Teaching Elementary Particle Physics: Part I

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hobson, Art

2011-01-01

I'll outline suggestions for teaching elementary particle physics, often called "high energy physics," in high school or introductory college courses for non-scientists or scientists. Some presentations of this topic simply list the various particles along with their properties, with little overarching structure. Such a laundry list approach is a…

100 years of elementary particles [Beam Line, vol. 27, issue 1, Spring 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pais, Abraham; Weinberg, Steven; Quigg, Chris

1997-04-01

This issue of Beam Line commemorates the 100th anniversary of the April 30, 1897 report of the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson and the ensuing discovery of other subatomic particles. In the first three articles, theorists Abraham Pais, Steven Weinberg, and Chris Quigg provide their perspectives on the discoveries of elementary particles as well as the implications and future directions resulting from these discoveries. In the following three articles, Michael Riordan, Wolfgang Panofsky, and Virginia Trimble apply our knowledge about elementary particles to high-energy research, electronics technology, and understanding the origin and evolution of our Universe.

100 years of Elementary Particles [Beam Line, vol. 27, issue 1, Spring 1997

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Pais, Abraham; Weinberg, Steven; Quigg, Chris; Riordan, Michael; Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H.; Trimble, Virginia

1997-04-01

This issue of Beam Line commemorates the 100th anniversary of the April 30, 1897 report of the discovery of the electron by J.J. Thomson and the ensuing discovery of other subatomic particles. In the first three articles, theorists Abraham Pais, Steven Weinberg, and Chris Quigg provide their perspectives on the discoveries of elementary particles as well as the implications and future directions resulting from these discoveries. In the following three articles, Michael Riordan, Wolfgang Panofsky, and Virginia Trimble apply our knowledge about elementary particles to high-energy research, electronics technology, and understanding the origin and evolution of our Universe.

Introducing 12 year-olds to elementary particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiener, Gerfried J.; Schmeling, Sascha M.; Hopf, Martin

2017-07-01

We present a new learning unit, which introduces 12 year-olds to the subatomic structure of matter. The learning unit was iteratively developed as a design-based research project using the technique of probing acceptance. We give a brief overview of the unit’s final version, discuss its key ideas and main concepts, and conclude by highlighting the main implications of our research, which we consider to be most promising for use in the physics classroom.

a Point-Like Picture of the Hydrogen Atom

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faghihi, F.; Jangjoo, A.; Khani, M.

A point-like picture of the Schrödinger solution for hydrogen atom is worked to emphasize that "point-like particles" may describe as "probability wave function". In each case, the three-dimensional shape of the |Ψnlm(rn, cosθ)|2 is plotted and the paths of the point-like electron (it is better to say reduced mass of the pair particles) are described in each closed shell. Finally, the orbital shape of the molecules are given according to the present simple model. In our opinion, "interpretations of the Correspondence Principle", which is a basic principle in all elementary quantum text, seems to be reviewed again!

Plato's Ideas and the Theories of Modern Particle Physics: Amazing Parallels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Machleidt, Ruprecht

2006-05-01

It is generally known that the question, ``What are the most elementary particles that all matter is made from?'', was already posed in the antiquity. The Greek natural philosophers Leucippus and Democritus were the first to suggest that all matter was made from atoms. Therefore, most people perceive them as the ancient fathers of elementary particle physics. However, this perception is wrong. Modern particle physics is not just a simple atomism. The characteristic point of modern particle theory is that it is concerned with the symmetries underlying the particles we discover in experiment. More than 2000 years ago, a similar idea was already advanced by the Greek philosopher Plato in his dialogue Timaeus: Geometric symmetries generate the atoms from just a few even more elementary items. Plato's vision is amazingly close to the ideas of modern particle theory. This fact, which is unfortunately little known, has been pointed out repeatedly by Werner Heisenberg.

An effective strong-coupling theory of composite particles in UV-domain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, She-Sheng

2017-05-01

We briefly review the effective field theory of massive composite particles, their gauge couplings and characteristic energy scale in the UV-domain of UV-stable fixed point of strong four-fermion coupling, then mainly focus the discussions on the decay channels of composite particles into the final states of the SM gauge bosons, leptons and quarks. We calculate the rates of composite bosons decaying into two gauge bosons γγ, γZ 0, W + W -, Z 0 Z 0 and give the ratios of decay rates of different channels depending on gauge couplings only. It is shown that a composite fermion decays into an elementary fermion and a composite boson, the latter being an intermediate state decays into two gauge bosons, leading to a peculiar kinematics of final states of a quark (or a lepton) and two gauge bosons. These provide experimental implications of such an effective theory of composite particles beyond the SM. We also present some speculative discussions on the channels of composite fermions decaying into W W , W Z and ZZ two boson-tagged jets with quark jets, or to four-quark jets. Moreover, at the same energy scale of composite particles produced in high-energy experiments, composite particles are also produced by high-energy sterile neutrino (dark matter) collisions, their decays lead to excesses of cosmic ray particles in space and signals of SM particles in underground laboratories.

