Changes Matter!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lott, Kimberly; Jensen, Anitra

2012-01-01

Being able to distinguish between physical and chemical changes of matter is a foundational chemistry concept that at first seems like a simple elementary concept to teach, but students often have misconceptions that hinder their understanding. These misconceptions are seen among elementary students, but these ideas are perpetuated throughout…

Chemkin-II: A Fortran chemical kinetics package for the analysis of gas-phase chemical kinetics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kee, R.J.; Rupley, F.M.; Miller, J.A.

1989-09-01

This document is the user's manual for the second-generation Chemkin package. Chemkin is a software package for whose purpose is to facilitate the formation, solution, and interpretation of problems involving elementary gas-phase chemical kinetics. It provides an especially flexible and powerful tool for incorporating complex chemical kinetics into simulations of fluid dynamics. The package consists of two major software components: an Interpreter and Gas-Phase Subroutine Library. The Interpreter is a program that reads a symbolic description of an elementary, user-specified chemical reaction mechanism. One output from the Interpreter is a data file that forms a link to the Gas-Phase Subroutinemore » Library. This library is a collection of about 100 highly modular Fortran subroutines that may be called to return information on equation of state, thermodynamic properties, and chemical production rates.« less

The Use of Mass Spectrometry to Study the Structure of Flames and Combustion Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Korobeinichev, Oleg P.

1980-06-01

The general characteristic methods of the mass-spectrometric study of flames and combustion processes, and the latest achievements in experimental technique in the molecular-beam diagnostics of flames have been examined. The problems associated with the use of probe methods — the effects of freezing the chemical reactions, translational-vibrational relaxation, and perturbations introduced by the probe in the combustion process — have been analysed. The possibilities provided by the technique have been demonstrated for various examples in the study of the combustion of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels, including that in various technical arrangements — internal combustion engines and liquid rocket motors. Questions related to the use of mass-spectrometric probes for the study of the mechanism and kinetics of chemical reactions in flames and for the determination of the rate constants of the elementary stages have been discussed. The bibliography contains 53 references.

ECHMERIT: A new on-line global mercury-chemistry model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jung, G.; Hedgecock, I. M.; Pirrone, N.

2009-04-01

Mercury is a volatile metal, that is of concern because when deposited and transformed to methylmercury accumulates within the food-web. Due to the long lifetime of elemental mercury, which is the dominant fraction of mercury species in the atmosphere, mercury is prone to long-range transport and therefore distributed over the globe, transported and hence deposited even in regions far from anthropogenic emission sources. Mercury is released to the atmosphere from a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources, in elementary and oxidised forms, and as particulate mercury. It is then transported, but also transformed chemically in the gaseous phase, as well as in aqueous phase within cloud and rain droplets. Mercury (particularly its oxidised forms) is removed from the atmosphere though wet and dry deposition processes, a large fraction of deposited mercury is, after chemical or biological reduction, re-emitted to the atmosphere as elementary mercury. To investigate mercury chemistry and transport processes on the global scale, the new, global model ECHMERIT has been developed. ECHMERIT simulates meteorology, transport, deposition, photolysis and chemistry on-line. The general circulation model on which ECHMERIT is based is ECHAM5. Sophisticated chemical modules have been implemented, including gas phase chemistry based on the CBM-Z chemistry mechanism, as well as aqueous phase chemistry, both of which have been adapted to include Hg chemistry and Hg species gas-droplet mass transfer. ECHMERIT uses the fast-J photolysis routine. State-of-the-art procedures simulating wet and dry deposition and emissions were adapted and included in the model as well. An overview of the model structure, development, validation and sensitivity studies is presented.

Information-Theoretical Complexity Analysis of Selected Elementary Chemical Reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Molina-Espíritu, M.; Esquivel, R. O.; Dehesa, J. S.

We investigate the complexity of selected elementary chemical reactions (namely, the hydrogenic-abstraction reaction and the identity SN2 exchange reaction) by means of the following single and composite information-theoretic measures: disequilibrium (D), exponential entropy(L), Fisher information (I), power entropy (J), I-D, D-L and I-J planes and Fisher-Shannon (FS) and Lopez-Mancini-Calbet (LMC) shape complexities. These quantities, which are functionals of the one-particle density, are computed in both position (r) and momentum (p) spaces. The analysis revealed that the chemically significant regions of these reactions can be identified through most of the single information-theoretic measures and the two-component planes, not only the ones which are commonly revealed by the energy, such as the reactant/product (R/P) and the transition state (TS), but also those that are not present in the energy profile such as the bond cleavage energy region (BCER), the bond breaking/forming regions (B-B/F) and the charge transfer process (CT). The analysis of the complexities shows that the energy profile of the abstraction reaction bears the same information-theoretical features of the LMC and FS measures, however for the identity SN2 exchange reaction does not hold a simple behavior with respect to the LMC and FS measures. Most of the chemical features of interest (BCER, B-B/F and CT) are only revealed when particular information-theoretic aspects of localizability (L or J), uniformity (D) and disorder (I) are considered.

Popularization of Chemistry through Ecological Topics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perina, I.

1982-01-01

After providing information on elementary schooling in Yugoslavia, discusses ecological topics and activities used to raise the awareness of elementary school students about the level of pollution in the environment and the dangers of an increasingly polluted environment. Students' keen interest in chemistry and the chemical experiments was noted.…

Simulation model for plant growth in controlled environment systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Raper, C. D., Jr.; Wann, M.

1986-01-01

The role of the mathematical model is to relate the individual processes to environmental conditions and the behavior of the whole plant. Using the controlled-environment facilities of the phytotron at North Carolina State University for experimentation at the whole-plant level and methods for handling complex models, researchers developed a plant growth model to describe the relationships between hierarchial levels of the crop production system. The fundamental processes that are considered are: (1) interception of photosynthetically active radiation by leaves, (2) absorption of photosynthetically active radiation, (3) photosynthetic transformation of absorbed radiation into chemical energy of carbon bonding in solube carbohydrates in the leaves, (4) translocation between carbohydrate pools in leaves, stems, and roots, (5) flow of energy from carbohydrate pools for respiration, (6) flow from carbohydrate pools for growth, and (7) aging of tissues. These processes are described at the level of organ structure and of elementary function processes. The driving variables of incident photosynthetically active radiation and ambient temperature as inputs pertain to characterization at the whole-plant level. The output of the model is accumulated dry matter partitioned among leaves, stems, and roots; thus, the elementary processes clearly operate under the constraints of the plant structure which is itself the output of the model.

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonication.

PubMed

Xie, Jiulong; Hse, Chung-Yun; De Hoop, Cornelis F; Hu, Tingxing; Qi, Jinqiu; Shupe, Todd F

2016-10-20

Cellulose nanofibers were successfully isolated from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonic nanofibrillation processes. The microwave liquefaction could eliminate almost all the lignin in bamboo, resulting in high cellulose content residues within 7min, and the cellulose enriched residues could be readily purified by subsequent chemical treatments with lower chemical charging and quickly. The results of wet chemistry analyses, SEM images, and FTIR and X-ray spectra indicated the combination of microwave liquefaction and chemical treatment was significantly efficient in removing non-cellulosic compounds. Ultrasonication was used to separate the nanofibrils from the purified residues to extract nanofibers. The TEM images confirmed the presence of elementary fibrils, nano-sized fibril bundles, and aggregated fibril bundles. As evidenced by the TGA analysis, cellulose nanofibers isolated by this novel technique had high thermal stability indicating that the isolated nanofibers could possibly be applied as reinforcing elements in biomaterials. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Exergy parametric study of carbon monoxide oxidation in moist air

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Souidi, Ferhat; Benmalek, Toufik; Yesaad, Billel; Baik, Mouloud

2015-12-01

This study aims to analyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide in moist air from the second thermodynamic law aspect. A mathematical model of laminar premixed flame in a stagnation point flow has been achieved by numerical solution of the boundary layer equation using a self-made code. The chemical kinetic mechanism for flameless combustion of fuel, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide, oxygen, and water vapor, is modeled by 34 elementary reactions that incorporate (09) nine chemical species: CO, O, CO2, O2, H2O, H, H2, HO2, and OH. The salient point is that for all the parameters we considered, the exergy of the process is completely destroyed by irreversibilities. From the chemical viewpoint, the OH radical plays an essential role in CO oxidation. This latter point has already been mentioned by previous investigators.

Reduced chemical kinetics for propane combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ying, Shuh-Jing; Nguyen, Hung Lee

1990-01-01

It is pointed out that a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism for the combustion of propane consists of 40 chemical species and 118 elementary chemical reactions. An attempt is made to reduce the number of chemical species and elementary chemical reactions so that the computer run times and storage requirements may be greatly reduced in three-dimensional gas turbine combustion flow calculations, while maintaining accurate predictions of the propane combustion and exhaust emissions. By way of a sensitivity analysis, the species of interest and chemical reactions are classified in descending order of importance. Nineteen species are chosen, and their pressure, temperature, and concentration profiles are presented for the reduced mechanisms, which are then compared with those from the full 118 reactions. It is found that 45 reactions involving 27 species have to be kept for comparable agreement. A comparison of the results obtained from the 45 reactions to that of the full 118 shows that the pressure and temperature profiles and concentrations of C3H8, O2, N2, H2O, CO, and CO2 are within 10 percent of maximum change.

Dearomative dihydroxylation with arenophiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Southgate, Emma H.; Pospech, Jola; Fu, Junkai; Holycross, Daniel R.; Sarlah, David

2016-10-01

Aromatic hydrocarbons are some of the most elementary feedstock chemicals, produced annually on a million metric ton scale, and are used in the production of polymers, paints, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Dearomatization reactions convert simple, readily available arenes into more complex molecules with broader potential utility, however, despite substantial progress and achievements in this field, there are relatively few methods for the dearomatization of simple arenes that also selectively introduce functionality. Here we describe a new dearomatization process that involves visible-light activation of small heteroatom-containing organic molecules—arenophiles—that results in their para-cycloaddition with a variety of aromatic compounds. The approach uses N-N-arenophiles to enable dearomative dihydroxylation and diaminodihydroxylation of simple arenes. This strategy provides direct and selective access to highly functionalized cyclohexenes and cyclohexadienes and is orthogonal to existing chemical and biological dearomatization processes. Finally, we demonstrate the synthetic utility of this strategy with the concise synthesis of several biologically active compounds and natural products.

Chemical milling solution produces smooth surface finish on aluminum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lorenzen, H. C.

1966-01-01

Elementary sulfur mixed into a solution of caustic soda and salts produces an etchant which will chemically mill end-grain surfaces on aluminum plate. This composition results in the least amount of thickness variation and pitting.

Time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for chemical kinetics.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sheps, Leonid; Chandler, David W.

Experimental measurements of elementary reaction rate coefficients and product branching ratios are essential to our understanding of many fundamentally important processes in Combustion Chemistry. However, such measurements are often impossible because of a lack of adequate detection techniques. Some of the largest gaps in our knowledge concern some of the most important radical species, because their short lifetimes and low steady-state concentrations make them particularly difficult to detect. To address this challenge, we propose a novel general detection method for gas-phase chemical kinetics: time-resolved broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (TR-BB-CEAS). This all-optical, non-intrusive, multiplexed method enables sensitive direct probing of transientmore » reaction intermediates in a simple, inexpensive, and robust experimental package.« less

SC3: Protecting Students and Staff with Green Cleaning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Environmental Protection Agency, 2008

2008-01-01

EPA's Schools Chemical Cleanout Campaign (SC3) is working to encourage schools to use green cleaning practices to safely clean their classrooms and grounds. From elementary school maintenance closets to high school chemistry labs, schools use a variety of chemicals. Some of the most essential chemicals are those that keep schools clean and safe…

Investigating the two-moment characterisation of subcellular biochemical networks.

PubMed

Ullah, Mukhtar; Wolkenhauer, Olaf

2009-10-07

While ordinary differential equations (ODEs) form the conceptual framework for modelling many cellular processes, specific situations demand stochastic models to capture the influence of noise. The most common formulation of stochastic models for biochemical networks is the chemical master equation (CME). While stochastic simulations are a practical way to realise the CME, analytical approximations offer more insight into the influence of noise. Towards that end, the two-moment approximation (2MA) is a promising addition to the established analytical approaches including the chemical Langevin equation (CLE) and the related linear noise approximation (LNA). The 2MA approach directly tracks the mean and (co)variance which are coupled in general. This coupling is not obvious in CME and CLE and ignored by LNA and conventional ODE models. We extend previous derivations of 2MA by allowing (a) non-elementary reactions and (b) relative concentrations. Often, several elementary reactions are approximated by a single step. Furthermore, practical situations often require the use of relative concentrations. We investigate the applicability of the 2MA approach to the well-established fission yeast cell cycle model. Our analytical model reproduces the clustering of cycle times observed in experiments. This is explained through multiple resettings of M-phase promoting factor (MPF), caused by the coupling between mean and (co)variance, near the G2/M transition.

Promoting Pre-Service Elementary Students' Understanding of Chemical Equilibrium through Discussions in Small Groups

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bilgin, Ibrahim

2006-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of small group discussion on students' conceptual understanding of chemical equilibrium. Students' understanding of chemical equilibrium concepts was measured using the Misconception Identification Test. The test consisted of 30 items and administered as pre-posttests to a total of 81…

Hannah's Prior Knowledge about Chemicals: A Case Study of One Fourth-Grade Child

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bretz, Stacey Lowery; Emenike, Mary Elizabeth

2012-01-01

Chemical principles are taught in elementary education across much of the United States because the "National Science Education Standards" include concepts about the nature of matter, states of matter, and changes in matter among other science concepts within the first to fifth grade levels. "Chemicals" is a word related to the nature of matter…

American Elementary Education Pre-Service Teachers' Attitudes towards Biotechnology Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chabalengula, Vivien Mweene; Mumba, Frackson; Chitiyo, Jonathan

2011-01-01

This study examined elementary education pre-service teachers' attitudes towards biotechnology processes. A sample comprised 88 elementary education pre-service teachers at a mid-sized university in the Midwest of the USA. Sixty and 28 of these pre-service teachers were enrolled in Introductory Science Methods course and Advance Science Methods…

Orbital Exponent Optimization in Elementary VB Calculations of the Chemical Bond in the Ground State of Simple Molecular Systems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Magnasco, Valerio

2008-01-01

Orbital exponent optimization in the elementary ab-initio VB calculation of the ground states of H[subscript 2][superscript +], H[subscript 2], He[subscript 2][superscript +], He[subscript 2] gives a fair description of the exchange-overlap component of the interatomic interaction that is important in the bond region. Correct bond lengths and…

Imaging chemical reactions - 3D velocity mapping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chichinin, A. I.; Gericke, K.-H.; Kauczok, S.; Maul, C.

Visualising a collision between an atom or a molecule or a photodissociation (half-collision) of a molecule on a single particle and single quantum level is like watching the collision of billiard balls on a pool table: Molecular beams or monoenergetic photodissociation products provide the colliding reactants at controlled velocity before the reaction products velocity is imaged directly with an elaborate camera system, where one should keep in mind that velocity is, in general, a three-dimensional (3D) vectorial property which combines scattering angles and speed. If the processes under study have no cylindrical symmetry, then only this 3D product velocity vector contains the full information of the elementary process under study.

Colloid interaction energies for physically and chemically heterogeneous porous media

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The mean and variance of the colloid interaction energy (phi*) as a function of separation distance (h) were calculated on physically and/or chemically heterogeneous solid surfaces at the representative elementary area (REA) scale. Nanoscale roughness was demonstrated to have a significant influence...

Computer-aided design of polymers and composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaelble, D. H.

1985-01-01

This book on computer-aided design of polymers and composites introduces and discusses the subject from the viewpoint of atomic and molecular models. Thus, the origins of stiffness, strength, extensibility, and fracture toughness in composite materials can be analyzed directly in terms of chemical composition and molecular structure. Aspects of polymer composite reliability are considered along with characterization techniques for composite reliability, relations between atomic and molecular properties, computer aided design and manufacture, polymer CAD/CAM models, and composite CAD/CAM models. Attention is given to multiphase structural adhesives, fibrous composite reliability, metal joint reliability, polymer physical states and transitions, chemical quality assurance, processability testing, cure monitoring and management, nondestructive evaluation (NDE), surface NDE, elementary properties, ionic-covalent bonding, molecular analysis, acid-base interactions, the manufacturing science, and peel mechanics.

An Exploration of How Elementary School Principals Approach the Student Retention Decision Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martinez-Hicks, Laura M.

2012-01-01

This is a constructivist grounded theory study investigating how elementary principals approach the student retention decision process in their schools. Twenty-two elementary principals participated in the study using a selective or snowball sampling method. Principals worked in one of three districts in a mid-Atlantic state and had experience as…

Factor Analytic Study of Cognitive Processing and Self Perception of Learning Disabilities among the Elementary Inclusive School Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rijumol, K. C.; Thangarajathi, S.; Ananthasayanam, R.

2011-01-01

The present investigation was an attempt to explore the underlying construct of cognitive processing and self-perception of learning disabilities in elementary inclusive school children. A cognitive assessment test battery and self-perception of disabilities inventory was developed by the investigator and administered to 100 elementary sixth and…

Enhancing Elementary Pre-Service Teachers' Plant Processes Conceptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Stephen L.; Lotter, Christine; Fann, Xumei; Taylor, Laurie

2016-01-01

Researchers examined how an inquiry-based instructional treatment emphasizing interrelated plant processes influenced 210 elementary pre-service teachers' (PTs) conceptions of three plant processes, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and transpiration, and the interrelated nature of these processes. The instructional treatment required PTs to…

First Principles Simulations of Hydrocarbon Conversion Processes in Functionalized Zeolitic Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazar, Mark Nickolaus

With increasing demand for chemicals and fuels, and finite traditional crude oil resources, there is a growing need to invent, establish, or optimize chemical processes that convert gasifiable carbon-based feedstocks (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil sands, or biomass) into the needed final products. Catalysis is central to almost every industrial chemical process, including alkane metathesis (AM) and the methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process, which represent final steps in a sequence of hydrocarbon conversion reactions. An in depth understanding of AM and MTH is essential to the selective production of the desired end products. In this dissertation, ab initio density functional theory simulations provide unique mechanistic and thermodynamic insight of specific elementary steps involved in AM and MTH as performed on zeolite supports. Zeolites have been employed throughout the petroleum industry because of their ability to perform acid-catalyzed reactions (e.g., cracking or MTH). The crystalline structure of zeolites imparts regular microporous networks and, in turn, the selective passage of molecules based on shape and functionality. Many different elements can be grafted onto or substituted into zeolites, resulting in a broad range of catalytic behavior. However, due to the variety of competing and secondary reactions that occur at experimental conditions, it is often difficult to extract quantitative information regarding individual elementary steps. ab initio calculations can be particularly useful for this purpose. Alkane metathesis (i.e., the molecular redistribution or chain length averaging of alkanes) is typically performed by transition metal hydrides on amorphous alumina or silica supports. In Chapter 3, the feasibility of AM in zeolites is assessed by using a grafted Ta-hydride complex to explore the full catalytic cycle in the self-metathesis of ethane. The decomposition of a Ta-metallacyclobutane reaction intermediate that forms during olefin metathesis is responsible for the largest activation energy of the catalytic cycle. This assessment is similar to the findings of alkane metathesis studies on alumina/silica supports and indicates that the entire AM cycle can be performed in zeolites by isolated single-atom transition metal hydrides. Performed over acid form zeolites, MTH is used in the conversion of methanol into a broad range of hydrocarbons, including alkenes, alkanes, and aromatics. For reasons that are not yet rigorously quantified, product selectivities vary dramatically based on the choice of catalyst and reaction conditions. The methylation of species containing double bonds (i.e., co-catalysts) is central to the overall process. Distinct structure-function relationships were found with respect to the elementary steps in the methylation and beta-scission of olefins. In Chapter 4, the role of zeolite topology in the step-wise methylation of ethene by surface methoxides is investigated. Elementary steps are studied across multiple frameworks (i.e., BEA, CHA, FER, MFI, and MOR) constituting a wide variety of confinement environments. The reaction of surface methoxides with ethene is found to require a transition state containing a primary carbocation. The barrier height is found to decrease nearly monotonically with respect to the degree of dispersion interactions stabilizing the primary carbocationic species in the transition state. In addition, quantification of the ``local'' dispersion energy indicates that confinement effects can not be simply correlated to pore size. The beta-scission of olefins plays an important role in the product selectivities of many important chemical processes, including MTH. In Chapter 5, beta-scission modes involving C6 and C8 isomers are investigated at a single, isolated Bronsted acid site within H-ZSM-5. We find that the relative enthalpic barriers of beta-scission elementary steps can be rationalized by the substitution order of the two different carbocationic carbon atoms that are present in the reactant (C+) and transition states (betaC). In fact, the increase in charge required by the betaC atom to go from the physi/chemi-sorbed reactant state to the beta-scission transition state (+0.23e-0.33e) is found to correlate almost linearly with the intrinsic activation energy (89-233 kJ mol-1). The charge of the betaC atom depends, to a large extent, on the substitution order of both the C+ and betaC atoms and, therefore, each beta-scission mode is a sub-category onto itself. Isomerization reactions, which are fast with respect to beta-scission, enable reactant hydrocarbons to explore and find low barrier beta-scission pathways. Selectivities predicted on the basis of the relative barrier heights of beta-scission modes accessible to C6 and C8 species indicate general agreement with experimental observations.

Elementary Reactions and Their Role in Gas-Phase Prebiotic Chemistry

PubMed Central

Balucani, Nadia

2009-01-01

The formation of complex organic molecules in a reactor filled with gaseous mixtures possibly reproducing the primitive terrestrial atmosphere and ocean demonstrated more than 50 years ago that inorganic synthesis of prebiotic molecules is possible, provided that some form of energy is provided to the system. After that groundbreaking experiment, gas-phase prebiotic molecules have been observed in a wide variety of extraterrestrial objects (including interstellar clouds, comets and planetary atmospheres) where the physical conditions vary widely. A thorough characterization of the chemical evolution of those objects relies on a multi-disciplinary approach: 1) observations allow us to identify the molecules and their number densities as they are nowadays; 2) the chemistry which lies behind their formation starting from atoms and simple molecules is accounted for by complex reaction networks; 3) for a realistic modeling of such networks, a number of experimental parameters are needed and, therefore, the relevant molecular processes should be fully characterized in laboratory experiments. A survey of the available literature reveals, however, that much information is still lacking if it is true that only a small percentage of the elementary reactions considered in the models have been characterized in laboratory experiments. New experimental approaches to characterize the relevant elementary reactions in laboratory are presented and the implications of the results are discussed. PMID:19564951

Spark- and ember-like elementary Ca2+ release events in skinned fibres of adult mammalian skeletal muscle

PubMed Central

Kirsch, Wolfgang G; Uttenweiler, Dietmar; Fink, Rainer H A

2001-01-01

Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, we show for the first time elementary Ca2+ release events (ECRE) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in chemically and mechanically skinned fibres from adult mammalian muscle and compare them with ECRE from amphibian skinned fibres. Hundreds of spontaneously occurring events could be measured from individual single skinned mammalian fibres. In addition to spark-like events, we found ember-like events, i.e. long-lasting events of steady amplitude. These two different fundamental release types in mammalian muscle could occur in combination at the same location. The two peaks of the frequency of occurrence for ECRE of mammalian skeletal muscle coincided with the expected locations of the transverse tubular system within the sarcomere, suggesting that ECRE mainly originate at triadic junctions. ECRE in adult mammalian muscle could also be identified at the onset of the global Ca2+ release evoked by membrane depolarisation in mechanically skinned fibres. In addition, the frequency of ECRE was significantly increased by application of 0.5 mm caffeine and reduced by application of 2 mm tetracaine. We conclude that the excitation-contraction coupling process in adult mammalian muscle involves the activation of both spark- and ember-like elementary Ca2+ release events. PMID:11731572

The Contributions of Orthographic Processing Factors to the Spelling Achievement of Middle-Elementary Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Radaj, Jane M.

2013-01-01

The study examined the contributions of "orthographic processing" factors to the spelling achievement of typically developing middle-elementary students. The researcher framed orthographic processing as a multilinguistic, multidimensional construct involving process factors related to procedural orthographic operations and product…

The influence of the "cage" effect on the mechanism of reversible bimolecular multistage chemical reactions proceeding from different sites in solutions.

PubMed

Doktorov, Alexander B

2016-08-28

Manifestations of the "cage" effect at the encounters of reactants have been theoretically treated on the example of multistage reactions (including bimolecular exchange reactions as elementary stages) proceeding from different active sites in liquid solutions. It is shown that for reactions occurring near the contact of reactants, consistent consideration of quasi-stationary kinetics of such multistage reactions (possible in the framework of the encounter theory only) can be made on the basis of chemical concepts of the "cage complex," just as in the case of one-site model described in the literature. Exactly as in the one-site model, the presence of the "cage" effect gives rise to new channels of reactant transformation that cannot result from elementary event of chemical conversion for the given reaction mechanism. Besides, the multisite model demonstrates new (as compared to one-site model) features of multistage reaction course.

Quantum Tunnelling to the Origin and Evolution of Life

PubMed Central

Trixler, Frank

2013-01-01

Quantum tunnelling is a phenomenon which becomes relevant at the nanoscale and below. It is a paradox from the classical point of view as it enables elementary particles and atoms to permeate an energetic barrier without the need for sufficient energy to overcome it. Tunnelling might seem to be an exotic process only important for special physical effects and applications such as the Tunnel Diode, Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (electron tunnelling) or Near-field Optical Microscopy operating in photon tunnelling mode. However, this review demonstrates that tunnelling can do far more, being of vital importance for life: physical and chemical processes which are crucial in theories about the origin and evolution of life can be traced directly back to the effects of quantum tunnelling. These processes include the chemical evolution in stellar interiors and within the cold interstellar medium, prebiotic chemistry in the atmosphere and subsurface of planetary bodies, planetary habitability via insolation and geothermal heat as well as the function of biomolecular nanomachines. This review shows that quantum tunnelling has many highly important implications to the field of molecular and biological evolution, prebiotic chemistry and astrobiology. PMID:24039543

A workload model and measures for computer performance evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kerner, H.; Kuemmerle, K.

1972-01-01

A generalized workload definition is presented which constructs measurable workloads of unit size from workload elements, called elementary processes. An elementary process makes almost exclusive use of one of the processors, CPU, I/O processor, etc., and is measured by the cost of its execution. Various kinds of user programs can be simulated by quantitative composition of elementary processes into a type. The character of the type is defined by the weights of its elementary processes and its structure by the amount and sequence of transitions between its elementary processes. A set of types is batched to a mix. Mixes of identical cost are considered as equivalent amounts of workload. These formalized descriptions of workloads allow investigators to compare the results of different studies quantitatively. Since workloads of different composition are assigned a unit of cost, these descriptions enable determination of cost effectiveness of different workloads on a machine. Subsequently performance parameters such as throughput rate, gain factor, internal and external delay factors are defined and used to demonstrate the effects of various workload attributes on the performance of a selected large scale computer system.

Modeling the Non-Equilibrium Process of the Chemical Adsorption of Ammonia on GaN(0001) Reconstructed Surfaces Based on Steepest-Entropy-Ascent Quantum Thermodynamics.

PubMed

Kusaba, Akira; Li, Guanchen; von Spakovsky, Michael R; Kangawa, Yoshihiro; Kakimoto, Koichi

2017-08-15

Clearly understanding elementary growth processes that depend on surface reconstruction is essential to controlling vapor-phase epitaxy more precisely. In this study, ammonia chemical adsorption on GaN(0001) reconstructed surfaces under metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) conditions (3Ga-H and N ad -H + Ga-H on a 2 × 2 unit cell) is investigated using steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics (SEAQT). SEAQT is a thermodynamic-ensemble based, first-principles framework that can predict the behavior of non-equilibrium processes, even those far from equilibrium where the state evolution is a combination of reversible and irreversible dynamics. SEAQT is an ideal choice to handle this problem on a first-principles basis since the chemical adsorption process starts from a highly non-equilibrium state. A result of the analysis shows that the probability of adsorption on 3Ga-H is significantly higher than that on N ad -H + Ga-H. Additionally, the growth temperature dependence of these adsorption probabilities and the temperature increase due to the heat of reaction is determined. The non-equilibrium thermodynamic modeling applied can lead to better control of the MOVPE process through the selection of preferable reconstructed surfaces. The modeling also demonstrates the efficacy of DFT-SEAQT coupling for determining detailed non-equilibrium process characteristics with a much smaller computational burden than would be entailed with mechanics-based, microscopic-mesoscopic approaches.

Modeling the Non-Equilibrium Process of the Chemical Adsorption of Ammonia on GaN(0001) Reconstructed Surfaces Based on Steepest-Entropy-Ascent Quantum Thermodynamics

PubMed Central

Kusaba, Akira; von Spakovsky, Michael R.; Kangawa, Yoshihiro; Kakimoto, Koichi

2017-01-01

Clearly understanding elementary growth processes that depend on surface reconstruction is essential to controlling vapor-phase epitaxy more precisely. In this study, ammonia chemical adsorption on GaN(0001) reconstructed surfaces under metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) conditions (3Ga-H and Nad-H + Ga-H on a 2 × 2 unit cell) is investigated using steepest-entropy-ascent quantum thermodynamics (SEAQT). SEAQT is a thermodynamic-ensemble based, first-principles framework that can predict the behavior of non-equilibrium processes, even those far from equilibrium where the state evolution is a combination of reversible and irreversible dynamics. SEAQT is an ideal choice to handle this problem on a first-principles basis since the chemical adsorption process starts from a highly non-equilibrium state. A result of the analysis shows that the probability of adsorption on 3Ga-H is significantly higher than that on Nad-H + Ga-H. Additionally, the growth temperature dependence of these adsorption probabilities and the temperature increase due to the heat of reaction is determined. The non-equilibrium thermodynamic modeling applied can lead to better control of the MOVPE process through the selection of preferable reconstructed surfaces. The modeling also demonstrates the efficacy of DFT-SEAQT coupling for determining detailed non-equilibrium process characteristics with a much smaller computational burden than would be entailed with mechanics-based, microscopic-mesoscopic approaches. PMID:28809816

Very Tiny Rocks: Site-Specific, Size-Dependent Reaction Kinetics at Nanoparticle-Water Interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rustad, J. R.

2008-12-01

One of the most fundamental challenges in geochemistry is to be able to understand the rates and mechanisms of elementary reactions that describe chemical processes occurring at mineral-water interfaces. One of the reasons for the primitive conceptual state of reaction kinetics in solid earth geochemistry is that it is very difficult to identify defensible elementary reactions where theoretical predictions can be made and the results can tested experimentally at the same length and time scale of the prediction. For example, the most fundamental predictor of complexation kinetics in aqueous solution is the characteristic water exchange rate, which are well known for the aquo ions and vary by 20 orders of magnitude even for simple trivalent ions. In contrast, for interfacial reactions, it was not even known whether water exchange rates were faster or slower than equivalent metal sites in solution, prohibiting any quantitive understanding of mineral reaction kinetics at the molecular level. Recent advances in synthesis and characterization of materials at nanometer length scales has been able to bridge the gap in scale, and nanometer-sized minerals have given us our first quantitative understanding of elementary reaction rates for fundamental processes involving water and hydroxide exchange reactions. I describe the results of molecular dynamics calculation and experimental measurement of the rates of water, hydroxide, and proton exchange reactions on nanoparticle surfaces. The calculations already show that transition state theory is completely inadequate to understand the rates of even the simplest elementary reactions. Furthermore, the mechanistic implications of rate parameters such as activation volume and activation enthalpy may be different in moving from aquo ions to interfaces. Is a molecular understanding of geochemical processes really needed? One might have asked a biologist at the turn of the century whether studying the structure of proteins would ever be useful for curing disease. True molecular level understanding of interfacial interactions has the potential to revolutionize geology, allowing unprecedented detail and accuracy in such important contexts as climate reconstruction and tectonic history. Geology has an inevitable molecular future.

Report of Ninth Biennial Conference on Chemical Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of Chemical Education, 1987

1987-01-01

Provides a summary of the events occurring at the Ninth Biennial Conference on Chemical Education, held in Bozeman, Montana, on July 27-August 2, 1986. Contains brief descriptions of sessions on the role of chemists, demonstrations of laboratory experiences, learning chemistry with computers, teacher training, and chemistry for elementary school…

Entropy Generation in a Chemical Reaction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miranda, E. N.

2010-01-01

Entropy generation in a chemical reaction is analysed without using the general formalism of non-equilibrium thermodynamics at a level adequate for advanced undergraduates. In a first approach to the problem, the phenomenological kinetic equation of an elementary first-order reaction is used to show that entropy production is always positive. A…

Chemical nuclear polarization effects in photoreactions of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane with carbonyl-containing compounds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Porkhun, V. I.; Rakhimov, A. I.

2012-11-01

Elementary acts of the photoreaction of diamine with 2,6-diphenyl- p-benzoquinone are determined from the effects of chemical nuclear polarization effects. Hydrogen atom transfer is shown to occur in two stages with the participation of a radical ion pair.

A Constructivist Computational Platform to Support Mathematics Education in Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garcia, I.; Pacheco, C.

2013-01-01

Many courses for elementary school are based upon teacher presentation and explanation of basic topics, rather than allowing students to develop their own knowledge. This traditional model may turn elementary-level lessons into an extremely theoretical, boring and non-effective process. In this context, research in mathematics elementary education…

Development Process and Outcome Evaluation of a Program for Raising Awareness of Indirect and Relational Aggression in Elementary Schools: A Preliminary Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Verlaan, Pierrette; Turmel, France

2010-01-01

The development process of a program for raising awareness of indirect and relational aggression in elementary school children and teachers is described and a preliminary outcome evaluation of the program was conducted. The 188 participants were derived from 8 fourth- through sixth-grade elementary classes in two lower-middle-class schools from…

An Investigation of the Relationship between Learning Styles of Fifth Grade Elementary School Students and Their Music Composition Processes and Products

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marrinan, Nora Marie

2008-01-01

This researcher sought to investigate the relationship between perceptual learning modalities of fifth grade elementary school students and their compositional processes and products. Music composition, at the elementary school level, has been studied for many years, as the creation of new music can give students a more active role in learning,…

The Physical Sciences. Report of the National Science Board Submitted to the Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Handler, Philip

Recent advances in the physical sciences, including astronomy, chemical synthesis, chemical dynamics, solid-state sciences, atomic and nuclear science, and elementary particles and high-energy physics are summarized in this report to Congress. The nature of physical science, including its increasing unity, the relationship between science and…

Understanding Chemical Change in Primary Education: The Effect of Two Cognitive Variables

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stamovlasis, Dimitrios; Papageorgiou, George

2012-01-01

In this study, pupils' understanding of chemical change was investigated in relation to two cognitive variables: logical thinking and field-dependence/field-independence. The participants (N = 99) were sixth-grade elementary school pupils (aged 11/12), which were involved in two different tasks related to combustion. The pupils were tested for…

The influence of the "cage effect" on the mechanism of reversible bimolecular multistage chemical reactions in solutions.

PubMed

Doktorov, Alexander B

2015-08-21

Manifestations of the "cage effect" at the encounters of reactants are theoretically treated by the example of multistage reactions in liquid solutions including bimolecular exchange reactions as elementary stages. It is shown that consistent consideration of quasi-stationary kinetics of multistage reactions (possible only in the framework of the encounter theory) for reactions proceeding near reactants contact can be made on the basis of the concepts of a "cage complex." Though mathematically such a consideration is more complicated, it is more clear from the standpoint of chemical notions. It is established that the presence of the "cage effect" leads to some important effects not inherent in reactions in gases or those in solutions proceeding in the kinetic regime, such as the appearance of new transition channels of reactant transformation that cannot be caused by elementary event of chemical conversion for the given mechanism of reaction. This results in that, for example, rate constant values of multistage reaction defined by standard kinetic equations of formal chemical kinetics from experimentally measured kinetics can differ essentially from real values of these constants.

Supersonic molecular beam experiments on surface chemical reactions.

PubMed

Okada, Michio

2014-10-01

The interaction of a molecule and a surface is important in various fields, and in particular in complex systems like biomaterials and their related chemistry. However, the detailed understanding of the elementary steps in the surface chemistry, for example, stereodynamics, is still insufficient even for simple model systems. In this Personal Account, I review our recent studies of chemical reactions on single-crystalline Cu and Si surfaces induced by hyperthermal oxygen molecular beams and by oriented molecular beams, respectively. Studies of oxide formation on Cu induced by hyperthermal molecular beams demonstrate a significant role of the translational energy of the incident molecules. The use of hyperthermal molecular beams enables us to open up new chemical reaction paths specific for the hyperthermal energy region, and to develop new methods for the fabrication of thin films. On the other hand, oriented molecular beams also demonstrate the possibility of understanding surface chemical reactions in detail by varying the orientation of the incident molecules. The steric effects found on Si surfaces hint at new ways of material fabrication on Si surfaces. Controlling the initial conditions of incoming molecules is a powerful tool for finely monitoring the elementary step of the surface chemical reactions and creating new materials on surfaces. Copyright © 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan and Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Behaviour of Turkish Elementary School Principals in the Change Process: An Analysis of the Perceptions of Both Teachers and School Principals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gokce, Feyyat

2009-01-01

Technological and economic changes affect societies, and consequently bring about change in education. Elementary school principals in Turkey spend considerable time and effort managing change in their schools. This study contributes to the better management of Turkish elementary schools by determining the behavior of elementary school principals…

Listening to Early Career Teachers: How Can Elementary Mathematics Methods Courses Better Prepare Them to Utilize Standards-Based Practices in Their Classrooms?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coester, Lee Anne

2010-01-01

This study was designed to gather input from early career elementary teachers with the goal of finding ways to improve elementary mathematics methods courses. Multiple areas were explored including the degree to which respondents' elementary mathematics methods course focused on the NCTM Process Standards, the teachers' current standards-based…

A Study on Improving Information Processing Abilities Based on PBL

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Du Gyu; Lee, JaeMu

2014-01-01

This study examined an instruction method for the improvement of information processing abilities in elementary school students. Current elementary students are required to develop information processing abilities to create new knowledge for this digital age. There is, however, a shortage of instruction strategies for these information processing…

Design Expert's Participation in Elementary Students' Collaborative Design Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kangas, Kaiju; Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, Pirita; Hakkarainen, Kai

2013-01-01

The main goal of the present study was to provide insights into how disciplinary expertise might be infused into Design and Technology classrooms and how authentic processes based on professional design practices might be constructed. We describe elementary students' collaborative lamp designing process, where the leadership was provided by a…

Catalytic reaction processes revealed by scanning probe microscopy. [corrected].

PubMed

Jiang, Peng; Bao, Xinhe; Salmeron, Miquel

2015-05-19

Heterogeneous catalysis is of great importance for modern society. About 80% of the chemicals are produced by catalytic reactions. Green energy production and utilization as well as environmental protection also need efficient catalysts. Understanding the reaction mechanisms is crucial to improve the existing catalysts and develop new ones with better activity, selectivity, and stability. Three components are involved in one catalytic reaction: reactant, product, and catalyst. The catalytic reaction process consists of a series of elementary steps: adsorption, diffusion, reaction, and desorption. During reaction, the catalyst surface can change at the atomic level, with roughening, sintering, and segregation processes occurring dynamically in response to the reaction conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to obtain atomic-scale information for understanding catalytic reactions. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a very appropriate tool for catalytic research at the atomic scale because of its unique atomic-resolution capability. A distinguishing feature of SPM, compared to other surface characterization techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, is that there is no intrinsic limitation for SPM to work under realistic reaction conditions (usually high temperature and high pressure). Therefore, since it was introduced in 1981, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been widely used to investigate the adsorption, diffusion, reaction, and desorption processes on solid catalyst surfaces at the atomic level. STM can also monitor dynamic changes of catalyst surfaces during reactions. These invaluable microscopic insights have not only deepened the understanding of catalytic processes, but also provided important guidance for the development of new catalysts. This Account will focus on elementary reaction processes revealed by SPM. First, we will demonstrate the power of SPM to investigate the adsorption and diffusion process of reactants on catalyst surfaces at the atomic level. Then the dynamic processes, including surface reconstruction, roughening, sintering, and phase separation, studied by SPM will be discussed. Furthermore, SPM provides valuable insights toward identifying the active sites and understanding the reaction mechanisms. We also illustrate here how both ultrahigh vacuum STM and high pressure STM provide valuable information, expanding the understanding provided by traditional surface science. We conclude with highlighting remarkable recent progress in noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS), and their impact on single-chemical-bond level characterization for catalytic reaction processes in the future.

The Problem-Based Learning Process: Reflections of Pre-Service Elementary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baysal, Zeliha Nurdan

2017-01-01

This study aims to identify the benefits acquired by third-year pre-service elementary school teachers participating in a problem-based learning process in social studies education, the issues they encountered in that process and those they are likely to encounter, and their feelings about the process. Semi-structured interviews were used as one…

Introductory lecture. Advanced laser spectroscopy in combustion chemistry: from elementary steps to practical devices.

PubMed

Wolfrum, J

2001-01-01

In recent years a large number of linear and nonlinear laser-based diagnostic techniques for nonintrusive measurements of species concentrations, temperatures, and gas velocities in a wide pressure and temperature range with high temporal and spatial resolution have been developed and have become extremely valuable tools to study many aspects of combustion. Beside the nonintrusive diagnostics of technical combustion devices the kinetics and microscopic dynamics of elementary chemical combustion reactions can be investigated in great detail by laser spectroscopy. These investigations show, that a small number of relatively simple elementary steps like H + O2-->OH + O, H2O2-->2OH, O + N2-->NO + N, NH2 + NO-->H2O + N2, OH + N2H control a large variety of combustion phenomena and pollutant formation processes. Laminar flames are ideal objects to develop the application of laser spectroscopic methods for practical combustion systems and to test and improve the gas-phase reaction mechanism in combustion models. Nonintrusive laser point and field measurements are of basic importance in the validation and further development of turbulent combustion models. Nonlinear laser spectroscopic techniques using infrared-visible sum-frequency generation can now bridge the pressure and materials gap to provide kinetic data for catalytic combustion. Finally, the potential of laser techniques for active combustion control in municipal waste incinerators is illustrated.

A Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Application in Elementary Science and Technology Lessons: Physical and Chemical Changes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tarhan, Leman; Ayyildiz, Yildizay; Ogunc, Aylin; Sesen, Burcin Acar

2013-01-01

Background: Cooperative learning is an active learning approach in which students work together in small groups to complete an assigned task. Students commonly find the subject of "physical and chemical changes" difficult and abstract, and thus they generally have many misconceptions about it. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the…

Some Considerations on the Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics: Steady State, Quasi-Equilibrium, and Transition State Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perez-Benito, Joaquin F.

