is funded by the NSF EPSCoR CIMM project under award #OIA-1541079.

Electro-optical characterization of SiPM: A comparative study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dinu, N.; Amara, Z.; Bazin, C.; Chaumat, V.; Cheikali, C.; Guilhem, G.; Puill, V.; Sylvia, C.; Vagnucci, J. F.

2009-10-01

This work reports on the development of an electro-optical set-up for the characterization of the Silicon PhotoMultiplier (SiPM) devices as well as on the comparative study of the characteristics of different SiPM prototypes. The electrical set-up allows the measurement of the static (breakdown voltage, overvoltage quenching resistance) and dynamic (gain, dark count rate) characteristics. The optical set-up allows the estimation of the photon detection efficiency as a function of the wavelength and the operation voltage. The comparative study has been performed on SiPM devices covering an area of 1×1 mm 2 and supplied during 2007 by Photonique S.A. (Switzerland), FBK-irst (Italy), SensL (Ireland) and Hamamatsu (Japan).

Printed Biopolymer-Based Electro-Optic Device Components

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-07-01

devices and fabricated e-beam lithography-based master molds. Printed micro and nanostructures using a newly developed spin-on nanoprinting (SNAP...polymeric materials. Among the natural biopolymers , deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an attractive material which can be used to make electronic and...photonic devices [2, 3]. If patterned on the micro and nanoscale using a soft lithography technique, high quality biodegradable optical devices can be

Electro-optical backplane demonstrator with integrated multimode gradient-index thin glass waveguide panel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schröder, Henning; Brusberg, Lars; Pitwon, Richard; Whalley, Simon; Wang, Kai; Miller, Allen; Herbst, Christian; Weber, Daniel; Lang, Klaus-Dieter

2015-03-01

Optical interconnects for data transmission at board level offer increased energy efficiency, system density, and bandwidth scalability compared to purely copper driven systems. We present recent results on manufacturing of electrooptical printed circuit board (PCB) with integrated planar glass waveguides. The graded index multi-mode waveguides are patterned inside commercially available thin-glass panels by performing a specific ion-exchange process. The glass waveguide panel is embedded within the layer stack-up of a PCB using proven industrial processes. This paper describes the design, manufacture, assembly and characterization of the first electro-optical backplane demonstrator based on integrated planar glass waveguides. The electro-optical backplane in question is created by laminating the glass waveguide panel into a conventional multi-layer electronic printed circuit board stack-up. High precision ferrule mounts are automatically assembled, which will enable MT compliant connectors to be plugged accurately to the embedded waveguide interfaces on the glass panel edges. The demonstration platform comprises a standardized sub-rack chassis and five pluggable test cards each housing optical engines and pluggable optical connectors. The test cards support a variety of different data interfaces and can support data rates of up to 32 Gb/s per channel.

Study of a stereo electro-optical tracker system for the measurement of model deformations at the national transonic facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hertel, R. J.

1979-01-01

An electro-optical method to measure the aeroelastic deformations of wind tunnel models is examined. The multitarget tracking performance of one of the two electronic cameras comprising the stereo pair is modeled and measured. The properties of the targets at the model, the camera optics, target illumination, number of targets, acquisition time, target velocities, and tracker performance are considered. The electronic camera system is shown to be capable of locating, measuring, and following the positions of 5 to 50 targets attached to the model at measuring rates up to 5000 targets per second.

OPTOELECTRONICS, FIBER OPTICS, AND OTHER ASPECTS OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Nonlinear optical devices: basic elements of a future optical digital computer?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fischer, R.; Müller, R.

1989-08-01

It is shown that nonlinear optical devices are the most promising elements for an optical digital supercomputer. The basic characteristics of various developed nonlinear elements are presented, including bistable Fabry-Perot etalons, interference filters, self-electrooptic effect devices, quantum-well devices utilizing transitions between the lowest electron states in the conduction band of GaAs, etc.

Extreme nonlinear terahertz electro-optics in diamond for ultrafast pulse switching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shalaby, Mostafa; Vicario, Carlo; Hauri, Christoph P.

2017-03-01

Polarization switching of picosecond laser pulses is a fundamental concept in signal processing [C. Chen and G. Liu, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 16, 203 (1986); V. R. Almeida et al., Nature 431, 1081 (2004); and A. A. P. Pohl et al., Photonics Sens. 3, 1 (2013)]. Conventional switching devices rely on the electro-optical Pockels effect and work at radio frequencies. The ensuing gating time of several nanoseconds is a bottleneck for faster switches which is set by the performance of state-of-the-art high-voltage electronics. Here we show that by substituting the electric field of several kV/cm provided by modern electronics by the MV/cm field of a single-cycle THz laser pulse, the electro-optical gating process can be driven orders of magnitude faster, at THz frequencies. In this context, we introduce diamond as an exceptional electro-optical material and demonstrate a pulse gating time as fast as 100 fs using sub-cycle THz-induced Kerr nonlinearity. We show that THz-induced switching in the insulator diamond is fully governed by the THz pulse shape. The presented THz-based electro-optical approach overcomes the bandwidth and switching speed limits of conventional MHz/GHz electronics and establishes the ultrafast electro-optical gating technology for the first time in the THz frequency range. We finally show that the presented THz polarization gating technique is applicable for advanced beam diagnostics. As a first example, we demonstrate tomographic reconstruction of a THz pulse in three dimensions.

Subsurface Growth Of Silicide Structures In Silicon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fathauer, Robert W.; George, Thomas; Pike, William T.; Schowalter, Leo

1993-01-01

Technique shows promise for fabrication of novel electronic, optoelectronic, and electro-optical devices. Experiments demonstrated feasibility of growing microscopic single-crystal CoSi2 structures beneath surfaces of Si substrates.

Oriented niobate ferroelectric thin films for electrical and optical devices

DOEpatents

Wessels, Bruce W.; Nystrom, Michael J.

2001-01-01

Sr.sub.x Ba.sub.1-x Nb.sub.2 O.sub.6, where x is greater than 0.25 and less than 0.75, and KNbO.sub.3 ferroelectric thin films metalorganic chemical vapor deposited on amorphous or cyrstalline substrate surfaces to provide a crystal axis of the film exhibiting a high dielectric susceptibility, electro-optic coefficient, and/or nonlinear optic coefficient oriented preferentially in a direction relative to a crystalline or amorphous substrate surface. Such films can be used in electronic, electro-optic, and frequency doubling components.

A lithium niobate electro-optic tunable Bragg filter fabricated by electron beam lithography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pierno, L.; Dispenza, M.; Secchi, A.; Fiorello, A.; Foglietti, V.

2008-06-01

We have designed and fabricated a lithium niobate tunable Bragg filter patterned by electron beam lithography and etched by reactive ion etching. Devices with 1 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm length and 360 and 1080 nm Bragg period, with 5 pm V-1 tuning efficiency, have been characterized. Some applications were identified. Optical simulation based on finite element model (FEM) software showing the optical filtering curve and the coupling factor dependence on the manufacturing parameter is reported. The tuning of the filter window position is electro-optically controlled.

Plenoptic Imager for Automated Surface Navigation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zollar, Byron; Milder, Andrew; Milder, Andrew; Mayo, Michael

2010-01-01

An electro-optical imaging device is capable of autonomously determining the range to objects in a scene without the use of active emitters or multiple apertures. The novel, automated, low-power imaging system is based on a plenoptic camera design that was constructed as a breadboard system. Nanohmics proved feasibility of the concept by designing an optical system for a prototype plenoptic camera, developing simulated plenoptic images and range-calculation algorithms, constructing a breadboard prototype plenoptic camera, and processing images (including range calculations) from the prototype system. The breadboard demonstration included an optical subsystem comprised of a main aperture lens, a mechanical structure that holds an array of micro lenses at the focal distance from the main lens, and a structure that mates a CMOS imaging sensor the correct distance from the micro lenses. The demonstrator also featured embedded electronics for camera readout, and a post-processor executing image-processing algorithms to provide ranging information.

Successful development of first-generation laser device; marking China's optoelectronic technology at world class level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1995-04-01

Bell Laboratories has developed the world's first optical information processor. Its core device is a self-excited electrooptical effect apparatus array of symmetric operation. After being developed in the United States, this high-technology device was successfully developed by China's scientists,thus making the fact that China's optoelectronic technology is among the most advanced in the world.

Room temperature operation of electro-optical bistability in the edge-emitting tunneling-collector transistor laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, M.; Holonyak, N.; Wang, C. Y.

2017-09-01

Optical bistable devices are fundamental to digital photonics as building blocks of switches, logic gates, and memories in future computer systems. Here, we demonstrate both optical and electrical bistability and capability for switching in a single transistor operated at room temperature. The electro-optical hysteresis is explained by the interaction of electron-hole (e-h) generation and recombination dynamics with the cavity photon modulation in different switching paths. The switch-UP and switch-DOWN threshold voltages are determined by the rate difference of photon generation at the base quantum-well and the photon absorption via intra-cavity photon-assisted tunneling controlled by the collector voltage. Thus, the transistor laser electro-optical bistable switching is programmable with base current and collector voltage, and the basis for high speed optical logic processors.

Nonlinear optical properties of organic materials V; Proceedings of the 5th Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-24, 1992

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, David J.

The present volume on nonlinear optical properties of organic materials discusses organic nonlinear optics, polymers for nonlinear optics, characterization of nonlinear properties, photorefractive and second-order materials, harmonic generation in organic materials, and devices and applications. Particular attention is given to organic semiconductor-doped polymer glasses as novel nonlinear media, heterocyclic nonlinear optical materials, loss measurements in electrooptic polymer waveguides, the phase-matched second-harmonic generation in planar waveguides, electrooptic measurements in poled polymers, transient effects in spatial light modulation by nonlinearity-absorbing molecules, the electrooptic effects in organic single crystals, surface acoustic wave propagation in an organic nonlinear optical crystal, nonlinear optics of astaxanthin thin films; and advanced high-temperature polymers for integrated optical waveguides. (No individual items are abstracted in this volume)

2D materials in electro-optic modulation: energy efficiency, electrostatics, mode overlap, material transfer and integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Zhizhen; Hemnani, Rohit; Bartels, Ludwig; Agarwal, Ritesh; Sorger, Volker J.

2018-02-01

Here we discuss the physics of electro-optic modulators deploying 2D materials. We include a scaling laws analysis and show how energy-efficiency and speed change for three underlying cavity systems as a function of critical device length scaling. A key result is that the energy-per-bit of the modulator is proportional to the volume of the device, thus making the case for submicron-scale modulators possible deploying a plasmonic optical mode. We then show how Graphene's Pauli-blocking modulation mechanism is sensitive to the device operation temperature, whereby a reduction of the temperature enables a 10× reduction in modulator energy efficiency. Furthermore, we show how the high-index tunability of graphene is able to compensate for the small optical overlap factor of 2D-based material modulators, which is unlike classical silicon-based dispersion devices. Lastly, we demonstrate a novel method towards a 2D material printer suitable for cross-contamination free and on-demand printing. The latter paves the way to integrate 2D materials seamlessly into taped-out photonic chips.

Investigation of electro-optical properties for electrochemical luminescence device with a new electrode structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ok, Jung-Woo; Pooyodying, Pattarapon; Anuntahirunrat, Jirapat; Sung, Youl-Moon

2018-04-01

In this paper, we investigate electrochemical luminescent (ECL) device with a new structure and the ECL cell device with proposed electrode configuration works reliably at AC voltage. In particular, the conventional ECL cell has counter electrodes in which a cathode and an anode are opposed to each other, whereas the proposed structure has parallel electrodes in which a cathode and an anode are arranged on a single substrate. The proposed electrode configuration has a structural feature that electric short-circuiting is less likely to occur during bending than the conventional electrode configuration. The electro-optical characteristics of the new electrode configuration such as the current density, the light emission intensity, and the time evolution of the emission are investigated. The proposed ECL device exhibited higher light emitting efficiency than the conventional structure. Especially, at AC operation mode, the new structure showed the distinctive luminescence characteristic which is combined the first luminescence near the surface of electrode with the delayed second luminescence near the center of between electrodes. It was closely related to the behavior of luminescent particles. The proposed the ECL cell structure is expected to be utilized as a flexible display device by taking advantage of its characteristics and practicality.

Demonstration of optically controlled data routing with the use of multiple-quantum-well bistable and electro-optical devices.

PubMed

Koppa, P; Chavel, P; Oudar, J L; Kuszelewicz, R; Schnell, J P; Pocholle, J P

1997-08-10

We present experimental results on a 1-to-64-channel free-space photonic switching demonstration system based on GaAs/GaAlAs multiple-quantum-well active device arrays. Two control schemes are demonstrated: data transparent optical self-routing usable in a packet-switching environment and direct optical control with potential signal amplification for circuit switching. The self-routing operation relies on the optical recognition of the binary destination address coded in each packet header. Address decoding is implemented with elementary optical bistable devices and modulator pixels as all-optical latches and electro-optical and gates, respectively. All 60 defect-free channels of the system could be operated one by one, but the simultaneous operation of only three channels could be achieved mainly because of the spatial nonhomogeneities of the devices. Direct-control operation is based on directly setting the bistable device reflectivity with a variable-control beam power. This working mode turned out to be much more tolerant of spatial noises: 37 channels of the system could be operated simultaneously. Further development of the system to a crossbar of N inputs and M outputs and system miniaturization are also considered.

Resonator-Based Silicon Electro-Optic Modulator with Low Power Consumption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, Maoqing; Danner, Aaron J.; Eng Png, Ching; Thor Lim, Soon

2009-04-01

This paper demonstrates, via simulation, an electro-optic modulator based on a subwavelength Fabry-Perot resonator cavity with low power consumption of 86 µW/µm. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest power reported for silicon photonic bandgap modulators. The device is modulated at a doped p-i-n junction overlapping the cavity in a silicon waveguide perforated with etched holes, with the doping area optimized for minimum power consumption. The surface area of the entire device is only 2.1 µm2, which compares favorably to other silicon-based modulators. A modulation speed of at least 300 MHz is detected from the electrical simulator after sidewall doping is introduced which is suitable for sensing or fiber to the home (FTTH) technologies, where speed can be traded for low cost and power consumption. The device does not rely on ultra-high Q, and could serve as a sensor, modulator, or passive filter with built-in calibration.

Lanthanide-Assisted Deposition of Strongly Electro-optic PZT Thin Films on Silicon: Toward Integrated Active Nanophotonic Devices.

PubMed

George, J P; Smet, P F; Botterman, J; Bliznuk, V; Woestenborghs, W; Van Thourhout, D; Neyts, K; Beeckman, J

2015-06-24

The electro-optical properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films depend strongly on the quality and crystallographic orientation of the thin films. We demonstrate a novel method to grow highly textured PZT thin films on silicon using the chemical solution deposition (CSD) process. We report the use of ultrathin (5-15 nm) lanthanide (La, Pr, Nd, Sm) based intermediate layers for obtaining preferentially (100) oriented PZT thin films. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate preferentially oriented intermediate Ln2O2CO3 layers providing an excellent lattice match with the PZT thin films grown on top. The XRD and scanning electron microscopy measurements reveal that the annealed layers are dense, uniform, crack-free and highly oriented (>99.8%) without apparent defects or secondary phases. The EDX and HRTEM characterization confirm that the template layers act as an efficient diffusion barrier and form a sharp interface between the substrate and the PZT. The electrical measurements indicate a dielectric constant of ∼650, low dielectric loss of ∼0.02, coercive field of 70 kV/cm, remnant polarization of 25 μC/cm(2), and large breakdown electric field of 1000 kV/cm. Finally, the effective electro-optic coefficients of the films are estimated with a spectroscopic ellipsometer measurement, considering the electric field induced variations in the phase reflectance ratio. The electro-optic measurements reveal excellent linear effective pockels coefficients of 110 to 240 pm/V, which makes the CSD deposited PZT thin film an ideal candidate for Si-based active integrated nanophotonic devices.

Optimized phase mask to realize retro-reflection reduction for optical systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Sifeng; Gong, Mali

2017-10-01

Aiming at the threats to the active laser detection systems of electro-optical devices due to the cat-eye effect, a novel solution is put forward to realize retro-reflection reduction in this paper. According to the demands of both cat-eye effect reduction and the image quality maintenance of electro-optical devices, a symmetric phase mask is achieved from a stationary phase method and a fast Fourier transform algorithm. Then, based on a comparison of peak normalized cross-correlation (PNCC) between the different defocus parameters, the optimal imaging position can be obtained. After modification with the designed phase mask, the cat-eye effect peak intensity can be reduced by two orders of magnitude while maintaining good image quality and high modulation transfer function (MTF). Furthermore, a practical design example is introduced to demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed approach.

Control and automation of multilayered integrated microfluidic device fabrication.

PubMed

Kipper, Sarit; Frolov, Ludmila; Guy, Ortal; Pellach, Michal; Glick, Yair; Malichi, Asaf; Knisbacher, Binyamin A; Barbiro-Michaely, Efrat; Avrahami, Dorit; Yavets-Chen, Yehuda; Levanon, Erez Y; Gerber, Doron

2017-01-31

Integrated microfluidics is a sophisticated three-dimensional (multi layer) solution for high complexity serial or parallel processes. Fabrication of integrated microfluidic devices requires soft lithography and the stacking of thin-patterned PDMS layers. Precise layer alignment and bonding is crucial. There are no previously reported standards for alignment of the layers, which is mostly performed using uncontrolled processes with very low alignment success. As a result, integrated microfluidics is mostly used in academia rather than in the many potential industrial applications. We have designed and manufactured a semiautomatic Microfluidic Device Assembly System (μDAS) for full device production. μDAS comprises an electrooptic mechanical system consisting of four main parts: optical system, smart media holder (for PDMS), a micropositioning xyzθ system and a macropositioning XY mechanism. The use of the μDAS yielded valuable information regarding PDMS as the material for device fabrication, revealed previously unidentified errors, and enabled optimization of a robust fabrication process. In addition, we have demonstrated the utilization of the μDAS technology for fabrication of a complex 3 layered device with over 12 000 micromechanical valves and an array of 64 × 64 DNA spots on a glass substrate with high yield and high accuracy. We increased fabrication yield from 25% to about 85% with an average layer alignment error of just ∼4 μm. It also increased our protein expression yields from 80% to over 90%, allowing us to investigate more proteins per experiment. The μDAS has great potential to become a valuable tool for both advancing integrated microfluidics in academia and producing and applying microfluidic devices in the industry.

Detection of radio-frequency modulated optical signals by two and three terminal microwave devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bhasin, K. B.; Simons, R. N.; Wojtczuk, S.

1987-01-01

An interdigitated photoconductor (two terminal device) on GaAlAs/GaAs heterostructure was fabricated and tested by an electro-optical sampling technique. Further, the photoresponse of GaAlAs/GaAs HEMT (three terminal device) was obtained by illuminating the device with an optical signal modulated up to 8 GHz. Gain-bandwidth product, response time, and noise properties of photoconductor and HEMT devices were obtained. Monolithic integration of these photodetectors with GaAs microwave devices for optically controlled phased array antenna applications is discussed.

Development of New Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-11-01

Improved materials are required for active optical devices, including electro - optic and acousto-optic modulators, switches and tunable filters, as...many microwave applications. In addition, electro - optic and acousto-optic devices are materials limited because the materials currently available are...these materials for applications involving the electro - optic effect, degenerate four-wave mixing and surface acoustic wave technology.

SiPM electro-optical detection system noise suppression method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bi, Xiangli; Yang, Suhui; Hu, Tao; Song, Yiheng

2014-11-01

In this paper, the single photon detection principle of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) device is introduced. The main noise factors that infect the sensitivity of the electro-optical detection system are analyzed, including background light noise, detector dark noise, preamplifier noise and signal light noise etc. The Optical, electrical and thermodynamic methods are used to suppress the SiPM electro-optical detection system noise, which improved the response sensitivity of the detector. Using SiPM optoelectronic detector with a even high sensitivity, together with small field large aperture optical system, high cutoff narrow bandwidth filters, low-noise operational amplifier circuit, the modular design of functional circuit, semiconductor refrigeration technology, greatly improved the sensitivity of optical detection system, reduced system noise and achieved long-range detection of weak laser radiation signal. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed methods are reasonable and efficient.

Electro-optic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer based Optical Digital Magnitude Comparator and 1's Complement Calculator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Ajay; Raghuwanshi, Sanjeev Kumar

2016-06-01

The optical switching activity is one of the most essential phenomena in the optical domain. The electro-optic effect-based switching phenomena are applicable to generate some effective combinational and sequential logic circuits. The processing of digital computational technique in the optical domain includes some considerable advantages of optical communication technology, e.g. immunity to electro-magnetic interferences, compact size, signal security, parallel computing and larger bandwidth. The paper describes some efficient technique to implement single bit magnitude comparator and 1's complement calculator using the concepts of electro-optic effect. The proposed techniques are simulated on the MATLAB software. However, the suitability of the techniques is verified using the highly reliable Opti-BPM software. It is interesting to analyze the circuits in order to specify some optimized device parameter in order to optimize some performance affecting parameters, e.g. crosstalk, extinction ratio, signal losses through the curved and straight waveguide sections.

Self-assembled materials and devices that process light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Peiwang; Kang, Hu; van der Boom, Milko E.; Liu, Zhifu; Xu, Guoyang; Ma, Jing; Zhou, Delai; Ho, Seng-Tiong; Marks, Tobin J.

2004-12-01

Self-assembled superlattices (SASs) are intrinsically acentric and highly cross-linked structures. For organic electro-optics, they offer great advantages such as not requiring electric field poling for creating an acentric, EO-active microstructure and having excellent chemical, thermal, and orientational stabilities. In this paper, a greatly improved two-step all "wet-chemical" self-assembly (SA) approach is reported. Excellent radiation hardness of the SAS films is demonstrated by high-energy proton irradiation experiments. By introducing metal oxide nanolayers during SA, we show that the refractive indices of SAS films can be tuned over a wide range. Through special chromophore design, the optical absorption maxima of SAS films can also be greatly blue-shifted. Prototype waveguiding electro-optic modulators have been fabricated using the SAS films integrated with low-loss polymeric materials functioning as partial guiding and cladding layers. EO parameters such as the half-wave voltage and the effective electro-optic coefficient are reported.

Stretchable liquid-crystal blue-phase gels.

PubMed

Castles, F; Morris, S M; Hung, J M C; Qasim, M M; Wright, A D; Nosheen, S; Choi, S S; Outram, B I; Elston, S J; Burgess, C; Hill, L; Wilkinson, T D; Coles, H J

2014-08-01

Liquid-crystalline polymers are materials of considerable scientific interest and technological value. An important subset of these materials exhibit rubber-like elasticity, combining the optical properties of liquid crystals with the mechanical properties of rubber. Moreover, they exhibit behaviour not seen in either type of material independently, and many of their properties depend crucially on the particular mesophase employed. Such stretchable liquid-crystalline polymers have previously been demonstrated in the nematic, chiral-nematic, and smectic mesophases. Here, we report the fabrication of a stretchable gel of blue phase I, which forms a self-assembled, three-dimensional photonic crystal that remains electro-optically switchable under a moderate applied voltage, and whose optical properties can be manipulated by an applied strain. We also find that, unlike its undistorted counterpart, a mechanically deformed blue phase exhibits a Pockels electro-optic effect, which sets out new theoretical challenges and possibilities for low-voltage electro-optic devices.

Cross-linked polyimides for integrated optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singer, Kenneth D.; Kowalczyk, Tony C.; Nguyen, Hung D.; Beuhler, Allyson J.; Wargowski, David A.

1997-01-01

We have investigated a promising class of polyimide materials for both passive and active electro-optic devices, namely crosslinkable polyimides. These fluorinated polyimides are soluble in the imidized form and are both thermally and photo-crosslinkable leading to easy processability into waveguide structures and the possibility of stable electro-optic properties. We have fabricated channel and slab waveguides and investigated the mechanism of optical propagation loss using photothermal deflection spectroscopy and waveguide loss spectroscopy, and found the losses to arise from residual absorption due to the formation of charge transfer states. The absorption is inhibited by fluorination leading to propagation losses as low as 0.3 dB/cm in the near infrared. Because of the ability to photocrosslink, channel waveguides are fabricated using a simple wet-etch process. Channel waveguides so formed are observed to have no excess loss over slab structures. Solubility followed by thermal cross-linking allows the formation of multilayer structures. We have produced electro-optic polymers by doping with the nonlinear optical chromophores, DCM and DADC; and a process of concurrent poling and thermal crosslinking. Multilayer structures have been investigated and poling fields optimized in the active layer by doping the cladding with an anti-static agent. The high glass-transition temperature and cross-linking leads to very stable electro-optic properties. We are currently building electro-optic modulators based on these materials. Progress and results in this area also are reported.

Oriented niobate ferroelectric thin films for electrical and optical devices and method of making such films

DOEpatents

Wessels, B.W.; Nystrom, M.J.

1998-05-19

Sr{sub x}Ba{sub 1{minus}x}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 6}, where x is greater than 0.25 and less than 0.75, and KNbO{sub 3} ferroelectric thin films metalorganic chemical vapor deposited on amorphous or crystalline substrate surfaces to provide a crystal axis of the film exhibiting a high dielectric susceptibility, electro-optic coefficient, and/or nonlinear optic coefficient oriented preferentially in a direction relative to a crystalline or amorphous substrate surface are disclosed. Such films can be used in electronic, electro-optic, and frequency doubling components. 8 figs.

Oriented niobate ferroelectric thin films for electrical and optical devices and method of making such films

DOEpatents

Wessels, Bruce W.; Nystrom, Michael J.

1998-01-01

Sr.sub.x Ba.sub.1-x Nb.sub.2 O.sub.6, where x is greater than 0.25 and less than 0.75, and KNbO.sub.3 ferroelectric thin films metalorganic chemical vapor deposited on amorphous or crystalline substrate surfaces to provide a crystal axis of the film exhibiting a high dielectric susceptibility, electro-optic coefficient, and/or nonlinear optic coefficient oriented preferentially in a direction relative to a crystalline or amorphous substrate surface. Such films can be used in electronic, electro-optic, and frequency doubling components.

Nanodoping: a route for enhancing electro-optic performance of bent core nematic system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Pradeep; Debnath, Somen; Rao, Nandiraju V. S.; Sinha, Aloka

2018-03-01

We report the effect of dispersion of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles (BNPs) in a four ring bent core nematic (BCN) liquid crystal. Polarizing optical microscopy reveals the presence of a single nematic phase in pure and doped states. Polar switching has been observed in the bent core system and the value of spontaneous polarization (P s) increases with increase in doping concentration of BNPs in BCN. Dielectric study shows a lower frequency mode, which can be ascribed to the formation of cybotactic clusters. These clusters are also responsible for the observed polar switching in pure, as well as, in doped BCNs. Another higher frequency mode, observed only in pure BCN, indicates the rotation of molecules about their long molecular axis. The conductivity of doped samples is also found to decrease as compared to the pure BCN. This reduction helps in the minimization of negative effects caused by free ions in liquid crystal based devices. This study demonstrates that the interaction between BNPs and BCN molecules improves the P s, dielectric behaviour, viscosity and reduces the conductivity of pure BCN. Hence, nanodoping in a BCN is an effective method for the enhancement of electro-optic performances and will lead to the development of faster electro-optic devices.

Electro-optical tunable birefringent filter

DOEpatents

Levinton, Fred M [Princeton, NJ

2012-01-31

An electrically tunable Lyot type filter is a Lyot that include one or more filter elements. Each filter element may have a planar, solid crystal comprised of a material that exhibits birefringence and is electro-optically active. Transparent electrodes may be coated on each face of the crystal. An input linear light polarizer may be located on one side of the crystal and oriented at 45 degrees to the optical axis of the birefringent crystal. An output linear light polarizer may be located on the other side of the crystal and oriented at -45 degrees with respect to the optical axis of the birefringent crystal. When an electric voltage is applied between the electrodes, the retardation of the crystal changes and so does the spectral transmission of the optical filter.

Electro-Optic Diffraction Grating Tuned Laser.

DTIC Science & Technology

The patent concerns an electro - optic diffraction grating tuned laser comprising a laser medium, output mirror, retro-reflective grating and an electro - optic diffraction grating beam deflector positioned between the laser medium and the reflective diffraction grating. An optional angle multiplier may be used between the electro - optic diffraction grating and the reflective grating.

Externally-Modulated Electro-Optically Coupled Detector Architecture for Nuclear Physics Instrumentation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xi, Wenze; McKisson, J. E.; Weisenberger, Andrew G.; Zhang, Shukui; Zorn, Carl

2014-06-01

A new laser-based externally-modulated electro-optically coupled detector (EOCD) architecture is being developed to enable high-density readout for radiation detectors with accurate analog radiation pulse shape and timing preservation. Unlike digital conversion before electro-optical modulation, the EOCD implements complete analog optical signal modulation and multiplexing in its detector front-end. The result is a compact, high performance detector readout that can be both radiation tolerant and immune to magnetic fields. In this work, the feasibility of EOCD was explored by constructing a two-wavelength laser-based externally-modulated EOCD, and testing analog pulse shape preservation and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) crosstalk. Comparisons were first made between the corresponding initial pulses and the electro-optically coupled analog pulses. This confirmed an excellent analog pulse preservation over 29% of the modulator's switching voltage range. Optical spectrum analysis revealed less than -14 dB crosstalk with 1.2 nm WDM wavelength bandgap, and provided insight on experimental conditions that could lead to increased inter-wavelength crosstalk. Further discussions and previous research on the radiation tolerance and magnetic field immunity of the candidate materials were also given, and quantitative device testing is proposed in the future.

Reversible unidirectional reflection and absorption of PT-symmetry structure under electro-optical modulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fang, Yun-tuan; Zhang, Yi-chi; Xia, Jing

2018-06-01

In order to obtain tunable unidirectional device, we assumed an ideal periodic layered Parity-Time (PT) symmetry structure inserted by doped LiNbO3 (LN) interlayers. LN is a typical electro-optical material of which the refractive index depends on the external electric field. In our work, we theoretically investigate the modulation effect of the external electric field on the transmittance and reflectance of the structure through numerical method. Through selected structural parameters, the one-way enhanced reflection and high absorption (above 0.9) behaviors are found. Within a special frequency band (not a single frequency), our theoretical model performs enhanced reflection in one incidence direction and high absorption in the other direction. Furthermore, the directions of enhanced reflection and absorption can be reversed through reversing the direction of applied electric field. Such structure with reversible properties has the potential in designing new optical devices.

Electro-optical SLS devices for operating at new wavelength ranges

DOEpatents

Osbourn, Gordon C.

1986-01-01

An intrinsic semiconductor electro-optical device includes a p-n junction intrinsically responsive, when cooled, to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 8-12 um. The junction consists of a strained-layer superlattice of alternating layers of two different III-V semiconductors having mismatched lattice constants when in bulk form. A first set of layers is either InAs.sub.1-x Sb.sub.x (where x is aobut 0.5 to 0.7) or In.sub.1-x Ga.sub.x As.sub.1-y Sb.sub.y (where x and y are chosen such that the bulk bandgap of the resulting layer is about the same as the minimum bandgap in the In.sub.1-x Ga.sub.x As.sub.1-y Sb.sub.y family). The second set of layers has a lattice constant larger than the lattice constant of the layers in the first set.

Multiple-mode reconfigurable electro-optic switching network for optical fiber sensor array

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Ray T.; Wang, Michael R.; Jannson, Tomasz; Baumbick, Robert

1991-01-01

This paper reports the first switching network compatible with multimode fibers. A one-to-many cascaded reconfigurable interconnection was built. A thin glass substrate was used as the guiding medium which provides not only higher coupling efficiency from multimode fiber to waveguide but also better tolerance of phase-matching conditions. Involvement of a total-internal-reflection hologram and multimode waveguide eliminates interface problems between fibers and waveguides. The DCG polymer graft has proven to be reliable from -180 C to +200 C. Survivability of such an electrooptic system in harsh environments is further ensured. LiNbO3 was chosen as the E-O material because of its stability at high temperatures (phase-transition temperature of more than 1000 C) and maturity of E-O device technology. Further theoretical calculation was conducted to provide the optimal interaction length and device capacitance.

Design of a digital, ultra-broadband electro-optic switch for reconfigurable optical networks-on-chip.

PubMed

Van Campenhout, Joris; Green, William M J; Vlasov, Yurii A

2009-12-21

We present a novel design for a noise-tolerant, ultra-broadband electro-optic switch, based on a Mach-Zehnder lattice (MZL) interferometer. We analyze the switch performance through rigorous optical simulations, for devices implemented in silicon-on-insulator with carrier-injection-based phase shifters. We show that such a MZL switch can be designed to have a step-like switching response, resulting in improved tolerance to drive-voltage noise and temperature variations as compared to a single-stage Mach-Zehnder switch. Furthermore, we show that degradation in switching crosstalk and insertion loss due to free-carrier absorption can be largely overcome by a MZL switch design. Finally, MZL switches can be designed for having an ultra-wide, temperature-insensitive optical bandwidth of more than 250 nm. The proposed device shows good potential as a broadband optical switch in reconfigurable optical networks-on-chip.

Performance evaluation of electro-optic effect based graphene transistors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Gaurav; Abdul Jalil, Mansoor Bin; Yu, Bin; Liang, Gengchiau

2012-09-01

Despite the advantages afforded by the unique electronic properties of graphene, the absence of a bandgap has limited its applicability in logic devices. This has led to a study on electro-optic behavior in graphene for novel device operations, beyond the conventional field effect, to meet the requirements of ultra-low power and high-speed logic transistors. Recently, two potential designs have been proposed to leverage on this effect and open a virtual bandgap for ballistic transport in the graphene channel. The first one implements a barrier in the centre of the channel, whereas the second incorporates a tilted gate junction. In this paper, we computationally evaluate the relative device performance of these two designs, in terms of subthreshold slope (SS) and ION/IOFF ratio under different temperature and voltage bias, for a defect-free graphene channel. Our calculations employ pure optical modeling for low field electron transport under the constraints of device anatomy. The calculated results show that the two designs are functionally similar and are able to provide SS smaller than 60 mV per decade. Both designs show similar device performance but marginally top one another under different operating constraints. Our results could serve as a guide to circuit designers in selecting an appropriate design as per their system specifications and requirements.

Performance evaluation of electro-optic effect based graphene transistors.

PubMed

Gupta, Gaurav; Jalil, Mansoor Bin Abdul; Yu, Bin; Liang, Gengchiau

2012-10-21

Despite the advantages afforded by the unique electronic properties of graphene, the absence of a bandgap has limited its applicability in logic devices. This has led to a study on electro-optic behavior in graphene for novel device operations, beyond the conventional field effect, to meet the requirements of ultra-low power and high-speed logic transistors. Recently, two potential designs have been proposed to leverage on this effect and open a virtual bandgap for ballistic transport in the graphene channel. The first one implements a barrier in the centre of the channel, whereas the second incorporates a tilted gate junction. In this paper, we computationally evaluate the relative device performance of these two designs, in terms of subthreshold slope (SS) and I(ON)/I(OFF) ratio under different temperature and voltage bias, for a defect-free graphene channel. Our calculations employ pure optical modeling for low field electron transport under the constraints of device anatomy. The calculated results show that the two designs are functionally similar and are able to provide SS smaller than 60 mV per decade. Both designs show similar device performance but marginally top one another under different operating constraints. Our results could serve as a guide to circuit designers in selecting an appropriate design as per their system specifications and requirements.

High-speed electro-optic switch based on nonlinear polymer-clad waveguide incorporated with quasi-in-plane coplanar waveguide electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Ming-Hui; Wang, Xi-Bin; Xu, Qiang; Li, Ming; Niu, Dong-Hai; Sun, Xiao-Qiang; Wang, Fei; Li, Zhi-Yong; Zhang, Da-Ming

2018-01-01

Nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer is a promising material for active waveguide devices that can provide large bandwidth and high-speed response time. However, the performance of the active devices is not only related to the waveguide materials, but also related to the waveguide and electrode structures. In this paper, a high-speed Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) type of electro-optic (EO) switch based on NLO polymer-clad waveguide was fabricated. The quasi-in-plane coplanar waveguide electrodes were also introduced to enhance the poling and modulating efficiency. The characteristic parameters of the waveguide and electrode were carefully designed and simulated. The switches were fabricated by the conventional micro-fabrication process. Under 1550-nm operating wavelength, a typical fabricated switch showed a low insertion loss of 10.2 dB, and the switching rise time and fall time were 55.58 and 57.98 ns, respectively. The proposed waveguide and electrode structures could be developed into other active EO devices and also used as the component in the polymer-based large-scale photonic integrated circuit.

Flowmeter for Clear and Translucent Fluids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

White, P. R.

1985-01-01

Transducer with only three moving parts senses flow of clear or translucent fluid. Displacement of diaphragm by force of flow detected electrooptically and displayed by panel meter or other device. Transducer used to measure flow of gasoline to automobile engine.

Active material, optical mode and cavity impact on nanoscale electro-optic modulation performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amin, Rubab; Suer, Can; Ma, Zhizhen; Sarpkaya, Ibrahim; Khurgin, Jacob B.; Agarwal, Ritesh; Sorger, Volker J.

2017-10-01

Electro-optic modulation is a key function in optical data communication and possible future optical compute engines. The performance of modulators intricately depends on the interaction between the actively modulated material and the propagating waveguide mode. While a variety of high-performance modulators have been demonstrated, no comprehensive picture of what factors are most responsible for high performance has emerged so far. Here we report the first systematic and comprehensive analytical and computational investigation for high-performance compact on-chip electro-optic modulators by considering emerging active materials, model considerations and cavity feedback at the nanoscale. We discover that the delicate interplay between the material characteristics and the optical mode properties plays a key role in defining the modulator performance. Based on physical tradeoffs between index modulation, loss, optical confinement factors and slow-light effects, we find that there exist combinations of bias, material and optical mode that yield efficient phase or amplitude modulation with acceptable insertion loss. Furthermore, we show how material properties in the epsilon near zero regime enable reduction of length by as much as by 15 times. Lastly, we introduce and apply a cavity-based electro-optic modulator figure of merit, Δλ/Δα, relating obtainable resonance tuning via phase shifting relative to the incurred losses due to the fundamental Kramers-Kronig relations suggesting optimized device operating regions with optimized modulation-to-loss tradeoffs. This work paves the way for a holistic design rule of electro-optic modulators for high-density on-chip integration.

Design of Excess 3 to BCD code converter using electro-optic effect of Mach-Zehnder Interferometers for efficient data transmission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Santosh; Chanderkanta; Amphawan, Angela

2016-04-01

Excess 3 code is one of the most important codes used for efficient data storage and transmission. It is a non-weighted code and also known as self complimenting code. In this paper, a four bit optical Excess 3 to BCD code converter is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).

Graphene photonics for resonator-enhanced electro-optic devices and all-optical interactions

DOEpatents

Englund, Dirk R.; Gan, Xuetao

2017-03-21

Techniques for coupling light into graphene using a planar photonic crystal having a resonant cavity characterized by a mode volume and a quality factor and at least one graphene layer positioned in proximity to the planar photonic crystal to at least partially overlap with an evanescent field of the resonant cavity. At least one mode of the resonant cavity can couple into the graphene layer via evanescent coupling. The optical properties of the graphene layer can be controlled, and characteristics of the graphene-cavity system can be detected. Coupling light into graphene can include electro-optic modulation of light, photodetection, saturable absorption, bistability, and autocorrelation.

Structures having enhanced biaxial texture

DOEpatents

Goyal, Amit; Budai, John D.; Kroeger, Donald M.; Norton, David P.; Specht, Eliot D.; Christen, David K.

1999-01-01

A biaxially textured alloy article includes a rolled and annealed biaxially textured base metal substrate characterized by an x-ray diffraction phi scan peak of no more than 20.degree. FWHM; and a biaxially textured layer of an alloy or another material on a surface thereof. The article further includes at least one of an electromagnetic device or an electro-optical device epitaxially joined to the alloy.

Monolithic device for modelocking and stabilization of frequency combs.

PubMed

Lee, C-C; Hayashi, Y; Silverman, K L; Feldman, A; Harvey, T; Mirin, R P; Schibli, T R

2015-12-28

We demonstrate a device that integrates a III-V semiconductor saturable absorber mirror with a graphene electro-optic modulator, which provides a monolithic solution to modelocking and noise suppression in a frequency comb. The device offers a pure loss modulation bandwidth exceeding 5 MHz and only requires a low voltage driver. This hybrid device provides not only compactness and simplicity in laser cavity design, but also small insertion loss, compared to the previous metallic-mirror-based modulators. We believe this work paves the way to portable and fieldable phase-coherent frequency combs.

Electro-Optic Beam Steering Using Non-Linear Organic Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

York (SUNY), Buffalo, for potential application to the Hughes electro - optic beam deflector device. Evaluations include electro - optic coefficient...response time, transmission, and resistivity. Electro - optic coefficient measurements were made at 633 nm using a simple reflection technique. The

Concept of electro-optical sensor module for sniper detection system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trzaskawka, Piotr; Dulski, Rafal; Kastek, Mariusz

2010-10-01

The paper presents an initial concept of the electro-optical sensor unit for sniper detection purposes. This unit, comprising of thermal and daylight cameras, can operate as a standalone device but its primary application is a multi-sensor sniper and shot detection system. Being a part of a larger system it should contribute to greater overall system efficiency and lower false alarm rate thanks to data and sensor fusion techniques. Additionally, it is expected to provide some pre-shot detection capabilities. Generally acoustic (or radar) systems used for shot detection offer only "after-the-shot" information and they cannot prevent enemy attack, which in case of a skilled sniper opponent usually means trouble. The passive imaging sensors presented in this paper, together with active systems detecting pointed optics, are capable of detecting specific shooter signatures or at least the presence of suspected objects in the vicinity. The proposed sensor unit use thermal camera as a primary sniper and shot detection tool. The basic camera parameters such as focal plane array size and type, focal length and aperture were chosen on the basis of assumed tactical characteristics of the system (mainly detection range) and current technology level. In order to provide costeffective solution the commercially available daylight camera modules and infrared focal plane arrays were tested, including fast cooled infrared array modules capable of 1000 fps image acquisition rate. The daylight camera operates as a support, providing corresponding visual image, easier to comprehend for a human operator. The initial assumptions concerning sensor operation were verified during laboratory and field test and some example shot recording sequences are presented.

Multiple p-n junction subwavelength gratings for transmission-mode electro-optic modulators

PubMed Central

Lee, Ki Young; Yoon, Jae Woong; Song, Seok Ho; Magnusson, Robert

2017-01-01

We propose a free-space electro-optic transmission modulator based on multiple p-n-junction semiconductor subwavelength gratings. The proposed device operates with a high-Q guided-mode resonance undergoing electro-optic resonance shift due to direct electrical control. Using rigorous electrical and optical modeling methods, we theoretically demonstrate a modulation depth of 84%, on-state efficiency 85%, and on-off extinction ratio of 19 dB at 1,550 nm wavelength under electrical control signals within a favorably low bias voltage range from −4 V to +1 V. This functionality operates in the transmission mode and sustainable in the high-speed operation regime up to a 10-GHz-scale modulation bandwidth in principle. The theoretical performance prediction is remarkably advantageous over plasmonic tunable metasurfaces in the power-efficiency and absolute modulation-depth aspects. Therefore, further experimental study is of great interest for creating practical-level metasurface components in various application areas. PMID:28417962

Microstructure and ferroelectricity of BaTiO3 thin films on Si for integrated photonics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kormondy, Kristy J.; Popoff, Youri; Sousa, Marilyne; Eltes, Felix; Caimi, Daniele; Rossell, Marta D.; Fiebig, Manfred; Hoffmann, Patrik; Marchiori, Chiara; Reinke, Michael; Trassin, Morgan; Demkov, Alexander A.; Fompeyrine, Jean; Abe, Stefan

2017-02-01

Significant progress has been made in integrating novel materials into silicon photonic structures in order to extend the functionality of photonic circuits. One of these promising optical materials is BaTiO3 or barium titanate (BTO) that exhibits a very large Pockels coefficient as required for high-speed light modulators. However, all previous demonstrations show a noticable reduction of the Pockels effect in BTO thin films deposited on silicon substrates compared to BTO bulk crystals. Here, we report on the strong dependence of the Pockels effect in BTO thin films on their microstructure, and provide guidelines on how to engineer thin films with strong electro-optic response. We employ several deposition methods such as molecular beam epitaxy and chemical vapor deposition to realize BTO thin films with different morphology and crystalline structure. While a linear electro-optic response is present even in porous, polycrystalline BTO thin films with an effective Pockels coefficient r eff = 6 pm V-1, it is maximized for dense, tetragonal, epitaxial BTO films (r eff = 140 pm V-1). By identifying the key structural predictors of electro-optic response in BTO/Si, we provide a roadmap to fully exploit the linear electro-optic effect in novel hybrid oxide/semiconductor nanophotonic devices.

Lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites containing various nanoparticles as additives

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

In this study, we show the effect of various nanoparticle additives on phase separation behavior of a lattice-patterned liquid crystal [LC]-polymer composite system and on interfacial properties between the LC and polymer. Lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites were fabricated by exposing to UV light a mixture of a prepolymer, an LC, and SiO2 nanoparticles positioned under a patterned photomask. This resulted in the formation of an LC and prepolymer region through phase separation. We found that the incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles significantly affected the electro-optical properties of the lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites. This effect is a fundamental characteristic of flexible displays. The electro-optical properties depend on the size and surface functional groups of the SiO2 nanoparticles. Compared with untreated pristine SiO2 nanoparticles, which adversely affect the performance of LC molecules surrounded by polymer walls, SiO2 nanoparticles with surface functional groups were found to improve the electro-optical properties of the lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites by increasing the quantity of SiO2 nanoparticles. The surface functional groups of the SiO2 nanoparticles were closely related to the distribution of SiO2 nanoparticles in the LC-polymer composites, and they influenced the electro-optical properties of the LC molecules. It is clear from our work that the introduction of nanoparticles into a lattice-patterned LC-polymer composite provides a method for controlling and improving the composite's electro-optical properties. This technique can be used to produce flexible substrates for various flexible electronic devices. PMID:22222011

Optical and dark characterization of the PLATO CCD at ESA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Verhoeve, Peter; Prod'homme, Thibaut; Oosterbroek, Tim; Duvet, Ludovic; Beaufort, Thierry; Blommaert, Sander; Butler, Bart; Heijnen, Jerko; Lemmel, Frederic; van der Luijt, Cornelis; Smit, Hans; Visser, Ivo

2016-07-01

PLATO - PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars - is the third medium-class mission (M3) to be selected in the European Space Agency (ESA) Science and Robotic Exploration Cosmic Vision programme. It is due for launch in 2025 with the main objective to find and study terrestrial planets in the habitable zone around solar-like stars. The payload consists of >20 cameras; with each camera comprising 4 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs), a large number of flight model devices procured by ESA shall ultimately be integrated on the spacecraft. The CCD270 - specially designed and manufactured by e2v for the PLATO mission - is a large format (8 cm x 8 cm) back-illuminated device operating at 4 MHz pixel rate and coming in two variants: full frame and frame transfer. In order to de-risk the PLATO CCD procurement and aid the mission definition process, ESA's Payload Technology Validation section is currently validating the PLATO CCD270. This validation consists in demonstrating that the device achieves its specified electrooptical performance in the relevant environment: operated at 4 MHz, at cold and before and after proton irradiation. As part of this validation, CCD270 devices have been characterized in the dark as well as optically with respect to performance parameters directly relevant for the photometric application of the CCDs. Dark tests comprise the measurement of gain sensitivity to bias voltages, charge injection tests, and measurement of hot and variable pixels after irradiation. In addition, the results of measurements of Quantum Efficiency for a range of angles of incidence, intra- pixel response (non-)uniformity, and response to spot illumination, before and after proton irradiation. In particular, the effect of radiation induced degradation of the charge transfer efficiency on the measured charge in a star-like spot has been studied as a function of signal level and of position on the pixel grid, Also, the effect of various levels of background light on the amount of charge lost from a star image are described. These results can serve as a direct input to the PLATO consortium to study the mission performance and as a basis for further optimization of the CCD operation.

Micro-optics technology and sensor systems applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gal, George; Herman, B.; Anderson, W.; Whitney, R.; Morrow, H.

1993-01-01

The current generation of electro-optical sensors utilizing refractive and reflective optical elements require sophisticated, complex, and expensive designs. Advanced-technology-based electro-optical sensors of minimum size and weight require miniaturization of optical, electrical, and mechanical devices with an increasing trend toward integration of various components. Micro-optics technology has the potential in a number of areas to simplify optical design with improved performance. This includes internally cooled apertures, hybrid optical design, microlenses, dispersive multicolor microlenses, active dither, electronically controlled optical beam steer, and microscopic integration of micro-optics, detectors, and signal processing layers. This paper describes our approach to the development of micro-optics technology with our main emphasis for sensors applications.

Electro-optical graphene plasmonic logic gates.

PubMed

Ooi, Kelvin J A; Chu, Hong Son; Bai, Ping; Ang, Lay Kee

2014-03-15

The versatile control of graphene's plasmonic modes via an external gate-voltage inspires us to design efficient electro-optical graphene plasmonic logic gates at the midinfrared wavelengths. We show that these devices are superior to the conventional optical logic gates because the former possess cut-off states and interferometric effects. Moreover, the designed six basic logic gates (i.e., NOR/AND, NAND/OR, XNOR/XOR) achieved not only ultracompact size lengths of less than λ/28 with respect to the operating wavelength of 10 μm, but also a minimum extinction ratio as high as 15 dB. These graphene plasmonic logic gates are potential building blocks for future nanoscale midinfrared photonic integrated circuits.

Characterization and compensation of the residual chirp in a Mach-Zehnder-type electro-optical intensity modulator.

PubMed

Rogers, C E; Carini, J L; Pechkis, J A; Gould, P L

2010-01-18

We utilize various techniques to characterize the residual phase modulation of a waveguide-based Mach-Zehnder electro-optical intensity modulator. A heterodyne technique is used to directly measure the phase change due to a given change in intensity, thereby determining the chirp parameter of the device. This chirp parameter is also measured by examining the ratio of sidebands for sinusoidal amplitude modulation. Finally, the frequency chirp caused by an intensity pulse on the nanosecond time scale is measured via the heterodyne signal. We show that this chirp can be largely compensated with a separate phase modulator. The various measurements of the chirp parameter are in reasonable agreement.

Electro-optic modulator material

DOEpatents

Adams, John J.; Ebbers, Chris A.

2005-02-22

An electro-optic device for use with a laser beam. A crystal has a first face and a second face. Means are provided for applying a voltage across the crystal to obtain a net phase retardation on the polarization of the laser beam when the laser beam is passed through the crystal. In one embodiment the crystal is composed of a compound having the chemical formula ReAe40(BO3)3 where: RE consists of one or more of the following elements La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and two other elements Y and Sc; and where Ae is from the list of Ca, Sr, or Ba.

Electro-optic characteristics of 4-domain vertical alignment nematic liquid crystal display with interdigital electrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, S. H.; Jeong, Y. H.; Kim, H. Y.; Cho, H. M.; Lee, W. G.; Lee, S. H.

2000-06-01

We have fabricated a vertically aligned 4-domain nematic liquid crystal display cell with thin film transistor. Unlike the conventional method constructing 4-domain, i.e., protrusion and surrounding electrode which needs additional processes, in this study the pixel design forming 4-domain with interdigital electrodes is suggested. In the device, one pixel is divided into two parts. One part has a horizontal electric field in the vertical direction and the other part has a horizontal one in the horizontal direction. Such fields in the horizontal and vertical direction drive the liquid crystal director to tilt down in four directions. In this article, the electro-optic characteristics of cells with 2 and 4 domain have been studied. The device with 4 domain shows faster response time than normal twisted-nematic and in-plane switching cells, wide viewing angle with optical compensation film, and more stable color characteristics than 2-domain vertical alignment cell with similar structure.

Superconductivity Devices: Commercial Use of Space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haertling, Gene (Principal Investigator); Furman, Eugene; Li, Guang

1996-01-01

The work described in this report covers various aspects of the Rainbow solid-state actuator and sensor technologies. It is presented in five parts dealing with sensor applications, nonlinear properties, stress-optic and electrooptic properties, stacks and arrays, and publications. The Rainbow actuator technology is a relatively new materials development which had its inception in 1992. It involves a new processing technique for preparing pre-stressed, high lead containing piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramic materials. Ceramics fabricated by this method produce bending-mode actuator devices which possess several times more displacement and load bearing capacity than present-day benders. Since they can also be used in sensor applications, Rainbows are part of the family of materials known as smart ceramics. During this period, PLZT Rainbow ceramics were characterized with respect to their piezoelectric properties for potential use in stress sensor applications. Studies of the nonlinear and stress-optic/electrooptic birefringent properties were also initiated during this period. Various means for increasing the utility of stress-enhanced Rainbow actuators are presently under investigation.

Real-time associative memory with photorefractive crystal KNSBN and liquid-crystal optical switches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Haiying; Yuan, Yang Y.; Yu, Youlong; Xu, Kebin; Xu, Yuhuan; Zhu, De-Rui

1990-05-01

We present a real-time holographic associative memory implemented with photorefractive KNSBN : Co crystal as memory element and liquid crystal electrooptical switches as reflective thresholding device. The experimental results show that the system has real-time multiple-image storage and recall function.

A Profile of Defense Manufacturing Costs and Enabling Technologies

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

RECEIVE MODULE F Missiles 75mm Cadmium Zinc Telluride F 94 GHZ MILLIMETER WAVE TRANSCEIVER F COMPOSITES FOR PASSIVE THERMAL MANAGEMENT F COMPOSITES FOR... PASSIVE THERMAL MANAGEMENT F Design standards for surface mount devices I Electro-optic Components Advanced Manufacturing PrDcess I FIBER OPTIC

Ferroic Crystals for Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Applications.

DTIC Science & Technology

properties for potential application in acousto - optic devices; and, (2) A systematic examination of the role of domain structures in modifying the...macroscopic properties of all types of ferroic crystals and the manner in which these property modifications could be exploited in acousto - optic , electro

Optical memory system technology. Citations from the International Aerospace Abstracts data base

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zollars, G. F.

1980-01-01

Approximately 213 citations from the international literature which concern the development of the optical data storage system technology are presented. Topics covered include holographic computer storage devices, crystal, magneto, and electro-optics, imaging techniques, in addition to optical data processing and storage.

Processing and Fusion of Electro-Optic Information

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-04-01

UNCLASSIFIED Defense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice ADP010886 TITLE: Processing and Fusion of Electro - Optic Information...component part numbers comprise the compilation report: ADP010865 thru ADP010894 UNCLASSIFIED 21-1 Processing and Fusion of Electro - Optic Information I...additional electro - optic (EO) sensor model within OOPSDG. It describes TM IT TT T T T performance estimates found prior to producing the New Ne- New

Polycrystalline PLZT/ITO Ceramic Electro-Optic Phase Gratings: Electro- Optically Reconfigurable Diffractive Devices for Free-Space and In-Wafer Interconnects

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-09-01

free-space and waveguide interconnects is investigated through the fabrication, testing and modeling of polycrystalline PLZT/ITO ceramic electro - optic phase...only gratings. PLZT Diffraction grating, Electro - optic diffraction grating, Optical switching, Optical interconnects, Reconfigurable interconnect

Adaptive wiener image restoration kernel

DOEpatents

Yuan, Ding [Henderson, NV

2007-06-05

A method and device for restoration of electro-optical image data using an adaptive Wiener filter begins with constructing imaging system Optical Transfer Function, and the Fourier Transformations of the noise and the image. A spatial representation of the imaged object is restored by spatial convolution of the image using a Wiener restoration kernel.

Displays, memories, and signal processing: A compilation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Articles on electronics systems and techniques were presented. The first section is on displays and other electro-optical systems; the second section is devoted to signal processing. The third section presented several new memory devices for digital equipment, including articles on holographic memories. The latest patent information available is also given.

An ultralow power athermal silicon modulator.

PubMed

Timurdogan, Erman; Sorace-Agaskar, Cheryl M; Sun, Jie; Shah Hosseini, Ehsan; Biberman, Aleksandr; Watts, Michael R

2014-06-11

Silicon photonics has emerged as the leading candidate for implementing ultralow power wavelength-division-multiplexed communication networks in high-performance computers, yet current components (lasers, modulators, filters and detectors) consume too much power for the high-speed femtojoule-class links that ultimately will be required. Here we demonstrate and characterize the first modulator to achieve simultaneous high-speed (25 Gb s(-1)), low-voltage (0.5 VPP) and efficient 0.9 fJ per bit error-free operation. This low-energy high-speed operation is enabled by a record electro-optic response, obtained in a vertical p-n junction device that at 250 pm V(-1) (30 GHz V(-1)) is up to 10 times larger than prior demonstrations. In addition, this record electro-optic response is used to compensate for thermal drift over a 7.5 °C temperature range with little additional energy consumption (0.24 fJ per bit for a total energy consumption below 1.03 J per bit). The combined results of highly efficient modulation and electro-optic thermal compensation represent a new paradigm in modulator development and a major step towards single-digit femtojoule-class communications.

Low-loss plasmon-assisted electro-optic modulator.

PubMed

Haffner, Christian; Chelladurai, Daniel; Fedoryshyn, Yuriy; Josten, Arne; Baeuerle, Benedikt; Heni, Wolfgang; Watanabe, Tatsuhiko; Cui, Tong; Cheng, Bojun; Saha, Soham; Elder, Delwin L; Dalton, Larry R; Boltasseva, Alexandra; Shalaev, Vladimir M; Kinsey, Nathaniel; Leuthold, Juerg

2018-04-01

For nearly two decades, researchers in the field of plasmonics 1 -which studies the coupling of electromagnetic waves to the motion of free electrons near the surface of a metal 2 -have sought to realize subwavelength optical devices for information technology 3-6 , sensing 7,8 , nonlinear optics 9,10 , optical nanotweezers 11 and biomedical applications 12 . However, the electron motion generates heat through ohmic losses. Although this heat is desirable for some applications such as photo-thermal therapy, it is a disadvantage in plasmonic devices for sensing and information technology 13 and has led to a widespread view that plasmonics is too lossy to be practical. Here we demonstrate that the ohmic losses can be bypassed by using 'resonant switching'. In the proposed approach, light is coupled to the lossy surface plasmon polaritons only in the device's off state (in resonance) in which attenuation is desired, to ensure large extinction ratios between the on and off states and allow subpicosecond switching. In the on state (out of resonance), destructive interference prevents the light from coupling to the lossy plasmonic section of a device. To validate the approach, we fabricated a plasmonic electro-optic ring modulator. The experiments confirm that low on-chip optical losses, operation at over 100 gigahertz, good energy efficiency, low thermal drift and a compact footprint can be combined in a single device. Our result illustrates that plasmonics has the potential to enable fast, compact on-chip sensing and communications technologies.

Liquid crystal waveguides: new devices enabled by >1000 waves of optical phase control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Scott R.; Farca, George; Rommel, Scott D.; Johnson, Seth; Anderson, Michael H.

2010-02-01

A new electro-optic waveguide platform, which provides unprecedented voltage control over optical phase delays (> 2mm), with very low loss (< 0.5 dB/cm) and rapid response time (sub millisecond), will be presented. This technology, developed by Vescent Photonics, is based upon a unique liquid-crystal waveguide geometry, which exploits the tremendous electro-optic response of liquid crystals while circumventing their historic limitations. The waveguide geometry provides nematic relaxation speeds in the 10's of microseconds and LC scattering losses that are reduced by orders of magnitude from bulk transmissive LC optics. The exceedingly large optical phase delays accessible with this technology enable the design and construction of a new class of previously unrealizable photonic devices. Examples include: 2-D analog non-mechanical beamsteerers, chip-scale widely tunable lasers, chip-scale Fourier transform spectrometer (< 5 nm resolution demonstrated), widely tunable micro-ring resonators, tunable lenses, ultra-low power (< 5 microWatts) optical switches, true optical time delay devices for phased array antennas, and many more. All of these devices may benefit from established manufacturing technologies and ultimately may be as inexpensive as a calculator display. Furthermore, this new integrated photonic architecture has applications in a wide array of commercial and defense markets including: remote sensing, micro-LADAR, OCT, FSO, laser illumination, phased array radar, etc. Performance attributes of several example devices and application data will be presented. In particular, we will present a non-mechanical beamsteerer that steers light in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions.

Electro-optic phase matching in a Si photonic crystal slow light modulator using meander-line electrodes.

PubMed

Hinakura, Yosuke; Terada, Yosuke; Arai, Hiroyuki; Baba, Toshihiko

2018-04-30

We demonstrate a Si photonic crystal waveguide Mach-Zehnder modulator that incorporates meander-line electrodes to compensate for the phase mismatch between slow light and RF signals. We first employed commonized ground electrodes in the modulator to suppress undesired fluctuations in the electro-optic (EO) response due to coupled slot-line modes of RF signals. Then, we theoretically and experimentally investigated the effect of the phase mismatch on the EO response. We confirmed that meander-line electrodes improve the EO response, particularly in the absence of internal reflection of the RF signals. The cut-off frequency of this device can reach 27 GHz, which allows high-speed modulation up to 50 Gbps.

Design of CMOS compatible and compact, thermally-compensated electro-optic modulator based on off-axis microring resonator for dense wavelength division multiplexing applications.

PubMed

Haldar, Raktim; Banik, Abhik D; Varshney, Shailendra K

2014-09-22

In this work, we propose and demonstrate the performance of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) off-axis microring resonator (MRR) as electro-optic modulator (EOM). Adding an extra off-axis inner-ring in conventional microring structure provides control to compensate thermal effects on EOM. It is shown that dynamically controlled bias-voltage applied to the outer ring has the potency to quell the thermal effects over a wide range of temperature. Thus, besides the appositely biased conventional microring, off-axis inner microring with pre-emphasized electrical input message signal enables our proposed structure suitable for high data-rate dense wavelength division multiplexing scheme of optical communication within a very compact device size.

Development of side-chain NLO polymer materials with high electro-optic activity and long-term stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Diyun; Parker, Timothy; Guan, Hann Wen; Cong, Shuxin; Jin, Danliang; Dinu, Raluca; Chen, Baoquan; Tolstedt, Don; Wolf, Nick; Condon, Stephen

2005-01-01

The electro-optic coefficient and long-term dipole alignment stability are two major factors in the development of high performance NLO materials for the application of high-speed EO devices. We have developed a high performance non-linear organic chromophore and incorporated it into a crosslinkable side-chain polyimide system. The polymer was synthesized through stepwise grafting of the crosslinker followed by the chromophore onto the polyimide backbone via esterification. Different chromophore loading levels were achieved by adjusting the crosslinker/chromophore feeding ratio. The polyimides films were contact-poled with second-harmonic generation monitoring. A large EO coefficient value was obtained and good long-term thermal stability at 85°C was observed.

Design of pseudorandom binary sequence generator using lithium-niobate-based Mach-Zehnder interferometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choudhary, Kuldeep; Kumar, Santosh

2017-05-01

The application of electro-optic effect in lithium-niobate-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer to design a 3-bit optical pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) generator has been proposed, which is characterized by its simplicity of generation and stability. The proposed device is optoelectronic in nature. The PBRS generator is immensely applicable for pattern generation, encryption, and coding applications in optical networks. The study is carried out by simulating the proposed device with beam propagation method.

Electro-Optic Characterisation of Extremely Wide Bandwidth Electrical Signals

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-01

In this report an ultrafast electro - optic sampling system suitable for applications such as device characterisation is described. The aperture time of the sampler is calculated to be about 290 fs, implying an attainable device bandwidth in excess of 300 GHz. The sampler was characterised using a test pulse with approximately 12 GHz of frequency content, and the results compared to those obtained from an 18 GHz digital sampling oscilloscope. Signal Processing, Bandwidth, Frequencies, Oscilloscopes.

Lead Poison Detection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

With NASA contracts, Whittaker Corporations Space Science division has developed an electro-optical instrument to mass screen for lead poisoning. Device is portable and detects protoporphyrin in whole blood. Free corpuscular porphyrins occur as an early effect of lead ingestion. Also detects lead in urine used to confirm blood tests. Test is inexpensive and can be applied by relatively unskilled personnel. Similar Whittaker fluorometry device called "drug screen" can measure morphine and quinine in urine much faster and cheaper than other methods.

High-speed electro-optic switch with -80 dB crosstalk

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pan, J. J.; Su, W. H.; Xu, J. Y.; Grove, C. H.

1992-01-01

Special device modeling, design and layout, and precision processing controls were employed to fabricate new balanced-bridge 2x2 and 4x4 switches on X-cut, Y-propagation LiNbO3 substrate using Ti indiffused optical waveguides. The best of these devices achieved extinction ratio and crosstalk isolation of better than 93 dB electrically (46.5 dB optically). The new switches demonstrate good reproducibility with electrical crosstalk less than -80 dB.

The electro-optic mechanism and infrared switching dynamic of the hybrid multilayer VO2/Al:ZnO heterojunctions.

PubMed

Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Wu; Wang, Junyong; Jiang, Kai; Zhang, Jinzhong; Li, Wenwu; Wu, Jiada; Hu, Zhigao; Chu, Junhao

2017-06-30

Active and widely controllable phase transition optical materials have got rapid applications in energy-efficient electronic devices, field of meta-devices and so on. Here, we report the optical properties of the vanadium dioxide (VO 2 )/aluminum-doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO) hybrid n-n type heterojunctions and the corresponding electro-optic performances of the devices. Various structures are fabricated to compare the discrepancy of the optical and electrical characteristics. It was found that the reflectance spectra presents the wheel phenomenon rather than increases monotonically with temperature at near-infrared region range. The strong interference effects was found in the hybrid multilayer heterojunction. In addition, the phase transition temperature decreases with increasing the number of the Al:ZnO layer, which can be ascribed to the electron injection to the VO 2 film from the Al:ZnO interface. Affected by the double layer Al:ZnO, the abnormal Raman vibration mode was presented in the insulator region. By adding the external voltage on the Al 2 O 3 /Al:ZnO/VO 2 /Al:ZnO, Al 2 O 3 /Al:ZnO/VO 2 and Al 2 O 3 /VO 2 /Al:ZnO thin-film devices, the infrared optical spectra of the devices can be real-time manipulated by an external voltage. The main effect of joule heating and assistant effect of electric field are illustrated in this work. It is believed that the results will add a more thorough understanding in the application of the VO 2 /transparent conductive film device.

German infrared and night vision technology: from the beginning until 1945

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krake, M.; Rothe, H.

2010-08-01

Based on the invention of the photocell four German organizations forced the development of electrooptics in Germany: Allgemeine Electrizitaetsgesellschaft in Berlin, Zeiss in Jena, Elektroakustik in Kiel and the German Reichspost in Berlin. The outcome of this effort were: image converters with alkali and semiconductor photocathodes, infrared homing devices for anti aircraft missiles and heat bearing devices. These devices were used for instance in the German tank no. 5 Panther, the anti aircraft missiles Enzian and Schmetterling and for the coastal defense of Denmark. It is interesting to know that the infrared homing device of the sidewinder rocket is based on that of the Enzian.

Robust integration schemes for junction-based modulators in a 200mm CMOS compatible silicon photonic platform (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szelag, Bertrand; Abraham, Alexis; Brision, Stéphane; Gindre, Paul; Blampey, Benjamin; Myko, André; Olivier, Segolene; Kopp, Christophe

2017-05-01

Silicon photonic is becoming a reality for next generation communication system addressing the increasing needs of HPC (High Performance Computing) systems and datacenters. CMOS compatible photonic platforms are developed in many foundries integrating passive and active devices. The use of existing and qualified microelectronics process guarantees cost efficient and mature photonic technologies. Meanwhile, photonic devices have their own fabrication constraints, not similar to those of cmos devices, which can affect their performances. In this paper, we are addressing the integration of PN junction Mach Zehnder modulator in a 200mm CMOS compatible photonic platform. Implantation based device characteristics are impacted by many process variations among which screening layer thickness, dopant diffusion, implantation mask overlay. CMOS devices are generally quite robust with respect to these processes thanks to dedicated design rules. For photonic devices, the situation is different since, most of the time, doped areas must be carefully located within waveguides and CMOS solutions like self-alignment to the gate cannot be applied. In this work, we present different robust integration solutions for junction-based modulators. A simulation setup has been built in order to optimize of the process conditions. It consist in a Mathlab interface coupling process and device electro-optic simulators in order to run many iterations. Illustrations of modulator characteristic variations with process parameters are done using this simulation setup. Parameters under study are, for instance, X and Y direction lithography shifts, screening oxide and slab thicknesses. A robust process and design approach leading to a pn junction Mach Zehnder modulator insensitive to lithography misalignment is then proposed. Simulation results are compared with experimental datas. Indeed, various modulators have been fabricated with different process conditions and integration schemes. Extensive electro-optic characterization of these components will be presented.

Ferroelectric Tungsten Bronze Bulk Crystals and Epitaxial Thin Films for Electro-Optic Device Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-07-01

improved, they show a considerable enhancement in electro - optic and photorefractive properties, specifically for Ce(3+)-doped SBN:60 crystals. The...concentration of impurity ions increased. Undoped SBN:60 single crystals have also been grown and they are almost striation-free and exhibit excellent electro - optic properties.

Ferroelectric Tungsten Bronze Bulk Crystals and Epitaxial Thin Films for Electro-Optic Device Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-01

110) film orientations. Electro - optic measurements on SBN:60 single crystals have shown a high value for r51 of 80 x 10 to the minus 12th power m/v...showing morphotropic boundary conditions with enhanced dielectric properties. Both systems look promising for future electro - optic development.

Electro-optic electrodes based on Lithium Niobate Mach Zhender Interferometer Modulators for wearable bioelectric activity recording

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandes, Mariana S.; Correia, José H.; Mendes, Paulo M.

2011-05-01

Wearable devices are used to record several physiological signals, providing unobtrusive and continuous monitoring. A main challenge in these systems is to develop new recording sensors, specially envisioning bioelectric activity detection. Available devices are difficult to integrate, mainly due to the amount of electrical wires and components needed. This work proposes a fiber-optic based device, which basis of operation relies on the electro-optic effect. A Lithium Niobate (LiBnO3) Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) modulator is used as the core sensing component, followed by a signal conversion and processing stage. Tests were performed in order to validate the proposed acquisition system in terms of signal amplification and quality, stability and frequency response. A light source with a wavelength operation of 1530- 1565 nm was used. The modulated intensity is amplified and converted to an output voltage with a high transimpedance gain. The filtering and electric amplification included a 50Hz notch filter, a bandpass filter with a -3 dB bandwidth from 0.50 to 35 Hz. The obtained system performance on key elements such as sensitivity, frequency content, and signal quality, have shown that the proposed acquisition system allows the development of new wearable bioelectric monitoring solutions based on optical technologies.

Electro-Optical Design for Efficient Visual Communication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huck, Friedrich O.; Fales, Carl L.; Jobson, Daniel J.; Rahman, Zia-Ur

1995-01-01

Visual communication, in the form of telephotography and television, for example, can be regarded as efficient only if the amount of information that it conveys about the scene to the observer approaches the maximum possible and the associated cost approaches the minimum possible. Elsewhere we have addressed the problem of assessing the end to end performance of visual communication systems in terms of their efficiency in this sense by integrating the critical limiting factors that constrain image gathering into classical communications theory. We use this approach to assess the electro-optical design of image gathering devices as a function of the f number and apodization of the objective lens and the aperture size and sampling geometry of the phot-detection mechanism. Results show that an image gathering device that is designed to optimize information capacity performs similarly to the human eye. For both, the performance approaches the maximum possible, in terms of the efficiency with which the acquired information can be transmitted as decorrelated data, and the fidelity, sharpness, and clearity with which fine detail can be restored.

The design of the layout of faceted multi-channel electro-optical spatial coordinates measuring instrument for point-like bright objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Repin, Vladislav A.; Gorbunova, Elena V.; Chertov, Aleksandr N.; Korotaev, Valery V.

2017-06-01

For many applied problems it is necessary to obtain information about the situation in a wide angular field in order to measure various parameters of objects: their spatial coordinates, instantaneous velocities, and so on. In this case, one interesting bionic approach can be used - a mosaic (or discrete, otherwise, facet) angular field. Such electro-optical system constructively imitates the visual apparatus of insects: many photodetectors like ommatidia (elements of the facet eye structure) are located on a non-planar surface. Such devices can be used in photogrammetry and aerial photography systems (if the space is sufficient), in the transport sector as vehicle orientation organs, as systems for monitoring in unmanned aerial vehicles, in endoscopy for obtaining comprehensive information on the state of various cavities, in intelligent robotic systems. In this manuscript discusses the advantages and disadvantages of multi-channeled optoelectronic systems with a mosaic angular field, presents possible options for their use, and discusses some of the design procedures performed when developing a layout of a coordinate measuring device.

Electro-optical design for efficient visual communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huck, Friedrich O.; Fales, Carl L.; Jobson, Daniel J.; Rahman, Zia-ur

1995-03-01

Visual communication, in the form of telephotography and television, for example, can be regarded as efficient only if the amount of information that it conveys about the scene to the observer approaches the maximum possible and the associated cost approaches the minimum possible. Elsewhere we have addressed the problem of assessing the end-to-end performance of visual communication systems in terms of their efficiency in this sense by integrating the critical limiting factors that constrain image gathering into classical communication theory. We use this approach to assess the electro-optical design of image-gathering devices as a function of the f number and apodization of the objective lens and the aperture size and sampling geometry of the photodetection mechanism. Results show that an image-gathering device that is designed to optimize information capacity performs similarly to the human eye. For both, the performance approaches the maximum possible, in terms of the efficiency with which the acquired information can be transmitted as decorrelated data, and the fidelity, sharpness, and clarity with which fine detail can be restored.

New Materials, Techniques and Device Concepts for Organic NLO Chromophore-based Electrooptic Devices. Part 1

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-23

polarization the electric field vector is parallel to the substrate, for TM polarization the magnetic field vector is parallel to the substrate. Figure...section can be obtained for the case of the two electromagnetic field polarization vectors λ and µ describing the two photons being absorbed (of the same or... polarization effects on two-photon absorption as investigated by the technique of thermal lensing detected absorption of a mode- locked laser beam. This

Video display engineering and optimization system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larimer, James (Inventor)

1997-01-01

A video display engineering and optimization CAD simulation system for designing a LCD display integrates models of a display device circuit, electro-optics, surface geometry, and physiological optics to model the system performance of a display. This CAD system permits system performance and design trade-offs to be evaluated without constructing a physical prototype of the device. The systems includes a series of modules which permit analysis of design trade-offs in terms of their visual impact on a viewer looking at a display.

Ultrawide Shipboard Electrooptic Electromagnetic Environment Monitoring

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-05-01

ridge-waveguide modulator has a device length of 300 fpm, a waveguide thickness of 0.4 pm, a device capacitance of 0.2 pF, and a r x- 0.7. For digital ...important noise sources identified. Particular attention will be paid to the performance characteristics of the optical modulator. For digital ...1.32 tM for digital as well as analog optical link applications. The operation of the FKE modulator was discussed in Section 2.1.2 of this report. At

Electrochromic material and electro-optical device using same

DOEpatents

Cogan, Stuart F.; Rauh, R. David

1992-01-01

An oxidatively coloring electrochromic layer of composition M.sub.y CrO.sub.2+x (0.33.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.2.0 and x.ltoreq.2) where M=Li, Na or K with improved transmittance modulation, improved thermal and environmental stability, and improved resistance to degradation in organic liquid and polymeric electrolytes. The M.sub.y CrO.sub.2+x provides complementary optical modulation to cathodically coloring materials in thin-film electrochromic glazings and electrochromic devices employing polymeric Li.sup.+ ion conductors.

Electrochromic material and electro-optical device using same

DOEpatents

Cogan, S.F.; Rauh, R.D.

1992-01-14

An oxidatively coloring electrochromic layer of composition M[sub y]CrO[sub 2+x] (0.33[le]y[le]2.0 and x[le]2) where M=Li, Na or K with improved transmittance modulation, improved thermal and environmental stability, and improved resistance to degradation in organic liquid and polymeric electrolytes. The M[sub y]CrO[sub 2+x] provides complementary optical modulation to cathodically coloring materials in thin-film electrochromic glazings and electrochromic devices employing polymeric Li[sup +] ion conductors. 12 figs.

Optoelectronic Workshops. 11. Superlattice Disordering

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-07

modulator ref.: Wood, JLWT §9, p743 (6/88) AaMQW =50x &acGaAs bulk (is comparable to LINbO3) residual aborption for typical device = 2 dB typical device...band edge due to unacceptable aborption losses Far from band edge, 10-4 -An-c10)-3 with minimum chirp Dominant electro-optic effect is quadratic- with...Bratton for technical support and KJ. Mackey for many helpful discussions. T.D. Golding would like to thank Prof. M. Pepper for assistance, and

Electric field induced structural colour tuning of a silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle one-dimensional photonic crystal

PubMed Central

Aluicio-Sarduy, Eduardo; Callegari, Simone; Figueroa del Valle, Diana Gisell; Desii, Andrea; Kriegel, Ilka

2016-01-01

Summary An electric field is employed for the active tuning of the structural colour in photonic crystals, which acts as an effective external stimulus with an impact on light transmission manipulation. In this work, we demonstrate structural colour in a photonic crystal device comprised of alternating layers of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, exhibiting spectral shifts of around 10 nm for an applied voltage of only 10 V. The accumulation of charge at the metal/dielectric interface with an applied electric field leads to an effective increase of the charges contributing to the plasma frequency in silver. This initiates a blue shift of the silver plasmon band with a simultaneous blue shift of the photonic band gap as a result of the change in the silver dielectric function (i.e. decrease of the effective refractive index). These results are the first demonstration of active colour tuning in silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle-based photonic crystals and open the route to metal/dielectric-based photonic crystals as electro-optic switches. PMID:27826514

Electric field induced structural colour tuning of a silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle one-dimensional photonic crystal.

PubMed

Aluicio-Sarduy, Eduardo; Callegari, Simone; Figueroa Del Valle, Diana Gisell; Desii, Andrea; Kriegel, Ilka; Scotognella, Francesco

2016-01-01

An electric field is employed for the active tuning of the structural colour in photonic crystals, which acts as an effective external stimulus with an impact on light transmission manipulation. In this work, we demonstrate structural colour in a photonic crystal device comprised of alternating layers of silver nanoparticles and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, exhibiting spectral shifts of around 10 nm for an applied voltage of only 10 V. The accumulation of charge at the metal/dielectric interface with an applied electric field leads to an effective increase of the charges contributing to the plasma frequency in silver. This initiates a blue shift of the silver plasmon band with a simultaneous blue shift of the photonic band gap as a result of the change in the silver dielectric function (i.e. decrease of the effective refractive index). These results are the first demonstration of active colour tuning in silver/titanium dioxide nanoparticle-based photonic crystals and open the route to metal/dielectric-based photonic crystals as electro-optic switches.

An ultralow power athermal silicon modulator

PubMed Central

Timurdogan, Erman; Sorace-Agaskar, Cheryl M.; Sun, Jie; Shah Hosseini, Ehsan; Biberman, Aleksandr; Watts, Michael R.

2014-01-01

Silicon photonics has emerged as the leading candidate for implementing ultralow power wavelength–division–multiplexed communication networks in high-performance computers, yet current components (lasers, modulators, filters and detectors) consume too much power for the high-speed femtojoule-class links that ultimately will be required. Here we demonstrate and characterize the first modulator to achieve simultaneous high-speed (25 Gb s−1), low-voltage (0.5 VPP) and efficient 0.9 fJ per bit error-free operation. This low-energy high-speed operation is enabled by a record electro-optic response, obtained in a vertical p–n junction device that at 250 pm V−1 (30 GHz V−1) is up to 10 times larger than prior demonstrations. In addition, this record electro-optic response is used to compensate for thermal drift over a 7.5 °C temperature range with little additional energy consumption (0.24 fJ per bit for a total energy consumption below 1.03 J per bit). The combined results of highly efficient modulation and electro-optic thermal compensation represent a new paradigm in modulator development and a major step towards single-digit femtojoule-class communications. PMID:24915772

Embedded optical interconnect technology in data storage systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pitwon, Richard C. A.; Hopkins, Ken; Milward, Dave; Muggeridge, Malcolm

2010-05-01

As both data storage interconnect speeds increase and form factors in hard disk drive technologies continue to shrink, the density of printed channels on the storage array midplane goes up. The dominant interconnect protocol on storage array midplanes is expected to increase to 12 Gb/s by 2012 thereby exacerbating the performance bottleneck in future digital data storage systems. The design challenges inherent to modern data storage systems are discussed and an embedded optical infrastructure proposed to mitigate this bottleneck. The proposed solution is based on the deployment of an electro-optical printed circuit board and active interconnect technology. The connection architecture adopted would allow for electronic line cards with active optical edge connectors to be plugged into and unplugged from a passive electro-optical midplane with embedded polymeric waveguides. A demonstration platform has been developed to assess the viability of embedded electro-optical midplane technology in dense data storage systems and successfully demonstrated at 10.3 Gb/s. Active connectors incorporate optical transceiver interfaces operating at 850 nm and are connected in an in-plane coupling configuration to the embedded waveguides in the midplane. In addition a novel method of passively aligning and assembling passive optical devices to embedded polymer waveguide arrays has also been demonstrated.

Graphene as transmissive electrodes and aligning layers for liquid-crystal-based electro-optic devices.

PubMed

Basu, Rajratan; Shalov, Samuel A

2017-07-01

In a conventional liquid crystal (LC) cell, polyimide layers are used to align the LC homogeneously in the cell, and transmissive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes are used to apply the electric field to reorient the LC along the field. It is experimentally presented here that monolayer graphene films on the two glass substrates can function concurrently as the LC aligning layers and the transparent electrodes to fabricate an LC cell, without using the conventional polyimide and ITO substrates. This replacement can effectively decrease the thickness of all the alignment layers and electrodes from about 100 nm to less than 1 nm. The interaction between LC and graphene through π-π electron stacking imposes a planar alignment on the LC in the graphene-based cell-which is verified using a crossed polarized microscope. The graphene-based LC cell exhibits an excellent nematic director reorientation process from planar to homeotropic configuration through the application of an electric field-which is probed by dielectric and electro-optic measurements. Finally, it is shown that the electro-optic switching is significantly faster in the graphene-based LC cell than in a conventional ITO-polyimide LC cell.

Vision Test in Seconds

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

Acuity Systems, Inc. developed an electro-optical instrument under a grant from NASA to measure the visual performance of pilots. Transferred from Ames Research Center, this instrument now allows you to have your eyes tested in seconds by relatively unskilled operators. The device automatically measures refractive error of eye and prints out proper prescription for glasses. The unit also detects cataracts and glaucoma.

X-ray diffraction imaging (topography) of electroopticcrystals by synchrotron radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steiner, Bruce; Kuriyama, Masao; Dobbyn, Ronald C.; Laor, Uri

1988-01-01

Information of special interest to crystal growers and device physicists now available from monochromatic synchrotron diffraction imaging (topography) is reviewed. Illustrations are taken from a variety of electro-optic crystals. Aspects of the detailed understanding of crystal growth processes obtainable from carefully selected samples are described. Finally, new experimental opportunities now available for exploitation are indicated.

Two-dimensional crystals: managing light for optoelectronics.

PubMed

Eda, Goki; Maier, Stefan A

2013-07-23

Semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) crystals such as MoS2 and WSe2 exhibit unusual optical properties that can be exploited for novel optoelectronics ranging from flexible photovoltaic cells to harmonic generation and electro-optical modulation devices. Rapid progress of the field, particularly in the growth area, is beginning to enable ways to implement 2D crystals into devices with tailored functionalities. For practical device performance, a key challenge is to maximize light-matter interactions in the material, which is inherently weak due to its atomically thin nature. Light management around the 2D layers with the use of plasmonic nanostructures can provide a compelling solution.

High performance superconducting devices enabled by three dimensionally ordered nanodots and/or nanorods

DOEpatents

Goyal, Amit

2013-09-17

Novel articles and methods to fabricate same with self-assembled nanodots and/or nanorods of a single or multicomponent material within another single or multicomponent material for use in electrical, electronic, magnetic, electromagnetic and electrooptical devices is disclosed. Self-assembled nanodots and/or nanorods are ordered arrays wherein ordering occurs due to strain minimization during growth of the materials. A simple method to accomplish this when depositing in-situ films is also disclosed. Device applications of resulting materials are in areas of superconductivity, photovoltaics, ferroelectrics, magnetoresistance, high density storage, solid state lighting, non-volatile memory, photoluminescence, thermoelectrics and in quantum dot lasers.

Trade-off study of data storage technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kadyszewski, R. V.

1977-01-01

The need to store and retrieve large quantities of data at modest cost has generated the need for an economical, compact, archival mass storage system. Very significant improvements in the state-of-the-art of mass storage systems have been accomplished through the development of a number of magnetic, electro-optical, and other related devices. This study was conducted in order to do a trade-off between these data storage devices and the related technologies in order to determine an optimum approach for an archival mass data storage system based upon a comparison of the projected capabilities and characteristics of these devices to yield operational systems in the early 1980's.

High performance devices enabled by epitaxial, preferentially oriented, nanodots and/or nanorods

DOEpatents

Goyal, Amit [Knoxville, TN

2011-10-11

Novel articles and methods to fabricate same with self-assembled nanodots and/or nanorods of a single or multicomponent material within another single or multicomponent material for use in electrical, electronic, magnetic, electromagnetic, superconducting and electrooptical devices is disclosed. Self-assembled nanodots and/or nanorods are ordered arrays wherein ordering occurs due to strain minimization during growth of the materials. A simple method to accomplish this when depositing in-situ films is also disclosed. Device applications of resulting materials are in areas of superconductivity, photovoltaics, ferroelectrics, magnetoresistance, high density storage, solid state lighting, non-volatile memory, photoluminescence, thermoelectrics and in quantum dot lasers.

Coupled-cavity surface-emitting lasers: spectral and polarization threshold characteristics and electrooptic switching.

PubMed

Panajotov, Krassimir P; Zujewski, Mateusz; Thienpont, Hugo

2010-12-20

We study spectral and polarization threshold characteristics of coupled-cavity Vertical-Surface-Emitting Lasers (CC-VCSEL) on the base of a simple matrix approach. We show that strong wavelength discrimination can be achieved in CC-VCSELs by slightly detuning the cavities. However, polarization discrimination is not provided by the coupled-cavity design. We also consider the case of reverse-biasing one of the cavities, i.e. using it as a modulator via linear and/or quadratic electrooptic effect. Such a CC-VCSEL can act as a voltage-controlled polarization or wavelength switching device that is decoupled from the laser design and can be optimized for high modulation speed. We also show that using QD stack instead of quantum wells in the top cavity would lead to significant reduction of the driving electrical field.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Patil, Vidya, E-mail: vidya.patil@ruparel.edu; Patki, Mugdha, E-mail: mugdha.patki@ruparel.edu

Many nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals have been identified as potential candidates in optical and electro-optical devices. Use of NLO organic crystals is expected in photonic applications. Hence organic nonlinear optical materials have been intensely investigated due to their potentially high nonlinearities, and rapid response in electro-optic effect compared to inorganic NLO materials. There are many methods to grow organic crystals such as vapor growth method, melt growth method and solution growth method. Out of these methods, solution growth method is useful in providing constraint free crystal. Single crystals of Dopamine have been grown by evaporating the solvents from aqueous solution.more » Crystals obtained were of the size of orders of mm. The crystal structure of dopamine was determined using XRD technique. Images of crystals were obtained using FEG SEM Quanta Series under high vacuum and low KV.« less

Analysis of Electro-Optic Materials Properties on Guided Wave Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-12-16

AD-A262 787 APPLIED RESEARCH, INC, ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO - OPTIC MATERIALS PROPERTIES ON GUIDED WAVE DEVICES FINAL REPORT DTI 6700 ODYSSEY DR HUNTSVILLE...ALABAMA 35814-1220 s IMAR1893 APPROVED FOR PUKIC RE’.EASE DISTRIBUTION UNLIMlITED Applied Research Inc. ARI/92iR-048Z ANALYSIS OF ELECTRO - OPTIC MATERIALS...uNiT ATTN: Dr. 2aul Ashley-AMSMI-RD-~WS--CM ELEMENT NO 4 NO IAr SSiON No t1I TI TLE iciup SeawIfy 0Mft*G’I Analysis of Electro - optic Materials

MOEMS optical delay line for optical coherence tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choudhary, Om P.; Chouksey, S.; Sen, P. K.; Sen, P.; Solanki, J.; Andrews, J. T.