Elementary Particle Physics and High Energy Phenomena: Final Report for FY2010-13

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cumalat, John P.; de Alwis, Senarath P.; DeGrand, Thomas A.

2013-06-27

The work under this grant consists of experimental, theoretical, and phenomenological research on the fundamental properties of high energy subnuclear particles. The work is conducted at the University of Colorado, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and other facilities, employing neutrino-beam experiments, test beams of various particles, and proton-proton collider experiments. It emphasizes mass generation and symmetry-breaking, neutrino oscillations, bottom particle production and decay, detector development, supergravity, supersymmetry, superstrings, quantum chromodynamics, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, cosmology, phase transitions,more » lattice gauge theory, and anomaly-free theories. The goals are to improve our understanding of the basic building blocks of matter and their interactions. Data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN have revealed new interactions responsible for particle mass, and perhaps will lead to a more unified picture of the forces among elementary material constituents. To this end our research includes searches for manifestations of theories such as supersymmetry and new gauge bosons, as well as the production and decay of heavy-flavored quarks. Our current work at J-PARC, and future work at new facilities currently under conceptual design, investigate the specifics of how the neutrinos change flavor. The research is integrated with the training of students at all university levels, benefiting both the manpower and intellectual base for future technologies.« less

The variational method in quantum mechanics: an elementary introduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borghi, Riccardo

2018-05-01

Variational methods in quantum mechanics are customarily presented as invaluable techniques to find approximate estimates of ground state energies. In the present paper a short catalogue of different celebrated potential distributions (both 1D and 3D), for which an exact and complete (energy and wavefunction) ground state determination can be achieved in an elementary way, is illustrated. No previous knowledge of calculus of variations is required. Rather, in all presented cases the exact energy functional minimization is achieved by using only a couple of simple mathematical tricks: ‘completion of square’ and integration by parts. This makes our approach particularly suitable for undergraduates. Moreover, the key role played by particle localization is emphasized through the entire analysis. This gentle introduction to the variational method could also be potentially attractive for more expert students as a possible elementary route toward a rather advanced topic on quantum mechanics: the factorization method. Such an unexpected connection is outlined in the final part of the paper.

Plato's TIMAIOσ (TIMAEUS) and Modern Particle Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Machleidt, Ruprecht

2005-04-01

It is generally known that the question, ``What are the smallest particles (elementary particles) that all matter is made from?'', was posed already in the antiquity. The Greek natural philosophers Leucippus and Democritus were the first to suggest that all matter was made from atoms. Therefore, most people perceive them as the ancient fathers of elementary particle physics. It will be the purpose of my contribution to point out that this perception is wrong. Modern particle physics is not just a primitive atomism. More important than the materialistic particles are the underlying symmetries (e. g., SU(3) and SU(6)). A similar idea was first advanced by Plato in his dialog TIMAIOσ (Latin translation: TIMAEUS): Geometric symmetries generate the materialistic particles from a few even more elementary items. Plato's vision is amazingly close to the ideas of modern particle physics. This fact, which is unfortunately little known, has been pointed out repeatedly by Heisenberg (see, e. g., Werner Heisenberg, Across the Frontiers, Harper & Row, New York, 1974).

Higgs Particle: The Origin of Mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okada, Yasuhiro

2007-11-01

The Higgs particle is a new elementary particle predicted in the Standard Model of the elementary particle physics. It plays a special role in the theory of mass generation of quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons. In this article, theoretical issues on the Higgs mechanism are first discussed, and then experimental prospects on the Higgs particle study at the future collider experiments, LHC and ILC, are reviewed. The Higgs coupling determination is an essential step to establish the mass generation mechanism, which could lead to a deeper understanding of particle physics.

Instrumentation for Applied Physics and Industrial Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hillemanns, H.; Le Goff, J.-M.

This document is part of Part 2 'Principles and Methods' of Subvolume B 'Detectors for Particles and Radiation' of Volume 21 'Elementary Particles' of Landolt-Börnstein - Group I 'Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms'. It contains the Section '7.3 Instrumentation for Applied Physics and Industrial Applications' of Chapter '7 Applications of Detectors in Technology; Medicine and Other Fields' with the content:

Quantum Optics, Diffraction Theory, and Elementary Particle Physics

ScienceCinema

Glauber, Roy

2018-05-22

Physical optics has expanded greatly in recent years. Though it remains part of the ancestry of elementary particle physics, there are once again lessons to be learned from it. I shall discuss several of these, including some that have emerged at CERN and Brookhaven.