2017-01-01

The elementary reaction sequence A ? I ? Products is the simplest mechanism for which the steady-state and quasi-equilibrium kinetic approximations can be applied. The exact integrated solutions for this chemical system allow inferring the conditions that must fulfill the rate constants for the different approximations to hold. A graphical…

A mechanistic Individual-based Model of microbial communities.

PubMed

Jayathilake, Pahala Gedara; Gupta, Prashant; Li, Bowen; Madsen, Curtis; Oyebamiji, Oluwole; González-Cabaleiro, Rebeca; Rushton, Steve; Bridgens, Ben; Swailes, David; Allen, Ben; McGough, A Stephen; Zuliani, Paolo; Ofiteru, Irina Dana; Wilkinson, Darren; Chen, Jinju; Curtis, Tom

2017-01-01

Accurate predictive modelling of the growth of microbial communities requires the credible representation of the interactions of biological, chemical and mechanical processes. However, although biological and chemical processes are represented in a number of Individual-based Models (IbMs) the interaction of growth and mechanics is limited. Conversely, there are mechanically sophisticated IbMs with only elementary biology and chemistry. This study focuses on addressing these limitations by developing a flexible IbM that can robustly combine the biological, chemical and physical processes that dictate the emergent properties of a wide range of bacterial communities. This IbM is developed by creating a microbiological adaptation of the open source Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS). This innovation should provide the basis for "bottom up" prediction of the emergent behaviour of entire microbial systems. In the model presented here, bacterial growth, division, decay, mechanical contact among bacterial cells, and adhesion between the bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances are incorporated. In addition, fluid-bacteria interaction is implemented to simulate biofilm deformation and erosion. The model predicts that the surface morphology of biofilms becomes smoother with increased nutrient concentration, which agrees well with previous literature. In addition, the results show that increased shear rate results in smoother and more compact biofilms. The model can also predict shear rate dependent biofilm deformation, erosion, streamer formation and breakup.

A mechanistic Individual-based Model of microbial communities

PubMed Central

Gupta, Prashant; Li, Bowen; Madsen, Curtis; Oyebamiji, Oluwole; González-Cabaleiro, Rebeca; Rushton, Steve; Bridgens, Ben; Swailes, David; Allen, Ben; McGough, A. Stephen; Zuliani, Paolo; Ofiteru, Irina Dana; Wilkinson, Darren; Chen, Jinju; Curtis, Tom

2017-01-01

Accurate predictive modelling of the growth of microbial communities requires the credible representation of the interactions of biological, chemical and mechanical processes. However, although biological and chemical processes are represented in a number of Individual-based Models (IbMs) the interaction of growth and mechanics is limited. Conversely, there are mechanically sophisticated IbMs with only elementary biology and chemistry. This study focuses on addressing these limitations by developing a flexible IbM that can robustly combine the biological, chemical and physical processes that dictate the emergent properties of a wide range of bacterial communities. This IbM is developed by creating a microbiological adaptation of the open source Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS). This innovation should provide the basis for “bottom up” prediction of the emergent behaviour of entire microbial systems. In the model presented here, bacterial growth, division, decay, mechanical contact among bacterial cells, and adhesion between the bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances are incorporated. In addition, fluid-bacteria interaction is implemented to simulate biofilm deformation and erosion. The model predicts that the surface morphology of biofilms becomes smoother with increased nutrient concentration, which agrees well with previous literature. In addition, the results show that increased shear rate results in smoother and more compact biofilms. The model can also predict shear rate dependent biofilm deformation, erosion, streamer formation and breakup. PMID:28771505

Developing Mathematical Processes (DMP). Field Test Evaluation, 1972-1973.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schall, William E.; And Others

The field test of the Developing Mathematical Processes (DMP) program was conducted jointly by the Falconer Central School, St. Mary's Elementary School in Dunkirk, New York, and the Teacher Education Research Center at the State University College in Fredonia, New York. DMP is a research-based, innovative, process-oriented elementary mathematics…

Design Thinking in Elementary Students' Collaborative Lamp Designing Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kangas, Kaiju; Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, Pirita; Hakkarainen, Kai

2013-01-01

Design and Technology education is potentially a rich environment for successful learning, if the management of the whole design process is emphasised, and students' design thinking is promoted. The aim of the present study was to unfold the collaborative design process of one team of elementary students, in order to understand their multimodal…

Word Processing in Elementary Schools: Seven Case Studies. Education and Technology Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murray, Jack; And Others

As a result of preliminary observations of word processing in elementary level language the seven case studies presented in this report reveal the effectiveness of current word processing (WP) activities within their respective instructional contexts. Each study is presented separately, detailing the classroom context, tasks and outcomes, program…

Developing guidelines for elementary flow nomenclature

EPA Science Inventory

In general, a flow in life cycle inventory data refers to an input or output to a process. Flows may be of two broad types: elementary flows or intermediate (known as “technosphere”) flows according to ISO 14044 (ISO 14044 2006). Elementary flows may be defined as mat...

Discovering chemistry with an ab initio nanoreactor

DOE PAGES

Wang, Lee-Ping; Titov, Alexey; McGibbon, Robert; ...

2014-11-02

Chemical understanding is driven by the experimental discovery of new compounds and reactivity, and is supported by theory and computation that provides detailed physical insight. While theoretical and computational studies have generally focused on specific processes or mechanistic hypotheses, recent methodological and computational advances harken the advent of their principal role in discovery. Here we report the development and application of the ab initio nanoreactor – a highly accelerated, first-principles molecular dynamics simulation of chemical reactions that discovers new molecules and mechanisms without preordained reaction coordinates or elementary steps. Using the nanoreactor we show new pathways for glycine synthesis frommore » primitive compounds proposed to exist on the early Earth, providing new insight into the classic Urey-Miller experiment. Ultimately, these results highlight the emergence of theoretical and computational chemistry as a tool for discovery in addition to its traditional role of interpreting experimental findings.« less

Discovering chemistry with an ab initio nanoreactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Lee-Ping; Titov, Alexey; McGibbon, Robert

Chemical understanding is driven by the experimental discovery of new compounds and reactivity, and is supported by theory and computation that provides detailed physical insight. While theoretical and computational studies have generally focused on specific processes or mechanistic hypotheses, recent methodological and computational advances harken the advent of their principal role in discovery. Here we report the development and application of the ab initio nanoreactor – a highly accelerated, first-principles molecular dynamics simulation of chemical reactions that discovers new molecules and mechanisms without preordained reaction coordinates or elementary steps. Using the nanoreactor we show new pathways for glycine synthesis frommore » primitive compounds proposed to exist on the early Earth, providing new insight into the classic Urey-Miller experiment. Ultimately, these results highlight the emergence of theoretical and computational chemistry as a tool for discovery in addition to its traditional role of interpreting experimental findings.« less

Fractionation and physicochemical characterization of lignin from waste jute bags: Effect of process parameters on yield and thermal degradation.

PubMed

Ahuja, Dheeraj; Kaushik, Anupama; Chauhan, Ghanshyam S

2017-04-01

In this work lignin was extracted from waste jute bags using soda cooking method and effect of varying alkali concentration and pH on yield, purity, structure and thermal degradation of lignin were studied. The Lignin yield, chemical composition and purity were assessed using TAPPI method and UV-vis spectroscopy. Yield and purity of lignin ranged from 27 to 58% and 50-94%, respectively for all the samples and was maximum for 8% alkali concentration and at pH 2 giving higher thermal stability. Chemical structure, thermal stability and elementary analysis of lignin were studied using FTIR, H NMR, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Elemental analyzer. FTIR and H NMR results showed that core structure of lignin starts breaking beyond 10% alkali concentration. S/G ratio shows the dominance of Syringyl unit over guaiacyl unit. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Metacognitive Knowledge in Children at Early Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haberkorn, Kerstin; Lockl, Kathrin; Pohl, Steffi; Ebert, Susanne; Weinert, Sabine

2014-01-01

In metacognition research, many studies focused on metacognitive knowledge of preschoolers or children at the end of elementary school or secondary school, but investigations of children starting elementary school are quite limited. The present study, thus, took a closer look at children's knowledge about mental processes and strategies in…

The Effectiveness of Special Education Teacher Evaluation Processes: Perspectives from Elementary Principals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glowacki, Heather; Hackmann, Donald G.

2016-01-01

This study examined perceptions of Illinois public elementary school principals regarding the effectiveness of their school districts' evaluation systems for special education teachers in promoting professional development and job performance accountability. Using an online questionnaire, 330 of the state's 1,551 elementary principals responded to…

Factors Influencing Science Content Accuracy in Elementary Inquiry Science Lessons

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nowicki, Barbara L.; Sullivan-Watts, Barbara; Shim, Minsuk K.; Young, Betty; Pockalny, Robert

2013-01-01

Elementary teachers face increasing demands to engage children in authentic science process and argument while simultaneously preparing them with knowledge of science facts, vocabulary, and concepts. This reform is particularly challenging due to concerns that elementary teachers lack adequate science background to teach science accurately. This…

Inappropriate Lessons: Elementary Schools and the Social Organization of Sexuality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boas, Erica Misako

2013-01-01

This dissertation responds to the question: How is sexuality organized in elementary schools? I argue that despite the absence of overt discussions on sexuality in elementary schools, sexuality is "organized" through social processes that are recursively linked to ideology. Due to the widely held belief that "children" and…

Third Grade Elementary Students' Perception of Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Demir, Metin

2015-01-01

The current study investigated which dimensions of scientific process are capitalized on by elementary school third graders to explain the concept of science at conceptual level. The study was conducted by using "Basic Qualitative Research", one of the qualitative research approaches with the participation of 225 elementary school third…

NASA Data Evaluation (2015): Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burkholder, J. B.; Sander, S. P.; Abbatt, J.; Barker, J. R.; Huie, R. E.; Kolb, C. E., Jr.; Kurylo, M. J., III; Orkin, V. L.; Wilmouth, D. M.; Wine, P. H.

2015-12-01

Atmospheric chemistry models must include a large number of processes to accurately describe the temporal and spatial behavior of atmospheric composition. They require a wide range of chemical and physical data (parameters) that describe elementary gas-phase and heterogeneous processes. The review and evaluation of chemical and physical data has, therefore, played an important role in the development of chemical models and in their use in environmental assessment activities. The NASA data panel evaluation has a broad atmospheric focus that includes Ox, O(1D), singlet O2, HOx, NOx, Organic, FOx, ClOx, BrOx, IOx, SOx, and Na reactions, three-body reactions, equilibrium constants, photochemistry, Henry's Law coefficients, aqueous chemistry, heterogeneous chemistry and processes, and thermodynamic parameters. The 2015 evaluation includes critical coverage of ~700 bimolecular reactions, 86 three-body reactions, 33 equilibrium constants, ~220 photochemical species, ~360 aqueous and heterogeneous processes, and thermodynamic parameters for ~800 species with over 5000 literature citations reviewed. Each evaluation includes (1) recommended values (e.g. rate coefficients, absorption cross sections, solubilities, and uptake coefficients) with estimated uncertainty factors and (2) a note describing the available experimental and theoretical data and an explanation for the recommendation. This presentation highlights some of the recent additions to the evaluation that include: (1) expansion of thermochemical parameters, including Hg species, (2) CH2OO (Criegee) chemistry, (3) Isoprene and its major degradation product chemistry, (4) halocarbon chemistry, (5) Henry's law solubility data, and (6) uptake coefficients. In addition, a listing of complete references with the evaluation notes has been implemented. Users of the data evaluation are encouraged to suggest potential improvements and ways that the evaluation can better serve the atmospheric chemistry community.

Elementary School Students' Spoken Activities and Their Responses in Math Learning by Peer-Tutoring

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baiduri

2017-01-01

Students' activities in the learning process are very important to indicate the quality of learning process. One of which is spoken activity. This study was intended to analyze the elementary school students' spoken activities and their responses in joining Math learning process by peer-tutoring. Descriptive qualitative design was piloted by means…

The Analysis of Nine Process-Concepts in Elementary Science. Technical Report No. 428.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klausmeier, Herbert J.; And Others

Theory and research background regarding the teaching of concepts are presented. Procedures are given in detail on how a concept can be analyzed in order to aid in teaching and preparing instructional materials. Nine processes of science drawn from a published elementary science curriculum ("Science: A Process Approach") are treated as concepts…

Coaching Process Based on Transformative Learning Theory for Changing the Instructional Mindset of Elementary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kawinkamolroj, Milintra; Triwaranyu, Charinee; Thongthew, Sumlee

2015-01-01

This research aimed to develop coaching process based on transformative learning theory for changing the mindset about instruction of elementary school teachers. Tools used in this process include mindset tests and questionnaires designed to assess the instructional mindset of teachers and to allow the teachers to reflect on how they perceive…

Qualitative Analysis of Information Communication Technology Use on Teaching-Learning Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Akahori, Kanji

This paper describes some of the features of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and its uses in the teaching-learning process in elementary schools. In most schools, it is difficult for ICT to be used effectively in the teaching-learning process. The author observed many classes using ICT in elementary schools. Qualitative data, such as…

An Investigation of Experienced and Inexperienced Primary School Teachers' Teaching Process in Science and Technology Classes in Terms of Metacognitive Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doganay, Ahmet; Ozturk, Ayse

2011-01-01

This comparative case study aimed to investigate whether experienced elementary school teachers' science and technology teaching processes differed from inexperienced teachers' teaching processes in terms of using metacognitive strategies. 14 elementary school teachers, including 7 experienced and 7 inexperienced, participated in the study. The…

Propensity approach to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of a chemical reaction network: Controlling single E-coli β-galactosidase enzyme catalysis through the elementary reaction stepsa)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Biswajit; Banerjee, Kinshuk; Gangopadhyay, Gautam

2013-12-01

In this work, we develop an approach to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of an open chemical reaction network in terms of the elementary reaction propensities. The method is akin to the microscopic formulation of the dissipation function in terms of the Kullback-Leibler distance of phase space trajectories in Hamiltonian system. The formalism is applied to a single oligomeric enzyme kinetics at chemiostatic condition that leads the reaction system to a nonequilibrium steady state, characterized by a positive total entropy production rate. Analytical expressions are derived, relating the individual reaction contributions towards the total entropy production rate with experimentally measurable reaction velocity. Taking a real case of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase enzyme obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we thoroughly analyze the temporal as well as the steady state behavior of various thermodynamic quantities for each elementary reaction. This gives a useful insight in the relative magnitudes of various energy terms and the dissipated heat to sustain a steady state of the reaction system operating far-from-equilibrium. It is also observed that, the reaction is entropy-driven at low substrate concentration and becomes energy-driven as the substrate concentration rises.

The effects of computer-assisted instruction and locus of control upon preservice elementary teachers' acquisition of the integrated science process skills

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wesley, Beth Eddinger; Krockover, Gerald H.; Devito, Alfred

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) versus a text mode of programmed instruction (PI), and the cognitive style of locus of control, on preservice elementary teachers' achievement of the integrated science process skills. Eighty-one preservice elementary teachers in six sections of a science methods class were classified as internally or externally controlled. The sections were randomly assigned to receive instruction in the integrated science process skills via a microcomputer or printed text. The study used a pretest-posttest control group design. Before assessing main and interaction effects, analysis of covariance was used to adjust posttest scores using the pretest scores. Statistical analysis revealed that main effects were not significant. Additionally, no interaction effects between treatments and loci of control were demonstrated. The results suggest that printed PI and tutorial CAI are equally effective modes of instruction for teaching internally and externally oriented preservice elementary teachers the integrated science process skills.

Water: Too Precious to Waste.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Geographic World, 1983

1983-01-01

Provides background information on many topics related to water. These include the water cycle, groundwater, fresh water, chemical wastes, water purification, river pollution, acid rain, and water conservation. Information is presented at an elementary level. (JM)

Element-ary Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schamp, Homer W., Jr.

1989-01-01

Describes the historic development of the periodic table from the four-element theory to the Lavoisier's table. Presents a table listing the old and new names of chemicals and the Lavoisier's table of elements. Lists two references. (YP)

Single-molecule detection of dihydroazulene photo-thermal reaction using break junction technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Cancan; Jevric, Martyn; Borges, Anders; Olsen, Stine T.; Hamill, Joseph M.; Zheng, Jue-Ting; Yang, Yang; Rudnev, Alexander; Baghernejad, Masoud; Broekmann, Peter; Petersen, Anne Ugleholdt; Wandlowski, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Kurt V.; Solomon, Gemma C.; Brøndsted Nielsen, Mogens; Hong, Wenjing

2017-05-01

Charge transport by tunnelling is one of the most ubiquitous elementary processes in nature. Small structural changes in a molecular junction can lead to significant difference in the single-molecule electronic properties, offering a tremendous opportunity to examine a reaction on the single-molecule scale by monitoring the conductance changes. Here, we explore the potential of the single-molecule break junction technique in the detection of photo-thermal reaction processes of a photochromic dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system. Statistical analysis of the break junction experiments provides a quantitative approach for probing the reaction kinetics and reversibility, including the occurrence of isomerization during the reaction. The product ratios observed when switching the system in the junction does not follow those observed in solution studies (both experiment and theory), suggesting that the junction environment was perturbing the process significantly. This study opens the possibility of using nano-structured environments like molecular junctions to tailor product ratios in chemical reactions.

Reorganization of the Connectivity between Elementary Functions – A Model Relating Conscious States to Neural Connections

PubMed Central

Mogensen, Jesper; Overgaard, Morten

2017-01-01

In the present paper it is argued that the “neural correlate of consciousness” (NCC) does not appear to be a separate “module” – but an aspect of information processing within the neural substrate of various cognitive processes. Consequently, NCC can only be addressed adequately within frameworks that model the general relationship between neural processes and mental states – and take into account the dynamic connectivity of the brain. We presently offer the REFGEN (general reorganization of elementary functions) model as such a framework. This model builds upon and expands the REF (reorganization of elementary functions) and REFCON (of elementary functions and consciousness) models. All three models integrate the relationship between the neural and mental layers of description via the construction of an intermediate level dealing with computational states. The importance of experience based organization of neural and cognitive processes is stressed. The models assume that the mechanisms of consciousness are in principle the same as the basic mechanisms of all aspects of cognition – when information is processed to a sufficiently “high level” it becomes available to conscious experience. The NCC is within the REFGEN model seen as aspects of the dynamic and experience driven reorganizations of the synaptic connectivity between the neurocognitive “building blocks” of the model – the elementary functions. PMID:28473797

Investigating the Attitudes of Elementary School Teachers, School Psychologists and Guidance Research Center Personnel on the Process of Preparing the Individualized Educational Program and Challenges Faced during the Related Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tike Bafra, Leyla; Kargin, Tevhide

2009-01-01

This study aims to analyze the attitudes of elementary school teachers, school psychologists and guidance research center personnel regarding developing an individualized educational program (IEP) process as well as challenges faced during the related process, according to several variables. The study included 201 participants who were working in…

Influence of inelastic Rydberg atom-atom collisional process on kinetic and optical properties of low-temperature laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klyucharev, A. N.; Bezuglov, N. N.; Mihajlov, A. A.; Ignjatović, Lj M.

2010-11-01

Elementary processes in plasma phenomena traditionally attract physicist's attention. The channel of charged-particle formation in Rydberg atom-atom thermal and sub-thermal collisions (the low temperature plasmas conditions) leads to creation of the molecular ions - associative ionization (AI). atomic ions - Penning-like ionization (PI) and the pair of the negative and positive ions. In our universe the chemical composition of the primordial gas consists mainly of Hydrogen and Helium (H, H-, H+, H2, He,He+). Hydrogen-like alkali-metal Lithium (Li, Li+,Li-) and combinations (HeH+, LiH-, LiH+). There is a wide range of plasma parameters in which the Rydberg atoms of the elements mentioned above make the dominant contribution to ionization and that process may be regarded as a prototype of the elementary process of light excitation energy transformation into electric one. The latest stochastic version of chemi-ionisation (AI+PI) on Rydberg atom-atom collisions extends the treatment of the "dipole resonant" model by taking into account redistribution of population over a range of Rydberg states prior to ionization. This redistribution is modelled as diffusion within the frame of stochastic dynamic of the Rydberg electron in the Rydberg energy spectrum. This may lead to anomalies of Rydberg atom spectra. Another result obtained in recent time is understanding that experimental results on chemi-ionization relate to the group of mixed Rydberg atom closed to the primary selected one. The Rydberg atoms ionisation theory today makes a valuable contribution in the deterministic and stochastic approaches correlation in atomic physic.

Effective Leadership Practices Exercised by Elementary Principals in Turnaround Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tietjen, Jill Deanne

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to identify effective leadership practices, processes, and strategies utilized by elementary school principals in low-achieving schools as well as to discuss and identify leadership practices as they emerged in the literature. Qualitative methods in the form of case studies of three elementary school principals…

Elementary Principals' Strategies for Managing the Educational Technology Refresh Process: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denton, Edward A.

2011-01-01

Increased uses of educational technology by students and teachers in recent years have compelled elementary principals to expand educational technology resources and replace educational technology resources at the end of it's service life. The purpose of this study was to investigate strategies and practices employed by elementary principals…

Developing an Assessment Instrument to Measure Early Elementary Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schoen, Robert C.; Bray, Wendy; Wolfe, Christopher; Tazaz, Amanda M.; Nielsen, Lynne

2017-01-01

This study reports on the development and field study of K-TEEM, a web-based assessment instrument designed to measure mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) at the early elementary level. The development process involved alignment with early elementary curriculum standards, expert review of items and scoring criteria, cognitive interviews with…

The Effects of a STEM Intervention on Elementary Students' Science Knowledge and Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cotabish, Alicia; Dailey, Debbie; Robinson, Ann; Hughes, Gail

2013-01-01

The purpose of the study was to assess elementary students' science process skills, content knowledge, and concept knowledge after one year of participation in an elementary Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) program. This study documented the effects of the combination of intensive professional development and the use of…

Elementary Administrators' Perceptions of the Blended Coaching Model on Their Development as Transformational Leaders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Noche, Alma

2016-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this ethnographic research was to study the culture and experiences of elementary administrators who were coached in the blended coaching model. This study used a qualitative ethnographic design to explore the context and processes of the coaching experience of elementary administrators that enhanced transformational…

Using a Computer Simulation To Teach Science Process Skills to College Biology and Elementary Education Majors.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Aimee T.; Hairston, Rosalina V.; Thames, Rachel; Lawrence, Tonya; Herron, Sherry S.

2002-01-01

Describes the Lateblight computer simulation implemented in the general biology laboratory and science methods course for elementary teachers to reinforce the processes of science and allow students to engage, explore, explain, elaborate, and evaluate the methods of building concepts in science. (Author/KHR)

Building Type Basics for Elementary and Secondary Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perkins, Bradford

This book provides the essential information architects need to fast-start a school design process and shares what leading architects have learned about elementary and secondary school design. It provides critical information on the process, potential problems, design concerns, and recent trends in school design, along with complete coverage of…

Facilitating an Elementary Engineering Design Process Module

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hill-Cunningham, P. Renee; Mott, Michael S.; Hunt, Anna-Blair

2018-01-01

STEM education in elementary school is guided by the understanding that engineering represents the application of science and math concepts to make life better for people. The Engineering Design Process (EDP) guides the application of creative solutions to problems. Helping teachers understand how to apply the EDP to create lessons develops a…

An Investigation into Upper Elementary Students' Attitudes towards Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaya, Hasan

2012-01-01

Science and technology course that helps to improve cognitive aspects and enhance the creativity of the individuals is an important part of elementary school education as a core course. Students may gain scientific knowledge, scientific process skills, and attitudes during their science learning process. This study aimed to determine upper…

Conceptual Change in Elementary School Teacher Candidate Knowledge of Rock-Cycle Processes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stofflett, Rene Therese

1994-01-01

Investigates the knowledge of elementary school teacher candidates on rock-cycle processes. Three different instructional interventions were used to improve their knowledge: (1) conceptual-change teaching; (2) traditional didactic teaching; and (3) microteaching. The conceptual-change group showed the most growth in understanding, supporting…

Changing Mathematics Teaching Practices and Improving Student Outcomes through Collaborative Evaluation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Kelli

2013-01-01

This longitudinal study examines the effects of a collaborative evaluation process on mathematics instruction and student outcomes in an elementary school serving a low-resource community. Thirty-two elementary teachers participated in a 3-year collaborative evaluation professional development process that contributed to improved mathematics…

Elementary reaction profile and chemical kinetics study of [C(1D)/(3P) + SiH4] with the CCSD(T) method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ranka, Karnamohit; Perera, Ajith; Bartlett, Rodney J.

2017-07-01

Carbon and silicon-based molecules are omnipresent in the fields of combustion, atmospheric, semiconductor, and astronomical chemistry, among others. This paper reports the underlying elementary reactions for the [C(1D) + SiH4] and [C(3P) + SiH4] reaction profiles, optimized geometries of the intermediates, transition states (at the CCSD(T) level), RRKM and TST rate constants, and the corresponding branching ratios. Previously unreported van der Waals complex intermediates have been found for both reactions.

Calcium quarks.

PubMed

Niggli, Ernst; Egger, Marcel

2002-05-01

Elementary subcellular Ca2+ signals arising from the opening of single ion channels may offer the possibility to examine the stochastic behavior and the microscopic chemical reaction rates of these channel proteins in their natural environment. Such an analysis can yield detailed information about the molecular function that cannot be derived from recordings obtained from an ensemble of channels. In this review, we summarize experimental evidence suggesting that Ca2+ sparks, elementary Ca2+ signaling events of cardiac and skeletal muscle excitation contraction coupling, may be comprised of a number of smaller Ca2+ signaling events, the Ca2+ quarks.

A DAG Scheduling Scheme on Heterogeneous Computing Systems Using Tuple-Based Chemical Reaction Optimization

PubMed Central

Jiang, Yuyi; Shao, Zhiqing; Guo, Yi

2014-01-01

A complex computing problem can be solved efficiently on a system with multiple computing nodes by dividing its implementation code into several parallel processing modules or tasks that can be formulated as directed acyclic graph (DAG) problems. The DAG jobs may be mapped to and scheduled on the computing nodes to minimize the total execution time. Searching an optimal DAG scheduling solution is considered to be NP-complete. This paper proposed a tuple molecular structure-based chemical reaction optimization (TMSCRO) method for DAG scheduling on heterogeneous computing systems, based on a very recently proposed metaheuristic method, chemical reaction optimization (CRO). Comparing with other CRO-based algorithms for DAG scheduling, the design of tuple reaction molecular structure and four elementary reaction operators of TMSCRO is more reasonable. TMSCRO also applies the concept of constrained critical paths (CCPs), constrained-critical-path directed acyclic graph (CCPDAG) and super molecule for accelerating convergence. In this paper, we have also conducted simulation experiments to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of TMSCRO upon a large set of randomly generated graphs and the graphs for real world problems. PMID:25143977

A DAG scheduling scheme on heterogeneous computing systems using tuple-based chemical reaction optimization.

PubMed

Jiang, Yuyi; Shao, Zhiqing; Guo, Yi

2014-01-01

A complex computing problem can be solved efficiently on a system with multiple computing nodes by dividing its implementation code into several parallel processing modules or tasks that can be formulated as directed acyclic graph (DAG) problems. The DAG jobs may be mapped to and scheduled on the computing nodes to minimize the total execution time. Searching an optimal DAG scheduling solution is considered to be NP-complete. This paper proposed a tuple molecular structure-based chemical reaction optimization (TMSCRO) method for DAG scheduling on heterogeneous computing systems, based on a very recently proposed metaheuristic method, chemical reaction optimization (CRO). Comparing with other CRO-based algorithms for DAG scheduling, the design of tuple reaction molecular structure and four elementary reaction operators of TMSCRO is more reasonable. TMSCRO also applies the concept of constrained critical paths (CCPs), constrained-critical-path directed acyclic graph (CCPDAG) and super molecule for accelerating convergence. In this paper, we have also conducted simulation experiments to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of TMSCRO upon a large set of randomly generated graphs and the graphs for real world problems.

Chemical dynamics of triacetylene formation and implications to the synthesis of polyynes in Titan's atmosphere

PubMed Central

Gu, X.; Kim, Y. S.; Kaiser, R. I.; Mebel, A. M.; Liang, M. C.; Yung, Y. L.

2009-01-01

For the last four decades, the role of polyynes such as diacetylene (HCCCCH) and triacetylene (HCCCCCCH) in the chemical evolution of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan has been a subject of vigorous research. These polyacetylenes are thought to serve as an UV radiation shield in planetary environments; thus, acting as prebiotic ozone, and are considered as important constituents of the visible haze layers on Titan. However, the underlying chemical processes that initiate the formation and control the growth of polyynes have been the least understood to date. Here, we present a combined experimental, theoretical, and modeling study on the synthesis of the polyyne triacetylene (HCCCCCCH) via the bimolecular gas phase reaction of the ethynyl radical (CCH) with diacetylene (HCCCCH). This elementary reaction is rapid, has no entrance barrier, and yields the triacetylene molecule via indirect scattering dynamics through complex formation in a single collision event. Photochemical models of Titan's atmosphere imply that triacetylene may serve as a building block to synthesize even more complex polyynes such as tetraacetylene (HCCCCCCCCH). PMID:19805262

Chemical dynamics of triacetylene formation and implications to the synthesis of polyynes in Titan's atmosphere.

PubMed

Gu, X; Kim, Y S; Kaiser, R I; Mebel, A M; Liang, M C; Yung, Y L

2009-09-22

For the last four decades, the role of polyynes such as diacetylene (HCCCCH) and triacetylene (HCCCCCCH) in the chemical evolution of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan has been a subject of vigorous research. These polyacetylenes are thought to serve as an UV radiation shield in planetary environments; thus, acting as prebiotic ozone, and are considered as important constituents of the visible haze layers on Titan. However, the underlying chemical processes that initiate the formation and control the growth of polyynes have been the least understood to date. Here, we present a combined experimental, theoretical, and modeling study on the synthesis of the polyyne triacetylene (HCCCCCCH) via the bimolecular gas phase reaction of the ethynyl radical (CCH) with diacetylene (HCCCCH). This elementary reaction is rapid, has no entrance barrier, and yields the triacetylene molecule via indirect scattering dynamics through complex formation in a single collision event. Photochemical models of Titan's atmosphere imply that triacetylene may serve as a building block to synthesize even more complex polyynes such as tetraacetylene (HCCCCCCCCH).

Chemical Potential for the Interacting Classical Gas and the Ideal Quantum Gas Obeying a Generalized Exclusion Principle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sevilla, F. J.; Olivares-Quiroz, L.

2012-01-01

In this work, we address the concept of the chemical potential [mu] in classical and quantum gases towards the calculation of the equation of state [mu] = [mu](n, T) where n is the particle density and "T" the absolute temperature using the methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Two cases seldom discussed in elementary textbooks are…

Chemical Properties and Change. Fourth Grade. Revised. Anchorage School District Elementary Science Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Butler, John, Ed.

In this unit students are asked to mix materials together and look closely at what happens. From this experience, plus teacher input, they are introduced to the concept that matter is made of small particles which cannot be seen, but can be manipulated. Students learn the difference between a physical and a chemical change and that there are four…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doktorov, Alexander B., E-mail: doktorov@kinetics.nsc.ru

Manifestations of the “cage effect” at the encounters of reactants are theoretically treated by the example of multistage reactions in liquid solutions including bimolecular exchange reactions as elementary stages. It is shown that consistent consideration of quasi-stationary kinetics of multistage reactions (possible only in the framework of the encounter theory) for reactions proceeding near reactants contact can be made on the basis of the concepts of a “cage complex.” Though mathematically such a consideration is more complicated, it is more clear from the standpoint of chemical notions. It is established that the presence of the “cage effect” leads to somemore » important effects not inherent in reactions in gases or those in solutions proceeding in the kinetic regime, such as the appearance of new transition channels of reactant transformation that cannot be caused by elementary event of chemical conversion for the given mechanism of reaction. This results in that, for example, rate constant values of multistage reaction defined by standard kinetic equations of formal chemical kinetics from experimentally measured kinetics can differ essentially from real values of these constants.« less

A Problem Based Learning Project Analyzing Rubrics Used to Evaluate Elementary STEM Immersion Programs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pearson, Roxanne N.

In 2010, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology recommended that eight hundred new STEM focused elementary and middle schools be established. Unfortunately, districts may be slow to implement STEM at the elementary level because they do not understand how to do so effectively (Zimny, 2017). School administrators need a framework for decision-making and supervisory feedback related to the process of managing these programs (Zimny, 2017). To support administrators in implementing elementary STEM immersion programs, this project explored three questions: What criteria are common among existing STEM immersion program rubrics? What criteria should be included in a comprehensive rubric for managing elementary STEM immersion programs at the district level? What do district documents show about how elementary STEM immersion programs develop, implement, and evaluate those programs? The team developed a comprehensive STEM program review instrument including criteria for effective elementary STEM curriculum and the professional development and administrative support necessary to implement such curriculum. These criteria were organized into three stages, including the planning and development of elementary STEM immersion programs, the implementation of these programs, and the evaluation of these programs after they had been implemented for a significant period of time. The team synthesized best practice indicators relevant to elementary STEM programs from existing K-12 guides, then validated those indicators against current best practice research and feedback from STEM education experts. District documents from seven elementary STEM immersion programs in Missouri and Colorado were examined using the team's rubric. Scores were higher in the areas of program planning, content alignment, and ongoing refinement of curriculum, and lower in the areas of professional development for professional skills and STEM-specific pedagogy, two-way communication with stakeholders, and data collection for program refinement. Scores were lowest for those schools with inadequate documentation of their program management processes. The team recommended districts institute a more rigorous documentation process for managing innovative programs such as STEM immersion. Communication plans should include procedures for two-way communication with all stakeholders. Data collection and refinement efforts should increase, as should professional development opportunities related to professional skills and STEM-specific pedagogy; this should include administrators.

Improving Science Pedagogic Quality in Elementary School Using Process Skill Approach Can Motivate Student to Be Active in Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sukiniarti

2016-01-01

On global era todays, as the professional teacher should be improving their pedagogic competency, including to improve their science pedagogy quality. This study is aimed to identify: (1) Process skill approach which has been used by Elementary School Teacher in science learning; (2) Teacher's opinion that process skill can motivate the student to…

An Integrated Earth Science, Astronomy, and Physics Course for Elementary Education Majors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Plotnick, Roy E.; Varelas, Maria; Fan, Qian

2009-01-01

Physical World is a one-semester course designed for elementary education majors, that integrates earth science, astronomy, and physics. The course is part of a four-course set that explores science concepts, processes, and skills, along with the nature of scientific practice, that are included in state and national standards for elementary school…

Technological Leadership Behavior of Elementary School Principals in the Process of Supply and Use of Educational Technologies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sisman Eren, Esra; Kurt, Adile Askim

2011-01-01

The purpose of this study is to examine the technological leadership behaviors of Turkish elementary school regarding the supply and use of educational technologies based on the national educational technology standards developed and approved for school principals in many countries. The study was carried out with 870 elementary school principals…

An Examination of Pay Facets and Referent Groups for Assessing Pay Satisfaction of Male Elementary School Principals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Young, I. Phillip; Young, Karen Holsey; Okhremtchouk, Irina; Castaneda, Jose Moreno

2009-01-01

Pay satisfaction was assessed according to different facets (pay level, benefits, pay structure, and pay raises) and potential referent groups (teachers and elementary school principals) for a random sample of male elementary school principals. A structural model approach was used that considers facets of the pay process, potential others as…

A Comparison of Biologic Content in Three Elementary-School Science Curriculum Projects: ESS, S-APA, SCIS

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simpson, Ronald D.

1974-01-01

Three elementary school science curriculum projects, Elementary Science Study (ESS), Science - A Process Approach (S-APA), and Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS), are compared concerning the biologic content each project contains. The reviewer found a lack of activities designed to represent functions at the cellular level. Two projects…

Developing an Assessment Instrument to Measure Early Elementary Teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schoen, Robert C.; Bray, Wendy; Wolfe, Christopher; Tazaz, Amanda M.; Nielsen, Lynne

2017-01-01

This study reports on the development and field study of K-TEEM, a web-based assessment instrument designed to measure mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) at the early elementary level. The development process involved alignment with early elementary curriculum standards, expert review of items and scoring criteria, cognitive interviews with…

Assessment of the Simulated Molecular Composition with the GECKO-A Modeling Tool Using Chamber Observations for α-Pinene.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aumont, B.; Camredon, M.; Isaacman-VanWertz, G. A.; Karam, C.; Valorso, R.; Madronich, S.; Kroll, J. H.

2016-12-01

Gas phase oxidation of VOC is a gradual process leading to the formation of multifunctional organic compounds, i.e., typically species with higher oxidation state, high water solubility and low volatility. These species contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) viamultiphase processes involving a myriad of organic species that evolve through thousands of reactions and gas/particle mass exchanges. Explicit chemical mechanisms reflect the understanding of these multigenerational oxidation steps. These mechanisms rely directly on elementary reactions to describe the chemical evolution and track the identity of organic carbon through various phases down to ultimate oxidation products. The development, assessment and improvement of such explicit schemes is a key issue, as major uncertainties remain on the chemical pathways involved during atmospheric oxidation of organic matter. An array of mass spectrometric techniques (CIMS, PTRMS, AMS) was recently used to track the composition of organic species during α-pinene oxidation in the MIT environmental chamber, providing an experimental database to evaluate and improve explicit mechanisms. In this study, the GECKO-A tool (Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere) is used to generate fully explicit oxidation schemes for α-pinene multiphase oxidation simulating the MIT experiment. The ability of the GECKO-A chemical scheme to explain the organic molecular composition in the gas and the condensed phases is explored. First results of this model/observation comparison at the molecular level will be presented.

Dudley Herschbach: Chemical Reactions and Molecular Beams

Science.gov Websites

elementary reactions such as K + CH3I and K + Br2, where it became possible to correlate reaction dynamics been a pioneer in the measurement and theoretical interpretation of vector properties of reaction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doktorov, Alexander B., E-mail: doktorov@kinetics.nsc.ru

Manifestations of the “cage” effect at the encounters of reactants have been theoretically treated on the example of multistage reactions (including bimolecular exchange reactions as elementary stages) proceeding from different active sites in liquid solutions. It is shown that for reactions occurring near the contact of reactants, consistent consideration of quasi-stationary kinetics of such multistage reactions (possible in the framework of the encounter theory only) can be made on the basis of chemical concepts of the “cage complex,” just as in the case of one-site model described in the literature. Exactly as in the one-site model, the presence of themore » “cage” effect gives rise to new channels of reactant transformation that cannot result from elementary event of chemical conversion for the given reaction mechanism. Besides, the multisite model demonstrates new (as compared to one-site model) features of multistage reaction course.« less

Anatomy of an Elementary Chemical Reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexander, Andrew J.; Zare, Richard N.

1998-09-01

The alchemists of old sought the knowledge to transform one material to another-for example, base metals into gold-as a path to the elixir of life. As chemists have concerned themselves with the transformation from compound to compound, so they have become involved in trying to uncover the structures of molecules and the pathways that reactions follow. Classically, the study of reaction mechanisms in chemistry encompasses reaction kinetics, the study of velocities or rates of reactions, and reaction dynamics, the study of the nanoscopic motion and rearrangement of atoms during a reactive event. An essential aim of this article is to bring the reader to a favorable vantage point with a brief introduction to reactive dynamics, and from there to describe some examples of recent strategies that have been employed to promote a fundamental understanding of the anatomy of elementary chemical reactions. In the final section we ponder future directions for this rapidly evolving field of research.

Identification of Parent-Child Interaction Characteristics of High and Low Achieving Elementary Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portes, Pedro R.; And Others

The present study was designed to identify parent-child interaction patterns that might differentiate bright from below average elementary students in order to test the hypothesis that environmental processes related to regulation of executive processes influence both children's learning and developmental level. Thirty-two mother-child dyads (16…

School-Based Management and Citizen Participation: Lessons for Public Education from Local Educational Projects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Santizo Rodall, Claudia A.; Martin, Christopher James

2009-01-01

This article analyses changes that have occurred in the elementary education system in Mexico since 1992 when an administrative de-concentration process took place. This process was accompanied by legal modifications that created opportunities for social participation in public elementary schools affairs. As a result, some school communities in…

The Effects of Computerized Inquiry-Stage-Dependent Argumentation Assistance on Elementary Students' Science Process and Argument Construction Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lin, C.-H.; Chiu, C.-H.; Hsu, C.-C.; Wang, T.-I.; Chen, C.-H.

2018-01-01

This study proposed a computerized inquiry-stage-dependent argumentation assistance and investigated whether this can help improve elementary students' performance in science processes and the construction of quality arguments. Various argumentation assistances were developed and incorporated into each stage of scientific inquiry in a…

The Process of Identifying Gifted Children in Elementary Education: Teachers' Evaluations of Creativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Garcia-Ros, Rafael; Talaya, Isabel; Perez-Gonzalez, Francisco

2012-01-01

This study describes the importance of creativity in the identification of gifted elementary-aged children and presents the process of validating a scale for rating the creativity of the students through the teachers' responses. The results show the instrument's unifactorial structure, satisfactory levels of internal consistency, as well as…

Elementary Education Preservice Teachers' Understanding of Biotechnology and Its Related Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chabalengula, Vivien Mweene; Mumba, Frackson; Chitiyo, Jonathan

2011-01-01

This study examined preservice teachers' understanding of biotechnology and its related processes. A sample comprised 88 elementary education preservice teachers at a large university in the Midwest of the USA. A total of 60 and 28 of the participants were enrolled in introductory and advanced science methods courses, respectively. Most…

Abduction-Induction (Generalization) Processes of Elementary Majors on Figural Patterns in Algebra

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rivera, F. D.; Becker, Joanne Rossi

2007-01-01

The article deals with issues concerning the abductive-inductive reasoning of 42 preservice elementary majors on patterns that consist of figural and numerical cues. We discuss: ways in which the participants develop generalizations about classes of abstract objects; abductive processes they exhibit which support their induction leading to a…

High Performance Sustainable School Design: Roy Lee Walker Elementary, McKinney, Texas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

SHW Group, Inc., Dallas, TX.

This document describes the sustainable features of the Roy Lee Walker Elementary School (Texas), a prototype "Eco Education" school that blends the physical environment with the student learning process while protecting the site. The document also presents the process of integrating sustainability criteria in all phases of the school's…

The Influence of Different Representations on Solving Concentration Problems at Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Chia-Ju; Shen, Ming-Hsun

2011-01-01

This study investigated the students' learning process of the concept of concentration at the elementary school level in Taiwan. The influence of different representational types on the process of proportional reasoning was also explored. The participants included nineteen third-grade and eighteen fifth-grade students. Eye-tracking technology was…

Development of linear free energy relationships for aqueous phase radical-involved chemical reactions.