2014-09-01

Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical optical coherence tomography, a lab-on-chip for biomedical applications is designed, studied, fabricated and characterized. To fabricate the device standard PolyMUMPS processes is adopted. We report the utilization of electro-optic modulator for a fast scanning optical delay line for time domain optical coherence tomography. Design optimization are performed using Tanner EDA while simulations are performed using COMSOL. The paper summarizes various results and fabrication methodology adopted. The success of the device promises a future hand-held or endoscopic optical coherence tomography for biomedical applications.

Hybrid plasmonic electro-optical absorption modulator based on epsilon-near-zero characteristics of ITO

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdelatty, M. Y.; Badr, M. M.; Swillam, M. A.

2018-03-01

Using transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), like indium-tin-oxide (ITO), for optical modulation attracted research interest because of their epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) characteristics at telecom wavelengths. Utilizing indium-tin-oxide (ITO) in multilayer structure modulators, optical absorption of the active ITO layer can be electrically modulated over a large spectrum range. Although they show advances over common silicon electro-optical modulators (EOMs), they suffer from high insertion losses. To reduce insertion losses and device footprints without sacrificing bandwidth and modulation strength, slot waveguides are promising options because of their high optical confinement. In this paper, we present the study and the design of an electro-optical absorption modulator based on electrically tuning ITO carrier density inside a MOS structure. The device structure is based on dielectric slot waveguide with an ITO plasmonic waveguide modulation section. By changing the dimensions, the effective refractive indices for the slot mode and the off-sate mode of the plasmonic section can be matched. When applying electric field to the plasmonic section (on-state), carriers are generated at the ITO-dielectric interface that result in changing the layer where the electric field is confined from a transparent layer into a lossy layer. A finite difference time domain method with perfect matching layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions is taken up to simulate and analyze this design. An extinction ratio of 2.3 dB is achieved for a 1-μm-short modulation section, at the telecommunications wavelength (1.55 μm). This EOM has advantages of simple design, easy fabrication, compact size, compatibility with existing silicon photonics platforms, as well as broadband performance.

Testing and evaluation of tactical electro-optical sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Middlebrook, Christopher T.; Smith, John G.

2002-07-01

As integrated electro-optical sensor payloads (multi- sensors) comprised of infrared imagers, visible imagers, and lasers advance in performance, the tests and testing methods must also advance in order to fully evaluate them. Future operational requirements will require integrated sensor payloads to perform missions at further ranges and with increased targeting accuracy. In order to meet these requirements sensors will require advanced imaging algorithms, advanced tracking capability, high-powered lasers, and high-resolution imagers. To meet the U.S. Navy's testing requirements of such multi-sensors, the test and evaluation group in the Night Vision and Chemical Biological Warfare Department at NAVSEA Crane is developing automated testing methods, and improved tests to evaluate imaging algorithms, and procuring advanced testing hardware to measure high resolution imagers and line of sight stabilization of targeting systems. This paper addresses: descriptions of the multi-sensor payloads tested, testing methods used and under development, and the different types of testing hardware and specific payload tests that are being developed and used at NAVSEA Crane.

Metal-capped silicon organic micro-ring electro-optical modulator (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaki, Aya O.; Kirah, Khaled A.; Swillam, Mohamed A.

2017-02-01

An ultra-compact hybrid plasmonic waveguide ring electro-optical modulator is designed to be easily fabricated on silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates using standard silicon photonics technology. The proposed waveguide is based on a buried standard silicon waveguide of height 220 nm topped with polymer and metal. The key advantage of this novel design is that only the silicon layer of the waveguide is structured as a coupled ring resonator. Then, the device is covered with electro-optical polymer and metal in post processes with no need for lithography or accurate mask alignment techniques. The simple fabrication method imposes many design challenges to obtain a resonator of reasonable loaded quality factor and high extinction ratio. Here, the performance of the resonator is optimized in the telecom wavelength range around 1550 nm using 3D FDTD simulations. The design of the coupling junction between the access waveguide and the tightly bent ring is thoroughly studied. The extension of the metal over the coupling region is exploited to make the critical dimension of the design geometry at least 2.5 times larger than conventional plasmonic resonators and the design is thus more robust. In this paper, we demonstrate an electro-optical modulator that offers an insertion loss < 1 dB, a modulation depth of 12 dB for an applied peak to peak voltage of only 2 V and energy consumption of 1.74 fJ/bit. The performance is superior to previously reported hybrid plasmonic ring resonator based modulators while the design shows robustness and low fabrication cost.

Molecular Electronic Devices Based On Electrooptical Behavior Of Heme-Like Molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simic-Glavaski, B.

1986-02-01

This paper discusses application of the electrically modulated and unusually strong Raman emitted light produced by an adsorbed monolayer of phthalocyanine molecules on silver electrode or silver bromide substrates and on neural membranes. The analysis of electronic energy levels in semiconducting silver bromide and the adsorbed phthalocyanine molecules suggests a lasing mechanism as a possible origin of the high enhancement factor in surface enhanced Raman scattering. Electrically modulated Raman scattering may be used as a carrier of information which is drawn fran the fast intramolecular electron transfer aN,the multiplicity of quantum wells in phthalocyanine molecules. Fast switching times on the order of 10-13 seconds have been measured at room temperature. Multilevel and multioutput optical signals have also been obtained fran such an electrically modulated adsorbed monolayer of phthalocyanine molecules which can be precisely addressed and interrogated. This may be of practical use to develop Nlecular electronic devices with high density memory and fast parallel processing systems with a typical 1020 gate Hz/cm2 capacity at room temperature for use in optical computers. The paper also discusses the electrooptical modulation of Raman signals obtained from adsorbed bio-compatible phthalocyanine molecules on nerve membranes. This optical probe of neural systems can be used in studies of complex information processing in neural nets and provides a possible method for interfacing natural and man-made information processing devices.

Military Applications of Fiber Optics Technology

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

Research Projects Agency DNA Defense Nuclear Agency EMI Electromagnetic interference EMP Electromagnetic pulse FET Field effect transistor FOFA Follow...Organization SEED Self electro-optic effect device TBM Tactical ballistic missile TOW Tube launched, optically tracked, wire-guided UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle...systems, coupled with novel but effective transducing technology, have set the stage for a powerful class of fiber optic sensors. 8 Optical fibers have

High-Speek Polymer Fiber Electrooptic Modulators and Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-12-10

R. F. Shi, A. F. Garito, and C. H. Grossman, Opt. Lett. 19, 786 (1994). [5] J. H. Andrews, J. D. V. Khaydarov , and K. D. Singer, Opt. Lett. 19, 984...1994). [6] J. H. Andrews, J. D. V. Khaydarov , and K. D. Singer, Opt. Lett. 19, 1909 (1994) [7] C. Poga, T. M. Brown, M. G. Kuzyk, and C. W. Dirk, J

Comparison of the Climates of Selected Locations in the United States with the Climate of Beersheba, Israel.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

INTRODUCTION .. ...... . . . .. .. .. .... 1 II. THE CLIMATE OF BEERSHEBA .............. 3 A. KZ~ppen Classification. ............. 3 B. Synoptic Features...Local Mean Solar Time. ............. 18 B. Period of Observation .. ........... 20 C. Statistical Calculations. .......... 20 1. Introduction ...157 vi I. INTRODUCTION Battlefield obscuration plays an important role in the performance of Army electro-optical devices. In turn, the type

Nonlinear optical moiety-doped polymers with improved optical properties for photonic devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Myung-Hyun; Kim, Hwan K.; Kim, Hye-Young; Lee, Hyuek J.; Kang, K. H.; Won, Yong Hyub; Jeon, Eunsuk S.; Wu, Jeong W.

1994-05-01

An electro-optic polymer guest-host system has been constructed and demonstrated. The polymer host is a polyimide (PIQ2200) and the guest chromophores are dimethyl (or diethyl) amino alkyl sulfone stilbenes. The alkylated-NLO moieties as guest chromophores have been modified, yielding new alkylated-NLO moieties. The higher content of alkylated-NLO moieties, compared to unmodified NLO moieties, was doped into a polyimide host system due to the improved solubility of new alkylated-NLO moieties. To the 40 wt%, the new alkylated- NLO moiety has been completely dissolved in the preliminary experiment, leading to the increase of refractive index by 0.0016. These polyimide-based guest-host systems exhibited a significant improvement in the thermal stability at high temperatures exceeding 250 degree(s)C. The electro-optic coefficient reported in the present study is 13 pm/V for the 40 wt% DASS-6- doped polymer system poled at the 135 V/micrometers . However, further increase up to 25 pm/V may easily be achieved by increasing the amount of guest moieties and/or the intensity of the poling field. This work presents new materials for photonic switching devices with low operating voltage.

Electro-optical design for efficient visual communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huck, Friedrich O.; Fales, Carl L.; Jobson, Daniel J.; Rahman, Zia-ur

1994-06-01

Visual communication can be regarded as efficient only if the amount of information that it conveys from the scene to the observer approaches the maximum possible and the associated cost approaches the minimum possible. To deal with this problem, Fales and Huck have integrated the critical limiting factors that constrain image gathering into classical concepts of communication theory. This paper uses this approach to assess the electro-optical design of the image gathering device. Design variables include the f-number and apodization of the objective lens, the aperture size and sampling geometry of the photodetection mechanism, and lateral inhibition and nonlinear radiance-to-signal conversion akin to the retinal processing in the human eye. It is an agreeable consequence of this approach that the image gathering device that is designed along the guidelines developed from communication theory behaves very much like the human eye. The performance approaches the maximum possible in terms of the information content of the acquired data, and thereby, the fidelity, sharpness and clarity with which fine detail can be restored, the efficiency with which the visual information can be transmitted in the form of decorrelated data, and the robustness of these two attributes to the temporal and spatial variations in scene illumination.

Integrated optical maze

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roos, E.V.; Hendrix, J.L.

1994-06-01

Improvements to Nuclear Weapons Surety through the development of new detonation control techniques incorporating electro-optic technology are reviewed and proposed in this report. The results of the Kansas City Division`s (KCD`s) literature and vendor search, potential system architecture synthesis, and device test results are the basis of this report. This study has revealed several potential reconfigureable optical interconnect architectures that meet Los Alamos National Laboratory`s preliminary performance specifications. Several planer and global architectures have the potential for meeting the Department of Energy`s applications. Preliminary conclusions on the proposed architectures are discussed. The planer approach of monolithic GaAs amplifier switch arraysmore » is the leading candidate because it meets most of the specifications now. LiNbO{sub 3} and LiTaO{sub 3} planer tree switch arrays are the second choice because they meet all the specifications except for laser power transmission. Although not atop choice, acousto-optical free space switch arrays have been considered and meet most of the specifications. Symmetric-Self Electro-Optic Effect Devices (S-SEED) free space switch arrays are being considered and have excellent potential for smart reconfigureable optical interconnects in the future.« less

Efficient quantum microwave-to-optical conversion using electro-optic nanophotonic coupled resonators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soltani, Mohammad; Zhang, Mian; Ryan, Colm; Ribeill, Guilhem J.; Wang, Cheng; Loncar, Marko

2017-10-01

We propose a low-noise, triply resonant, electro-optic (EO) scheme for quantum microwave-to-optical conversion based on coupled nanophotonics resonators integrated with a superconducting qubit. Our optical system features a split resonance—a doublet—with a tunable frequency splitting that matches the microwave resonance frequency of the superconducting qubit. This is in contrast to conventional approaches, where large optical resonators with free-spectral range comparable to the qubit microwave frequency are used. In our system, EO mixing between the optical pump coupled into the low-frequency doublet mode and a resonance microwave photon results in an up-converted optical photon on resonance with high-frequency doublet mode. Importantly, the down-conversion process, which is the source of noise, is suppressed in our scheme as the coupled-resonator system does not support modes at that frequency. Our device has at least an order of magnitude smaller footprint than conventional devices, resulting in large overlap between optical and microwave fields and a large photon conversion rate (g /2 π ) in the range of ˜5 -15 kHz. Owing to a large g factor and doubly resonant nature of our device, microwave-to-optical frequency conversion can be achieved with optical pump powers in the range of tens of microwatts, even with moderate values for optical Q (˜106 ) and microwave Q (˜104 ). The performance metrics of our device, with substantial improvement over the previous EO-based approaches, promise a scalable quantum microwave-to-optical conversion and networking of superconducting processors via optical fiber communication.

Design of high-speed optical transmission module with an integrated Ti:Er:LiNbO3 waveguide laser/ LiNbO3 electro-optic modulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Yang; Chen, Shufen; Fu, Li; Fang, Wei; Lu, Junjun

2005-01-01

A high bit rate more than 10Gbit/s optical pulse generation device is the key to achieving high-speed and broadband optical fiber communication network system .Now, we propose a novel high-speed optical transmission module(TM) consisting of a Ti:Er:LiNbO3 waveguide laser and a Mach-Zehnder-type encoding modulator on the same Er-doped substrate. According to the standard of ITU-T, we design the 10Gbit/ s transmission module at 1.53μm on the Z cut Y propagation LiNbO3 slice. A dynamic model and the corresponding numerical code are used to analyze the waveguide laser while the electrooptic effect to design the modulator. Meanwhile, the working principle, key technology, typical characteristic parameters of the module are given. The transmission module has a high extinction ratio and a low driving voltage, which supplies the efficient, miniaturized light source for wavelength division multiplexing(WDM) system. In additional, the relation of the laser gain with the cavity parameter, as well as the relation of the bandwidth of the electrooptic modulator with some key factors are discussed .The designed module structure is simulated by BPM software and HFSS software.

Electro-optic resonant phase modulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Chien-Chung (Inventor); Hemmati, Hamid (Inventor); Robinson, Deborah L. (Inventor)

1992-01-01

An electro-optic resonant cavity is used to achieve phase modulation with lower driving voltages. Laser damage thresholds are inherently higher than with previously used integrated optics due to the utilization of bulk optics. Phase modulation is achieved at higher speeds with lower driving voltages than previously obtained with non-resonant electro-optic phase modulators. The instant scheme uses a data locking dither approach as opposed to the conventional sinusoidal locking schemes. In accordance with a disclosed embodiment, a resonant cavity modulator has been designed to operate at a data rate in excess of 100 megabits per sec. By carefully choosing the cavity finesse and its dimension, it is possible to control the pulse switching time to within 4 nano-sec. and to limit the required switching voltage to within 10 V. This cavity locking scheme can be applied by using only the random data sequence, and without the need of dithering of the cavity. Compared to waveguide modulators, the resonant cavity has a comparable modulating voltage requirement. Because of its bulk geometry, the resonant cavity modulator has the potential of accommodating higher throughput power. Mode matching into the bulk device is easier and typically can be achieved with higher efficiency. An additional control loop is incorporated into the modulator to maintain the cavity on resonance.

Crystallographic phase induced electro-optic properties of nanorod blend nematic liquid crystal.

PubMed

Kundu, Sudarshan; Hill, Jonathan P; Richards, Gary J; Ariga, Katsuhiko; Khan, Ali Hossain; Thupakula, Umamahesh; Acharya, Somobrata

2011-09-01

Ultrasmall ZnS or PbS nanorods encapsulated in fluid-like soft organic surfactants show excellent miscibility in the nematic liquid crystal (LC ZLI-4792) host resulting in a novel soft matter type blend with enhanced electro-optic properties. The ultranarrow ZnS rods are of wurtzite phase and possess a chemical bipolarity and a net dipole moment. The centrosymmetric ultranarrow PbS rods possess a finite size and shape dependent inherent dipole moment despite their cubic rock-salt structure. When an electric field is applied, the blend aligns along the direction of the field producing a local unidirectional orientation of the rods and LC directors, and defining a unique axis for the system. The local ordering significantly affects the global ordering of the blend allowing a more rapid response of the electro-optic properties. The degree and switching speed of the blends depend upon the magnitude of dipole moments present in the dopant nanorods. We show how a non-mesogenic element designed with preferential crystallographic phase can be introduced within a LC for improvement of the switching properties of the LC blend. These types of unique blends are a model for fundamental conceptual advances in general understanding of interaction behaviour leading consequently to a significant technological advancement for superior device fabrication.

Electro-optic and acousto-optic scanning and deflection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gottlieb, M.; Ireland, C. L. M.; Ley, J. M.

This book attempts to cover sufficient electro- and acousto-optic theory for the reader to understand and appreciate the design and application of solid state optical deflectors. It is also hoped that for the more experienced engineer the book will serve as a useful reference book covering the most important work in this field of engineering. The theory of the electro-optic effect is considered along with the properties and selection of electro-optic materials, the principles of electro-optic deflectors, electro-optic deflector designs, and applications for electro-optic deflectors. Attention is given to EM wave propagation in a crystal, the linear electro-optic effect, the quadratic electro-optic effect in crystals and in liquids, electro-optic ceramics in the (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 system, and digital and analog light deflectors. Aspects related to acousto-optic deflectors are discussed, taking into account acousto-optic interactions, materials for acousto-optic scanning, acoustic techniques, scanning systems, and acousto-optic light diffraction in thin films.

Amorphous blue phase III polymer scaffold as a sub-millisecond switching electro-optical memory device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gandhi, Sahil Sandesh; Kim, Min Su; Hwang, Jeoung-Yeon; Chien, Liang-Chy

2017-02-01

We demonstrate the application of the nanostructured scaffold of BPIII as a resuable EO device that retains the BPIII ordering and sub-millisecond EO switching characteristics, that is, "EO-memory" of the original BPIII even after removal of the cholesteric blue phase liquid crystal (LC) and subsequent refilling with different nematic LCs. We also fabricate scaffolds mimicking the isotropic phase and cubic blue phase I (BPI) to demonstrate the versatility of our material system to nano-engineer EO-memory scaffolds of various structures. We envisage that this work will promote new experimental investigations of the mysterious BPIII and the development of novel device architectures and optically functional nanomaterials.

Spontaneous helix formation in non-chiral bent-core liquid crystals with fast linear electro-optic effect

PubMed Central

Sreenilayam, Sithara P.; Panarin, Yuri P.; Vij, Jagdish K.; Panov, Vitaly P.; Lehmann, Anne; Poppe, Marco; Prehm, Marko; Tschierske, Carsten

2016-01-01

Liquid crystals (LCs) represent one of the foundations of modern communication and photonic technologies. Present display technologies are based mainly on nematic LCs, which suffer from limited response time for use in active colour sequential displays and limited image grey scale. Herein we report the first observation of a spontaneously formed helix in a polar tilted smectic LC phase (SmC phase) of achiral bent-core (BC) molecules with the axis of helix lying parallel to the layer normal and a pitch much shorter than the optical wavelength. This new phase shows fast (∼30 μs) grey-scale switching due to the deformation of the helix by the electric field. Even more importantly, defect-free alignment is easily achieved for the first time for a BC mesogen, thus providing potential use in large-scale devices with fast linear and thresholdless electro-optical response. PMID:27156514

Electro-optic sampling of near-infrared waveforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keiber, Sabine; Sederberg, Shawn; Schwarz, Alexander; Trubetskov, Michael; Pervak, Volodymyr; Krausz, Ferenc; Karpowicz, Nicholas

2016-03-01

Access to the complete electric field evolution of a laser pulse is essential for attosecond science in general, and for the scrutiny and control of electron phenomena in solid-state physics specifically. Time-resolved field measurements are routine in the terahertz spectral range, using electro-optic sampling (EOS), photoconductive switches and field-induced second harmonic generation. EOS in particular features outstanding sensitivity and ease of use, making it the basis of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements for studying charge carrier dynamics and active optical devices. In this Letter, we show that careful optical filtering allows the bandwidth of this technique to be extended to wavelengths as short as 1.2 μm (230 THz) with half-cycle durations 2.3 times shorter than the sampling pulse. In a proof-of-principle application, we measure the influence of optical parametric amplification (OPA) on the electric field dynamics of a few-cycle near-infrared (NIR) pulse.

Micro spectrometer for parallel light and method of use

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Park, Yeonjoon (Inventor); Choi, Sang H. (Inventor); King, Glen C. (Inventor); Elliott, James R. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A spectrometer system includes an optical assembly for collimating light, a micro-ring grating assembly having a plurality of coaxially-aligned ring gratings, an aperture device defining an aperture circumscribing a target focal point, and a photon detector. An electro-optical layer of the grating assembly may be electrically connected to an energy supply to change the refractive index of the electro-optical layer. Alternately, the gratings may be electrically connected to the energy supply and energized, e.g., with alternating voltages, to change the refractive index. A data recorder may record the predetermined spectral characteristic. A method of detecting a spectral characteristic of a predetermined wavelength of source light includes generating collimated light using an optical assembly, directing the collimated light onto the micro-ring grating assembly, and selectively energizing the micro-ring grating assembly to diffract the predetermined wavelength onto the target focal point, and detecting the spectral characteristic using a photon detector.

Challenges of developing an electro-optical system for measuring man's operational envelope

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Woolford, B.

1985-01-01

In designing work stations and restraint systems, and in planning tasks to be performed in space, a knowledge of the capabilities of the operator is essential. Answers to such questions as whether a specific control or work surface can be reached from a given restraint and how much force can be applied are of particular interest. A computer-aided design system has been developed for designing and evaluating work stations, etc., and the Anthropometric Measurement Laboratory (AML) has been charged with obtaining the data to be used in design and modeling. Traditional methods of measuring reach and force are very labor intensive and require bulky equipment. The AML has developed a series of electro-optical devices for collecting reach data easily, in computer readable form, with portable systems. The systems developed, their use, and data collected with them are described.

Lidar Electro-Optic Beam Switch with a Liquid Crystal Variable Retarder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baer, James

2012-01-01

A document discusses a liquid crystal variable retarder, an electro-optic element that changes the polarization of an optical beam in response to a low-voltage electronic signal. This device can be fabricated so that the element creates, among other states, a half-wave of retardance that can be reduced to a very small retardance. When aligned to a polarized source, this can act to rotate the polarization by 90 in one state, but generate no rotation in the other state. If the beam is then incident on a polarization beam splitter, it will efficiently switch from one path to the other when the voltage is applied. The laser beam switching system has no moving parts, improving reliability over mechanical switching. It is low cost, tolerant of high laser power density, and needs only simple drive electronics, minimizing the required system resources.

Flip-chip integrated silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator with a 28nm fully depleted silicon-on-insulator CMOS driver.

PubMed

Yong, Zheng; Shopov, Stefan; Mikkelsen, Jared C; Mallard, Robert; Mak, Jason C C; Voinigescu, Sorin P; Poon, Joyce K S

2017-03-20

We present a silicon electro-optic transmitter consisting of a 28nm ultra-thin body and buried oxide fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (UTBB FD-SOI) CMOS driver flip-chip integrated onto a Mach-Zehnder modulator. The Mach-Zehnder silicon optical modulator was optimized to have a 3dB bandwidth of around 25 GHz at -1V bias and a 50 Ω impedance. The UTBB FD-SOI CMOS driver provided a large output voltage swing around 5 V_pp to enable a high dynamic extinction ratio and a low device insertion loss. At 44 Gbps, the transmitter achieved a high extinction ratio of 6.4 dB at the modulator quadrature operation point. This result shows open eye diagrams at the highest bit rates and with the largest extinction ratios for silicon electro-optic transmitter using a CMOS driver.

Spontaneous helix formation in non-chiral bent-core liquid crystals with fast linear electro-optic effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sreenilayam, Sithara P.; Panarin, Yuri P.; Vij, Jagdish K.; Panov, Vitaly P.; Lehmann, Anne; Poppe, Marco; Prehm, Marko; Tschierske, Carsten

2016-05-01

Liquid crystals (LCs) represent one of the foundations of modern communication and photonic technologies. Present display technologies are based mainly on nematic LCs, which suffer from limited response time for use in active colour sequential displays and limited image grey scale. Herein we report the first observation of a spontaneously formed helix in a polar tilted smectic LC phase (SmC phase) of achiral bent-core (BC) molecules with the axis of helix lying parallel to the layer normal and a pitch much shorter than the optical wavelength. This new phase shows fast (~30 μs) grey-scale switching due to the deformation of the helix by the electric field. Even more importantly, defect-free alignment is easily achieved for the first time for a BC mesogen, thus providing potential use in large-scale devices with fast linear and thresholdless electro-optical response.

Design and preparation of novel polyarylene ether materials based on Diels-Alder reaction as the crosslinker for electrooptical modulators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Wu; Hou, Wenjun; Zhen, Zhen; Liu, Xinhou; Liu, Jialei; Fedorchuk, A. A.; Czaja, P.

2016-07-01

Novel crosslinkable organic linear electro-optical (EO) material based on polyarylene ether as the main chain host polymer was designed and prepared. The host polymer with rigid aromatic has demonstrated a good compatibility with the guest chromophore. Long side chain with anthracene ensured the crosslinkable reaction and appropriate glass transition temperature of the host polymer (55 °C). The EO r33 tensor coefficient for this novel EO material has been magnitude of 66 pm/V at 1310 nm and the excellent long term stability at 85 °C. These parameters permit to consider their application in fabrication of organic electro optical devices. The semi-empirical and DFT quantum chemical simulations were performed for 4 principal chromophores to clarify a role of cross-linker in the enhancement of the ground state dipole moments and effective hyperpolarizabilities.

Solid State Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-15

G. E. Betts Analog Optical Links for High Dynamic L. M. Johnson Range C. H. Cox III Nonimaging Concentrators for Diode- P. Lacovara Pumped Slab Lasers...P. Gleckman* SPIEs 1991 International R. Holman* Symposium on Optical Science R. Winston * and Engineering, San Diego, California, Free-Space Board-to...xxv 1. ELECTROOPTICAL DEVICES 1 1.1 Optical Phase Difference Measurement and Correction Using AIGaAs Integrated Guided-Wave Components 1 1.2 Two

Application of High-Temperature Superconducting Thin-Film Devices to Electro-Optical and Electronic Warfare Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-02-01

of the fundamentals and types of’ Josephson T~ ko important parameters that help to characterize theIjuncticos is gi\\enbh\\ Iinkhiain" itand x ill not be...Opry sko , J. D. Of T1. Ca, Ba, CL1, , Produced by Chemical Deposi- Mannhart, B. Bumble, G. J. Clark, WV. J. Gallagher, nion avd Laser Ablation,’ Workshop

Advanced Organic Electro-Optic Materials for Integrated Device Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-06-01

Electro - optic chromophores (FTC and CLD) were synthesized in bulk (kilogram) quantities and were distributed to the participants of this program...to stabilize electro - optic activity for operation at elevated temperatures and photon flux levels. Over 100 variants of these chromophores were...1.5-2.0 improvement over FTC and CLD chromophores in terms of electro - optic activity at telecommunication wavelengths. They also have proven more

Electro-Optic Properties of Holographically Patterned, Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

Electro - optic properties of cholesteric liquid crystals with holographically patterned polymer stabilization were examined. It is hypothesized that...enhanced electro - optic properties of the final device. Prior to holographic patterning, polymer stabilization with large elastic memory was generated by way... electro - optic properties appear to stem from a single dimension domain size increase, which allows for a reduction in the LC/polymer interaction.

Investigation of Radiation Resistant Polymer Photodetectors for Space Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-09-11

54 A. XPD Data 54 B. Bibliography 56 iv FIGURES Figure Page 1. Electron transfer in a self-assembled dye-sensitized heterojunction device...electrooptic technology for space applications. By employing molecular engineering to achieve selective orientation of π- electrons within the polymer...temperature, vacuum and radiation induced degradation. Many of these adverse effects are well known for a wide variety of inorganic electronic materials

Converged photonic data storage and switch platform for exascale disaggregated data centers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pitwon, R.; Wang, K.; Worrall, A.

2017-02-01

We report on a converged optically enabled Ethernet storage, switch and compute platform, which could support future disaggregated data center architectures. The platform includes optically enabled Ethernet switch controllers, an advanced electro-optical midplane and optically interchangeable generic end node devices. We demonstrate system level performance using optically enabled Ethernet disk drives and micro-servers across optical links of varied lengths.

Combinatorial preparation and characterization of thin-film multilayer electro-optical devices.

PubMed

Neuber, Christian; Bäte, Markus; Thelakkat, Mukundan; Schmidt, Hans-Werner; Hänsel, Helmut; Zettl, Heiko; Krausch, Georg

2007-07-01

In this article we present a setup for the combinatorial vapor deposition of thin-film multilayer devices as well as methods for the fast and efficient analytic screening of the libraries obtained. The preparation setup is based on a commercially available evaporation chamber equipped with various evaporation sources for both organic and metallic materials. The combinatorial approach is realized by the combination of a rotation stage for the substrate, a five-mask sampler, and an additional mask whose position can be deliberately varied along one axis during the evaporation process. The latter is used to evaporate linear as well as step gradients by continuous or stepwise movement of a shutter mask. The mask sampler allows to define the sectors of the library and to evaporate more complex structures, e.g., an electrode layout. Finally, the simultaneous evaporation of two or more materials enables us to produce layers of varying composition ratio in general and doped materials, in particular. For the control of the evaporation process we have developed an automation software, which is particularly helpful for complex library designs and which grants excellent repeatability of experiments. Efficient and fast characterization of the obtained libraries is realized by (i) a purely optical setup and (ii) an electro-optical setup. (i) The UV/vis reader FLASHScan 530 permits to map out the UV/vis absorbance or fluorescence of the whole library. The UV/vis absorbance is primarily used to determine layer thicknesses and to confirm thickness uniformity across larger regions. The fluorescence measurements are used to determine the composition of layers containing fluorescent dyes. (ii) For a detailed short- and long-term electro-optical analysis we have developed an automated measurement system, which allows the characterization of 8x8 optoelectronic devices and to study their degradation behavior. Both solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes can be tested. Finally, we have developed a data analysis software to extract characteristic values from the huge amount of data and with this facilitate the finding of systematic dependencies.

Whispering-Gallery-Mode Tunable Narrow-Band-Pass Filter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Savchenkov, Anatoliy; Iltchenko, Vladimir; Matsko, Andrey; Maleki, Lute

2004-01-01

An experimental tunable, narrow-band-pass electro-optical filter is based on a whispering-gallery resonator. This device is a prototype of tunable filters needed for the further development of reconfigurable networking wavelength-division multiplexers and communication systems that utilize radio-frequency (more specifically, microwave) subcarrier signals on optical carrier signals. The characteristics of whispering-gallery resonators that make them attractive for such applications include high tuning speed, compactness, wide tuning range, low power consumption, and compatibility with single-mode optical fibers. In addition, relative to Fabry-Perot resonators, these devices offer advantages of greater robustness and lower cost. As described in several prior NASA Tech Briefs articles, a whispering-gallery resonator is a spheroidal, disk-like, or toroidal body made of a highly transparent material. It is so named because it is designed to exploit whispering-gallery electromagnetic modes, which are waveguide modes that propagate circumferentially and are concentrated in a narrow toroidal region centered on the equatorial plane and located near the outermost edge. The experimental whispering-gallery tunable filter (see figure) is made from a disk of Z-cut LiNbO3 of 4.8-mm diameter and 0.17-mm thickness. The perimeter of the disk is rounded to a radius of curvature of 100 m. Metal coats on the flat faces of the disk serve as electrodes for exploiting the electro-optical effect in LiNbO3 for tuning. There is no metal coat on the rounded perimeter region, where the whispering-gallery modes propagate. Light is coupled from an input optical fiber into the whispering-gallery modes by means of a diamond prism. Another diamond prism is used to couple light from the whispering-gallery modes to an output optical fiber. This device is designed and operated to exploit transverse magnetic (TM) whispering- gallery modes, rather than transverse electric (TE) modes because the resonance quality factors (Q values) of the TM modes are higher. If Q values were not of major concern, it would be better to use the TE modes because the electro-optical shifts of the TE modes are 3 times those of the TM modes.

Nonlinear optical chromophores based on Dewar's rules: enhancement of electro-optic activity by introducing heteroatoms into the donor or bridge.

PubMed

Xu, Huajun; Yang, Dan; Liu, Fenggang; Fu, Mingkai; Bo, Shuhui; Liu, Xinhou; Cao, Yuan

2015-11-28

In this work, we investigated the enhancement of the electro-optic response by introducing electron-rich heteroatoms as additional donors into the donor or bridge of a conventional second-order nonlinear optical chromophore. A series of chromophores C2-C4 based on the same tricyanofuran acceptor (TCF) but with different heteroatoms in the alkylamino phenyl donor (C2 or C3) or thiophene bridge (C4) have been synthesized and systematically investigated. Density functional theory calculations suggested that chromophores C2-C4 had a smaller energy gap and larger first-order hyperpolarizability (β) than traditional chromophore C1 due to the additional heteroatoms. Single crystal structure analyses and optimized configurations indicate that the rationally introduced heteroatom group would bring larger β and weaker intermolecular interactions which were beneficial for translating molecular β into macro-electro-optic activity in electric field poled films. The electro-optic coefficient of poled films containing 25 wt% of these new chromophores doped in amorphous poly-carbonate afforded values of 83 and 91 pm V(-1) at 1310 nm for chromophores C3 and C4, respectively, which are two times higher than that of the traditional chromophore C1 (39 pm V(-1)). High r33 values indicated that introducing heteroatoms to the donor and bridge of a conventional molecular structure can efficiently improve the electron-donating ability, which improves the β. The long-chain on the donor or bridge part, acting as the isolation group, may reduce inter-molecular electrostatic interactions, thus enhancing the macroscopic EO activity. These results, together with good solubility and compatibility with the polymer, show the new chromophore's potential application in electro-optic devices.

Prototype positron emission tomography insert with electro-optical signal transmission for simultaneous operation with MRI.

PubMed

Olcott, Peter; Kim, Ealgoo; Hong, Keyjo; Lee, Brian J; Grant, Alexander M; Chang, Chen-Ming; Glover, Gary; Levin, Craig S

2015-05-07

The simultaneous acquisition of PET and MRI data shows promise to provide powerful capabilities to study disease processes in human subjects, guide the development of novel treatments, and monitor therapy response and disease progression. A brain-size PET detector ring insert for an MRI system is being developed that, if successful, can be inserted into any existing MRI system to enable simultaneous PET and MRI images of the brain to be acquired without mutual interference. The PET insert uses electro-optical coupling to relay all the signals from the PET detectors out of the MRI system using analog modulated lasers coupled to fiber optics. Because the fibers use light instead of electrical signals, the PET detector can be electrically decoupled from the MRI making it partially transmissive to the RF field of the MRI. The SiPM devices and low power lasers were powered using non-magnetic MRI compatible batteries. Also, the number of laser-fiber channels in the system was reduced using techniques adapted from the field of compressed sensing. Using the fact that incoming PET data is sparse in time and space, electronic circuits implementing constant weight codes uniquely encode the detector signals in order to reduce the number of electro-optical readout channels by 8-fold. Two out of a total of sixteen electro-optical detector modules have been built and tested with the entire RF-shielded detector gantry for the PET ring insert. The two detectors have been tested outside and inside of a 3T MRI system to study mutual interference effects and simultaneous performance with MRI. Preliminary results show that the PET insert is feasible for high resolution simultaneous PET/MRI imaging for applications in the brain.

Prototype positron emission tomography insert with electro-optical signal transmission for simultaneous operation with MRI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olcott, Peter; Kim, Ealgoo; Hong, Keyjo; Lee, Brian J.; Grant, Alexander M.; Chang, Chen-Ming; Glover, Gary; Levin, Craig S.

2015-05-01

The simultaneous acquisition of PET and MRI data shows promise to provide powerful capabilities to study disease processes in human subjects, guide the development of novel treatments, and monitor therapy response and disease progression. A brain-size PET detector ring insert for an MRI system is being developed that, if successful, can be inserted into any existing MRI system to enable simultaneous PET and MRI images of the brain to be acquired without mutual interference. The PET insert uses electro-optical coupling to relay all the signals from the PET detectors out of the MRI system using analog modulated lasers coupled to fiber optics. Because the fibers use light instead of electrical signals, the PET detector can be electrically decoupled from the MRI making it partially transmissive to the RF field of the MRI. The SiPM devices and low power lasers were powered using non-magnetic MRI compatible batteries. Also, the number of laser-fiber channels in the system was reduced using techniques adapted from the field of compressed sensing. Using the fact that incoming PET data is sparse in time and space, electronic circuits implementing constant weight codes uniquely encode the detector signals in order to reduce the number of electro-optical readout channels by 8-fold. Two out of a total of sixteen electro-optical detector modules have been built and tested with the entire RF-shielded detector gantry for the PET ring insert. The two detectors have been tested outside and inside of a 3T MRI system to study mutual interference effects and simultaneous performance with MRI. Preliminary results show that the PET insert is feasible for high resolution simultaneous PET/MRI imaging for applications in the brain.

Development of the sonic pump levitator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunn, S. A.

1985-01-01

The process and mechanism involved in producing glass microballoons (GMBs) of acceptable quality for laser triggered inertial fusion through use of glass jet levitation and manipulation are considered. The gas jet levitation device, called sonic pumps, provides positioning by timely and appropriate application of gas mementum from one or more of six sonic pumps which are arranged orthogonally in opposed pairs about the levitation region and are activated by an electrooptical, computer controlled, feedback system. The levitation device was fabricated and its associated control systems were assembled into a package and tested in reduced gravity flight regime of the NASA KC-135 aircraft.

Pockels effect of silicate glass-ceramics: Observation of optical modulation in Mach–Zehnder system

PubMed Central

Yamaoka, Kazuki; Takahashi, Yoshihiro; Yamazaki, Yoshiki; Terakado, Nobuaki; Miyazaki, Takamichi; Fujiwara, Takumi

2015-01-01

Silicate glass has been used for long time because of its advantages from material’s viewpoint. In this paper, we report the observation of Pockels effect by Mach–Zehnder interferometer in polycrystalline ceramics made from a ternary silicate glass via crystallization due to heat-treatment, i.e., glass-ceramics. Since the silicate system is employed as the precursor, merits of glass material are fully utilized to fabricate the optical device component, in addition to that of functional crystalline material, leading us to provide an electro-optic device, which is introducible into glass-fiber network. PMID:26184722

Design of 4 to 2 line encoder using lithium niobate based Mach Zehnder Interferometers for high speed communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, Amrindra; Kumar, Santosh; Sharma, Sandeep; Raghuwanshi, Sanjeev K.

2016-04-01

Encoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using encoder and external gates. In this paper, 4 to 2 line encoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).

Compact high reliability fiber coupled laser diodes for avionics and related applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daniel, David R.; Richards, Gordon S.; Janssen, Adrian P.; Turley, Stephen E. H.; Stockton, Thomas E.

1993-04-01

This paper describes a newly developed compact high reliability fiber coupled laser diode which is capable of providing enhanced performance under extreme environmental conditions including a very wide operating temperature range. Careful choice of package materials to minimize thermal and mechanical stress, used with proven manufacturing methods, has resulted in highly stable coupling of the optical fiber pigtail to a high performance MOCVD-grown Multi-Quantum Well laser chip. Electro-optical characteristics over temperature are described together with a demonstration of device stability over a range of environmental conditions. Real time device lifetime data is also presented.

Fast-switching chiral nematic liquid-crystal mode with polymer-sustained twisted vertical alignment.

PubMed

Chang, Kai-Han; Joshi, Vinay; Chien, Liang-Chy

2017-04-01

We demonstrate a fast-switching liquid-crystal mode with polymer-sustained twisted vertical alignment. By optimizing the polymerization condition, a polymer microstructure with controlled orientation is produced. The polymer microstructure not only synergistically suppresses the optical bounce during field-induced homeotropic-twist transition but also shortens the response time significantly. Theoretical analyses validate that the ground state free energy density is modified by the aligning field of the polymer microstructure, which affects the driving voltage of the device. The outcomes of this paper will enable the development of fast-switching and achromatic electro-optical and photonic devices.

Fast-switching chiral nematic liquid-crystal mode with polymer-sustained twisted vertical alignment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Kai-Han; Joshi, Vinay; Chien, Liang-Chy

2017-04-01

We demonstrate a fast-switching liquid-crystal mode with polymer-sustained twisted vertical alignment. By optimizing the polymerization condition, a polymer microstructure with controlled orientation is produced. The polymer microstructure not only synergistically suppresses the optical bounce during field-induced homeotropic-twist transition but also shortens the response time significantly. Theoretical analyses validate that the ground state free energy density is modified by the aligning field of the polymer microstructure, which affects the driving voltage of the device. The outcomes of this paper will enable the development of fast-switching and achromatic electro-optical and photonic devices.

Electronic recording of holograms with applications to holographic displays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Claspy, P. C.; Merat, F. L.

1979-01-01

The paper describes an electronic heterodyne recording which uses electrooptic modulation to introduce a sinusoidal phase shift between the object and reference wave. The resulting temporally modulated holographic interference pattern is scanned by a commercial image dissector camera, and the rejection of the self-interference terms is accomplished by heterodyne detection at the camera output. The electrical signal representing this processed hologram can then be used to modify the properties of a liquid crystal light valve or a similar device. Such display devices transform the displayed interference pattern into a phase modulated wave front rendering a three-dimensional image.

Novel optoelectronic devices; Proceedings of the Meeting, The Hague, Netherlands, Mar. 31-Apr. 2, 1987

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, Michael J. (Editor)

1987-01-01

The present conference on novel optoelectronics discusses topics in the state-of-the-art in this field in the Netherlands, quantum wells, integrated optics, nonlinear optical devices and fiber-optic-based devices, ultrafast optics, and nonlinear optics and optical bistability. Attention is given to the production of fiber-optics for telecommunications by means of PCVD, lifetime broadening in quantum wells, nonlinear multiple quantum well waveguide devices, tunable single-wavelength lasers, an Si integrated waveguiding polarimeter, and an electrooptic light modulator using long-range surface plasmons. Also discussed are backward-wave couplers and reflectors, a wavelength-selective all-fiber switching matrix, the impact of ultrafast optics in high-speed electronics, the physics of low energy optical switching, and all-optical logical elements for optical processing.

Electro-optofluidics: achieving dynamic control on-chip

PubMed Central

Soltani, Mohammad; Inman, James T.; Lipson, Michal; Wang, Michelle D.