11.2 Solar Neutrinos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakahata, Masayuki

This document is part of Subvolume A `Theory and Experiments' of Volume 21 `Elementary Particles' of Landolt-Börnstein - Group I `Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms'. It contains of the Chapter `11 Experimental Results on Neutrino Masses and Mixings' the Section `11.2 Solar Neutrinos' with the content:

Mesure de la section efficace de production de paires de quarks top dans le canal lepton+tau+jets+MET dans l'experience D0 et interpretation en termes de boson de Higgs charge (in French)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lacroix, Florent

The standard model of particle physics describes the matter as elementary particles interacting via strong and electroweak interactions. The top quark is the heaviest quark described by this model and has been discovered in 1995 by CDF and D collaborations in proton-antiproton collisions at the Tevatron. This thesis is devoted to the measurement of the top pair production cross-section via the strong interaction, in a final state composed of one lepton, one hadronic tau, two b-jets and missing transverse energy. This analysis uses the 1,2 fb

The legacy of uncertainty

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Laurie M.

1993-01-01

An historical account is given of the circumstances whereby the uncertainty relations were introduced into physics by Heisenberg. The criticisms of QED on measurement-theoretical grounds by Landau and Peierls are then discussed, as well as the response to them by Bohr and Rosenfeld. Finally, some examples are given of how the new freedom to advance radical proposals, in part the result of the revolution brought about by 'uncertainty,' was implemented in dealing with the new phenomena encountered in elementary particle physics in the 1930's.

Solitons in a one-dimensional Wigner crystal

DOE PAGES

Pustilnik, M.; Matveev, K. A.

2015-04-16

In one-dimensional quantum systems with strong long-range repulsion particles arrange in a quasi-periodic chain, the Wigner crystal. Here, we demonstrate that besides the familiar phonons, such one-dimensional Wigner crystal supports an additional mode of elementary excitations, which can be identified with solitons in the classical limit. Furthermore, we compute the corresponding excitation spectrum and argue that the solitons have a parametrically small decay rate at low energies. Finally, we discuss implications of our results for the behavior of the dynamic structure factor.

Development of Concepts in the History of Quantum Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heisenberg, Werner

1975-01-01

Traces the development of quantum theory from the concept of the discrete stationary states, to the generalized concept of state, to the search for the elementary particle. States that the concept of the elementary particle should be replaced by the concept of a fundamental symmetry. (MLH)

PEAS AND PARTICLES, TEACHER'S GUIDE.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1966

THIS TEACHER'S GUIDE IS DESIGNED FOR USE WITH AN ELEMENTARY SCIENCE STUDY UNIT ON "PEAS AND PARTICLES" WHICH DEALS WITH LARGE NUMBERS AND ESTIMATIONS. ITS PURPOSE IS TO GIVE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT LARGE NUMBERS MEAN THROUGH INFORMAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVING FAMILIAR OBJECTS. THE MATERIAL HAS BEEN FOUND SUITABLE…

A Simple Mathematical Model for Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Extension Thereof

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sinha, Ashok

2016-03-01

An algebraically (and geometrically) simple model representing the masses of the elementary particles in terms of the interaction (strong, weak, electromagnetic) constants is developed, including the Higgs bosons. The predicted Higgs boson mass is identical to that discovered by LHC experimental programs; while possibility of additional Higgs bosons (and their masses) is indicated. The model can be analyzed to explain and resolve many puzzles of particle physics and cosmology including the neutrino masses and mixing; origin of the proton mass and the mass-difference between the proton and the neutron; the big bang and cosmological Inflation; the Hubble expansion; etc. A novel interpretation of the model in terms of quaternion and rotation in the six-dimensional space of the elementary particle interaction-space - or, equivalently, in six-dimensional spacetime - is presented. Interrelations among particle masses are derived theoretically. A new approach for defining the interaction parameters leading to an elegant and symmetrical diagram is delineated. Generalization of the model to include supersymmetry is illustrated without recourse to complex mathematical formulation and free from any ambiguity. This Abstract represents some results of the Author's Independent Theoretical Research in Particle Physics, with possible connection to the Superstring Theory. However, only very elementary mathematics and physics is used in my presentation.

The Discovery of Subatomic Particles Revised Edition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weinberg, Steven

2003-09-01

This commentary on the discovery of the atom's constituents provides an historical account of key events in the physics of the twentieth century that led to the discoveries of the electron, proton and neutron. Steven Weinberg introduces the fundamentals of classical physics that played crucial roles in these discoveries. Connections are shown throughout the book between the historic discoveries of subatomic particles and contemporary research at the frontiers of physics, including the most current discoveries of new elementary particles. Steven Weinberg was Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard before moving to The University of Texas at Austin, where he founded its Theory Group. At Texas he holds the Josey Regental Chair of Science and is a member of the Physics and Astronomy Departments. His research has spanned a broad range of topics in quantum field theory, elementary particle physics, and cosmology, and has been honored with numerous awards, including the Nobel Prize in Physics, the National Medal of Science, the Heinemann Prize in Mathematical Physics, the Cresson Medal of the Franklin Institute, the Madison Medal of Princeton University, and the Oppenheimer Prize. In addition to the well-known treatise, Gravitation and Cosmololgy, he has written several books for general readers, including the prize-winning The First Three Minutes (now translated into 22 foreign languages), and most recently Dreams of a Final Theory (Pantheon Books, 1993). He has also written a textbook The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol.I, Vol. II, and Vol. III (Cambridge).