PubMed

Minakata, Daisuke; Mezyk, Stephen P; Jones, Jace W; Daws, Brittany R; Crittenden, John C

2014-12-02

Aqueous phase advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) produce hydroxyl radicals (HO•) which can completely oxidize electron rich organic compounds. The proper design and operation of AOPs require that we predict the formation and fate of the byproducts and their associated toxicity. Accordingly, there is a need to develop a first-principles kinetic model that can predict the dominant reaction pathways that potentially produce toxic byproducts. We have published some of our efforts on predicting the elementary reaction pathways and the HO• rate constants. Here we develop linear free energy relationships (LFERs) that predict the rate constants for aqueous phase radical reactions. The LFERs relate experimentally obtained kinetic rate constants to quantum mechanically calculated aqueous phase free energies of activation. The LFERs have been applied to 101 reactions, including (1) HO• addition to 15 aromatic compounds; (2) addition of molecular oxygen to 65 carbon-centered aliphatic and cyclohexadienyl radicals; (3) disproportionation of 10 peroxyl radicals, and (4) unimolecular decay of nine peroxyl radicals. The LFERs correlations predict the rate constants within a factor of 2 from the experimental values for HO• reactions and molecular oxygen addition, and a factor of 5 for peroxyl radical reactions. The LFERs and the elementary reaction pathways will enable us to predict the formation and initial fate of the byproducts in AOPs. Furthermore, our methodology can be applied to other environmental processes in which aqueous phase radical-involved reactions occur.

Numerical studies from quantum to macroscopic scales of carbon nanoparticules in hydrogen plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lombardi, Guillaume; Ngandjong, Alain; Mezei, Zsolt; Mougenot, Jonathan; Michau, Armelle; Hassouni, Khaled; Seydou, Mahamadou; Maurel, François

2016-09-01

Dusty plasmas take part in large scientific domains from Universe Science to nanomaterial synthesis processes. They are often generated by growth from molecular precursor. This growth leads to the formation of larger clusters which induce solid germs nucleation. Particle formed are described by an aerosol dynamic taking into account coagulation, molecular deposition and transport processes. These processes are controlled by the elementary particle. So there is a strong coupling between particle dynamics and plasma discharge equilibrium. This study is focused on the development of a multiscale physic and numeric model of hydrogen plasmas and carbon particles around three essential coupled axes to describe the various physical phenomena: (i) Macro/mesoscopic fluid modeling describing in an auto-coherent way, characteristics of the plasma, molecular clusters and aerosol behavior; (ii) the classic molecular dynamics offering a description to the scale molecular of the chains of chemical reactions and the phenomena of aggregation; (iii) the quantum chemistry to establish the activation barriers of the different processes driving the nanopoarticule formation.

Complexity is simple!

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cottrell, William; Montero, Miguel

2018-02-01

In this note we investigate the role of Lloyd's computational bound in holographic complexity. Our goal is to translate the assumptions behind Lloyd's proof into the bulk language. In particular, we discuss the distinction between orthogonalizing and `simple' gates and argue that these notions are useful for diagnosing holographic complexity. We show that large black holes constructed from series circuits necessarily employ simple gates, and thus do not satisfy Lloyd's assumptions. We also estimate the degree of parallel processing required in this case for elementary gates to orthogonalize. Finally, we show that for small black holes at fixed chemical potential, the orthogonalization condition is satisfied near the phase transition, supporting a possible argument for the Weak Gravity Conjecture first advocated in [1].

Elementary process and meteor train spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ovezgeldyev, O. G.

1987-01-01

Mechanisms of excitation of individual spectral line radiation were studied experimentally and theoretically and it was demonstrated that such processes as oxidation, resonant charge exchange, dissociative recombination and others play an important part in the chemistry of excited particles. The foundation was laid toward simulating the elementary processes of meteor physics. Having a number of advantages and possibilities, this method is sure to find a wide use in the future.

Access to Elementary Education in India: Politics, Policies and Progress. CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 44

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Little, Angela W.

2010-01-01

This monograph examines progress in, and policies for, access to elementary education over the past 60 years, the role played by political factors in the process of policy formulation and implementation and the drivers and inhibitors of the implementation of reforms in elementary education in recent years in India. Drawing on interviews and…

The Effects of Activity-Based Elementary Science Programs on Student Outcomes and Classroom Practices: A Meta Analysis of Controlled Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bredderman, Ted

A quantitative synthesis of research findings on the effects of three major activity-based elementary science programs developed with National Science Foundation support was conducted. Controlled evaluation studies of the Elementary Science Study (ESS), Science-A Process Approach (SAPA), or The Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS) were used…

An Evaluation of Changes in the Curriculum in Elementary School Level in Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Helvaci, M. Akif

2009-01-01

The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the curriculum of 1-5 grades in Elementary Schools and the efficiency of school administrator in managing change in the change process. The questionnaire was applied to the school administrators for the elementary schools of Usak province of Turkiye. The questionnaire comprises 3 open-ended…

Children's Solution Processes in Elementary Arithmetic Problems: Analysis and Improvement. Report No. 19.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

De Corte, Erik; Verschaffel, Lieven

Design and results of an investigation attempting to analyze and improve children's solution processes in elementary addition and subtraction problems are described. As background for the study, a conceptual model was developed based on previous research. One dimension of the model relates to the characteristics of the tasks (numerical versus word…

Tier 2 Reading Interventions, K-2nd Grade Practices and Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Allison, Tamara Alice

2016-01-01

Due to variation that exists in providing Tier 2 reading intervention instruction, the purpose of the study was to identify processes and instructional strategies currently being utilized by K-2 teachers of the Gallup, New Mexico elementary schools. 17 teachers from 9 of the 10 elementary schools participated in the study. A survey instrument was…

The Effects of a STEM Professional Development Intervention on Elementary Teachers' Science Process Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cotabish, Alicia; Dailey, Deborah; Hughes, Gail D.; Robinson, Ann

2011-01-01

In order to increase the quality and quantity of science instruction, elementary teachers must receive professional development in science learning processes. The current study was part of a larger randomized field study of teacher and student learning in science. In two districts in a southern state, researchers randomly assigned teacher…

Administrators and Principals and the Implementation Process of the Leader in Me Initiative

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bryant, Naarah

2016-01-01

Principals and administrators are crucial to the success of an initiative such as the Leader in Me. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to identify the strategies, practices, and processes utilized by elementary school principals to initiate and implement initiatives or programs such as the Leader in Me. Eight elementary school…

Expanding Writing Opportunities for Elementary School Children and Assisting Teachers' Knowledge of the Writing Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brand, Wendy

A practicum was designed to place the teaching of writing as a high priority in an elementary school; allow children more opportunities to share their writing; and assist teachers in their knowledge of teaching writing, especially through the writing process. Children's writing was given high visibility through the use of monthly "young…

Attitudes of Elementary Teachers toward Valuing Education in the Classroom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Metsker, Carol J.

Methods and results are described of a study to determine if elementary classroom teachers in Colorado (1) have knowledge of the valuing education process; (2) have a preference for teaching values as opposed to values clarification, other valuing processes, or moral reasoning; and (3) can define the terms values and valuing. Ninety-two teachers…

Conservation Abilities, Visuospatial Skills, and Numerosity Processing Speed: Association with Math Achievement and Math Difficulties in Elementary School Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lambert, Katharina; Spinath, Birgit

2018-01-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between elementary school children's mathematical achievement and their conservation abilities, visuospatial skills, and numerosity processing speed. We also assessed differences in these abilities between children with different types of learning problems. In Study 1 (N = 229), we…

A Seven-Step Process To Align Curriculum with Oregon State Content Standards.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Golden, Nancy; Lane, Marilyn

1998-01-01

The University of Oregon (UO) and Captain Robert Gray Elementary School formed a partnership where UO students used the elementary school as a case study for curriculum research. This document gives an overview of the 7-step process the students used to align the school's curriculum with Oregon's content and performance standards. The text opens…

Transport phenomena in environmental engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sander, Aleksandra; Kardum, Jasna Prlić; Matijašić, Gordana; Žižek, Krunoslav

2018-01-01

A term transport phenomena arises as a second paradigm at the end of 1950s with high awareness that there was a strong need to improve the scoping of chemical engineering science. At that point, engineers became highly aware that it is extremely important to take step forward from pure empirical description and the concept of unit operations only to understand the specific process using phenomenological equations that rely on three elementary physical processes: momentum, energy and mass transport. This conceptual evolution of chemical engineering was first presented with a well-known book of R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, published in 1960 [1]. What transport phenomena are included in environmental engineering? It is hard to divide those phenomena through different engineering disciplines. The core is the same but the focus changes. Intention of the authors here is to present the transport phenomena that are omnipresent in treatment of various process streams. The focus in this chapter is made on the transport phenomena that permanently occur in mechanical macroprocesses of sedimentation and filtration for separation in solid-liquid particulate systems and on the phenomena of the flow through a fixed and a fluidized bed of particles that are immanent in separation processes in packed columns and in environmental catalysis. The fundamental phenomena for each thermal and equilibrium separation process technology are presented as well. Understanding and mathematical description of underlying transport phenomena result in scoping the separation processes in a way that ChEs should act worldwide.

Modeling generic aspects of ideal fibril formation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Michel, D., E-mail: denis.michel@live.fr

Many different proteins self-aggregate into insoluble fibrils growing apically by reversible addition of elementary building blocks. But beyond this common principle, the modalities of fibril formation are very disparate, with various intermediate forms which can be reshuffled by minor modifications of physico-chemical conditions or amino-acid sequences. To bypass this complexity, the multifaceted phenomenon of fibril formation is reduced here to its most elementary principles defined for a linear prototype of fibril. Selected generic features, including nucleation, elongation, and conformational recruitment, are modeled using minimalist hypotheses and tools, by separating equilibrium from kinetic aspects and in vitro from in vivo conditions.more » These reductionist approaches allow to bring out known and new rudiments, including the kinetic and equilibrium effects of nucleation, the dual influence of elongation on nucleation, the kinetic limitations on nucleation and fibril numbers, and the accumulation of complexes in vivo by rescue from degradation. Overlooked aspects of these processes are also pointed: the exponential distribution of fibril lengths can be recovered using various models because it is attributable to randomness only. It is also suggested that the same term “critical concentration” is used for different things, involved in either nucleation or elongation.« less

Modeling generic aspects of ideal fibril formation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michel, D.

2016-01-01

Many different proteins self-aggregate into insoluble fibrils growing apically by reversible addition of elementary building blocks. But beyond this common principle, the modalities of fibril formation are very disparate, with various intermediate forms which can be reshuffled by minor modifications of physico-chemical conditions or amino-acid sequences. To bypass this complexity, the multifaceted phenomenon of fibril formation is reduced here to its most elementary principles defined for a linear prototype of fibril. Selected generic features, including nucleation, elongation, and conformational recruitment, are modeled using minimalist hypotheses and tools, by separating equilibrium from kinetic aspects and in vitro from in vivo conditions. These reductionist approaches allow to bring out known and new rudiments, including the kinetic and equilibrium effects of nucleation, the dual influence of elongation on nucleation, the kinetic limitations on nucleation and fibril numbers, and the accumulation of complexes in vivo by rescue from degradation. Overlooked aspects of these processes are also pointed: the exponential distribution of fibril lengths can be recovered using various models because it is attributable to randomness only. It is also suggested that the same term "critical concentration" is used for different things, involved in either nucleation or elongation.

Mechanistic insights into electrochemical reduction of CO2 over Ag using density functional theory and transport models

PubMed Central

Goodpaster, Jason D.; Weber, Adam Z.

2017-01-01

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 using renewable sources of electrical energy holds promise for converting CO2 to fuels and chemicals. Since this process is complex and involves a large number of species and physical phenomena, a comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling product distribution is required. While the most plausible reaction pathway is usually identified from quantum-chemical calculation of the lowest free-energy pathway, this approach can be misleading when coverages of adsorbed species determined for alternative mechanism differ significantly, since elementary reaction rates depend on the product of the rate coefficient and the coverage of species involved in the reaction. Moreover, cathode polarization can influence the kinetics of CO2 reduction. Here, we present a multiscale framework for ab initio simulation of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over an Ag(110) surface. A continuum model for species transport is combined with a microkinetic model for the cathode reaction dynamics. Free energies of activation for all elementary reactions are determined from density functional theory calculations. Using this approach, three alternative mechanisms for CO2 reduction were examined. The rate-limiting step in each mechanism is **COOH formation at higher negative potentials. However, only via the multiscale simulation was it possible to identify the mechanism that leads to a dependence of the rate of CO formation on the partial pressure of CO2 that is consistent with experiments. Simulations based on this mechanism also describe the dependence of the H2 and CO current densities on cathode voltage that are in strikingly good agreement with experimental observation. PMID:28973926

Sexual Harassment of Girls in Elementary School: A Concealed Phenomenon within a Heterosexual Romantic Discourse

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gadin, Katja Gillander

2012-01-01

The aim of this study was to enhance the understanding of young girls' experiences of peer sexual harassment in elementary school and of normalizing processes of school-related sexualized violence. Six focus group interviews with girls in Grade 1 through 6 were carried out in an elementary school in the northern part of Sweden. A content analyses…

The Difficulties Experienced by Teacher Candidates in Their Own Process of Elementary Reading and Writing Education, and Their Current Solution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gündogmus, Hatice Degirmenci

2018-01-01

The purpose of the current research is to identify the difficulties which teacher candidates studying elementary school teaching experienced in their past elementary reading and writing education and which cannot be forgotten, and to find out their solution for eliminating these difficulties. The study group of the research is composed of 118…

Elementary teachers' mental models of engineering design processes: A comparison of two communities of practice

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McMahon, Ann P.

Educating K-12 students in the processes of design engineering is gaining popularity in public schools. Several states have adopted standards for engineering design despite the fact that no common agreement exists on what should be included in the K-12 engineering design process. Furthermore, little pre-service and in-service professional development exists that will prepare teachers to teach a design process that is fundamentally different from the science teaching process found in typical public schools. This study provides a glimpse into what teachers think happens in engineering design compared to articulated best practices in engineering design. Wenger's communities of practice work and van Dijk's multidisciplinary theory of mental models provide the theoretical bases for comparing the mental models of two groups of elementary teachers (one group that teaches engineering and one that does not) to the mental models of design engineers (including this engineer/researcher/educator and professionals described elsewhere). The elementary school teachers and this engineer/researcher/educator observed the design engineering process enacted by professionals, then answered questions designed to elicit their mental models of the process they saw in terms of how they would teach it to elementary students. The key finding is this: Both groups of teachers embedded the cognitive steps of the design process into the matrix of the social and emotional roles and skills of students. Conversely, the engineers embedded the social and emotional aspects of the design process into the matrix of the cognitive steps of the design process. In other words, teachers' mental models show that they perceive that students' social and emotional communicative roles and skills in the classroom drive their cognitive understandings of the engineering process, while the mental models of this engineer/researcher/educator and the engineers in the video show that we perceive that cognitive understandings of the engineering process drive the social and emotional roles and skills used in that process. This comparison of mental models with the process that professional designers use defines a problem space for future studies that investigate how to incorporate engineering practices into elementary classrooms. Recommendations for engineering curriculum development and teacher professional development based on this study are presented.

Relationship between cognitive functions and prevalence of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students.

PubMed

Mizuno, Kei; Tanaka, Masaaki; Fukuda, Sanae; Imai-Matsumura, Kyoko; Watanabe, Yasuyoshi

2011-06-01

Fatigue is a common complaint among elementary and junior high school students, and is related to poor academic performance. Since grade-dependent development of cognitive functions also influences academic performance, we attempted to determine whether cognitive functions were associated with the prevalence of fatigue. Participants were 148 elementary school students from 4th- to 6th-grades and 152 junior high school students from 7th- to 9th-grades. Participants completed a questionnaire about fatigue (Japanese version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale) and paper-and-pencil and computerized cognitive tests which could evaluate the abilities of motor processing, immediate, delayed and working memory, selective, divided and alternative attention, retrieve learned material, and spatial construction. We found that in multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for grade and gender, slow motor processing was positively correlated with the prevalence of fatigue in the elementary school students and decreases in working memory and divided and alternative attention processing were positively correlated with the prevalence of fatigue in the junior high school students. The grade-dependent development of cognitive function influences the severity of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students. Copyright © 2010 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Programmable Potentials: Approximate N-body potentials from coarse-level logic.

PubMed

Thakur, Gunjan S; Mohr, Ryan; Mezić, Igor

2016-09-27

This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic function that is constructed using the logic rules, a class of elementary logic functions, and AND, OR, and NOT gates. The effect of each logic function is to turn its associated potential on and off. The N-body potential is constructed as linear combination of the pairwise potentials, where the "coefficients" of the potentials are smoothed versions of the associated logic functions. These potentials allow a potentially low-dimensional description of complex processes while still accurately capturing the relevant physics at the meso-scale. We present the proposed formalism to construct coarse-grained potential models for three examples: an inhibitor molecular system, bond breaking in chemical reactions, and DNA transcription from biology. The method can potentially be used in reverse for design of molecular processes by specifying properties of molecules that can carry them out.

Programmable Potentials: Approximate N-body potentials from coarse-level logic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thakur, Gunjan S.; Mohr, Ryan; Mezić, Igor

2016-09-01

This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic function that is constructed using the logic rules, a class of elementary logic functions, and AND, OR, and NOT gates. The effect of each logic function is to turn its associated potential on and off. The N-body potential is constructed as linear combination of the pairwise potentials, where the “coefficients” of the potentials are smoothed versions of the associated logic functions. These potentials allow a potentially low-dimensional description of complex processes while still accurately capturing the relevant physics at the meso-scale. We present the proposed formalism to construct coarse-grained potential models for three examples: an inhibitor molecular system, bond breaking in chemical reactions, and DNA transcription from biology. The method can potentially be used in reverse for design of molecular processes by specifying properties of molecules that can carry them out.

Programmable Potentials: Approximate N-body potentials from coarse-level logic

PubMed Central

Thakur, Gunjan S.; Mohr, Ryan; Mezić, Igor

2016-01-01

This paper gives a systematic method for constructing an N-body potential, approximating the true potential, that accurately captures meso-scale behavior of the chemical or biological system using pairwise potentials coming from experimental data or ab initio methods. The meso-scale behavior is translated into logic rules for the dynamics. Each pairwise potential has an associated logic function that is constructed using the logic rules, a class of elementary logic functions, and AND, OR, and NOT gates. The effect of each logic function is to turn its associated potential on and off. The N-body potential is constructed as linear combination of the pairwise potentials, where the “coefficients” of the potentials are smoothed versions of the associated logic functions. These potentials allow a potentially low-dimensional description of complex processes while still accurately capturing the relevant physics at the meso-scale. We present the proposed formalism to construct coarse-grained potential models for three examples: an inhibitor molecular system, bond breaking in chemical reactions, and DNA transcription from biology. The method can potentially be used in reverse for design of molecular processes by specifying properties of molecules that can carry them out. PMID:27671683

ACS Presents Science Education Report to Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krieger, James

1989-01-01

Discusses an American Chemical Society (ACS)'s report on science education which is a synthesis of a series of policies developed by ACS. Summarizes recommendations in four areas: elementary teacher education; pre-high school curricula; university research funding; and underrepresented populations. (YP)

Plasma-chemical simulation of negative corona near the inception voltage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pontiga, Francisco; Duran-Olivencia, Francisco J.; Castellanos, Antonio

2013-09-01

The spatiotemporal development of Trichel pulses in oxygen between a spherical electrode and a grounded plane has been simulated using a fluid approximation that incorporates the plasma chemistry of the electrical discharge. Elementary plasma processes, such as ionization, electron attachment, electron detachment, recombination between ions and chemical reactions between neutral species, are all included in a chemical model consisting of 55 reactions between 8 different species (electrons, O2+,O2-,O3-,O-, O2, O, O3). Secondary emission at the cathode by the impact of positive ions and photons is also considered. The spatial distribution of species is computed in three dimensions (2D-axysimmetrical) by solving Poisson's equation for the electric field and the continuity equations for the species, with the inclusion of the chemical gain/loss rate due to the particle interaction. The results of the simulation reveal the interplay between the different negative ions during the development of every Trichel pulse, and the rate of production of atomic oxygen and ozone by the corona discharge. This work was supported by the Consejeria de Innovacion, Ciencia y Empresa (Junta de Andalucia) and by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spain, within the European Regional Development Fund contracts FQM-4983 and FIS2011-25161.

Word Processing with the Elementary School Student--A Teaching and Learning Experience for Both Teachers and Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacoby, Adrienne

Using word processing in the elementary school writing curriculum is advantageous for both students and teachers. Word processors motivate students to spend more time on task, encourage changes and rewriting, and eliminate concern for neatness and the tedium of writing (and rewriting) by hand. Teachers can see that students using the word…

Teaching Information & Technology Skills: The Big6[TM] in Elementary Schools. Professional Growth Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eisenberg, Michael B.; Berkowitz, Robert E.

This book about using the Big6 information problem solving process model in elementary schools is organized into two parts. Providing an overview of the Big6 approach, Part 1 includes the following chapters: "Introduction: The Need," including the information problem, the Big6 and other process models, and teaching/learning the Big6;…

Analysing the Opportunities and Challenges to Use of Information and Communication Technology Tools in Teaching-Learning Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dastjerdi, Negin Barat

2016-01-01

The research aims at the evaluation of ICT use in teaching-learning process to the students of Isfahan elementary schools. The method of this research is descriptive-surveying. The statistical population of the study was all teachers of Isfahan elementary schools. The sample size was determined 350 persons that selected through cluster sampling…

Development of Elementary School Students' Cognitive Structures and Information Processing Strategies under Long-Term Constructivist-Oriented Science Instruction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wu, Ying-Tien; Tsai, Chin-Chung

2005-01-01

The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of long-term constructivist-oriented science instruction on elementary school students' process of constructing cognitive structures. Furthermore, such effects on different science achievers were also investigated. The subjects of this study were 69 fifth graders in Taiwan, while they were…

Teacher Roles in the Process of Critical Thinking/Decision Making Skills Development among Elementary/Secondary Students in the Social Studies Curriculum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peters, Richard

Today's students must be aware of local, regional, national, and international issues, problems, situations, and cultural diversities. This paper presents curriculum ideas for involving elementary and secondary students in classroom inquiry processes and in field-based settings in order to teach them to think critically, make decisions, act, and…

The Recursive Process in and of Critical Literacy: Action Research in an Urban Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Karyn; White, Robert E.

2012-01-01

This paper provides an overview of the recursive process of initiating an action research project on literacy for students-at-risk in a Canadian urban elementary school. As this paper demonstrates, this requires development of a school-wide framework, which frames the action research project and desired outcomes, and a shared ownership of this…

CMA Announces the 1996 Responsible Care Catalyst Awards Winners

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1996-06-01

Eighteen exceptional teachers of science, chemical technology, chemistry, and chemical engineering have been selected to receive a Responsible Care Chemical Manufacturers Association's 1996 Catalyst Award. The Responsible Care Catalyst Awards Program honors individuals who have the ability to inspire students toward careers in chemistry and science-related fields through their excellent teaching ability in and out of the classroom. The program also seeks to draw public attention to the importance of quality chemistry and science teaching at the undergraduate level. Since the award was established in 1957, 502 teachers of science, chemistry, and chemical engineering have been honored. Winners are selected from a wide range of nominations submitted by colleagues, friends, and administrators. All pre-high school, high school, two and four-year college, or university teachers in the United States and Canada are eligible. Each award winner will be presented with a medal and citation. National award winners receive 5,000; regional award winners receive 2,500. National Winners. Martin N. Ackermann, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH Kenneth R. Jolls, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Suzanne Zobrist Kelly, Warren H. Meeker Elementary School, Ames, IA John V. Kenkel, Southeast Community College, Lincoln, NE George C. Lisensky, Beloit College, Beloit, WI James M. McBride, Yale University, New Haven, CT Marie C. Sherman, Ursuline Academy, St. Louis, MO Dwight D. Sieggreen, Cooke Middle School, Northville, MI Regional Winners Two-Year College. East-Georgianna Whipple-VanPatter, Central Community College, Hastings, NE West-David N. Barkan, Northwest College, Powell, WY High School. East-John Hnatow, Jr., Emmaus High School, Northampton, PA South-Carole Bennett, Gaither High School, Tampa, FL Midwest-Kenneth J. Spengler, Palatine High School, Palatine, IL West-Ruth Rand, Albuquerque, Albuquerque, NM Middle School. East-Thomas P. Kelly, Grandville Public Schools, Grandville, NH West-Denise McCarthy, Ben Franklin Junior High School, Fargo, ND Elementary School. East-Margaret Sadeghpur-Kramer, North Cedar Middle School, Martelle, IA West-Michelle Marie Barone, Fulton Elementary School, Aurora, CO

Engineering perceptions of female and male K-12 students: effects of a multimedia overview on elementary, middle-, and high-school students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, Amy M.; Ozogul, Gamze; DiDonato, Matt D.; Reisslein, Martin

2013-10-01

Computer-based multimedia presentations employing animated agents (avatars) can positively impact perceptions about engineering; the current research advances our understanding of this effect to pre-college populations, the main target for engineering outreach. The study examines the effectiveness of a brief computer-based intervention with animated agents in improving perceptions about engineering. Five hundred sixty-five elementary, middle-, and high-school students in the southwestern USA viewed a short computer-based multimedia overview of four engineering disciplines (electrical, chemical, biomedical, and environmental) with embedded animated agents. Students completed identical surveys measuring five subscales of engineering perceptions immediately before and after the intervention. Analyses of pre- and post-surveys demonstrated that the computer presentation significantly improved perceptions for each student group, and that effects were stronger for elementary school students, compared to middle- and high-school students.

A Network on Wheels!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harper, Christopher

1994-01-01

Describes mobile computer carts developed at the Lawrence Hall of Science that use IBM PS/2 computers and Personal Science Laboratory probeware. Activities using temperature probes for elementary and secondary school students are described, including greenhouse environments, ice cream/chemical reactions, probe races, motion studies, and…

Chemistry For Kids: Pre-Chemistry Acid Rain Activities for Kids.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrow, Lloyd H.

1985-01-01

Presents two activities on acid rain for students in intermediate grades. Materials needed and procedures used are included. Also describes "chemical magic" shows performed by high school students for sixth-grade students in seven elementary schools in Altus, Oklahoma. (JN)

A methodology to find the elementary landscape decomposition of combinatorial optimization problems.

PubMed

Chicano, Francisco; Whitley, L Darrell; Alba, Enrique

2011-01-01

A small number of combinatorial optimization problems have search spaces that correspond to elementary landscapes, where the objective function f is an eigenfunction of the Laplacian that describes the neighborhood structure of the search space. Many problems are not elementary; however, the objective function of a combinatorial optimization problem can always be expressed as a superposition of multiple elementary landscapes if the underlying neighborhood used is symmetric. This paper presents theoretical results that provide the foundation for algebraic methods that can be used to decompose the objective function of an arbitrary combinatorial optimization problem into a sum of subfunctions, where each subfunction is an elementary landscape. Many steps of this process can be automated, and indeed a software tool could be developed that assists the researcher in finding a landscape decomposition. This methodology is then used to show that the subset sum problem is a superposition of two elementary landscapes, and to show that the quadratic assignment problem is a superposition of three elementary landscapes.

UV-light assisted patterned metallization of textile fabrics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bahners, Thomas; Gebert, Beate; Prager, Andrea; Hartmann, Nils; Hagemann, Ulrich; Gutmann, Jochen S.

2018-04-01

A UV-assisted process allows full-faced or local deposition of silver domains on textiles made of natural as well as synthetic fibers, which act as nuclei for subsequent galvanic metallization. SEM and XPS analyses indicate that the process generates particulate depositions - particles, aggregates - of elementary silver. Masking the UV irradiation confines silver deposition strictly to the exposed areas thus allowing patterning. Adhesion of the deposited silver is high on the studied natural fiber cotton and polyamide fibers. Adhesion on smooth and chemically inert synthethic fibers such as, e.g., poly(ethylene terephthalate) or para- and meta-aramids could be enhanced by finishing with poly(vinylamine) thus providing complex-forming amino groups. Although the process does not deposit a closed, electrically conducting layer, all studied samples could be metallized by galvanization. The resulting metal coatings exhibit high conductivity and wash stability. Following a patterned silver deposition, the subsequent galvanic metallization produced conductive patterns of identical geometry thus opening an avenue towards printed circuits on textile fabrics.

Developing Worksheet (LKS) Base on Process Skills in Curriculum 2013 at Elementary School Grade IV,V,VI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Subhan, M.; Oktolita, N.; Kn, M.

2018-04-01

The Lacks of students' skills in the learning process is due to lacks of exercises in the form of LKS. In the curriculum of 2013, there is no LKS as a companion to improve the students' skills. In order to solve those problem, it is necessary to develop LKS based on process skills as a teaching material to improve students' process skills. The purpose of this study is to develop LKS Process Skills based elementary school grade IV, V, VI which is integrated by process skill. The development of LKS can be used to develop the thematic process skills of elementary school students grade IV, V, VI based on curriculum 2013. The expected long-term goal is to produce teaching materials LKS Process Skill based of Thematic learning that is able to develop the process skill of elementary school students grade IV, V, VI. This development research refers to the steps developed by Borg & Gall (1983). The development process is carried out through 10 stages: preliminary research and gathering information, planning, draft development, initial test (limited trial), first product revision, final trial (field trial), product operational revision, Desemination and implementation. The limited subject of the this research is the students of SDN in Dharmasraya grade IV, V, VI. The field trial subjects in the experimental class are the students of SDN Dharmasraya grade IV, V, VI who have implemented the curriculum 2013. The data are collected by using LKS validation sheets, process skill observation sheets, and Thematic learning test (pre-test And post-test). The result of LKS development on the validity score is 81.70 (very valid), on practical score is 83.94 (very practical), and on effectiveness score is 86.67 (very effective). In the trial step the use of LKS using One Group Pretest-Posttest Design research design. The purpose of this trial is to know the effectiveness level of LKS result of development for improving the process skill of students in grade IV, V, and VI of elementary school. The data collection in this research uses the test result sheet of the process skill through pre-test and post-test. Observation results were analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software. The Result of analysis learning process of student skill of Sig value. (2-tailed) (0,000) <α (0.005) then H0 is rejected. There is a significant difference to the development of process skills between students using LKS with students who do not use LKS. It can be concluded that LKS have accuracy, ease and can improve result learn on aspect of skill process of student of grade IV, V and VI elementary school.

Study on the Fluid Flow Characteristics of Coherent Jets with CO2 and O2 Mixed Injection in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Guangsheng; Zhu, Rong; Wu, Xuetao; Yang, Lingzhi; Dong, Kai; Cheng, Ting; Tang, Tianping

2018-06-01

As an efficient oxygen supplying technology, coherent jets are widely applied in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes to strengthen chemical energy input, speed up smelting rhythm, and promote the uniformity of molten bath temperature and compositions. Recently, the coherent jet with CO2 and O2 mixed injection (COMI) was proposed and demonstrated great application potentiality in reducing the dust production in EAF steelmaking. In the present study, based on the eddy dissipation concept model, a computational fluid dynamics model of coherent jets with COMI was built with the overall and detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms (GRI-Mech 3.0). Compared with one-step combustion reaction, GRI-Mech 3.0 consists of 325 elementary reactions with 53 components and can predict more accurate results. The numerical simulation results were validated by the combustion experiment data. The jet behavior and the fluid flow characteristics of coherent jets with COMI under 298 K and 1700 K (25 °C and 1427 °C) were studied and the results showed that for coherent jets with COMI, the chemical effect of CO2 significantly weakened the shrouding combustion reactions of CH4 and the relative importance of the chemical effect of CO2 increases with CO2 concentration increasing. The potential core length of coherent jet decreases with the volume fraction of CO2 increasing. Moreover, it also can be found that the potential core length of coherent jets was prolonged with higher ambient temperature.

Study on the Fluid Flow Characteristics of Coherent Jets with CO2 and O2 Mixed Injection in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking Processes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Guangsheng; Zhu, Rong; Wu, Xuetao; Yang, Lingzhi; Dong, Kai; Cheng, Ting; Tang, Tianping

2018-03-01

As an efficient oxygen supplying technology, coherent jets are widely applied in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes to strengthen chemical energy input, speed up smelting rhythm, and promote the uniformity of molten bath temperature and compositions. Recently, the coherent jet with CO2 and O2 mixed injection (COMI) was proposed and demonstrated great application potentiality in reducing the dust production in EAF steelmaking. In the present study, based on the eddy dissipation concept model, a computational fluid dynamics model of coherent jets with COMI was built with the overall and detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms (GRI-Mech 3.0). Compared with one-step combustion reaction, GRI-Mech 3.0 consists of 325 elementary reactions with 53 components and can predict more accurate results. The numerical simulation results were validated by the combustion experiment data. The jet behavior and the fluid flow characteristics of coherent jets with COMI under 298 K and 1700 K (25 °C and 1427 °C) were studied and the results showed that for coherent jets with COMI, the chemical effect of CO2 significantly weakened the shrouding combustion reactions of CH4 and the relative importance of the chemical effect of CO2 increases with CO2 concentration increasing. The potential core length of coherent jet decreases with the volume fraction of CO2 increasing. Moreover, it also can be found that the potential core length of coherent jets was prolonged with higher ambient temperature.

An Implementation Study: An Analysis of Elementary Student and Teacher Attitudes toward Science in Process-Approach vs. Traditional Science Classes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kyle, William C.; And Others

In anticipation of House Bill 246 (now Texas Administrative Code Chapter 75) which requires an inquiry-based, process-approach to the teaching of science, the Richardson Independent School District established the Elementary Science Pilot Project and adopted the Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS) as part of their new K-6 Science through…

Reading, Writing, and Math Self-Concept in Elementary School Children: Influence of Dimensional Comparison Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ehm, Jan-Henning; Lindberg, Sven; Hasselhorn, Marcus

2014-01-01

The internal/external (I/E) frame of reference model (Marsh, "Am Educ Res J" 23:129-149, 1986) conceptualizes students' self-concepts as being formed by dimensional as well as social comparison processes. In the present study, the I/E model was tested and extended in a sample of elementary school children. Core academic skills of…

Resource Letter BH-1: Black Holes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Detweiler, Steven

1981-01-01

Lists resources on black holes, including: (1) articles of historical interest; (2) books and journal articles on elementary expositions; (3) elementary and advanced textbooks; and (4) research articles on analytic structure of black holes, black hole dynamics, and astrophysical processes. (SK)

Development of a model and computer code to describe solar grade silicon production processes. [phase changes in chemical reactors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gould, R. K.

1978-01-01

Mechanisms for the SiCl4/Na and SiF4/Na reaction systems were examined. Reaction schemes which include 25 elementary reactions were formulated for each system and run to test the sensitivity of the computed concentration and temperature profiles to the values given estimated rate coefficients. It was found that, for SiCl4/Na, the rate of production of free Si is largely mixing-limited for reasonable rate coefficient estimates. For the SiF4/Na system the results indicate that the endothermicities of many of the reactions involved in producing Si from SiF4/Na cause this system to be chemistry-limited rather than mixing-limited.

Developing Elementary Math and Science Process Skills Through Engineering Design Instruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Strong, Matthew G.

This paper examines how elementary students can develop math and science process skills through an engineering design approach to instruction. The performance and development of individual process skills overall and by gender were also examined. The study, preceded by a pilot, took place in a grade four extracurricular engineering design program in a public, suburban school district. Students worked in pairs and small groups to design and construct airplane models from styrofoam, paper clips, and toothpicks. The development and performance of process skills were assessed through a student survey of learning gains, an engineering design packet rubric (student work), observation field notes, and focus group notes. The results indicate that students can significantly develop process skills, that female students may develop process skills through engineering design better than male students, and that engineering design is most helpful for developing the measuring, suggesting improvements, and observing process skills. The study suggests that a more regular engineering design program or curriculum could be beneficial for students' math and science abilities both in this school and for the elementary field as a whole.

Uses for Free Film Cans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Batoff, Mitchell E.; Harmen, Jerry

1973-01-01

Describes multiple uses of empty film cans for equipping an elementary school science classroom. Instructional units in which film cans may be useful include buoyancy, mobiles, growing seeds, peas and particles, rocks and minerals, structures, field studies, sound, balancing, electricity, pedulums, chemical change, and optics, light, color. (PS)

Science Safety Procedure Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Mervyn A.; Offet, Lorna

This booklet outlines general safety procedures in the areas of: (1) student supervision; (2) storage safety regulations, including lists of incompatible chemicals, techniques of disposal and storage; (3) fire; and (4) first aid. Specific sections exist for elementary, junior high school, senior high school, in which special procedures are…

Linear systems on balancing chemical reaction problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kafi, R. A.; Abdillah, B.

2018-01-01

The concept of linear systems appears in a variety of applications. This paper presents a small sample of the wide variety of real-world problems regarding our study of linear systems. We show that the problem in balancing chemical reaction can be described by homogeneous linear systems. The solution of the systems is obtained by performing elementary row operations. The obtained solution represents the finding coefficients of chemical reaction. In addition, we present a computational calculation to show that mathematical software such as Matlab can be used to simplify completion of the systems, instead of manually using row operations.

Teachers' Experiences with the Data-Driven Decision Making Process in Increasing Students' Reading Achievement in a Title I Elementary Public School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Atkinson, Linton

2015-01-01

This paper is a research dissertation based on a qualitative case study conducted on Teachers' Experiences within a Data-Driven Decision Making (DDDM) process. The study site was a Title I elementary school in a large school district in Central Florida. Background information is given in relation to the need for research that was conducted on the…

How Rural Elementary Building Principals Conceptualize the Programs in Their Schools, the Processes of Connecting Students to Programs, and Their Leadership Role in Doing So

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hatton, Holly

2013-01-01

Principals in rural schools lead with an awareness of multiple contingent factors that influence their decisions every day regarding programming for students. The purpose of this research is to examine how rural elementary school principals conceptualize programs in their schools, the processes used to connect students to these programs, and their…

The Divergent Thinking of Basic Skills of Sciences Process Skills of Life Aspects on Natural Sciences Subject in Indonesian Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Subali, Bambang; Paidi; Mariyam, Siti

2016-01-01

This research aims at measuring the divergent thinking of basic skills of science process skills (SPS) of life aspects in Natural Sciences subjects on Elementary School. The test instruments used in this research have been standardized through the development of instruments. In this case, the tests were tried out to 3070 students. The results of…

Hot-electron-mediated surface chemistry: toward electronic control of catalytic activity.

PubMed

Park, Jeong Young; Kim, Sun Mi; Lee, Hyosun; Nedrygailov, Ievgen I

2015-08-18

Energy dissipation at surfaces and interfaces is mediated by excitation of elementary processes, including phonons and electronic excitation, once external energy is deposited to the surface during exothermic chemical processes. Nonadiabatic electronic excitation in exothermic catalytic reactions results in the flow of energetic electrons with an energy of 1-3 eV when chemical energy is converted to electron flow on a short (femtosecond) time scale before atomic vibration adiabatically dissipates the energy (in picoseconds). These energetic electrons that are not in thermal equilibrium with the metal atoms are called "hot electrons". The detection of hot electron flow under atomic or molecular processes and understanding its role in chemical reactions have been major topics in surface chemistry. Recent studies have demonstrated electronic excitation produced during atomic or molecular processes on surfaces, and the influence of hot electrons on atomic and molecular processes. We outline research efforts aimed at identification of the intrinsic relation between the flow of hot electrons and catalytic reactions. We show various strategies for detection and use of hot electrons generated by the energy dissipation processes in surface chemical reactions and photon absorption. A Schottky barrier localized at the metal-oxide interface of either catalytic nanodiodes or hybrid nanocatalysts allows hot electrons to irreversibly transport through the interface. We show that the chemicurrent, composed of hot electrons excited by the surface reaction of CO oxidation or hydrogen oxidation, correlates well with the turnover rate measured separately by gas chromatography. Furthermore, we show that hot electron flows generated on a gold thin film by photon absorption (or internal photoemission) can be amplified by localized surface plasmon resonance. The influence of hot charge carriers on the chemistry at the metal-oxide interface are discussed for the cases of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles on oxide supports and Pt-CdSe-Pt nanodumbbells. We show that the accumulation or depletion of hot electrons on metal nanoparticles, in turn, can also influence catalytic reactions. Mechanisms suggested for hot-electron-induced chemical reactions on a photoexcited plasmonic metal are discussed. We propose that the manipulation of the flow of hot electrons by changing the electrical characteristics of metal-oxide and metal-semiconductor interfaces can give rise to the intriguing capability of tuning the catalytic activity of hybrid nanocatalysts.

Elementary review of electron microprobe techniques and correction requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hart, R. K.

1968-01-01

Report contains requirements for correction of instrumented data on the chemical composition of a specimen, obtained by electron microprobe analysis. A condensed review of electron microprobe techniques is presented, including background material for obtaining X ray intensity data corrections and absorption, atomic number, and fluorescence corrections.

Mechanistic insights into electrochemical reduction of CO 2 over Ag using density functional theory and transport models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singh, Meenesh R.; Goodpaster, Jason D.; Weber, Adam Z.

Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 using renewable sources of electrical energy holds promise for converting CO 2 to fuels and chemicals. Since this process is complex and involves a large number of species and physical phenomena, a comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling product distribution is required. While the most plausible reaction pathway is usually identified from quantum-chemical calculation of the lowest free-energy pathway, this approach can be misleading when coverages of adsorbed species determined for alternative mechanism differ significantly, since elementary reaction rates depend on the product of the rate coefficient and the coverage of species involved in themore » reaction. Moreover, cathode polarization can influence the kinetics of CO 2 reduction. Here in this work, we present a multiscale framework for ab initio simulation of the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 over an Ag(110) surface. A continuum model for species transport is combined with a microkinetic model for the cathode reaction dynamics. Free energies of activation for all elementary reactions are determined from density functional theory calculations. Using this approach, three alternative mechanisms for CO 2 reduction were examined. The rate-limiting step in each mechanism is **COOH formation at higher negative potentials. However, only via the multiscale simulation was it possible to identify the mechanism that leads to a dependence of the rate of CO formation on the partial pressure of CO 2 that is consistent with experiments. Additionally, simulations based on this mechanism also describe the dependence of the H 2 and CO current densities on cathode voltage that are in strikingly good agreement with experimental observation.« less

Mechanistic insights into electrochemical reduction of CO 2 over Ag using density functional theory and transport models

DOE PAGES

Singh, Meenesh R.; Goodpaster, Jason D.; Weber, Adam Z.; ...