2012-01-01

A vital element in integrated optofluidics is dynamic tuning and precise control of photonic devices, especially when employing electronic techniques which are challenging to utilize in an aqueous environment. We overcome this challenge by introducing a new platform in which the photonic device is controlled using electro-optical phase tuning. The phase tuning is generated by the thermo-optic effect using an on-chip electric microheater located outside the fluidic channel, and is transmitted to the optofluidic device through optical waveguides. The microheater is compact, high-speed (> 18 kHz), and consumes low power (~mW). We demonstrate dynamic optical trapping control of nanoparticles by an optofluidic resonator. This novel electro-optofluidic platform allows the realization of high throughput optofluidic devices with switching, tuning, and reconfiguration capability, and promises new directions in optofluidics. PMID:23037380

PLZT Electrooptic Ceramic Photonic Devices for Surface-Normal Operation in Trenches Cut Across Arrays of Optical Fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hirabayashi, Katsuhiko

2005-03-01

Simple Pb_1-x La_x(Zr_y Ti_z)_1-x/4 O3 (PLZT) electrooptic ceramic photonic device arrays for surface-normal operation have been developed for application to polarization-controller arrays and Fabry-Pérot tunable filter arrays. These arrays are inserted in trenches cut across fiber arrays. Each element of the arrayed structure corresponds to one optical beam and takes the form of a cell. Each sidewall of the cell (width: 50-80 μm) is coated to form an electrode. The arrays have 16 elements at a pitch of 250 μm. The phase modulator has about 1 dB of loss and a half-wavelength voltage of 120 V. A cascade of two PLZT phase modulators (thickness: 300 μm), with each attached to a polyimide lambda/2 plate (thickness:15 μm), is capable of converting an arbitrary polarization to the transverse-electric (TE) or transverse-magnetic (TM) polarization. The response time is 1 μs. The Fabry-Pérot tunable filters have a thickness of 50 μm . The front and back surfaces of each cell are coated by 99%-reflective mirror. The free spectral range (FSR) of the filters is about 10 nm, tunable range is about 10 nm, loss is 2.2 dB, and finesse is 150. The tuning speed of these devices is high, taking only 1 μs.

Electric Field Distortion in Electro-Optical Devices Subjected to Ionizing Radiation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-26

applies- ties of scientif ic advances to nam military spae system . Versatilty and flaxibility hews beon developed to a high degree by the lehoratory...personel In deeling with the many problems encountered ina the nation’s rapidly dsvelopnas space system . 1expertise In the latest scientific developments is...desiga, distributed architectures for spacoerne m o putars, fault-tolerant c.speter system , artificia intelligence. end microelectronics applications

Calendar of Selected Aeronautical and Space Meetings (Calendrier des Manifestations Aeronautiques et Spatiales (Selection)).

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

Physique de l’Atmosphire et Environnement terrestre 71 09 - Information, Documentation et Informatique 74 10 - Thimes gin~raux (pluridisciplinaires) et...March Louisiana (US) Fiber Communication Optical Communications IEEE Fibre Optics Electro-Optics 02-08 7-9 March Baden-Baden VDE -IEEE Specialists...Conference on Very Large Electronic Systems VDE (GE) Scale Integrated Circuits Solid State Devices IEEE Integrated Circuits Engineering Design Fabrication

Investigation of Analog Photonic Link Technology for Timing and Metrological Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-18

same model bias tee in each case. Fig. 1.8: Measured residual single-sideband (SSB) phase noise for two amplifiers with various RF pads at...deflection at the AO output. The deflected signal is reflected onto a tilted diffraction grating and passed backed through the device to the output...Other TTD modulation mechanisms have been considered including fiber stretches (mechanical and piezoelectric ), electro-optic modulators (i.e

Electro-optical 1 x 2, 1 x N and N x N fiber-optic and free-space switching over 1.55 to 3.0 μm using a Ge-Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5)-Ge prism structure.

PubMed

Hendrickson, Joshua; Soref, Richard; Sweet, Julian; Majumdar, Arka

2015-01-12

New device designs are proposed and theoretical simulations are performed on electro-optical routing switches in which light beams enter and exit the device either from free space or from lensed fibers. The active medium is a ~100 nm layer of phase change material (Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5) or GeTe) that is electrically "triggered" to change its phase, giving "self-holding" behavior in each of two phases. Electrical current is supplied to that film by a pair of transparent highly doped conducting Ge prisms on both sides of the layer. For S-polarized light incident at ~80° on the film, a three-layer Fabry-Perot analysis, including dielectric loss, predicts good 1 x 2 and 2 x 2 switch performance at infrared wavelengths of 1.55, 2.1 and 3.0 μm, although the performance at 1.55 μm is degraded by material loss and prism mismatch. Proposals for in-plane and volumetric 1 x 4 and 4 x 4 switches are also presented. An unpolarized 1 x 2 switch projects good performance at mid infrared.

Role of the electron blocking layer in the graded-index separate confinement heterostructure nitride laser diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bojarska, Agata; Goss, Jakub; Stanczyk, Szymon; Makarowa, Irina; Schiavon, Dario; Czernecki, Robert; Suski, Tadeusz; Perlin, Piotr

2018-04-01

In this work, we investigate the role of the electron blocking layer (EBL) in laser diodes based on a graded index separate confinement heterostructure. We compare two sets of devices with very different EBL aluminum composition (3% and 12%) and design (graded and superlattice). The results of electro-optical characterization of these laser diodes reveal surprisingly modest role of electron blocking layer composition in determination of the threshold current and the differential efficiency values. However, EBL structure influences the operating voltage, which is decreased for devices with lower EBL and superlattice EBL. We observe also the differences in the thermal stability of devices - characteristic temperature is lower for lasers with 3% Al in EBL.

Advanced infrared laser modulator development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cheo, P. K.; Wagner, R.; Gilden, M.

1984-01-01

A parametric study was conducted to develop an electrooptic waveguide modulator for generating continuous tunable sideband power from an infrared CO2 laser. Parameters included were the waveguide configurations, microstrip dimensions device impedance, and effective dielectric constants. An optimum infrared laser modulator was established and was fabricated. This modulator represents the state-of-the-art integrated optical device, which has a three-dimensional topology to accommodate three lambda/4 step transformers for microwave impedance matching at both the input and output terminals. A flat frequency response of the device over 20 HGz or = 3 dB) was achieved. Maximum single sideband to carrier power greater than 1.2% for 20 W microwave input power at optical carrier wavelength of 10.6 microns was obtained.

Optically isolated signal coupler with linear response

DOEpatents

Kronberg, James W.

1994-01-01

An optocoupler for isolating electrical signals that translates an electrical input signal linearly to an electrical output signal. The optocoupler comprises a light emitter, a light receiver, and a light transmitting medium. The light emitter, preferably a blue, silicon carbide LED, is of the type that provides linear, electro-optical conversion of electrical signals within a narrow wavelength range. Correspondingly, the light receiver, which converts light signals to electrical signals and is preferably a cadmium sulfide photoconductor, is linearly responsive to light signals within substantially the same wavelength range as the blue LED.

Time-resolved absolute measurements by electro-optic effect of giant electromagnetic pulses due to laser-plasma interaction in nanosecond regime

PubMed Central

Consoli, F.; De Angelis, R.; Duvillaret, L.; Andreoli, P. L.; Cipriani, M.; Cristofari, G.; Di Giorgio, G.; Ingenito, F.; Verona, C.

2016-01-01

We describe the first electro-optical absolute measurements of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) generated by laser-plasma interaction in nanosecond regime. Laser intensities are inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) relevant and wavelength is 1054 nm. These are the first direct EMP amplitude measurements with the detector rather close and in direct view of the plasma. A maximum field of 261 kV/m was measured, two orders of magnitude higher than previous measurements by conductive probes on nanosecond regime lasers with much higher energy. The analysis of measurements and of particle-in-cell simulations indicates that signals match the emission of charged particles detected in the same experiment, and suggests that anisotropic particle emission from target, X-ray photoionization and charge implantation on surfaces directly exposed to plasma, could be important EMP contributions. Significant information achieved on EMP features and sources is crucial for future plants of laser-plasma acceleration and inertial-confinement-fusion and for the use as effective plasma diagnostics. It also opens to remarkable applications of laser-plasma interaction as intense source of RF-microwaves for studies on materials and devices, EMP-radiation-hardening and electromagnetic compatibility. The demonstrated extreme effectivity of electric-fields detection in laser-plasma context by electro-optic effect, leads to great potential for characterization of laser-plasma interaction and generated Terahertz radiation. PMID:27301704

Time-resolved absolute measurements by electro-optic effect of giant electromagnetic pulses due to laser-plasma interaction in nanosecond regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Consoli, F.; de Angelis, R.; Duvillaret, L.; Andreoli, P. L.; Cipriani, M.; Cristofari, G.; di Giorgio, G.; Ingenito, F.; Verona, C.

2016-06-01

We describe the first electro-optical absolute measurements of electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) generated by laser-plasma interaction in nanosecond regime. Laser intensities are inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) relevant and wavelength is 1054 nm. These are the first direct EMP amplitude measurements with the detector rather close and in direct view of the plasma. A maximum field of 261 kV/m was measured, two orders of magnitude higher than previous measurements by conductive probes on nanosecond regime lasers with much higher energy. The analysis of measurements and of particle-in-cell simulations indicates that signals match the emission of charged particles detected in the same experiment, and suggests that anisotropic particle emission from target, X-ray photoionization and charge implantation on surfaces directly exposed to plasma, could be important EMP contributions. Significant information achieved on EMP features and sources is crucial for future plants of laser-plasma acceleration and inertial-confinement-fusion and for the use as effective plasma diagnostics. It also opens to remarkable applications of laser-plasma interaction as intense source of RF-microwaves for studies on materials and devices, EMP-radiation-hardening and electromagnetic compatibility. The demonstrated extreme effectivity of electric-fields detection in laser-plasma context by electro-optic effect, leads to great potential for characterization of laser-plasma interaction and generated Terahertz radiation.

Ferroelectric tungsten bronze bulk crystals and epitaxial thin films for electro-optic device applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neurgaonkar, R. R.; Cross, L. E.

1984-02-01

SBN:50 and SBN:60 crystals have now been grown with improved optical quality using the Czochralski technique with automatic diameter control. The liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) growth of SBN:50 on SBN substrates has also been successfully demonstrated, with particularly good results for (100) and (110) film orientations. Electro-optic measurements on SBN:60 single crystals have shown a high value for r51 of 80 x 10 to the minus 12th power m/v, nearly a factor a 2 greater than for SBN:75. The tungsten bronze system Pb1-xBaxNb2O6 (PBN) has shown enhanced piezoelectric, dielectric and optical properties near the morphotropic boundary at x = 0.37. Substantial data on the physical properties of PBN single crystals is presented as a function of composition. Work on an appropriate flux system for LPE growth of PBN is in progress, with particular focus on the system Pb2V2O7 - PBN:60. Systematic work on the tungsten bronze system Ba2NaNb5O15 Sr2NaNb5O15 (BNN-SNN) and Pb2KNb5O15 - Ba2NaNb5O15 (PKN-BNN) has been undertaken, with both systems showing morphotropic boundary conditions with enhanced dielectric properties. Both systems look promising for future electro-optic development.

Application of the strongly coupled-mode theory to integrated optical devices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chuang, Shun-Lien

1987-01-01

A theory for strongly coupled waveguides is discussed and applied to two- and three-waveguide couplers and optical wavelength filters. This theory makes use of an exact analytical relation governing the coupling coefficients and the overlap integrals. It removes almost all of the constraints imposed by a simpler and approximate coupled-mode theory by Marcatili (1986). It also satisfies the energy conservation and the reciprocity theorem self-consistently. Very good numerical results with the overlap integral as large as 49 percent are shown. The applications to electrooptical modulators, power dividers, power transfer devices, and optical filters are all presented with numerical results.

Design of optical seven-segment decoder using Pockel's effect inside lithium niobate-based waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, Amrindra; Kumar, Santosh; Sharma, Sandeep

2017-01-01

Seven-segment decoder is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs optically, having 11 Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) for their implementation. The layout of the circuit is implemented to fit the electrical method on an optical logic circuit based on the beam propagation method (BPM). Seven-segment decoder is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium niobate-based MZIs. MZI structures are able to switch an optical signal to a desired output port. It consists of a mathematical explanation about the proposed device. The BPM is also used to analyze the study.

Research on SOI-based micro-resonator devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Xi; Xu, Haihua; Hu, Yingtao; Zhou, Liang; Xiong, Kang; Li, Zhiyong; Li, Yuntao; Fan, Zhongchao; Han, Weihua; Yu, Yude; Yu, Jinzhong

2010-10-01

SOI (silicon-on-insulator)-based micro-resonator is the key building block of silicon photonics, which is considered as a promising solution to alleviate the bandwidth bottleneck of on-chip interconnects. Silicon-based sub-micron waveguide, microring and microdisk devices are investigated in Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The main progress in recent years is presented in this talk, such as high Q factor single mode microdisk filters, compact thirdorder microring filters with the through/drop port extinctions to be ~ 30/40 dB, fast microring electro-optical switches with the switch time of < 400 ps and crosstalk < -23 dB, and > 10 Gbit/s high speed microring modulators.

A landmark recognition and tracking experiment for flight on the Shuttle/Advanced Technology Laboratory (ATL)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Welch, J. D.

1975-01-01

The preliminary design of an experiment for landmark recognition and tracking from the Shuttle/Advanced Technology Laboratory is described. It makes use of parallel coherent optical processing to perform correlation tests between landmarks observed passively with a telescope and previously made holographic matched filters. The experimental equipment including the optics, the low power laser, the random access file of matched filters and the electro-optical readout device are described. A real time optically excited liquid crystal device is recommended for performing the input non-coherent optical to coherent optical interface function. A development program leading to a flight experiment in 1981 is outlined.

Optoelectrical clock recovery with dispersion monitoring for high speed transmission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wen, He; Liao, Jinxin; Zheng, Xiaoping; Zhang, Hanyi; Guo, Yili

2010-12-01

The proposed clock recovery scheme introduces electrooptical modulation to down convert the clock frequency facilitating succeeding narrow band filtering by a phase locked loop (PLL) with ordinary radio frequency (RF) devices, further, employs a quadrature phase detector in the PLL to provide an indication signal for monitoring residual dispersion. It was demonstrated in a polarization multiplexed 160-Gbit/s optical non-return to zero quadrature phase shift keying (NRZ-QPSK) transmission system.

New class of optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) for microwave signal generation and processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maleki, Lute; Yao, X. S.

1996-11-01

A new class of oscillators based on photonic devices is presented. These opto-electronic oscillators (OEO's) generate microwave oscillation by converting continuous energy from a light source using a feedback circuit which includes a delay element, an electro-optic switch, and a photodetector. Different configurations of OEO's are presented, each of which may be applied to a particular application requiring ultra-high performance, or low cost and small size.

Evaluation of the electro-optic direction sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, A. R.; Salomon, P. M.

1973-01-01

Evaluation of a no-moving-parts single-axis star tracker called an electro-optic direction sensor (EODS) concept is described and the results are given in detail. The work involved experimental evaluation of a breadboard sensor yielding results which would permit design of a prototype sensor for a specific application. The laboratory work included evaluation of the noise equivalent input angle of the sensor, demonstration of a technique for producing an acquisition signal, constraints on the useful field-of-view, and a qualitative evaluation of the effects of stray light. In addition, the potential of the silicon avalanche-type photodiode for this application was investigated. No benefit in noise figure was found, but the easily adjustable gain of the avalanche device was useful. The use of mechanical tuning of the modulating element to reduce voltage requirements was also explored. The predicted performance of EODS in both photomultiplier and solid state detector configurations was compared to an existing state-of-the-art star tracker.

Interfacial behavior of confined mesogens at smectic-C*-water boundary.

PubMed

Chandran, Achu; Khanna, P K; Haranath, D; Biradar, Ashok M

2018-02-01

In this paper, we have investigated the behavior of mesogens at smectic-C*-water interface confined in a liquid crystal (LC) cell with interfacial geometry. Polarized optical microscopy was used to probe the appearance of various smectic-C* domain patterns at water interface owing to the reorientation of mesogens. The undulated stripe domains observed at the air interface of smectic-C* meniscus vanished as the water entered into the smectic layers and focal conical domain patterns appeared at smectic-C*-water boundary. A spatially variable electro-optical switching of LC molecules was also observed outside the electrode area of the interfacial cell. The electrode region at the interface, as well as on the water side, was damaged upon application of an electric field of magnitude more than 150 kV/m. The change in dielectric parameters of mesogens was extensively studied at interface after evaporating the water. These studies give fundamental insights into smectic-C*-water interface and also will be helpful in fabricating better LC devices for electro-optical and sensing applications.

Optical analysis of electro-optical systems by MTF calculus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barbarini, Elisa Signoreto; Dos Santos, Daniel, Jr.; Stefani, Mário Antonio; Yasuoka, Fátima Maria Mitsue; Castro Neto, Jarbas C.; Rodrigues, Evandro Luís Linhari

2011-08-01

One of the widely used methods for performance analysis of an optical system is the determination of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). The MTF represents a quantitative and direct measure of image quality, and, besides being an objective test, it can be used on concatenated optical system. This paper presents the application of software called SMTF (software modulation transfer function), built in C++ and Open CV platforms for MTF calculation on electro-optical system. Through this technique, it is possible to develop specific method to measure the real time performance of a digital fundus camera, an infrared sensor and an ophthalmological surgery microscope. Each optical instrument mentioned has a particular device to measure the MTF response, which is being developed. Then the MTF information assists the analysis of the optical system alignment, and also defines its resolution limit by the MTF graphic. The result obtained from the implemented software is compared with the theoretical MTF curve from the analyzed systems.

Thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with terahertz operating bandwidth.

PubMed

Mercante, Andrew J; Shi, Shouyuan; Yao, Peng; Xie, Linli; Weikle, Robert M; Prather, Dennis W

2018-05-28

We present a thin film crystal ion sliced (CIS) LiNbO 3 phase modulator that demonstrates an unprecedented measured electro-optic (EO) response up to 500 GHz. Shallow rib waveguides are utilized for guiding a single transverse electric (TE) optical mode, and Au coplanar waveguides (CPWs) support the modulating radio frequency (RF) mode. Precise index matching between the co-propagating RF and optical modes is responsible for the device's broadband response, which is estimated to extend even beyond 500 GHz. Matching the velocities of these co-propagating RF and optical modes is realized by cladding the modulator's interaction region in a thin UV15 polymer layer, which increases the RF modal index. The fabricated modulator possesses a tightly confined optical mode, which lends itself to a strong interaction between the modulating RF field and the guided optical carrier; resulting in a measured DC half-wave voltage of 3.8 V·cm -1 . The design, fabrication, and characterization of our broadband modulator is presented in this work.

Design of parity generator and checker circuit using electro-optic effect of Mach-Zehnder interferometers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Santosh; Chanderkanta; Amphawan, Angela

2016-04-01

Parity is an extra bit which is used to add in digital information to detect error at the receiver end. It can be even and odd parity. In case of even parity, the number of one's will be even included the parity and reverse in the case of odd parity. The circuit which is used to generate the parity at the transmitter side, called the parity generator and the circuit which is used to detect the parity at receiver side is called as parity checker. In this paper, an even and odd parity generator and checker circuits are designed using electro-optic effect inside lithium niobate based Mach-Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs). The MZIs structures collectively show powerful capability in switching an input optical signal to a desired output port from a collection of output ports. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).

Probing the electrical switching of a memristive optical antenna by STEM EELS

PubMed Central

Schoen, David T.; Holsteen, Aaron L.; Brongersma, Mark L.

2016-01-01

The scaling of active photonic devices to deep-submicron length scales has been hampered by the fundamental diffraction limit and the absence of materials with sufficiently strong electro-optic effects. Plasmonics is providing new opportunities to circumvent this challenge. Here we provide evidence for a solid-state electro-optical switching mechanism that can operate in the visible spectral range with an active volume of less than (5 nm)3 or ∼10−6 λ3, comparable to the size of the smallest electronic components. The switching mechanism relies on electrochemically displacing metal atoms inside the nanometre-scale gap to electrically connect two crossed metallic wires forming a cross-point junction. These junctions afford extreme light concentration and display singular optical behaviour upon formation of a conductive channel. The active tuning of plasmonic antennas attached to such junctions is analysed using a combination of electrical and optical measurements as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. PMID:27412052

Interfacial behavior of confined mesogens at smectic-C*-water boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandran, Achu; Khanna, P. K.; Haranath, D.; Biradar, Ashok M.

2018-02-01

In this paper, we have investigated the behavior of mesogens at smectic-C*-water interface confined in a liquid crystal (LC) cell with interfacial geometry. Polarized optical microscopy was used to probe the appearance of various smectic-C* domain patterns at water interface owing to the reorientation of mesogens. The undulated stripe domains observed at the air interface of smectic-C* meniscus vanished as the water entered into the smectic layers and focal conical domain patterns appeared at smectic-C*-water boundary. A spatially variable electro-optical switching of LC molecules was also observed outside the electrode area of the interfacial cell. The electrode region at the interface, as well as on the water side, was damaged upon application of an electric field of magnitude more than 150 kV/m. The change in dielectric parameters of mesogens was extensively studied at interface after evaporating the water. These studies give fundamental insights into smectic-C*-water interface and also will be helpful in fabricating better LC devices for electro-optical and sensing applications.

Electro-optical muzzle flash detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krieg, Jürgen; Eisele, Christian; Seiffer, Dirk

2016-10-01

Localizing a shooter in a complex scenario is a difficult task. Acoustic sensors can be used to detect blast waves. Radar technology permits detection of the projectile. A third method is to detect the muzzle flash using electro-optical devices. Detection of muzzle flash events is possible with focal plane arrays, line and single element detectors. In this paper, we will show that the detection of a muzzle flash works well in the shortwave infrared spectral range. Important for the acceptance of an operational warning system in daily use is a very low false alarm rate. Using data from a detector with a high sampling rate the temporal signature of a potential muzzle flash event can be analyzed and the false alarm rate can be reduced. Another important issue is the realization of an omnidirectional view required on an operational level. It will be shown that a combination of single element detectors and simple optics in an appropriate configuration is a capable solution.

Waveguide electro-optic modulators based on intrinsically polar self-assembled superlattices (SASs)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Zhifu; Ho, Seng Tiong; Chang, Seongsik; Zhao, Yiguang; Marks, Tobin J.; Kang, Hu; van der Boom, Milko E.; Zhu, Peiwang

2002-12-01

In this paper we describe methods of fabricating and characterizing organic electro-optic modulators based on intrinsically polar self-assembled superlattices. These structures are intrinsically acentric, and exhibit large second harmonic generation and electro-optic responses without the requirement of poling by an external electric field. A novel wet chemical protection-deprotection approach for the growth of self-assembled superlattices have been developed, and the refractive indices of self-assembled organic electro-optic superlattices may be tuned during the self-assembly process. Prototype electro-optic modulators based on chromophoric self-assembled superlattices have been designed and fabricated. The effective electro-optic coefficient of the self-assembled superlattice film in a phase modulator is estimated as about 20 pm/V at a wavelength of 1064 nm.

External electro-optic sampling utilizing a poled polymer asymmetric Fabry Perot cavity as an electro-optical probe tip

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Kaixin; Zhang, Hongbo; Zhang, Daming; Yang, Han; Yi, Maobin

2002-09-01

External electro-optic sampling utilizing a poled polymer asymmetry Fabry-Perot cavity as electro-optic probe tip has been demonstrated. Electro-optical polymer spin coated on the high-reflectivity mirror (HRM) was corona poled. Thus, an asymmetric F-P cavity was formed based on the different reflectivity of the polymer and HRM and it converted the phase modulation that originates from electro-optic effect of the poled polymer to amplitude modulation, so only one laser beam is needed in this system. The principle of the sampling was analyzed by multiple reflection and index ellipsoid methods. A 1.2 GHz microwave signal propagating on coplanar waveguide transmission line was sampled, and the voltage sensitivity about 0.5 mV/ Hz was obtained.

Optical recording materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savant, Gajendra D.; Jannson, Joanna L.

1991-07-01

The increased emphasis on speed of operation, wavelength selectivity, compactness, and ruggedization has focused a great deal of attention on the solutions offered by all-optic devices and by hybrid electro-optic systems. In fact, many photonic devices are being considered for use as partial replacements for electronic systems. Optical components, which include modulators, switches, 3-D memory storage devices, wavelength division multiplexers, holographic optical elements, and others, are examples of such devices. The success or failure of these modern optical devices depends, to a great extent, on the performance and survivability of the optical materials used. This is particularly true for volume holographic filters, organic memory media, second- and third-order nonlinear material-based processors and neural networks. Due to the critical importance of these materials and their lack of availability, Physical Optics Corporation (POC) undertook a global advanced optical materials program which has enabled it to introduce several optical devices, based on the new and improved materials which will be described in this article.

Growth of Bulk Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Crystals and Their Potential Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Kuo-Tong; Shi, Detang; Morgan, S. H.; Collins, W. Eugene; Burger, Arnold

1997-01-01

Developments in bulk crystal growth research for electro-optical devices in the Center for Photonic Materials and Devices since its establishment have been reviewed. Purification processes and single crystal growth systems employing physical vapor transport and Bridgman methods were assembled and used to produce high purity and superior quality wide bandgap materials such as heavy metal halides and II-VI compound semiconductors. Comprehensive material characterization techniques have been employed to reveal the optical, electrical and thermodynamic properties of crystals, and the results were used to establish improved material processing procedures. Postgrowth treatments such as passivation, oxidation, chemical etching and metal contacting during the X-ray and gamma-ray device fabrication process have also been investigated and low noise threshold with improved energy resolution has been achieved.

Tunable optical analog to electromagnetically induced transparency in graphene-ring resonators system.

PubMed

Wang, Yonghua; Xue, Chenyang; Zhang, Zengxing; Zheng, Hua; Zhang, Wendong; Yan, Shubin

2016-12-12

The analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in optical ways has shown great potential in optical delay and quantum-information technology due to its flexible design and easy implementation. The chief drawback for these devices is the bad tunability. Here we demonstrate a tunable optical transparency system formed by graphene-silicon microrings which could control the transparent window by electro-optical means. The device consists of cascaded coupled ring resonators and a graphene/graphene capacitor which integrated on one of the rings. By tuning the Fermi level of the graphene sheets, we can modulate the round-trip ring loss so that the transparency window can be dynamically tuned. The results provide a new method for the manipulation and transmission of light in highly integrated optical circuits and quantum information storage devices.

Applications of telecommunication technology for optical instrumentation with an emphasis on space-time duality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Howe, James William

Telecommunication technology has often been applied to areas of science and engineering seemingly unrelated to communication systems. Innovations such as electronic amplifiers, the transistor, digital coding, optical fiber, and the laser, which all had roots in communication technology, have been implemented in devices from bar-code scanners to fiber endoscopes for medical procedures. In the same way, the central theme of the work in the following chapters has been to borrow both the concepts and technology of telecommunications systems to develop novel optical instrumentation for non-telecom pursuits. This work particularly leverages fiber-integrated electro-optic phase modulators to apply custom phase profiles to ultrafast pulses for control and manipulation. Such devices are typically used in telecom transmitters to encode phase data onto optical pulses (differential phase-shift keying), or for chirped data transmission. We, however, use electro-optic phase modulators to construct four novel optical devices: (1) a programmable ultrafast optical delay line with record scanning speed for applications in optical metrology, interferometry, or broad-band phase arrays, (2) a multiwavelength pulse generator for real-time optical sampling of electronic waveforms, (3) a simple femtosecond pulse generator for uses in biomedical imaging or ultrafast spectroscopy, and (4) a nonlinear phase compensator to increase the energy of fiber-amplified ultrashort pulse systems. In addition, we describe a fifth instrument which makes use of a higher-order mode fiber, similar in design to dispersion compensating fibers used for telecom. Through soliton self-frequency shift in the higher-order mode fiber, we can broadly-tune the center frequency of ultrashort pulses in energy regimes useful for biomedical imaging or ultrafast spectroscopy. The advantages gained through using telecom components in each of these systems are the simplicity and robustness of all-fiber configurations, high-speed operation, and electronic control of signals. Finally, we devote much attention to the paradigm of space-time duality and temporal imaging which allows the electro-optic phase modulators used in our instrumentation to be framed as temporal analogs of diffractive optical elements such as lenses and prisms. We show how the concepts of "time-lenses" and "time-prisms" give an intuitive understanding of our work as well as insight for the general development of optical instrumentation.

Electrochemical energy storage devices comprising self-compensating polymers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, Paul; Bautista-Martinez, Jose Antonio; Friesen, Cody

The disclosed technology relates generally to devices comprising conductive polymers and more particularly to electrochemical devices comprising self-compensating conductive polymers. In one aspect, electrochemical energy storage device comprises a negative electrode comprising an active material including a redox-active polymer. The device additionally comprises a positive electrode comprising an active material including a redox-active polymer. The device further comprises an electrolyte material interposed between the negative electrode and positive electrode and configured to conduct mobile counterions therethrough between the negative electrode and positive electrode. At least one of the negative electrode redox-active polymer and the positive electrode redox-active polymer comprises amore » zwitterionic polymer unit configured to reversibly switch between a zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has first and second charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other, and a non-zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has one of the first and second charge centers whose charge state is compensated by mobile counterions.« less

High speed photography, videography, and photonics V; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, Aug. 17-19, 1987

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Howard C. (Editor)

1988-01-01

Recent advances in high-speed optical and electrooptic devices are discussed in reviews and reports. Topics examined include data quantification and related technologies, high-speed photographic applications and instruments, flash and cine radiography, and novel ultrafast methods. Also considered are optical streak technology, high-speed videographic and photographic equipment, and X-ray streak cameras. Extensive diagrams, drawings, graphs, sample images, and tables of numerical data are provided.

Instabilities and Chaotic Behavior of Active and Passive Laser Systems.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

Some of these attractors, already well-known from elementary calculus, are the steady states of the system, i.e., configurations such that all the time ...charactaristic fundamental frequencies (the reciprocal of the round-trip time around the limit cycle) and usually a host of harmonic components, whose origin is...provided with a hybrid electro-optic device in which the delay of the feed- 2 back loop was made considerably larger than the response time of the system

The Choice of a Laser for Airborne Depth Sounding

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

cavity, polariser, Pockels cell and have the same resonator length,. The Porro prisms of the PCCP are replaced by mirrors in the conventional...crossed Porro resonator The operation of this resonator is described in references 6 and 7. It contains two Porro prisms , one at each end of the...p968, March 1980 "Laser Resonator : An Electrooptically Q-Switched Porro Prism Device" Applied Optics, 15, 8, pl942, August 1976 10 11 See, B.A

Light emission from silicon: Some perspectives and applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiory, A. T.; Ravindra, N. M.

2003-10-01

Research on efficient light emission from silicon devices is moving toward leading-edge advances in components for nano-optoelectronics and related areas. A silicon laser is being eagerly sought and may be at hand soon. A key advantage is in the use of silicon-based materials and processing, thereby using high yield and low-cost fabrication techniques. Anticipated applications include an optical emitter for integrated optical circuits, logic, memory, and interconnects; electro-optic isolators; massively parallel optical interconnects and cross connects for integrated circuit chips; lightwave components; high-power discrete and array emitters; and optoelectronic nanocell arrays for detecting biological and chemical agents. The new technical approaches resolve a basic issue with native interband electro-optical emission from bulk Si, which competes with nonradiative phonon- and defect-mediated pathways for electron-hole recombination. Some of the new ways to enhance optical emission efficiency in Si diode devices rely on carrier confinement, including defect and strain engineering in the bulk material. Others use Si nanocrystallites, nanowires, and alloying with Ge and crystal strain methods to achieve the carrier confinement required to boost radiative recombination efficiency. Another approach draws on the considerable progress that has been made in high-efficiency, solar-cell design and uses the reciprocity between photo- and light-emitting diodes. Important advances are also being made with silicon-oxide materials containing optically active rare-earth impurities.

Novel approach for simultaneous wireless transmission and evaluation of optical sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neumann, Niels; Schuster, Tobias; Plettemeier, Dirk

2014-11-01

Optical sensors can be used to measure various quantities such as pressure, strain, temperature, refractive index, pH value and biochemical reactions. The interrogation of the sensor can be performed spectrally or using a simple power measurement. However, the evaluation of the sensor signal and the subsequent radio transmission of the results is complicated and costly. A sophisticated system setup comprising a huge number of electrooptical components as well as a complete radio module is required. This is not only expensive and unreliable but also impractical within harsh environment, in limited space and in inaccessible areas. Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) technology implies signals modulated on an electrical carrier being transmitted over fiber by using optical carriers. Combining RoF techniques and optical sensors, a new class of measurement devices readable by a radio interfaces is introduced in this paper. These sensors use a modulated input signal generated by a RoF transmitter that { after being influenced by the optical sensor-is directly converted into a radio signal and transmitted. This approach enables remote read-outs of the sensor by means of wireless evaluation. Thus, costly, voluminous, power hungry and sensitive equipment in the vicinity of the measurement location is avoided. The equipment can be concentrated in a central location supporting existing radio transmission schemes (e.g. WiFi).

Passive and electro-optic polymer photonics and InP electronics integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Z.; Katopodis, V.; Groumas, P.; Konczykowska, A.; Dupuy, J.-.; Beretta, A.; Dede, A.; Miller, E.; Choi, J. H.; Harati, P.; Jorge, F.; Nodjiadjim, V.; Dinu, R.; Cangini, G.; Vannucci, A.; Felipe, D.; Maese-Novo, A.; Keil, N.; Bach, H.-.; Schell, Martin; Avramopoulos, H.; Kouloumentas, Ch.

2015-05-01

Hybrid photonic integration allows individual components to be developed at their best-suited material platforms without sacrificing the overall performance. In the past few years a polymer-enabled hybrid integration platform has been established, comprising 1) EO polymers for constructing low-complexity and low-cost Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with extremely high modulation bandwidth; 2) InP components for light sources, detectors, and high-speed electronics including MUX drivers and DEMUX circuits; 3) Ceramic (AIN) RF board that links the electronic signals within the package. On this platform, advanced optoelectronic modules have been demonstrated, including serial 100 Gb/s [1] and 2x100 Gb/s [2] optical transmitters, but also 400 Gb/s optoelectronic interfaces for intra-data center networks [3]. To expand the device functionalities to an unprecedented level and at the same time improve the integration compatibility with diversified active / passive photonic components, we have added a passive polymer-based photonic board (polyboard) as the 4th material system. This passive polyboard allows for low-cost fabrication of single-mode waveguide networks, enables fast and convenient integration of various thin-film elements (TFEs) to control the light polarization, and provides efficient thermo-optic elements (TOEs) for wavelength tuning, light amplitude regulation and light-path switching.

Low-power nanophotonics: material and device technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thylén, Lars; Holmstrom, Petter; Wosinski, Lech; Lourdudoss, Sebastian

2013-05-01

Development in photonics for communications and interconnects pose increasing requirements on reduction of footprint, power dissipation and cost, as well as increased bandwidth. Nanophotonics integrated photonics has been viewed as a solution to this, capitalizing on development in nanotechnology and an increased understanding of light matter interaction on the nanoscale. The latter can be exemplified by plasmonics and low dimensional semiconductors such as quantum dots (QDs). In this scenario the development of improved electrooptic materials is of great importance, the electrooptic polymers being an example, since they potentially offer superior properties for optical phase modulators in terms of power and integratability. Phase modulators are essential for e.g. the rapidly developing advanced modulation formats, since phase modulation basically can generate any type of modulation. The electrooptic polymers, in combination with plasmonics nanoparticle array waveguides or nanostructured hybrid plasmonic media can give extremely compact and low power dissipation modulators. Low-dimensional semiconductors, e.g. in the shape of QDs, can be employed for modulation or switching functions, offering possibilities for scaling to 2 or 3 dimensions for advanced switching functions. In both the high field confinement plasmonics and QDs, the nanosizing is due to nearfield interactions, albeit being of different physical origin in the two cases. Epitaxial integration of III-V structures on Si plays an important role in developing high-performance light sources on silicon, eventually integrated with silicon electronics. A brief remark on all-optical vs. electronically controlled optical switching systems is also given.

Improved Electro-Optical Switches

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nelson, Bruce N.; Cooper, Ronald F.

1994-01-01

Improved single-pole, double-throw electro-optical switches operate in switching times less than microsecond developed for applications as optical communication systems and networks of optical sensors. Contain no moving parts. In comparison with some prior electro-optical switches, these are simpler and operate with smaller optical losses. Beam of light switched from one output path to other by applying, to electro-optical crystal, voltage causing polarization of beam of light to change from vertical to horizontal.

Intermodulation and harmonic distortion in slow light Microwave Photonic phase shifters based on Coherent Population Oscillations in SOAs.

PubMed

Gasulla, Ivana; Sancho, Juan; Capmany, José; Lloret, Juan; Sales, Salvador

2010-12-06

We theoretically and experimentally evaluate the propagation, generation and amplification of signal, harmonic and intermodulation distortion terms inside a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) under Coherent Population Oscillation (CPO) regime. For that purpose, we present a general optical field model, valid for any arbitrarily-spaced radiofrequency tones, which is necessary to correctly describe the operation of CPO based slow light Microwave Photonic phase shifters which comprise an electrooptic modulator and a SOA followed by an optical filter and supplements another recently published for true time delay operation based on the propagation of optical intensities. The phase shifter performance has been evaluated in terms of the nonlinear distortion up to 3rd order, for a modulating signal constituted of two tones, in function of the electrooptic modulator input RF power and the SOA input optical power, obtaining a very good agreement between theoretical and experimental results. A complete theoretical spectral analysis is also presented which shows that under small signal operation conditions, the 3rd order intermodulation products at 2Ω1 + Ω2 and 2Ω2 + Ω1 experience a power dip/phase transition characteristic of the fundamental tones phase shifting operation.

Binary to Octal and Octal to Binary Code Converter Using Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for High Speed Communication

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, Amrindra; Kumar, Santosh; Sharma, Sandeep

2017-05-01

Binary to octal and octal to binary code converter is a device that allows placing digital information from many inputs to many outputs. Any application of combinational logic circuit can be implemented by using external gates. In this paper, binary to octal and octal to binary code converter is proposed using electro-optic effect inside lithium-niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs). The MZI structures have powerful capability to switching an optical input signal to a desired output port. The paper constitutes a mathematical description of the proposed device and thereafter simulation using MATLAB. The study is verified using beam propagation method (BPM).

High voltage electrical amplifier having a short rise time

DOEpatents

Christie, David J.; Dallum, Gregory E.

1991-01-01

A circuit, comprising an amplifier and a transformer is disclosed that produces a high power pulse having a fast response time, and that responds to a digital control signal applied through a digital-to-analog converter. The present invention is suitable for driving a component such as an electro-optic modulator with a voltage in the kilovolt range. The circuit is stable at high frequencies and during pulse transients, and its impedance matching circuit matches the load impedance with the output impedance. The preferred embodiment comprises an input stage compatible with high-speed semiconductor components for amplifying the voltage of the input control signal, a buffer for isolating the input stage from the output stage; and a plurality of current amplifiers connected to the buffer. Each current amplifier is connected to a field effect transistor (FET), which switches a high voltage power supply to a transformer which then provides an output terminal for driving a load. The transformer comprises a plurality of transmission lines connected to the FETs and the load. The transformer changes the impedance and voltage of the output. The preferred embodiment also comprises a low voltage power supply for biasing the FETs at or near an operational voltage.

Tunable optical analog to electromagnetically induced transparency in graphene-ring resonators system

PubMed Central

Wang, Yonghua; Xue, Chenyang; Zhang, Zengxing; Zheng, Hua; Zhang, Wendong; Yan, Shubin

2016-01-01

The analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency in optical ways has shown great potential in optical delay and quantum-information technology due to its flexible design and easy implementation. The chief drawback for these devices is the bad tunability. Here we demonstrate a tunable optical transparency system formed by graphene-silicon microrings which could control the transparent window by electro-optical means. The device consists of cascaded coupled ring resonators and a graphene/graphene capacitor which integrated on one of the rings. By tuning the Fermi level of the graphene sheets, we can modulate the round-trip ring loss so that the transparency window can be dynamically tuned. The results provide a new method for the manipulation and transmission of light in highly integrated optical circuits and quantum information storage devices. PMID:27941895

Monolithically integrated active optical devices. [with application in optical communication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ballantyne, J.; Wagner, D. K.; Kushner, B.; Wojtzcuk, S.

1981-01-01

Considerations relevant to the monolithic integration of optical detectors, lasers, and modulators with high speed amplifiers are discussed. Some design considerations for representative subsystems in the GaAs-AlGaAs and GaInAs-InP materials systems are described. Results of a detailed numerical design of an electro-optical birefringent filter for monolithic integration with a laser diode is described, and early experimental results on monolithic integration of broadband MESFET amplifiers with photoconductive detectors are reported.

An Electro-Optic Spatial Light Modulator for Thermoelastic Generation of Programmably Focused Ultrasound.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

The concept proposed is an electro - optic technique that would make it possible to spatially modulate a high power pulsed laser beam to thermoelastically induce focused ultrasound in a test material. Being a purely electro - optic device, the modulator, and therefore the depth at which the acoustic focus occurs, can be programmed electronically at electronic speeds. If successful, it would become possible to scan ultrasound continuously in three dimensions within the component or structure under test. (Author)

Summaries of Papers Presented at the Optical Computing Topical Meeting Held in Salt Lake City, Utah on 27 February thru 1 March 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-31

interference rejection fo wideband OPENING REMARKS receiver systems. A time/space integrating optical architec- Alexander A. Sawchuk, University of...electroabsorptive self-electrooptic-effect devices on a single ZnS interference filter is proposed. (p. 385) are attractive for 2-D arrays for switching and...photorefractive crystal as shown in figure 1. The mutual interference between the two sets of beams produces the desired outer-product matrix W = uv-iW

High dynamic range electric field sensor for electromagnetic pulse detection.

PubMed

Lin, Che-Yun; Wang, Alan X; Lee, Beom Suk; Zhang, Xingyu; Chen, Ray T

2011-08-29

We design a high dynamic range electric field sensor based on domain inverted electro-optic (E-O) polymer Y-fed directional coupler for electromagnetic wave detection. This electrode-less, all optical, wideband electrical field sensor is fabricated using standard processing for E-O polymer photonic devices. Experimental results demonstrate effective detection of electric field from 16.7V/m to 750KV/m at a frequency of 1GHz, and spurious free measurement range of 70dB.

Laboratory analysis and airborne detection of materials stimulated to luminesce by the sun

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hemphill, W.R.; Theisen, A.F.; Tyson, R.M.

1984-01-01

The Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD) is an airborne electro-optical device used to image materials which have been stimulated to luminesce by the Sun. Such materials include uranium-bearing sandstone, sedimentary phosphate rock, marine oil seeps, and stressed vegetation. Prior to conducting an airborne survey, a fluorescence spectrometer may be used in the laboratory to determine the spectral region where samples of the target material exhibit maximum luminescence, and to select the optimum Fraunhofer line. ?? 1984.

1984 European Conference on Optics, Optical Systems and Applications, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 9-12, 1984, Proceedings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boelger, B.; Ferwerda, H. A.

Various papers on optics, optical systems, and their applications are presented. The general topics addressed include: laser systems, optical and electrooptical materials and devices; novel spectroscopic techniques and applications; inspection, remote sensing, velocimetry, and gauging; optical design and image formation; holography, image processing, and storage; and integrated and fiber optics. Also discussed are: nonlinear optics; nonlinear photorefractive materials; scattering and diffractions applications in materials processing, deposition, and machining; medical and biological applications; and focus on industry.

Stereo electro-optical tracker study for the measurement of model deformations at the National Transonic Facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hertel, R. J.; Hoilman, K. A.

1982-01-01

The effects of model vibration, camera and window nonlinearities, and aerodynamic disturbances in the optical path on the measurement of target position is examined. Window distortion, temperature and pressure changes, laminar and turbulent boundary layers, shock waves, target intensity and, target vibration are also studied. A general computer program was developed to trace optical rays through these disturbances. The use of a charge injection device camera as an alternative to the image dissector camera was examined.

Ultralow crosstalk nanosecond-scale nested 2 × 2 Mach-Zehnder silicon photonic switch.