Final Requirements--School Improvement Grants--Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Final Rule. Federal Register, Part IV, Department of Education, 34 CFR Chapter II

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Archives and Records Administration, 2015

2015-01-01

The Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education adopts final requirements for the School Improvement Grants (SIG) program, authorized under section 1003(g) of title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended (ESEA). These final requirements make changes to the current SIG program requirements and implement…

The propagator of stochastic electrodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cavalleri, G.

1981-01-01

The "elementary propagator" for the position of a free charged particle subject to the zero-point electromagnetic field with Lorentz-invariant spectral density ~ω3 is obtained. The nonstationary process for the position is solved by the stationary process for the acceleration. The dispersion of the position elementary propagator is compared with that of quantum electrodynamics. Finally, the evolution of the probability density is obtained starting from an initial distribution confined in a small volume and with a Gaussian distribution in the velocities. The resulting probability density for the position turns out to be equal, to within radiative corrections, to ψψ* where ψ is the Kennard wave packet. If the radiative corrections are retained, the present result is new since the corresponding expression in quantum electrodynamics has not yet been found. Besides preceding quantum electrodynamics for this problem, no renormalization is required in stochastic electrodynamics.

Search for free fractional electric charge elementary particles using an automated millikan oil drop technique

PubMed

Halyo; Kim; Lee; Lee; Loomba; Perl

2000-03-20

We have carried out a direct search in bulk matter for free fractional electric charge elementary particles using the largest mass single sample ever studied-about 17.4 mg of silicone oil. The search used an improved and highly automated Millikan oil drop technique. No evidence for fractional charge particles was found. The concentration of particles with fractional charge more than 0. 16e ( e being the magnitude of the electron charge) from the nearest integer charge is less than 4.71x10(-22) particles per nucleon with 95% confidence.

Teaching the Conceptual Scheme "The Particle Nature of Matter" in the Elementary School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pella, Milton O.; And Others

Conclusions of an extensive project aimed to prepare lessons and associated materials related to teaching concepts included in the scheme "The Particle Nature of Matter" for grades two through six are presented. The hypothesis formulated for the project was that children in elementary schools can learn theoretical concepts related to the particle…

Thermal distributions of first, second and third quantization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McGuigan, Michael

1989-05-01

We treat first quantized string theory as two-dimensional gravity plus matter. This allows us to compute the two-dimensional density of one string states by the method of Darwin and Fowler. One can then use second quantized methods to form a grand microcanonical ensemble in which one can compute the density of multistring states of arbitrary momentum and mass. It is argued that modelling an elementary particle as a d-1-dimensional object whose internal degrees of freedom are described by a massless d-dimensional gas yields a density of internal states given by σ d(m)∼m -aexp((bm) {2(d-1)}/{d}) . This indicates that these objects cannot be in thermal equilibrium at any temperature unless d⩽2; that is for a string or a particle. Finally, we discuss the application of the above ideas to four-dimensional gravity and introduce an ensemble of multiuniverse states parameterized by second quantized canonical momenta and particle number.

Princeton University High Energy Physics Research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marlow, Daniel R.

This is the Final Report on research conducted by the Princeton Elementary Particles group over the approximately three-year period from May 1, 2012 to April 30, 2015. The goal of our research is to investigate the fundamental constituents of matter, their fields, and their interactions; to understand the properties of space and time; and to study the profound relationships between cosmology and particle physics. During the funding period covered by this report, the group has been organized into a subgroup concentrating on the theory of particles, strings, and cosmology; and four subgroups performing major experiments at laboratories around the world: CERN, Daya Bay, Gran Sasso as well as detector R\\&D on the Princeton campus. Highlights in of this research include the discovery of the Higgs Boson at CERN and the measurement ofmore » $$\\sin^22\\theta_{13}$$ by the Daya Bay experiment. In both cases, Princeton researchers supported by this grant played key roles.« less

Elementary particles, dark matter candidate and new extended standard model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Jaekwang

2017-01-01

Elementary particle decays and reactions are discussed in terms of the three-dimensional quantized space model beyond the standard model. Three generations of the leptons and quarks correspond to the lepton charges. Three heavy leptons and three heavy quarks are introduced. And the bastons (new particles) are proposed as the possible candidate of the dark matters. Dark matter force, weak force and strong force are explained consistently. Possible rest masses of the new particles are, tentatively, proposed for the experimental searches. For more details, see the conference paper at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308723916.

REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Elementary particles and cosmology (Metagalaxy and Universe)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rozental', I. L.

1997-08-01

The close relation between cosmology and the theory of elementary particles is analyzed in the light of prospects of a unified field theory. The unity of their respective problems and solution methodologies is indicated. The difference between the concepts of 'Metagalaxy' and 'Universe' is emphasized and some possible schemes for estimating the size of the Universe are pointed out.