2017-10-02

Electrochemical reduction of CO 2 using renewable sources of electrical energy holds promise for converting CO 2 to fuels and chemicals. Since this process is complex and involves a large number of species and physical phenomena, a comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling product distribution is required. While the most plausible reaction pathway is usually identified from quantum-chemical calculation of the lowest free-energy pathway, this approach can be misleading when coverages of adsorbed species determined for alternative mechanism differ significantly, since elementary reaction rates depend on the product of the rate coefficient and the coverage of species involved in themore » reaction. Moreover, cathode polarization can influence the kinetics of CO 2 reduction. Here in this work, we present a multiscale framework for ab initio simulation of the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 over an Ag(110) surface. A continuum model for species transport is combined with a microkinetic model for the cathode reaction dynamics. Free energies of activation for all elementary reactions are determined from density functional theory calculations. Using this approach, three alternative mechanisms for CO 2 reduction were examined. The rate-limiting step in each mechanism is **COOH formation at higher negative potentials. However, only via the multiscale simulation was it possible to identify the mechanism that leads to a dependence of the rate of CO formation on the partial pressure of CO 2 that is consistent with experiments. Additionally, simulations based on this mechanism also describe the dependence of the H 2 and CO current densities on cathode voltage that are in strikingly good agreement with experimental observation.« less

First-Principles Study of Chemical Mixtures of CaCl2 and MgCl2 Hydrates for Optimized Seasonal Heat Storage

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Chloride-based salt hydrates form a promising class of thermochemical materials (TCMs), having high storage capacity and fast kinetics. In the charging cycles of these hydrates however hydrolysis might appear along with dehydration. The HCl produced during the hydrolysis degrades and corrodes the storage system. Our GGA-DFT results show that the enthalpy charge during proton formation (an important step in hydrolysis) is much higher for CaCl2·2H2O (33.75 kcal/mol) than for MgCl2·2H2O (19.55 kcal/mol). This is a strong indicator that hydrolysis can be minimized by appropriate chemical mixing of CaCl2 and Mg Cl2 hydrates, which is also confirmed by recent experimental studies. GGA-DFT calculations were performed to obtain and analyze the optimized structures, charge distributions, bonding indicators and harmonic frequencies of various chemical mixtures hydrates and compared them to their elementary salts hydrates. We have further assessed the equilibrium products concentration of dehydration/hydrolysis of the chemical mixtures under a wide range of operating conditions. We observed that chemical mixing leads to an increase of the onset hydrolysis temperature with a maximum value of 79 K, thus increasing the resistance against hydrolysis with respect to the elementary salt hydrates. We also found that the chemical mixing of CaCl2 and MgCl2 hydrates widens the operating dehydration temperature range by a maximum value of 182 K (CaMg2Cl6·2H2O) and lowers the binding enthalpy with respect to the physical mixture by ≈65 kcal/mol for TCM based heat storage systems. PMID:28983386

Cytochemical studies of planetary microorganisms explorations in exobiology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levinthal, E. C.

1980-01-01

Experiments to identify free living organisms in soils that may be substantially simpler in genetic content, and mirroring a more primitive stage of evolution than the species with which we are familiar to date, were designed. Organic chemical studies on the composition and disposition of elementary carbon leave nothing wanting as an aboriginal substrate for the original of life and early chemical evolution. Such studies were missed when it came to the interpretation of the Viking lander data, and needed for conceptual planning of future planetary missions.

Implementing Innovative Elementary Literacy Programs. Program Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schwab, R. G. Jerry; And Others

This four-document collection describes the implementation processes of dramatically improved literacy programs in elementary schools which are leading the move to restructure literacy education in the Northwest (Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington). The first document in the collection, "Strategies for Improving School-Wide…

Elementary Science Resource Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Education Agency, Austin. Div. of Curriculum Development.

This guide for elementary teachers provides information on getting ideas into action, designing and implementing the right situation, ways in which to evaluate science process activities with students, and seven sample units. The units cover using the senses, magnets, forces, weather forecasting, classification of living things, and the physical…

The Effect of Design Modifications to the Typographical Layout of the New York State Elementary Science Learning Standards on User Preference and Process Time

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arnold, Jeffery E.

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of four different design layouts of the New York State elementary science learning standards on user processing time and preference. Three newly developed layouts contained the same information as the standards core curriculum. In this study, the layout of the core guide is referred to as Book.…

Identifying target processes for microbial electrosynthesis by elementary mode analysis.

PubMed

Kracke, Frauke; Krömer, Jens O

2014-12-30

Microbial electrosynthesis and electro fermentation are techniques that aim to optimize microbial production of chemicals and fuels by regulating the cellular redox balance via interaction with electrodes. While the concept is known for decades major knowledge gaps remain, which make it hard to evaluate its biotechnological potential. Here we present an in silico approach to identify beneficial production processes for electro fermentation by elementary mode analysis. Since the fundamentals of electron transport between electrodes and microbes have not been fully uncovered yet, we propose different options and discuss their impact on biomass and product yields. For the first time 20 different valuable products were screened for their potential to show increased yields during anaerobic electrically enhanced fermentation. Surprisingly we found that an increase in product formation by electrical enhancement is not necessarily dependent on the degree of reduction of the product but rather the metabolic pathway it is derived from. We present a variety of beneficial processes with product yield increases of maximal 36% in reductive and 84% in oxidative fermentations and final theoretical product yields up to 100%. This includes compounds that are already produced at industrial scale such as succinic acid, lysine and diaminopentane as well as potential novel bio-commodities such as isoprene, para-hydroxybenzoic acid and para-aminobenzoic acid. Furthermore, it is shown that the way of electron transport has major impact on achievable biomass and product yields. The coupling of electron transport to energy conservation could be identified as crucial for most processes. This study introduces a powerful tool to determine beneficial substrate and product combinations for electro-fermentation. It also highlights that the maximal yield achievable by bio electrochemical techniques depends strongly on the actual electron transport mechanisms. Therefore it is of great importance to reveal the involved fundamental processes to be able to optimize and advance electro fermentations beyond the level of lab-scale studies.

Causality, Measurement, and Elementary Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gillis, Edward J.

2011-12-01

Signal causality, the prohibition of superluminal information transmission, is the fundamental property shared by quantum measurement theory and relativity, and it is the key to understanding the connection between nonlocal measurement effects and elementary interactions. To prevent those effects from transmitting information between the generating and observing process, they must be induced by the kinds of entangling interactions that constitute measurements, as implied in the Projection Postulate. They must also be nondeterministic as reflected in the Born Probability Rule. The nondeterminism of entanglement-generating processes explains why the relevant types of information cannot be instantiated in elementary systems, and why the sequencing of nonlocal effects is, in principle, unobservable. This perspective suggests a simple hypothesis about nonlocal transfers of amplitude during entangling interactions, which yields straightforward experimental consequences.

Biennial Conference on Chemical Education: Abstracts of Papers (9th, Bozeman, Montana, July 27-August 2, 1986).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1986

This document includes summaries of conference presentations dealing with a wide variety of topics, including chemistry units for the elementary classroom, science experimentation in the secondary school, computer simulations, computer interfaces, videodisc technology, correspondence teaching of general chemistry, interdisciplinary energy courses,…

Chemistry for Kids: Pop-and-Sniff Experimentation. A High-Sensory-Impact Teaching Device.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schultz, Emeric

1987-01-01

Describes the use of bubble-type plastic packing material to make "pop-and-sniff" materials that contain common smells from chemicals such as amyl acetate (banana smell). Discusses how these materials can be used by elementary school teachers to enhance thinking skills. (TW)

40 CFR 302.8 - Continuous releases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... sensitive populations and ecosystems within a one-mile radius of the facility or vessel (e.g., elementary... supplied: (A) The name/identity of the hazardous substance; the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number... location of sensitive populations and ecosystems within a one-mile radius of the facility or vessel (e.g...

40 CFR 302.8 - Continuous releases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... sensitive populations and ecosystems within a one-mile radius of the facility or vessel (e.g., elementary... supplied: (A) The name/identity of the hazardous substance; the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number... location of sensitive populations and ecosystems within a one-mile radius of the facility or vessel (e.g...

40 CFR 302.8 - Continuous releases.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... sensitive populations and ecosystems within a one-mile radius of the facility or vessel (e.g., elementary... supplied: (A) The name/identity of the hazardous substance; the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number... location of sensitive populations and ecosystems within a one-mile radius of the facility or vessel (e.g...

[Proceeding and Abstracts of the 1994 National Marine Educators Association Conference.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rigsby, Michael, Ed.; Tooker, Lisa, Ed.

1994-01-01

This bulletin contains the proceedings and 54 abstracts for symposia, workshops and contributed papers of the 1994 National Marine Educators Association Conference (Knoxville, Tennessee, August 8-11, 1994). Some of the topics covered in conference abstracts include: (1) elementary physical, chemical, and biological labs and curriculum; (2)…

Energetics of Elementary Steps in Catalysis and Their Use to Search for New Catalysts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wolcott, Christopher A.

We live in a society based upon the mass production of chemicals. Whether it is the fuel in a car, the fertilizers used to make food, or the plastics present in just about everything, these chemicals are so ubiquitous that it is difficult to imagine living in a world without them. Nearly all consumer chemicals are produced through a catalytic process, the vast majority of which are heterogeneous. On top of their current, massive presence, heterogeneous catalysts are also expected to play an important role in new emerging technologies such as fuel cells, hydrogen production, green chemistry, and more. Considering their ubiquity in the present and their potential uses in the future, it is no surprise that improving catalyst performance is a very active area of research. Yet despite their ubiquity, and despite their long history of active study, there remains much which is unknown about the fundamentals of catalysts on surfaces. One of the major gaps is in quantitative understanding of the energetics of elementary steps in catalytic reactions on surfaces. The stability or instability of molecules and molecular fragments adsorbed on surfaces in these elementary steps is KEY to understanding what makes one material an effective catalyst and another less effective. In general, one must use single-crystal model catalysts to produce well-defined adsorbates. Classic studies of the energetics of adsorbates on such surfaces have typically involved techniques (such as temperature programmed desorption or equilibrium adsorption experiments) which limit the types of systems which can be studied to those where adsorption is reversible. For most catalytic intermediates present in these elementary steps, this is not the case. Upon adsorption and heating many molecules fall apart and produce strongly bound adsorbates which further dissociate at higher temperatures, or will not leave the surface until they have reacted with something else. Single crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC) is a fairly new technique which allows one to probe the heats of formation of such adsorbates for the first time. In this thesis SCAC is used to study the dissociative adsorption of diiodomethane on Pt(111) to produce adsorbed -CH2 and -CH, and water on Fe 3O4(111) and NiO(111) to produce adsorbed -OH. This work expands the library of adsorbates on transition metal surfaces which has been studied by SCAC, and is among the first ever measurements of molecules on well-defined oxide surfaces using SCAC. These results are compared to density functional theory (DFT) calculations of adsorbate energetics, and their use as computational benchmarks is discussed. A new, universally-applicable method of data analysis for SCAC is also developed which allows for the extraction of heat data even in the presence of complex surface reaction/diffusion dynamics without any need for kinetic modeling as required in previous analysis methods, thus greatly expanding the versatility of SCAC. Finally a new method of computational catalyst screening is presented which uses the concept of degree of rate control to simplify calculations compared to the standard method developed by Jens Norskov's group. It greatly reduces the number of adsorbate energies needed to predict the reaction rate for a new catalyst, and provides greater accuracy when studying materials with similar properties to the reference catalyst used. The Norskov method is more robust when extended to materials that are dissimilar. The new method presented here is thus expected to be an important complimentary tool to Norskov's method for high-throughput computational screening. Taken together, the results presented in this dissertation show the importance of experimental measurements for guiding the development of fast quantum mechanical methods like DFT to more closely approach thru "chemical accuracy" in energetic prediction, and how one could use "chemically accurate" DFT energies to rapidly screen potential catalysts for computational catalyst discovery to advance energy and environmental technologies.

Creative Dramatics in the Elementary School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Education Agency, Austin. Div. of Curriculum Development.

Creative dramatics is an art form which enables children under the guidance of an imaginative and responsive adult, to reinforce academic subjects, establish a positive self-image and develop the processes of concentration, analysis, evaluation, inference, and creativity. Designed to assist elementary teachers and administrators, this book does…

Elementary Design Challenges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gerlach, Jonathan W.

2010-01-01

How many of our students come to the classroom with little background knowledge about the world around them and how things work? To help students develop conceptual understanding and explore the design process, the author brought the NASA "Engineering Design Challenges" program to his school district, redeveloped for elementary students. In this…

Historic Preservation and Elementary Student Extracurricular Community Service

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Ronald V.

2016-01-01

Elementary students survey buildings in an extracurricular community service project to learn social studies and historic preservation. From these experiences students formed values and dispositions by engaging in a constructivist process of creating knowledge by examining their community. They gathered data, transformed it into information, and…

Mechanism of Phosphine Dissociation on the Si(001) Surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Warschkow, Oliver; Schofield, Steven R.; Smith, Phil V.

2005-03-01

The continued down-scaling of electronic devices to the atomic scale increasingly requires an atomic-level understanding of the elementary processes of semiconductor doping. We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation into the dissociation mechanism of phosphine (PH3) on the Si(001) surface. As reported by us elsewhere in this conference, a number of prominent intermediate species of PH3 dissociation observed in STM experiments have been structurally characterized as PH2+H, PH+2H and P+3H species respectively. In this poster we present detailed quantum chemical calculations of these and other short-lived intermediates as well as the transition (kinetic) barriers between them. This leads us to formulate a step-by-step mechanism for the complete dissociation of PH3 on the Si(001) surface.

Modelling of polymer photodegradation for solar cell modules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Somersall, A. C.; Guillet, J. E.

1981-01-01

A computer model including an integration routine was developed and demonstrated to simulate, in principle, the chemical changes which may occur in the photooxidation of hydrocarbons, using as input data a set of elementary reactions, corresponding rate constants and appropriate starting conditions. Application of this model to the photooxidation of pottant and plastic materials used in the LSA module designs provides a reliable predictive capability regarding the useful lifetime of these materials. An earlier mechanism consisting of 46 reactions was simplified considerably by reducing the number of formal termination steps since it became apparent that the major termination process goes via the peroxy radicals. In addition, new reactions of oxygen with acryl radicals (from Norrish type I) to form peracids, which then decompose to form carbon dioxide are included.

Chemometric modeling of thermogravimetric data for the compositional analysis of forest biomass

PubMed Central

Via, Brian K.; Fasina, Oladiran O.; Adhikari, Sushil; Billor, Nedret; Eckhardt, Lori G.

2017-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigated the use of chemometric modeling of thermogravimetric (TG) data as an alternative approach to estimate the chemical and proximate (i.e. volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash contents) composition of lignocellulosic biomass. Since these properties affect the conversion pathway, processing costs, yield and / or quality of products, a capability to rapidly determine these for biomass feedstock entering the process stream will be useful in the success and efficiency of bioconversion technologies. The 38-minute long methodology developed in this study enabled the simultaneous prediction of both the chemical and proximate properties of forest-derived biomass from the same TG data. Conventionally, two separate experiments had to be conducted to obtain such information. In addition, the chemometric models constructed with normalized TG data outperformed models developed via the traditional deconvolution of TG data. PLS and PCR models were especially robust in predicting the volatile matter (R2–0.92; RPD– 3.58) and lignin (R2–0.82; RPD– 2.40) contents of the biomass. The application of chemometrics to TG data also made it possible to predict some monomeric sugars in this study. Elucidation of PC loadings obtained from chemometric models also provided some insights into the thermal decomposition behavior of the chemical constituents of lignocellulosic biomass. For instance, similar loadings were noted for volatile matter and cellulose, and for fixed carbon and lignin. The findings indicate that common latent variables are shared between these chemical and thermal reactivity properties. Results from this study buttresses literature that have reported that the less thermally stable polysaccharides are responsible for the yield of volatiles whereas the more recalcitrant lignin with its higher percentage of elementary carbon contributes to the yield of fixed carbon. PMID:28253322

Chemometric modeling of thermogravimetric data for the compositional analysis of forest biomass.

PubMed

Acquah, Gifty E; Via, Brian K; Fasina, Oladiran O; Adhikari, Sushil; Billor, Nedret; Eckhardt, Lori G

2017-01-01

The objective of this study was to investigated the use of chemometric modeling of thermogravimetric (TG) data as an alternative approach to estimate the chemical and proximate (i.e. volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash contents) composition of lignocellulosic biomass. Since these properties affect the conversion pathway, processing costs, yield and / or quality of products, a capability to rapidly determine these for biomass feedstock entering the process stream will be useful in the success and efficiency of bioconversion technologies. The 38-minute long methodology developed in this study enabled the simultaneous prediction of both the chemical and proximate properties of forest-derived biomass from the same TG data. Conventionally, two separate experiments had to be conducted to obtain such information. In addition, the chemometric models constructed with normalized TG data outperformed models developed via the traditional deconvolution of TG data. PLS and PCR models were especially robust in predicting the volatile matter (R2-0.92; RPD- 3.58) and lignin (R2-0.82; RPD- 2.40) contents of the biomass. The application of chemometrics to TG data also made it possible to predict some monomeric sugars in this study. Elucidation of PC loadings obtained from chemometric models also provided some insights into the thermal decomposition behavior of the chemical constituents of lignocellulosic biomass. For instance, similar loadings were noted for volatile matter and cellulose, and for fixed carbon and lignin. The findings indicate that common latent variables are shared between these chemical and thermal reactivity properties. Results from this study buttresses literature that have reported that the less thermally stable polysaccharides are responsible for the yield of volatiles whereas the more recalcitrant lignin with its higher percentage of elementary carbon contributes to the yield of fixed carbon.

Science Pedagogy, Teacher Attitudes, and Student Success

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Munck, Miriam

2007-01-01

Through a century-long process, there has been a resolute effort to shape science teaching in elementary classrooms. A close look at science teaching and student learning may provide a better understanding of what really happens in elementary classrooms. This study examines relationships between science teaching pedagogy, teachers' science…

Emotional Experience, Expression, and Regulation of High-Quality Japanese Elementary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hosotani, Rika; Imai-Matsumura, Kyoko

2011-01-01

The present study investigates the emotional experience, expression, and regulation processes of high-quality Japanese elementary school teachers while they interact with children, in terms of teachers' emotional competence. Qualitative analysis of interview data demonstrated that teachers had various emotional experiences including self-elicited…

Determination of representative elementary areas for soil redoximorphic features by digital image processing

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Photography has been a welcome tool in documenting and conveying qualitative soil information. When coupled with image analysis software, the usefulness of digital cameras can be increased to advance the field of micropedology. The determination of a Representative Elementary Area (REA) still rema...

Taking Part: An Elementary Curriculum in the Participation Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klubock, Dorothy, Ed.; And Others

One of a series of teacher-developed curriculum guides intended to encourage active student participation and involvement in important social issues, this elementary level guide provides children with an age-appropriate understanding of the process of political elections. Students are encouraged to become aware of what is happening around them…

Managerial Behaviors of Elementary School Teachers and Student On-Task Behavior.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldstein, Jane McCarthy

The classroom management techniques of elementary school teachers were observed to determine their effectiveness in promoting desirable on-task behavior on the part of pupils. Seven approaches to class management were used as a framework for observation--authoritarian, behavior modification, common sense, group process, instructional emphasis,…

Engineering Encounters: Elephant Trunks and Dolphin Tails

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hefty, Lukas

2014-01-01

This article describes how one class at Douglas Jamerson Elementary School in St. Petersburg, Florida, a center for engineering and mathematics, incorporated an Engineering Design Process into its curriculum. At Jamerson Elementary, all students in kindergarten through fifth grade engage in teacher-created, integrated engineering units of study,…

Science in the Elementary School Classroom: Portraits of Action Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDonald, Jane B., Ed.; Gilmer, Penny J., Ed.

Teacher knowledge and skills are critical elements in the student learning process. Action research serves as an increasingly popular technique to engage teachers in educational change in classrooms. This document focuses on action research reports of elementary school teachers. Chapters include: (1) "First Graders' Beliefs and Perceptions of…

Coastal Awareness: A Resource Guide for Teachers in Elementary Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rasmussen, Frederick A.

Intended to encourage elementary teachers to explore coastal ecology with their students, this guide presents background material, activity suggestions, and recommended resource materials that could be used in designing a week-long unit on Coastal Awareness. Discussed is how various physical processes such as waves, tides, and currents affect…

Social Representations of Inclusion and Stratification: Ethnographic Research within Two Israeli Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tuval, Smadar; Orr, Emda

2009-01-01

Based on "Social representations theory", this ethnographic research examines the processes by which two Israeli elementary schools represented some children, but not others, as "weak" students and in need of remedial teaching. This approach differs from most current research regarding children with disabilities, which mainly…

Evaluating Technology Integration in the Elementary School: A Site-Based Approach.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mowe, Richard

This book enables educators at the elementary level to conduct formative evaluations of their technology programs in minimum time. Most of the technology is computer related, including word processing, graphics, desktop publishing, spreadsheets, databases, instructional software, programming, and telecommunications. The design of the book is aimed…

"Using" Computer Graphic Representations to Promote Learning in Elementary Science Courses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lazaros, Edward J.; Spotts, Thomas H.

2009-01-01

This interdisciplinary activity promotes science, technology, and language arts and is well suited for upper elementary grade students. In the activity, students' research about a teacher-assigned weather phenomenon facilitates their study of the weather. When they have completed their research, students word process a paper summarizing their…

PLANNING THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PLANT. SCHOOL PLANT PLANNING SERIES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Utah State Board of Education, Salt Lake City.

CAREFUL PLANNING FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MAXIMIZES THE USE OF SPACE TO PROVIDE CHILDREN WITH FREQUENT CHANGES IN ACTIVITY AND A WIDE VARIETY OF EXPERIENCES. IN THE PLANNING PROCESS, SPECIAL CONSIDERATION IS GIVEN TO LONG RANGE DEVELOPMENT THUS PREVENTING OVERBUILDING AND UNDERBUILDING. THE PLANT SHOULD FIT, THROUGH INCREASING UTILITY BY…

Pedagogical Tools for Peacebuilding Education: Engaging and Empathizing with Diverse Perspectives in Multicultural Elementary Classrooms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parker, Christina

2016-01-01

This qualitative study used classroom observations, teacher and student interviews, and document analysis to examine the degree to which peacebuilding dialogue processes were implemented in 3 elementary school classrooms and how diverse students, particularly newcomer immigrants, experienced these pedagogies. The study critically examines how…

The Relationship between Elementary Principals' Visionary Leadership and Students' Reading Performance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mora-Whitehurst, Rina

2013-01-01

This article focuses on elementary principals as instructional leaders, as well as public school initiatives and educational accountability in the United States. It presents the methodology, instrumentation, measures of academic achievement in Florida, data collection, and processing procedures. Finally, it presents data analysis, results of the…

N400 Event-Related Potential and Standardized Measures of Reading in Late Elementary School Children: Correlated or Independent?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coch, Donna; Benoit, Clarisse

2015-01-01

We investigated whether and how standardized behavioral measures of reading and electrophysiological measures of reading were related in 72 typically developing, late elementary school children. Behavioral measures included standardized tests of spelling, phonological processing, vocabulary, comprehension, naming speed, and memory.…

Elementary Quantum Mechanics in a High-Energy Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Denville, A.; And Others

1978-01-01

Compares two approaches to strong absorption in elementary quantum mechanics; the black sphere and a model based on the continuum theory of nuclear reactions. Examines the application to proton-antiproton interactions at low momenta and concludes that the second model is the appropriate and simplest to use. (Author/GA)

Teaching Scientific Metaphors through Informational Text Read-Alouds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnes, Erica M.; Oliveira, Alandeom W.

2018-01-01

Elementary students are expected to use various features of informational texts to build knowledge in the content areas. In science informational texts, scientific metaphors are commonly used to make sense of complex and invisible processes. Although elementary students may be familiar with literary metaphors as used in narratives, they may be…

Teaching Experimental Design to Elementary School Pupils in Greece

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karampelas, Konstantinos

2016-01-01

This research is a study about the possibility to promote experimental design skills to elementary school pupils. Experimental design and the experiment process are foundational elements in current approaches to Science Teaching, as they provide learners with profound understanding about knowledge construction and science inquiry. The research was…

Complex Processes from Dynamical Architectures with Time-Scale Hierarchy

PubMed Central

Perdikis, Dionysios; Huys, Raoul; Jirsa, Viktor

2011-01-01

The idea that complex motor, perceptual, and cognitive behaviors are composed of smaller units, which are somehow brought into a meaningful relation, permeates the biological and life sciences. However, no principled framework defining the constituent elementary processes has been developed to this date. Consequently, functional configurations (or architectures) relating elementary processes and external influences are mostly piecemeal formulations suitable to particular instances only. Here, we develop a general dynamical framework for distinct functional architectures characterized by the time-scale separation of their constituents and evaluate their efficiency. Thereto, we build on the (phase) flow of a system, which prescribes the temporal evolution of its state variables. The phase flow topology allows for the unambiguous classification of qualitatively distinct processes, which we consider to represent the functional units or modes within the dynamical architecture. Using the example of a composite movement we illustrate how different architectures can be characterized by their degree of time scale separation between the internal elements of the architecture (i.e. the functional modes) and external interventions. We reveal a tradeoff of the interactions between internal and external influences, which offers a theoretical justification for the efficient composition of complex processes out of non-trivial elementary processes or functional modes. PMID:21347363

[Role adaptation process of elementary school health teachers: establishing their own positions].

PubMed

Lee, Jeong Hee; Lee, Byoung Sook

2014-06-01

The purpose of this study was to explore and identify patterns from the phenomenon of the role adaptation process in elementary school health teachers and finally, suggest a model to describe the process. Grounded theory methodology and focus group interviews were used. Data were collected from 24 participants of four focus groups. The questions used were about their experience of role adaptation including situational contexts and interactional coping strategies. Transcribed data and field notes were analyzed with continuous comparative analysis. The core category was 'establishing their own positions', an interactional coping strategy. The phenomenon identified by participants was confusion and wandering in their role performance. Influencing contexts were unclear beliefs for their role as health teachers and non-supportive job environments. The result of the adaptation process was consolidation of their positions. Pride as health teachers and social recognition and supports intervened to produce that result. The process had three stages; entry, growth, and maturity. The role adaptation process of elementary school health teachers can be explained as establishing, strengthening and consolidating their own positions. Results of this study can be used as fundamental information for developing programs to support the role adaptation of health teachers.

Product lambda-doublet ratios as an imprint of chemical reaction mechanism

PubMed Central

Jambrina, P. G.; Zanchet, A.; Aldegunde, J.; Brouard, M.; Aoiz, F. J.

2016-01-01

In the last decade, the development of theoretical methods has allowed chemists to reproduce and explain almost all of the experimental data associated with elementary atom plus diatom collisions. However, there are still a few examples where theory cannot account yet for experimental results. This is the case for the preferential population of one of the Λ-doublet states produced by chemical reactions. In particular, recent measurements of the OD(2Π) product of the O(3P)+D2 reaction have shown a clear preference for the Π(A′) Λ-doublet states, in apparent contradiction with ab initio calculations, which predict a larger reactivity on the A′′ potential energy surface. Here we present a method to calculate the Λ-doublet ratio when concurrent potential energy surfaces participate in the reaction. It accounts for the experimental Λ-doublet populations via explicit consideration of the stereodynamics of the process. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the propensity of the Π(A′) state is a consequence of the different mechanisms of the reaction on the two concurrent potential energy surfaces PMID:27834381

Biological natural retting for determining the hierarchical structuration of banana fibers.

PubMed

Gañán, Piedad; Zuluaga, Robin; Velez, Juan Manuel; Mondragon, Iñaki

2004-10-20

Extraction processes of natural fibers can be performed by different procedures that include mechanical, chemical and biological methods. Each method presents different advantages or drawbacks according to the amount of fiber produced or the quality and properties of fiber bundles obtained. In this study, biological natural retting was satisfactorily used for obtaining banana fibers from plant bunches. However, the most important contribution of this work refers to the description of the hierarchical microstructural ordering present in banana fiber bundles in both bundle surface and inner region. The chemical composition of banana fiber bundles has been evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. Through exposure time, the fiber bundle configuration presents small variations in composition. The main changes are related to hemicellulose and pectins as they conform the outer walls of the bundle. Hierarchical helicoidal ordering in the bundle surface as well as orientation on the longitudinal axis of the bundle were observed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for 3-4 microm surface fibers and 10-15 microm inner elementary fibers, respectively. With increasing exposure time, fiber bundle walls lose integrity, as reflected in their mechanical behavior.

Are Atoms and Molecules Too Difficult for Primary Children?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skamp, Keith

1999-01-01

Presents evidence that suggests that upper elementary students can be taught about the particulate nature of matter in a meaningful way. Investigated the effects of lesson sequences on children's ability to apply a particulate understanding to chemical and physical phenomena and found conceptual gains on lesson specific phenomena. (Contains 15…

Taking the "Mystery" Out of Argumentation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Eun Ju; Cite, Suleyman; Hanuscin, Deborah

2014-01-01

Many teachers have developed "tried and true" lessons that they look forward to teaching-- mystery powders is one that these authors like. Originally part of the Elementary Science Study curricula in the 1960s, there are now many different versions of this well-known activity in which students examine physical and chemical properties of…

What Would Happen If... Numbers 1-12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tasmanian Education Dept., Hobart (Australia).

This document presents a set of 12 science activity collections (a total of 144 activities) gathered from periodicals and other sources in Australia. The content areas commonly covered in elementary school science lessons are represented by such activity topics as: what you can do with a leaf; climbing liquids; silkworms; shadows; chemical force;…

Phase transitions, interparticle correlations, and elementary processes in dense plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ichimaru, Setsuo

2017-12-01

Astrophysical dense plasmas are those we find in the interiors, surfaces, and outer envelopes of stellar objects such as neutron stars, white dwarfs, the Sun, and giant planets. Condensed plasmas in the laboratory settings include those in ultrahigh-pressure metal-physics experiments undertaken for realization of metallic hydrogen. We review basic physics issues studied in the past 60 some years on the phase transitions, the interparticle correlations, and the elementary processes in dense plasmas, through survey on scattering of electromagnetic waves, equations of state, phase diagrams, transport processes, stellar and planetary magnetisms, and thermo- and pycnonuclear reactions.

Kinetics of Al + H2O reaction: theoretical study.

PubMed

Sharipov, Alexander; Titova, Nataliya; Starik, Alexander

2011-05-05

Quantum chemical calculations were carried out to study the reaction of Al atom in the ground electronic state with H(2)O molecule. Examination of the potential energy surface revealed that the Al + H(2)O → AlO + H(2) reaction must be treated as a complex process involving two steps: Al + H(2)O → AlOH + H and AlOH + H → AlO + H(2). Activation barriers for these elementary reaction channels were calculated at B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p), CBS-QB3, and G3 levels of theory, and appropriate rate constants were estimated by using a canonical variational theory. Theoretical analysis exhibited that the rate constant for the Al + H(2)O → products reaction measured by McClean et al. must be associated with the Al + H(2)O → AlOH + H reaction path only. The process of direct HAlOH formation was found to be negligible at a pressure smaller than 100 atm.

Microcomputer Referents in Elementary Mathematics: A Sample Approach.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connell, Michael L.

The mathematical experiences of elementary students often focus on memorizing facts and rules as opposed to making sense of the subject and developing problem solving skills. Students spend large amounts of time processing, memorizing and sorting collections of data which are tasks well performed by computer technology. To correct this situation,…

Examining the Timing of Educational Changes among Elementary Schools after the Implementation of NCLB

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heck, Ronald H.; Chang, Jana

2017-01-01

Purpose: This article examines the timing of changes of key educational process indicators within three groups of elementary schools after No Child Left Behind (NCLB) implementation--schools that met adequate yearly progress targets consistently, schools that entered restructuring due to prolonged academic failure but failed to exit, and schools…

Historical Thinking inside the Box: Preservice Elementary Teachers Use Journey Boxes to Craft Counter Narratives

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alarcon, Jeannette; Holmes, Kathlene; Bybee, Eric

2015-01-01

This article details the "journey box" project process enacted by two elementary preservice teacher cohorts. Engaging in activities and projects that promote a sense of investment in not only consuming but producing historical narratives, preservice teachers potentially become interested in sharing this type of learning with their…

Learning to Teach Elementary Students in Democratic Field Placements

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Payne, Katherina A.

2013-01-01

This multicase study employs sociocultural theories to analyze the learning to teach process and identity development of six novice elementary school teachers, who were immersed in a semester-long democratic field placement. Broadly, this study explored the field experience as part of democratic teacher education, and how the field experience can…

Group Skills and Reality Therapy: A Pragmatic Process for Humanizing Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Supple, Robert V.

While elementary school teachers are concerned for and involved in the affective world of children, some elementary educators fear or distrust group affective approaches. It may be the case that they lack understanding and skills in the use of affective curricula. William Glasser's guides for classroom meetings, designed to increase and promote…

A Living Metaphor of Differentiation: A Meta-Ethnography of Cognitively Guided Instruction in the Elementary Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Katherine; Harter, Meghan Evelynne

2015-01-01

This meta-ethnography explores qualitative studies around the Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) framework of mathematics and illustrates how CGI epitomizes differentiation. The meta-ethnographic process is used to synthesize CGI as differentiation, specifically within the elementary mathematics classroom. Thomas P. Carpenter is credited as one…

Conditions and Decisions of Urban Elementary Teachers Regarding Instruction of STEM Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Erica L.; Parker, Carolyn A.; McKinney, David; Grigg, Jeffrey

2018-01-01

The study was situated in a National Science Foundation supported Math Science Partnership between a private university and an urban school district. This study sought to understand the decision-making process of elementary teachers as they implement an integrated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum in their…

Preservice Elementary Teachers Increase Descriptive Science Vocabulary by Making Descriptive Adjective Object Boxes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rule, Audrey C.; Crisafulli, Sherry; DeCare, Heather; DeLeo, Tonya; Eastman, Keri; Farrell, Liz; Geblein, Jennifer; Gioia, Chelsea; Joyce, Ashley; Killian, Kali; Knoop, Kelly; LaRocca, Alison; Meyer, Katie; Miller, Julianne; Roth, Vicki; Throo, Julie; Van Arsdale, Jim; Walker, Malissa

2007-01-01

Descriptive vocabulary is needed for communication and mental processing of science observations. Elementary preservice teachers in a science methods class at a mid-sized public college in central New York State increased their descriptive vocabularies through a course assignment of making a descriptive adjective object box. This teaching material…

Elementary School Consolidation and Reconfiguration: An Autoethnographic Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winer, Ellen J.

2010-01-01

This qualitative study was designed to examine the processes and practices that occurred before, during and after consolidation of the four elementary schools in the Great Local School district with the goal of developing a conceptual framework to be utilized by school districts that plan on implementing a school consolidation or reconfiguration.…

Affective Management Strategies for Behavior Disordered Students--Elementary and Secondary Levels.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burkholder, Lynn D.; And Others

The Positive Education Program (PEP) in Cuyahoga, Ohio, incorporates a token economy and group process approach into the daily school routine for emotionally disturbed and behaviorally handicapped students. At elementary and secondary levels, minimum rules and expectations as well as privileges awarded for behaviors are clearly set forth. The…

Figuring the World of Designing: Expert Participation in Elementary Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kangas, Kaiju; Seitamaa-Hakkarainen, Pirita; Hakkarainen, Kai

2013-01-01

The purpose of the present article was to analyze the interaction between elementary students and a professional design expert. The expert was present in the classroom, facilitating a collaborative lamp designing process together with the teacher. Using the notion of "figured worlds" (Holland et al. 1998), we explored how learning could be…

Observing and Producing Sounds, Elementary School Science, Level Four, Teaching Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hale, Helen E.

This pilot teaching unit is one of a series developed for use in elementary school science programs. This unit is designed to help children discover specific concepts which relate to sound, such as volume, pitch, and echo. The student activities employ important scientific processes, such as observation, communication, inference, classification,…

A Case Analysis of a Suburban North Carolina Public School System's Elementary School Level Redistricting Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LoFrese, Christopher Todd

2014-01-01

This case study explored the socioeconomic integration outcomes of a central North Carolina Public School District's recent elementary level redistricting process. The district's student assignment policy seeks to balance schools in part by the socioeconomic status of students. Previous redistricting efforts used free and reduced price lunch…

Views of Gifted Elementary Students about Self-Directed Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Deur, Penny

2011-01-01

Despite the connection between independent learning and gifted students, little is known of the views these students hold about the process of being self-directed learners. This interview study examined views of ten gifted elementary school students in South Australia about Self-Directed Learning. The interview responses showed that these gifted…

The Elementary Science Safety Manual. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Jersey State Dept. of Education, Trenton. Div. of General Academic Education.

Based on the principle that safety education should be a vital component in science instruction, this manual was designed to assist elementary teachers in doing more experiments and activities more confidently by making them aware of dangers and precautions. It also aims to make students aware that safety is a lifetime process and responsibility.…

Teaching Conceptually Oriented Social Science Education Programs in the Elementary School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahlios, Marc C.

Approaches to elementary social studies education that focus on concept and inquiry learning are outlined. The basic goal of the teacher in concept teaching is to aid the student in developing relationships among factual learning, conceptualization, and personal behavior. Learning activities should focus on the process concept (i.e., one that is…

Elementary Students' Metacognitive Processes and Post-Performance Calibration on Mathematical Problem-Solving Tasks

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

García, Trinidad; Rodríguez, Celestino; González-Castro, Paloma; González-Pienda, Julio Antonio; Torrance, Mark

2016-01-01

Calibration, or the correspondence between perceived performance and actual performance, is linked to students' metacognitive and self-regulatory skills. Making students more aware of the quality of their performance is important in elementary school settings, and more so when math problems are involved. However, many students seem to be poorly…

Une ecole elementaire nouvelle pour une societe nouvelle (New Elementary Schools for a New Society).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pare, Andre; Pelletier, Louise

1971-01-01

This article, translated into Spanish from the French, discusses changes and increasing complications in society which call for educational reform and improvement. Elementary education, traditionally based on memory skills, should become the setting for the development of mental processes and intellectual skills through the activity of problem…

The Role of Social Networks in the Teacher Job Search Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cannata, Marisa

2011-01-01

This article highlights the role of social networks in the elementary teacher job search. Using interviews with 27 teacher applicants, it explores how prospective elementary teachers used their social networks to identify job opportunities, obtain jobs, and gather information about schools. The findings suggest that teacher applicants assumed that…

Past, Present, Future: Stories of Identity in an Elementary Art Room

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pellish, Jodie

2012-01-01

Students' knowledge, memories, and experience could be valuable sources for narrative artmaking and identity formation beginning in elementary school. The process of understanding the self is powered in part by each person's unique perception of the world, which strongly depends on "individual abilities as well as particular socio-cultural…

An Inservice Program for Elementary Teachers: Components, Instructional Procedures, and Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horak, Willis J.; And Others

A description and evaluation of a year-long science in-service program for elementary teachers is provided. Consisting of three components, the program was designed to expand teachers' understandings of physics and chemistry concepts and processes and to encourage more science teaching and science activities in their classrooms. The on-campus…

Developing a Course in Communication for Elementary Education Majors.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spicer, Karin-Leigh

This paper describes a communication course curriculum for students majoring in elementary education which has been used at Wright State University for 4 years. The paper presents an overview of the topics discussed in the course (topics chosen for their relevance and importance to successful classroom communication): (1) process of human…

The Principal and the Law. Elementary Principal Series No. 7.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doverspike, David E.; Cone, W. Henry

Developments over the past 25 years in school-related legal issues in elementary schools have significantly changed the principal's role. In 1975, a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court established three due-process guidelines for short-term suspension. The decision requires student notification of charges, explanation of evidence, and an informal…

Evaluating Computer Integration in the Elementary School: A Step-by-Step Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mowe, Richard

This handbook was written to enable elementary school educators to conduct formative evaluations of their computer integrated instruction (CII) programs in minimum time. CII is defined as the use of computer software, such as word processing, database, and graphics programs, to help students solve problems or work more productively. The first…

Facilitating Lasting Changes at an Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

James, Laurie

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine how to minimize waste in a school setting by reducing, reusing, recycling, and composting waste products. Specifically, the desire was to identify what steps could be taken to decrease waste practices at a Title I elementary school. Through the Washington Green Schools certification process, a Waste and…

Elementary Modeling: Connecting Counting with Sharing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wickstrom, Megan H.; Aytes, Tracy

2018-01-01

Mathematical modeling is an important and accessible process for elementary school students because it allows them to use mathematics to engage with the world and consider if and when to use it to help them reason about a situation. It fosters productive struggle and twenty-first-century skills that will aid them throughout their lifetime.

An Application of the Trans-Contextual Model of Motivation in Elementary School Physical Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ntovolis, Yannis; Barkoukis, Vassilis; Michelinakis, Evaggelos; Tsorbatzoudis, Haralambos

2015-01-01

Elementary school physical education can play a prominent role in promoting children's leisure-time physical activity. The trans-contextual model of motivation has been proven effective in describing the process through which school physical education can affect students' leisure-time physical activity. This model has been tested in secondary…

Cartwheels on the Keyboard: Computer-Based Literacy Instruction in an Elementary Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carroll, Maureen

2004-01-01

This book helps readers imagine new instructional possibilities, try new classroom activities, and question their own teaching--learning process through the use of computers to support student literacy growth. Maureen Carroll shares her study of how one teacher and her elementary-grade students integrated computer-based literacy instruction into…

An Examination of Prospective Elementary Science Teachers' Perspective towards Socio-Scientific Argumentation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kutluca, Ali Yigit; Aydin, A.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the altering perceptions and opinions of prospective elementary science teachers regarding argumentation while they were engaged in argumentative discourse. The participating teachers were engaged in socio-scientific argumentation for 9 weeks involving a 6-step process on a course "Special Topics in…

Providing Elementary Students Equitable Access to Notebook Computers by Empowering Three School Communities in Shared Decision Making.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Despot, Paula C.

This practicum was designed to provide elementary students from low-socioeconomic school communities equitable opportunities to use notebook computer technology in the communication process. A multi-dimensional staff development program was designed and conducted to integrate computer technology in the classroom. Students and their families were…

Humorous Cartoons Made by Preservice Teachers for Teaching Science Concepts to Elementary Students: Process and Product

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rule, Audrey C.; Sallis, Derek A.; Donaldson, J. Ana

2008-01-01

Elementary school science is an often-neglected subject in the current literacy-focused political atmosphere. However, reading informational trade books about science in literacy class can help children increase their science knowledge. Incorporating humor through content-related cartoons is an effective way to engage students in deeper…

Changes in cognitive functions of students in the transitional period from elementary school to junior high school.