PubMed

Dupuis, Nicolas; Rylyakov, Alexander V; Schow, Clint L; Kuchta, Daniel M; Baks, Christian W; Orcutt, Jason S; Gill, Douglas M; Green, William M J; Lee, Benjamin G

2016-07-01

We present the design and characterization of a novel electro-optic silicon photonic 2×2 nested Mach-Zehnder switch monolithically integrated with a CMOS driver and interface logic. The photonic device uses a variable optical attenuator in order to balance the power inside the Mach-Zehnder interferometer leading to ultralow crosstalk performance. We measured a crosstalk as low as -34.5  dB, while achieving ∼2  dB insertion loss and 4 ns transient response.

High sensitivity 1.06 micron optical receiver for precision laser range finding. [YAG laser design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scholl, F. W.; Harris, J. S., Jr.

1977-01-01

Aluminum gallium antimonide avalanche photodiodes with average gain of 10, internal quantum efficiency of greater than 60%, capacitance less than 0.2pf, and dark current of less than 1 micron were designed and fabricated for use in a low noise optical receiver suitable for 2 cm accuracy rangefinding. Topics covered include: (1) design of suitable photodetector structures; (2) epitaxial growth of AlGaSb devices; (3) fabrication of photodetectors; and (4) electro-optics characterization.

An Advanced 500-MHZ-Bandwidth Fiber-Optic Signal Link for EMP and General Laboratory Applications.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

EVALUATION DIR DEPT OF THE ARMY REDSTONE ARSENAL, AL 35809 ATTN STEWS -CE, COMMUNICATIONS/ ELEC OFFICE DIRECTOR ATTN STEWS -NR, NATIONAL RANGE NIGHT...VISION & ELECTRO-OPTICS LABORATORY OPERATIONS DIR ATTN DELNV-EO, E-O DEVICES DIV ATTN STEWS -ID, INSTRUMENTATION DIR FORT BELVOIR, VA 22060 ATTN STEWS -ID...22900 ATTN WHITTAKER, D., 22900 SPECTRONICS ATTN LAMB , R. C., 22900 ATTN L. STEWART ATTN OLDHAM, T. R., 2300 ATTN MR. SHAUNFIELD ATTN KEHS, A., 22300

What the ultimate polymeric electro-optic materials will be: guest-host, crosslinked, or side-chain?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Cheng; Zhang, Hua; Oh, Min-Cheol; Dalton, Larry R.; Steier, William H.

2003-07-01

Material processing and device fabrication of many different electro-optic (EO) polymers developed at USC are reviewed. Detailed discussion is given to guest-host CLD/APCs, crosslinking perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) polymer CX1, and thermally stable side-chain polymers CX2 and CX3. Excellent EO performance (1.4V at 1.31 μm, 2.1 V at 1.55 μm) was achieved in CLD/APC Mach-Zehnder modulators (2-cm, push-pull). CLD/APCs also possess low optical losses (1.2 dB/cm in slab waveguides and in thick core channel waveguides). However, the guest-host materials only have limited thermal stability (110-132 °C in short term, <60 °C in long term) and require special techniques in device fabrication. The crosslinking polymer CX1 was able to provide long-term stability at 85 oC when fully cured. It also has a low optical loss (comparable to CLD/APCs) before curing and decent EO coefficient when poled at 180 °C. However, after the films were poled at the crosslinking temperatures (200 °C or above), the transmissions of the waveguides and EO activity became very poor due to poling-induced chromophore degradation. By judicial molecular design of both chromophore and monomer structures to suppress thermal motion of polymer segments, we were able to realize the same or even better thermal stability in side-chain polymers CX2 and CX3. Since no curing is needed, devices can be poled at their optimal poling temperatures, and all good properties can be obtained simultaneously. Despite the excellent solubility in chlorinated solvents, these side-chain polymers are resistant to some other organic solvents or solutions such as acetone, photoresist and various UV-curable liquids.

Electro-Optics In Two Years

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Simcik, John C.

1989-04-01

Texas State Technical Institute-Waco (TSTI-WACO) was the first school in the United States to offer an Associate of Applied Science degree in Laser Electro-Optics Technology. The program began in September 1969 and has produced 1,827 graduates since inception. These graduates are readily adaptable to any area of the laser electro-optics industry. Areas of study include Optics, Electronics, Vacuum, Physics, Mathematics, and English with emphasis on Electro-Optics. Graduate placement is centered around research and development, life sciences and manufacturing in technical and engineering areas.

Dense electro-optic frequency comb generated by two-stage modulation for dual-comb spectroscopy.

PubMed

Wang, Shuai; Fan, Xinyu; Xu, Bingxin; He, Zuyuan

2017-10-01

An electro-optic frequency comb enables frequency-agile comb-based spectroscopy without using sophisticated phase-locking electronics. Nevertheless, dense electro-optic frequency combs over broad spans have yet to be developed. In this Letter, we propose a straightforward and efficient method for electro-optic frequency comb generation with a small line spacing and a large span. This method is based on two-stage modulation: generating an 18 GHz line-spacing comb at the first stage and a 250 MHz line-spacing comb at the second stage. After generating an electro-optic frequency comb covering 1500 lines, we set up an easily established mutually coherent hybrid dual-comb interferometer, which combines the generated electro-optic frequency comb and a free-running mode-locked laser. As a proof of concept, this hybrid dual-comb interferometer is used to measure the absorption and dispersion profiles of the molecular transition of H 13 CN with a spectral resolution of 250 MHz.

Metal sulfide electrodes and energy storage devices thereof

DOEpatents

Chiang, Yet-Ming; Woodford, William Henry; Li, Zheng; Carter, W. Craig

2017-02-28

The present invention generally relates to energy storage devices, and to metal sulfide energy storage devices in particular. Some aspects of the invention relate to energy storage devices comprising at least one flowable electrode, wherein the flowable electrode comprises an electroactive metal sulfide material suspended and/or dissolved in a carrier fluid. In some embodiments, the flowable electrode further comprises a plurality of electronically conductive particles suspended and/or dissolved in the carrier fluid, wherein the electronically conductive particles form a percolating conductive network. An energy storage device comprising a flowable electrode comprising a metal sulfide electroactive material and a percolating conductive network may advantageously exhibit, upon reversible cycling, higher energy densities and specific capacities than conventional energy storage devices.

Optical modulation from an electro-optic polymer based hybrid Fabry-Perot etalon using transparent conducting oxides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gan, Haiyong; Zhang, Hongxi; DeRose, Christopher T.; Norwood, Robert A.; Fallahi, Mahmoud; Luo, Jingdong; Jen, Alex K.-Y.; Liu, Boyang; Ho, Seng-Tiong; Peyghambarian, Nasser

2007-02-01

Fabry-Perot etalons using electro-optic (EO) organic materials can be used for devices such as tunable filters and spatial light modulators (SLM's) for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication systems 1-5 and ultrafast imaging systems. For these applications the SLM's need to have: (i) low insertion loss, (ii) high speed operation, and (iii) large modulation depth with low drive voltage. Recently, there have been three developments which together can enhance the SLM performance to a higher level. First, low loss distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors are now used in SLM's to replace thin metal mirrors, resulting in reduced transmission loss, high reflectivity (>99%) and high finesse. Second, EO polymer materials have shown excellent properties for wide bandwidth optical modulation for information technology due to their fabrication flexibility, compatibility with high speed operation, and large EO coefficients at telecommunication wavelengths. For instance, the EO polymer AJL8/APC (AJL8: nonlinear optical chromophore, and APC: amorphous polycarbonate has recently been incorporated into waveguide modulators and achieved good performance for optical modulation. Finally, very low loss transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrodes have drawn increasing attention for applications in optoelectronic devices. Here we will address how the low loss indium oxide (In IIO 3) electrodes with an absorption coefficient ~1000/cm and conductivity ~204 S/cm can help improve the modulation performance of EO polymer Fabry-Pérot étalons using the advanced electro-optic (EO) polymer material (AJL8/APC). A hybrid etalon structure with one highly conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode outside the etalon cavity and one low-absorption In IIO 3 electrode inside etalon cavity has been demonstrated. High finesse (~234), improved effective applied voltage ratio (~0.25), and low insertion loss (~4 dB) have been obtained. A 10 dB isolation ratio and ~10% modulation depth at 200 kHz with only 5 V applied voltage have been achieved. These results indicate that such etalons are very promising candidates for ultrafast spatial light modulation in information technology.

Proposed ultralow-energy dual photonic-crystal nanobeam devices for on-chip N x N switching, logic, and wavelength multiplexing.

PubMed

Soref, Richard; Hendrickson, Joshua

2015-12-14

Silicon-on-insulator Mach-Zehnder interferometer structures that utilize a photonic crystal nanobeam waveguide in each of two connecting arms are proposed here as efficient 2 × 2 resonant, wavelength-selective electro-optical routing switches that are readily cascaded into on-chip N × N switching networks. A localized lateral PN junction of length ~2 μm within each of two identical nanobeams is proposed as a means of shifting the transmission resonance by 400 pm within the 1550 nm band. Using a bias swing ΔV = 2.7 V, the 474 attojoules-per-bit switching mechanism is free-carrier sweepout due to PN depletion layer widening. Simulations of the 2 × 2 outputs versus voltage are presented. Dual-nanobeam designs are given for N × N data-routing matrix switches, electrooptical logic unit cells, N × M wavelength selective switches, and vector matrix multipliers. Performance penalties are analyzed for possible fabrication induced errors such as non-ideal 3-dB couplers, differences in optical path lengths, and variations in photonic crystal cavity resonances.

Mechanical control of the electro-optical properties of monolayer and bilayer BC3 by applying the in-plane biaxial strain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Behzad, Somayeh

2017-11-01

Recently, a new two-dimensional (2D) material, the 2D BC3 crystal, has been synthesized. Here, the mechanical control of the electro-optical properties of monolayer and bilayer BC3 by applying the biaxial strain is investigated. The electronic structure calculations showed that the strain-free monolayer and bilayer BC3 are indirect band-gap semiconductors with band gap of 0.62 and 0.29 eV, respectively, where the conduction band minimum (CBM) is at the M point whereas the valence band maximum (VBM) is at the Γ point. The doubly degenerated bands in the monolayer BC3 are splitted in the bilayer BC3 due to the interlayer interactions. Both monolayer and bilayer BC3 remain indirect gap semiconductor under biaxial tensile strain and their band gaps increases with strain. On the other hand, by increasing the magnitude of tensile strain, the optical spectra shift to the lower energies and the static dielectric constant increases. These findings suggest the potential of strain-engineered 2D BC3 in electronic and optoelectronic device applications.

Instrumentation and data acquisition for satellite testing in nuclear environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samyal, B.; Naumann, W.

1982-06-01

Electro-optic and magnetic-optic sensors for measurement of SGEMP-induced electromagnetic fields in and around a satellite in a UGT environment and a fiber optic data link suitable for relaying analog measurements inside the satellite to outside data collection devices are described. The electro-optic and magneto-optic sensors are based on the Pockels and Faraday Effects, respectively. The former has a sensitivity range of 10 to the second power - 10 to the 6th power v/m and the latter 1 x 10 to the minus 6th power - 34 x 10 to the minus 4th power Weber/meters square. Brief theoretical reviews and optical systems for the application of these sensors are presented. These sensors have several advantages over the conventional electrical sensors and they exhibit a great potential for measurement of electromagenetic fields. However, the effects of radiation on these sensors are uncertain and need to be assessed for any future development of these sensors. The fiber optic data link consists of several transmitter modules, located at the satellite, connected by optical fibers to the corresponding receiver modules located at a radiation safe alcove.

Tunable microwave bandpass filter integrated power divider based on the high anisotropy electro-optic nematic liquid crystal.

PubMed

Liu, Yupeng; Liu, Yang; Li, Haiyan; Jiang, Di; Cao, Weiping; Chen, Hui; Xia, Lei; Xu, Ruimin

2016-07-01

A novel, compact microwave tunable bandpass filter integrated power divider, based on the high anisotropy electro-optic nematic liquid crystal, is proposed in this letter. Liquid crystal, as the electro-optic material, is placed between top inverted microstrip line and the metal plate. The proposed structure can realize continuous tunable bandpass response and miniaturization. The proposed design concept is validated by the good performance of simulation results and experimental results. The electro-optic material has shown great potential for microwave application.

Highly stable and low loss electro-optic polymer waveguides for high speed microring modulators using photodefinition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balakrishnan, M.; Diemeer, M. B. J.; Driessen, A.; Faccini, M.; Verboom, W.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Leinse, A.

2006-02-01

Different electro-optic polymer systems are analyzed with respect to their electro-optic activity, glass transition temperature (T g) and photodefinable properties. The polymers tested are polysulfone (PS) and SU8. The electro-optic chromophore, tricyanovinylidenediphenylaminobenzene (TCVDPA), which was reported to have a high photochemical stability 1 has been employed in the current work. Tert-butyl-TCVDPA, having bulky side groups, was synthesized and a doubling of the electro-optic coefficient (r33) compared to the unmodified TCVDPA was shown. A microring resonator design was made based on the PS-TCVDPA system. SU8 (passive) and TCVDPA (active) channel waveguides were fabricated by the photodefinition technique and the passive waveguide losses were measured to be 5 dB/cm at 1550 nm.

Design principles and realization of electro-optical circuit boards

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Betschon, Felix; Lamprecht, Tobias; Halter, Markus; Beyer, Stefan; Peterson, Harry

2013-02-01

The manufacturing of electro-optical circuit boards (EOCB) is based to a large extent on established technologies. First products with embedded polymer waveguides are currently produced in series. The range of applications within the sensor and data communication markets is growing with the increasing maturity level. EOCBs require design flows, processes and techniques similar to existing printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing and appropriate for optical signal transmission. A key aspect is the precise and automated assembly of active and passive optical components to the optical waveguides which has to be supported by the technology. The design flow is described after a short introduction into the build-up of EOCBs and the motivation for the usage of this technology within the different application fields. Basis for the design of EOCBs are the required optical signal transmission properties. Thereafter, the devices for the electro-optical conversion are chosen and the optical coupling approach is defined. Then, the planar optical elements (waveguides, splitters, couplers) are designed and simulated. This phase already requires co-design of the optical and electrical domain using novel design flows. The actual integration of an optical system into a PCB is shown in the last part. The optical layer is thereby laminated to the purely electrical PCB using a conventional PCB-lamination process to form the EOCB. The precise alignment of the various electrical and optical layers is thereby essential. Electrical vias are then generated, penetrating also the optical layer, to connect the individual electrical layers. Finally, the board has to be tested electrically and optically.

Improved multistage wide band laser frequency stabilization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawamura, Seiji; Abramovici, Alex; Zucker, Michael E.

1997-01-01

Suppression of laser frequency fluctuations is an essential technology for planned interferometric detectors for astrophysical gravitational waves. Because of the low degree of residual frequency noise which is ultimately required, control topologies comprising two or more cascaded loops are favored. One such topology, used in the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory 40 m interferometer, relied on electro-optic Pockels cell phase correction as a fast actuator for the final stage. This actuation method proved susceptible to spurious amplitude modulation effects, which provided an unintended parasitic feedback path. An alternate arrangement, which achieves comparably effective frequency stabilization without using a phase correcting Pockels cell, was introduced and successfully tested.

Hydrogen bonding intermolecular effect on electro-optical response of doped 6PCH nematic liquid crystal with some azo dyes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kiani, S.; Zakerhamidi, M. S.; Tajalli, H.

2016-05-01

Previous studies on the electro-optical responses of dye-doped liquid crystal have shown that dopant material have a considerable effect on their electro-optical responses. Despite the studies carried out on electro-optical properties of dye-doped liquid crystal, no attention has been paid to study of the interaction and structural effects in this procedure. In this paper, linear dyes and with similar structure were selected as dopants. The only difference in used dyes is the functional groups in their tails. So, doping of these dyes into liquid crystals determines the influence of interaction type on electro-optical behaviours of the doped systems. Therefore, in this work, two aminoazobenzene (;A-dye;: hydrogen bond donor) and dimethyl-aminoazobenzene (;B-dye;) dyes with different compositional percentages in liquid crystal host were used. Electro-optical Kerr behaviour, the pre-transition temperature and third order nonlinear susceptibility were investigated. The obtained results effectively revealed that type of interactions between the dye and liquid crystal is determinative of behavioral difference of doped system, compared to pure liquid crystal. Also, pre-transitional behaviour and thereupon Kerr electro-optical responses were affected by formed interactions into doped systems. In other words, it will be shown that addition of any dopants in liquid crystal, regardless of the nature of interactions, cannot cause appropriate electro-optical responses. In fact, type of dye, nature of interactions between dopant and liquid crystalline host as well as concentration of dye are the key factors in selecting the appropriate liquid crystal and dopant dye.

Method of synthesizing a plurality of reactants and producing thin films of electro-optically active transition metal oxides

DOEpatents

Tracy, C. Edwin; Benson, David K.; Ruth, Marta R.

1987-01-01

A method of synthesizing electro-optically active reaction products from a plurality of reactants by inducing a reaction by plasma deposition among the reactants. The plasma reaction is effective for consolidating the reactants and producing thin films of electro-optically active transition metal oxides.

Electro-optical Probing Of Terahertz Integrated Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bhasin, K. B.; Romanofsky, R.; Whitaker, J. F.; Valdmanis, J. A.; Mourou, G.; Jackson, T. A.

1990-01-01

Electro-optical probe developed to perform noncontact, nondestructive, and relatively noninvasive measurements of electric fields over broad spectrum at millimeter and shorter wavelengths in integrated circuits. Manipulated with conventional intregrated-circuit-wafer-probing equipment and operated without any special preparation of integrated circuits. Tip of probe small electro-optical crystal serving as proximity electric-field sensor.

Electro-Optical Laser Technology. Curriculum Utilization. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nawn, John H.

This report describes a program to prepare students for employment as laser technicians and laser operators and to ensure that they have the necessary skills required by the industry. The objectives are to prepare a curriculum and syllabus for an associate degree program in Electro-Optical Laser Technology. The 2-year Electro-Optical Laser program…

Frequency accurate coherent electro-optic dual-comb spectroscopy in real-time.

PubMed

Martín-Mateos, Pedro; Jerez, Borja; Largo-Izquierdo, Pedro; Acedo, Pablo

2018-04-16

Electro-optic dual-comb spectrometers have proved to be a promising technology for sensitive, high-resolution and rapid spectral measurements. Electro-optic combs possess very attractive features like simplicity, reliability, bright optical teeth, and typically moderate but quickly tunable optical spans. Furthermore, in a dual-comb arrangement, narrowband electro-optic combs are generated with a level of mutual coherence that is sufficiently high to enable optical multiheterodyning without inter-comb stabilization or signal processing systems. However, this valuable tool still presents several limitations; for instance, on most systems, absolute frequency accuracy and long-term stability cannot be guaranteed; likewise, interferometer-induced phase noise restricts coherence time and limits the attainable signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, we address these drawbacks and demonstrate a cost-efficient absolute electro-optic dual-comb instrument based on a frequency stabilization mechanism and a novel adaptive interferogram acquisition approach devised for electro-optic dual-combs capable of operating in real-time. The spectrometer, completely built from commercial components, provides sub-ppm frequency uncertainties and enables a signal-to-noise ratio of 10000 (intensity noise) in 30 seconds of integration time.

Solid state photosensitive devices which employ isolated photosynthetic complexes

DOEpatents

Peumans, Peter; Forrest, Stephen R.

2009-09-22

Solid state photosensitive devices including photovoltaic devices are provided which comprise a first electrode and a second electrode in superposed relation; and at least one isolated Light Harvesting Complex (LHC) between the electrodes. Preferred photosensitive devices comprise an electron transport layer formed of a first photoconductive organic semiconductor material, adjacent to the LHC, disposed between the first electrode and the LHC; and a hole transport layer formed of a second photoconductive organic semiconductor material, adjacent to the LHC, disposed between the second electrode and the LHC. Solid state photosensitive devices of the present invention may comprise at least one additional layer of photoconductive organic semiconductor material disposed between the first electrode and the electron transport layer; and at least one additional layer of photoconductive organic semiconductor material, disposed between the second electrode and the hole transport layer. Methods of generating photocurrent are provided which comprise exposing a photovoltaic device of the present invention to light. Electronic devices are provided which comprise a solid state photosensitive device of the present invention.

Hybrid electro-optical nanosystem for neurons investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miu, Mihaela; Kleps, Irina; Craciunoiu, Florea; Simion, Monica; Bragaru, Adina; Ignat, Teodora

2010-11-01

The scope of this paper is development of a new laboratory-on-a-chip (LOC) device for biomedical studies consisting of a microfluidic system coupled to microelectronic/optical transducers with nanometric features, commonly called biosensors. The proposed device is a hybrid system with sensing element on silicon (Si) chip and microfluidic system on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, taking into accounts their particular advantages. Different types of nanoelectrode arrays, positioned in the reactor, have been investigated as sensitive elements for electrical detection and the recording of neuron extracellular electric activity has been monitorized in parallel with whole-cell patch-clamp membrane current. Moreover, using an additional porosification process the sensing element became efficient for optical detection also. The preliminary test results demonstrate the functionality of the proposed design and also the fabrication technology, the devices bringing advantages in terms enhancement of sensitivity in both optoelectronic detection schemes.

Carrier multiplication detected through transient photocurrent in device-grade films of lead selenide quantum dots

DOE PAGES

Gao, Jianbo; Fidler, Andrew F.; Klimov, Victor I.

2015-09-08

In carrier multiplication, the absorption of a single photon results in two or more electron–hole pairs. Quantum dots are promising materials for implementing carrier multiplication principles in real-life technologies. So far, however, most of research in this area has focused on optical studies of solution samples with yet to be proven relevance to practical devices. We report ultra-fast electro-optical studies of device-grade films of electronically coupled quantum dots that allow us to observe multiplication directly in the photocurrent. Our studies help rationalize previous results from both optical spectroscopy and steady-state photocurrent measurements and also provide new insights into effects ofmore » electric field and ligand treatments on multiexciton yields. Importantly, we demonstrate that using appropriate chemical treatments of the films, extra charges produced by carrier multiplication can be extracted from the quantum dots before they are lost to Auger recombination and hence can contribute to photocurrent of practical devices.« less

Light manipulation for organic optoelectronics using bio-inspired moth's eye nanostructures.

PubMed

Zhou, Lei; Ou, Qing-Dong; Chen, Jing-De; Shen, Su; Tang, Jian-Xin; Li, Yan-Qing; Lee, Shuit-Tong

2014-02-10

Organic-based optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and solar cells (OSCs) hold great promise as low-cost and large-area electro-optical devices and renewable energy sources. However, further improvement in efficiency remains a daunting challenge due to limited light extraction or absorption in conventional device architectures. Here we report a universal method of optical manipulation of light by integrating a dual-side bio-inspired moth's eye nanostructure with broadband anti-reflective and quasi-omnidirectional properties. Light out-coupling efficiency of OLEDs with stacked triple emission units is over 2 times that of a conventional device, resulting in drastic increase in external quantum efficiency and current efficiency to 119.7% and 366 cd A(-1) without introducing spectral distortion and directionality. Similarly, the light in-coupling efficiency of OSCs is increased 20%, yielding an enhanced power conversion efficiency of 9.33%. We anticipate this method would offer a convenient and scalable way for inexpensive and high-efficiency organic optoelectronic designs.

Improved efficiency in blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes by the stepwise doping structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Liping; Wang, Xiaoping; Kou, Zhiqi; Ji, Changyan

2017-04-01

The electro-optical properties of the blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) can be affected by the stepwise doping structure in the emitting layer (EML). A series of multi-EML devices with different doping concentration of blue dopant (FIrpic) are fabricated. The effect of the stepwise doping structure close to the electron transport layer is more obvious than that close to the hole transport layer. When the doping concentration increases gradually from the hole injection side to the electron injection side, the maximum values of the luminance, current and power efficiency can reach to 9745 cd/m2 (at 9 V), 32.0 cd/A and 25.1 lm/W in the device with the asymmetric tri-EML structure, which is improved by about 10% compared with that in the bi-EML device. When the number of the EML is four, the performance of the device becomes worse because of the interface effect resulting from different concentration of dopant.

Carrier multiplication detected through transient photocurrent in device-grade films of lead selenide quantum dots

PubMed Central

Gao, Jianbo; Fidler, Andrew F.; Klimov, Victor I.

2015-01-01

In carrier multiplication, the absorption of a single photon results in two or more electron–hole pairs. Quantum dots are promising materials for implementing carrier multiplication principles in real-life technologies. So far, however, most of research in this area has focused on optical studies of solution samples with yet to be proven relevance to practical devices. Here we report ultrafast electro-optical studies of device-grade films of electronically coupled quantum dots that allow us to observe multiplication directly in the photocurrent. Our studies help rationalize previous results from both optical spectroscopy and steady-state photocurrent measurements and also provide new insights into effects of electric field and ligand treatments on multiexciton yields. Importantly, we demonstrate that using appropriate chemical treatments of the films, extra charges produced by carrier multiplication can be extracted from the quantum dots before they are lost to Auger recombination and hence can contribute to photocurrent of practical devices. PMID:26345390

Electro-optic spatial decoding on the spherical-wavefront Coulomb fields of plasma electron sources.

PubMed

Huang, K; Esirkepov, T; Koga, J K; Kotaki, H; Mori, M; Hayashi, Y; Nakanii, N; Bulanov, S V; Kando, M

2018-02-13

Detections of the pulse durations and arrival timings of relativistic electron beams are important issues in accelerator physics. Electro-optic diagnostics on the Coulomb fields of electron beams have the advantages of single shot and non-destructive characteristics. We present a study of introducing the electro-optic spatial decoding technique to laser wakefield acceleration. By placing an electro-optic crystal very close to a gas target, we discovered that the Coulomb field of the electron beam possessed a spherical wavefront and was inconsistent with the previously widely used model. The field structure was demonstrated by experimental measurement, analytic calculations and simulations. A temporal mapping relationship with generality was derived in a geometry where the signals had spherical wavefronts. This study could be helpful for the applications of electro-optic diagnostics in laser plasma acceleration experiments.

Secure communications of CAP-4 and OOK signals over MMF based on electro-optic chaos.

PubMed

Ai, Jianzhou; Wang, Lulu; Wang, Jian

2017-09-15

Chaos-based secure communication can provide a high level of privacy in data transmission. Here, we experimentally demonstrate secure signal transmission over two kinds of multimode fiber (MMF) based on electro-optic intensity chaos. High-quality synchronization is achieved in an electro-optic feedback configuration. Both 5  Gbit/s carrier-less amplitude/phase (CAP-4) modulation and 10  Gbit/s on-off key (OOK) signals are recovered efficiently in electro-optic chaos-based communication systems. Degradations of chaos synchronization and communication system due to mismatch of various hardware keys are also discussed.

Cerenkov electrooptic shutter

DOEpatents

Hartemann, Frederick; Bekefi, George

1989-05-30

A system which couples Cerenkov emission with a gated electrooptic effect to allow viewing of Cerenkov radiation in sub nanosecond time-scales is disclosed. Cerenkov radiation is generated by transmitting an electron beam through a transparent medium with a high index of refraction. The Cerenkov radiation is then gated into a sample pulse of subanosecond duration by an electrooptic crystal which has an index of refraction controlled by an electric field. the electrooptic crystal is opaque to the Cerenkov radiation until receiving a 6.0 kV voltage for about 750 picoseconds, upon which a pulsed sample of Cerenkov radiation is transmitted to a display system.

An active interference projector for the electro-optical test facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crowe, D. G.; Nowak, T. M.

1980-09-01

A projection system is described which can simulate emissions from flares, muzzle-flashes, shellbursts, and other emissive agents which may degrade the performance of electro-optical systems in the 0.5-15 micron spectral range. The simulation capability obtained will allow the apparent radiance and temporal characteristics of muzzleflashes and shellbursts to be mimicked at simulated ranges as close as 23 m within the Electro-Optical Test Facility. This demonstrates that tests of electro-optical system performance in the presence of interferers can be performed under laboratory conditions with higher repeatability and lower cost than field tests.

Methods and Devices for Micro-Isolation, Extraction, and/or Analysis of Microscale Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wade, Lawrence A. (Inventor); Kartalov, Emil P. (Inventor); Taylor, Clive (Inventor); Shibata, Darryl (Inventor)

2014-01-01

Provided herein are devices and methods for the micro-isolation of biological cellular material. A micro-isolation apparatus described can comprise a photomask that protects regions of interest against DNA-destroying illumination. The micro-isolation apparatus can further comprise photosensitive material defining access wells following illumination and subsequent developing of the photosensitive material. The micro-isolation apparatus can further comprise a chambered microfluidic device comprising channels providing access to wells defined in photosensitive material. The micro-isolation apparatus can comprise a chambered microfluidic device without access wells defined in photosensitive material where valves control the flow of gases or liquids through the channels of the microfluidic device. Also included are methods for selectively isolating cellular material using the apparatuses described herein, as are methods for biochemical analysis of individual regions of interest of cellular material using the devices described herein. Further included are methods of making masking arrays useful for the methods described herein.

Electro-optically Q-switched dual-wavelength Nd:YLF laser emitting at 1047 nm and 1053 nm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Men, Shaojie; Liu, Zhaojun; Cong, Zhenhua; Li, Yongfu; Zhang, Xingyu

2015-05-01

A flash-lamp pumped electro-optically Q-switched dual-wavelength Nd:YLF laser is demonstrated. Two Nd:YLF crystals placed in two cavities are employed to generate orthogonally polarized 1047 nm and 1053 nm radiations, respectively. The two cavities are jointed together by a polarizer and share the same electro-optical Q-switch. Two narrow-band pass filters are used to block unexpected oscillations at the hold-off state of the electro-optical Q-switch. In this case, electro-optical Q-switching is able to operate successfully. With pulse synchronization realized, the maximum output energy of 66.2 mJ and 83.9 mJ are obtained for 1047 nm and 1053 nm lasers, respectively. Correspondingly, the minimum pulse width is both 17 ns for 1047 nm and 1053 nm lasers. Sum frequency generation is realized. This demonstrates the potential of this laser in difference-frequency generations to obtain terahertz wave.

Method for making precisely configured flakes useful in optical devices

DOEpatents

Trajkovska-Petkoska, Anka [Rochester, NY; Jacobs, Stephen D [Pittsford, NY; Kosc, Tanya Z [Rochester, NY; Marshall, Kenneth L [Rochester, NY

2007-07-03

Precisely configured, especially of geometric shape, flakes of liquid crystal material are made using a mechanically flexible polymer mold with wells having shapes which are precisely configured by making the mold with a photolithographically manufactured or laser printed master. The polymer liquid crystal is poured into the wells in the flexible mold. When the liquid crystal material has solidified, the flexible mold is bent and the flakes are released and collected for use in making an electrooptical cell utilizing the liquid crystal flakes as the active element therein.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andreev, A L; Andreeva, T B; Kompanets, I N

We have studied the method for suppressing speckle noise in patterns produced by a laser based on a fast-response electro-optical cell with a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) in which helicoid is absent, i.e., compensated for. The character of smectic layer deformation in an electric field is considered along with the mechanism of spatially inhomogeneous phase modulation of a laser beam passing through the cell which is accompanied by the destruction of phase relations in the beam. Advantages of a helix-free FLC cell are pointed out as compared to helical crystal cells studied previously. (liquid crystal devices)

A novel combination of PBG cell for achieving HPF, BPF, and LPF in an electro-optic system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsao, Shyh-Lin; Lee, Wen-Ching

2004-10-01

In this paper, a novel Frequency Division Multiplexer (FDM) using Photonic Band Gap (PBG) cell combination concept circuit is proposed for achieving a 3-band FDM. The preliminary 3-band FDM structure is the combination of three PBG cells. The observable frequency response experimental results are presented. We also simulate and measure all the scattering parameters for the novel 3-band FDM. The disclosed method in this paper demonstrates the possibility for applying photonic bandgap structure in designing a frequency division device.

Design of an electro-optic-polymer-based Mach-Zehnder modulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haugen, Chris J.; DeCorby, Ray G.; McMullin, James N.; Pulikkaseril, C.

2000-12-01

A novel structure for an electro-optic (e-o) polymer based Mach-Zehnder modulator is proposed and its anticipated device performance is detailed. The modulator is designed using commercially available materials and makes usc of wellcharacterized electrical and optical structures. The modulator is designed to be competitive with the pertrmance of LiNbO based modulators. The results of the analysis predict a bandwidth of 20 GHz, V of 8-10 V, optical insertion loss of S d13, and a contrast ratio of approximately 13 dB.

Frequency agile microwave photonic notch filter with anomalously high stopband rejection.

PubMed

Marpaung, David; Morrison, Blair; Pant, Ravi; Eggleton, Benjamin J

2013-11-01

We report a novel class microwave photonic (MWP) notch filter with a very narrow isolation bandwidth (10 MHz), an ultrahigh stopband rejection (>60 dB), a wide frequency tuning (1-30 GHz), and flexible bandwidth reconfigurability (10-65 MHz). This performance is enabled by a new concept of sideband amplitude and phase controls using an electro-optic modulator and an optical filter. This concept enables energy efficient operation in active MWP notch filters, and opens up a pathway toward enabling low-power nanophotonic devices as high-performance RF filters.

50 Gb/s hybrid silicon traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator.

PubMed

Tang, Yongbo; Chen, Hui-Wen; Jain, Siddharth; Peters, Jonathan D; Westergren, Urban; Bowers, John E

2011-03-28

We have demonstrated a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator based on the hybrid silicon platform. For a device with a 100 μm active segment, the small-signal electro/optical response renders a 3 dB bandwidth of around 42 GHz and its modulation efficiency reaches 23 GHz/V. A dynamic extinction ratio of 9.8 dB with a driving voltage swing of only 2 V was demonstrated at a transmission rate of 50 Gb/s. This represents a significant improvement for modulators compatible with integration of silicon-based photonic integrated circuits.

Advanced Silicon Photonic Device Architectures for Optical Communications: Proposals and Demonstrations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sacher, Wesley David

Photonic integrated circuits implemented on silicon (Si) hold the potential for densely integrated electro-optic and passive devices manufactured by the high-volume fabrication and sophisticated assembly processes used for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. However, high index contrast Si photonics has a number of functional limitations. In this thesis, several devices are proposed, designed, and experimentally demonstrated to overcome challenges in the areas of resonant modulation, waveguide loss, fiber-to-chip coupling, and polarization control. The devices were fabricated using foundry services at IBM and A*STAR Institute of Microelectronics (IME). First, we describe coupling modulated microrings, in which the coupler between a microring and the bus waveguide is modulated. The device circumvents the modulation bandwidth vs. resonator linewidth trade-off of conventional intracavity modulated microrings. We demonstrate a Si coupling modulated microring with a small-signal modulation response free of the parasitic resonator linewidth limitations at frequencies up to about 6x the linewidth. Comparisons of eye diagrams show that coupling modulation achieved data rates > 2x the rate attainable with intracavity modulation. Second, we demonstrate a silicon nitride (Si3N4)-on-Si photonic platform with independent Si3N4 and Si waveguides and taper transitions to couple light between the layers. The platform combines the excellent passive waveguide properties of Si3N4 and the compatibility of Si waveguides with electro-optic devices. Within the platform, we propose and demonstrate dual-level, Si3N 4-on-Si, fiber-to-chip grating couplers that simultaneously have wide bandwidths and high coupling efficiencies. Conventional Si and Si3N 4 grating couplers suffer from a trade-off between bandwidth and coupling efficiency. The dual-level grating coupler achieved a peak coupling efficiency of -1.3 dB and a 1-dB bandwidth of 80 nm, a record for the coupling efficiency-bandwidth product. Finally, we describe polarization rotator-splitters and controllers based on mode conversion between the fundamental transverse magnetic polarized mode and a high order transverse electric polarized mode in vertically asymmetric waveguides. We demonstrate the first polarization rotator-splitters and controllers that are fully compatible with standard active Si photonic platforms and extend the concept to our Si3N4-on-Si photonic platform.

Fundamental Scaling Laws in Nanophotonics

PubMed Central

Liu, Ke; Sun, Shuai; Majumdar, Arka; Sorger, Volker J.

2016-01-01

The success of information technology has clearly demonstrated that miniaturization often leads to unprecedented performance, and unanticipated applications. This hypothesis of “smaller-is-better” has motivated optical engineers to build various nanophotonic devices, although an understanding leading to fundamental scaling behavior for this new class of devices is missing. Here we analyze scaling laws for optoelectronic devices operating at micro and nanometer length-scale. We show that optoelectronic device performance scales non-monotonically with device length due to the various device tradeoffs, and analyze how both optical and electrical constrains influence device power consumption and operating speed. Specifically, we investigate the direct influence of scaling on the performance of four classes of photonic devices, namely laser sources, electro-optic modulators, photodetectors, and all-optical switches based on three types of optical resonators; microring, Fabry-Perot cavity, and plasmonic metal nanoparticle. Results show that while microrings and Fabry-Perot cavities can outperform plasmonic cavities at larger length-scales, they stop working when the device length drops below 100 nanometers, due to insufficient functionality such as feedback (laser), index-modulation (modulator), absorption (detector) or field density (optical switch). Our results provide a detailed understanding of the limits of nanophotonics, towards establishing an opto-electronics roadmap, akin to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. PMID:27869159

On-chip integration of suspended InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well devices with versatile functionalities.

PubMed

Cai, Wei; Yang, Yongchao; Gao, Xumin; Yuan, Jialei; Yuan, Wei; Zhu, Hongbo; Wang, Yongjin

2016-03-21

We propose, fabricate and demonstrate on-chip photonic integration of suspended InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) devices on the GaN-on-silicon platform. Both silicon removal and back wafer etching are conducted to obtain membrane-type devices, and suspended waveguides are used for the connection between p-n junction InGaN/GaN MQWs devices. As an in-plane data transmission system, the middle p-n junction InGaN/GaN MQWs device is used as a light emitting diode (LED) to deliver signals by modulating the intensity of the emitted light, and the other two devices act as photodetectors (PDs) to sense the light guided by the suspended waveguide and convert the photons into electrons, achieving 1 × 2 in-plane information transmission via visible light. Correspondingly, the three devices can function as independent PDs to realize multiple receivers for free space visible light communication. Further, the on-chip photonic platform can be used as an active electro-optical sensing system when the middle device acts as a PD and the other two devices serve as LEDs. The experimental results show that the auxiliary LED sources can enhance the amplitude of the induced photocurrent.

Fundamental Scaling Laws in Nanophotonics.

PubMed

Liu, Ke; Sun, Shuai; Majumdar, Arka; Sorger, Volker J

2016-11-21

The success of information technology has clearly demonstrated that miniaturization often leads to unprecedented performance, and unanticipated applications. This hypothesis of "smaller-is-better" has motivated optical engineers to build various nanophotonic devices, although an understanding leading to fundamental scaling behavior for this new class of devices is missing. Here we analyze scaling laws for optoelectronic devices operating at micro and nanometer length-scale. We show that optoelectronic device performance scales non-monotonically with device length due to the various device tradeoffs, and analyze how both optical and electrical constrains influence device power consumption and operating speed. Specifically, we investigate the direct influence of scaling on the performance of four classes of photonic devices, namely laser sources, electro-optic modulators, photodetectors, and all-optical switches based on three types of optical resonators; microring, Fabry-Perot cavity, and plasmonic metal nanoparticle. Results show that while microrings and Fabry-Perot cavities can outperform plasmonic cavities at larger length-scales, they stop working when the device length drops below 100 nanometers, due to insufficient functionality such as feedback (laser), index-modulation (modulator), absorption (detector) or field density (optical switch). Our results provide a detailed understanding of the limits of nanophotonics, towards establishing an opto-electronics roadmap, akin to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.

Fundamental Scaling Laws in Nanophotonics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Ke; Sun, Shuai; Majumdar, Arka; Sorger, Volker J.

2016-11-01

The success of information technology has clearly demonstrated that miniaturization often leads to unprecedented performance, and unanticipated applications. This hypothesis of “smaller-is-better” has motivated optical engineers to build various nanophotonic devices, although an understanding leading to fundamental scaling behavior for this new class of devices is missing. Here we analyze scaling laws for optoelectronic devices operating at micro and nanometer length-scale. We show that optoelectronic device performance scales non-monotonically with device length due to the various device tradeoffs, and analyze how both optical and electrical constrains influence device power consumption and operating speed. Specifically, we investigate the direct influence of scaling on the performance of four classes of photonic devices, namely laser sources, electro-optic modulators, photodetectors, and all-optical switches based on three types of optical resonators; microring, Fabry-Perot cavity, and plasmonic metal nanoparticle. Results show that while microrings and Fabry-Perot cavities can outperform plasmonic cavities at larger length-scales, they stop working when the device length drops below 100 nanometers, due to insufficient functionality such as feedback (laser), index-modulation (modulator), absorption (detector) or field density (optical switch). Our results provide a detailed understanding of the limits of nanophotonics, towards establishing an opto-electronics roadmap, akin to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors.

Optical and electro-optic anisotropy of epitaxial PZT thin films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Minmin; Du, Zehui; Jing, Lin; Yoong Tok, Alfred Iing; Tong Teo, Edwin Hang

2015-07-01

Strong optical and electro-optic (EO) anisotropy has been investigated in ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.48Ti0.52)O3 thin films epitaxially grown on Nb-SrTiO3 (001), (011), and (111) substrates using magnetron sputtering. The refractive index, electro-optic, and ferroelectric properties of the samples demonstrate the significant dependence on the growth orientation. The linear electro-optic coefficients of the (001), (011), and (111)-oriented PZT thin films were 270.8, 198.8, and 125.7 pm/V, respectively. Such remarkable anisotropic EO behaviors have been explained according to the structure correlation between the orientation dependent distribution, spontaneous polarization, epitaxial strain, and domain pattern.