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Experimental Physics of Elementary Particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bednyakov, V. A.; Russakovich, N. A.

2018-05-01

The year 2016 marks the 60th anniversary of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, an international intergovernmental organization for basic research in the fields of elementary particles, atomic nuclei, and condensed matter. Highly productive advances over this long road clearly show that the international basis and diversity of research guarantees successful development (and maintenance) of fundamental science. This is especially important for experimental research. In this review, the most significant achievements are briefly described with an attempt to look into the future (seven to ten years ahead) and show the role of JINR in solution of highly important problems in elementary particle physics, which is a fundamental field of modern natural sciences. This glimpse of the future is full of justified optimism.

Certain problems in the current theory of gravitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Markov, M. A.

1984-04-01

A number of problems (considered by the author to be the most significant) connected with the possible role of gravitation in the elementary-particle physics and cosmology are examined. Particular attention is given to the problems of self-energy, the limit mass of elementary particles, maximons and the evolution of the universe, the origin of the universe, and the physical meaning of Planck's length.

The Relative Effectiveness of the Use of Static and Dynamic Mechanical Models in Teaching Elementary School Children the Theoretical Concept--The Particle Nature of Matter.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ziegler, Robert Edward

This study is concerned with determining the relative effectiveness of a static and dynamic theoretical model in teaching elementary school students to use the particle idea of matter when explaining certain physical phenomena. A clinical method of personal individual interview-testing, teaching, and retesting of a random sample population from…

78 FR 79613 - Final Requirement-Migrant Education Program Consortium Incentive Grant Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-31

... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 34 CFR Chapter II [CFDA Number 84.144F] Final Requirement--Migrant Education Program Consortium Incentive Grant Program AGENCY: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Department of Education. ACTION: Final requirement. SUMMARY: The Assistant Secretary for Elementary and...

Elementary Particles and Weak Interactions

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Lee, T. D.; Yang, C. N.

1957-01-01

Some general patterns of interactions between various elementary particles are reviewed and some general questions concerning the symmetry properties of these particles are studied. Topics are included on the theta-tau puzzle, experimental limits on the validity of parity conservation, some general discussions on the consequences due to possible non-invariance under P, C, and T, various possible experimental tests on invariance under P, C, and T, a two-component theory of the neutrino, a possible law of conservation of leptons and the universal Fermi interactions, and time reversal invariance and Mach's principle. (M.H.R.)

Proto-experiences and subjective experiences: classical and quantum concepts.

PubMed

Vimal, Ram Lakhan Pandey

2008-03-01

Deterministic reductive monism and non-reductive substance dualism are two opposite views for consciousness, and both have serious problems. An alternative view is needed. For this, we hypothesize that strings or elementary particles (fermions and bosons) have two aspects: (i) elemental proto-experiences (PEs) as phenomenal aspect, and (ii) mass, charge, and spin as material aspect. Elemental PEs are hypothesized to be the properties of elementary particles and their interactions, which are composed of irreducible fundamental subjective experiences (SEs)/PEs that are in superimposed form in elementary particles and in their interactions. Since SEs/PEs are superimposed, elementary particles are not specific to any SE/PE; they (and all inert matter) are carriers of SEs/PEs, and hence, appear as non-experiential material entities. Furthermore, our hypothesis is that matter and associated elemental PEs co-evolved and co-developed into neural-nets and associated neural-net PEs (neural Darminism), respectively. The signals related to neural PEs interact in a neural-net and neural-net PEs emerges from random process of self-organization. The neural-net PEs are a set of SEs embedded in the neural-net by a non-computational or non-algorithmic process. The non-specificity of elementary particles is transformed into the specificity of neural-nets by neural Darwinism. The specificity of SEs emerges when feedforward and feedback signal interacts in the neuropil and are dependent on wakefulness (i.e., activation) attention, re-entry between neural populations, working memory, stimulus at above threshold, and neural net PE signals. This PE-SE framework integrates reductive and non-reductive views, complements the existing models, bridges the explanatory gaps, and minimizes the problem of causation.

Teaching Elementary Particle Physics: Part I1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hobson, Art

2011-01-01

I'll outline suggestions for teaching elementary particle physics, often called high energy physics, in high school or introductory college courses for non-scientists or scientists. Some presentations of this topic simply list the various particles along with their properties, with little overarching structure. Such a laundry list approach is a great way to make a fascinating topic meaningless. Students need a conceptual framework from which to view the elementary particles. That conceptual framework is quantum field theory (QFT). Teachers and students alike tend to quake at this topic, but bear with me. We're talking here about concepts, not technicalities. My approach will be conceptual and suitable for non-scientists and scientists; if mathematical details are added in courses for future scientists, they should be simple and sparse. Introductory students should not be expected to do QFT, but only to understand its concepts. Those concepts take some getting used to, but they are simple and can be understood by any literate person, be she plumber, attorney, musician, or physicist.