PubMed

Mizuno, Kei; Tanaka, Masaaki; Fukuda, Sanae; Sasabe, Tetsuya; Imai-Matsumura, Kyoko; Watanabe, Yasuyoshi

2011-05-01

When students proceed to junior high school from elementary school, rapid changes in the environment occur, which may cause various behavioral and emotional problems. However, the changes in cognitive functions during this transitional period have rarely been studied. In 158 elementary school students from 4th- to 6th-grades and 159 junior high school students from 7th- to 9th-grades, we assessed various cognitive functions, including motor processing, spatial construction ability, semantic fluency, immediate memory, delayed memory, spatial and non-spatial working memory, and selective, alternative, and divided attention. Our findings showed that performance on spatial and non-spatial working memory, alternative attention, divided attention, and semantic fluency tasks improved from elementary to junior high school. In particular, performance on alternative and divided attention tasks improved during the transitional period from elementary to junior high school. Our finding suggests that development of alternative and divided attention is of crucial importance in the transitional period from elementary to junior high school. Copyright © 2010 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Material content of the universe - Introductory survey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tayler, R. J.

1986-12-01

Matter in the universe can be detected either by the radiation it emits or by its gravitational influence. There is a strong suggestion that the universe contains substantial hidden matter, mass without corresponding light. There are also arguments from elementary particle physics that the universe should have closure density, which would also imply hidden mass. Observations of the chemical composition of the universe interpreted in terms of the hot Big Bang cosmological theory suggest that this hidden matter cannot all be of baryonic form but must consist of weakly interacting elementary particles. A combination of observations and theoretical ideas about the origin of large-scale structure may demand that these particles are of a type which is not yet definitely known to exist.

Levels of use of an elementary school inquiry-based instructional innovation among a selected group of teacher participants in the Delaware Elementary Science Initiative

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouchelle, Henry Ellsworth Wirt, III

Science education in Delaware's public elementary and middle schools has experienced much change in recent years as a result of the adoption of state standards and, in particular, the adoption by school districts of the Smithsonian/National Science Resources Council-sponsored inquiry-based instruction modules as part of the "Elementary Science Initiative." As part of this adoption process, each participating elementary teacher and middle school science teacher receives extensive training in the use of several discrete science kits. The trainings include reinforcement and development of content knowledge, in addition to the modeling of and practice with complementary pedagogy. One measure of the effectiveness of the science kit training process (and perhaps the Initiative itself) is the teachers' levels of use of the Initiative. The purpose of this study was to determine the participating teachers' use of the science kit innovation through the use of the Concerns-based Adoption Model Levels of Use Questionnaire. Eight K--5 elementary classroom teachers who had completed at least three science kit trainings participated. The results of this study indicate that on the Overall Level of Use Rating Scale, teachers who had completed training in at least three science kits generally scored at the Routine (IVA) level. All of the teachers, regardless of the wide range in the number of years of experience, had achieved the Mechanical Use level in Overall (III) LoU, and 6 of the 8 participants (75%) were operating at no less than the Refinement (IVA) Overall LoU level.

Symmetry Relations in Chemical Kinetics Arising from Microscopic Reversibility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adib, Artur B.

2006-01-01

It is shown that the kinetics of time-reversible chemical reactions having the same equilibrium constant but different initial conditions are closely related to one another by a directly measurable symmetry relation analogous to chemical detailed balance. In contrast to detailed balance, however, this relation does not require knowledge of the elementary steps that underlie the reaction, and remains valid in regimes where the concept of rate constants is ill defined, such as at very short times and in the presence of low activation barriers. Numerical simulations of a model of isomerization in solution are provided to illustrate the symmetry under such conditions, and potential applications in protein folding or unfolding are pointed out.

First principle chemical kinetics in zeolites: the methanol-to-olefin process as a case study.

PubMed

Van Speybroeck, Veronique; De Wispelaere, Kristof; Van der Mynsbrugge, Jeroen; Vandichel, Matthias; Hemelsoet, Karen; Waroquier, Michel

2014-11-07

To optimally design next generation catalysts a thorough understanding of the chemical phenomena at the molecular scale is a prerequisite. Apart from qualitative knowledge on the reaction mechanism, it is also essential to be able to predict accurate rate constants. Molecular modeling has become a ubiquitous tool within the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, we review current computational procedures to determine chemical kinetics from first principles, thus by using no experimental input and by modeling the catalyst and reacting species at the molecular level. Therefore, we use the methanol-to-olefin (MTO) process as a case study to illustrate the various theoretical concepts. This process is a showcase example where rational design of the catalyst was for a long time performed on the basis of trial and error, due to insufficient knowledge of the mechanism. For theoreticians the MTO process is particularly challenging as the catalyst has an inherent supramolecular nature, for which not only the Brønsted acidic site is important but also organic species, trapped in the zeolite pores, must be essentially present during active catalyst operation. All these aspects give rise to specific challenges for theoretical modeling. It is shown that present computational techniques have matured to a level where accurate enthalpy barriers and rate constants can be predicted for reactions occurring at a single active site. The comparison with experimental data such as apparent kinetic data for well-defined elementary reactions has become feasible as current computational techniques also allow predicting adsorption enthalpies with reasonable accuracy. Real catalysts are truly heterogeneous in a space- and time-like manner. Future theory developments should focus on extending our view towards phenomena occurring at longer length and time scales and integrating information from various scales towards a unified understanding of the catalyst. Within this respect molecular dynamics methods complemented with additional techniques to simulate rare events are now gradually making their entrance within zeolite catalysis. Recent applications have already given a flavor of the benefit of such techniques to simulate chemical reactions in complex molecular environments.

Graduating STEM Competent and Confident Teachers: The Creation of a STEM Certificate for Elementary Education Majors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Tony P.; Mancini-Samuelson, Gina J.

2012-01-01

A collaborative of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and education faculty developed a STEM certificate aimed at elementary education majors. A four-phase process model was used to create and evaluate courses. The certificate is comprised of three interdisciplinary, team-taught, lab-based courses: Environmental Biology,…

A Tactical-Game Approach and Enhancement of Metacognitive Behaviour in Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chatzipanteli, Athanasia; Digelidis, N.; Karatzoglidis, C.; Dean, R.

2016-01-01

Background: "Teaching games for understanding" (TGfU) is a tactical-game approach to teaching, in which participants are learning via the processes intrinsic to the games themselves. Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of a tactical-game model in promoting metacognitive behaviour in elementary-school students.…

Handling Students with ADHD Syndrome in Regular Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Opic, Siniša; Kudek Miroševic, Jasna

2011-01-01

The aim of this longitudinal research is to explore the way teachers treat students with diagnosed ADHD syndrome within the process of education. The research has been conducted on a sample of 45 students, medically diagnosed with ADHD and attending five elementary schools in the area of the city of Zagreb, school year 2008./2009, and 45 control…

A Case Study of Change Strategies Implemented in a Turnaround Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Colson, Jo Ann

2012-01-01

This case study examined the change strategies in a turnaround school at the elementary level to understand and describe how change occurred and was sustained at this campus. This study examined the factors which contributed to the change in academic success of students, examined beliefs about change that led to the change process, identified the…

The Bullying Literature Project: Using Children's Literature to Promote Prosocial Behavior and Social-Emotional Outcomes among Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Cixin; Couch, Lauren; Rodriguez, Geovanna Rosas; Lee, Catherine

2015-01-01

The current study evaluated the effectiveness of the Bullying Literature Project on social-emotional and behavioral outcomes among elementary school students. The Bullying Literature Project is a five-session classroom-wide intervention that uses children's literature as a springboard to promote adaptive social-cognitive process, teach social…

The Path to Presidency: Tips for Teaching Elementary Students about the Election Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conrad, Marika

2016-01-01

Teaching about presidential elections at the elementary level can seem a bit daunting at times. Students are quick to share their strong opinions on the current candidates running for office. These opinions often involve repeating feelings and phrases shared by parents around the dinner table the night before. For the average seven- or…

The Effects of Numerical and Figural Cues on the Induction Processes of Preservice Elementary Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rivera, Ferdinand; Becker, Joanne Rossi

2003-01-01

In this report, we address the following questions: What aspects of information do preservice elementary teachers rely on when performing inductive reasoning? What contexts enable them to perceive the inherent invariant relationships from a finite sample and, thus, formulate viable generalizations? To what extent are they able to justify inductive…

Something of Value. A Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Improving Elementary Science in Massachusetts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Whitla, Dean K.; Pinck, Dan C.

Presented is a summary of findings and recommendations provided by the Harvard Study Committee under the auspices of the Massachusetts Advisory Council on Education. The study is mainly concerned with the four National Science Foundation (NSF) programs: Elementary Science Study, Science Curriculum Improvement Study, Science - A Process Approach,…

Learning and Teaching Elementary Subjects. Advances in Research on Teaching. Volume 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brophy, Jere, Ed.

This publication is the fifth volume in the "Advanced in Research on Teaching" series, which has been established to provide state-of-the-art conceptualization and analysis of the processes involved in functioning as a classroom teacher. This volume focuses on the work of the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Elementary Subjects in…

Implementing Problem-Based Learning in a Taiwanese Elementary Classroom: A Case Study of Challenges and Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Hui-Chuan

2012-01-01

This paper outlines some preliminary findings from a one-year problem-based learning (PBL) intervention in a Taiwanese elementary mathematics classroom. PBL stands within the philosophy of social constructivism, which emphasises that learning is a social process, not a product. In general, it involves three main characteristics. The first is that…

Development, Validation and Application of a Malay Translation of an Elementary Version of the Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scott, Rowena H.; Fisher, Darrell L.

2004-01-01

An elementary version of the "Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction" (QTI) and a scale for determining students' "Enjoyment of their Science Lessons" (ENJ) were translated into Standard Malay. This process, together with its initial validation carried out in 136 classrooms with 3,104 students, is described in this paper.…

What's Getting in the Way of Play? An Analysis of the Contextual Factors that Hinder Recess in Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McNamara, Lauren

2013-01-01

This article describes the first two years of an ongoing, collaborative action research project focused on the troubled recess environment in 4 elementary schools in southern Ontario. The project involves an iterative, dynamic process of inquiry, planning, action, and reflection among students, teachers, university researchers, university student…

Professional Development School Triads Inquiring about Student Work in Elementary Mathematics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coon-Kitt, Mary Jayne; Nolan, James F.; Lloyd, Gwendolyn M.; Romig, Gail

2015-01-01

This article reports on a case of cross-role triads (mentor, intern, and supervisor) in a professional development school (PDS) setting engaged in the process of looking at student work in elementary mathematics over time. The study represents a significant effort to understand what inquiry-oriented behavior looks like in this context. By…

Saudi Elementary School Science Teachers' Beliefs: Teaching Science in the New Millennium

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alghamdi, Amani K. Hamdan; Al-Salouli, Misfer Saud

2013-01-01

This study explored Saudi elementary school science teachers' beliefs about the process of teaching and learning science. This involved the exploration of their views about the new Saudi science curriculum, which emphasizes critical thinking and problem solving. Comprehensive interviews were held in 8 schools with 4 male and 6 female--2 of whom…

Improving the Effectiveness of Science Laboratory Instruction for Elementary Students through the Use of a Process Approach for Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vorsino, Wanda S.

This practicum endeavored to improve science laboratory instruction for elementary students. The major goal of the practicum was to facilitate laboratory use so that teachers would incorporate laboratory experiences as an integral component in science instruction. To improve the instructional significance of the science laboratory, the writer…

Evaluation of the Program Effectiveness of Research Competence Development in Prospective Elementary School Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khan, Natalya N.; Kolumbayeva, Sholpan Zh.; Karsybayeva, Raissa K.; Nabuova, Roza A.; Kurmanbekova, Manshuk B.; Syzdykbayeva, Aigul Dzh.

2016-01-01

To develop research competence in prospective teachers, a system of methods for diagnostics and formation of this competence in prospective elementary school teachers in the training process is designed. To diagnose the research competence, a series of techniques were used that allow subtle evaluation of each competence research component:…

The Effects of 3D-Representation Instruction on Composite-Solid Surface-Area Learning for Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sung, Yao-Ting; Shih, Pao-Chen; Chang, Kuo-En

2015-01-01

Providing instruction on spatial geometry, specifically how to calculate the surface areas of composite solids, challenges many elementary school teachers. Determining the surface areas of composite solids involves complex calculations and advanced spatial concepts. The goals of this study were to build on students' learning processes for…

Improving Reading Comprehension Skills through the SCRATCH Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Papatga, Erdal; Ersoy, Ali

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to reveal how reading comprehension skills of elementary fourth graders who have problems in reading comprehension can be improved by means of the SCRATCH program. The study was designed as a participant action research. It was carried out within a 15- week process at an elementary school with middle socio-economic level…

Emergent Inquiry: Using Children's Literature To Ask Hard Questions about Gender Bias.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walker, Carol; Foote, Martha M.

2000-01-01

Discusses use of an emergent inquiry process and children's literature to examine gender bias in the school environment. Focuses on introducing student teachers to issues of gender bias in elementary education and ways of making elementary school students aware of biases in literature and their environment. Discusses the results of an intervention…

Developing Verbal Talent: Ideas and Strategies for Teachers of Elementary and Middle School Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

VanTassel-Baska, Joyce, Ed.; Johnson, Dana T., Ed.; Boyce, Linda Neal, Ed.

This book provides ideas and strategies for developing verbal talents in elementary and middle school students. Chapters include: (1) "The Process of Talent Development" (Joyce VanTassel-Baska); (2) "Talent Identification and Development in the Language Arts" (A. Harry Passow); (3) "Reading, Writing, and the Construction of Meaning" (Nancy Nelson…

Study of the Special Education Initial Referral and Placement Process in MCPS Elementary Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowman, Jan E.; Frechtling, Joy A.

The study examined procedures utilized in 28 elementary schools in Montgomery County (Maryland) when a student is found to have academic or behavioral problems that make functioning in the regular classroom difficult. The study examined one part of special education--how the school system initially identifies students for special services. The…

An AHP-Based Weighted Analysis of Network Knowledge Management Platforms for Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Chung-Ping; Lou, Shi-Jer; Shih, Ru-Chu; Tseng, Kuo-Hung

2011-01-01

This study uses the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to quantify important knowledge management behaviors and to analyze the weight scores of elementary school students' behaviors in knowledge transfer, sharing, and creation. Based on the analysis of Expert Choice and tests for validity and reliability, this study identified the weight scores of…

Integrating Book, Digital Content and Robot for Enhancing Elementary School Students' Learning of English

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chen, Nian-Shing; Quadir, Benazir; Teng, Daniel C.

2011-01-01

Early school years are an important period to lay out the foundation for learning a second language. In addition to mastering the basic language skills and keeping the learning process fun, promoting a lifelong learning habit should also be emphasised. Motivating elementary school students to learn English and avoiding misconceptions associated…

Discovering Animal Ways, Elementary School Science, Level Three, Teaching Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hale, Helen E.

This pilot teaching unit is one of a series developed for use in elementary school science programs. This unit is designed to promote children's natural curiosity and to help those who show a reluctance to work with animals to overcome some of their fears. The student activities employ important scientific processes, such as observation,…

The Multifaceted Ecology of Language Play in an Elementary School EFL Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kang, Dae-Min

2017-01-01

Language play (LP) in second language (L2) classrooms has attracted increasing attention in recent years, but descriptions and explanations of LP construction in English as a foreign language (EFL) settings remain insufficient. This paper reports the discursive processes of LP construction in an elementary school EFL classroom in Korea. I found…

A Survey of Response to Intervention Team Members' Effective Practices in Rural Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brendle, Janna

2015-01-01

This study examined the perceptions of general and special education teachers regarding the effectiveness of intervention teams in rural elementary schools. The passage of IDEIA 2004 brought considerable support for the use of the Response to Intervention (RtI) process providing research-based interventions to students who are struggling. Response…

Process Evaluation of the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program Implementation in a New Jersey Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bai, Yeon; Feldman, Charles; Wunderlich, Shahla M.; Aletras, Stefanie C.

2011-01-01

Purpose/Objectives: The U.S. Department of Agriculture provides funding to elementary schools for the Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) to encourage healthy eating. The purpose of this study was to examine factors facilitating or challenging the program's successful implementation in one New Jersey school. Methods: Researchers conducted an…

Selecting Books for the Elementary School Library Media Center: A Complete Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Orden, Phyllis

This book focuses on the selection of books in an elementary school and on the resources designed to help in that process. Resources that support other aspects of collection development are identified, along with a number of established surveys of children's literature that discuss specific titles. The following chapters are included: (1)…

Collection Evaluation in a Georgia Elementary School: A Look at the Process and Resulting Change in Teachers' Perceptions of Its Quality and Usefulness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Willcoxon, Wanda Odom

2001-01-01

Describes methods used to revitalize a media collection in a DeKalb County, Georgia elementary school. Explains collection development issues; collection evaluation, including curriculum mapping, collection mapping, and weeding; reorganization, made possible through weeding; results of recency analyses; and results of teacher surveys that…

Parent-Child Interaction Processes Related to Scholastic Achievement in Urban Elementary Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portes, Pedro R.; And Others

In an attempt to identify parent-child interaction patterns that might differentiate bright from below-average elementary students, 16 high achievers and 16 low achievers were paired with their mothers and then videotaped whilst engaged in 3 sets of task situations, which involved copying of Block Design models and categorization of words and…

Influences from Latin on Chemical Terminology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loyson, Peter

2010-01-01

This article describes the use of Latin-derived words and terms used in chemistry, and explores the meaning of these words, so as to lead to a better understanding of these words, so commonly used in the teaching of chemistry. As the article shows, there are many such words, and with some elementary knowledge, a greater meaning is given to these…

Building blocks of topological quantum chemistry: Elementary band representations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cano, Jennifer; Bradlyn, Barry; Wang, Zhijun; Elcoro, L.; Vergniory, M. G.; Felser, C.; Aroyo, M. I.; Bernevig, B. Andrei

2018-01-01

The link between chemical orbitals described by local degrees of freedom and band theory, which is defined in momentum space, was proposed by Zak several decades ago for spinless systems with and without time reversal in his theory of "elementary" band representations. In a recent paper [Bradlyn et al., Nature (London) 547, 298 (2017), 10.1038/nature23268] we introduced the generalization of this theory to the experimentally relevant situation of spin-orbit coupled systems with time-reversal symmetry and proved that all bands that do not transform as band representations are topological. Here we give the full details of this construction. We prove that elementary band representations are either connected as bands in the Brillouin zone and are described by localized Wannier orbitals respecting the symmetries of the lattice (including time reversal when applicable), or, if disconnected, describe topological insulators. We then show how to generate a band representation from a particular Wyckoff position and determine which Wyckoff positions generate elementary band representations for all space groups. This theory applies to spinful and spinless systems, in all dimensions, with and without time reversal. We introduce a homotopic notion of equivalence and show that it results in a finer classification of topological phases than approaches based only on the symmetry of wave functions at special points in the Brillouin zone. Utilizing a mapping of the band connectivity into a graph theory problem, we show in companion papers which Wyckoff positions can generate disconnected elementary band representations, furnishing a natural avenue for a systematic materials search.

Particulate photocatalysts for overall water splitting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Shanshan; Takata, Tsuyoshi; Domen, Kazunari

2017-10-01

The conversion of solar energy to chemical energy is a promising way of generating renewable energy. Hydrogen production by means of water splitting over semiconductor photocatalysts is a simple, cost-effective approach to large-scale solar hydrogen synthesis. Since the discovery of the Honda-Fujishima effect, considerable progress has been made in this field, and numerous photocatalytic materials and water-splitting systems have been developed. In this Review, we summarize existing water-splitting systems based on particulate photocatalysts, focusing on the main components: light-harvesting semiconductors and co-catalysts. The essential design principles of the materials employed for overall water-splitting systems based on one-step and two-step photoexcitation are also discussed, concentrating on three elementary processes: photoabsorption, charge transfer and surface catalytic reactions. Finally, we outline challenges and potential advances associated with solar water splitting by particulate photocatalysts for future commercial applications.

Computation of elementary modes: a unifying framework and the new binary approach

PubMed Central

Gagneur, Julien; Klamt, Steffen

2004-01-01

Background Metabolic pathway analysis has been recognized as a central approach to the structural analysis of metabolic networks. The concept of elementary (flux) modes provides a rigorous formalism to describe and assess pathways and has proven to be valuable for many applications. However, computing elementary modes is a hard computational task. In recent years we assisted in a multiplication of algorithms dedicated to it. We require a summarizing point of view and a continued improvement of the current methods. Results We show that computing the set of elementary modes is equivalent to computing the set of extreme rays of a convex cone. This standard mathematical representation provides a unified framework that encompasses the most prominent algorithmic methods that compute elementary modes and allows a clear comparison between them. Taking lessons from this benchmark, we here introduce a new method, the binary approach, which computes the elementary modes as binary patterns of participating reactions from which the respective stoichiometric coefficients can be computed in a post-processing step. We implemented the binary approach in FluxAnalyzer 5.1, a software that is free for academics. The binary approach decreases the memory demand up to 96% without loss of speed giving the most efficient method available for computing elementary modes to date. Conclusions The equivalence between elementary modes and extreme ray computations offers opportunities for employing tools from polyhedral computation for metabolic pathway analysis. The new binary approach introduced herein was derived from this general theoretical framework and facilitates the computation of elementary modes in considerably larger networks. PMID:15527509

Simulating Chemical Kinetics Without Differential Equations: A Quantitative Theory Based on Chemical Pathways.

PubMed

Bai, Shirong; Skodje, Rex T

2017-08-17

A new approach is presented for simulating the time-evolution of chemically reactive systems. This method provides an alternative to conventional modeling of mass-action kinetics that involves solving differential equations for the species concentrations. The method presented here avoids the need to solve the rate equations by switching to a representation based on chemical pathways. In the Sum Over Histories Representation (or SOHR) method, any time-dependent kinetic observable, such as concentration, is written as a linear combination of probabilities for chemical pathways leading to a desired outcome. In this work, an iterative method is introduced that allows the time-dependent pathway probabilities to be generated from a knowledge of the elementary rate coefficients, thus avoiding the pitfalls involved in solving the differential equations of kinetics. The method is successfully applied to the model Lotka-Volterra system and to a realistic H 2 combustion model.

Moon Munchies: Human Exploration Project Engineering Design Challenge--A Standards-Based Elementary School Model Unit Guide--Design, Build, and Evaluate (Lessons 1-6). Engineering By Design: Advancing Technological Literacy--A Standards-Based Program Series. EP-2007-08-92-MSFC

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weaver, Kim M.

2005-01-01

In this unit, elementary students design and build a lunar plant growth chamber using the Engineering Design Process. The purpose of the unit is to help students understand and apply the design process as it relates to plant growth on the moon. This guide includes six lessons, which meet a number of national standards and benchmarks in…

The transfer of learning process: From an elementary science methods course to classroom instruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carter, Nina Leann

The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to explore the transfer of learning process in student teachers. This was carried out by focusing on information learned from an elementary science methods and how it was transferred into classroom instruction during student teaching. Participants were a purposeful sampling of twelve elementary education student teachers attending a public university in north Mississippi. Factors that impacted the transfer of learning during lesson planning and implementation were sought. The process of planning and implementing a ten-day science instructional unit during student teaching was examined through lesson plan documentation, in-depth individual interviews, and two focus group interviews. Narratives were created to describe the participants' experiences as well as how they plan for instruction and consider science pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Categories and themes were then used to build explanations applying to the research questions. The themes identified were Understanding of Science PCK, Minimalism, Consistency in the Teacher Education Program, and Emphasis on Science Content. The data suggested that the participants lack in their understanding of science PCK, took a minimalistic approach to incorporating science into their ten-day instructional units, experienced inconsistencies in the teacher education program, and encountered a lack of emphasis on science content in their field experience placements. The themes assisted in recognizing areas in the elementary science methods courses, student teaching field placements, and university supervision in need of modification.

An analysis of elementary teachers' perceptions of teaching science as inquiry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Domjan, Heather Nicole

The purpose of this study is to describe elementary school teachers' perceptions of science as inquiry in science instruction. A descriptive survey research design was used to collect data regarding elementary science teachers' knowledge and beliefs related to inquiry and its role in science education. The written section of the survey was analyzed and interpreted descriptively through phenomenological data and the constant comparative method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967; Lincoln & Guba, 1985). The researcher used the constant comparative method to identify statements, perceptions, and impressions that occurred over time during the study (Janesick, 1994). Ninety-two elementary school teachers who teach science in a large suburban district southwest of Houston, Texas were administered a three part Understanding Science as Inquiry Survey (USAI) developed by the researcher. Participants communicated in writing personal definitions of inquiry in elementary science as well as determined to what extent inquiry was used in four elementary science classroom scenarios. The survey items were based on the following four components of inquiry described by Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards (2000): (1) conceptual knowledge, (2) process skills, (3) nature of science, and (4) affect. The study describes elementary school teachers' perceptions about science as inquiry. Conclusions for Part A of the USAI Survey indicate that participants define inquiry as: mostly process skills, some conceptual knowledge, and very little affect with no perception of the nature of science. The Likert scale ratings for the scenarios in Part B of the USAI Survey reveal that participants have varied perceptions regarding teaching science as inquiry. The written section of Part B reveals participants' perceptions to be similar to that of their Likert scale ratings except in scenario one. The researcher concludes that the participants in this study appear to have an incomplete understanding of teaching science as inquiry. This study suggests that elementary teachers might benefit from increased and sustained professional development programs centered on inquiry teaching strategies. Professional development activities on teaching science as inquiry create opportunities for teachers to confront and develop ways of thinking about inquiry and ultimately enhance inquiry-based teaching in their classrooms.

Program Quality Review Training Materials for Elementary and Middle School Levels. Overhead Transparencies, Readings, Handouts, Samples of Student Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

California State Dept. of Education, Sacramento. Office of School Improvement.

This guidebook contains training materials to be used by California elementary and middle-level schools in conducting the Program Quality Review (PQR). The PQR process of curriculum self-review enables the school community to focus, through extensive discussion, on how the school's curriculum and instruction can be improved so that all students…

A Comparison Between Teacher-Directed Instruction and Student Self-Directed Study in Physical Science for Undergraduate Elementary Education Majors.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Magnus, Douglas Leslie

This research was conducted to compare the learning which occurred in a preservice elementary education course using two teaching-learning methods (teacher-directed instruction and student self-directed study). Areas investigated were: (1) knowledge of physical science content, (2) development and application of the processes of science, (3)…

Modeling the Influences of Upper-Elementary School Students' Digital Reading Literacy, Socioeconomic Factors, and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chen, Shin-Feng

2017-01-01

Background: Reading is an interactive and constructive process of making meaning by engaging a variety of materials and sources and by participating in reading communities at school or in daily life. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting digital reading literacy among upper-elementary school students. Method: A…

The Effect of Coping Knowledge on Emergency Preparedness in Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kim, Shin-Jeong; Kang, So-Ra; Lee, Seung-Hee; Kang, Kyung-Ah

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of coping knowledge for emergency preparedness in Korean elementary school students. A school-based coping education program was provided seven times to 271 fourth- and fifth-grade students in two urban schools by researchers with the school nurses. The Process Model of Stress and Coping and…

Improving Voting in Ohio through Education. A Voter Education Program for Elementary Grades.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Celebrezze, Anthony J., Jr.; Walter, Franklin

This resource booklet contains activities for elementary teachers who want to teach their students about voting and the election process. Part I consists of suggestions for conducting an election at different grade levels. All of the elections involve real choices that affect the student (e.g. choice of ice cream flavor or other treat for a class…

Science Alabama Course of Study. Bulletin 1988, No. 35.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alabama State Dept. of Education, Montgomery.

This document is an outline of concepts and skills that should be taught at each elementary grade level and for each secondary course in science. This document should be used in planning K-12 science curricula and should serve as a guide for teaching process skills. Separate formats are used for the Elementary Program in Science and the Secondary…

An Experiential Study of Elementary Teachers with the Storytelling Process: Interdisciplinary Benefits Associated with Teacher Training and Classroom Integration

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Groce, Robin D.

2004-01-01

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe how elementary teachers used their experiences in a storytelling inservice training to teach lessons in language arts, science, social studies, and bilingual education. Qualitative research methods were used in simultaneously collecting and analyzing data. Storytelling was found to be a valuable tool…

Introducing Engineering Design to a Science Teaching Methods Course through Educational Robotics and Exploring Changes in Views of Preservice Elementary Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaya, Erdogan; Newley, Anna; Deniz, Hasan; Yesilyurt, Ezgi; Newley, Patrick

2017-01-01

Engineering has become an important subject in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), which have raised engineering design to the same level as scientific inquiry when teaching science disciplines at all levels. Therefore, preservice elementary teachers (PSTs) need to know how to integrate the engineering design process (EDP) into their…

Development and Evaluation of a Case-Based Digital Learning Tool about Children's Mathematical Thinking for Elementary School Teachers (L-TEST)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olkun, Sinan; Altun, Arif; Deryakulu, Deniz

2009-01-01

It is important for teachers of mathematics to know how pupils react to certain mathematical situations and what these reactions imply, in order to design more effective instructional environments based on their learning needs. This study reports the development processes of a digital learning tool (Learning Tool for Elementary School Teachers…

Character Education as a Bridge from Elementary to Middle School: A Case Study of Effective Practices and Processes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khoury, Ruba

2017-01-01

This qualitative single-case study illuminates the significance of effective character education implementation during elementary school years as students transition into middle school. The researcher conducted the study in an American school that consisted of two divisions: K-6 lower division and 7-12 upper division. The lower-school division was…

Collaborative Planning and Decision Making in the Elementary School: A Qualitative Study of Contemporary Team Teaching.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Riley, John F.

This longitudinal study examined elementary teachers' perceptions of the collaborative planning and decision-making process and their role in it. Nine teachers participated in grade- level teaming. Teachers ranged in experience from 1-9 years, with 3 teachers new to the team and 5 in their first or second year of teaching. Participants completed…

Prospective Elementary Teachers' Perceptions of the Processes of Modeling: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fazio, Claudio; Di Paola, Benedetto; Guastella, Ivan

2012-01-01

In this paper we discuss a study on the approaches to modeling of students of the 4-year elementary school teacher program at the University of Palermo, Italy. The answers to a specially designed questionnaire are analyzed on the basis of an "a priori" analysis made using a general scheme of reference on the epistemology of mathematics…

Reorganization of Elementary Educational System and Commutation of Children to Collective Commune Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palonka, Krystyna Maria

Between 1973-1979, the elementary educational system in rural areas of Poland has been reorganized into a system of collective commune schools; students commute or are bused to the schools. Since September 1973, 944 new collective commune schools have been set up. A study of the data indicates that the process of setting up collective commune…

The Big Crunch: A Hybrid Solution to Earth and Space Science Instruction for Elementary Education Majors

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cervato, Cinzia; Kerton, Charles; Peer, Andrea; Hassall, Lesya; Schmidt, Allan

2013-01-01

We describe the rationale and process for the development of a new hybrid Earth and Space Science course for elementary education majors. A five-step course design model, applicable to both online and traditional courses, is presented. Assessment of the course outcomes after two semesters indicates that the intensive time invested in the…

Elementary School Industrial Arts Interaction Technology for Children. A Positive Approach to Education for a Changing Society.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Louisiana State Dept. of Education, Baton Rouge.

Prepared by the vocational education division of a state department of education and compiled by industrial arts educators, this resource guide provides a conceptual basis for the elementary teacher using industrial arts as a means of introducing children to industrial processes and orienting them to the physical and material world. Included in…

Evaluation of English Achievement Test: A Comparison between High and Low Achievers amongst Selected Elementary School Students of Pakistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haider, Zubair; Latif, Farah; Akhtar, Samina; Mushtaq, Maria

2012-01-01

Validity, reliability and item analysis are critical to the process of evaluating the quality of an educational measurement. The present study evaluates the quality of an assessment constructed to measure elementary school student's achievement in English. In this study, the survey model of descriptive research was used as a research method.…

Development of C++ Application Program for Solving Quadratic Equation in Elementary School in Nigeria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bandele, Samuel Oye; Adekunle, Adeyemi Suraju

2015-01-01

The study was conducted to design, develop and test a c++ application program CAP-QUAD for solving quadratic equation in elementary school in Nigeria. The package was developed in c++ using object-oriented programming language, other computer program that were also utilized during the development process is DevC++ compiler, it was used for…

Are There any Real Differences between Reading Instruction in the Elementary School and in the High School?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Artley, A. Sterl

The factors which determine the nature of a reading program are discussed in order to identify differences in reading instruction at the elementary and secondary levels. These factors are the developmental status of the learner, the demands of the curriculum, and the structure of the reading process. The differences in the developmental status of…

Chemical and biological work-related risks across occupations in Europe: a review.

PubMed

Montano, Diego

2014-01-01

Work-related health inequalities are determined to some extent by an unequal exposure to chemical and biological risk factors of disease. Although their potential economic burden in the European Union (EU-25) might be substantial, comprehensive reviews focusing on the distribution of these risks across occupational groups are limited. Thus, the main objective of this review is to provide a synopsis of the exposure to chemical and biological hazards across occupational groups. In addition, main industrial applications of hazardous substances are identified and some epidemiological evidence is discussed regarding societal costs and incidence rates of work-related diseases. Available lists of carcinogens, sensitisers, mutagens, reprotoxic substances and biological hazards were consulted. For each work-related hazard the main industrial application was identified in order to assess which ISCO occupational groups may be associated with direct exposure. Where available, information on annual tonnage production, risk assessment of the substances and pathogens, and other relevant data were collected and reported. Altogether 308 chemical and biological hazards were identified which may account to at least 693 direct exposures. These hazards concentrate on the following major occupational groups: technicians (ISCO 3), operators (ISCO 8), agricultural workers (ISCO 6) and workers in elementary occupations (ISCO 9). Common industrial applications associated with increased exposure rates relate among others to: (1) production or application of pigments, resins, cutting fluids, adhesives, pesticides and cleaning products, (2) production of rubber, plastics, textiles, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and (3) in agriculture, metallurgy and food processing industry, Societal costs of the unequal distribution of chemical and biological hazards across occupations depend on the corresponding work-related diseases and may range from 2900 EUR to 126000 EUR per case/year. Risk of exposure to chemical and biological risks and work-related disease incidence are highly concentrated on four occupational groups. The unequal burden of exposure across occupations is an important contributing factor leading to health inequalities in society. The bulk of societal costs, however, are actually being borne by the workers themselves. There is an urgent need of taking into account the health impact of production processes and services on workers' health.

Chemical and biological work-related risks across occupations in Europe: a review

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Work-related health inequalities are determined to some extent by an unequal exposure to chemical and biological risk factors of disease. Although their potential economic burden in the European Union (EU-25) might be substantial, comprehensive reviews focusing on the distribution of these risks across occupational groups are limited. Thus, the main objective of this review is to provide a synopsis of the exposure to chemical and biological hazards across occupational groups. In addition, main industrial applications of hazardous substances are identified and some epidemiological evidence is discussed regarding societal costs and incidence rates of work-related diseases. Methods Available lists of carcinogens, sensitisers, mutagens, reprotoxic substances and biological hazards were consulted. For each work-related hazard the main industrial application was identified in order to assess which ISCO occupational groups may be associated with direct exposure. Where available, information on annual tonnage production, risk assessment of the substances and pathogens, and other relevant data were collected and reported. Results Altogether 308 chemical and biological hazards were identified which may account to at least 693 direct exposures. These hazards concentrate on the following major occupational groups: technicians (ISCO 3), operators (ISCO 8), agricultural workers (ISCO 6) and workers in elementary occupations (ISCO 9). Common industrial applications associated with increased exposure rates relate among others to: (1) production or application of pigments, resins, cutting fluids, adhesives, pesticides and cleaning products, (2) production of rubber, plastics, textiles, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and (3) in agriculture, metallurgy and food processing industry, Societal costs of the unequal distribution of chemical and biological hazards across occupations depend on the corresponding work-related diseases and may range from 2900 EUR to 126000 EUR per case/year. Conclusions Risk of exposure to chemical and biological risks and work-related disease incidence are highly concentrated on four occupational groups. The unequal burden of exposure across occupations is an important contributing factor leading to health inequalities in society. The bulk of societal costs, however, are actually being borne by the workers themselves. There is an urgent need of taking into account the health impact of production processes and services on workers’ health. PMID:25071862

Heat and mass transfer in a dissociated laminar boundary layer of air with consideration of the finite rate of chemical reaction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oyegbesan, A. O.; Algermissen, J.

1986-01-01

A numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer in a dissociated laminar boundary layer of air on an isothermal flat plate is carried out for different degrees of cooling of the wall. A finite-difference chemical model is used to study elementary reactions involving NO2 and N2O. The analysis is based on equations of continuity, momentum, energy, conservation and state for the two-dimensional viscous flow of a reacting multicomponent mixtures. Attention is given to the effects of both catalyticity and noncatalyticity of the wall.

Molecular Beam Studies of Hot Atom Chemical Reactions: Reactive Scattering of Energetic Deuterium Atoms

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Continetti, R. E.; Balko, B. A.; Lee, Y. T.

1989-02-01

A brief review of the application of the crossed molecular beams technique to the study of hot atom chemical reactions in the last twenty years is given. Specific emphasis is placed on recent advances in the use of photolytically produced energetic deuterium atoms in the study of the fundamental elementary reactions D + H{sub 2} -> DH + H and the substitution reaction D + C{sub 2}H{sub 2} -> C{sub 2}HD + H. Recent advances in uv laser and pulsed molecular beam techniques have made the detailed study of hydrogen atom reactions under single collision conditions possible.

Low visual information-processing speed and attention are predictors of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Fatigue is a common complaint among elementary and junior high school students, and is known to be associated with reduced academic performance. Recently, we demonstrated that fatigue was correlated with decreased cognitive function in these students. However, no studies have identified cognitive predictors of fatigue. Therefore, we attempted to determine independent cognitive predictors of fatigue in these students. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study. One hundred and forty-two elementary and junior high school students without fatigue participated. They completed a variety of paper-and-pencil tests, including list learning and list recall tests, kana pick-out test, semantic fluency test, figure copying test, digit span forward test, and symbol digit modalities test. The participants also completed computerized cognitive tests (tasks A to E on the modified advanced trail making test). These cognitive tests were used to evaluate motor- and information-processing speed, immediate and delayed memory function, auditory and visual attention, divided and switching attention, retrieval of learned material, and spatial construction. One year after the tests, a questionnaire about fatigue (Japanese version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale) was administered to all the participants. Results After the follow-up period, we confirmed 40 cases of fatigue among 118 students. In multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for grades and gender, poorer performance on visual information-processing speed and attention tasks was associated with increased risk of fatigue. Conclusions Reduced visual information-processing speed and poor attention are independent predictors of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students. PMID:21672212

Low visual information-processing speed and attention are predictors of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students.

PubMed

Mizuno, Kei; Tanaka, Masaaki; Fukuda, Sanae; Yamano, Emi; Shigihara, Yoshihito; Imai-Matsumura, Kyoko; Watanabe, Yasuyoshi

2011-06-14

Fatigue is a common complaint among elementary and junior high school students, and is known to be associated with reduced academic performance. Recently, we demonstrated that fatigue was correlated with decreased cognitive function in these students. However, no studies have identified cognitive predictors of fatigue. Therefore, we attempted to determine independent cognitive predictors of fatigue in these students. We performed a prospective cohort study. One hundred and forty-two elementary and junior high school students without fatigue participated. They completed a variety of paper-and-pencil tests, including list learning and list recall tests, kana pick-out test, semantic fluency test, figure copying test, digit span forward test, and symbol digit modalities test. The participants also completed computerized cognitive tests (tasks A to E on the modified advanced trail making test). These cognitive tests were used to evaluate motor- and information-processing speed, immediate and delayed memory function, auditory and visual attention, divided and switching attention, retrieval of learned material, and spatial construction. One year after the tests, a questionnaire about fatigue (Japanese version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale) was administered to all the participants. After the follow-up period, we confirmed 40 cases of fatigue among 118 students. In multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for grades and gender, poorer performance on visual information-processing speed and attention tasks was associated with increased risk of fatigue. Reduced visual information-processing speed and poor attention are independent predictors of fatigue in elementary and junior high school students. © 2011 Mizuno et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Distributed neural representations of logical arguments in school-age children

PubMed Central

Mathieu, Romain; Booth, James R.; Prado, Jérôme

2016-01-01

Children’s understanding of linear-order (e.g., Dan is taller than Lisa, Lisa is taller than Jess) and set-inclusion (i.e., All tulips are flowers, All flowers are plants) relationships is critical for the acquisition of deductive reasoning, i.e., the ability to reach logically valid conclusions from given premises. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies in adults suggest processing differences between these relations: While arguments that involve linear-orders may be preferentially associated with spatial processing, arguments that involve set-inclusions may be preferentially associated with verbal processing. In the present study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether these processing differences appear during the period of elementary school in development. Consistent with previous studies in adults, we found that arguments that involve linear-order and set-inclusion relationships preferentially involve spatial and verbal brain mechanisms (respectively) in school-age children (9 to 14 year olds). Because this neural sensitivity was not related to age, it likely emerges before the period of elementary education. However, the period of elementary education might play an important role in shaping the neural processing of logical reasoning, as indicated by developmental changes in frontal and parietal regions that were dependent upon the type of relation. PMID:25355487

ICCK Conference Final Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, William H.

2013-05-28

The 7th International Conference on Chemical Kinetics (ICCK) was held July 10-14, 2011, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge, MA, hosted by Prof. William H. Green of MIT's Chemical Engineering department. This cross-disciplinary meeting highlighted the importance of fundamental understanding of elementary reactions to the full range of chemical investigations. The specific conference focus was on elementary-step kinetics in both the gas phase and in condensed phase. The meeting provided a unique opportunity to discuss how the same reactive species and reaction motifs manifest under very different reaction conditions (e.g. atmospheric, aqueous, combustion, plasma, in nonaqueous solvents, onmore » surfaces.). The conference featured special sessions on new/improved experimental techniques, improved models and data analysis for interpreting complicated kinetics, computational kinetics (especially rate estimates for large kinetic models), and a panel discussion on how the community should document/archive kinetic data. In the past, this conference had been limited to homogeneous gas-phase and liquid-phase systems. This conference included studies of heterogeneous kinetics which provide rate constants for, or insight into, elementary reaction steps. This Grant from DOE BES covered about half of the subsidies we provided to students and postdocs who attended the conference, by charging them reduced-rate registration fees. The complete list of subsidies provided are listed in Table 1 below. This DOE funding was essential to making the conference affordable to graduate students, and indeed the attendance at this conference was higher than at previous conferences in this series. Donations made by companies provided additional subsidies, leveraging the DOE funding. The conference was very effective in educating graduate students and important in fostering scientific interactions, particularly between scientists studying gas phase and liquid phase kinetics, since those two communities do not meet very often (it had been 6 years since the last time this conference had been held). The conference at MIT was so successful that European scientists decided to organize a similar conference (it will be held in Seville, Spain in July 2013). Almost 200 scientists participated, with more than 100 oral presentations and many poster presentations. A complete list of the presentations and their abstracts are given in the attachment. The conference led to many peer-reviewed papers published in several Special Issues of the International Journal of Chemical Kinetics in early 2012.« less

The Mystery of Matter, World of the Atom Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pollard, William G.