Dichroic Liquid Crystal Displays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bahadur, Birendra

The following sections are included: * INTRODUCTION * DICHROIC DYES * Chemical Structure * Chemical and Photochemical Stability * THEORETICAL MODELLING * DEFECTS CAUSED BY PROLONGED LIGHT IRRADIATION * CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND PHOTOSTABILITY * OTHER PARAMETERS AFFECTING PHOTOSTABILITY * CELL PREPARATION * DICHROIC PARAMETERS AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS * Order Parameter and Dichroic Ratio Of Dyes * Absorbance, Order Parameter and Dichroic Ratio Measurements * IMPACT OF DYE STRUCTURE AND LIQUID CRYSTAL HOST ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A DICHROIC MIXTURE * Order Parameter and Dichroic Ratio * EFFECT OF LENGTH OF DICHROIC DYES ON THE ORDER PARAMETER * EFFECT OF THE BREADTH OF DYE ON THE ORDER PARAMETER * EFFECT OF THE HOST ON THE ORDER PARAMETER * TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF THE ORDER PARAMETER OF DYES IN A LIQUID CRYSTAL HOST * IMPACT OF DYE CONCENTRATION ON THE ORDER PARAMETER * Temperature Range * Viscosity * Dielectric Constant and Anisotropy * Refractive Indices and Birefringence * solubility43,153-156 * Absorption Wavelength and Auxochromic Groups * Molecular Engineering of Dichroic Dyes * OPTICAL, ELECTRO-OPTICAL AND LIFE PARAMETERS * Colour And CIE Colour space120,160-166 * CIE 1931 COLOUR SPACE * CIE 1976 CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM * CIE UNIFORM COLOUR SPACES & COLOUR DIFFERENCE FORMULAE120,160-166 * Electro-Optical Parameters120 * LUMINANCE * CONTRAST AND CONTRAST RATIO * SWITCHING SPEED * Life Parameters and Failure Modes * DICHROIC MIXTURE FORMULATION * Monochrome Mixture * Black Mixture * ACHROMATIC BLACK MIXTURE FOR HEILMEIER DISPLAYS * Effect of Illuminant on Display Colour * Colour of the Field-On State * Effect of Dye Linewidth * Optimum Centroid Wavelengths * Effect of Dye Concentration * Mixture Formulation Using More Than Three Dyes * ACHROMATIC MIXTURE FOR WHITE-TAYLOR TYPE DISPLAYS * HEILMEIER DISPLAYS * Theoretical Modelling * Threshold Characteristic * Effects of Dye Concentration on Electro-optical Parameters * Effect of Cholesteric Doping * Effect of Alignment * Effect of Thickness * Impact of Order Parameter * Impact of the Host * Impact of Polarizer * Colour Applications * Multiplexing * QUARTER WAVE PLATE DICHROIC DISPLAYS * Operational Principle and Display Configuration11-13 * Electro-Optical Performance * DYE-DOPED TN DISPLAYS * Threshold Characteristic, Contrast Ratio and Switching Speed * PHASE CHANGE EFFECT DICHROIC LCDs * Theoretical Background * Threshold Characteristic and Molecular Orientation * MOLECULAR ORIENTATION DURING FIELD-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITION WITH HOMOGENEOUS WALL ALIGNMENT * MOLECULAR ORIENTATION DURING FIELD-INDUCED PHASE TRANSITION WITH HOMEOTROPIC WALL ALIGNMENT * Contrast Ratio, Transmission, Brightness and Switching Speed3,7,10,198-214 * Memory or Reminiscent Contrast * Electro-optical Performance vs. Temperature * Multiplexing Phase Change Dichroic LCDs * DOUBLE CELL DICHROIC LCDs3,9,14-17,232-234 * Double Cell Nematic Dichroic LCD3,8,9,14,15,233 * Double Cell One Pitch Cholesteric LCD16,17 * Double Cell Phase Change Dichroic LCD214,232 * POSITIVE MODE DICHROIC LCDS3,8,9 * Positive Mode Heilmeier Cells3,8,9,43,77,78,235-238 * USING PLEOCHROIC DYES3,8,9,43,235-238 * USING NEGATIVE DICHROIC DYES3,8,9,63,77,78156 * DUAL FREQUENCY ADDRESSED DICHROIC DISPLAYS75,238 * Positive Mode Dichroic LCDs Using λ/4 Plate * Positive Mode Double Cell Dichroic LCD * Positive Mode Dichroic LCDs Using Special Electrode patterns7,8,239-241 * Positive Mode Phase Change Dichroic LCDs3,8,9,230,243-248 * Dichroic LCDs Using an Admixture of Pleochroic and Negative Dichroic Dyes78,118 * SUPERTWIST DICHROIC EFFECT (SDE) DISPLAYS21-23 * FERROELECTRIC DICHROIC LCDs24-27 * Devices Using A Single Polarizer * Devices Using No Polarizer24-27 * POLYMER DISPERSED DICHROIC LCDs28-30,252-259 * DICHROIC POLYMER LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS * Heilmeier Type Displays * Guest-Host Cell Using an Admixture Of L.C. Polymer and Low Molecular Weight Liquid Crysta As Host * Polymeric Ferroelectric Dichroic LCDs * SMECTIC A DICHROIC LCDs * Laser Addressed Dichroic SA Displays * Thermally and Electrically Addressed Dichroic SA Displays * FLUORESCENT DICHROIC LCDs * ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS * REFERENCES

Determination of excitation profile and dielectric function spatial nonuniformity in porous silicon by using WKB approach.

PubMed

He, Wei; Yurkevich, Igor V; Canham, Leigh T; Loni, Armando; Kaplan, Andrey

2014-11-03

We develop an analytical model based on the WKB approach to evaluate the experimental results of the femtosecond pump-probe measurements of the transmittance and reflectance obtained on thin membranes of porous silicon. The model allows us to retrieve a pump-induced nonuniform complex dielectric function change along the membrane depth. We show that the model fitting to the experimental data requires a minimal number of fitting parameters while still complying with the restriction imposed by the Kramers-Kronig relation. The developed model has a broad range of applications for experimental data analysis and practical implementation in the design of devices involving a spatially nonuniform dielectric function, such as in biosensing, wave-guiding, solar energy harvesting, photonics and electro-optical devices.

The study of radiation effects in emerging micro and nano electro mechanical systems (M and NEMs)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arutt, Charles N.; Alles, Michael L.; Liao, Wenjun; Gong, Huiqi; Davidson, Jim L.; Schrimpf, Ronald D.; Reed, Robert A.; Weller, Robert A.; Bolotin, Kirill; Nicholl, Ryan; Pham, Thang Toan; Zettl, Alex; Qingyang, Du; Hu, Juejun; Li, Mo; Alphenaar, Bruce W.; Lin, Ji-Tzuoh; Shurva, Pranoy Deb; McNamara, Shamus; Walsh, Kevin M.; X-L Feng, Philip; Hutin, Louis; Ernst, Thomas; Homeijer, Brian D.; Polcawich, Ronald G.; Proie, Robert M.; Jones, Jacob L.; Glaser, Evan R.; Cress, Cory D.; Bassiri-Gharb, Nazanin

2017-01-01

The potential of micro and nano electromechanical systems (M and NEMS) has expanded due to advances in materials and fabrication processes. A wide variety of materials are now being pursued and deployed for M and NEMS including silicon carbide (SiC), III-V materials, thin-film piezoelectric and ferroelectric, electro-optical and 2D atomic crystals such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The miniaturization, functionality and low-power operation offered by these types of devices are attractive for many application areas including physical sciences, medical, space and military uses, where exposure to radiation is a reliability consideration. Understanding the impact of radiation on these materials and devices is necessary for applications in radiation environments.

Organic crystalline films for optical applications and related methods of fabrication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Leyderman, Alexander (Inventor)

2001-01-01

A method for forming an optical device includes the steps of providing a first plate having a first face defining a recess, filling the recess with a material which can be crystallized, and covering the first face and the recess with a second plate having a second face, so that the second face is in contact with the first face and the material in the recess is completely enclosed by the first and second plates. The material in the recess is thereby protected from chemical and mechanical damage, as well as evaporation. In addition, the plates can be transparent, allowing the material in the recess to be visually monitored. A grown crystalline film packed in the cell can be used as a non-liner and/or electro-optical device.

Improvement in device performance from a mixture of a liquid crystal and photosensitive acrylic prepolymer with the photoinduced vertical alignment method

PubMed Central

Ho, Czung-Yu; Lin, Fa-Hsin; Tao, Yu-Tai; Lee, Jiunn-Yih

2011-01-01

In a multicomponent nematic liquid crystal (NLC) mixture of a liquid crystal (negative-type NLC) and a photosensitive acrylic prepolymer, photopolymerization upon UV irradiation induces the separation of the LC and photosensitive acrylic prepolymer layers, thereby leading to a vertical arrangement of LC molecules. In this study, we propose a simple vertical alignment method for LC molecules, by adding a chiral smectic A (SmA∗) liquid crystal having homeotropic texture characteristics to an NLC mixture solution. Measurements of electro-optical properties revealed that the addition of the SmA∗ LC not only strengthened the anchoring force of the copolymer alignment film surface, but also significantly enhanced the contrast ratio (∼73%), response time and grayscale switching performance of the device. PMID:27877462

Electro-optic study of PZT ferroelectric ceramics using modulation of reflected light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kniazkov, A. V.

2016-04-01

Electro-optic coefficients of variations in the refractive index of PZT and PLZT ceramic materials induced by ac electric field are estimated using modulation of reflected light. The electro-optic coefficients of PLZT ceramics measured with the aid of conventional birefringence using the phase shift of transmitted radiation and the proposed method of birefringence using the modulation of reflected light are compared.

A Electro-Optical Image Algebra Processing System for Automatic Target Recognition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coffield, Patrick Cyrus

The proposed electro-optical image algebra processing system is designed specifically for image processing and other related computations. The design is a hybridization of an optical correlator and a massively paralleled, single instruction multiple data processor. The architecture of the design consists of three tightly coupled components: a spatial configuration processor (the optical analog portion), a weighting processor (digital), and an accumulation processor (digital). The systolic flow of data and image processing operations are directed by a control buffer and pipelined to each of the three processing components. The image processing operations are defined in terms of basic operations of an image algebra developed by the University of Florida. The algebra is capable of describing all common image-to-image transformations. The merit of this architectural design is how it implements the natural decomposition of algebraic functions into spatially distributed, point use operations. The effect of this particular decomposition allows convolution type operations to be computed strictly as a function of the number of elements in the template (mask, filter, etc.) instead of the number of picture elements in the image. Thus, a substantial increase in throughput is realized. The implementation of the proposed design may be accomplished in many ways. While a hybrid electro-optical implementation is of primary interest, the benefits and design issues of an all digital implementation are also discussed. The potential utility of this architectural design lies in its ability to control a large variety of the arithmetic and logic operations of the image algebra's generalized matrix product. The generalized matrix product is the most powerful fundamental operation in the algebra, thus allowing a wide range of applications. No other known device or design has made this claim of processing speed and general implementation of a heterogeneous image algebra.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chianelli, Russell R.; Castillo, Karina; Gupta, Vipin

Photovoltaic devices and methods of making the same, are disclosed herein. The cell comprises a photovoltaic device that comprises a first electrically conductive layer comprising a photo-sensitized electrode; at least one photoelectrochemical layer comprising metal-oxide particles, an electrolyte solution comprising at least one asphaltene fraction, wherein the metal-oxide particles are optionally dispersed in a surfactant; and a second electrically conductive layer comprising a counter-electrode, wherein the second electrically conductive layer comprises one or more conductive elements comprising carbon, graphite, soot, carbon allotropes or any combinations thereof.

Radioisotope Detection Device and Methods of Radioisotope Collection

DOEpatents

Tranter, Troy J [Idaho Falls, ID; Oertel, Christopher P [Idaho Falls, ID; Giles, John R [Pocatello, ID; Mann, Nicholas R [Rigby, ID; McIlwain, Michael E [Idaho Falls, ID

2011-04-12

A device for collection of radionuclides includes a mixture of a polymer, a fluorescent organic scintillator and a chemical extractant. A radionuclide detector system includes a collection device comprising a mixture of a polymer, a fluorescent agent and a selective ligand. The system includes at least one photomultiplier tube (PMT). A method of detecting radionuclides includes providing a collector device comprising a mixture comprising a polymer, a fluorescent organic scintillator and a chemical extractant. An aqueous environment is exposed to the device and radionuclides are collected from the environment. Radionuclides can be concentrated within the device.

Toolbox for the design of LiNbO3-based passive and active integrated quantum circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharapova, P. R.; Luo, K. H.; Herrmann, H.; Reichelt, M.; Meier, T.; Silberhorn, C.

2017-12-01

We present and discuss perspectives of current developments on advanced quantum optical circuits monolithically integrated in the lithium niobate platform. A set of basic components comprising photon pair sources based on parametric down conversion (PDC), passive routing elements and active electro-optically controllable switches and polarisation converters are building blocks of a toolbox which is the basis for a broad range of diverse quantum circuits. We review the state-of-the-art of these components and provide models that properly describe their performance in quantum circuits. As an example for applications of these models we discuss design issues for a circuit providing on-chip two-photon interference. The circuit comprises a PDC section for photon pair generation followed by an actively controllable modified mach-Zehnder structure for observing Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. The performance of such a chip is simulated theoretically by taking even imperfections of the properties of the individual components into account.

Preparation of miniantibodies to Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 surface antigens and their use for bacterial detection.

PubMed

Dykman, Lev A; Staroverov, Sergei A; Guliy, Olga I; Ignatov, Oleg V; Fomin, Alexander S; Vidyasheva, Irina V; Karavaeva, Olga A; Bunin, Viktor D; Burygin, Gennady L

2012-01-01

This article reports the first preparation of miniantibodies to Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 surface antigens by using a combinatorial phage library of sheep antibodies. The prepared phage antibodies were used for the first time for lipopolysaccharide and flagellin detection by dot assay, electro-optical analysis of cell suspensions, and transmission electron microscopy. Interaction of A. brasilense Sp245 with antilipopolysaccharide and antiflagellin phage-displayed miniantibodies caused the magnitude of the electro-optical signal to change considerably. The electro-optical results were in good agreement with the electron microscopic data. This is the first reported possibility of employing phage-displayed miniantibodies in bacterial detection aided by electro-optical analysis of cell suspensions.

Electric-optic resonant phase modulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Chien-Chung (Inventor); Robinson, Deborah L. (Inventor); Hemmati, Hamid (Inventor)

1994-01-01

An electro-optic resonant cavity is used to achieve phase modulation with lower driving voltages. Laser damage thresholds are inherently higher than with previously used integrated optics due to the utilization of bulk optics. Phase modulation is achieved at higher speeds with lower driving voltages than previously obtained with non-resonant electro-optic phase modulators. The instant scheme uses a data locking dither approach as opposed to the conventional sinusoidal locking schemes. In accordance with a disclosed embodiment, a resonant cavity modulator has been designed to operate at a data rate in excess of 100 Mbps. By carefully choosing the cavity finesse and its dimension, it is possible to control the pulse switching time to within 4 ns and to limit the required switching voltage to within 10 V. Experimentally, the resonant cavity can be maintained on resonance with respect to the input laser signal by monitoring the fluctuation of output intensity as the cavity is switched. This cavity locking scheme can be applied by using only the random data sequence, and without the need of additional dithering of the cavity. Compared to waveguide modulators, the resonant cavity has a comparable modulating voltage requirement. Because of its bulk geometry, resonant cavity modulator has the potential of accommodating higher throughput power. Furthermore, mode matching into a bulk device is easier and typically can be achieved with higher efficiency. On the other hand, unlike waveguide modulators which are essentially traveling wave devices, the resonant cavity modulator requires that the cavity be maintained in resonance with respect to the incoming laser signal. An additional control loop is incorporated into the modulator to maintain the cavity on resonance.

Quadratic Electro-optic Effect in a Novel Nonconjugated Conductive Polymer, iodine-doped Polynorbornene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Narayanan, Ananthakrishnan; Thakur, Mrinal

2009-03-01

Quadratic electro-optic effect in a novel nonconjugated conductive polymer, iodine-doped polynorbornene has been measured using field-induced birefringence at 633 nm. The electrical conductivity^1 of polynorbornene increases by twelve orders of magnitude to about 0.01 S/cm upon doping with iodine. The electro-optic measurement has been made in a film doped at the medium doping-level. The electro-optic modulation signal was recorded using a lock-in amplifier for various applied ac voltages (4 kHz) and the quadratic dependence of the modulation on the applied voltage was observed. A modulation of about 0.01% was observed for an applied electric field of 3 V/micron for a 100 nm thick film The Kerr coefficient as determined is about 1.77x10-11m/V^2. This exceptionally large quadratic electro-optic effect has been attributed to the confinement of this charge-transfer system within a sub-nanometer dimension. 1. A. Narayanan, A. Palthi and M. Thakur, J. Macromol. Sci. -- PAC, accepted.

Superdetonation devices and methods for making and using the same

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGrane, Shawn D.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of devices comprising energetic materials capable of superdetonation and methods of making and using such devices. The devices disclosed herein comprise components, dimensions, and configurations optimized to utilize superdetonation velocities produced by the energetic materials disclosed herein.

ATTICA family of thermal cameras in submarine applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuerbitz, Gunther; Fritze, Joerg; Hoefft, Jens-Rainer; Ruf, Berthold

2001-10-01

Optronics Mast Systems (US: Photonics Mast Systems) are electro-optical devices which enable a submarine crew to observe the scenery above water during dive. Unlike classical submarine periscopes they are non-hull-penetrating and therefore have no direct viewing capability. Typically they have electro-optical cameras both for the visual and for an IR spectral band with panoramic view and a stabilized line of sight. They can optionally be equipped with laser range- finders, antennas, etc. The brand name ATTICA (Advanced Two- dimensional Thermal Imager with CMOS-Array) characterizes a family of thermal cameras using focal-plane-array (FPA) detectors which can be tailored to a variety of requirements. The modular design of the ATTICA components allows the use of various detectors (InSb, CMT 3...5 μm , CMT 7...11 μm ) for specific applications. By means of a microscanner ATTICA cameras achieve full standard TV resolution using detectors with only 288 X 384 (US:240 X 320) detector elements. A typical requirement for Optronics-Mast Systems is a Quick- Look-Around capability. For FPA cameras this implies the need for a 'descan' module which can be incorporated in the ATTICA cameras without complications.

Thermodynamics of the Electric Field Induced Orientation of Nematic Droplet/Polymer Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drzaic, Paul S.

1989-07-01

Films consisting of micron-sized nematic liquid crystal droplets dispersed in a polymer matrix (NCAP) represent an important new class of electro-optical devices. These films strongly scatter light in the tm powered state, but achieve a high degree of clarity when an electric field is applied. In this report we describe the aspects of liquid crystal and polymer composition that control the magnitude of the electric field required to orient the nematic droplets. The droplet shape is found to be an important factor in the electro-optical response of these films. In films deposited from aqueous solutions the nematic cavities in the film are usually oblate in nature, with the short axis perpendicular to the film plane. The nematic, which adopts a bipolar configuration within the cavity, is preferentially aligned so that each droplet's symmetry axis is aligned parallel to the film plane in the rest state, but rotates to lie parallel with the field in the powered state. Capacitance data is presented which supports this picture. It is shown that the nematic droplet shape can be a major factor in determining the thermodynamics of droplet orientation.

Terahertz wave electro-optic measurements with optical spectral filtering

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ilyakov, I. E., E-mail: igor-ilyakov@mail.ru; Shishkin, B. V.; Kitaeva, G. Kh.

We propose electro-optic detection techniques based on variations of the laser pulse spectrum induced during pulse co-propagation with terahertz wave radiation in a nonlinear crystal. Quantitative comparison with two other detection methods is made. Substantial improvement of the sensitivity compared to the standard electro-optic detection technique (at high frequencies) and to the previously shown technique based on laser pulse energy changes is demonstrated in experiment.

High performance electro-optical modulator based on photonic crystal and graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Malekmohammad, M.; Asadi, R.

2017-07-01

An electro-optical modulator is demonstrated based on Fano-resonance effect in an out-of-plane illumination of one-dimensional slab photonic crystal composed of two graphene layers. It has been shown that high sensitivity of the Fano-resonance and electro-refractive tuning of graphene layers provides a suitable condition to obtain an electro-optical modulator with low energy consumption (8 pJ) with contrast of 0.4.

Holographic data storage crystals for LDEF (A0044)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Callen, W. R.; Gaylord, T. K.

1984-01-01

Electro-optic holographic recording systems were developed. The spaceworthiness of electro-optic crystals for use in ultrahigh capacity space data storage and retrieval systems are examined. The crystals for this experiment are included with the various electro-optical components of LDEF experiment. The effects of long-duration exposure on active optical system components is investigated. The concept of data storage in an optical-phase holographic memory is illustrated.

Nanoparticle/nanotube-based nanoelectronic devices and chemically-directed assembly thereof

DOEpatents

Schmidt, Howard K [Cypress, TX

2011-02-22

According to some embodiments, the present invention provides a nanoelectronic device based on a nanostructure that may include a nanotube with first and second ends, a metallic nanoparticle attached to the first end, and an insulating nanoparticle attached to the second end. The nanoelectronic device may include additional nanostructures so a to form a plurality of nanostructures comprising the first nanostructure and the additional nanostructures. The plurality of nanostructures may arranged in a network comprising a plurality of edges and a plurality of vertices, wherein each edge comprises a nanotube and each vertex comprises at least one insulating nanoparticle and at least one metallic nanoparticle adjacent the insulating nanoparticle. The combination of at least one edge and at least one vertex comprises a diode. The device may be an optical rectenna.

Curved CCD detector devices and arrays for multispectral astrophysical applications and terrestrial stereo panoramic cameras

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Swain, Pradyumna; Mark, David

2004-09-01

The emergence of curved CCD detectors as individual devices or as contoured mosaics assembled to match the curved focal planes of astronomical telescopes and terrestrial stereo panoramic cameras represents a major optical design advancement that greatly enhances the scientific potential of such instruments. In altering the primary detection surface within the telescope"s optical instrumentation system from flat to curved, and conforming the applied CCD"s shape precisely to the contour of the telescope"s curved focal plane, a major increase in the amount of transmittable light at various wavelengths through the system is achieved. This in turn enables multi-spectral ultra-sensitive imaging with much greater spatial resolution necessary for large and very large telescope applications, including those involving infrared image acquisition and spectroscopy, conducted over very wide fields of view. For earth-based and space-borne optical telescopes, the advent of curved CCD"s as the principle detectors provides a simplification of the telescope"s adjoining optics, reducing the number of optical elements and the occurrence of optical aberrations associated with large corrective optics used to conform to flat detectors. New astronomical experiments may be devised in the presence of curved CCD applications, in conjunction with large format cameras and curved mosaics, including three dimensional imaging spectroscopy conducted over multiple wavelengths simultaneously, wide field real-time stereoscopic tracking of remote objects within the solar system at high resolution, and deep field survey mapping of distant objects such as galaxies with much greater multi-band spatial precision over larger sky regions. Terrestrial stereo panoramic cameras equipped with arrays of curved CCD"s joined with associative wide field optics will require less optical glass and no mechanically moving parts to maintain continuous proper stereo convergence over wider perspective viewing fields than their flat CCD counterparts, lightening the cameras and enabling faster scanning and 3D integration of objects moving within a planetary terrain environment. Preliminary experiments conducted at the Sarnoff Corporation indicate the feasibility of curved CCD imagers with acceptable electro-optic integrity. Currently, we are in the process of evaluating the electro-optic performance of a curved wafer scale CCD imager. Detailed ray trace modeling and experimental electro-optical data performance obtained from the curved imager will be presented at the conference.

The Deposition of Multicomponent Films for Electrooptic Applications via a Computer Controlled Dual Ion Beam Sputtering System

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-12-31

AD-A252 218 The Deposition of Multicomponent Films for Electrooptic Applications via a Computer Controlled Dual Ion Beam Sputtering System ONR...6 3 2. Deposition of Electrooptic Thin Films ................................... 11 3. High Resolution Imaging of Twin and Antiphase...Domain Boundaries in Perovskite KNbO3 Thin Films .......... 30 4. Microstructural Characterization of the Epitaxial3 (111) KNbO3 on (0001) Sapphire

Spatial and Temporal Resolutions Pixel Level Performance Analysis of the Onboard Remote Sensing Electro-Optical Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

El-Sheikh, H. M.; Yakushenkov, Y. G.

2014-08-01

Formulas for determination of the interconnection between the spatial resolution from perspective distortions and the temporal resolution of the onboard electro-optical system for remote sensing application for a variety of scene viewing modes is offered. These dependences can be compared with the user's requirements, upon the permission values of the design parameters of the modern main units of the electro-optical system is discussed.

Electrooptical adaptive switching network for the hypercube computer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chow, E.; Peterson, J.

1988-01-01

An all-optical network design for the hyperswitch network using regular free-space interconnects between electronic processor nodes is presented. The adaptive routing model used is described, and an adaptive routing control example is presented. The design demonstrates that existing electrooptical techniques are sufficient for implementing efficient parallel architectures without the need for more complex means of implementing arbitrary interconnection schemes. The electrooptical hyperswitch network significantly improves the communication performance of the hypercube computer.

Electrooptical model of the first retina layers of a visual analyzer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chibalashvili, Y. L.; Riabinin, A. D.; Svechnikov, S. V.; Chibalashvili, Y. L.; Shkvar, A. M.

1979-01-01

An electrooptical principle of converting and transmitting optical signals is proposed and used as the basis for constructing a model of the upper layers of the retina of the visual analyzer of animals. An evaluation of multichannel fibrous optical systems, in which the conversion of optical signals is based on the electrooptical principle, to model the upper retina layers is presented. The symbolic circuit of the model and its algorithm are discussed.

A Fabry-Pérot electro-optic sensing system using a drive-current-tuned wavelength laser diode.

PubMed

Kuo, Wen-Kai; Wu, Pei-Yu; Lee, Chang-Ching

2010-05-01

A Fabry-Pérot enhanced electro-optic sensing system that utilizes a drive-current-tuned wavelength laser diode is presented. An electro-optic prober made of LiNbO(3) crystal with an asymmetric Fabry-Pérot cavity is used in this system. To lock the wavelength of the laser diode at resonant condition, a closed-loop power control scheme is proposed. Experiment results show that the system can keep the electro-optic prober at high sensitivity for a long working time when the closed-loop control function is on. If this function is off, the sensitivity may be fluctuated and only one-third of the best level in the worst case.

Direct Absorption Spectroscopy with Electro-Optic Frequency Combs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fleisher, Adam J.; Long, David A.; Plusquellic, David F.; Hodges, Joseph T.

2017-06-01

The application of electro-optic frequency combs to direct absorption spectroscopy has increased research interest in high-agility, modulator-based comb generation. This talk will review common architectures for electro-optic frequency comb generators as well as describe common self-heterodyne and multi-heterodyne (i.e., dual-comb) detection approaches. In order to achieve a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio on the recorded interferogram while allowing for manageable data volumes, broadband electro-optic frequency combs require deep coherent averaging, preferably in real-time. Applications such as cavity-enhanced spectroscopy, precision atomic and molecular spectroscopy, as well as time-resolved spectroscopy will be introduced. D.A. Long et al., Opt. Lett. 39, 2688 (2014) A.J. Fleisher et al., Opt. Express 24, 10424 (2016)

Image processing operations achievable with the Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warde, C.; Fisher, A. D.; Thackara, J. I.; Weiss, A. M.

1980-01-01

The Microchannel Spatial Light Modulator (MSLM) is a versatile, optically-addressed, highly-sensitive device that is well suited for low-light-level, real-time, optical information processing. It consists of a photocathode, a microchannel plate (MCP), a planar acceleration grid, and an electro-optic plate in proximity focus. A framing rate of 20 Hz with full modulation depth, and 100 Hz with 20% modulation depth has been achieved in a vacuum-demountable LiTaO3 device. A halfwave exposure sensitivity of 2.2 mJ/sq cm and an optical information storage time of more than 2 months have been achieved in a similar gridless LiTaO3 device employing a visible photocathode. Image processing operations such as analog and digital thresholding, real-time image hard clipping, contrast reversal, contrast enhancement, image addition and subtraction, and binary-level logic operations such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOR can be achieved with this device. This collection of achievable image processing characteristics makes the MSLM potentially useful for a number of smart sensor applications.

Micro-/nanoscale multi-field coupling in nonlinear photonic devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Qing; Wang, Yubo; Tang, Mingwei; Xu, Pengfei; Xu, Yingke; Liu, Xu

2017-08-01

The coupling of mechanics/electronics/photonics may improve the performance of nanophotonic devices not only in the linear region but also in the nonlinear region. This review letter mainly presents the recent advances on multi-field coupling in nonlinear photonic devices. The nonlinear piezoelectric effect and piezo-phototronic effects in quantum wells and fibers show that large second-order nonlinear susceptibilities can be achieved, and second harmonic generation and electro-optic modulation can be enhanced and modulated. Strain engineering can tune the lattice structures and induce second order susceptibilities in central symmetry semiconductors. By combining the absorption-based photoacoustic effect and intensity-dependent photobleaching effect, subdiffraction imaging can be achieved. This review will also discuss possible future applications of these novel effects and the perspective of their research. The review can help us develop a deeper knowledge of the substance of photon-electron-phonon interaction in a micro-/nano- system. Moreover, it can benefit the design of nonlinear optical sensors and imaging devices with a faster response rate, higher efficiency, more sensitivity and higher spatial resolution which could be applied in environmental detection, bio-sensors, medical imaging and so on.

Theoretical study of ferroelectric nanoparticles using phase reconstructed electron microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phatak, C.; Petford-Long, A. K.; Beleggia, M.; De Graef, M.

2014-06-01

Ferroelectric nanostructures are important for a variety of applications in electronic and electro-optical devices, including nonvolatile memories and thin-film capacitors. These applications involve stability and switching of polarization using external stimuli, such as electric fields. We present a theoretical model describing how the shape of a nanoparticle affects its polarization in the absence of screening charges, and quantify the electron-optical phase shift for detecting ferroelectric signals with phase-sensitive techniques in a transmission electron microscope. We provide an example phase shift computation for a uniformly polarized prolate ellipsoid with varying aspect ratio in the absence of screening charges.

Luminescent nanocomposites of conducting polymers and in-situ grown CdS quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borriello, C.; Masala, S.; Bizzarro, V.; Nenna, G.; Re, M.; Pesce, E.; Minarini, C.; Di Luccio, T.

2010-06-01

Luminescent PVK:CdS and P3HT:CdS nanocomposites with enhanced electrooptical properties have been synthesized. The nucleation and growth of CdS nanoparticles have been obtained by the thermolysis of a single Cd and S precursor dispersed in the polymers. The size distribution and morphology of the nanoparticles have been studied by TEM analyses. Monodispersive and very small nanoparticles of diameter below 3 nm in PVK and 2 nm in P3HT, have been obtained. The application of such nanocomposites as emitting layers in OLED devices is discussed.

RF Testing Of Microwave Integrated Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Romanofsky, R. R.; Ponchak, G. E.; Shalkhauser, K. A.; Bhasin, K. B.

1988-01-01

Fixtures and techniques are undergoing development. Four test fixtures and two advanced techniques developed in continuing efforts to improve RF characterization of MMIC's. Finline/waveguide test fixture developed to test submodules of 30-GHz monolithic receiver. Universal commercially-manufactured coaxial test fixture modified to enable characterization of various microwave solid-state devices in frequency range of 26.5 to 40 GHz. Probe/waveguide fixture is compact, simple, and designed for non destructive testing of large number of MMIC's. Nondestructive-testing fixture includes cosine-tapered ridge, to match impedance wavequide to microstrip. Advanced technique is microwave-wafer probing. Second advanced technique is electro-optical sampling.

Electronegativity estimation of electronic polarizabilities of semiconductors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Keyan; Xue, Dongfeng, E-mail: dfxue@chem.dlut.edu.cn

2010-03-15

On the basis of the viewpoint of structure-property relationship in solid state matters, we proposed some useful relations to quantitatively calculate the electronic polarizabilities of binary and ternary chalcopyrite semiconductors, by using electronegativity and principal quantum number. The calculated electronic polarizabilities are in good agreement with reported values in the literature. Both electronegativity and principal quantum number can effectively reflect the detailed chemical bonding behaviors of constituent atoms in these semiconductors, which determines the magnitude of their electronic polarizabilities. The present work provides a useful guide to compositionally design novel semiconductor materials, and further explore advanced electro-optic devices.

Ti:LiNbO3 Integrated Optic Electric-Field Sensors based on Electro-Optic Effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, Hongsik

2016-07-01

The need for electric-field sensing technology has widely increased, playing a critical role in various scientific and technical areas. This article comprehensively reviews and compares Ti:LiNbO3 integrated optic electric-field sensors, including the asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), 1 × 2 directional coupler (DC), and Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI), based on the operating principles, the electrical and optical performance, and measurements of each fabricated device. We also discuss future works to improve the sensitivity, operating stability, response speed, and bandwidth.

Luminescent nanocomposites of conducting polymers and in-situ grown CdS quantum dots

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Borriello, C.; Masala, S.; Nenna, G.

2010-06-02

Luminescent PVK:CdS and P3HT:CdS nanocomposites with enhanced electrooptical properties have been synthesized. The nucleation and growth of CdS nanoparticles have been obtained by the thermolysis of a single Cd and S precursor dispersed in the polymers. The size distribution and morphology of the nanoparticles have been studied by TEM analyses. Monodispersive and very small nanoparticles of diameter below 3 nm in PVK and 2 nm in P3HT, have been obtained. The application of such nanocomposites as emitting layers in OLED devices is discussed.

Photoinduced orientation in natural rubber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Souza, Nara C.; Cavalheri, Adriana S.; Brito, Jackeline B.; Job, Aldo E.; Oliveira, Osvaldo N.; Giacometti, José A.; Silva, Josmary R.

2012-04-01

Azobenzene molecules and their derivatives have been widely investigated for their potential applications in optical and electrooptical devices. We have prepared a new guest-host system from natural rubber (NR) impregnated with azobenzene derivative Sudan Red B (SRB). The effects of stretching and immersion time on photoinduced orientation were investigated by birefringence signal measurements. We have found that the molecular orientation increase when the samples are stretched and decrease with the increase of immersion time. The first behavior was explained by using the random coil model and the latter was attributed to increase of the aggregation of SRB into NR matrix.

Plasmon-Exciton Coupling Interaction for Surface Catalytic Reactions.

PubMed

Wang, Jingang; Lin, Weihua; Xu, Xuefeng; Ma, Fengcai; Sun, Mengtao

2018-05-01

In this review, we firstly reveal the physical principle of plasmon-exciton coupling interaction with steady absorption spectroscopy, and ultrafast transition absorption spectroscopy, based on the pump-prop technology. Secondly, we introduce the fabrication of electro-optical device of two-dimensional semiconductor-nanostructure noble metals hybrid, based on the plasmon-exciton coupling interactions. Thirdly, we introduce the applications of plasmon-exciton coupling interaction in the field of surface catalytic reactions. Lastly, the perspective of plasmon-exciton coupling interaction and applications closed this review. © 2018 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Cutoff-mesa isolated rib optical waveguide for III-V heterostructure photonic integrated circuits

DOEpatents

Vawter, Gregory A.; Smith, Robert E.

1998-01-01

A cutoff mesa rib waveguide provides single-mode performance regardless of any deep etches that might be used for electrical isolation between integrated electrooptic devices. Utilizing a principle of a cutoff slab waveguide with an asymmetrical refractive index profile, single mode operation is achievable with a wide range of rib widths and does not require demanding etch depth tolerances. This new waveguide design eliminates reflection effects, or self-interference, commonly seen when conventional rib waveguides are combined with deep isolation etches and thereby reduces high order mode propagation and crosstalk compared to the conventional rib waveguides.

Cutoff-mesa isolated rib optical waveguide for III-V heterostructure photonic integrated circuits

DOEpatents

Vawter, G.A.; Smith, R.E.

1998-04-28

A cutoff mesa rib waveguide provides single-mode performance regardless of any deep etches that might be used for electrical isolation between integrated electrooptic devices. Utilizing a principle of a cutoff slab waveguide with an asymmetrical refractive index profile, single mode operation is achievable with a wide range of rib widths and does not require demanding etch depth tolerances. This new waveguide design eliminates reflection effects, or self-interference, commonly seen when conventional rib waveguides are combined with deep isolation etches and thereby reduces high order mode propagation and crosstalk compared to the conventional rib waveguides. 7 figs.

Development of optical modulators for measurements of solar magnetic fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

West, E. A.; Smith, J. E.

1987-01-01

The measurement of polarized light allows solar astronomers to infer the magnetic field on the Sun. The accuracy of these measurements is dependent on the stable retardation characteristics of the polarization modulators used to minimize the atmospheric effects seen in ground-based observations. This report describes the work by the Space Science Laboratory at Marshall Space Flight Center to improve two types of polarization modulators. As a result, the timing characteristics for both electrooptic crystals (KD*Ps) and liquid crystal devices (LCDs) have been studied and will be used to enhance the capabilities of the MSFC Vector Magnetograph.

Anisotropy-based crystalline oxide-on-semiconductor material

DOEpatents

McKee, Rodney Allen; Walker, Frederick Joseph

2000-01-01

A semiconductor structure and device for use in a semiconductor application utilizes a substrate of semiconductor-based material, such as silicon, and a thin film of a crystalline oxide whose unit cells are capable of exhibiting anisotropic behavior overlying the substrate surface. Within the structure, the unit cells of the crystalline oxide are exposed to an in-plane stain which influences the geometric shape of the unit cells and thereby arranges a directional-dependent quality of the unit cells in a predisposed orientation relative to the substrate. This predisposition of the directional-dependent quality of the unit cells enables the device to take beneficial advantage of characteristics of the structure during operation. For example, in the instance in which the crystalline oxide of the structure is a perovskite, a spinel or an oxide of similarly-related cubic structure, the structure can, within an appropriate semiconductor device, exhibit ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electro-optic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, magneto-optic or large dielectric properties that synergistically couple to the underlying semiconductor substrate.

Linear electro-optic properties of relaxor-based ferroelectric 0.24Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-(0.76 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 single crystals

PubMed Central

Wu, Fengmin; Yang, Bin; Sun, Enwei; Liu, Gang; Tian, Hao; Cao, Wenwu

2013-01-01

Linear electro-optic properties of 0.24Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-(0.76 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3 single crystals, with compositions in the rhombohedral, morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) and tetragonal phases, have been investigated. Very large effective electro-optic coefficient γc (204 pm/V) was observed in a crystal with the MPB composition when it is poled along [001]. The rhombohedral phase (x = 0.27 and 0.30) single crystals poled along [111] direction and tetragonal phase (x = 0.39) single crystal poled along [001] direction are in single domain, and their electro-optic coefficients (γc = 76, 94, and 43 pm/V for the crystals with x = 0.27, 0.30, and 0.39, respectively) were found to be much higher than that of traditional electro-optic single crystal LiNbO3 (γc = 19.9 pm/V). The electro-optic coefficients of the single crystal in the rhombohedral phase have excellent temperature stability in the experimental temperature range of 10–40 °C. The half-wave voltage Vπ was calculated to be much lower (less than 1000 V) than that of LiNbO3 single crystal (2800 V). These superior properties make the ternary relaxor-PT single crystals very promising for electro-optic modulation applications. PMID:23922449

Studies in optical parallel processing. [All optical and electro-optic approaches

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, S. H.

1978-01-01

Threshold and A/D devices for converting a gray scale image into a binary one were investigated for all-optical and opto-electronic approaches to parallel processing. Integrated optical logic circuits (IOC) and optical parallel logic devices (OPA) were studied as an approach to processing optical binary signals. In the IOC logic scheme, a single row of an optical image is coupled into the IOC substrate at a time through an array of optical fibers. Parallel processing is carried out out, on each image element of these rows, in the IOC substrate and the resulting output exits via a second array of optical fibers. The OPAL system for parallel processing which uses a Fabry-Perot interferometer for image thresholding and analog-to-digital conversion, achieves a higher degree of parallel processing than is possible with IOC.

Optofluidic devices with integrated solid-state nanopores

PubMed Central

Hawkins, Aaron R.; Schmidt, Holger

2016-01-01

This review (with 90 refs.) covers the state of the art in optofluidic devices with integrated solid-state nanopores for use in detection and sensing. Following an introduction into principles of optofluidics and solid-state nanopore technology, we discuss features of solid-state nanopore based assays using optofluidics. This includes the incorporation of solid-state nanopores into optofluidic platforms based on liquid-core anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs), methods for their fabrication, aspects of single particle detection and particle manipulation. We then describe the new functionalities provided by solid-state nanopores integrated into optofluidic chips, in particular acting as smart gates for correlated electro-optical detection and discrimination of nanoparticles. This enables the identification of viruses and λ-DNA, particle trajectory simulations, enhancing sensitivity by tuning the shape of nanopores. The review concludes with a summary and an outlook. PMID:27046940

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wendt, Joel Robert; Hadley, G. Ronald; Samora, Sally

Plasmonic structures open up new opportunities in photonic devices, sometimes offering an alternate method to perform a function and sometimes offering capabilities not possible with standard optics. In this LDRD we successfully demonstrated metal coatings on optical surfaces that do not adversely affect the transmission of those surfaces at the design frequency. This technology could be applied as an RF noise blocking layer across an optical aperture or as a method to apply an electric field to an active electro-optic device without affecting optical performance. We also demonstrated thin optical absorbers using similar patterned surfaces. These infrared optical antennas showmore » promise as a method to improve performance in mercury cadmium telluride detectors. Furthermore, these structures could be coupled with other components to lead to direct rectification of infrared radiation. This possibility leads to a new method for infrared detection and energy harvesting of infrared radiation.« less

Electrically Addressable Optical Devices Using A System Of Composite Layered Flakes Suspended In A Fluid Host To Obtain Angularly Depende

DOEpatents

Kosc, Tanya Z.; Marshall, Kenneth L.; Jacobs, Stephen D.

2004-12-07

Composite or layered flakes having a plurality of layers of different materials, which may be dielectric materials, conductive materials, or liquid crystalline materials suspended in a fluid host and subjected to an electric field, provide optical effects dependent upon the angle or orientation of the flakes in the applied electric field. The optical effects depend upon the composition and thickness of the layers, producing reflectance, interference, additive and/or subtractive color effects. The composition of layered flakes may also be selected to enhance and/or alter the dielectric properties of flakes, whereby flake motion in an electric field is also enhanced and/or altered. The devices are useful as active electro-optical displays, polarizers, filters, light modulators, and wherever controllable polarizing, reflecting and transmissive optical properties are desired.

Development of a large field-of-view KD potassium di-deuterium phosphate modulator: Center Director's Discretionary Fund

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

West, E. A.

1993-01-01

Magnetographs, which measure polarized light, allow solar astronomers to infer the magnetic field intensity on the Sun. The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Vector Magnetograph is such an imaging instrument. The instrument requires rapid modulation between polarization states to minimize seeing effects. The accuracy of those polarization measurements is dependent on stable modulators with small field-of-view errors. Although these devices are very important in ground-based telescopes, extending the field of view of electro-optical crystals such as KD*Ps (potassium di-deuterium phosphate) could encourage the development of these devices for other imaging applications. The work that was done at MSFC as part of the Center Director's Discretionary Fund (CDDF) to reduce the field-of-view errors of instruments that use KD*P modulators in their polarimeters is described.

Microsecond-range optical shutter for unpolarized light with chiral nematic liquid crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammadimasoudi, Mohammad; Shin, Jungsoon; Lee, Keechang; Neyts, Kristiaan; Beeckman, Jeroen

2015-04-01

A fast electro-optic shutter is fabricated and demonstrated. The device works independently of the polarization state of the incoming light beam. Modulation between 3% transmission and 60% transmission is obtained within a wavelength range of 50 nm with a response time of 20 μs. The device consists of two partly polymerized chiral nematic liquid crystal layers separated by a half wave plate. The transmission modulation is due to a 50 nm wavelength shift of the photonic band gap of the chiral liquid crystal realized by applying an electric field over a mixture of photo-polymerized LC and non-reactive nematic LC containing a chiral dopant. The shutter features high reflectivity in the photonic band gap. We investigate the influence of the amplitude of the applied voltage on the width and the depth of the reflection band.

Field-modulation spectroscopy of pentacene thin films using field-effect devices: Reconsideration of the excitonic structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haas, Simon; Matsui, Hiroyuki; Hasegawa, Tatsuo

2010-10-01

We report pure electric-field effects on the excitonic absorbance of pentacene thin films as measured by unipolar field-effect devices that allowed us to separate the charge accumulation effects. The field-modulated spectra between 1.8 and 2.6 eV can be well fitted with the first derivative curve of Frenkel exciton absorption and its vibronic progression, and at higher energy a field-induced feature appears at around 2.95 eV. The results are in sharp contrast to the electroabsorption spectra reported by Sebastian in previous studies [Chem. Phys. 61, 125 (1981)10.1016/0301-0104(81)85055-0], and leads us to reconsider the excitonic structure including the location of charge-transfer excitons. Nonlinear π -electronic response is discussed based on second-order electro-optic (Kerr) spectra.

Traveling wave electro-optic phase modulators based on intrinsically polar self-assembled chromophoric superlattices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Y.-G.; Wu, A.; Lu, H.-L.; Chang, S.; Lu, W.-K.; Ho, S. T.; van der Boom, M. E.; Marks, T. J.

2001-07-01

Traveling-wave electro-optic modulators based on chromophoric self-assembled superlattices (SASs) possessing intrinsically polar microstructures have been designed and fabricated. Although the thickness of the SAS layer is only ˜150 nm, a π-phase shift is clearly observed. From the measured Vπ value, the effective electro-optic coefficient of the SAS film is determined to be ˜21.8 pm/V at an input wavelength of 1064 nm.