$$t\\bar{t}$$ Spin Correlations at D0

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peters, Yvonne

2013-01-01

The heaviest known elementary particle today, the top quark, has been discovered in 1995 by the CDF and D0 collaborations at the Tevatron collider at Fermilab. Its high mass and short lifetime, shorter than the timescale for hadronization, makes the top quark a special particle to study. Due to the short lifetime, the top quark's spin information is preserved in the decay products. In this article we discuss the studies of ttbar spin correlations at D0, testing the full chain from production to decay. In particular, we present a measurement using angular information and an analysis using a matrix-element basedmore » technique. The application of the matrix-element based technique to the ttbar dilepton and semileponic final state resulted in the first evidence for non-vanishing ttbar spin correlations.« less

Mutual interactions of phonons, rotons, and gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nicolis, Alberto; Penco, Riccardo

2018-04-01

We introduce an effective point-particle action for generic particles living in a zero-temperature superfluid. This action describes the motion of the particles in the medium at equilibrium as well as their couplings to sound waves and generic fluid flows. While we place the emphasis on elementary excitations such as phonons and rotons, our formalism applies also to macroscopic objects such as vortex rings and rigid bodies interacting with long-wavelength fluid modes. Within our approach, we reproduce phonon decay and phonon-phonon scattering as predicted using a purely field-theoretic description of phonons. We also correct classic results by Landau and Khalatnikov on roton-phonon scattering. Finally, we discuss how phonons and rotons couple to gravity, and show that the former tend to float while the latter tend to sink but with rather peculiar trajectories. Our formalism can be easily extended to include (general) relativistic effects and couplings to additional matter fields. As such, it can be relevant in contexts as diverse as neutron star physics and light dark matter detection.

The Distribution of Federal Elementary-Secondary Education Grants among the States. Final Report on the Study Mandated by Congress in P.L. 100-297, Section 6207.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barro, Stephen M.

In the Hawkins-Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988, Congress directed the U.S. Department of Education (ED) to conduct a study of methods used to allocate federal elementary and secondary education grants among the states. This document, the final report on that study, assesses grant distribution funding…

Apparent electric charge of protein molecules. Human thyroxine - binding proteins.

PubMed

Hocman, G; Sadlon, J

1977-01-01

1. By comparison of electrophoretic mobilities of two different charged particles under the same conditions the net elementary electrostatic charge of one particle could be calculated when the charge of the other is known. 2. The electrophoretic mobility of human thyroxine - binding globulin does not depend upon the concentration of Tris - HCl buffer in the range 0.05 to 0.20 molar. The value of this mobility is 0.078 and 0.083 cm2 vol(-1) hour(-1) at pH 7.0 and 8.6, respectively. 3. The net elementary electrostatic charge of the human thyroxine - binding globulin appears to be approximately 22 negative elementary electrostatic units in mild alkaline solutions.

Current experiments in elementary particle physics. Revision

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Galic, H.; Armstrong, F.E.; von Przewoski, B.

1994-08-01

This report contains summaries of 568 current and recent experiments in elementary particle physics. Experiments that finished taking data before 1988 are excluded. Included are experiments at BEPC (Beijing), BNL, CEBAF, CERN, CESR, DESY, FNAL, INS (Tokyo), ITEP (Moscow), IUCF (Bloomington), KEK, LAMPF, Novosibirsk, PNPI (St. Petersburg), PSI, Saclay, Serpukhov, SLAC, and TRIUMF, and also several underground and underwater experiments. Instructions are given for remote searching of the computer database (maintained under the SLAC/SPIRES system) that contains the summaries.

Current experiments in elementary particle physics. Revised

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Galic, H.; Wohl, C.G.; Armstrong, B.

This report contains summaries of 584 current and recent experiments in elementary particle physics. Experiments that finished taking data before 1986 are excluded. Included are experiments at Brookhaven, CERN, CESR, DESY, Fermilab, Tokyo Institute of Nuclear Studies, Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, KEK, LAMPF, Novosibirsk, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Saclay, Serpukhov, SLAC, SSCL, and TRIUMF, and also several underground and underwater experiments. Instructions are given for remote searching of the computer database (maintained under the SLAC/SPIRES system) that contains the summaries.

Hadron collider searches for diboson resonances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorigo, Tommaso

2018-05-01

This review covers results of searches for new elementary particles that decay into boson pairs (dibosons), performed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at 7-, 8-, and 13-TeV center-of-mass energy until the year 2017. The available experimental results of the analysis of final states including most of the possible two-object combinations of W and Z bosons, photons, Higgs bosons, and gluons place stringent constraints on a variety of theoretical ideas that extend the standard model, pushing into the multi-TeV region the scale of allowed new physics phenomena.