This booklet is one in the "World of the Atome Series" for junior high school students and their teachers. It describes the fascinating story of the search for the key to the structure of matter. These topics are reviewed: the chemical atom of the 19th century, the planetary atom, the wave atom, inside the elementary particles, and the mystery of…

Teacher's Resource Book for Balloons and Gases. Grade 6. Revised. Anchorage School District Elementary Science Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anchorage School District, AK.

This resource book introduces sixth-grade children to the physical and chemical properties of gases. The unit begins with an investigation of acids and bases. Students then generate carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen, and investigate the properties of each. The unit culminates with an activity involving an unknown gas. Students conduct tests to…

Big Atoms for Small Children: Building Atomic Models from Common Materials to Better Visualize and Conceptualize Atomic Structure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cipolla, Laura; Ferrari, Lia A.

2016-01-01

A hands-on approach to introduce the chemical elements and the atomic structure to elementary/middle school students is described. The proposed classroom activity presents Bohr models of atoms using common and inexpensive materials, such as nested plastic balls, colored modeling clay, and small-sized pasta (or small plastic beads).

Influence Of Inelastic Ridberg Atom-Atom Collisional Process On Kinetic And Optical Properties Of Low-Temperature Laboratory And Astrophysical Plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klyucharev, A. N.; Bezuglov, N. N.; Mihajlov, A. A.; Ignjatovic, Lj. M.

2010-07-01

Elementary processes in plasma phenomena traditionally attract physicist`s attention. The channel of charged-particle formation in Rydberg Atom-Atom thermal and subthermal collisions (the low temperature plasmas conditions) leads to creation of the molecular ions - associative ionization (AI), atomic ions - penning-like ionization (PI) and the pair of the negative and positive ions. In our universe the chemical composition of the primordial gas consists mainly of Hydrogen and Helium (H, H- , H+, H2, He, He+ ), Hydrogen-like alkali-metal Litium (Li, Li+, Li-) and combinations (HeH+ , LiH- , LiH+). There is a wide range of plasma parameters in which the Rydberg Atoms of the elements called above make the dominant construction to ionization and that process may be regarded as a prototype of the elementary process of light excitation energy transformation into electric one. The first series of quantitative measurements of the rate constants for Rydberg Atoms starts in 1978 (Devdariani, Klyucharev et al.). The method of AI and PI calculations, so-called "dipole resonant" mechanism proposed in 1971 (Smirnov, Mihaylov) was used in semiclassical (Mihailov and Janev 1981) and quantum mechanical theories (Duman, Shmatov, 1980). The latest stochastic version of chemi-ionisation (AI+PI) on Rydberg Atom - Atom collisions extends the treatment of the "dipole resonant" model by taking into account redistribution of population over a range of Rydberg states prior to ionization. This redistribution is modeled as diffusion in the frame of stochastic dynamic of the Rydberg electron in the Rydberg energy spectrum (Bezuglov, Borodin, Klyucharev et al. 1997). Such approach makes it possible to operate on efficiently of inelastic collisional processes and sometimes to operate on time of Rydberg Atoms life. This may lead to anomalies of Rydberg Atoms spectra. Another result obtained in recent time is understanding that experimental results on chemi-ionization relate to the group of mixed Rydberg Atom closed to the primary selected one. The Rydberg Atoms ionisaton theory today makes a valuable contribution in the deterministic and stochastic approaches correlation in atomic physic.

Breakdown of the reaction-diffusion master equation with nonelementary rates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Stephen; Grima, Ramon

2016-05-01

The chemical master equation (CME) is the exact mathematical formulation of chemical reactions occurring in a dilute and well-mixed volume. The reaction-diffusion master equation (RDME) is a stochastic description of reaction-diffusion processes on a spatial lattice, assuming well mixing only on the length scale of the lattice. It is clear that, for the sake of consistency, the solution of the RDME of a chemical system should converge to the solution of the CME of the same system in the limit of fast diffusion: Indeed, this has been tacitly assumed in most literature concerning the RDME. We show that, in the limit of fast diffusion, the RDME indeed converges to a master equation but not necessarily the CME. We introduce a class of propensity functions, such that if the RDME has propensities exclusively of this class, then the RDME converges to the CME of the same system, whereas if the RDME has propensities not in this class, then convergence is not guaranteed. These are revealed to be elementary and nonelementary propensities, respectively. We also show that independent of the type of propensity, the RDME converges to the CME in the simultaneous limit of fast diffusion and large volumes. We illustrate our results with some simple example systems and argue that the RDME cannot generally be an accurate description of systems with nonelementary rates.

Efficiency of muscle contraction. The chemimechanic equilibrium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker, E. W.

1991-10-01

Although muscle contraction is one of the principal themes of biological research, the exact mechanism whereby the chemical free energy of ATP hydrolysis is converted into mechanical work remains elusive. The high thermodynamic efficiency of the process, above all, is difficult to explain on the basis of present theories. A model of the elementary effect in muscle contraction is proposed which aims at high thermodynamic efficiency based on an approximate equilibrium between chemical and mechanical forces throughout the transfer of free energy. The experimental results described in the literature support the assumption that chemimechanic equilibrium is approximated by a free energy transfer system based on the binding of divalent metal ions to the myosin light chains. Muscle contraction demonstrated without light chains is expected to proceed with a considerably lower efficiency. Free energy transfer systems based on the binding of ions to proteins seem to be widespread in the cell. By establishing an approximate chemimechanic equilibrium, they could facilitate biological reactions considerably and save large amounts of free energy. The concept of chemimechanic equilibrium is seen as a supplementation to the concept of chemiosmotic equilibrium introduced for the membrane transport by P. Mitchell.

School Health Promotion to Increase Empowerment, Gender Equality and Pupil Participation: A Focus Group Study of a Swedish Elementary School Initiative

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gadin, Katja Gillander; Weiner, Gaby; Ahlgren, Christina

2013-01-01

A school health promotion project was carried out in an elementary school in Sweden where active participation, gender equality, and empowerment were leading principles. The objective of the study was to understand challenges and to identify social processes of importance for such a project. Focus group interviews were conducted with 6 single-sex…

An Elementary Teacher's Narrative Identity Work at Two Points in Time Two Decades Apart

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lutovac, Sonja; Kaasila, Raimo

2018-01-01

The number of studies on how the process of identity work takes place in pre- and in-service teacher training contexts has recently increased. This narrative study contributes to this body of work by examining one elementary teacher's identity work in the context of teaching mathematics at two points in time--the present, as an experienced…

Gender-Based Content of Educational Materials for the Study of Serbian Language in Lower-Stage Grades of Elementary Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trifunovic, Vesna; Petrovic, Ruzica

2014-01-01

This paper presents the results of analysis of educational materials for the study of Serbian language in lower-stage grades of elementary education (intended for students from 7 through 11 years old) from gender perspective. The first part of the paper presents the process of institutionalization of gender-based education in the Republic of…

Effects of an Elementary Two Way Bilingual Spanish-English Immersion School Program on Junior High and High School Student Achievement

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vega, Luis Diego

2014-01-01

This study explores the effects of a Two-Way Bilingual Immersion (TWBI) program on language majority and minority students. The fundamental hypothesis was that the process of receiving instruction in two languages (English and Spanish) throughout elementary school (i.e., attendance at a TWBI school) would help the native Spanish-speaking students…

An Action Research Project to Determine the Utility of Bully Prevention in Positive Behavior Support for Elementary School Bullying Prevention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodman-Scott, Emily; Doyle, Beth; Brott, Pamelia

2014-01-01

A trio of researchers presents a case study from a practical, participatory action research project to demonstrate how one school district implemented a school-wide bullying prevention initiative for all elementary schools based on Bully Prevention in Positive Behavior Support (BP-PBS). The purpose of this manuscript is to discuss the process of…

The Effects of Weighted Vests on Appropriate In-Seat Behaviors of Elementary-Age Students with Autism and Severe to Profound Intellectual Disabilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cox, Amy L.; Gast, David L.; Luscre, Deanna; Ayres, Kevin M.

2009-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of weighted vests on the amount of time 3 elementary-age students with autism, intellectual disabilities, and sensory processing abnormalities engaged in appropriate in-seat behavior. An alternating treatments design was used to examine the duration of appropriate in-seat behavior under three…

Curriculum Implementation at Elementary Schools: A Study on "Best Practices" Done by Elementary School Teachers in Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating the Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rusman

2015-01-01

Applying a new curriculum, namely implementation of 2013 Curriculum at schools has been commenced in July 2013. The implementation of the curriculum is expected to give a push to an increasing quality of managing and processing educational efforts towards betterments at every unit of learning and education. Backgrounded by application of the…

Reading Instruction: Preschool and Elementary: Abstracts of Doctoral Dissertations Published in "Dissertation Abstracts International," October through December 1978 (Vol. 39 Nos. 4 through 6).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills, Urbana, IL.

This collection of abstracts is part of a continuing series providing information on recent doctoral dissertations. The 23 titles deal with a variety of topics, including the following: relationships among attitudes, intelligence, and reading achievement; the purposes and processes of reading as described by elementary school children; evaluating…

National Science Resources Center Project to Improve Science Teaching in Elementary Schools. Appendix C. Elementary Science Information Database

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

individual particles. They mix the powders with water and perform tests with heat, iodine, and vinegar in order to gain additional information about the...illusions ; light ; fermentation ; chromatography ; moon ; astronomy AN SCIENCE - A PROCESS APPROACH, PART G focuses on experimentation, incorporating all...skills ; flowers plants astronomy ; animals ; sensory perception ; vision ; optical illusions ; eyes ; density ; viscosity ; fermentation ; moon

Computing Accurate Grammatical Feedback in a Virtual Writing Conference for German-Speaking Elementary-School Children: An Approach Based on Natural Language Generation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harbusch, Karin; Itsova, Gergana; Koch, Ulrich; Kuhner, Christine

2009-01-01

We built a natural language processing (NLP) system implementing a "virtual writing conference" for elementary-school children, with German as the target language. Currently, state-of-the-art computer support for writing tasks is restricted to multiple-choice questions or quizzes because automatic parsing of the often ambiguous and fragmentary…

Learning reduced kinetic Monte Carlo models of complex chemistry from molecular dynamics.

PubMed

Yang, Qian; Sing-Long, Carlos A; Reed, Evan J

2017-08-01

We propose a novel statistical learning framework for automatically and efficiently building reduced kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) models of large-scale elementary reaction networks from data generated by a single or few molecular dynamics simulations (MD). Existing approaches for identifying species and reactions from molecular dynamics typically use bond length and duration criteria, where bond duration is a fixed parameter motivated by an understanding of bond vibrational frequencies. In contrast, we show that for highly reactive systems, bond duration should be a model parameter that is chosen to maximize the predictive power of the resulting statistical model. We demonstrate our method on a high temperature, high pressure system of reacting liquid methane, and show that the learned KMC model is able to extrapolate more than an order of magnitude in time for key molecules. Additionally, our KMC model of elementary reactions enables us to isolate the most important set of reactions governing the behavior of key molecules found in the MD simulation. We develop a new data-driven algorithm to reduce the chemical reaction network which can be solved either as an integer program or efficiently using L1 regularization, and compare our results with simple count-based reduction. For our liquid methane system, we discover that rare reactions do not play a significant role in the system, and find that less than 7% of the approximately 2000 reactions observed from molecular dynamics are necessary to reproduce the molecular concentration over time of methane. The framework described in this work paves the way towards a genomic approach to studying complex chemical systems, where expensive MD simulation data can be reused to contribute to an increasingly large and accurate genome of elementary reactions and rates.

Learning reduced kinetic Monte Carlo models of complex chemistry from molecular dynamics

PubMed Central

Sing-Long, Carlos A.

2017-01-01

We propose a novel statistical learning framework for automatically and efficiently building reduced kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) models of large-scale elementary reaction networks from data generated by a single or few molecular dynamics simulations (MD). Existing approaches for identifying species and reactions from molecular dynamics typically use bond length and duration criteria, where bond duration is a fixed parameter motivated by an understanding of bond vibrational frequencies. In contrast, we show that for highly reactive systems, bond duration should be a model parameter that is chosen to maximize the predictive power of the resulting statistical model. We demonstrate our method on a high temperature, high pressure system of reacting liquid methane, and show that the learned KMC model is able to extrapolate more than an order of magnitude in time for key molecules. Additionally, our KMC model of elementary reactions enables us to isolate the most important set of reactions governing the behavior of key molecules found in the MD simulation. We develop a new data-driven algorithm to reduce the chemical reaction network which can be solved either as an integer program or efficiently using L1 regularization, and compare our results with simple count-based reduction. For our liquid methane system, we discover that rare reactions do not play a significant role in the system, and find that less than 7% of the approximately 2000 reactions observed from molecular dynamics are necessary to reproduce the molecular concentration over time of methane. The framework described in this work paves the way towards a genomic approach to studying complex chemical systems, where expensive MD simulation data can be reused to contribute to an increasingly large and accurate genome of elementary reactions and rates. PMID:28989618

Learning reduced kinetic Monte Carlo models of complex chemistry from molecular dynamics

DOE PAGES

Yang, Qian; Sing-Long, Carlos A.; Reed, Evan J.

2017-06-19

Here, we propose a novel statistical learning framework for automatically and efficiently building reduced kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) models of large-scale elementary reaction networks from data generated by a single or few molecular dynamics simulations (MD). Existing approaches for identifying species and reactions from molecular dynamics typically use bond length and duration criteria, where bond duration is a fixed parameter motivated by an understanding of bond vibrational frequencies. Conversely, we show that for highly reactive systems, bond duration should be a model parameter that is chosen to maximize the predictive power of the resulting statistical model. We demonstrate our methodmore » on a high temperature, high pressure system of reacting liquid methane, and show that the learned KMC model is able to extrapolate more than an order of magnitude in time for key molecules. Additionally, our KMC model of elementary reactions enables us to isolate the most important set of reactions governing the behavior of key molecules found in the MD simulation. We develop a new data-driven algorithm to reduce the chemical reaction network which can be solved either as an integer program or efficiently using L1 regularization, and compare our results with simple count-based reduction. For our liquid methane system, we discover that rare reactions do not play a significant role in the system, and find that less than 7% of the approximately 2000 reactions observed from molecular dynamics are necessary to reproduce the molecular concentration over time of methane. Furthermore, we describe a framework in this work that paves the way towards a genomic approach to studying complex chemical systems, where expensive MD simulation data can be reused to contribute to an increasingly large and accurate genome of elementary reactions and rates.« less

Level conceptual change pre-service elementary teachers on electric current conceptions through visual multimedia supported conceptual change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hermita, N.; Suhandi, A.; Syaodih, E.; Samsudin, A.; Marhadi, H.; Sapriadil, S.; Zaenudin, Z.; Rochman, C.; Mansur, M.; Wibowo, F. C.

2018-05-01

Now a day, conceptual change is the most valuable issues in the science education perspective, especially in the elementary education. Researchers have already dialed with the aim of the research to increase level conceptual change process on the electric conceptions through Visual Multimedia Supported Conceptual Change Text (VMMSCCText). We have ever utilized research and development method namely 3D-1I stands for Define, Design, Development, and Implementation. The 27 pre-service elementary teachers were involved in the research. The battery function in circuit electric conception is the futuristic concept which should have been learned by the students. Moreover, the data which was collected reports that static about 0%, disorientation about 0%, reconstruction about 55.6%, and construction about 25.9%. It can be concluded that the implementation of VMMSCCText to pre-service elementary teachers are increased to level conceptual change categories.

Carroll County hands-on elementary science

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Herlocker, H.G.; Dunkleberger, G.L.

1994-12-31

Carroll County Hands-on Elementary Science is a nationally recognized Elementary Science Curriculum which has been disseminated in forty states, Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Saipan, and Samoa. The curriculum is a non-textbook, process-based, constructivist approach to teaching science. Unique features of this curriculum include its teacher-written daily lesson plan format, its complete kit of science supplies, and its complete set of Spanish materials. In order to be included by the National Diffusion Network, Hands-on Elementary Science collected data to support the following claims: the program enhances teacher and student attitudes toward science; the program changes both the amount and themore » type of science instruction; the program is adaptable and transportable; the teacher training component is effective. The poster display will feature sample activities, data which demonstrates the effectiveness of the staff development plan, and samples which show the degree to which the program supports selected state curriculum frameworks.« less

General theory of the multistage geminate reactions of the isolated pairs of reactants. II. Detailed balance and universal asymptotes of kinetics.

PubMed

Kipriyanov, Alexey A; Doktorov, Alexander B

2014-10-14

The analysis of general (matrix) kinetic equations for the mean survival probabilities of any of the species in a sample (or mean concentrations) has been made for a wide class of the multistage geminate reactions of the isolated pairs. These kinetic equations (obtained in the frame of the kinetic approach based on the concept of "effective" particles in Paper I) take into account various possible elementary reactions (stages of a multistage reaction) excluding monomolecular, but including physical and chemical processes of the change in internal quantum states carried out with the isolated pairs of reactants (or isolated reactants). The general basic principles of total and detailed balance have been established. The behavior of the reacting system has been considered on macroscopic time scales, and the universal long-term kinetics has been determined.

Role of oxygen diffusion at Ni/Cr2O3 interface in intergranular oxidation of Ni-Cr alloy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Medasani, Bharat; Sushko, Maria; Schreiber, Daniel; Rosso, Kevin; Bruemmer, Stephen

Certain Ni-Cr alloys used in nuclear systems experience intergranular oxidation and stress corrosion cracking when exposed to high-temperature water leading to their degradation and unexpected failure. To develop a mechanistic understanding of grain boundary oxidation processes, we proposed a mesoscale metal alloy oxidation model that combines quantum Density Functional Theory (DFT) with mesoscopic Poisson-Nernst-Planck/classical DFT. This framework encompasses the chemical specificity of elementary diffusion processes and mesoscale reactive dynamics, and allows modeling oxidation processes on experimentally relevant length scales from first principles. As a proof of concept, a preliminary model was previously employed that limited oxygen diffusion pathways to those through the oxide phase and did not allow oxygen diffusion in the alloy or across oxide/alloy interfaces. In this work, we expand the model to include oxygen diffusion pathways along Ni/Cr2O3 interfaces and demonstrate the increasing importance of such pathways for intergranular oxidation of Ni-Cr alloys with high Cr content. This work is supported by the U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division. Simulations are performed using PNNL Institutional Computing facility.

Adsorption of mercury by carbonaceous adsorbents prepared from rubber of tyre wastes.

PubMed

Manchón-Vizuete, E; Macías-García, A; Nadal Gisbert, A; Fernández-González, C; Gómez-Serrano, V

2005-03-17

Rubber from tyre wastes has been used to prepare carbonaceous adsorbents and the products obtained have been tested as adsorbents for mercury in aqueous solution. The adsorbents have been prepared by applying thermal, chemical and combined (thermal and chemical or vice versa) treatments. Tyre rubber has been: heated at 400 or 900 degrees C for 2 h in N2, chemically-treated with H2SO4, HNO3 or H2SO4/HNO3 solution for 24 h, and in two successive steps first heated at 400 degrees C for 2h in N2 and then treated with a H2SO4/HNO3 solution for 24 h, or vice versa. Resultant products have been characterised in terms of elementary composition and textural properties. The adsorption of mercury has been studied from kinetic and equilibrium standpoints. The treatments effected to tyre rubber decrease the carbon content and the hydrogen content. The oxygen content and the nitrogen content increase for the chemically-treated products. The heat treatment of tyre rubber results in a larger development of surface area, microporosity, and mesoporosity than the chemical treatments. These treatments, however, produce a great creation of macropores. In comparison to the starting rubber, the adsorption process of mercury is faster when the material is heated or treated with the H2SO4, HNO3 or 1:3 H2SO4/HNO3 solution. These adsorbents are either a non-porous solid or possess a high mesopore volume or a wide pore size distribution in the macropore range. The adsorption capacity is larger for products prepared by heat, chemical and combined treatments of the rubber. A common textural characteristic of these adsorbents is their better developed microporosity. The ability to adsorb mercury is higher for the heated products than for the chemically-treated ones. The maximum adsorption of mercury is 211 mg g(-1). The constant Kf of the Freundlich equation is as high as 108.9 mg g(-1).

[Construction of chemical information database based on optical structure recognition technique].

PubMed

Lv, C Y; Li, M N; Zhang, L R; Liu, Z M

2018-04-18

To create a protocol that could be used to construct chemical information database from scientific literature quickly and automatically. Scientific literature, patents and technical reports from different chemical disciplines were collected and stored in PDF format as fundamental datasets. Chemical structures were transformed from published documents and images to machine-readable data by using the name conversion technology and optical structure recognition tool CLiDE. In the process of molecular structure information extraction, Markush structures were enumerated into well-defined monomer molecules by means of QueryTools in molecule editor ChemDraw. Document management software EndNote X8 was applied to acquire bibliographical references involving title, author, journal and year of publication. Text mining toolkit ChemDataExtractor was adopted to retrieve information that could be used to populate structured chemical database from figures, tables, and textual paragraphs. After this step, detailed manual revision and annotation were conducted in order to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the data. In addition to the literature data, computing simulation platform Pipeline Pilot 7.5 was utilized to calculate the physical and chemical properties and predict molecular attributes. Furthermore, open database ChEMBL was linked to fetch known bioactivities, such as indications and targets. After information extraction and data expansion, five separate metadata files were generated, including molecular structure data file, molecular information, bibliographical references, predictable attributes and known bioactivities. Canonical simplified molecular input line entry specification as primary key, metadata files were associated through common key nodes including molecular number and PDF number to construct an integrated chemical information database. A reasonable construction protocol of chemical information database was created successfully. A total of 174 research articles and 25 reviews published in Marine Drugs from January 2015 to June 2016 collected as essential data source, and an elementary marine natural product database named PKU-MNPD was built in accordance with this protocol, which contained 3 262 molecules and 19 821 records. This data aggregation protocol is of great help for the chemical information database construction in accuracy, comprehensiveness and efficiency based on original documents. The structured chemical information database can facilitate the access to medical intelligence and accelerate the transformation of scientific research achievements.

Properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements for particle detectors in high-energy physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saviano, G.; Ferrini, M.; Benussi, L.; Bianco, S.; Piccolo, D.; Colafranceschi, S.; KjØlbro, J.; Sharma, A.; Yang, D.; Chen, G.; Ban, Y.; Li, Q.; Grassini, S.; Parvis, M.

2018-03-01

Gas detectors for elementary particles require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This work studies properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements by computing the physical and chemical parameters relevant for use as detector media, and suggests candidates to be considered for experimental investigation.

Chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for the combustion of propane

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jachimowski, C. J.

1984-01-01

A detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for the combustion of propane is presented and discussed. The mechanism consists of 27 chemical species and 83 elementary chemical reactions. Ignition and combustion data as determined in shock tube studies were used to evaluate the mechanism. Numerical simulation of the shock tube experiments showed that the kinetic behavior predicted by the mechanism for stoichiometric mixtures is in good agrement with the experimental results over the entire temperature range examined (1150-2600K). Sensitivity and theoretical studies carried out using the mechanism revealed that hydrocarbon reactions which are involved in the formation of the HO2 radical and the H2O2 molecule are very important in the mechanism and that the observed nonlinear behavior of ignition delay time with decreasing temperature can be interpreted in terms of the increased importance of the HO2 and H2O2 reactions at the lower temperatures.

A systematic reactor design approach for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.

PubMed

Emenike, Victor N; Schenkendorf, René; Krewer, Ulrike

2018-05-01

Today's highly competitive pharmaceutical industry is in dire need of an accelerated transition from the drug development phase to the drug production phase. At the heart of this transition are chemical reactors that facilitate the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and whose design can affect subsequent processing steps. Inspired by this challenge, we present a model-based approach for systematic reactor design. The proposed concept is based on the elementary process functions (EPF) methodology to select an optimal reactor configuration from existing state-of-the-art reactor types or can possibly lead to the design of novel reactors. As a conceptual study, this work summarizes the essential steps in adapting the EPF approach to optimal reactor design problems in the field of API syntheses. Practically, the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 2,4-difluoronitrobenzene was analyzed as a case study of pharmaceutical relevance. Here, a small-scale tubular coil reactor with controlled heating was identified as the optimal set-up reducing the residence time by 33% in comparison to literature values. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Technology-Rich Learning Environments in Elementary and Secondary Schools: An Interactive Study of Physical Settings and Educational Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stuebing, Susan; And Others

This paper reviews an ongoing study on the physical settings of education with technology at the elementary and high school levels. The study, which is multi-disciplinary in nature, is based in sites in the process of change in teaching strategies, using learning technology as a catalyst for this change to take place. The focus of the study is on…

Improving the Reasoning Ability of Elementary School Student through the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saleh, Muhamad; Prahmana, Rully Charitas Indra; Isa, Muhammad; Murni

2018-01-01

By taking the role as a mentor and a facilitator, a teacher in the 4th grade of elementary school needs to look at the condition of the students in the concrete thinking stage. Learning process needs to be adjusted such that the abstract objects in mathematics can be represented through concrete objects as a bridge to enter the knowledge that the…

Are Graphic Novels Always "Cool"? Parent and Student Perspectives on Elementary Mathematics and Science Graphic Novels: The Need for Action Research by School Leaders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nesmith, Suzanne; Cooper, Sandi; Schwarz, Gretchen; Walker, Amanda

2016-01-01

Often the stakeholders most affected by curriculum change are uninvolved in the change process, leading to curriculum reforms that fail. Thus, a group of university researchers conducted a small-scale study to explore the thoughts and opinions of parents and elementary students on the use of mathematics and science graphic novels to support the…

I Can Be Silent and Be Saying a Lot: Teachers' Racial Literacy in a Southern Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howard, Kimberly J.

2013-01-01

In order to better understand how teachers make sense of race in schools today, this ethnographic study explores the following research question: How do teachers in this school make sense of race, and how does the spatiality of the school inform this process? The study was conducted over a 14-month period in a southern elementary school and is…

Examining Differentiation and Utilization of iPads across Content Areas in an Independent, PreK-4th Grade Elementary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Milman, Natalie B.; Carlson-Bancroft, Angela; Vanden Boogart, Amy

2014-01-01

This mixed methods case study examined the implementation of a 1:1 iPad initiative in a suburban, co-educational, independent, preK-4th grade elementary school in the United States. This article focuses on how teachers used iPads to differentiate instruction and across multiple content areas. Findings show the processes by which teachers employed…

Four different animated sub-particles as the origins of the life and creator of different angular momentums of elementary particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gholibeigian, Hassan; Gholibeigian, Zeinab

2015-04-01

Understanding the internal structure of the proton is crucial challenge for QCD, and one important aspect of this is to understand how the spin of the nucleon is build-up from the angular momentum of its quarks and gluons. In this way, what's the origin of differences between angular momentums of fundamental particles? It may be from their substructures. It seems there are four sub-particles of mater, plant, animal and human in substructure of each fundamental particle (string) as the origins of life and cause of differences between spins of those elementary particles. Material's sub-particle always is on and active. When the environmental conditions became ready for creation of each field of the plant, animal and human, sub-particles of their elementary particles became on and active and then, those elementary particles participated in processes of creation in their own field. God, as the main source of information, has been communicated with their sub-particles and transfers a package (bit) of information and laws (plus standard ethics for human sub-particles) to each of them for process and selection (mutation) of the next step of motion and interaction of their fundamental particles with each other in each Plank's time. This is causality for particles' motion in quantum area.

Effects of physical science courses which emphasize content or process on efficacy beliefs of preservice elementary teachers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aldrich, Lynn Karter

1997-09-01

Concerns about the teaching of science in elementary grades have led in recent years to studies of teacher efficacy beliefs, their relation to teaching behaviors, and mechanisms which promote positive changes in those beliefs. The purpose of this study was to determine if science teaching efficacy beliefs of preservice elementary teachers are changed by a process emphasis physical science course and by a content emphasis physical science course and to compare these two effects. The STEBI-B instrument was given as a pretest at the beginning and a posttest at the conclusion of semester physical science courses to 94 subjects in a small liberal arts-based college. The STEBI-B instrument was also given as a pretest at the beginning and a posttest at the conclusion of semester science teaching methods courses to 61 subjects at the same college. No significant change occurred in the outcome expectancy subscale for the content emphasis course, the process emphasis course, or the science methods course. No significant change occurred in the self-efficacy subscale for the content emphasis course. A significant increase occurred in the self-efficacy subscale for the process emphasis course and the science methods course. When the process emphasis subjects were broken down into subgroups based on when the methods course was taken, a significant increase was found only for the subgroups who had previously taken or were concurrently taking a methods course with the physical science course. No significant difference was found in either outcome expectancy or self-efficacy between the content emphasis and process emphasis with ANCOVA using the pretest STEBI-B subscale as a covariate. The results suggest that a physical science course which emphasizes science process by using an integrated approach of lecture, hands-on activities and discussion may result in increased science teaching self-efficacy beliefs for preservice elementary teachers. The results also suggest that these changes in self-efficacy beliefs may not occur if the process emphasis physical science course is taken prior to a science teaching methods course.

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers.

PubMed

Hamid, Almas; Saleem, Wajeeha; Yaqub, Ghazala; Ghauri, Moin Ud Din

2017-12-14

This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV 1 /FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV 1 was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.

Edmodo social learning network for elementary school mathematics learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ariani, Y.; Helsa, Y.; Ahmad, S.; Prahmana, RCI

2017-12-01

A developed instructional media can be as printed media, visual media, audio media, and multimedia. The development of instructional media can also take advantage of technological development by utilizing Edmodo social network. This research aims to develop a digital classroom learning model using Edmodo social learning network for elementary school mathematics learning which is practical, valid and effective in order to improve the quality of learning activities. The result of this research showed that the prototype of mathematics learning device for elementary school students using Edmodo was in good category. There were 72% of students passed the assessment as a result of Edmodo learning. Edmodo has become a promising way to engage students in a collaborative learning process.

[Theophile-Jules Pelouze (1807-1867) was one of the French pharmacists who has the most contributed to the evolution of the organic chemisty in the first half of the 19th century].

PubMed

Arnaud, Pascal

2015-03-01

Through some examples of his works, realized between 1833 and 1845 (studies on the tannin, the reaction of etherification, and on the nature of the chemical function of the glycerin), this article tries to bring to light his scientific approach. This one is not only based on the immediate analysis and the elementary analysis, but also on the study of characteristic chemical reactions, which are going to give him information onto the chemical nature and the constitution of the molecules which he studies. This approach will lead him finally to use these reactions not only in an analytical purpose but also in a purpose of synthesis.

Project FIT: A School, Community and Social Marketing Intervention Improves Healthy Eating Among Low-Income Elementary School Children.

PubMed

Alaimo, Katherine; Carlson, Joseph J; Pfeiffer, Karin A; Eisenmann, Joey C; Paek, Hye-Jin; Betz, Heather H; Thompson, Tracy; Wen, Yalu; Norman, Gregory J

2015-08-01

Project FIT was a two-year multi-component nutrition and physical activity intervention delivered in ethnically-diverse low-income elementary schools in Grand Rapids, MI. This paper reports effects on children's nutrition outcomes and process evaluation of the school component. A quasi-experimental design was utilized. 3rd, 4th and 5th-grade students (Yr 1 baseline: N = 410; Yr 2 baseline: N = 405; age range: 7.5-12.6 years) were measured in the fall and spring over the two-year intervention. Ordinal logistic, mixed effect models and generalized estimating equations were fitted, and the robust standard errors were utilized. Primary outcomes favoring the intervention students were found regarding consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grain bread during year 2. Process evaluation revealed that implementation of most intervention components increased during year 2. Project FIT resulted in small but beneficial effects on consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain bread in ethnically diverse low-income elementary school children.

Elementary reaction modeling of reversible CO/CO2 electrochemical conversion on patterned nickel electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Yu; Shi, Yixiang; Li, Wenying; Cai, Ningsheng

2018-03-01

CO/CO2 are the major gas reactant/product in the fuel electrode of reversible solid oxide cells (RSOC). This study proposes a two-charge-transfer-step mechanism to describe the reaction and transfer processes of CO-CO2 electrochemical conversion on a patterned Ni electrode of RSOC. An elementary reaction model is developed to couple two charge transfer reactions, C(Ni)+O2-(YSZ) ↔ CO(Ni)+(YSZ) +2e- and CO(Ni)+O2-(YSZ) ↔ CO2(Ni)+(YSZ)+2e-, with adsorption/desorption, surface chemical reactions and surface diffusion. This model well validates in both solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) modes by the experimental data from a patterned Ni electrode with 10 μm stripe width at different pCO (0-0.25 atm), pCO2 (0-0.35 atm) and operating temperature (600-700 °C). This model indicates SOEC mode is dominated by charge transfer step C(Ni)+O2-(YSZ)↔CO(Ni)+(YSZ) +2e-, while SOFC mode by CO(Ni)+ O2-(YSZ)↔CO2(Ni)+(YSZ)+2e- on the patterned Ni electrode. The sensitivity analysis shows charge transfer step is the major rate-determining step for RSOC, besides, surface diffusion of CO and CO2 as well as CO2 adsorption also plays a significant role in the electrochemical reaction of SOEC while surface diffusion of CO and CO2 desorption could be co-limiting in SOFC.

Composite Structural Motifs of Binding Sites for Delineating Biological Functions of Proteins

PubMed Central

Kinjo, Akira R.; Nakamura, Haruki

2012-01-01

Most biological processes are described as a series of interactions between proteins and other molecules, and interactions are in turn described in terms of atomic structures. To annotate protein functions as sets of interaction states at atomic resolution, and thereby to better understand the relation between protein interactions and biological functions, we conducted exhaustive all-against-all atomic structure comparisons of all known binding sites for ligands including small molecules, proteins and nucleic acids, and identified recurring elementary motifs. By integrating the elementary motifs associated with each subunit, we defined composite motifs that represent context-dependent combinations of elementary motifs. It is demonstrated that function similarity can be better inferred from composite motif similarity compared to the similarity of protein sequences or of individual binding sites. By integrating the composite motifs associated with each protein function, we define meta-composite motifs each of which is regarded as a time-independent diagrammatic representation of a biological process. It is shown that meta-composite motifs provide richer annotations of biological processes than sequence clusters. The present results serve as a basis for bridging atomic structures to higher-order biological phenomena by classification and integration of binding site structures. PMID:22347478

A New Approach to Teaching Science to Elementary Education Majors in Response to the NGSS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brevik, C.; Daniels, L.; McCoy, C.

2015-12-01

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) place an equal emphasis on science process skills and science content. The goal is to have K-12 students "doing" science, not just "learning about" science. However, most traditional college science classes for elementary education majors place a much stronger emphasis on science content knowledge with the hands-on portion limited to a once-a-week lab. The two models of instruction are not aligned. The result is that many elementary school teachers are unprepared to offer interactive science with their students. Without additional coaching, many teachers fall back on the format they learned in college - lecture, handouts, homework. If we want teachers to use more hands-on methods in the classroom, these techniques should be taught to elementary education majors when they are in college. Dickinson State University has begun a collaboration between the Teacher Education Department and the Department of Natural Sciences. The physical science course for elementary education majors has been completely redesigned to focus equally on the needed science content and the science process skills emphasized by the NGSS. The format of the course has been adjusted to more closely mirror a traditional K-5 classroom; the course meets for 50 minutes five days a week. A flipped-classroom model has been adopted to ensure no content is lost, and hands-on activities are done almost every day as new concepts are discussed. In order to judge the effectiveness of these changes, a survey tool was administered to determine if there was a shift in the students' perception of science as an active instead of a passive field of study. The survey also measured the students' comfort-level in offering a hands-on learning environment in their future classrooms and their confidence in their ability to effectively teach science concepts to elementary students. Results from the first year of the study will be presented.

A Two Year Longitudinal Study of the Impact of a "Man: A Course of Study" Preservice Social Studies Methods Course on the Classroom Teaching of Practicing Professionals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

King, Bob

This study assesses the degree of influence that the elementary curriculum project "Man: A Course of Study" (MACOS) and its process approach has on the use of teaching strategies of first and second year elementary teachers. The sample teachers had been enrolled in an undergraduate social studies methods course that used MACOS. Of the 17…

Snapshots of a Culture: How Do American and Turkish Elementary Students Represent Their Cultural Identities Using Technology as a Means of Expression and Communication?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simsek, Ali; Nuss, Shirley

2010-01-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate how elementary students can learn about the culture of another country and how technology can play a role in this process. The sample of the study included 135 fifth grade students from the United States and Turkey. Initial knowledge and information sources of students were assessed at the beginning of…

In search of elementary spin 0 particles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krasny, Mieczyslaw Witold, E-mail: krasny@lpnhep.in2p3.fr; Płaczek, Wiesław

2015-01-15

The Standard Model of strong and electroweak interactions uses point-like spin 1/2 particles as the building bricks of matter and point-like spin 1 particles as the force carriers. One of the most important questions to be answered by the present and future particle physics experiments is whether the elementary spin 0 particles exist, and if they do, what are their interactions with the spin 1/2 and spin 1 particles. Spin 0 particles have been searched extensively over the last decades. Several initial claims of their discoveries were finally disproved in the final experimental scrutiny process. The recent observation of themore » excess of events at the LHC in the final states involving a pair of vector bosons, or photons, is commonly interpreted as the discovery of the first elementary scalar particle, the Higgs boson. In this paper we recall examples of claims and subsequent disillusions in precedent searches spin 0 particles. We address the question if the LHC Higgs discovery can already be taken for granted, or, as it turned out important in the past, whether it requires a further experimental scrutiny before the existence of the first ever found elementary scalar particle is proven beyond any doubt. An example of the Double Drell–Yan process for which such a scrutiny is indispensable is discussed in some detail. - Highlights: • We present a short history of searches of spin 0 particles. • We construct a model of the Double Drell–Yan Process (DDYP) at the LHC. • We investigate the contribution of the DDYP to the Higgs searches background.« less

Detailed and Simplified Chemical Kinetics of Aviation Fuels and Surrogates

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-11-12

Cyclopentene and Methyl-Cyclopentadiene Mixtures, Proc. Comb. Inst. 29:2291-2298 (2002). [13] Final Report, Computational Fluid Dynamics for...Determination of Total and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aviation Jet Fuel, Journal of Chromatography A (1- 2) 985 (2003), 197-203. [10] C. K...DiNaro, J. B. Howard, W. H. Green, J. W. Tester and J. W. Bozzelli, Elementary Reaction Mechanism for Benzene Oxidation in Supercritical Water, J

Detailed and Simplified Chemical Kinetics of Aviation Fuels and Surrogates

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

Cyclopentene and Methyl-Cyclopentadiene Mixtures, Proc. Comb. Inst. 29:2291-2298 (2002). [13] Final Report, Computational Fluid Dynamics for...Determination of Total and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aviation Jet Fuel, Journal of Chromatography A (1- 2) 985 (2003), 197-203. [10] C. K...DiNaro, J. B. Howard, W. H. Green, J. W. Tester and J. W. Bozzelli, Elementary Reaction Mechanism for Benzene Oxidation in Supercritical Water, J

Simplified half-life methods for the analysis of kinetic data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eberhart, J. G.; Levin, E.

1988-01-01

The analysis of reaction rate data has as its goal the determination of the order rate constant which characterize the data. Chemical reactions with one reactant and present simplified methods for accomplishing this goal are considered. The approaches presented involve the use of half lives or other fractional lives. These methods are particularly useful for the more elementary discussions of kinetics found in general and physical chemistry courses.

An Introduction to Chemistry for Merchant Marine Oriented Individuals (Ch-1 and Ch-1C). A Study Guide to Minicourse D-1, Elementary Background.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schlenker, Richard M.; Dillon, Timothy

This document contains lab activities, problem sets, and a tape script to be accompanied by a slide show. The minicourse covers the following topics of general chemistry: kinetic-molecular theory, the Bohr atom, acids, bases, and salts, the periodic table, bonding, chemical equations, the metric system, computation of density, mass, and volume,…

Factors Influencing Science Content Accuracy in Elementary Inquiry Science Lessons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nowicki, Barbara L.; Sullivan-Watts, Barbara; Shim, Minsuk K.; Young, Betty; Pockalny, Robert

2013-06-01

Elementary teachers face increasing demands to engage children in authentic science process and argument while simultaneously preparing them with knowledge of science facts, vocabulary, and concepts. This reform is particularly challenging due to concerns that elementary teachers lack adequate science background to teach science accurately. This study examined 81 in-classroom inquiry science lessons for preservice education majors and their cooperating teachers to determine the accuracy of the science content delivered in elementary classrooms. Our results showed that 74 % of experienced teachers and 50 % of student teachers presented science lessons with greater than 90 % accuracy. Eleven of the 81 lessons (9 preservice, 2 cooperating teachers) failed to deliver accurate science content to the class. Science content accuracy was highly correlated with the use of kit-based resources supported with professional development, a preference for teaching science, and grade level. There was no correlation between the accuracy of science content and some common measures of teacher content knowledge (i.e., number of college science courses, science grades, or scores on a general science content test). Our study concluded that when provided with high quality curricular materials and targeted professional development, elementary teachers learn needed science content and present it accurately to their students.

Introducing Ergonomics in Two US Elementary Schools

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bennett, C L; Tien, D

2003-06-25

The increasing presence of computers and other forms of information and communications technology (ICT) in schools has raised concerns in the United States (US) and elsewhere. Children are using computers more than any other age group in the US. It is not known whether early intensive use of ICT predisposes children to future injury. Ergonomics is not included in state curriculum standards or requirements but can be supported by some of the existing standards. Some who believe that children are better off being educated early about ergonomics are taking action to bring ergonomics into elementary and secondary schools. This papermore » describes the process used to introduce ergonomics into two elementary schools in two different states by initiators with two different roles.« less

Exploring preservice elementary teachers' critique and adaptation of science curriculum materials in respect to socioscientific issues

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forbes, Cory T.; Davis, Elizabeth A.

2008-09-01

The work presented here represents a preliminary effort undertaken to address the role of teachers in supporting students’ learning and decision-making about socioscientific issues (SSI) by characterizing preservice elementary teachers’ critique and adaptation of SSI-based science curriculum materials and identifying factors that serve to mediate this process. Four undergraduate preservice elementary teachers were studied over the course of one semester. Results indicate that the teachers navigated multiple learning goals, as well as their own subject-matter knowledge, informal reasoning about SSI, and role identity, in their critique and adaptation of SSI-oriented science instructional materials. Implications for science teacher education and the design of curriculum materials in respect to SSI are discussed.

Creating a peaceful school learning environment: a controlled study of an elementary school intervention to reduce violence.