Spatially Modulated Gain Waveguide Electro-Optic Laser

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-09

1997, pp 1223-1226. 5. Y. Li, S. M. Goldwasser, P. Herczfeld, L.M. Narducci, "Dynamics of an electro-optically tunable microchip laser ", IEEE...TYPE Final 3. DATES COVERED (From 7/2/2010-5-10-2013 To) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Spatially modulated gain waveguide electro-optic laser 5a...optical waveguides laser on LiNb03 substrate. The main goal of this work is to implement an active LiNb03 waveguide with the desired spatially modulated

Electro-optical Synergy Technique

PubMed Central

El-Domyati, Moetaz; El-Ammawi, Tarek S.; Medhat, Walid; Moawad, Osama; Mahoney, My G.

2010-01-01

Objectives: Electro-optical synergy technology is one of the most recently described methods for nonablative skin rejuvenation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of electro-optical synergy on connective tissue composition by histological and immunohistochemical techniques coupled with computerized morphometric analysis. Design: A prospective clinical study. Participants: Six volunteers with Fitzpatrick skin types 3 to 4 and Glogau class I to II wrinkles were subjected to three months (6 sessions at 2-week intervals) of electro-optical synergy treatment. Measurements: Standard photographs and skin biopsies were obtained at baseline as well as three and six months after the start of treatment. The authors performed quantitative evaluation of total elastin, tropoelastin, collagen types I, III, and VII, and newly synthesized collagen. Results: Noticeable clinical and histological improvement was observed after electro-optical synergy treatment. A statistically significant increase in the means of collagen types I, III, and VII, as well as newly synthesized collagen, together with increased levels of tropoelastin, were detected, while the mean level of total elastin was significantly decreased at the end of treatment and three months post-treatment. Conclusion: Electro-optical synergy is an effective treatment for contouring facial skin laxity. This modality stimulates the repair processes and reverses the clinical, as well as the histopathological, signs of aging with the advantage of being a relatively risk-free procedure with minimal patient recovery time. PMID:21203352

GaN-based superluminescent diodes with long lifetime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castiglia, A.; Rossetti, M.; Matuschek, N.; Rezzonico, R.; Duelk, M.; Vélez, C.; Carlin, J.-F.; Grandjean, N.

2016-02-01

We report on the reliability of GaN-based super-luminescent light emitting diodes (SLEDs) emitting at a wavelength of 405 nm. We show that the Mg doping level in the p-type layers has an impact on both the device electro-optical characteristics and their reliability. Optimized doping levels allow decreasing the operating voltage on single-mode devices from more than 6 V to less than 5 V for an injection current of 100 mA. Furthermore, maximum output powers as high as 350 mW (for an injection current of 500 mA) have been achieved in continuous-wave operation (CW) at room temperature. Modules with standard and optimized p-type layers were finally tested in terms of lifetime, at a constant output power of 10 mW, in CW operation and at a case temperature of 25 °C. The modules with non-optimized p-type doping showed a fast and remarkable increase in the drive current during the first hundreds of hours together with an increase of the device series resistance. No degradation of the electrical characteristics was observed over 2000 h on devices with optimized p-type layers. The estimated lifetime for those devices was longer than 5000 h.

Reduction of electro-optic half-wave voltage of 0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.07PbTiO3 single crystal through large piezoelectric strain

PubMed Central

Sun, Enwei; Wang, Zhu; Zhang, Rui; Cao, Wenwu

2011-01-01

The influence of converse piezoelectric effect on the electro-optic coefficient of single domain relaxor-based 0.93Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.07PbTiO3 (PZN-0.07PT) has been quantified under ambient conditions. It was found that the large piezoelectric constants d31 and d33 have significant influence to the half-wave voltage of electro-optic modulators. For single domain PZN-0.07PT crystal, Vπ13T is reduced by a factor of 8 and Vπ13L can be decreased by more than an order of magnitude due to the large piezoelectric effect. Compared to commonly used electro-optic crystal LiNbO3 and BaTiO3, PZN-xPT single crystal is much superior for optic phase modulation applications because they have much higher linear electro-optic coefficients and much lower half-wave voltage when piezoelectric strain influence is considered. PMID:21308004

Optical modulation techniques for analog signal processing and CMOS compatible electro-optic modulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gill, Douglas M.; Rasras, Mahmoud; Tu, Kun-Yii; Chen, Young-Kai; White, Alice E.; Patel, Sanjay S.; Carothers, Daniel; Pomerene, Andrew; Kamocsai, Robert; Beattie, James; Kopa, Anthony; Apsel, Alyssa; Beals, Mark; Mitchel, Jurgen; Liu, Jifeng; Kimerling, Lionel C.

2008-02-01

Integrating electronic and photonic functions onto a single silicon-based chip using techniques compatible with mass-production CMOS electronics will enable new design paradigms for existing system architectures and open new opportunities for electro-optic applications with the potential to dramatically change the management, cost, footprint, weight, and power consumption of today's communication systems. While broadband analog system applications represent a smaller volume market than that for digital data transmission, there are significant deployments of analog electro-optic systems for commercial and military applications. Broadband linear modulation is a critical building block in optical analog signal processing and also could have significant applications in digital communication systems. Recently, broadband electro-optic modulators on a silicon platform have been demonstrated based on the plasma dispersion effect. The use of the plasma dispersion effect within a CMOS compatible waveguide creates new challenges and opportunities for analog signal processing since the index and propagation loss change within the waveguide during modulation. We will review the current status of silicon-based electrooptic modulators and also linearization techniques for optical modulation.

Ultrabright fluorescent OLEDS using triplet sinks

DOEpatents

Zhang, Yifan; Forrest, Stephen R; Thompson, Mark

2013-06-04

A first device is provided. The first device further comprises an organic light emitting device. The organic light emitting device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The emissive layer further comprises an organic host compound, an organic emitting compound capable of fluorescent emission at room temperature, and an organic dopant compound. The triplet energy of the dopant compound is lower than the triplet energy of the host compound. The dopant compound does not strongly absorb the fluorescent emission of the emitting compound.

Baikal-GVD

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avrorin, A. D.; Avrorin, A. V.; Aynutdinov, V. M.; Bannash, R.; Belolaptikov, I. A.; Brudanin, V. B.; Budnev, N. M.; Danilchenko, I. A.; Demidov, S. V.; Domogatsky, G. V.; Doroshenko, A. A.; Dvornicky, R.; Dyachok, A. N.; Dzhilkibaev, Zh.-A. M.; Fajt, L.; Fialkovsky, S. V.; Gafarov, A. R.; Gaponenko, O. N.; Golubkov, K. V.; Gress, T. I.; Honz, Z.; Kebkal, K. G.; Kebkal, O. G.; Konischev, K. V.; Korobchenko, A. V.; Koshechkin, A. P.; Koshel, F. K.; Kozhin, A. V.; Kulepov, V. F.; Kuleshov, D. A.; Milenin, M. B.; Mirgazov, R. A.; Osipova, E. R.; Panfilov, A. I.; Pan'kov, L. V.; Pliskovsky, E. N.; Rozanov, M. I.; Rjabov, E. V.; Shamakhov, F. A.; Shaybonov, B. A.; Sheifler, A. A.; Shelepov, M. D.; Simkovic, F.; Skurihin, A. V.; Smagina, A. A.; Stekl, I.; Suvorova, O. V.; Tabolenko, V. A.; Tarashansky, B. A.; Yakovlev, S. A.; Zagorodnikov, A. V.; Zurbanov, V. L.

2017-03-01

We present the status of the Gigaton Volume Detector in Lake Baikal (Baikal-GVD) designed for the detection of high energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin. The telescope consists of functionally independent clusters, sub-arrays of optical modules (OMs), which are connected to shore by individual electro-optical cables. During 2015 the GVD demonstration cluster, comprising 192 OMs, has been successfully operated in Lake Baikal. In 2016 this array was upgraded to baseline configuration of GVD cluster with 288 OMs arranged on eight vertical strings. Thus the instrumented water volume has been increased up to about 5.9 Mtons. The array was commissioned in early April 2016 and takes data since then. We describe the configuration and design of the 2016 array. Preliminary results obtained with data recorded in 2015 are also discussed.

Nonlinear dynamics and cavity cooling of levitated nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fonseca, P. Z. G.; Aranas, E. B.; Millen, J.; Monteiro, T. S.; Barker, P. F.

2016-09-01

We investigate a dynamic nonlinear optomechanical system, comprising a nanosphere levitated in a hybrid electro-optical trap. An optical cavity offers readout of both linear-in-position and quadratic-in-position (nonlinear) light-matter coupling, whilst simultaneously cooling the nanosphere, for indefinite periods of time and in high vacuum. Through the rich sideband structure displayed by the cavity output we can observe cooling of the linear and non-linear particle's motion. Here we present an experimental setup which allows full control over the cavity resonant frequencies, and shows cooling of the particle's motion as a function of the detuning. This work paves the way to strong-coupled quantum dynamics between a cavity and a mesoscopic object largely decoupled from its environment.

Thin film application device and method for coating small aperture vacuum vessels

DOEpatents

Walters, Dean R; Este, Grantley O

2015-01-27

A device and method for coating an inside surface of a vessel is provided. In one embodiment, a coating device comprises a power supply and a diode in electrical communication with the power supply, wherein electrodes comprising the diode reside completely within the vessel. The method comprises reversibly sealing electrodes in a vessel, sputtering elemental metal or metal compound on the surface while maintaining the surface in a controlled atmosphere.

Wireless device monitoring methods, wireless device monitoring systems, and articles of manufacture

DOEpatents

McCown, Steven H [Rigby, ID; Derr, Kurt W [Idaho Falls, ID; Rohde, Kenneth W [Idaho Falls, ID

2012-05-08

Wireless device monitoring methods, wireless device monitoring systems, and articles of manufacture are described. According to one embodiment, a wireless device monitoring method includes accessing device configuration information of a wireless device present at a secure area, wherein the device configuration information comprises information regarding a configuration of the wireless device, accessing stored information corresponding to the wireless device, wherein the stored information comprises information regarding the configuration of the wireless device, comparing the device configuration information with the stored information, and indicating the wireless device as one of authorized and unauthorized for presence at the secure area using the comparing.

Linear electro-optic effect in semiconductors: Ab initio description of the electronic contribution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prussel, Lucie; Véniard, Valérie

2018-05-01

We propose an ab initio framework to derive the electronic part of the second-order susceptibility tensor for the electro-optic effect in bulk semiconductors. We find a general expression for χ(2 ) evaluated within time-dependent density-functional theory, including explicitly the band-gap corrections at the level of the scissors approximation. Excitonic effects are accounted for, on the basis of a simple scalar approximation. We apply our formalism to the computation of the electro-optic susceptibilities for several semiconductors, such as GaAs, GaN, and SiC. Taking into account the ionic contribution according to the Faust-Henry coefficient, we obtain a good agreement with experimental results. Finally, using different types of strain to break centrosymmetry, we show that high electro-optic coefficients can be obtained in bulk silicon for a large range of frequencies.

Electrochromic nickel oxide simultaneously doped with lithium and a metal dopant

DOEpatents

Gillaspie, Dane T; Weir, Douglas G

2014-04-01

An electrochromic device comprising a counter electrode layer comprised of lithium metal oxide which provides a high transmission in the fully intercalated state and which is capable of long-term stability, is disclosed. Methods of making an electrochromic device comprising such a counter electrode are also disclosed.

Electrochromic nickel oxide simultaneously doped with lithium and a metal dopant

DOEpatents

Gillaspie, Dane T.; Weir, Douglas Glenn John

2017-05-16

An electrochromic device comprising a counter electrode layer comprised of lithium metal oxide which provides a high transmission in the fully intercalated state and which is capable of long-term stability, is disclosed. Methods of making an electrochromic device comprising such a counter electrode are also disclosed.

Electro-Optic Modulator Based on Organic Planar Waveguide Integrated with Prism Coupler

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sarkisov, Sergey S.

2002-01-01

The objectives of the project, as they were formulated in the proposal, are the following: (1) Design and development of novel electro-optic modulator using single crystalline film of highly efficient electro-optic organic material integrated with prism coupler; (2) Experimental characterization of the figures-of-merit of the modulator. It is expected to perform with an extinction ratio of 10 dB at a driving signal of 5 V; (3) Conclusions on feasibility of the modulator as an element of data communication systems of future generations. The accomplishments of the project are the following: (1) The design of the electro-optic modulator based on a single crystalline film of organic material NPP has been explored; (2) The evaluation of the figures-of-merit of the electro-optic modulator has been performed; (3) Based on the results of characterization of the figures-of-merit, the conclusion was made that the modulator based on a thin film of NPP is feasible and has a great potential of being used in optic communication with a modulation bandwidth of up to 100 GHz and a driving voltage of the order of 3 to 5 V.

Electro-optic modulation at 1.4 GHz using single-crystal film of DAST

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahyi, Ayayi; Titus, Jitto; Thakur, Mrinal

2002-03-01

Electro-optic modulation at 4 kHz using single-crystal film of DAST has been recently reported.^1 The measurement was made in the transverse configuration with the light beam propagating perpendicular to the film while electric field was applied in the plane of the film - along the dipole axis. In this presentation, we will discuss results of electro-optic modulation in DAST single-crystal films at significantly higher speed (0.1 - 1.4 GHz). Single-crystal films of DAST with excellent optical quality were prepared by modified shear method. The electro-optic modulation was measured using the technique of field-induced birefringence and the signal was recorded by a spectrum analyzer. Light (λ = 750 nm) propagated perpendicular to the film (thickness ~ 3 μm). We have observed excellent signal-to-noise ratio at these high frequencies, along with a low insertion loss. The voltage we applied is only ~ 1 volt across a gap of 15 μm and the observed signal-to-noise ratio is comparable to that of guided-wave electro-optic modulators. 1. M. Thakur, J. Xu, A. Bhowmik and M. Thakur, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74 635

Device useful as a borehole fluid sampler

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Freifeld, Barry M.

The present invention provides a device comprising: (a) a proximal end of the device comprises an inner first conduit within the lumen of an outer second conduit, (b) a distal end of the device comprises the outer second conduit in fluid communication with a third conduit and a fourth conduit through a Y-shaped, T-shaped or U-shaped junction, (c) the third conduit terminates in a triggering mechanism, and (d) the fourth conduit is in fluid communication through a one-way valve, wherein fluid can only convey in a direction from the fourth conduit towards the second outer conduit, with an aperture.

Copolymer semiconductors comprising thiazolothiazole or benzobisthiazole, or benzobisoxazole electron acceptor subunits, and electron donor subunits, and their uses in transistors and solar cells

DOEpatents

Jenekhe, Samson A; Subramaniyan, Selvam; Ahmed, Eilaf; Xin, Hao; Kim, Felix Sunjoo

2014-10-28

The inventions disclosed, described, and/or claimed herein relate to copolymers comprising copolymers comprising electron accepting A subunits that comprise thiazolothiazole, benzobisthiazole, or benzobisoxazoles rings, and electron donating subunits that comprise certain heterocyclic groups. The copolymers are useful for manufacturing organic electronic devices, including transistors and solar cells. The invention also relates to certain synthetic precursors of the copolymers. Methods for making the copolymers and the derivative electronic devices are also described.

Nanomaterials for LightManagement in Electro-Optical Devices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Truong, Vo-Van; Singh, Jai; Tanemura, Sakae

2012-01-01

In the past decade, nanostructured materials and nanoparticles have emerged as the necessary ingredients for electrooptical applications and enhancement of device performance, in particular by making use of the light management aspects of the nanomaterials. The application areas that are being transformed profoundly include smart coating devices (e.g., electrochromic, photochromic, and thermochromic devices), solar energy, and sensing. Despite the large volume of work in the past on smart coating devices, and in particular on electrochromic devices and thermochromic fenestrations, for optical transmission or reflection control, applications remain limited because of slow response time and nonuniformity in the case of largemore » surfaces. Recent works in the field indicate that nanostructured electrochromic coatings would be an integral part of the solution to the above problem. One aspect that can thus be focused on would be the fabrication and characterization of the nanostructured smart coating materials and their compatibility with other layers in the overall smart coating device. In the area of solar photovoltaics, nanomaterials have been used in designing light-trapping schemes for inorganic as well as organic solar cells. One particular category of solar cells that has attracted much interest is the plasmonic solar cells in which metallic nanoparticles are incorporated, helping in enhancing their energy conversion efficiency. Nanostructured solar cells would eventually develop into a 'game changing' technology for making solar cells that are affordable and highly efficient, providing a sizeable alternative energy source for our ever-increasing energy needs. Sensors based on the optical properties of constituting nanostructures and nanoparticles also form a most interesting class of bio- and electrochemical sensing devices. The possibility of synthetizing nanoparticles and structures of specifically desired sizes and shapes has indeed opened a whole new range of sensing applications. In parallel to the experimental development of nanomaterials for light management in devices, theoretical modeling and analysis have also accomplished much progress, and different methods for simulating the optical properties of nanoparticles and structures have been proposed. This special issue of the Journal of Nanomaterials is thus dedicated to articles dealing with nanostructured materials that can be used for light management purpose in different applications. Silicon-rich oxide (SRO) is a dielectric material that contains Si nanoparticles and exhibits interesting physical characteristics for applications in optoelectronic devices. The work by Aceves-Mijares et al. examine, in detail the electro-, cathode- and photoluminescence properties of SRO and discuss the origin of light emission in this type of materials. SRO films, of high and medium silicon excess density, obtained by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and annealed at 1,100 C have been studied. Results obtained by the authors have led to conclude that SRO emission properties are due to oxidation state nanoagglomerates rather than to nanocrystals, and the emission mechanism is similar to that in the donor-acceptor decay in semiconductors with a specific wide emission spectrum. Two papers are devoted to nanostructured electrochromic thin films, a category of materials most suitable for controlling light transmission or absorption in electrooptical devices, including smart window coatings. Dinh et al. have shown that by mixing nanostructured Ti and W oxides films, one can obtain devices with considerable enhancement of electrochromic efficiency and electrochemical stability as compared to the conventional nonnanostructured films. As large-area mixed Ti and W oxides can be prepared by the simple doctor blade technique followed by an electrochemical process, this type of nanostructured electrochromic films can be considered a good candidate for smart window applications. Djaoued et al. have presented their studies on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochromic applications of porous WO{sub 3} thin films with different nanocrystalline phases. Asymmetric type electrochromic devices have been constructed using hexagonal, monoclinic, and orthorhombic porous WO{sub 3} thin porous films, and their enhanced electrochromic functionality has been well demonstrated. The paper on smart materials by Chen et al. presents the synthesis of thermochromic W-doped VO{sub 2} (monoclinic/rutile) nanopowders using a novel and simple solution-based process as opposed to other conventional techniques such as excimer laser-assisted metal organic deposition and magnetron sputtering. This simple process is based on the reaction of ammonium metavanadate (NH{sub 4}VO{sub 3}) and oxalic acid dihydrate (C{sub 2}H{sub 2}O{sub 4} {center_dot} 2H{sub 2}O) followed by addition of appropriate ammonium tungstate (N{sub 5}H{sub 37}W{sub 6}O{sub 24} {center_dot} H{sub 2}O).« less

Integrated optical modulator manipulating the polarization and rotation handedness of Orbital Angular Momentum states.

PubMed

Mousavi, S Faezeh; Nouroozi, Rahman; Vallone, Giuseppe; Villoresi, Paolo

2017-06-19

Recent studies demonstrated that the optical channels encoded by Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) are capable candidates for improving the next generation of communication systems. OAM states can enhance the capacity and security of high-dimensional communication channels in both classical and quantum regimes based on optical fibre and free space. Hence, fast and precise control of the beams encoded by OAM can provide their commercial applications in the compatible communication networks. Integrated optical devices are good miniaturized options to perform this issue. This paper proposes a numerically verified integrated high-frequency electro-optical modulator for manipulation of the guided modes encoded in both OAM and polarization states. The proposed modulator is designed as an electro-optically active Lithium Niobate (LN) core photonic wire with silica as its cladding in a LN on Insulator (LNOI) configuration. It consists of two successive parts; a phase shifter to reverse the rotation handedness of the input OAM state and a polarization converter to change the horizontally polarized OAM state to the vertically polarized one. It is shown that all four possible output polarization-OAM encoded states can be achieved with only 6 V and 7 V applied voltages to the electrodes in the two parts of the modulator.

LCoS-SLM technology based on Digital Electro-optics Platform and using in dynamic optics for application development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Chun-Wei; Wang, Chen; Lyu, Bo-Han; Chu, Chen-Hsien

2017-08-01

Digital Electro-optics Platform is the main concept of Jasper Display Corp. (JDC) to develop various applications. These applications are based on our X-on-Silicon technologies, for example, X-on-Silicon technologies could be used on Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS), Micro Light-Emitting Diode on Silicon (μLEDoS), Organic Light-Emitting Diode on Silicon (OLEDoS), and Cell on Silicon (CELLoS), etc. LCoS technology is applied to Spatial Light Modulator (SLM), Dynamic Optics, Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS), Holographic Display, Microscopy, Bio-tech, 3D Printing and Adaptive Optics, etc. In addition, μLEDoS technology is applied to Augmented Reality (AR), Head Up Display (HUD), Head-mounted Display (HMD), and Wearable Devices. Liquid Crystal on Silicon - Spatial Light Modulator (LCoSSLM) based on JDC's On-Silicon technology for both amplitude and phase modulation, have an expanding role in several optical areas where light control on a pixel-by-pixel basis is critical for optimum system performance. Combination of the advantage of hardware and software, we can establish a "dynamic optics" for the above applications or more. Moreover, through the software operation, we can control the light more flexible and easily as programmable light processor.

Optical response of semiconductors in a dc-electric field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prussel, Lucie; Veniard, Valerie

A deep understanding of the optical properties of solids is crucial for the improvement of nonlinear materials and devices. It offers the opportunity to search for new materials with specific properties. One way to tune some of those properties is to apply an electrostatic field. This gives rise to electro-optic effects. The most known among those is the Pockel or linear electro-optic effect (LEO), which is a second order response property described by the susceptibility χ (2) (- ω ω , 0) . An important nonlinear process is the second harmonic generation (SHG), where two photons are absorbed by the material. While this process is sensitive to the symmetry of the material, adding a static field would enable a nonlinear response from every material, including centrosymmetric ones. This happens through a third order process, named EFISH (Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic) for which the susceptibility of interest is χ (3) (- 2 ω ω , ω , 0) . We have developed a theoretical approach and a numerical tool to study these two nonlinear properties (LEO and EFISH) in the context of Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT), and we have applied it to the case of bulk SiC and GaAs as well as layered systems such as Ge/SiGe.

Discussion on optical response of liquid-crystal BPIII driven by an inclined electric field.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Hui-Yu; Wang, Yen-Wen

Three blue phases exist between the chiral nematic and the liquid phase. Compared with the electro-optical properties of BPI and BPII, BPIII is a fast response photonic device with no residual birefringence, and less hysteresis effect when an in-plane electric field is applied. However, the in-the-plane field is not uniform and then the electro-optical properties is more complicate than that we can image. This is a key point for further application of BP. In this paper, a grating-like vertical electric field is used to induce the two different optical phenomena of BPIII. As the electric field is turned on, the light transmittance rapidly increases to a stable value (<0.5 ms, Kerr effect). If the applied voltage is a dc, the transmittance will remind in this stable value. However, when the applied voltage is ac, the transmittance will oscillate with the frequency. The change in transmittance will be obvious in a low frequency. From our observation, we have known that the oscillation of the transmittance is not caused by the ion effect. It is induced by reorientation of the induced optical axis (flexoeletric effect). Thus, we can control the applied frequency and the amplitude to modulate the contribution of Kerr effect and flexoelectric effect. MOST 105-2112-M-005-010.

Ferroelectric Nematic and Ferrielectric Smectic Mesophases in an Achiral Bent-Core Azo Compound.

PubMed

Kumar, Jitendra; Prasad, Veena

2018-03-22

Here, we report the observation of ferroelectric nematic and ferrielectric smectic mesophases in an achiral bent-core azo compound consisting of nonsymmetrical molecules with a lateral fluoro substitution on one of the wings. These mesophases are enantiotropic in nature with fairly low transition temperatures and wide mesophase ranges. The liquid crystalline properties of this compound are investigated using polarizing optical microscope, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction, and electro-optical studies. As revealed by X-ray diffraction measurements, the nematic mesophase is composed of skewed cybotactic clusters and, in the smectic mesophase, the molecules are tilted with respect to the layer normal. The polar order in these mesophases was confirmed by the electro-optical switching and dielectric spectroscopy measurements. The dielectric study in the nematic mesophase shows a single relaxation process at low frequency ( f < 1 kHz) measured in the range 10 Hz to 5 MHz, which is attributed to the collective motion of the molecules within cybotactic clusters. The formation of local polar order in these clusters leads to a ferroelectric-like polar switching in the nematic mesophase. Of particular interest is the fact that the smectic phase exhibits a field induced ferrielectric state, which can be exploited for designing of the potential optical devices due to multistate switching.

Quantum model for electro-optical amplitude modulation.

PubMed

Capmany, José; Fernández-Pousa, Carlos R

2010-11-22

We present a quantum model for electro-optic amplitude modulation, which is built upon quantum models of the main photonic components that constitute the modulator, that is, the guided-wave beamsplitter and the electro-optic phase modulator and accounts for all the different available modulator structures. General models are developed both for single and dual drive configurations and specific results are obtained for the most common configurations currently employed. Finally, the operation with two-photon input for the control of phase-modulated photons and the important topic of multicarrier modulation are also addressed.

Generalized Oseen transformation for and enhancement of Bragg characteristics of electro-optic structurally chiral materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lakhtakia, Akhlesh

2006-05-01

The Oseen transformation is generalized to define a non-electro-optic structurally chiral material, wherein propagation along the axis of chirality is equivalent to that in an electro-optic SCM with local 4¯2m point group symmetry. This generalization shows that the exploitation of the Pockels effect amounts to an enhancement of the effective local birefringence, which in turn can enhance the characteristics of the circular Bragg phenomenon. Electro-optic SCMs can therefore serve as efficient and electrically controllable circular- and elliptical-polarization rejection filters.

2.79 μm high peak power LGS electro-optically Q-switched Cr,Er:YSGG laser.

PubMed

Wang, Li; Wang, Jintao; Yang, Jingwei; Wu, Xianyou; Sun, Dunlu; Yin, Shaotang; Jiang, Haihe; Wang, Jiyang; Xu, Changqing

2013-06-15

A flash lamp pumped Cr,Er:YSGG laser utilizing a langasite (LGS) crystal as an electro-optic Q-switch is proposed and demonstrated. It is proved that a LGS crystal with relatively high damage threshold can be used as the electro-optic Q-switch at 2.79 μm, and 216 mJ pulse energy with 14.36 ns pulse width is achieved. Its corresponding peak power of pulse can reach 15 MW, to our knowledge the best result at a 2.79 μm wavelength.

An electrooptic probe to determine internal electric fields in a piezoelectric transformer.

PubMed

Norgard, Peter; Kovaleski, Scott

2012-02-01

A technique using the electrooptic effect to determine the output voltage of an optically clear LiNbO(3) piezoelectric transformer was developed and explored. A brief mathematical description of the solution is provided, as well as experimental data demonstrating a linear response under ac resonant operating conditions. A technique to calibrate the diagnostic was developed and is described. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the electrooptic response to variations in angular alignment between the LiNbO(3) transformer and the laser probe are discussed.

Athermal design for the potassium titanyl phosphate electro-optical modulator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Guoliang; Xu, Jie; Chen, Lixiang; Wang, Hongcheng; She, Weilong

2007-09-01

An athermal design for the KTP electro-optical modulator is presented. By using the wave coupling theory of linear electro-optic effect and taking account of thermal expansion, the more accurate athermal static phase retardation (ASPR) directions in potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) are found, and the optimized design for a transverse amplitude modulator at ASPR orientation is obtained. The numerical results show that the modulator with an athermal Soleil-Babinet compensator is of excellent thermal stability, and the acceptable error of the ASPR direction is less than 0.1°.

Electrochromic optical switching device

DOEpatents

Lampert, C.M.; Visco, S.J.

1992-08-25

An electrochromic cell is disclosed which comprises an electrochromic layer, a polymerizable organo-sulfur layer which comprises the counter electrode of the structure, and an ionically conductive electronically insulating material which comprises the separator between the electrodes. In a preferred embodiment, both the separator and the organo-sulfur electrode (in both its charged and uncharged states) are transparent either to visible light or to the entire solar spectrum. An electrochromic device is disclosed which comprises such electrodes and separator encased in glass plates on the inner surface of each of which is formed a transparent electrically conductive film in respective electrical contact with the electrodes which facilitates formation of an external electrical connection or contact to the electrodes of the device to permit electrical connection of the device to an external potential source. 3 figs.

Electrochromic optical switching device

DOEpatents

Lampert, Carl M.; Visco, Steven J.

1992-01-01

An electrochromic cell is disclosed which comprises an electrochromic layer, a polymerizable organo-sulfur layer which comprises the counter electrode of the structure, and an ionically conductive electronically insulating material which comprises the separator between the electrodes. In a preferred embodiment, both the separator and the organo-sulfur electrode (in both its charged and uncharged states) are transparent either to visible light or to the entire solar spectrum. An electrochromic device is disclosed which comprises such electrodes and separator encased in glass plates on the inner surface of each of which is formed a transparent electrically conductive film in respective electrical contact with the electrodes which facilitates formation of an external electrical connection or contact to the electrodes of the device to permit electrical connection of the device to an external potential source.

Constricted double-heterojunction AlGaAs diode lasers - Structures and electrooptical characteristics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Botez, D.

1981-01-01

Constricted double-heterojunction (CDH) diode lasers are presented as a class of nonplanar-substrate devices for which the lasing cavity is on the least resistive electrical path between the contact and the substrate. Various CDH structures are discussed while treating such topics as liquid-phase epitaxy over channeled substrates, lateral mode control, and current control in nonplanar-substrate devices. Ridge-guide CDH lasers with positive-index lateral mode confinement provides single-mode CW operation to 7 mW/facet at room temperature and to 3 mW/facet at 150 C, while exhibiting light-current characteristics with second-harmonic distortions as low as -57 dB below the fundamental level. Semileaky guide CDH lasers with an asymmetric leaky cavity provide single-mode operation to 15-20 mW/facet CW, and to 50 mW/facet at 50% duty cycle.

Effect of mechanical milling on barium titanate (BaTiO3) perovskite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, Rajan Kumar; Sanodia, Sagar; Jain, Neha; Kumar, Ranveer

2018-05-01

Commercial Barium Titanate BaTiO3 (BT) is milled by planetary ball mill in acetone medium using stainless steel bowl & ball for different hours. BT is an important perovskite oxide with structure ABO3. BT has applications in electro-optic devices, energy storing devices such as photovoltaic cells, thermistors, multiceramic capacitors & DRAMs etc. BT is non-toxic & environment friendly ceramic with high dielectric and piezoelectric property so it can be used as the substitute of PZT & PbTiO3. Here, we have investigated the effect of milling time and temperature on particle size and phase transition of BT powder. We used use Raman spectroscopy for studying the spectra of BT; XRD is used for structural study. Intensity (height) of Raman spectra and XRD spectra continuously decrease with increasing the milling hours and width if these spectra increases which indicates, decrease in BT size.

Modeling of the Temperature-dependent Spectral Response of In(1-x)Ga(x)Sb Infrared Photodetectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gonzalex-Cuevas, Juan A.; Refaat, Tamer F.; Abedin, M. Nurul; Elsayed-Ali, Hani E.

2006-01-01

A model of the spectral responsivity of In(1-x) Ga(x) Sb p-n junction infrared photodetectors has been developed. This model is based on calculations of the photogenerated and diffusion currents in the device. Expressions for the carrier mobilities, absorption coefficient and normal-incidence reflectivity as a function of temperature were derived from extensions made to Adachi and Caughey-Thomas models. Contributions from the Auger recombination mechanism, which increase with a rise in temperature, have also been considered. The responsivity was evaluated for different doping levels, diffusion depths, operating temperatures, and photon energies. Parameters calculated from the model were compared with available experimental data, and good agreement was obtained. These theoretical calculations help to better understand the electro-optical behavior of In(1-x) Ga(x) Sb photodetectors, and can be utilized for performance enhancement through optimization of the device structure.

The exploration of outer space with cameras: A history of the NASA unmanned spacecraft missions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mirabito, M. M.

The use of television cameras and other video imaging devices to explore the solar system's planetary bodies with unmanned spacecraft is chronicled. Attention is given to the missions and the imaging devices, beginning with the Ranger 7 moon mission, which featured the first successfully operated electrooptical subsystem, six television cameras with vidicon image sensors. NASA established a network of parabolic, ground-based antennas on the earth (the Deep Space Network) to receive signals from spacecraft travelling farther than 16,000 km into space. The image processing and enhancement techniques used to convert spacecraft data transmissions into black and white and color photographs are described, together with the technological requirements that drove the development of the various systems. Terrestrial applications of the planetary imaging systems are explored, including medical and educational uses. Finally, the implementation and functional characteristics of CCDs are detailed, noting their installation on the Space Telescope.

Photonic crystal light emitting diode based on Er and Si nanoclusters co-doped slot waveguide

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lo Savio, R.; Galli, M.; Liscidini, M.

We report on the design, fabrication, and electro-optical characterization of a light emitting device operating at 1.54 μm, whose active layer consists of silicon oxide containing Er-doped Si nanoclusters. A photonic crystal (PhC) is fabricated on the top-electrode to enhance the light extraction in the vertical direction, and thus the external efficiency of the device. This occurs if a photonic mode of the PhC slab is resonant with the Er emission energy, as confirmed by theoretical calculations and experimental analyses. We measure an increase of the extraction efficiency by a factor of 3 with a high directionality of light emission inmore » a narrow vertical cone. External quantum efficiency and power efficiency are among the highest reported for this kind of material. These results are important for the realization of CMOS-compatible efficient light emitters at telecom wavelengths.« less

Microsecond-range optical shutter for unpolarized light with chiral nematic liquid crystal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mohammadimasoudi, Mohammad, E-mail: Mohammad.Mohammadimasoudi@elis.ugent.be; Neyts, Kristiaan; Beeckman, Jeroen

2015-04-15

A fast electro-optic shutter is fabricated and demonstrated. The device works independently of the polarization state of the incoming light beam. Modulation between 3% transmission and 60% transmission is obtained within a wavelength range of 50 nm with a response time of 20 μs. The device consists of two partly polymerized chiral nematic liquid crystal layers separated by a half wave plate. The transmission modulation is due to a 50 nm wavelength shift of the photonic band gap of the chiral liquid crystal realized by applying an electric field over a mixture of photo-polymerized LC and non-reactive nematic LC containingmore » a chiral dopant. The shutter features high reflectivity in the photonic band gap. We investigate the influence of the amplitude of the applied voltage on the width and the depth of the reflection band.« less

Development of the sonic pump levitation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunn, S. A.

1984-01-01

A prototype levitating/positioning device termed the Sonic Pump Levitator was designed, built and successfully tested in full gravity and in the reduced gravity of the parabolic flight regime of the KC-135. Positioning is achieved by timely and appropriate application of gas momentum from one or more of six sonic pumps. The sonic pumps, which are arranged orthogonally in opposed pairs about the levitation region, are activated by an electro-optical, computer controlled, feedback system. The sonic pump is a transducer which is capable of converting sound energy into a directed flow of gas. It consists of a loudspeaker whose face is sealed by a closure perforated by one or more orifices. The diaphragm of the loudspeaker is the only moving part of the sonic pump, no valves being needed. This very low inertia electromechanical device was developed to provide the short response time necessary to keep pace with the demands of computerized position keeping.

Devices, systems, and methods for imaging

DOEpatents

Appleby, David; Fraser, Iain; Watson, Scott

2008-04-15

Certain exemplary embodiments comprise a system, which can comprise an imaging plate. The imaging plate can be exposable by an x-ray source. The imaging plate can be configured to be used in digital radiographic imaging. The imaging plate can comprise a phosphor-based image storage device configured to convert an image stored therein into light.

Tunable Optical Filters Having Electro-optic Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Savchenkov, Anatoliy (Inventor); Ilchenko, Vladimir (Inventor); Matsko, Andrey B. (Inventor); Maleki, Lutfollah (Inventor)

2006-01-01

Tunable optical filters using whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators are described. The WGM optical resonator in a filter exhibits an electro-optical effect and hence is tunable by applying a control electrical signal.

Electro-optic Modulation in Single-crystal Film of DAST Measured at 1.55 microns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Titus, Jitto; Swamy, Rajendra; Govindan Kutty, Srivatsa; Khatavkar, Sanchit; Thakur, Mrinal

2003-03-01

Exceptionally large electro-optic coefficient and high-speed modulation at 750 nm in DAST single-crystal film has been recently reported.[1] In this presentation, our measurement of electro-optic modulation in DAST single-crystal film at 1.55 microns will be discussed. The single-crystal film was prepared by the modified shear method. The modulation measurement was performed in the transverse configuration using the field-induced birefringence method. A semiconductor laser was used for this experiment. The light beam was propagated perpendicular to the film and the modulation was recorded for an ac field applied along the dipole axis on the film. About 6.5at a low field leading to a magnitude of the electro-optic coefficient (r11) of about 200 pm/V at 1.55 microns. 1. M. Thakur, A. Mishra, J. Titus and A.C. Ahyi, APL, 81 3738 (2002).

An investigation of correlation between pilot scanning behavior and workload using stepwise regression analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waller, M. C.

1976-01-01

An electro-optical device called an oculometer which tracks a subject's lookpoint as a time function has been used to collect data in a real-time simulation study of instrument landing system (ILS) approaches. The data describing the scanning behavior of a pilot during the instrument approaches have been analyzed by use of a stepwise regression analysis technique. A statistically significant correlation between pilot workload, as indicated by pilot ratings, and scanning behavior has been established. In addition, it was demonstrated that parameters derived from the scanning behavior data can be combined in a mathematical equation to provide a good representation of pilot workload.

Active polarisation control of a quantum cascade laser using tuneable birefringence in waveguides.

PubMed

Dhirhe, D; Slight, T J; Holmes, B M; Ironside, C N

2013-10-07

We discuss the design, modelling, fabrication and characterisation of an integrated tuneable birefringent waveguide for quantum cascade lasers. We have fabricated quantum cascade lasers operating at wavelengths around 4450 nm that include polarisation mode converters and a differential phase shift section. We employed below laser threshold electroluminescence to investigate the single pass operation of the integrated device. We use a theory based on the electro-optic properties of birefringence in quantum cascade laser waveguides combined with a Jones matrix based description to gain an understanding of the electroluminescence results. With the quantum cascade lasers operating above threshold we demonstrated polarisation control of the output.

An accurate laser radiometer for determining visible exposure times.

PubMed

Royston, D D

1985-01-01

A laser light radiometer has been developed for the Electro-Optics Branch of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH). The radiometer measures direct laser radiation emitted in the visible spectrum. Based upon this measurement, the instrument's microprocessor automatically determines at what time duration the exposure to the measured laser radiation would exceed either the class I accessible emission limits of the Federal Performance Standard for laser products or the maximum permissible exposure limits of laser user safety standards. The instrument also features automatic background level compensation, pulse measurement capability, and self-diagnosis. Measurement of forward surface illumination levels preceding HpD photoradiation therapy is possible.

DNA-based nonlinear photonic materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heckman, Emily M.; Grote, James G.; Yaney, Perry P.; Hopkins, F. K.

2004-10-01

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), extracted from salmon sperm through an enzyme isolation process, is a by-product of Japan"s fishing industry. To make DNA a suitable material for nonlinear optic (NLO) applications, it is precipitated with a surfactant complex, hexadecyltrimethlammonium chloride (CTMA). Preliminary characterization studies suggest DNA-CTMA may be a suitable host material for guest-host NLO polymer based electro-optic (EO) waveguide devices. The optical and electromagnetic properties of DNA-CTMA, as well as the development and EO measurement of a disperse red 1 (DR1) guest / DNA/CTMA host NLO material, are reported. Comparisons to a DR1 guest / poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host NLO material are made.

Monolithic integration of a MOSFET with a MEMS device

DOEpatents

Bennett, Reid; Draper, Bruce

2003-01-01

An integrated microelectromechanical system comprises at least one MOSFET interconnected to at least one MEMS device on a common substrate. A method for integrating the MOSFET with the MEMS device comprises fabricating the MOSFET and MEMS device monolithically on the common substrate. Conveniently, the gate insulator, gate electrode, and electrical contacts for the gate, source, and drain can be formed simultaneously with the MEMS device structure, thereby eliminating many process steps and materials. In particular, the gate electrode and electrical contacts of the MOSFET and the structural layers of the MEMS device can be doped polysilicon. Dopant diffusion from the electrical contacts is used to form the source and drain regions of the MOSFET. The thermal diffusion step for forming the source and drain of the MOSFET can comprise one or more of the thermal anneal steps to relieve stress in the structural layers of the MEMS device.

Apparatus for fixing latency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hall, David R; Bartholomew, David B; Moon, Justin

2009-09-08

An apparatus for fixing computational latency within a deterministic region on a network comprises a network interface modem, a high priority module and at least one deterministic peripheral device. The network interface modem is in communication with the network. The high priority module is in communication with the network interface modem. The at least one deterministic peripheral device is connected to the high priority module. The high priority module comprises a packet assembler/disassembler, and hardware for performing at least one operation. Also disclosed is an apparatus for executing at least one instruction on a downhole device within a deterministic region,more » the apparatus comprising a control device, a downhole network, and a downhole device. The control device is near the surface of a downhole tool string. The downhole network is integrated into the tool string. The downhole device is in communication with the downhole network.« less

Measurement of the internal stress and electric field in a resonating piezoelectric transformer for high-voltage applications using the electro-optic and photoelastic effects.

PubMed

VanGordon, James A; Kovaleski, Scott D; Norgard, Peter; Gall, Brady B; Dale, Gregory E

2014-02-01

The high output voltages from piezoelectric transformers are currently being used to accelerate charged particle beams for x-ray and neutron production. Traditional methods of characterizing piezoelectric transformers (PTs) using electrical probes can decrease the voltage transformation ratio of the device due to the introduction of load impedances on the order of hundreds of kiloohms to hundreds of megaohms. Consequently, an optical diagnostic was developed that used the photoelastic and electro-optic effects present in piezoelectric materials that are transparent to a given optical wavelength to determine the internal stress and electric field. The combined effects of the piezoelectric, photoelastic, and electro-optic effects result in a time-dependent change the refractive indices of the material and produce an artificially induced, time-dependent birefringence in the piezoelectric material. This induced time-dependent birefringence results in a change in the relative phase difference between the ordinary and extraordinary wave components of a helium-neon laser beam. The change in phase difference between the wave components was measured using a set of linear polarizers. The measured change in phase difference was used to calculate the stress and electric field based on the nonlinear optical properties, the piezoelectric constitutive equations, and the boundary conditions of the PT. Maximum stresses of approximately 10 MPa and electric fields of as high as 6 kV/cm were measured with the optical diagnostic. Measured results were compared to results from both a simple one-dimensional (1D) model of the piezoelectric transformer and a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model. Measured stresses and electric fields along the length of an operating length-extensional PT for two different electrical loads were within at least 50 % of 3D finite element simulated results. Additionally, the 3D finite element results were more accurate than the results from the 1D model for a wider range of electrical load impedances under test.

Method for morphological control and encapsulation of materials for electronics and energy applications

DOEpatents

Ivanov, Ilia N.; Simpson, John T.

2013-06-11

An electronic device comprises a drawn glass tube having opposing ends, a semiconductive material disposed inside of the drawn glass tube, and a first electrode and a second electrode disposed at the opposing ends of the drawn glass tube. A method of making an electrical device comprises disposing a semiconductive material inside of a glass tube, and drawing the glass tube with the semiconductive material disposed therein to form a drawn glass tube. The method of making an electrical device also comprises disposing a first electrode and a second electrode on the opposing ends of the drawn glass tube to form an electric device.