Physics through the 1990s: Gravitation, cosmology and cosmic-ray physics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

The volume contains recommendations for space-and ground-based programs in gravitational physics, cosmology, and cosmic-ray physics. The section on gravitation examines current and planned experimental tests of general relativity; the theory behind, and search for, gravitational waves, including sensitive laser-interferometric tests and other observations; and advances in gravitation theory (for example, incorporating quantum effects). The section on cosmology deals with the big-bang model, the standard model from elementary-particle theory, the inflationary model of the Universe. Computational needs are presented for both gravitation and cosmology. Finally, cosmic-ray physics theory (nucleosynthesis, acceleration models, high-energy physics) and experiment (ground and spaceborne detectors) are discussed.

Re-accumulation Scenarios Governing Final Global Shapes of Rubble-Pile Asteroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hestroffer, Daniel; Tanga, P.; Comito, C.; Paolicchi, P.; Walsh, K.; Richardson, D. C.; Cellino, A.

2009-05-01

Asteroids, since the formation of the solar system, are known to have experienced catastrophic collisions, which---depending on the impact energy---can produce a major disruption of the parent body and possibly give birth to asteroid families or binaries [1]. We present a general study of the final shape and dynamical state of asteroids produced by the re-accumulation process following a catastrophic disruption. Starting from a cloud of massive particles (mono-disperse spheres) with given density and velocity distributions, we analyse the final shape, spin state, and angular momentum of the system from numerical integration of a N-body gravitational system (code pkdgrav [2]). The re-accumulation process itself is relatively fast, with a dynamical time corresponding to the spin-period of the final body (several hours). The final global shapes---which are described as tri-axial ellipsoids---exhibit slopes consistent with a degree of shear stress sustained by interlocking particles. We point out a few results: -the final shapes are close to those of hydrostatic equilibrium for incompressible fluids, preferably Maclaurin spheroid rather than Jacobi ellipsoids -for bodies closest to the sequence of hydrostatic equilibrium, there is a direct relation between spin, density and outer shape, suggesting that the outer surface is nearly equipotential -the evolution of the shape during the process follows a track along a gradient of potential energy, without necessarily reaching its minimum -the loose random packing of the particles implies low friction angle and hence fluid-like behaviour, which extends the results of [3]. Future steps of our analysis will include feature refinements of the model initial conditions and re-accumulation process, including impact shakings, realistic velocity distributions, and non equal-sized elementary spheres. References [1] Michel P. et al. 2001. Science 294, 1696 [2] Leinhardt Z.M. et al. 2000. Icarus 146, 133 [3] Richardson D.C. et al. 2005. Icarus 173, 349

(Experimental studies of elementary particle interactions at high energies)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khuri, N.N.

1990-01-01

This report includes descriptions of the combined work of both Tasks B and B{sub 1} at Rockefeller University. Some highlights are worth stressing in this brief introduction. First, one should note the active involvement of two members of our group, Ren and Callaway, in understanding the problem of superconductivity, both high and low {Tc}. This reflects the broad reach of many, but perhaps not all, particle physicists. Second, spurred by the Rockefeller environment, some in our group are also looking at problems in biology. As for our main purpose, I would like to single out the results of Sanda andmore » Morozumi on the {Delta}I = {1/2} rule, the work of Bitar, Ren and myself on a new approach to the path integral, S.Y. Pi's results on Chern-Simons non-relativistic quantum mechanics, and finally the work by Lee and collaborators on the origin of Fermion masses and mixing.« less

Design Considerations for High Energy Electron -- Positron Storage Rings

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Richter, B.

1966-11-01

High energy electron-positron storage rings give a way of making a new attack on the most important problems of elementary particle physics. All of us who have worked in the storage ring field designing, building, or using storage rings know this. The importance of that part of storage ring work concerning tests of quantum electrodynamics and mu meson physics is also generally appreciated by the larger physics community. However, I do not think that most of the physicists working tin the elementary particle physics field realize the importance of the contribution that storage ring experiments can make to our understanding of the strongly interacting particles. I would therefore like to spend the next few minutes discussing the sort of things that one can do with storage rings in the strongly interacting particle field.

A Study of Anger and the Elementary Student. Research Brief #25.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tyer, Robin; Wise, Stephanie

A survey was developed to study anger in elementary school students drawing on the experience of school counselors and teachers. The final survey was distributed to elementary school counselors, school administrators, and teachers to use with children referred for anger control issues. In 7 elementary schools, 1 female and 36 male students in…

Teaching Elementary Particle Physics, Part II

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hobson, Art

2011-01-01

In order to explain certain features of radioactive beta decay, Wolfgang Pauli suggested in 1930 that the nucleus emitted, in addition to a beta particle, another particle of an entirely new type. The hypothesized particle, dubbed the neutrino, would not be discovered experimentally for another 25 years. It's not easy to detect neutrinos, because…

Dark-matter QCD-axion searches

DOE PAGES

Rosenberg, Leslie J.