PubMed

Twemlow, S W; Fonagy, P; Sacco, F C; Gies, M L; Evans, R; Ewbank, R

2001-05-01

The impact of a manual-based antiviolence program on the learning climate in an elementary school over 4 years was compared with the outcome in a control school. The two schools were matched for demographic characteristics. The intervention in the experimental school was based on zero tolerance for bullying; the control school received only regular psychiatric consultation. Disciplinary and academic achievement data were collected in both schools. The experimental school showed significant reductions in discipline referrals and increases in scores on standardized academic achievement measures. A low-cost antiviolence intervention that does not focus on individual pathology or interfere with the educational process may improve the learning environment in elementary schools.

Kinetic calorimetry in the study of the mechanism of low-temperature chemical reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barkalov, I. M.; Kiryukhin, D. P.

Chemical reactions are always followed by a change in the reacting system enthalpy, hence, calorimetry as a method of enthalpy and heat capacity measuring is a universal and, sometimes, even the only possible way of studying chemical reaction kinetics. Throughout its long history, the calorimeter, having preserved the positions of the main method of thermodynamic studies, has conquered a new field of application: that of kinetic study of chemical reactions. The advantages and disadvantages of the kinetic calorimeter are now obvious. First, the advantages are: (1) the possibility of measuring the rate of a chemical reaction without any special requirements being imposed on the reaction medium (solid, viscous, multicomponent systems); (2) the high efficiency: a large volume of kinetic information in one experiment and a non-destructive character of changes; (3) the possibility of measuring directly in the field of ionizing radiation (γ-radiation, accelerated electrons) and light; and (4) recording of the chemical conversion directly at the time of its occurrence. The disadvantages of this method are: (1) the high inertia of standard calorimeter systems (τC⋍102-103S), which restricts the possibilities of studying fast processes; and (2) the complexity of the correct organization of the calorimeter experiment when the parameters of the process are changed (overheating in the sample, conversion of the process to explosive and auto wave regimens). One of the oldest and most universal methods of studying the mechanism of chemical reactions, calorimetry, is now passing through a period of turbulent development due to the advances in electronics and computerization. The wide variety of types of calorimeter set-ups and the large assortment of measurement schemes in the currently described methods complicate the experimental selection of the necessary instrument rather than facilitate it. The basic principles of the method, the types of calorimeters, and the measuring schemes are described [1-5]. However, despite the high working characteristics of modern calorimeters (Perkin-Elmer, Du Pont, LKB, etc.), all of them have one principal disadvantage: a cell with a sample is placed in them at room temperature. In cryochemical investigation, when the sample has metastable formations, the loading is made `from nitrogen to nitrogen', i.e. the sample prepared at 77 K should be loaded into a calorimeter at 77 K. Besides, the existing installations do not allow measurements at the temperatures <110K. For this reason, the Laboratory of Cryochemistry and Radiation Chemistry at the Institute of Chemical Physics in Chernogolovka has created original calorimetric techniques which allow: (1) the carrying out phase analysis and the determination of the main thermodynamic characteristic of individual substances and complicated systems in the temperature range 5 300 K. Sample loading can be conducted at 77 K that allows us to study the systems containing: tetrafiuoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, ethylene, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, methane, hydrogen, oxygen, ozone, formaldehyde and many other gaseous substances; (2) the study of the dynamics of chemical reactions and to measure the main kinetic parameters of the processes-the elementary rate constants and the activation energies. The experiment can be conducted both under direct action of radiation and UV light and in the post-effect mode [5,6].

Putting Meaning Back Into the Mean: A Comment on the Misuse of Elementary Statistics in a Sample of Manuscripts Submitted to Clinical Therapeutics.

PubMed

Forrester, Janet E

2015-12-01

Errors in the statistical presentation and analyses of data in the medical literature remain common despite efforts to improve the review process, including the creation of guidelines for authors and the use of statistical reviewers. This article discusses common elementary statistical errors seen in manuscripts recently submitted to Clinical Therapeutics and describes some ways in which authors and reviewers can identify errors and thus correct them before publication. A nonsystematic sample of manuscripts submitted to Clinical Therapeutics over the past year was examined for elementary statistical errors. Clinical Therapeutics has many of the same errors that reportedly exist in other journals. Authors require additional guidance to avoid elementary statistical errors and incentives to use the guidance. Implementation of reporting guidelines for authors and reviewers by journals such as Clinical Therapeutics may be a good approach to reduce the rate of statistical errors. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

Parental involvement in elementary school-aged child’s creativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suparmi; Suardiman, S. P.; Kumara, A.

2018-01-01

This study aims at describing the parental involvement in cultivating elementary school-aged child’s creativity. The qualitative research was designed with multidisciplinary study approach. Eight students and some parents from public elementary schools of Ngawen 4th of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, and 4 students from an elementary school in Sleman, Yogyakarta were involved in the process of collecting the data. In-depth interview, observation, and documentation were used simultaneously to collect the data. The results showed that: 1) the subject had a level of intelligence quotient; the intelligence of verbal creativity above the average level, and creative behaviour on average, 2) interaction of parents and child-related discussions, experiences, and plans, academic problems in school were needed to boost the students’ creativity, 3) interactions of parents and school-related participations in school were also encouraged to implant students’ social awareness, 4) interaction among parents communicated each other to have a better result of academic awareness, and 5) Parents should install family norms to cultivate children’s intelligence quotient.

Proto-experiences and subjective experiences: classical and quantum concepts.

PubMed

Vimal, Ram Lakhan Pandey

2008-03-01

Deterministic reductive monism and non-reductive substance dualism are two opposite views for consciousness, and both have serious problems. An alternative view is needed. For this, we hypothesize that strings or elementary particles (fermions and bosons) have two aspects: (i) elemental proto-experiences (PEs) as phenomenal aspect, and (ii) mass, charge, and spin as material aspect. Elemental PEs are hypothesized to be the properties of elementary particles and their interactions, which are composed of irreducible fundamental subjective experiences (SEs)/PEs that are in superimposed form in elementary particles and in their interactions. Since SEs/PEs are superimposed, elementary particles are not specific to any SE/PE; they (and all inert matter) are carriers of SEs/PEs, and hence, appear as non-experiential material entities. Furthermore, our hypothesis is that matter and associated elemental PEs co-evolved and co-developed into neural-nets and associated neural-net PEs (neural Darminism), respectively. The signals related to neural PEs interact in a neural-net and neural-net PEs emerges from random process of self-organization. The neural-net PEs are a set of SEs embedded in the neural-net by a non-computational or non-algorithmic process. The non-specificity of elementary particles is transformed into the specificity of neural-nets by neural Darwinism. The specificity of SEs emerges when feedforward and feedback signal interacts in the neuropil and are dependent on wakefulness (i.e., activation) attention, re-entry between neural populations, working memory, stimulus at above threshold, and neural net PE signals. This PE-SE framework integrates reductive and non-reductive views, complements the existing models, bridges the explanatory gaps, and minimizes the problem of causation.

Atomic Scale Picture of the Ion Conduction Mechanism in Tetrahedral Network of Lanthanum Barium Gallate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jalarvo, Niina H; Gourdon, Olivier; Bi, Zhonghe

2013-01-01

Combined experimental study of impedance spectroscopy, neutron powder diffraction and quasielastic neutron scattering was performed to shed light into the atomic scale ion migration processes in proton and oxide ion conductor; La0.8Ba1.2GaO3.9 . This material consist of tetrahedral GaO4 units, which are rather flexible and rocking motion of these units promotes the ionic migration process. The oxide ion (vacancy) conduction takes place on channels along c axis, involving a single elementary step, which occurs between adjacent tetrahedron (inter-tetrahedron jump). The proton conduction mechanism consists of intra-tetrahedron and inter-tetrahedron elementary processes. The intra-tetrahedron proton transport is the rate-limiting process, with activationmore » energy of 0.44 eV. The rocking motion of the GaO4 tetrahedron aids the inter-tetrahedral proton transport, which has the activation energy of 0.068 eV.« less

Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of Scintillation Processes in NaI(Tl)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kerisit, Sebastien; Wang, Zhiguo; Williams, Richard T.; Grim, Joel Q.; Gao, Fei

2014-04-01

Developing a comprehensive understanding of the processes that govern the scintillation behavior of inorganic scintillators provides a pathway to optimize current scintillators and allows for the science-driven search for new scintillator materials. Recent experimental data on the excitation density dependence of the light yield of inorganic scintillators presents an opportunity to incorporate parameterized interactions between excitations in scintillation models and thus enable more realistic simulations of the nonproportionality of inorganic scintillators. Therefore, a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model of elementary scintillation processes in NaI(Tl) is developed in this paper to simulate the kinetics of scintillation for a range of temperatures and Tl concentrations as well as the scintillation efficiency as a function of excitation density. The ability of the KMC model to reproduce available experimental data allows for elucidating the elementary processes that give rise to the kinetics and efficiency of scintillation observed experimentally for a range of conditions.

Math Process Standards Series, Grades 3-5

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Connell, Susan, Ed.

2008-01-01

NCTM's Process Standards support teaching that helps upper elementary level children develop independent, effective mathematical thinking. The books in the Heinemann Math Process Standards Series give every intermediate-grades teacher the opportunity to explore each standard in depth. With language and examples that don't require prior math…

Linguistic Ambiguity in a Connectionist Model for Grammatical Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Angelica, Julia; Ney, James W.

1995-01-01

Discusses the evolution of the connectionist model of language processing, focusing on the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model proposed by Rumelhart and others (1986) that explains the microstructure of cognition in terms of interactive activation between elementary input, output, and intermediate processing units linked by weighted…

Basic Science Process Skills. An Inservice Workshop Kit: Outlines and Activities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rowland, Paul; And Others

A science process skill project was developed to help elementary teachers meet competency standards in New Mexico for teaching the process approach in their science classes. An outline of the process skills along with recommended activities are presented in this document. Performance objectives are identified and a sample activity form is…

Towards cleaner combustion engines through groundbreaking detailed chemical kinetic models

PubMed Central

Battin-Leclerc, Frédérique; Blurock, Edward; Bounaceur, Roda; Fournet, René; Glaude, Pierre-Alexandre; Herbinet, Olivier; Sirjean, Baptiste; Warth, V.

2013-01-01

In the context of limiting the environmental impact of transportation, this paper reviews new directions which are being followed in the development of more predictive and more accurate detailed chemical kinetic models for the combustion of fuels. In the first part, the performance of current models, especially in terms of the prediction of pollutant formation, is evaluated. In the next parts, recent methods and ways to improve these models are described. An emphasis is given on the development of detailed models based on elementary reactions, on the production of the related thermochemical and kinetic parameters, and on the experimental techniques available to produce the data necessary to evaluate model predictions under well defined conditions. PMID:21597604

Simplified jet fuel reaction mechanism for lean burn combustion application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Chi-Ming; Kundu, Krishna; Ghorashi, Bahman

1993-01-01

Successful modeling of combustion and emissions in gas turbine engine combustors requires an adequate description of the reaction mechanism. Detailed mechanisms contain a large number of chemical species participating simultaneously in many elementary kinetic steps. Current computational fluid dynamic models must include fuel vaporization, fuel-air mixing, chemical reactions, and complicated boundary geometries. A five-step Jet-A fuel mechanism which involves pyrolysis and subsequent oxidation of paraffin and aromatic compounds is presented. This mechanism is verified by comparing with Jet-A fuel ignition delay time experimental data, and species concentrations obtained from flametube experiments. This five-step mechanism appears to be better than the current one- and two-step mechanisms.

Magnesiothermic conversion of the silica-mineralizing golden algae Mallomonas caudata and Synura petersenii to elemental silicon with high geometric precision

PubMed Central

Petrack, Janina; Jost, Steffen; Boenigk, Jens

2014-01-01

Summary Chrysophyceae, also known as golden algae, contain characteristic, three-dimensional biomineralized silica structures. Their chemical composition and microscopic structure was studied. By high-temperature conversion of the skeleton of Mallomonas caudata and Synura petersenii into elementary silicon by magnesium vapour, nanostructured defined replicates were produced which were clearly seen after removal of the formed magnesium oxide with acid. PMID:24991491

Spectroscopic detection, characterization and dynamics of free radicals relevant to combustion processes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miller, Terry

2015-06-04

Combustion chemistry is enormously complex. The chemical mechanisms involve a multitude of elementary reaction steps and a comparable number of reactive intermediates, many of which are free radicals. Computer simulations based upon these mechanisms are limited by the validity of the mechanisms and the parameters characterizing the properties of the intermediates and their reactivity. Spectroscopy can provide data for sensitive and selective diagnostics to follow their reactions. Spectroscopic analysis also provides detailed parameters characterizing the properties of these intermediates. These parameters serve as experimental gold standards to benchmark predictions of these properties from large-scale, electronic structure calculations. This work hasmore » demonstrated the unique capabilities of near-infrared cavity ringdown spectroscopy (NIR CRDS) to identify, characterize and monitor intermediates of key importance in complex chemical reactions. Our studies have focussed on the large family of organic peroxy radicals which are arguably themost important intermediates in combustion chemistry and many other reactions involving the oxidation of organic compounds. Our spectroscopic studies have shown that the NIR Ã - ˜X electronic spectra of the peroxy radicals allows one to differentiate among chemical species in the organic peroxy family and also determine their isomeric and conformic structure in many cases. We have clearly demonstrated this capability on saturated and unsaturated peroxy radicals and β-hydroxy peroxy radicals. In addition we have developed a unique dual wavelength CRDS apparatus specifically for the purpose of measuring absolute absorption cross section and following the reaction of chemical intermediates. The utility of the apparatus has been demonstrated by measuring the cross-section and self-reaction rate constant for ethyl peroxy.« less

The Influence of Different Representations on Solving Concentration Problems at Elementary School

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Chia-Ju; Shen, Ming-Hsun

2011-10-01

This study investigated the students' learning process of the concept of concentration at the elementary school level in Taiwan. The influence of different representational types on the process of proportional reasoning was also explored. The participants included nineteen third-grade and eighteen fifth-grade students. Eye-tracking technology was used in conducting the experiment. The materials were adapted from Noelting's (1980a) "orange juice test" experiment. All problems on concentration included three stages (the intuitive, the concrete operational, and the formal operational), and each problem was displayed in iconic and symbolic representations. The data were collected through eye-tracking technology and post-test interviews. The results showed that the representational types influenced students' solving of concentration problems. Furthermore, the data on eye movement indicated that students used different strategies or rules to solve concentration problems at the different stages of the problems with different representational types. This study is intended to contribute to the understanding of elementary school students' problem-solving strategies and the usability of eye-tracking technology in related studies.

Two-year process evaluation of a pilot program to increase elementary children's physical activity during school.

PubMed

Webster, Collin A; Weaver, R Glenn; Egan, Cate A; Brian, Ali; Vazou, Spyridoula

2018-04-01

The purpose of this study was to examine implementation processes in elementary classrooms during a 2-year (Fall 2014 to Spring 2016) pilot intervention program, Partnerships for Active Children in Elementary Schools (PACES). We examined (a) the effect of PACES on the extent of movement integration (MI) and (b) changes in teachers' perceptions regarding MI. Purposively selected classrooms (grades 1-3) across four schools (3 intervention, 1 control) participated in the study. The sample included classroom teachers (N = 12) in Fall 2014 and Spring 2015, but the number of participants dropped to eight in Fall 2015 and Spring 2016. PACES consisted of three partnership approaches (a virtual community of practice, community-based participatory research, and university service learning) intended to increase the extent of MI in the intervention classrooms. We collected process data using the System for Observing Student Movement in Academic Routines and Transitions (SOSMART) and teacher interviews. PACES did not significantly impact the extent of observed MI. Interviews indicated that the intervention had both strengths and limitations. Building interpersonal support for teachers is important to their use of MI. A different measurement schedule (e.g., collecting MI data each day of the school week) may be required to more thoroughly capture MI instances. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The cognitive architecture for chaining of two mental operations.

PubMed

Sackur, Jérôme; Dehaene, Stanislas

2009-05-01

A simple view, which dates back to Turing, proposes that complex cognitive operations are composed of serially arranged elementary operations, each passing intermediate results to the next. However, whether and how such serial processing is achieved with a brain composed of massively parallel processors, remains an open question. Here, we study the cognitive architecture for chained operations with an elementary arithmetic algorithm: we required participants to add (or subtract) two to a digit, and then compare the result with five. In four experiments, we probed the internal implementation of this task with chronometric analysis, the cued-response method, the priming method, and a subliminal forced-choice procedure. We found evidence for an approximately sequential processing, with an important qualification: the second operation in the algorithm appears to start before completion of the first operation. Furthermore, initially the second operation takes as input the stimulus number rather than the output of the first operation. Thus, operations that should be processed serially are in fact executed partially in parallel. Furthermore, although each elementary operation can proceed subliminally, their chaining does not occur in the absence of conscious perception. Overall, the results suggest that chaining is slow, effortful, imperfect (resulting partly in parallel rather than serial execution) and dependent on conscious control.

Elementary metallography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kazem, Sayyed M.

1992-01-01

Materials and Processes 1 (MET 141) is offered to freshmen by the Mechanical Engineering Department at Purdue University. The goal of MET 141 is to broaden the technical background of students who have not had any college science courses. Hence, applied physics, chemistry, and mathematics are included and quantitative problem solving is involved. In the elementary metallography experiment of this course, the objectives are: (1) introduce the vocabulary and establish outlook; (2) make qualitative observations and quantitative measurements; (3) demonstrate the proper use of equipment; and (4) review basic mathematics and science.

Process Writing in the Intermediate Grades: Magical Panacea or Oversold Cliche?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balajthy, Ernest

Noting that the principles of writing process instruction typically offered to elementary teachers are less readily adaptable to intermediate classrooms emphasizing content area learning rather than basic skills, this paper explores two key themes important to the successful implementation of writing process instruction: (1) teachers' needs to…

The Influence of Process Drama on Elementary Students' Written Language

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Alida

2012-01-01

This article describes the influence of process drama on fourth grade students' written language productivity and specificity. Participants included 16 students with learning and/or behavioral challenges at an urban public charter school. The influence of process drama on students' written language was compared across contextualized and…

Computing biological functions using BioΨ, a formal description of biological processes based on elementary bricks of actions

PubMed Central

Pérès, Sabine; Felicori, Liza; Rialle, Stéphanie; Jobard, Elodie; Molina, Franck

2010-01-01

Motivation: In the available databases, biological processes are described from molecular and cellular points of view, but these descriptions are represented with text annotations that make it difficult to handle them for computation. Consequently, there is an obvious need for formal descriptions of biological processes. Results: We present a formalism that uses the BioΨ concepts to model biological processes from molecular details to networks. This computational approach, based on elementary bricks of actions, allows us to calculate on biological functions (e.g. process comparison, mapping structure–function relationships, etc.). We illustrate its application with two examples: the functional comparison of proteases and the functional description of the glycolysis network. This computational approach is compatible with detailed biological knowledge and can be applied to different kinds of systems of simulation. Availability: www.sysdiag.cnrs.fr/publications/supplementary-materials/BioPsi_Manager/ Contact: sabine.peres@sysdiag.cnrs.fr; franck.molina@sysdiag.cnrs.fr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. PMID:20448138

Characterization of selected elementary motion detector cells to image primitives.

PubMed

Benson, Leslie A; Barrett, Steven F; Wright, Cameron H G

2008-01-01

Developing a visual sensing system, complete with motion processing hardware and software would have many applications to current technology. It could be mounted on many autonomous vehicles to provide information about the navigational environment, as well as obstacle avoidance features. Incorporating the motion processing capabilities into the sensor requires a new approach to the algorithm implementation. This research, and that of many others, have turned to nature for inspiration. Elementary motion detector (EMD) cells are involved in a biological preprocessing network to provide information to the motion processing lobes of the house degrees y Musca domestica. This paper describes the response of the photoreceptor inputs to the EMDs. The inputs to the EMD components are tested as they are stimulated with varying image primitives. This is the first of many steps in characterizing the EMD response to image primitives.

Sexual harassment of girls in elementary school: a concealed phenomenon within a heterosexual romantic discourse.

PubMed

Gådin, Katja Gillander

2012-06-01

The aim of this study was to enhance the understanding of young girls' experiences of peer sexual harassment in elementary school and of normalizing processes of school-related sexualized violence. Six focus group interviews with girls in Grade 1 through 6 were carried out in an elementary school in the northern part of Sweden. A content analyses showed that young girls experienced verbal, nonverbal, and sexual assault behaviors at school. Sexual harassment as a concealed phenomenon and manifest within a romantic discourse were themes found in the analysis. A conclusion is that schools have to acknowledge behaviors related to sexual harassment as a potential problem even in young ages and develop methods to approach the subject also for this age group.

Theoretical insights into the selective oxidation of methane to methanol in copper-exchanged mordenite

DOE PAGES

Zhao, Zhi -Jian; Kulkarni, Ambarish; Vilella, Laia; ...

2016-05-02

Selective oxidation of methane to methanol is one of the most difficult chemical processes to perform. A potential group of catalysts to achieve CH 4 partial oxidation are Cu-exchanged zeolites mimicking the active structure of the enzyme methane monooxygenase. However, the details of this conversion, including the structure of the active site, are still under debate. In this contribution, periodic density functional theory (DFT) methods were employed to explore the molecular features of the selective oxidation of methane to methanol catalyzed by Cu-exchanged mordenite (Cu-MOR). We focused on two types of previously suggested active species, CuOCu and CuOOCu. Our calculationsmore » indicate that the formation of CuOCu is more feasible than that of CuOOCu. In addition, a much lower C–H dissociation barrier is located on the former active site, indicating that C–H bond activation is easily achieved with CuOCu. We calculated the energy barriers of all elementary steps for the entire process, including catalyst activation, CH 4 activation, and CH 3OH desorption. Finally, our calculations are in agreement with experimental observations and present the first theoretical study examining the entire process of selective oxidation of methane to methanol.« less

Reaction Mechanism Generator: Automatic construction of chemical kinetic mechanisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Connie W.; Allen, Joshua W.; Green, William H.; West, Richard H.

2016-06-01

Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG) constructs kinetic models composed of elementary chemical reaction steps using a general understanding of how molecules react. Species thermochemistry is estimated through Benson group additivity and reaction rate coefficients are estimated using a database of known rate rules and reaction templates. At its core, RMG relies on two fundamental data structures: graphs and trees. Graphs are used to represent chemical structures, and trees are used to represent thermodynamic and kinetic data. Models are generated using a rate-based algorithm which excludes species from the model based on reaction fluxes. RMG can generate reaction mechanisms for species involving carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. It also has capabilities for estimating transport and solvation properties, and it automatically computes pressure-dependent rate coefficients and identifies chemically-activated reaction paths. RMG is an object-oriented program written in Python, which provides a stable, robust programming architecture for developing an extensible and modular code base with a large suite of unit tests. Computationally intensive functions are cythonized for speed improvements.

LSENS - GENERAL CHEMICAL KINETICS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS CODE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bittker, D. A.

1994-01-01

LSENS has been developed for solving complex, homogeneous, gas-phase, chemical kinetics problems. The motivation for the development of this program is the continuing interest in developing detailed chemical reaction mechanisms for complex reactions such as the combustion of fuels and pollutant formation and destruction. A reaction mechanism is the set of all elementary chemical reactions that are required to describe the process of interest. Mathematical descriptions of chemical kinetics problems constitute sets of coupled, nonlinear, first-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The number of ODEs can be very large because of the numerous chemical species involved in the reaction mechanism. Further complicating the situation are the many simultaneous reactions needed to describe the chemical kinetics of practical fuels. For example, the mechanism describing the oxidation of the simplest hydrocarbon fuel, methane, involves over 25 species participating in nearly 100 elementary reaction steps. Validating a chemical reaction mechanism requires repetitive solutions of the governing ODEs for a variety of reaction conditions. Analytical solutions to the systems of ODEs describing chemistry are not possible, except for the simplest cases, which are of little or no practical value. Consequently, there is a need for fast and reliable numerical solution techniques for chemical kinetics problems. In addition to solving the ODEs describing chemical kinetics, it is often necessary to know what effects variations in either initial condition values or chemical reaction mechanism parameters have on the solution. Such a need arises in the development of reaction mechanisms from experimental data. The rate coefficients are often not known with great precision and in general, the experimental data are not sufficiently detailed to accurately estimate the rate coefficient parameters. The development of a reaction mechanism is facilitated by a systematic sensitivity analysis which provides the relationships between the predictions of a kinetics model and the input parameters of the problem. LSENS provides for efficient and accurate chemical kinetics computations and includes sensitivity analysis for a variety of problems, including nonisothermal conditions. LSENS replaces the previous NASA general chemical kinetics codes GCKP and GCKP84. LSENS is designed for flexibility, convenience and computational efficiency. A variety of chemical reaction models can be considered. The models include static system, steady one-dimensional inviscid flow, reaction behind an incident shock wave including boundary layer correction, and the perfectly stirred (highly backmixed) reactor. In addition, computations of equilibrium properties can be performed for the following assigned states, enthalpy and pressure, temperature and pressure, internal energy and volume, and temperature and volume. For static problems LSENS computes sensitivity coefficients with respect to the initial values of the dependent variables and/or the three rates coefficient parameters of each chemical reaction. To integrate the ODEs describing chemical kinetics problems, LSENS uses the packaged code LSODE, the Livermore Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations, because it has been shown to be the most efficient and accurate code for solving such problems. The sensitivity analysis computations use the decoupled direct method, as implemented by Dunker and modified by Radhakrishnan. This method has shown greater efficiency and stability with equal or better accuracy than other methods of sensitivity analysis. LSENS is written in FORTRAN 77 with the exception of the NAMELIST extensions used for input. While this makes the code fairly machine independent, execution times on IBM PC compatibles would be unacceptable to most users. LSENS has been successfully implemented on a Sun4 running SunOS and a DEC VAX running VMS. With minor modifications, it should also be easily implemented on other platforms with FORTRAN compilers which support NAMELIST input. LSENS required 4Mb of RAM under SunOS 4.1.1 and 3.4Mb of RAM under VMS 5.5.1. The standard distribution medium for LSENS is a .25 inch streaming magnetic tape cartridge (QIC-24) in UNIX tar format. It is also available on a 1600 BPI 9-track magnetic tape or a TK50 tape cartridge in DEC VAX BACKUP format. Alternate distribution media and formats are available upon request. LSENS was developed in 1992.

Missing in Action: Writing Process-Based Instructional Practices and Measures of Higher-Order Literacy Achievement in Predominantly Urban Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Briddell, Andrew

2013-01-01

This study of 1,974 fifth grade students investigated potential relationships between writing process-based instruction practices and higher-order thinking measured by a standardized literacy assessment. Writing process is defined as a highly complex, socio-cognitive process that includes: planning, text production, review, metacognition, writing…

New CVD-based method for the growth of high-quality crystalline zinc oxide layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huber, Florian; Madel, Manfred; Reiser, Anton; Bauer, Sebastian; Thonke, Klaus

2016-07-01

High-quality zinc oxide (ZnO) layers were grown using a new chemical vapour deposition (CVD)-based low-cost growth method. The process is characterized by total simplicity, high growth rates, and cheap, less hazardous precursors. To produce elementary zinc vapour, methane (CH4) is used to reduce a ZnO powder. By re-oxidizing the zinc with pure oxygen, highly crystalline ZnO layers were grown on gallium nitride (GaN) layers and on sapphire substrates with an aluminum nitride (AlN) nucleation layer. Using simple CH4 as precursor has the big advantage of good controllability and the avoidance of highly toxic gases like nitrogen oxides. In photoluminescence (PL) measurements the samples show a strong near-band-edge emission and a sharp line width at 5 K. The good crystal quality has been confirmed in high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements. This new growth method has great potential for industrial large-scale production of high-quality single crystal ZnO layers.

Structure of weakly 2-dependent siphons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chao, Daniel Yuh; Chen, Jiun-Ting

2013-09-01

Deadlocks arising from insufficiently marked siphons in flexible manufacturing systems can be controlled by adding monitors to each siphon - too many for large systems. Li and Zhou add monitors to elementary siphons only while controlling the rest of (called dependent) siphons by adjusting control depth variables of elementary siphons. Only a linear number of monitors are required. The control of weakly dependent siphons (WDSs) is rather conservative since only positive terms were considered. The structure for strongly dependent siphons (SDSs) has been studied earlier. Based on this structure, the optimal sequence of adding monitors has been discovered earlier. Better controllability has been discovered to achieve faster and more permissive control. The results have been extended earlier to S3PGR2 (systems of simple sequential processes with general resource requirements). This paper explores the structures for WDSs, which, as found in this paper, involve elementary resource circuits interconnecting at more than (for SDSs, exactly) one resource place. This saves the time to compute compound siphons, their complementary sets and T-characteristic vectors. Also it allows us (1) to improve the controllability of WDSs and control siphons and (2) to avoid the time to find independent vectors for elementary siphons. We propose a sufficient and necessary test for adjusting control depth variables in S3PR (systems of simple sequential processes with resources) to avoid the sufficient-only time-consuming linear integer programming test (LIP) (Nondeterministic Polynomial (NP) time complete problem) required previously for some cases.

Letter Writing Made Easy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Porec, Carol J.

1989-01-01

Describes how "The Children's Writing and Publishing Center" (a desktop publishing program for elementary students) combines word processing with computer graphics and motivates students to write letters. (MM)

[Validation of a knowledge-questionnaire about asthma applied to teachers of elementary school of Monterrey, Mexico].

PubMed

González Diaz, Sandra Nora; Cruz, Alfredo Arias; González González, Arya Yannel; Félix Berumen, José Alfredo; Weinmann, Alejandra Macías

2010-01-01

asthma is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases; is increasing in prevalence and an important cause of school absenteeism. Previous studies have failed to evaluate knowledge about asthma among elementary school teachers worldwide because of the lack of validated questionnaires. to validate a questionnaire about asthma knowledge for elementary school teachers in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. an observational, cross sectional, descriptive study, from February to December 2004, by applying a questionnaire to a group of elementary school teachers in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. The questionnaire is a translation and adaptation to the questionnaire of 13 questions used to assess the knowledge about asthma among parents, according to the National Asthma Education Program of US. a total of 179 questionnaires were applied, in which 6 of the 13 questions were answered correctly by more than 90% of the teachers. The internal consistency reliability was adequate with a Cronbach a coefficient of 0.75. in order to obtain reliable data using questionnaires, these must undergo a validation process. Our questionnaire got validation because of the reliability shown according to the internal consistency analysis.

Avoiding the Enumeration of Infeasible Elementary Flux Modes by Including Transcriptional Regulatory Rules in the Enumeration Process Saves Computational Costs

PubMed Central

Jungreuthmayer, Christian; Ruckerbauer, David E.; Gerstl, Matthias P.; Hanscho, Michael; Zanghellini, Jürgen

2015-01-01

Despite the significant progress made in recent years, the computation of the complete set of elementary flux modes of large or even genome-scale metabolic networks is still impossible. We introduce a novel approach to speed up the calculation of elementary flux modes by including transcriptional regulatory information into the analysis of metabolic networks. Taking into account gene regulation dramatically reduces the solution space and allows the presented algorithm to constantly eliminate biologically infeasible modes at an early stage of the computation procedure. Thereby, computational costs, such as runtime, memory usage, and disk space, are extremely reduced. Moreover, we show that the application of transcriptional rules identifies non-trivial system-wide effects on metabolism. Using the presented algorithm pushes the size of metabolic networks that can be studied by elementary flux modes to new and much higher limits without the loss of predictive quality. This makes unbiased, system-wide predictions in large scale metabolic networks possible without resorting to any optimization principle. PMID:26091045

Perception Accuracy of Affiliative Relationships in Elementary School Children and Young Adolescents

PubMed Central

Daniel, João R.; Silva, Rita R.; Santos, António J.; Cardoso, Jordana; Coelho, Leandra; Freitas, Miguel; Ribeiro, Olívia

2017-01-01

There has been a rapid growth of studies focused on selection and socialization processes of peer groups, mostly due to the development of stochastic actor-based models to analyze longitudinal social network data. One of the core assumptions of these models is that individuals have an accurate knowledge of the dyadic relationships within their network (i.e., who is and is not connected to whom). Recent cross-sectional findings suggest that elementary school children are very inaccurate in perceiving their classmates’ dyadic relationships. These findings question the validity of stochastic actor-based models to study the developmental dynamics of children and carry implications for future research as well as for the interpretation of past findings. The goal of the present study was thus to further explore the adequacy of the accuracy assumption, analysing data from three longitudinal samples of different age groups (elementary school children and adolescents). Our results support the validity of stochastic actor-based models to study the network of adolescents and suggest that the violation of the accuracy assumption for elementary school children is not as severe as previously thought. PMID:29163310

Keys to Sustaining Successful School Turnarounds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duke, Daniel L.

2006-01-01

To identify the changes associated with the school turnaround process, this article reviewed 15 case studies of elementary school turnaround initiatives that sustained improvements for at least two years. Changes were clustered into eight categories: leadership, school policy, programs, organizational processes, staffing, classroom practices,…

Chemical calculations on Cray computers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, Peter R.; Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.; Schwenke, David W.

1989-01-01

The influence of recent developments in supercomputing on computational chemistry is discussed with particular reference to Cray computers and their pipelined vector/limited parallel architectures. After reviewing Cray hardware and software the performance of different elementary program structures are examined, and effective methods for improving program performance are outlined. The computational strategies appropriate for obtaining optimum performance in applications to quantum chemistry and dynamics are discussed. Finally, some discussion is given of new developments and future hardware and software improvements.

Technology: Catalyst for Enhancing Chemical Education for Pre-service Teachers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Vinay; Bedell, Julia Yang; Seed, Allen H.

1999-05-01

A DOE/KYEPSCoR-funded project enabled us to introduce a new curricular initiative aimed at improving the chemical education of pre-service elementary teachers. The new curriculum was developed in collaboration with the School of Education faculty. A new course for the pre-service teachers, "Discovering Chemistry with Lab" (CHE 105), was developed. The integrated lecture and lab course covers basic principles of chemistry and their applications in daily life. The course promotes reasoning and problem-solving skills and utilizes hands-on, discovery/guided-inquiry, and cooperative learning approaches. This paper describes the implementation of technology (computer-interfacing and simulation experiments) in the lab. Results of two assessment surveys conducted in the laboratory are also discussed. The key features of the lab course are eight new experiments, including four computer-interfacing/simulation experiments involving the use of Macintosh Power PCs, temperature and pH probes, and a serial box interface, and use of household materials. Several experiments and the midterm and final lab practical exams emphasize the discovery/guided-inquiry approach. The results of pre- and post-surveys showed very significant positive changes in students' attitude toward the relevancy of chemistry, use of technology (computers) in elementary school classrooms, and designing and teaching discovery-based units. Most students indicated that they would be very interested (52%) or interested (36%) in using computers in their science teaching.

Use of Thermochrons in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Avard, Margaret Marie

2010-01-01

Preservice elementary education students often do not have a good feel for the process of science. Many may be acquainted with the steps of the scientific method but have never been through the scientific process. An exercise was designed using temperature-logging iButtons (Thermochrons) to improve knowledge of and familiarity with the process of…

A Guide to Pathways through the Pre-Five Quality Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strathclyde Regional Council, Glasgow (Scotland).

This guide describes a quality process for external and internal evaluation of the elementary school education department. The term "pathway" is used to define routes through the quality process that describe any school administrative activity in terms of the indicators and examples of good practice. There are five pathways: process…

Empowering Teachers and Students through the Collaborative Process.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Labercane, George D.; And Others

A study examined the collaborative process in young children and also the role that the collaborative process played in improving the quality of classroom instruction. Subjects were approximately 60 students in a grade 3/4 pod of two classroom teachers at the University Elementary School, Calgary. A teaching unit of 6 weeks duration dealing with…

The Evolution of School Improvement from the Classroom Teacher's Perspective.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thompson, Marci; Mitchell, Deborah

2002-01-01

Highlights changes that have occurred since 1992 at Elm Dale Elementary School (Greenfield, Wisconsin) through the school improvement process. Describes how teachers have become involved in and developed ownership of the improvement process, and how they have learned to analyze data. Asserts that the school improvement process has changed the…

Bilingualism and Processing of Elementary Cognitive Tasks by Chicano Adolescents.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nanez, Jose E., Sr.; Padilla, Raymond V.

1995-01-01

Two experiments conducted with 49 Chicano high school students, aged 15-17, found that balanced-proficient bilingual speakers had slower rates of cognitive information processing at the level of short-term memory than did unbalanced bilingual speakers. The groups did not differ in rates of cognitive information processing at the simpler level of…

Teach Democracy through Experiences.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Penning, Nick; Hunter, Bruce, Ed.

1987-01-01

To help public schools produce well-educated citizens, the Center for Civic Education (originating at UCLA in 1965) works with elementary and secondary school students and teachers to promote better understanding of such basic democratic principles as due process, federalism, and judicial review. The process transforms student interactions while…

Self-Regulated Learning from Illustrated Text: Eye Movement Modelling to Support Use and Regulation of Cognitive Processes during Learning from Multimedia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scheiter, Katharina; Schubert, Carina; Schüler, Anne

2018-01-01

Background: When learning with text and pictures, learners often fail to adequately process the materials, which can be explained as a failure to self-regulate one's learning by choosing adequate cognitive learning processes. Eye movement modelling examples (EMME) showing how to process multimedia instruction have improved elementary school…

Processing and Memory of Color, Contour, and Pattern Found in Computer Digitized Color Pictures for Elementary Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marschalek, Douglas G.

1988-01-01

Describes study of children in grades one, three, and five that examined their active processing and short term memory (STM) of color, contour, and interior pattern of shapes found in computer digitized pictures. Age-related differences are examined, and the role of processing visual information in the learning process is discussed. (12…

The Influence of Working Memory and Phonological Processing on English Language Learner Children's Bilingual Reading and Language Acquisition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Swanson, H. Lee; Orosco, Michael J.; Lussier, Cathy M.; Gerber, Michael M.; Guzman-Orth, Danielle A.

2011-01-01

In this study, we explored whether the contribution of working memory (WM) to children's (N = 471) 2nd language (L2) reading and language acquisition was best accounted for by processing efficiency at a phonological level and/or by executive processes independent of phonological processing. Elementary school children (Grades 1, 2, & 3) whose…

Conservation Abilities, Visuospatial Skills, and Numerosity Processing Speed: Association With Math Achievement and Math Difficulties in Elementary School Children.

PubMed

Lambert, Katharina; Spinath, Birgit

The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between elementary school children's mathematical achievement and their conservation abilities, visuospatial skills, and numerosity processing speed. We also assessed differences in these abilities between children with different types of learning problems. In Study 1 ( N = 229), we investigated second to fourth graders and in Study 2 ( N = 120), third and fourth graders. Analyses revealed significant contributions of numerosity processing speed and visuospatial skills to math achievement beyond IQ. Conservation abilities were predictive in Study 1 only. Children with math difficulties showed lower visuospatial skills and conservation abilities than children with typical achievement levels and children with reading and/or spelling difficulties, whereas children with combined difficulties explicitly showed low conservation abilities. These findings provide further evidence for the relations between children's math skills and their visuospatial skills, conservation abilities, and processing speed and contribute to the understanding of deficits that are specific to mathematical difficulties.

Cumulative advantages and the emergence of social and ethnic inequality: Matthew effects in reading and mathematics development within elementary schools?

PubMed

Baumert, Jürgen; Nagy, Gabriel; Lehmann, Rainer

2012-01-01

This article examines the development of social and ethnic disparities in academic achievement in elementary schooling. It investigated whether reading and mathematics development in 136 mixed-ability classes shows path-dependent processes of cumulative advantage (Matthew effects) from Grades 4 to 6 (Grade 4 mean age = 10.62, SD = 0.57) resulting in growing inequality. Status-dependent processes of cumulative advantage, their interaction with path-dependent processes, and consequences for the degree of social and ethnic inequality are examined. Two complementary methods for analyzing multilevel data are used: growth curve and quasi-simplex models. No evidence for a Matthew effect was found in either domain. A compensation effect emerged for reading, to the benefit of ethnic minorities. A fan-spread effect was found for mathematics, partly attributable to status-dependent processes of cumulative advantage. © 2012 The Authors. Child Development © 2012 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of scintillation processes in NaI(Tl)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kerisit, Sebastien N.; Wang, Zhiguo; Williams, Richard

2014-04-26

Developing a comprehensive understanding of the processes that govern the scintillation behavior of inorganic scintillators provides a pathway to optimize current scintillators and allows for the science-driven search for new scintillator materials. Recent experimental data on the excitation density dependence of the light yield of inorganic scintillators presents an opportunity to incorporate parameterized interactions between excitations in scintillation models and thus enable more realistic simulations of the nonproportionality of inorganic scintillators. Therefore, a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model of elementary scintillation processes in NaI(Tl) is developed in this work to simulate the kinetics of scintillation for a range of temperaturesmore » and Tl concentrations as well as the scintillation efficiency as a function of excitation density. The ability of the KMC model to reproduce available experimental data allows for elucidating the elementary processes that give rise to the kinetics and efficiency of scintillation observed experimentally for a range of conditions.« less

Views of elementary school teachers towards students with cochlear implants inclusion in the process of education.

PubMed

Dulcić, Adinda; Bakota, Koraljka

2009-06-01

The paper reveals views of teachers in some regular elementary schools in the Republic of Croatia where students with cochlear implants, who are also rehabilitants of SUVAG Polyclinic, are educated. Survey aimed to research the views of teachers towards education. Survey included 98 teachers. Likert type scale was applied in order to identify the views of teachers towards students with hearing impairment. The survey was carried out in May 2007. Data were processed by SPSS for Windows program, version 13. Methods of descriptive statistics were applied to process frequencies of responds on variables for total sample and 3 statistically significant factors emerged by factor analysis. Results of this survey reveal that teachers have positive views towards inclusive education as a process which offers students with cochlear implants the possibility to socialize and achieve intellectual and emotional development. The survey suggests that the way of inclusion enforcement mostly satisfies the criteria specified for successful inclusion.

A two-stage aerobic/anaerobic denitrifying horizontal bioreactor designed for treating ammonium and H(2)S simultaneously.

PubMed

Chinalia, F A; Garbossa, L H P; Rodriguez, J A; Lapa, K R; Foresti, E

2012-11-01

A two-stage bioreactor was operated for a period of 140 days in order to develop a post-treatment process based on anaerobic bioxidation of sulfite. This process was designed for simultaneously treating the effluent and biogas of a full-scale UASB reactor, containing significant concentrations of NH(4) and H(2)S, respectively. The system comprised of two horizontal-flow bed-packed reactors operated with different oxygen concentrations. Ammonium present in the effluent was transformed into nitrates in the first aerobic stage. The second anaerobic stage combined the treatment of nitrates in the liquor with the hydrogen sulfide present in the UASB-reactor biogas. Nitrates were consumed with a significant production of sulfate, resulting in a nitrate removal rate of 0.43 kgNm(3)day(-1) and ≥92 % efficiency. Such a removal rate is comparable to those achieved by heterotrophic denitrifying systems. Polymeric forms of sulfur were not detected (elementary sulfur); sulfate was the main product of the sulfide-based denitrifying process. S-sulfate was produced at a rate of about 0.35 kgm(3)day(-1). Sulfur inputs as S-H(2)S were estimated at about 0.75 kgm(3)day(-1) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal rates did not vary significantly during the process. DGGE profiling and 16S rRNA identified Halothiobacillus-like species as the key microorganism supporting this process; such a strain has not yet been previously associated with such bioengineered systems.