Electrochemical energy storage device based on carbon dioxide as electroactive species

DOEpatents

Nemeth, Karoly; van Veenendaal, Michel Antonius; Srajer, George

2013-03-05

An electrochemical energy storage device comprising a primary positive electrode, a negative electrode, and one or more ionic conductors. The ionic conductors ionically connect the primary positive electrode with the negative electrode. The primary positive electrode comprises carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and a means for electrochemically reducing the CO.sub.2. This means for electrochemically reducing the CO.sub.2 comprises a conductive primary current collector, contacting the CO.sub.2, whereby the CO.sub.2 is reduced upon the primary current collector during discharge. The primary current collector comprises a material to which CO.sub.2 and the ionic conductors are essentially non-corrosive. The electrochemical energy storage device uses CO.sub.2 as an electroactive species in that the CO.sub.2 is electrochemically reduced during discharge to enable the release of electrical energy from the device.

High spatial resolution X-ray and gamma ray imaging system using diffraction crystals

DOEpatents

Smither, Robert K [Hinsdale, IL

2011-05-17

A method and a device for high spatial resolution imaging of a plurality of sources of x-ray and gamma-ray radiation are provided. The device comprises a plurality of arrays, with each array comprising a plurality of elements comprising a first collimator, a diffracting crystal, a second collimator, and a detector.

Nanocrystal-polymer nanocomposite electrochromic device

DOEpatents

Milliron, Delia; Runnerstrom, Evan; Helms, Brett; Llordes, Anna; Buonsanti, Raffaella; Garcia, Guillermo

2015-12-08

Described is an electrochromic nanocomposite film comprising a solid matrix of an oxide based material, the solid matrix comprising a plurality of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) nanostructures dispersed in the solid matrix and a lithium salt dispersed in the solid matrix. Also described is a near infrared nanostructured electrochromic device having a functional layer comprising the electrochromic nanocomposite film.

An approach to control tuning range and speed in 1D ternary photonic band gap material nano-layered optical filter structures electro-optically

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zia, Shahneel; Banerjee, Anirudh

2016-05-01

This paper demonstrates a way to control spectrum tuning capability in one-dimensional (1D) ternary photonic band gap (PBG) material nano-layered structures electro-optically. It is shown that not only tuning range, but also tuning speed of tunable optical filters based on 1D ternary PBG structures can be controlled Electro-optically. This approach finds application in tuning range enhancement of 1D Ternary PBG structures and compensating temperature sensitive transmission spectrum shift in 1D Ternary PBG structures.

100 GHz pulse waveform measurement based on electro-optic sampling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Zhigang; Zhao, Kejia; Yang, Zhijun; Miao, Jingyuan; Chen, He

2018-05-01

We present an ultrafast pulse waveform measurement system based on an electro-optic sampling technique at 1560 nm and prepare LiTaO3-based electro-optic modulators with a coplanar waveguide structure. The transmission and reflection characteristics of electrical pulses on a coplanar waveguide terminated with an open circuit and a resistor are investigated by analyzing the corresponding time-domain pulse waveforms. We measure the output electrical pulse waveform of a 100 GHz photodiode and the obtained rise times of the impulse and step responses are 2.5 and 3.4 ps, respectively.

Silicon-integrated thin-film structure for electro-optic applications

DOEpatents

McKee, Rodney A.; Walker, Frederick Joseph

2000-01-01

A crystalline thin-film structure suited for use in any of an number of electro-optic applications, such as a phase modulator or a component of an interferometer, includes a semiconductor substrate of silicon and a ferroelectric, optically-clear thin film of the perovskite BaTiO.sub.3 overlying the surface of the silicon substrate. The BaTiO.sub.3 thin film is characterized in that substantially all of the dipole moments associated with the ferroelectric film are arranged substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate to enhance the electro-optic qualities of the film.

An approach to control tuning range and speed in 1D ternary photonic band gap material nano-layered optical filter structures electro-optically

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zia, Shahneel, E-mail: shahneelzia@gmail.com; Banerjee, Anirudh, E-mail: abanerjee@amity.edu

2016-05-06

This paper demonstrates a way to control spectrum tuning capability in one-dimensional (1D) ternary photonic band gap (PBG) material nano-layered structures electro-optically. It is shown that not only tuning range, but also tuning speed of tunable optical filters based on 1D ternary PBG structures can be controlled Electro-optically. This approach finds application in tuning range enhancement of 1D Ternary PBG structures and compensating temperature sensitive transmission spectrum shift in 1D Ternary PBG structures.

Carrier-envelope phase control using linear electro-optic effect.

PubMed

Gobert, O; Paul, P M; Hergott, J F; Tcherbakoff, O; Lepetit, F; 'Oliveira, P D; Viala, F; Comte, M

2011-03-14

We present a new method to control the Carrier-Envelope Phase of ultra-short laser pulses by using the linear Electro-Optic Effect. Experimental demonstration is carried out on a Chirped Pulse Amplification based laser. Phase shifts greater than π radian can be obtained by applying moderate voltage on a LiNbO3 crystal with practically no changes to all other parameters of the pulse with the exception of its group delay. Time response of the Electro-Optic effect makes possible shaping at a high repetition rate or stabilization of the CEP of ultra short CPA laser systems.

High-power electro-optic switch technology based on novel transparent ceramic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue-Jiao, Zhang; Qing, Ye; Rong-Hui, Qu; Hai-wen, Cai

2016-03-01

A novel high-power polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology based on a reciprocal structure Sagnac interferometer and a transparent quadratic electro-optic ceramic is proposed and analyzed theoretically and experimentally. The electro-optic ceramic is used as a phase retarder for the clockwise and counter-clockwise polarized light, and their polarization directions are adjusted to their orthogonal positions by using two half-wave plates. The output light then becomes polarization-independent with respect to the polarization direction of the input light. The switch characteristics, including splitter ratios and polarization states, are theoretically analyzed and simulated in detail by the matrix multiplication method. An experimental setup is built to verify the analysis and experimental results. A new component ceramic is used and a non-polarizing cube beam splitter (NPBS) replaces the beam splitter (BS) to lower the ON/OFF voltage to 305 V and improve the extinction ratio by 2 dB. Finally, the laser-induced damage threshold for the proposed switch is measured and discussed. It is believed that potential applications of this novel polarization-independent electro-optic switch technology will be wide, especially for ultrafast high-power laser systems. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61137004, 61405218, and 61535014).

Electro-optical effects in porous PET films filled with liquid crystal: new possibilities for fiber optics and THZ applications.

PubMed

Chopik, A; Pasechnik, S; Semerenko, D; Shmeliova, D; Dubtsov, A; Srivastava, A K; Chigrinov, V

2014-03-15

The results of investigation of electro-optical properties of porous polyethylene terephthalate films filled with a nematic liquid crystal (5 CB) are presented. It is established that the optical response of the samples on the applied voltage drastically depends on the frequency range. At low frequencies of applied electrical field (ffc) electric field induces an overall change in the light intensity, which is typical for an electro-optical response of a liquid crystal (LC) layer in a conventional "sandwich"-like cell. The dependences of critical frequency fc, threshold voltages, and characteristic times on a pore diameter d were established. The peculiarities of electro-optical effects can be explained in the framework of the approach which connects the variations of light intensity with the corresponding changes of the effective refractive index n(eff) of a composite LC media. The unusual behavior of the electro-optical response at low frequencies is assigned to the orienting action of the specific shear flow typical for electrokinetic phenomena in polar liquids.

Optical devices and methods employing nanoparticles, microcavities, and semicontinuous metal films

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shalaev, Vladimir M. (Inventor); Sarychev, Andrey K. (Inventor); Armstrong, Robert L. (Inventor); Smith, Harold V. (Inventor); Ying, Z. Charles (Inventor)

2006-01-01

An optical sensing enhancing material (and corresponding method of making) comprising: a medium, the medium comprising a plurality of aggregated nanoparticles comprising fractals; and a microcavity, wherein the medium is located in a vicinity of the microcavity. Also an optical sensor and sensing method comprising: providing a doped medium, the medium comprising a plurality of aggregated nanoparticles comprising fractals, with the material; locating the doped medium in the vicinity of a microcavity; exciting the doped medium with a light source; and detecting light reflected from the doped medium. Also an optical sensing enhancing material comprising a medium, the medium comprising a semicontinuous metal film of randomly distributed metal particles and their clusters at approximately their percolation threshold. The medium preferably additionally comprises a microcavity/microresonator. Also devices and methods employing such material.

Effects of anodic aluminum oxide membrane on performance of nanostructured solar cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Hongmei; Singh, Vijay

2015-05-01

Three nanowire solar cell device configurations have been fabricated to demonstrate the effects of the host anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane on device performance. The three configurations show similar transmittance spectra, indicating that AAO membrane has negligible optical absorption. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device is studied as a function of the carrier transport and collection in cell structures with and without AAO membrane. Free standing nanowire solar cells exhibit PCE of 9.9%. Through inclusion of AAO in solar cell structure, interface defects and traps caused by humidity and oxygen are reduced, and direct contact of CdTe tentacles with SnO2 and formation of micro shunt shorts are prevented; hence PCE is improved to 11.1%-11.3%. Partially embedded nanowire solar cells further reduce influence of non-ideal and non-uniform nanowire growth and generate a large amount of carriers in axial direction and also a small quantity of carriers in lateral direction, thus becoming a promising solar cell structure. Thus, including AAO membrane in solar cell structure provides favorable electro-optical properties as well as mechanical advantages.

Tissue tightening technologies: fact or fiction.

PubMed

Sadick, Neil

2008-01-01

Skin laxity is associated with chronological aging and exposure to solar radiation. The authors summarize the advantages and limitations of current laser, light-, and radiofrequency (RF)-based technologies purported to treat skin laxity by effecting heat-induced collagen contraction and subsequent remodeling during the months after treatment. Although penetration of laser or broadband light to the deep dermal layers is limited because of scattering of the light by epidermal melanin, a new device in which broadband infrared light is minimally scattered may overcome these limitations. RF energy offers a treatment alternative that has not only been proven to promote collagen contraction and remodeling but also is not scattered by epidermal constituents. Recently launched devices that use combinations of optical and RF energy achieve clinical benefits at lower and therefore safer levels of energy, with only mild pain and few adverse effects. A combined infrared-RF device takes maximum advantage of both optical and RF technologies to achieve the desired clinical effect. The electrooptical synergy systems have proven to be safe, effective, reliable, and user-friendly. Other more advanced powerful technologies may also be effective in this setting.

Modules and methods for all photonic computing

DOEpatents

Schultz, David R.; Ma, Chao Hung

2001-01-01

A method for all photonic computing, comprising the steps of: encoding a first optical/electro-optical element with a two dimensional mathematical function representing input data; illuminating the first optical/electro-optical element with a collimated beam of light; illuminating a second optical/electro-optical element with light from the first optical/electro-optical element, the second optical/electro-optical element having a characteristic response corresponding to an iterative algorithm useful for solving a partial differential equation; iteratively recirculating the signal through the second optical/electro-optical element with light from the second optical/electro-optical element for a predetermined number of iterations; and, after the predetermined number of iterations, optically and/or electro-optically collecting output data representing an iterative optical solution from the second optical/electro-optical element.

Photorefractive performance of polymer composite sensitized by CdSe nanoparticles passivated by 1-hexadecylamine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aslam, Farzana; Binks, David J.; Rahn, Mark D.; West, David P.; O'Brien, Paul; Pickett, Nigel

2005-07-01

The performance of a photorefractive polymer composite sensitized by 1-hexadecylamine capped CdSe nanoparticles is reported. The polymer composite also comprises the charge transporting matrix poly(N-vinylcarbazole) and the electro-optic chromophore 1-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2,5-dimethyl-4-(4-nitrophenylazo) benzene. At an applied field of 70?V?µ m-1 two beam coupling gain of 13.2?cm-1 was observed, confirming the photorefractive nature of the induced grating. At the same field, a holographic contrast of 9.12×10-4±6×10-6, a photorefractive sensitivity of 5.1×10-4 ±0.2×10-4?cm3?J-1 and a space-charge field rise time of 13±1?s were obtained.

Sensor devices comprising field-structured composites

DOEpatents

Martin, James E.; Hughes, Robert C.; Anderson, Robert A.

2001-02-27

A new class of sensor devices comprising field-structured conducting composites comprising a textured distribution of conducting magnetic particles is disclosed. The conducting properties of such field-structured materials can be precisely controlled during fabrication so as to exhibit a large change in electrical conductivity when subject to any environmental influence which changes the relative volume fraction. Influences which can be so detected include stress, strain, shear, temperature change, humidity, magnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, and the presence or absence of certain chemicals. This behavior can be made the basis for a wide variety of sensor devices.

Method of making organic light emitting devices

DOEpatents

Shiang, Joseph John [Niskayuna, NY; Janora, Kevin Henry [Schenectady, NY; Parthasarathy, Gautam [Saratoga Springs, NY; Cella, James Anthony [Clifton Park, NY; Chichak, Kelly Scott [Clifton Park, NY

2011-03-22

The present invention provides a method for the preparation of organic light-emitting devices comprising a bilayer structure made by forming a first film layer comprising an electroactive material and an INP precursor material, and exposing the first film layer to a radiation source under an inert atmosphere to generate an interpenetrating network polymer composition comprising the electroactive material. At least one additional layer is disposed on the reacted first film layer to complete the bilayer structure. The bilayer structure is comprised within an organic light-emitting device comprising standard features such as electrodes and optionally one or more additional layers serving as a bipolar emission layer, a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, exciton-hole transporting layer, exciton-electron transporting layer, a hole transporting emission layer, or an electron transporting emission layer.

Printed Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lettow, John S. (Inventor); Crain, John M. (Inventor); Aksay, Ilhan A. (Inventor); Korkut, Sibel (Inventor); Chiang, Katherine S. (Inventor); Chen, Chuan-Hua (Inventor); Prud'Homme, Robert K. (Inventor)

2016-01-01

Printed electronic device comprising a substrate onto at least one surface of which has been applied a layer of an electrically conductive ink comprising functionalized graphene sheets and at least one binder. A method of preparing printed electronic devices is further disclosed.

Printed Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Korkut, Sibel (Inventor); Chiang, Katherine S. (Inventor); Crain, John M. (Inventor); Aksay, Ilhan A. (Inventor); Lettow, John S. (Inventor); Chen, Chuan-Hua (Inventor); Prud'Homme, Robert K. (Inventor)

2018-01-01

Printed electronic device comprising a substrate onto at least one surface of which has been applied a layer of an electrically conductive ink comprising functionalized graphene sheets and at least one binder. A method of preparing printed electronic devices is further disclosed.

Printed Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aksay, Ilhan A. (Inventor); Chen, Chuan-Hua (Inventor); Lettow, John S. (Inventor); Chiang, Katherine S. (Inventor); Prud'Homme, Robert K. (Inventor); Crain, John M. (Inventor); Korkut, Sibel (Inventor)

2015-01-01

Printed electronic device comprising a substrate onto at least one surface of which has been applied a layer of an electrically conductive ink comprising functionalized graphene sheets and at least one binder. A method of preparing printed electronic devices is further disclosed.

Printed Electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aksay, Ilhan A. (Inventor); Crain, John M. (Inventor); Chiang, Katherine S. (Inventor); Prud'Homme, Robert K. (Inventor); Lettow, John S. (Inventor); Korkut, Sibel A. (Inventor); Chen, Chuan-Hua (Inventor)

2014-01-01

Printed electronic device comprising a substrate onto at least one surface of which has been applied a layer of an electrically conductive ink comprising functionalized graphene sheets and at least one binder. A method of preparing printed electronic devices is further disclosed.

Printed electronics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lettow, John S. (Inventor); Prud'Homme, Robert K. (Inventor); Crain, John M. (Inventor); Aksay, Ilhan A. (Inventor); Korkut, Sibel A. (Inventor); Chiang, Katherine S. (Inventor); Chen, Chuan-hua (Inventor)

2012-01-01

Printed electronic device comprising a substrate onto at least one surface of which has been applied a layer of an electrically conductive ink comprising functionalized graphene sheets and at least one binder. A method of preparing printed electronic devices is further disclosed.

Organic light emitting device structure for obtaining chromaticity stability

DOEpatents

Tung, Yeh-Jiun [Princeton, NJ; Ngo, Tan [Levittown, PA

2007-05-01

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices of the present invention are efficient white or multicolored phosphorescent OLEDs which have a high color stability over a wide range of luminances. The devices of the present invention comprise an emissive region having at least two emissive layers, with each emissive layer comprising a different host and emissive dopant, wherein at least one of the emissive dopants emits by phosphorescence.

Organic light emitting device structures for obtaining chromaticity stability

DOEpatents

Tung, Yeh-Jiun; Lu, Michael; Kwong, Raymond C.

2005-04-26

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices of the present invention are efficient white or multicolored phosphorescent OLEDs which have a high color stability over a wide range of luminances. The devices of the present invention comprise an emissive region having at least two emissive layers, with each emissive layer comprising a different host and emissive dopant, wherein at least one of the emissive dopants emits by phosphorescence.

Apparatus And Method For Osl-Based, Remote Radiation Monitoring And Spectrometry

DOEpatents

Miller, Steven D.; Smith, Leon Eric; Skorpik, James R.

2006-03-07

Compact, OSL-based devices for long-term, unattended radiation detection and spectroscopy are provided. In addition, a method for extracting spectroscopic information from these devices is taught. The devices can comprise OSL pixels and at least one radiation filter surrounding at least a portion of the OSL pixels. The filter can modulate an incident radiation flux. The devices can further comprise a light source and a detector, both proximally located to the OSL pixels, as well as a power source and a wireless communication device, each operably connected to the light source and the detector. Power consumption of the device ranges from ultra-low to zero. The OSL pixels can retain data regarding incident radiation events as trapped charges. The data can be extracted wirelessly or manually. The method for extracting spectroscopic data comprises optically stimulating the exposed OSL pixels, detecting a readout luminescence, and reconstructing an incident-energy spectrum from the luminescence.

Apparatus and method for OSL-based, remote radiation monitoring and spectrometry

DOEpatents

Smith, Leon Eric [Richland, WA; Miller, Steven D [Richland, WA; Bowyer, Theodore W [Oakton, VA

2008-05-20

Compact, OSL-based devices for long-term, unattended radiation detection and spectroscopy are provided. In addition, a method for extracting spectroscopic information from these devices is taught. The devices can comprise OSL pixels and at least one radiation filter surrounding at least a portion of the OSL pixels. The filter can modulate an incident radiation flux. The devices can further comprise a light source and a detector, both proximally located to the OSL pixels, as well as a power source and a wireless communication device, each operably connected to the light source and the detector. Power consumption of the device ranges from ultra-low to zero. The OSL pixels can retain data regarding incident radiation events as trapped charges. The data can be extracted wirelessly or manually. The method for extracting spectroscopic data comprises optically stimulating the exposed OSL pixels, detecting a readout luminescence, and reconstructing an incident-energy spectrum from the luminescence.

Metallization of bacterial cellulose for electrical and electronic device manufacture

DOEpatents

Evans, Barbara R.; O'Neill, Hugh M.; Jansen, Valerie Malyvanh; Woodward, Jonathan

2006-01-17

The employment of metallized bacterial cellulose in the construction of fuel cells and other electronic devices is disclosed. The fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane comprising a membrane support structure comprising bacterial cellulose, an anode disposed on one side of the electrolyte membrane, and a cathode disposed on an opposite side of the electrolyte membrane. At least one of the anode and the cathode comprises an electrode support structure comprising bacterial cellulose, and a catalyst disposed in or on the electrode support structure.

Electro-optical full-adder/full-subtractor based on graphene-silicon switches

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zivarian, Hossein; Zarifkar, Abbas; Miri, Mehdi

2018-01-01

A compact footprint, low-power consumption, and high-speed operation electro-optical full-adder/full-subtractor based on graphene-silicon electro-optical switches is demonstrated. Each switch consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in which few-layer graphene is embedded in a silicon slot waveguide to construct phase shifters. The presented structure can be used as full-adder and full-subtractor simultaneously. The analysis of various factors such as extinction ratio, power consumption, and operation speed has been presented. As will be shown, the proposed electro-optical switch has a minimum extinction ratio of 36.21 dB, maximum insertion loss about 0.18 dB, high operation speed of 180 GHz, and is able to work with a low applied voltage about 1.4 V. Also, the extinction ratio and insertion loss of the full-adder/full-subtractor are about 30 and 1.5 dB, respectively, for transfer electric modes at telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm.

Polymer matrix electroluminescent materials and devices

DOEpatents

Marrocco, III, Matthew L.; Motamedi, Farshad J [Claremont, CA; Abdelrazzaq, Feras Bashir [Covina, CA; Abdelrazzaq, legal representative, Bashir Twfiq

2012-06-26

Photoluminescent and electroluminescent compositions are provided which comprise a matrix comprising aromatic repeat units covalently coordinated to a phosphorescent or luminescent metal ion or metal ion complexes. Methods for producing such compositions, and the electroluminescent devices formed therefrom, are also disclosed.

Electro-optical rendezvous and docking sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tubbs, David J.; Kesler, Lynn O.; Sirko, Robert J.

1991-01-01

Electro-optical sensors provide unique and critical functionality for space missions requiring rendezvous, docking, and berthing. McDonnell Douglas is developing a complete rendezvous and docking system for both manned and unmanned missions. This paper examines our sensor development and the systems and missions which benefit from rendezvous and docking sensors. Simulation results quantifying system performance improvements in key areas are given, with associated sensor performance requirements. A brief review of NASA-funded development activities and the current performance of electro-optical sensors for space applications is given. We will also describe current activities at McDonnell Douglas for a fully functional demonstration to address specific NASA mission needs.

Effects of Saponification Rate on Electrooptical Properties and Morphology of Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Liquid Crystal Composite Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ono, Hiroshi; Kawatsuki, Nobuhiro

1995-03-01

The relationship between the saponification rate of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and the electrooptical properties and morphology of the PVA/liquid crystal (LC) composite films was investigated. Light transmission clazing and the LC droplet size were varied by changing the saponification rate or the blend ratio of two kinds of PVA with different saponification rates because the refractive index and surface tension could be controlled by the saponification rate of PVA. The threshold voltage decreased with increasing saponification rate though the extrapolation length was decreased. It was suggested that the electrooptical properties were strongly dependent on the droplet size.

Electro-optic architecture for servicing sensors and actuators in advanced aircraft propulsion systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Poppel, G. L.; Glasheen, W. M.

1989-01-01

A detailed design of a fiber optic propulsion control system, integrating favored sensors and electro-optics architecture is presented. Layouts, schematics, and sensor lists describe an advanced fighter engine system model. Components and attributes of candidate fiber optic sensors are identified, and evaluation criteria are used in a trade study resulting in favored sensors for each measurand. System architectural ground rules were applied to accomplish an electro-optics architecture for the favored sensors. A key result was a considerable reduction in signal conductors. Drawings, schematics, specifications, and printed circuit board layouts describe the detailed system design, including application of a planar optical waveguide interface.

Design of liquid temperature sensor based on bending loss phenomenon of plastic optic fiber and electro-optic effect of Mach-Zehnder interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Santosh; Swaminathan, S.

2016-04-01

The efficient application of electro-optic effect in lithium niobate based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to construct the temperature sensor is used. An experimental set up for liquid temperature sensor is proposed. Temperature dependence of the bending loss light energy in multimode micro-plastic optical fiber (m-POF) and electro-optic effect of MZI are used. The performance of sensor at different temperatures is measured. It is seen that the light output of MZI switches from one port to the other port as temperature of liquid changes from 0°C to 100°C.

Linear electro-optic effect in the organic crystal 4-aminobenzophenone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lochran, S.; Bailey, R. T.; Cruickshank, F. R.; Pugh, D.; Sherwood, J. N.

1997-01-01

The linear electro-optic effect in single crystals of 4-aminobenzphenone (ABP) is reported together with calibration data on LiNbO 3 . For ABP the linear electro-optic coefficients r 22 and r 32 at 488 nm were found to be 2.12 and 5.05 pm V, respectively, with the corresponding reduced half-wave voltages being 49.4 0.1 and 9.3 0.1 kV. For LiNbO 3 the half-wave voltage was found to be 4.0 0.1 kV at 632.8 nm and 2.4 0.1 kV at 488 nm.

Laser Electro-Optic Engineering Technology. Florida Vocational Program Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

University of South Florida, Tampa. Dept. of Adult and Vocational Education.

This program guide identifies particular considerations in the organization, operation, and evaluation of laser electro-optic engineering technology programs. Contents include an occupational description and information on the following: program content, including a curriculum framework that details major concepts and intended outcomes and a list…

Laser Electro-Optic Technology. Florida Vocational Program Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

University of South Florida, Tampa. Dept. of Adult and Vocational Education.

This program guide identifies primary considerations in the organization, operation, and evaluation of a laser electro-optic technology program. An occupational description and program content are presented. A curriculum framework specifies the exact course title, course number, levels of instruction, major course content, laboratory activities,…

Interim report deliverable 2.1 : electro-optical sensors for transportation applications of the restricted use technology study

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2005-09-30

Under Deliverable 2.1 of the Work Plan governing the Altarum Restricted Use Technology Study, the Altarum project team is required to produce an unclassified summary and comprehensive written report of Electro-Optical (EO) systems that can potentiall...

Research on a solid state-streak camera based on an electro-optic crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Chen; Liu, Baiyu; Bai, Yonglin; Bai, Xiaohong; Tian, Jinshou; Yang, Wenzheng; Xian, Ouyang

2006-06-01

With excellent temporal resolution ranging from nanosecond to sub-picoseconds, a streak camera is widely utilized in measuring ultrafast light phenomena, such as detecting synchrotron radiation, examining inertial confinement fusion target, and making measurements of laser-induced discharge. In combination with appropriate optics or spectroscope, the streak camera delivers intensity vs. position (or wavelength) information on the ultrafast process. The current streak camera is based on a sweep electric pulse and an image converting tube with a wavelength-sensitive photocathode ranging from the x-ray to near infrared region. This kind of streak camera is comparatively costly and complex. This paper describes the design and performance of a new-style streak camera based on an electro-optic crystal with large electro-optic coefficient. Crystal streak camera accomplishes the goal of time resolution by direct photon beam deflection using the electro-optic effect which can replace the current streak camera from the visible to near infrared region. After computer-aided simulation, we design a crystal streak camera which has the potential of time resolution between 1ns and 10ns.Some further improvements in sweep electric circuits, a crystal with a larger electro-optic coefficient, for example LN (γ 33=33.6×10 -12m/v) and the optimal optic system may lead to better time resolution less than 1ns.

Test device for measuring permeability of a barrier material

DOEpatents

Reese, Matthew; Dameron, Arrelaine; Kempe, Michael

2014-03-04

A test device for measuring permeability of a barrier material. An exemplary device comprises a test card having a thin-film conductor-pattern formed thereon and an edge seal which seals the test card to the barrier material. Another exemplary embodiment is an electrical calcium test device comprising: a test card an impermeable spacer, an edge seal which seals the test card to the spacer and an edge seal which seals the spacer to the barrier material.

Electro-optic investigation of the n-alkanethiol GaAs(001) interface: Surface phenomena and applications to photoluminescence-based biosensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marshall, Gregory M.

Semiconductor surfaces coupled to molecular structures derived from organic chemistry form the basis of an emerging class of field-effect devices. In addition to molecular electronics research, these interfaces are developed for a variety of sensor applications in the electronic and optical domains. Of practical interest are self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) comprised of n-alkanethiols [HS(CH2)n], which couple to the GaAs(001) surface through S-GaAs covalent bond formation. These SAMs offer potential functionality in terms of the requisite sensor chemistry and the passivation effect such coupling is known to afford. In this thesis, the SAM-GaAs interface is investigated in the context of a photonic biosensor based on photoluminescence (PL) variation. The scope of the work is categorized into three parts: i) the structural and compositional analysis of the surface using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ii) the investigation of electronic properties at the interface under equilibrium conditions using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, the Kelvin probe method, and XPS, and iii) the analysis of the electro-optic response under steady-state photonic excitation, specifically, the surface photovoltage (SPV) and PL intensity. Using a partial overlayer model of angle-resolved XPS spectra in which the component assignments are shown to be quantitatively valid, the coverage fraction of methyl-terminated SAMs is shown to exceed 90%. Notable among the findings are a low-oxide, Ga-rich surface with elemental As present in sub-monolayer quantities consistent with theoretical surface morphologies. Modal analysis of transmission IR spectra show that the SAM molecular order is sufficient to support a Beer-Lambert determination of the IR optical constants, which yields the observation of a SAM-specific absorbance enhancement. By correlation of the IR absorbance with the SAM dipole layer potential, the enhancement mechanism is attributed to the vibrational moments added by the electronic polarizability in the static field of the SAM. Lastly, the surface Fermi level position is determined by XPS and is used to interpret SPV results in terms of a thiol-induced reduction of the surface cross-section for minority carrier-capture. Numerical analysis confirms this result based on the carrier transport theory of PL intensity by means of a reduction of the surface recombination velocity. Keywords: photonics, biosensor, GaAs, self-assembled monolayers, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, photoluminescence, surface Fermi level, surface photovoltage.

Infrared photoemitting diode having reduced work function

DOEpatents

Hirschfeld, T.B.

1982-05-06

In electro-optical detectors which include as elements a photoemitting photocathode and anode, a photoemitting diode is fabricated which lowers the diode's work function, thus reducing the cooling requirement typically needed for this type of device. The work function is reduced by sandwiching between the photocathode and anode a liquid meidum of the formula NR/sub 3/ and having an electron affinity for the electrons of the photocathode, which liquid medium permits free electrons leaving the photocathode to remain as stable solvated species in the liquid medium. Thus, highly light-absorbent, and therefore thin, metallic layers can be used for detection, thereby reducing dark current at a given temperature, with a consequent reduction in cooling requirements at constant detector performance.

Infrared photoemitting diode having reduced work function

DOEpatents

Hirschfeld, Tomas B.

1984-01-01

In electro-optical detectors which include as elements a photoemitting photocathode and anode, a photoemitting diode is fabricated which lowers the diode's work function, thus reducing the cooling requirement typically needed for this type of device. The work function is reduced by sandwiching between the photocathode and anode a liquid medium of the formula NR.sub.3 and having an electron affinity for the electrons of the photocathode, which liquid medium permits free electrons leaving the photocathode to remain as stable solvated species in the liquid medium. Thus, highly light-absorbent, and therefore thin, metallic layers can be used for detection, thereby reducing dark current at a given temperature, with a consequent reduction in cooling requirements at constant detector performance.

Polyimides with attached chromophores for improved performance in electro-optical devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guenthner, Andrew J.; Wright, Michael E.; Fallis, Stephen; Lindsay, Geoffrey A.; Petteys, Brian J.; Yandek, Gregory R.; Zang, De-Yu; Sanghadasa, Mohan; Ashley, Paul R.

2006-08-01

A method of chemical synthesis that allows for the facile attachment of a wide variety of chemical compounds, including highly active nonlinear optical chromophores, to polyimides has been developed recently at the Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division. The synthesis of these compounds is presented, along with a discussion of their relevant physical and chemical properties, alone and in comparison to equivalent guest/host materials. Examples of attached chromophores include the well-known Disperse Red 1, along with high-activity chromophores of more recent interest such as FTC and CLD. The synthesis of structures that contain both attached chromophores and chemical functionalities that enable thermal cross-linking of the polyimides is also discussed.

Comparative study on cw mode versus pulsed mode in AlGaAs-diode lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neckel, Claus P.

2001-04-01

In the last six years AlGaAs-Diodelasers have become more and more popular. Due to their small size, their good electro-optical coupling and delicate glass fibers this type of laser fits into most dental offices. The first diode lasers and still most of the devices still on the market work in a continuos wave mode or in a gated mode up to 50 Hz. Using this setting high temperatures in the tissue are inevitable. In this randomized study we tried to evaluate the difference in clinical cutting efficiency, post operative outcome and the histological findings of the excisional biopsies using a new diode laser Ora-laser Jet 20.

Dual use of photonic components in radiation environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, Edward W.

1994-06-01

The steady evolution of and increased requirement for using photonic technologies within the commercial market coupled with decreased defense spending has brought forth new national philosophies regarding widespread use of the technology in both military and commercial sectors. Many commercially available photonic components (i.e., optical fibers, laser diodes, semiconductor detectors, detector arrays, spatial light modulators, integrated optic circuitry and other similar optoelectronic and electro-optic devices are being scrutinized for utility, cost effectiveness and dual-use in a variety of applications. One important area of application is space. This paper will discuss the current state-of-the-art and utility of qualifying and using several mature photonic component technologies in commercial and defense application areas.

Synthetic Aspects and Electro-Optical Properties of Fluorinated Arylenevinylenes for Luminescence and Photovoltaics

PubMed Central

Martinelli, Carmela; Farinola, Gianluca M.; Pinto, Vita; Cardone, Antonio

2013-01-01

In this review, the main synthetic aspects and properties of fluorinated arylenevinylene compounds, both oligomers and polymers, are summarized and analyzed. Starting from vinyl organotin derivatives and aryl halides, the Stille cross-coupling reaction has been successfully applied as a versatile synthetic protocol to prepare a wide series of π-conjugated compounds, selectively fluorinated on the aromatic and/or vinylene units. The impact of fluoro-functionalization on properties, the solid state organization and intermolecular interactions of the synthesized compounds are discussed, also in comparison with the non-fluorinated counterparts. Luminescent and photovoltaic applications are also discussed, highlighting the role of fluorine on the performance of devices. PMID:28809206

Electro-optical processing of phased array data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Casasent, D.

1973-01-01

An on-line spatial light modulator for application as the input transducer for a real-time optical data processing system is described. The use of such a device in the analysis and processing of radar data in real time is reported. An interface from the optical processor to a control digital computer was designed, constructed, and tested. The input transducer, optical system, and computer interface have been operated in real time with real time radar data with the input data returns recorded on the input crystal, processed by the optical system, and the output plane pattern digitized, thresholded, and outputted to a display and storage in the computer memory. The correlation of theoretical and experimental results is discussed.

A preliminary design of the Ti:LiNbO3 optical channel waveguide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, Yat

1992-03-01

One of the goals of technology-based activities within the Electronic Warfare Division is to facilitate the development within Australia, of facilities and a capability to manufacture sophisticated, highspeed electro-optic devices, in particular, the integrated optical amplitude modulator and integrated optical switch, for use in microwave and millimetre-wave systems for the Australian Defense Force (ADF). An initial step towards this goal would be to produce a low-loss and single-mode propagation optical channel waveguide using titanium-indiffused lithium niobate (Ti:LiNbO3). As no dimensions and fabrication parameters have yet been optimized, this technical report provides preliminary design data which optimizes these parameters.

Intraband Raman laser gain in a boron nitride coupled quantum well

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moorthy, N. Narayana; Peter, A. John, E-mail: a.john.peter@gmail.com

2016-05-23

On-centre impurity related electronic and optical properties are studied in a Boron nitride coupled quantum well. Confined energies for the intraband transition are investigated by studying differential cross section of electron Raman scattering taking into consideration of spatial confinement in a B{sub 0.3}Ga{sub 0.7}N/BN coupled quantum well. Raman gain as a function of incident optical pump intensity is computed for constant well width. The enhancement of Raman gain is observed with the application of pump power. The results can be applied for the potential applications for fabricating some optical devices such as optical switches, infrared photo-detectors and electro-optical modulator.

Holographic data storage crystals for the LDEF. [long duration exposure facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Callen, W. Russell; Gaylord, Thomas K.

1992-01-01

Lithium niobate is a significant electro-optic material, with potential applications in ultra high capacity storage and processing systems. Lithium niobate is the material of choice for many integrated optical devices and holographic mass memory systems. For crystals of lithium niobate were passively exposed to the space environment of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Three of these crystals contained volume holograms. Although the crystals suffered the surface damage characteristics of most of the other optical components on the Georgia Tech tray, the crystals were recovered intact. The holograms were severely degraded because of the lengthy exposure, but the bulk properties are being investigated to determine the spaceworthiness for space data storage and retrieval systems.

ELECTRIC PULSE GENERATOR

DOEpatents

Buntenbach, R.W.

1959-06-01

S>An electro-optical apparatus is described which produces electric pulses in programmed sequences at times and durations controlled with great accuracy. An oscilloscope CRT is supplied with signals to produce a luminous spot moving in a circle. An opaque mask with slots of variable width transmits light from the spot to a photoelectric transducer. For shorter pulse decay times a CRT screen which emits UV can be used with a UVtransmitting filter and a UV- sensitive photoelectric cell. Pulses are varied by changing masks or by using masks with variable slots. This device may be used in multiple arrangements to produce other pulse aT rangements, or it can be used to trigger an electronic pulse generator. (T.R.H.)

Design of nano-groove photonic crystal cavities in lithium niobate.

PubMed

Li, Yihang; Wang, Cheng; Loncar, Marko

2015-06-15

We propose a novel design of photonic-crystal nanobeam cavities in lithium niobate (LN) for both TE and TM modes, addressing problems associated with tilted sidewalls, which commonly result from dry etching. Using optimized periodical nano-groove structures, the proposed devices could achieve quality factors as high as 3.9×10(6) with a modal volume of 5.0 (λ/n)3. We also show that such a design is promising for applications in nonlinear optics by theoretically predicting the efficiencies for electro-optic modulation and second-harmonic generation. The proposed nano-groove structures and design rules could also be applied for other material platforms that possess tilted sidewalls.

Optical filter based on Fabry-Perot structure using a suspension of goethite nanoparticles as electro-optic material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abbas, Samir; Dupont, Laurent; Dozov, Ivan; Davidson, Patrick; Chanéac, Corinne

2018-02-01

We have investigated the feasibility of optical tunable filters based on a Fabry-Perot etalon that uses a suspension of goethite (α-FeOOH) nanorods as electro-optic material for application in optical telecommunications in the near IR range. These synthetic nanoparticles have a high optical anisotropy that give rise to a very strong Kerr effect in their colloidal suspensions. Currently, these particles are dispersed in aqueous solvent, with pH2 to ensure the colloidal electrostatic stability. However, the high conductivity of these suspensions requires using high-frequency electric fields (f > 1 MHz), which brings about a high power consumption of the driver. To decrease the field frequency, we have changed the solvent to ethylene glycol which has a lower electrical conductivity than the aqueous solvent. We have built a Fabry-Perot cell, filled with this colloidal suspension in the isotropic phase, and showed that a phase shift of 14 nm can be obtained in a field of 3V/μm. Therefore, the device can operate as a tunable filter. A key advantage of this filter is that it is, by principle, completely insensitive to the polarization of the input light. However, several technological issues still need to be solved, such as ionic contamination of the suspension from the blocking layers, and dielectrophoretic and thermal effects.

Electro-optic fringe locking and photometric tuning using a two-stage Mach-Zehnder lithium niobate waveguide for high-contrast mid-infrared interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Guillermo; Heidmann, Samuel; Rauch, Jean-Yves; Jocou, Laurent; Courjal, Nadège

2014-03-01

We present an optimization process to improve the rejection ratio in integrated beam combiners by locking the dark fringe and then monitoring its intensity. The method proposed here uses the electro-optic effect of lithium niobate in order to lock the dark fringe and to real-time balance the photometric flux by means of a two-stage Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide. By applying a control voltage on the output Y-junction, we are able to lock the phase and stay in the dark fringe, while an independent second voltage is applied on the first-stage intensity modulator, to finely balance the photometries. We have obtained a rejection ratio of 4600 (36.6 dB) at 3.39 μm in transverse electric polarization, corresponding to 99.98% fringe contrast, and shown that the system can compensate external phase perturbations (a piston variation of 100 nm) up to around 1 kHz. We also show the preliminary results of this process on wide-band modulation, where a contrast of 38% in 3.25- to 3.65-μm spectral range is obtained. These preliminary results on wide-band need to be optimized, in particular, for reducing scattered light of the device at the Y-junction. We expect this active method to be useful in high-contrast interferometry, in particular, for astronomical spatial projects actually under study.

Space charge inhibition effect of nano-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} on improvement of impulse breakdown voltage of transformer oil based on improved Kerr optic measurements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Qing, E-mail: yangqing@cqu.edu.cn; Yu, Fei; Sima, Wenxia

Transformer oil-based nanofluids (NFs) with 0.03 g/L Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticle content exhibit 11.2% higher positive impulse breakdown voltage levels than pure transformer oils. To study the effects of the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles on the space charge in transformer oil and to explain why the nano-modified transformer oil exhibits improved impulse breakdown voltage characteristics, the traditional Kerr electro-optic field mapping technique is improved by increasing the length of the parallel-plate electrodes and by using a photodetector array as a high light sensitivity device. The space charge distributions of pure transformer oil and of NFs containing Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticlesmore » can be measured using the improved Kerr electro-optic field mapping technique. Test results indicate a significant reduction in space charge density in the transformer oil-based NFs with the Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles. The fast electrons are captured by the nanoparticles and are converted into slow-charged particles in the NFs, which then reduce the space charge density and result in a more uniform electric field distribution. Streamer propagation in the NFs is also obstructed, and the breakdown strengths of the NFs under impulse voltage conditions are also improved.« less

Polymer dispersed nematic liquid crystal for large area displays and light valves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drzaic, Paul S.

1986-09-01

A new electro-optical material based on nematic liquid crystal dispersed in a polymer matrix has recently been introduced by Fergason. This technology (termed NCAP, for nematic curvilinear aligned phase) is suitable for making very large area (thousands of square centimeter) light valves and displays. The device consists of micron size droplets of liquid crystal dispersed in and surrounded by a polymer film. Light passing through the film in the absence of an applied field is strongly forward scattered, giving a milky, translucent film. Application of an electric field across the liquid crystal/polymer film places the film in a highly transparent state. Pleochroic dyes may be employed in the system in order to achieve controllable light absorption as well as scattering. Microscopically, it is shown that the liquid-crystal director lies preferentially parallel to the polymer wall, leading to a bipolar-like configuration of the liquid-crystal directors within the droplet. The symmetry axes of the droplets are randomly oriented in the unpowered, scattering state, but align parallel to the field in the powered, transparent state. The electric field required to reorient a given droplet varies inversely with the diameter of that droplet, and it is shown that the macroscopic electro-optical properties of the film can be modeled if the distribution of liquid-crystal droplet sizes is known.

Linear Electrooptic Effect In Sputtered Polycrystalline LiNbO3 Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griffel, G.; Ruschin, Shlomo; Croitoru, Nathan I.

1989-02-01

Light guiding and modulation was demonstrated in sputtered LiNbO3 films deposited on glass substrates. The films exhibit exceptionally low attenuation (< 2dB/cm) and the highest electrooptical coefficient reported so far for this kind of films (1.34 x 10-12 m/V).

Electro-Optic Coefficients of Guest-Host Poled Polymers Containing Chromophores with Large First Hyperpolarizabilities: A Test of the Two-State, Oriented-Gas Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Skindhoj, J.; Bourhill, G.; Gilmour, S.; Tiemann, B.; Mansour, K.; Perry, K.; Heng, L-T.; Marder, S.; Perry, J.

1994-01-01

the electro-optic r33, coefficients of poled poly(methylmethacrylate) films containing dyes with first hyperpolarizabilities that span nearly two orders of magnitude have been determined at 820 and 1300 nm by modulated ellipsometry.

Inexpensive Electrooptic Experiments on Liquid Crystal Displays.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ciferno, Thomas M.; And Others

1995-01-01

Describes the construction and use of an electrooptic apparatus that can be incorporated into the classroom to test liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and introduce students to experiments of an applied physics nature with very practical implications. Presents experiments that give students hands-on experience with technologies of current interest to…

Heterostructure of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials with magneto-optic and electro-optic effects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zou, Yingyin Kevin (Inventor); Jiang, Hua (Inventor); Li, Kewen Kevin (Inventor); Guo, Xiaomei (Inventor)

2012-01-01

A heterostructure of multiferroics or magnetoelectrics (ME) was disclosed. The film has both ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties, as well as magneto-optic (MO) and electro-optic (EO) properties. Oxide buffer layers were employed to allow grown a cracking-free heterostructure a solution coating method.