The relation between Assessment for Learning and elementary students' cognitive and metacognitive strategy use.

PubMed

Baas, Diana; Castelijns, Jos; Vermeulen, Marjan; Martens, Rob; Segers, Mien

2015-03-01

Assessment for Learning (AfL) is believed to create a rich learning environment in which students develop their cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Monitoring student growth and providing scaffolds that shed light on the next step in the learning process are hypothesized to be essential elements of AfL that enhance cognitive and metacognitive strategies. However, empirical evidence for the relation between AfL and students' strategy use is scarce. This study investigates the relation between AfL and elementary school students' use of cognitive and metacognitive strategies. The sample comprised 528 grade four to six students (9- to 12-year-olds) from seven Dutch elementary schools. Students' perceptions of AfL and their cognitive and metacognitive strategy use were measured by means of questionnaires. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the relations among the variables. The results reveal that monitoring activities that provide students an understanding of where they are in their learning process predict Students' task orientation and planning. Scaffolding activities that support students in taking the next step in their learning are positively related to the use of both surface and deep-level learning strategies and the extent to which they evaluate their learning process after performing tasks. The results underline the importance of assessment practices in ceding responsibility to students in taking control of their own learning. © 2014 The British Psychological Society.

The effect of learning styles and attitude on preservice elementary teachers' conceptual understanding of chemistry and the nature of matter in a simulation-based learning environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Al-Jaroudi, Mo H.

This causal-comparative descriptive study investigated the achievement of pre-service elementary teachers taking an introductory physical science course that integrates inquiry-based instruction with computer simulations. The study was intended to explore if pre-service elementary teachers with different attitudes towards science as well as students with different learning styles would benefit differentially. Four research questions including four hypotheses were developed. The first major question consist of four specific hypothesis that addressed preservice elementary teachers' learning styles (Active/Reflective, Sensing/Intuitive, Visual/Verbal, and Sequential/Global) and their conceptual understanding of chemistry and the particulate nature of matter in a science class which use hands-on learning integrated with computer based simulated activities. The second major question pertained to the relationship between preservice teachers learning science and chemistry and their attitude towards science. The third major question related to preservice elementary teachers science and chemistry achievement gain scores and attitude average affected by their learning styles. Finally, the fourth question pertained to the dissipation or the minimization of preservice elementary teachers' science and chemistry misconceptions over the course of study. Three instruments were given to preservice elementary teachers in three different classes: pretest/posttest for the science conceptual understanding examination, and pretest-only for the science attitude and learning styles instruments. Total usable science attitude surveys returned was 67 out of 70. The overall average mean was 3.13 (SD = .51) on a five point scale. Total return of science achievement instrument was 65, with a total mean test score (quantitative and qualitative together) of 6.38 (SD = 3.05) on the pretest, with a post test mean of 9.06 (SD = 4.19). Results revealed no statistically significant achievement gain scores based on students' learning styles, entering in all 4-combined dimensions at the same time Visual/Verbal, Sensing/Intuitive, Sequential/Global, and Active/Reflective (p > .05), indicating the four learning styles dimensions cannot be used to predict students' achievement gain. Results also indicated that there was no significant relationship between achievement gain and students' attitude (p > .05). Attitude and learning style together were also not significantly related to achievement gain. Preservice elementary teachers' comprehension of chemical concepts in this study varied from no comprehension to fair comprehension, and included many misconceptions; no answer showed complete understanding of the concepts. Many of the preservice teachers held misconception related to evaporation. If not addressed in science content and methods courses, this could be a problem as this new generation of teachers goes out to teach. It is proposed that to fix preservice elementary teachers' conceptual problems, curriculum needs to specifically focus on misconceptions. The preservice elementary subjects of the study showed a variety of misconceptions on both pretest and posttest concerning the particulate and the kinetic nature of matter. Suggestions are made is that a science content course could more contribute to preservice students' conceptual change if curriculum designers incorporate a segment that specifically addresses misconceptions, especially those misconceptions that have been documented in the literature for decades. A robust cognitive model for science education is proposed to increase teachers' science knowledge and to decrease science misconceptions.

Elementary Preservice Teachers' Experiences with Response to Intervention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hurlbut, Amanda R.; Tunks, Jeanne

2016-01-01

Response to intervention (RTI) is a general education intervention system used by classroom teachers to assist struggling learners and provide individualized, academic support to help all students succeed academically. This process is also vital as a prereferral process as a prerequisite to special education referrals and eligibility…

Principal Evaluation in Catholic Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vincent, Kathleen B.

2013-01-01

Research on school leadership speaks to the importance of evaluating school administrators. Evidence suggests that involving school leaders in the design of the evaluation process as well as including feedback from stakeholders in the school community as part of the evaluation process can positively impact administrators' professional…

A Framework for Authentic Literacy Assessment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paris, Scott G.; And Others

1992-01-01

Presents a framework for literacy assessment that can be adapted to suit the assessment needs of particular schools and districts. Describes a process of decision making about authentic literacy assessments that schools should emulate to achieve consensus about literacy outcomes and processes. Discusses the Kamehameha Elementary Education Program.…

The Process of Social In(ex)clusion in Schools: Data from Reality.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Castro, Marta Luz Sisson; Menezes, Janaina S. S.

Brazil has one of the most inequitable income distributions in the world, and schools perpetuate the processes of social exclusion. This paper examines processes of social exclusion in the municipal elementary schools of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Interviews with municipal superintendents focused on the schools' welfare services,…

Key Characteristics of Collaborative Leadership in Elementary Schools: Understanding the Perceptions of Principals and Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vitale, Margaret Elizabeth

2017-01-01

Collaborative leadership is a process of leadership that allows all stakeholders to be actively involved in the decision-making process. This leadership process incorporates the perspectives and insight of the stakeholders in order to sustain effective change. The review of the literature expresses that leadership within the organization must have…

The Investigation of Science Process Skills of Elementary School Teachers in Terms of Some Variables: Perspectives from Turkey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aydogdu, Bülent; Erkol, Mehmet; Erten, Nuran

2014-01-01

Individuals benefit from science process skills while trying to solve problems through research (Bagci-Kiliç, 2003). To solve these problems individuals must acquire sufficient science process skills. Teachers must be able to understand these skills so that students can obtain the required proficiency (Mutisya, Rotich & Rotich, 2013). This…

Trace element concentrations in the fruit peels and trunks of Musa paradisiaca.

PubMed

Selema, M D; Farago, M E

1996-08-01

Chemical analyses for the elementary compositions of the ashes of the fruit peels and trunks of the tropical plantain Musa paradisiaca have been undertaken. The elements, categorized as trace elements, generally are found to have higher mean concentrations in the fruit peels than in the trunks (except in the case of Zn). Their peel-trunk uptake ratios have been calculated and range between 1 and 4, showing normal levels of accumulations in the fruit peels over the trunks.

Synthesis of Polycrystalline CdSiP2 in a Gradient Temperature Field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bereznaya, S. A.; Korotchenko, Z. V.; Kurasova, A. S.; Sarkisov, S. Yu.; Sarkisov, Yu. S.; Chernyshov, A. I.; Korolkov, I. V.; Kuchumov, B. M.; Saprykin, A. I.; Atuchin, V. V.

2018-05-01

A procedure for the synthesis of a CdSiP2 compound from the initial elementary components in a gradient thermal field has been developed. The phase and chemical composition of the synthesized and recrystallized material is confirmed by the data of X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive system. The polycrystalline material obtained by the developed method will be used to grow bulk nonlinear optical CdSiP2 crystals.

A hierarchical approach to cooperativity in macromolecular and self-assembling binding systems.

PubMed

Garcés, Josep Lluís; Acerenza, Luis; Mizraji, Eduardo; Mas, Francesc

2008-04-01

The study of complex macromolecular binding systems reveals that a high number of states and processes are involved in their mechanism of action, as has become more apparent with the sophistication of the experimental techniques used. The resulting information is often difficult to interpret because of the complexity of the scheme (large size and profuse interactions, including cooperative and self-assembling interactions) and the lack of transparency that this complexity introduces into the interpretation of the indexes traditionally used to describe the binding properties. In particular, cooperative behaviour can be attributed to very different causes, such as direct chemical modification of the binding sites, conformational changes in the whole structure of the macromolecule, aggregation processes between different subunits, etc. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the analysis of the binding properties of complex macromolecular and self-assembling systems. To quantify the binding behaviour, we use the global association quotient defined as K(c) = [occupied sites]/([free sites] L), L being the free ligand concentration. K(c) can be easily related to other measures of cooperativity (such as the Hill number or the Scatchard plot) and to the free energies involved in the binding processes at each ligand concentration. In a previous work, it was shown that K(c) could be decomposed as an average of equilibrium constants in two ways: intrinsic constants for Adair binding systems and elementary constants for the general case. In this study, we show that these two decompositions are particular cases of a more general expression, where the average is over partial association quotients, associated with subsystems from which the system is composed. We also show that if the system is split into different subsystems according to a binding hierarchy that starts from the lower, microscopic level and ends at the higher, aggregation level, the global association quotient can be decomposed following the hierarchical levels of macromolecular organisation. In this process, the partial association quotients of one level are expressed, in a recursive way, as a function of the partial quotients of the level that is immediately below, until the microscopic level is reached. As a result, the binding properties of very complex macromolecular systems can be analysed in detail, making the mechanistic explanation of their behaviour transparent. In addition, our approach provides a model-independent interpretation of the intrinsic equilibrium constants in terms of the elementary ones.

The Effectiveness of Full Day School System for Students’ Character Building

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benawa, A.; Peter, R.; Makmun, S.

2018-01-01

The study aims to put forward that full day school which was delivered in Marsudirini Elementary School in Bogor is effective for students’ character building. The study focused on the implementation of full day school system. The qualitative-based research method applied in the study is characteristic evaluation involving non-participant observation, interview, and documentation analysis. The result of this study concludes that the full day school system is significantly effective in education system for elementary students’ character building. The full day school system embraced the entire relevant processes based on the character building standard. The synergy of comprehensive components in instructional process at full day school has influenced the building of the students’ character effectively and efficiently. The relationship emerged between instructional development process in full day school system and the character building of the students. By developing instructional process through systemic and systematic process in full day school system, the support of stakeholders (leaders, human resources, students, parents’ role) and other components (learning resources, facilities, budget) provides a potent and expeditious contribution for character building among the students eventually.

The Integration of English Language Development and Science Instruction in Elementary Classrooms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zwiep, Susan Gomez; Straits, William J.; Stone, Kristin R.; Beltran, Dolores D.; Furtado, Leena

2011-12-01

This paper explores one district's attempt to implement a blended science and English Language Development (ELD) elementary program, designed to provide English language learners opportunities to develop proficiency in English through participation in inquiry-based science. This process resulted in blended program that utilized a combined science/ELD lesson plan format to structure and guide teachers' efforts to use science as the context for language development. Data, collected throughout the first 2 years of the program, include teacher-generated lesson plans, observation notes, and interviews with teachers and principals. The process by which the blended program was developed, the initial implementation of the program, the resulting science/ELD lesson plan format, and teachers' perceptions about the program and its impact on their students are described.

Opening Pandora's Box: Texas Elementary Campus Administrators use of Educational Policy And Highly Qualified Classroom Teachers Professional Development through Data-informed Decisions for Science Education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, Linda Lou

Federal educational policy, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, focused attention on America's education with conspicuous results. One aspect, highly qualified classroom teacher and principal (HQ), was taxing since states established individual accountability structures. The HQ impact and use of data-informed decision-making (DIDM) for Texas elementary science education monitoring by campus administrators, Campus Instruction Leader (CILs), provides crucial relationships to 5th grade students' learning and achievement. Forty years research determined improved student results when sustained, supported, and focused professional development (PD) for teachers is available. Using mixed methods research, this study applied quantitative and qualitative analysis from two, electronic, on-line surveys: Texas Elementary, Intermediate or Middle School Teacher Survey(c) and the Texas Elementary Campus Administrator Survey(c) with results from 22.3% Texas school districts representing 487 elementary campuses surveyed. Participants selected in random, stratified sampling of 5th grade teachers who attended local Texas Regional Collaboratives science professional development (PD) programs between 2003-2008. Survey information compared statistically to campus-level average passing rate scores on the 5th grade science TAKS using Statistical Process Software (SPSS). Written comments from both surveys analyzed with Qualitative Survey Research (NVivo) software. Due to the level of uncertainty of variables within a large statewide study, Mauchly's Test of Sphericity statistical test used to validate repeated measures factor ANOVAs. Although few individual results were statistically significant, when jointly analyzed, striking constructs were revealed regarding the impact of HQ policy applications and elementary CILs use of data-informed decisions on improving 5th grade students' achievement and teachers' PD learning science content. Some constructs included the use of data-warehouse programs; teachers' applications of DIDM to modify lessons for differentiated science instruction, the numbers of years' teachers attended science PD, and teachers' influence on CILs staffing decisions. Yet CILs reported 14% of Texas elementary campuses had limited or no science education programs due to federal policy requirement for reading and mathematics. Three hypothesis components were supported and accepted from research data resulted in two models addressing elementary science, science education PD, and CILs impact for federal policy applications.

Teaching science as argument: Prospective elementary teachers' knowledge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barreto-Espino, Reizelie

For the past two decades there has been increasing emphasis on argumentation in school science. In 2007, the National Research Council published a synthesis report that emphasizes the centrality of constructing, evaluating, and using scientific explanations. Participating in argumentation is seen as fundamental to children's science learning experiences. These new expectations increase challenges for elementary teachers since their understanding of and experiences with science are overwhelmingly inconsistent with teaching science as argument. These challenges are further amplified when dealing with prospective elementary teachers. The current study was guided by the following research questions: (1) What are the ways in which preservice elementary teachers appropriate components of "teaching science as argument" during their student teaching experience? (2) To what extent do components from prospective elementary teachers' reflections influence planning for science teaching? (3) What elements from the context influence preservice elementary teachers' attention to teaching science as argument? This study followed a multi-participant case study approach and analyses were informed by grounded theory. Three participants were selected from a larger cohort of prospective elementary teachers enrolled in an innovative Elementary Professional Development School (PDS) partnership at a large Northeast University. Cross-case analysis allowed for the development of five key assertions: (1) The presence of opportunities for interacting with phenomena and collecting first hand data helped participants increase their emphasis on evidence-based explanations. (2) Participants viewed science talks as an essential mechanism for engaging students in the construction of evidence-based explanations and as being fundamental to meaning-making. (3) Participants demonstrated attention to scientific subject matter during instruction rather than merely focusing on activities and/or inquiry processes. (4) Scaffolded protocols positively influenced participants' attention to having students construct evidence-based explanations during science planning and teaching. (5) Teachers' beliefs about children's science capabilities influence their attention to and adoption of practices associated with teaching science as argument. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for teacher education, such as the use of coherent conceptual frameworks to guide coursework and field experiences and the development of video-based cases that represent "images of the possible" associated with challenging reform-oriented teaching practices.

The influence of analogical reasoning instruction on the pedagogical reasoning ability of preservice elementary teachers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

James, Mark Charles

Novice teachers with little prior knowledge of science concepts often resort to teaching science as a litany of jargon and definitions. The primary objective of this study was to establish the efficacy of analogy-based pedagogy on influencing the teaching performance of preservice elementary teachers, a group that has been identified for their particular difficulties in teaching science content. While numerous studies have focused on the efficacy of analogy-based instruction on the conceptual knowledge of learners, this was the first study to focus on the influence of analogy-based pedagogy instruction on the teaching performance of novice teachers. The study utilized a treatment/contrast group design where treatment and contrast groups were obtained from intact sections of a university course on methods of teaching science for preservice elementary education students. Preservice teachers in the treatment group were provided instruction in pedagogy that guided them in the generation of analogies to aid in the explanation phase of their learning cycle lessons. The process of generating and evaluating analogies for use in teaching was instrumental in focusing the preservice teachers' lesson planning efforts on critical attributes in target concepts, and away from misplaced concentrations on jargon and definitions. Teaching performance was primarily analyzed using coded indicants of Shulman's (1986) six stages of pedagogical reasoning ability. The primary data source was preservice teachers' work submitted for a major course assignment where the preservice teachers interviewed an elementary school student to gauge prior knowledge of Newtonian force concepts. The culmination of the semester-long assignment was the design of an individualized lesson that was presented by the preservice teachers to individual elementary school students. The results of this study strongly suggest that instruction in methods to include analogy-based pedagogy within a learning cycle lesson format can positively influence the pedagogical reasoning ability of some elementary preservice teachers. The study also provided insights into techniques that can be utilized to introduce analogy-based pedagogy to elementary preservice teachers.

Improvement on `structure of weakly 2-dependent siphons'

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chao, Daniel Y.

2015-01-01

Li and Zhou propose simpler Petri net controllers based on the concept of elementary siphons (generally much smaller than the set of all strict minimum siphons (SMSs) in large Petri nets) to minimise the addition of control places. SMSs can be divided into two groups: elementary and dependant; characteristic T-vectors of the latter are linear combinations of that of the former. A T-vector η is associated with each siphon S such that η(i) is the number of tokens gained in or lost from S by firing transition ti once. A dependent siphon S0 strongly depends on elementary siphons S1, S2, … , Sk if η0 = a1η1 + a2η2 + ṡṡṡ + akηk with all ai (i = 1, 2, 3, … , k) positive. S0 is a weakly dependent siphon if some ai is negative. The T-vectors (resp. number) for elementary siphons are mutually independent (linear to the size of the net). In an earlier paper, we show that there exists a third siphon S3 such that ηβ = η1 + η2 - η3. This equation (called η relationship) plays an important role for optimal control of weakly dependent siphons. However, it assumes that all above S span between exactly two processes. For a well-known benchmark, however, most dependent siphons span more than two processes. This paper improves by removing this restriction and shows that ηβ = η1 + η2 - η3 holds as long as S1∩S2 is another emptiable siphon.

Roles of Teachers in Orchestrating Learning in Elementary Science Classrooms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhai, Junqing; Tan, Aik-Ling

2015-12-01

This study delves into the different roles that elementary science teachers play in the classroom to orchestrate science learning opportunities for students. Examining the classroom practices of three elementary science teachers in Singapore, we found that teachers shuttle between four key roles in enabling student learning in science. Teachers can play the role of (1) dispenser of knowledge (giver), (2) mentor of learning (advisor), (3) monitor of students' activities (police), and (4) partner in inquiry (colearner). These roles are dynamic, and while teachers show a preference for one of the four roles, factors such as the nature of the task, the types of students, as well as the availability of time and resources affect the role that teachers adopt. The roles that teachers play in the classroom have implications for the practice of science as inquiry in the classroom as well as the identities that teachers and students form in the science learning process.

Visual perception from the perspective of a representational, non-reductionistic, level-dependent account of perception and conscious awareness

PubMed Central

Overgaard, Morten; Mogensen, Jesper

2014-01-01

This article proposes a new model to interpret seemingly conflicting evidence concerning the correlation of consciousness and neural processes. Based on an analysis of research of blindsight and subliminal perception, the reorganization of elementary functions and consciousness framework suggests that mental representations consist of functions at several different levels of analysis, including truly localized perceptual elementary functions and perceptual algorithmic modules, which are interconnections of the elementary functions. We suggest that conscious content relates to the ‘top level’ of analysis in a ‘situational algorithmic strategy’ that reflects the general state of an individual. We argue that conscious experience is intrinsically related to representations that are available to guide behaviour. From this perspective, we find that blindsight and subliminal perception can be explained partly by too coarse-grained methodology, and partly by top-down enhancing of representations that normally would not be relevant to action. PMID:24639581

Model anodes and anode models for understanding the mechanism of hydrogen oxidation in solid oxide fuel cells.

PubMed

Bessler, Wolfgang G; Vogler, Marcel; Störmer, Heike; Gerthsen, Dagmar; Utz, Annika; Weber, André; Ivers-Tiffée, Ellen

2010-11-14

This article presents a literature review and new results on experimental and theoretical investigations of the electrochemistry of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model anodes, focusing on the nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) materials system with operation under H(2)/H(2)O atmospheres. Micropatterned model anodes were used for electrochemical characterization under well-defined operating conditions. Structural and chemical integrity was confirmed by ex situ pre-test and post-test microstructural and chemical analysis. Elementary kinetic models of reaction and transport processes were used to assess reaction pathways and rate-determining steps. The comparison of experimental and simulated electrochemical behaviors of pattern anodes shows quantitative agreement over a wide range of operating conditions (p(H(2)) = 8×10(2) - 9×10(4) Pa, p(H(2)O) = 2×10(1) - 6×10(4) Pa, T = 400-800 °C). Previously published experimental data on model anodes show a strong scatter in electrochemical performance. Furthermore, model anodes exhibit a pronounced dynamics on multiple time scales which is not reproduced in state-of-the-art models and which is also not observed in technical cermet anodes. Potential origin of these effects as well as consequences for further steps in model anode and anode model studies are discussed.

Question 2: Raman spectroscopic approach to analytical astrobiology: the detection of key biomolecular markers in the search for life.

PubMed

Edwards, Howell G M

2007-10-01

The recognition of extinct or extant life signatures in the terrestrial geological record is fundamentally dependent upon the understanding of both the structural morphology and chemical composition of relict biomaterials; the identification of cyanobacterial colonies that have adapted biogeologically their mineral matrices in early evolutionary processes is a fundamental step in the acquisition of analytical data from remote planetary probes designed for life-detection experiments, particularly on Mars and on the planetary satellite moons, Europa and Titan. A key factor in the assessment of early life signatures is the molecular presence of chemicals designed to protect the emerging organisms from the damaging effect of radiation exposure and of desiccation and temperature changes; in this respect the non-destructive capability of Raman spectroscopy to delineate the interfacial interactions between substrates and endolithic biology is now deemed an essential part of the ExoMars life-detection suite of instrumentation planned by the European Space Agency in the AURORA programme. A description of the scientific basis for the biogeological discrimination offered by Raman spectroscopy between organic and inorganic moieties in specimens from terrestrial Mars analogue sites is followed by selected examples of the type of analytical information provided, which will be complementary to the elementary and microscopic data obtained from other instrumentation on the same mission.

Getting With It: Flow Diagrams

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ritchie, W. A.

1975-01-01

The use of flow charts in the teaching of college mathematics enhances students' understanding of mathematical processes. Used appropriately in elementary and secondary schools they could also nurture understanding of algorithms. (SD)

Development of The Science Processes Test.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ludeman, Robert R.

Presented is a description and copy of a test manual developed to include items in the test on the basis of children's performance; each item correlated highly with performance on an external criterion. The external criterion was the Individual Competency Measures of the elementary science program Science - A Process Approach (SAPA). The test…

Early Childhood Classrooms and Computers: Programs with Promise.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoot, James L.; Kimler, Michele

Word processing and the LOGO programing language are two microcomputer applications that are beginning to show benefits as learning tools in elementary school classrooms. Word processing packages are especially useful with beginning writers, whose lack of motor coordination often slows down their acquisition of competence in written communication.…

A Systems Dynamics Model of Implementation of an Innovation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gaynor, Alan K.; And Others

The research presented in this report investigated the critical factors that affected the decision to abandon or replace a curricular innovation in one elementary school. The specific innovation examined in this research is called developing mathematical processes, which emphasizes process and induction rather than computational skills. Although…

Teacher Education and Inclusionary Practices: Sharing Delhi University Experiences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raina, Jyoti

2016-01-01

Teacher agency is a dynamic catalyst in the process of inclusion, emancipation and social change through school education. This article highlights three key curricular practices in the structure, content and method of a process-based elementary teacher education curriculum aimed at enabling the emergence of this agency that characterise the…

Reflections on Aesthetic Teaching

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sotiropoulou-Zormpala, Marina

2012-01-01

This article examines how it is possible to use the aesthetic process to enrich teaching practices in preschool and elementary school education. What is under scrutiny is the aesthetic dimension of a core curricular subject, the ultimate goal being to achieve an understanding of curricular content through aesthetic learning processes. For this…

Understanding Teachers' Cognitive Processes during Online Professional Learning: A Methodological Comparison

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beach, Pamela; Willows, Dale

2017-01-01

This study examined the effectiveness of three types of think aloud methods for understanding elementary teachers' cognitive processes as they used a professional development website. A methodology combining a retrospective think aloud procedure with screen capture technology (referred to as the virtual revisit) was compared with concurrent and…

Temporal Processing, Attention, and Learning Disorders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Landerl, Karin; Willburger, Edith

2010-01-01

In a large sample (N = 439) of literacy impaired and unimpaired elementary school children the predictions of the temporal processing theory of dyslexia were tested while controlling for (sub)clininal attentional deficits. Visual and Auditory Temporal Order Judgement were administered as well as three subtests of a standardized attention test. The…

Teaching Children Science. Second Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abruscato, Joseph

This book focuses on science teaching at the elementary school level. It includes chapters dealing with various science content areas and teaching processes including: (1) what is science; (2) why teach science; (3) process skills as a foundation for unit and lesson planning; (4) how to plan learning units, daily lessons, and assessment…

The K-ABC, Coding, and Planning: An Investigation of Cognitive Processes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Das, J. P.; And Others

1990-01-01

Evaluated elementary school students (N=198) using six mental processing subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) and three tests of planning. Results indicated orthogonal simultaneous and sequential factors emerged; the verbal simultaneous test was a good addition; and a "planning" factor identified by three…

Evaluation of Implementation of School/Community-Based Management. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawaii Business Roundtable, Honolulu.

A formative evaluation was conducted of two elementary schools that have been engaged in the School/Community-Based Management (SCBM) process in Hawaii. The evaluation process was aligned with the SCBM philosophy, which promotes shared decision making, shared responsibility, and collaboration. Stakeholders contributed to the evaluation, which…

Mathematization Competencies of Pre-Service Elementary Mathematics Teachers in the Mathematical Modelling Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yilmaz, Suha; Tekin-Dede, Ayse

2016-01-01

Mathematization competency is considered in the field as the focus of modelling process. Considering the various definitions, the components of the mathematization competency are determined as identifying assumptions, identifying variables based on the assumptions and constructing mathematical model/s based on the relations among identified…

Reaction Mechanism Generator: Automatic construction of chemical kinetic mechanisms

DOE PAGES

Gao, Connie W.; Allen, Joshua W.; Green, William H.; ...

2016-02-24

Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG) constructs kinetic models composed of elementary chemical reaction steps using a general understanding of how molecules react. Species thermochemistry is estimated through Benson group additivity and reaction rate coefficients are estimated using a database of known rate rules and reaction templates. At its core, RMG relies on two fundamental data structures: graphs and trees. Graphs are used to represent chemical structures, and trees are used to represent thermodynamic and kinetic data. Models are generated using a rate-based algorithm which excludes species from the model based on reaction fluxes. RMG can generate reaction mechanisms for species involvingmore » carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. It also has capabilities for estimating transport and solvation properties, and it automatically computes pressure-dependent rate coefficients and identifies chemically-activated reaction paths. RMG is an object-oriented program written in Python, which provides a stable, robust programming architecture for developing an extensible and modular code base with a large suite of unit tests. Computationally intensive functions are cythonized for speed improvements.« less

Running an Elementary School Astronomy Club: Engaging Children in the Wonders of Space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mayo, L.; Odenwald, S.; Lundberg, C.; Dimarco, A.

2000-10-01

``At the elementary school level, children are motivated by two things, dinosaurs and space" (Dr. Harold Williams, Montgomery College Planetarium Director). Yet, many elementary school science objectives include only the most basic astronomical concepts. Some ignore the subject all together in favor of more traditional courses (e.g. math and reading) or Earth science based curricula such as weather and local ecosystems. In addition, most elementary school teachers are unfamiliar with astronomical concepts and are poorly equipped to teach the subject. With teacher requirements increasing due to increasing class sizes, state competency exams, and a back to basics political climate, there is often little room to capitalize on the natural sense of curiosity children have about the universe during the normal school day. An after school astronomy club can provide a solution. In this paper, we present a model for setting up and running an after school astronomy club for students in grades 3-6. Our model was developed at two Maryland schools, Sligo Creek Elementary and Holy Redeemer Elementary/Middle School and incorporates national education standards as well as NASA OSS guidelines for effective education outreach programs. We propose here, a Community Based Learning (CBL) approach with the goal of engaging multiple elements of the community in the learning process including local amateur astronomy clubs, industry, community colleges, parents, and teachers. Methods for using astronomy as a basis for teaching reading, writing, math, and presentation skills are introduced. Resources, teaching methods, preparation guidelines, discipline, and safety are discussed and a list of grade appropriate, hands-on astronomy activities is presented along with procedures and expected outcomes.

Racial Differences in the Transactional Relationship Between Depression and Alcohol Use From Elementary School to Middle School.

PubMed

Birkley, Erica L; Zapolski, Tamika C B; Smith, Gregory T

2015-09-01

The aim of this investigation was to test hypothesized reverse prospective relationships between alcohol consumption and depressive symptomatology as a function of race among youth. In a two-wave prospective study, 328 European American, 328 African American, and 144 Hispanic American youth were studied at the end of fifth grade (last year of elementary school) and the end of sixth grade (first year of middle school). A positive correlation was observed between alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms among all youth. However, the predictive relationship differed based on race. For European American and Hispanic American youth, depressive symptom levels at the end of elementary school predicted alcohol consumption at the end of the first year of middle school, but the converse relationship was not observed. For African American youth, the opposite pattern was found. Alcohol consumption at the end of elementary school predicted depressive symptom levels at the end of the first year of middle school, and the converse relationship was not observed. These findings suggest the possibility that etiological relationships between depression and alcohol use vary by race, thus highlighting the importance of considering race when studying the risk process.

Racial Differences in the Transactional Relationship Between Depression and Alcohol Use From Elementary School to Middle School

PubMed Central

Birkley, Erica L.; Zapolski, Tamika C. B.; Smith, Gregory T.

2015-01-01

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to test hypothesized reverse prospective relationships between alcohol consumption and depressive symptomatology as a function of race among youth. Method: In a two-wave prospective study, 328 European American, 328 African American, and 144 Hispanic American youth were studied at the end of fifth grade (last year of elementary school) and the end of sixth grade (first year of middle school). Results: A positive correlation was observed between alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms among all youth. However, the predictive relationship differed based on race. For European American and Hispanic American youth, depressive symptom levels at the end of elementary school predicted alcohol consumption at the end of the first year of middle school, but the converse relationship was not observed. For African American youth, the opposite pattern was found. Alcohol consumption at the end of elementary school predicted depressive symptom levels at the end of the first year of middle school, and the converse relationship was not observed. Conclusions: These findings suggest the possibility that etiological relationships between depression and alcohol use vary by race, thus highlighting the importance of considering race when studying the risk process. PMID:26402361

Influence of teacher-directed scientific inquiry on students' primal inquiries in two science classrooms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stone, Brian Andrew

Scientific inquiry is widely used but pervasively misunderstood in elementary classrooms. The use of inquiry is often attached to direct instruction models of teaching, or is even passed as textbook readings or worksheets. Previous literature on scientific inquiry suggests a range or continuum beginning with teacher-directed inquiry on one extreme, which involves a question, process, and outcome that are predetermined by the teacher. On the other end of the continuum is an element of inquiry that is extremely personal and derived from innate curiosity without external constraints. This authentic inquiry is defined by the study as primal inquiry. If inquiry instruction is used in the elementary classroom, it is often manifested as teacher-directed inquiry, but previous research suggests the most interesting, motivating, and lasting content is owned by the individual and exists within the individual's own curiosity, questioning and processes. Therefore, the study examined the impact of teacher-directed inquiry in two elementary fourth grade classrooms on climate-related factors including interest, motivation, engagement, and student-generated inquiry involvement. The study took place at two elementary classrooms in Arizona. Both were observed for ten weeks during science instruction over the course of one semester. Field notes were written with regard for the inquiry process and ownership, along with climate indicators. Student journals were examined for evidence of primal inquiry, and twenty-two students were interviewed between the two classrooms for evidence of low climate-related factors and low inquiry involvement. Data from the three sources were triangulated. The results of this qualitative study include evidence for three propositions, which were derived from previous literature. Strong evidence was provided in support of all three propositions, which suggest an overall negative impact on climate-related factors of interest, motivation, and engagement for students working within a teacher-directed scientific inquiry environment. Very little existed in terms of time, materials, or opportunities for students to explore science using their own questions and processes. Furthermore, as students conformed to a teacher-directed inquiry environment, their own primal inquiries were displaced and undervalued. Ownership belonged to the teacher and precluded primal inquiries in both classrooms.

Observations on the Use of SCAN To Identify Children at Risk for Central Auditory Processing Disorder.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emerson, Maria F.; And Others

1997-01-01

The SCAN: A Screening Test for Auditory Processing Disorders was administered to 14 elementary children with a history of otitis media and 14 typical children, to evaluate the validity of the test in identifying children with central auditory processing disorder. Another experiment found that test results differed based on the testing environment…

The Extent to Which Pupils Manipulate Materials and Attainment of Process Skills in Elementary School Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Macbeth, Douglas Russell

Reported is a study of the importance of the direct manipulative experience in the attainment of science process skills for kindergarten and grade three pupils. Typical self-contained classes were selected to learn exercises from Science - A Process Approach. Some pupils were allowed to manipulate science materials in learning, while others were…

Dynamics and mechanism of UV-damaged DNA repair in indole-thymine dimer adduct: molecular origin of low repair quantum efficiency.

PubMed

Guo, Xunmin; Liu, Zheyun; Song, Qinhua; Wang, Lijuan; Zhong, Dongping

2015-02-26

Many biomimetic chemical systems for repair of UV-damaged DNA showed very low repair efficiency, and the molecular origin is still unknown. Here, we report our systematic characterization of the repair dynamics of a model compound of indole-thymine dimer adduct in three solvents with different polarity. By resolving all elementary steps including three electron-transfer processes and two bond-breaking and bond-formation dynamics with femtosecond resolution, we observed the slow electron injection in 580 ps in water, 4 ns in acetonitrile, and 1.38 ns in dioxane, the fast back electron transfer without repair in 120, 150, and 180 ps, and the slow bond splitting in 550 ps, 1.9 ns, and 4.5 ns, respectively. The dimer bond cleavage is clearly accelerated by the solvent polarity. By comparing with the biological repair machine photolyase with a slow back electron transfer (2.4 ns) and a fast bond cleavage (90 ps), the low repair efficiency in the biomimetic system is mainly determined by the fast back electron transfer and slow bond breakage. We also found that the model system exists in a dynamic heterogeneous C-clamped conformation, leading to a stretched dynamic behavior. In water, we even identified another stacked form with ultrafast cyclic electron transfer, significantly reducing the repair efficiency. Thus, the comparison of the repair efficiency in different solvents is complicated and should be cautious, and only the dynamics by resolving all elementary steps can finally determine the total repair efficiency. Finally, we use the Marcus electron-transfer theory to analyze all electron-transfer reactions and rationalize all observed electron-transfer dynamics.

A Vygotskian analysis of preservice teachers' conceptions of dissolving and density

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaker elJishi, Ziad

The purpose of this study was to examine the content knowledge of 64 elementary preservice teachers for the concepts of dissolving and density. Vygotsky's (1987) theory of concept development was used as a framework to categorize concepts and misconceptions resulting from evidences of preservice teacher knowledge including pre/post concept maps, writing artifacts, pre/post face-to-face interviews, examination results, and drawings. Statistical significances were found for pre- and post-concept map scores for dissolving (t = -5.773, p < 0.001) and density (t = -2.948, p = 0.005). As measured using Cohen's d values, increases in mean scores showed a medium-large effect size for (dissolving) and a small effect size for density. The triangulated results using all data types revealed that preservice teachers held several robust misconceptions about dissolving including the explanation that dissolving is a breakdown of substances, a formation of mixtures, and/or involves chemical change. Most preservice teachers relied on concrete concepts (such as rate or solubility) to explain dissolving. With regard to density, preservice teachers held two robust misconceptions including confusing density with buoyancy to explain the phenomena of floating and sinking, and confusing density with heaviness, mass, and weight. Most preservice teachers gained one concept for density, the density algorithm. Most preservice teachers who participated in this study demonstrated Vygotsky's notion of complex thinking and were unable to transform their thinking to the scientific conceptual level. That is, they were unable to articulate an understanding of either the process of dissolving or density that included a unified system of knowledge characterized as abstract, generalizable and hierarchical. Results suggest the need to instruct preservice elementary science teachers about the particulate nature of matter, intermolecular forces, and the Archimedes' principle.

Bioelementology as an interdisciplinary integrative approach in life sciences: terminology, classification, perspectives.

PubMed

Skalny, Anatoly V

2011-01-01

The article presents the proposed concept of bioelements and the basic postulates of bioelementology for assessing and discussing them in the scientific community. It is known that chemical elements exist in the organism not by themselves, but in certain species having close interaction with other components. Such units are proposed to be called bioelements: the elementary functioning units of living matter, which are biologically active complexes of chemical elements as atoms, ions or nanoparticles with organic compounds of exogenous or biogenous origin. The scientific discipline that studies bioelements, is proposed to be called bioelementology. This discipline could lay the foundation for the integration of bioorganic chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, biophysics, molecular biology and other parts of life sciences. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Reconstructing biochemical pathways from time course data.

PubMed

Srividhya, Jeyaraman; Crampin, Edmund J; McSharry, Patrick E; Schnell, Santiago

2007-03-01

Time series data on biochemical reactions reveal transient behavior, away from chemical equilibrium, and contain information on the dynamic interactions among reacting components. However, this information can be difficult to extract using conventional analysis techniques. We present a new method to infer biochemical pathway mechanisms from time course data using a global nonlinear modeling technique to identify the elementary reaction steps which constitute the pathway. The method involves the generation of a complete dictionary of polynomial basis functions based on the law of mass action. Using these basis functions, there are two approaches to model construction, namely the general to specific and the specific to general approach. We demonstrate that our new methodology reconstructs the chemical reaction steps and connectivity of the glycolytic pathway of Lactococcus lactis from time course experimental data.

Saturdays, Summer, and Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zielinski, Edward J.; And Others

1994-01-01

Describes a science program (Saturday Science) designed to provide learning experiences that are thematic and stress critical/creative thinking as well as development of science process skills for elementary, middle, and junior high students. (ZWH)

The Higgs Boson.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Veltman, Martinus J. G.

1986-01-01

Reports recent findings related to the particle Higgs boson and examines its possible contribution to the standard mode of elementary processes. Critically explores the strengths and uncertainties of the Higgs boson and proposed Higgs field. (ML)

Rebounding droplet-droplet collisions on superhydrophobic surfaces: from the phenomenon to droplet logic.

PubMed

Mertaniemi, Henrikki; Forchheimer, Robert; Ikkala, Olli; Ras, Robin H A

2012-11-08

When water droplets impact each other while traveling on a superhydrophobic surface, we demonstrate that they are able to rebound like billiard balls. We present elementary Boolean logic operations and a flip-flop memory based on these rebounding water droplet collisions. Furthermore, bouncing or coalescence can be easily controlled by process parameters. Thus by the controlled coalescence of reactive droplets, here using the quenching of fluorescent metal nanoclusters as a model reaction, we also demonstrate an elementary operation for programmable chemistry. Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Principles of magnetohydrodynamic simulation in space plasmas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sato, T.

1985-01-01

Attention is given to the philosophical as well as physical principles that are essential to the establishment of MHD simulation studies for solar plasma research, assuming the capabilities of state-of-the-art computers and emphasizing the importance of 'local' MHD simulation. Solar-terrestrial plasma space is divided into several elementary regions where a macroscopic elementary energy conversion process could conceivably occur; the local MHD simulation is defined as self-contained in each of the regions. The importance of, and the difficulties associated with, the boundary condition are discussed in detail. The roles of diagnostics and of the finite difference method are noted.

Modeling Bose-Einstein correlations via elementary emitting cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Utyuzh, Oleg; Wilk, Grzegorz; Wlodarczyk, Zbigniew

2007-04-01

We propose a method of numerical modeling Bose-Einstein correlations by using the notion of the elementary emitting cell (EEC). They are intermediary objects containing identical bosons and are supposed to be produced independently during the hadronization process. Only bosons in the EEC, which represents a single quantum state here, are subjected to the effects of Bose-Einstein (BE) statistics, which forces them to follow a geometrical distribution. There are no such effects between particles from different EECs. We illustrate our proposition by calculating a representative number of typical distributions and discussing their sensitivity to EECs and their characteristics.

Development and Validation of the Social Information Processing Application: A Web-Based Measure of Social Information Processing Patterns in Elementary School-Age Boys

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kupersmidt, Janis B.; Stelter, Rebecca; Dodge, Kenneth A.

2011-01-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing Web-based software application called the Social Information Processing Application (SIP-AP) that was designed to assess social information processing skills in boys in RD through 5th grades. This study included a racially and…

Quantum Chemical Study of CH3 + O2 Combustion Reaction System: Catalytic Effects of Additional CO2 Molecule.

PubMed

Masunov, Artëm E; Wait, Elizabeth; Vasu, Subith S

2017-08-03

The supercritical carbon dioxide diluent is used to control the temperature and to increase the efficiency in oxycombustion fossil fuel energy technology. It may affect the rates of combustion by altering mechanisms of chemical reactions, compared to the ones at low CO 2 concentrations. Here, we investigate potential energy surfaces of the four elementary reactions in the CH 3 + O 2 reactive system in the presence of one CO 2 molecule. In the case of reaction CH 3 + O 2 → CH 2 O + OH (R1 channel), van der Waals (vdW) complex formation stabilizes the transition state and reduces the activation barrier by ∼2.2 kcal/mol. Alternatively, covalently bonded CO 2 may form a six-membered ring transition state and reduce the activation barrier by ∼0.6 kcal/mol. In case of reaction CH 3 + O 2 → CH 3 O + O (R2 channel), covalent participation of CO 2 lowers the barrier for the rate limiting step by 3.9 kcal/mol. This is expected to accelerate the R2 process, important for the branching step of the radical chain reaction mechanism. For the reaction CH 3 + O 2 → CHO + H 2 O (R3 channel) with covalent participation of CO 2 , the activation barrier is lowered by 0.5 kcal/mol. The reaction CH 2 O + OH → CHO + H 2 O (R4 channel) involves hydrogen abstraction from formaldehyde by OH radical. Its barrier is reduced from 7.1 to 0.8 kcal/mol by formation of vdW complex with spectator CO 2 . These new findings are expected to improve the kinetic reaction mechanism describing combustion processes in supercritical CO 2 medium.