2015-01-12

In the late 20th century, cosmology became a precision science. At the beginning of the next century, the parameters describing how our universe evolved from the Big Bang are generally known to a few percent. One key parameter is the total mass density of the universe. Normal matter constitutes only a small fraction of the total mass density. Observations suggest this additional mass, the dark matter, is cold (that is, moving nonrelativistically in the early universe) and interacts feebly if at all with normal matter and radiation. There’s no known such elementary particle, so the strong presumption is the darkmore » matter consists of particle relics of a new kind left over from the Big Bang. One of the most important questions in science is the nature of this dark matter. One attractive particle dark-matter candidate is the axion. The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle arising in a simple and elegant extension to the standard model of particle physics that nulls otherwise observable CP-violating effects (where CP is the product of charge reversal C and parity inversion P) in quantum chromo dynamics (QCD). A light axion of mass 10 -(6–3) eV (the invisible axion) would couple extraordinarily weakly to normal matter and radiation and would therefore be extremely difficult to detect in the laboratory. But, such an axion is a compelling dark-matter candidate and is therefore a target of a number of searches. Compared with other particle dark-matter candidates, the plausible range of axion dark-matter couplings and masses is narrowly constrained. This focused search range allows for definitive searches, where a nonobservation would seriously impugn the dark-matter QCD-axion hypothesis. Axion searches use a wide range of technologies, and the experiment sensitivities are now reaching likely dark-matter axion couplings and masses. Our paper is a selective overview of the current generation of sensitive axion searches. Finally, not all techniques and experiments are discussed, but I hope to give a sense of the current experimental landscape of the search for dark-matter axions.« less

Composition in the Quantum World

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hall, Edward Jonathan

This thesis presents a problem for the foundations of quantum mechanics. It arises from the way that theory describes the composition of larger systems in terms of smaller ones, and renders untenable a wide range of interpretations of quantum mechanics. That quantum mechanics is difficult to interpret is old news, given the well-known Measurement Problem. But the problem I raise is quite different, and in important respects more fundamental. In brief: The physical world exhibits mereological structure: physical objects have parts, which in turn have parts, and so on. A natural way to try to represent this structure is by means of a particle theory, according to which the physical world consists entirely enduring physical objects which themselves have no proper parts, but aggregates of which are, or compose, all physical objects. Elementary, non-relativistic quantum mechanics can be cast in this mold--at least, according to the usual expositions of that theory. But herein lies the problem: the standard attempt to give a systematic particle interpretation to elementary quantum mechanics results in nonsense, thanks to the well-established principle of Permutation Invariance, which constrains the quantum -mechanical description of systems containing identical particles. Specifically, it follows from the most minimal principles of a particle interpretation (much weaker than those needed to generate the Measurement Problem), together with Permutation Invariance, that systems identical in composition must have the same physical state. In other words, systems which merely have the same numbers of the same types of particles are therefore, at all times, perfect physical duplicates. This conclusion is absurd: e.g., it is quite plausible that some of those particles which compose my body make up a system identical in composition to some pepperoni pizza. Yet no part of me is a qualitative physical duplicate of any pepperoni pizza. Perhaps "you are what you eat" --but not in this sense! In what follows I develop the principles needed to explore this problem, contrast it with the Measurement Problem, and consider, finally, how it should influence our judgments of the relative merits of the many extant interpretations of quantum mechanics.

Current experiments in elementary particle physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wohl, C.G.; Armstrong, F.E., Oyanagi, Y.; Dodder, D.C.

1987-03-01

This report contains summaries of 720 recent and current experiments in elementary particle physics (experiments that finished taking data before 1980 are excluded). Included are experiments at Brookhaven, CERN, CESR, DESY, Fermilab, Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Tokyo Institute of Nuclear Studies, KEK, LAMPF, Leningrad Nuclear Physics Institute, Saclay, Serpukhov, SIN, SLAC, and TRIUMF, and also experiments on proton decay. Instructions are given for searching online the computer database (maintained under the SLAC/SPIRES system) that contains the summaries. Properties of the fixed-target beams at most of the laboratories are summarized.

The Birth of Elementary-Particle Physics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Laurie M.; Hoddeson, Lillian

1982-01-01

Traces the origin and development of particle physics, concentrating on the roles of cosmic rays and theory. Includes charts highlighting significant events in the development of cosmic-ray physics and quantum field theory. (SK)

Quarks, Leptons, and Bosons: A Particle Physics Primer.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wagoner, Robert; Goldsmith, Donald

1983-01-01

Presented is a non-technical introduction to particle physics. The material is adapted from chapter 3 of "Cosmic Horizons," (by Robert Wagoner and Don Goldsmith), a lay-person's introduction to cosmology. Among the topics considered are elementary particles, forces and motion, and higher level structures. (JN)

78 FR 31343 - Final Priorities, Requirement, Definitions, and Selection Criteria-Enhanced Assessment Instruments

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-23

... Assessment Instruments [CFDA Number: 84.368.] AGENCY: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education...: The Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary Education announces priorities, a requirement... Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended (ESEA). DATES: These priorities, requirement...

Feynman Diagrams as Metaphors: Borrowing the Particle Physicist's Imagery for Science Communication Purposes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pascolini, A.; Pietroni, M.

2002-01-01

We report on an educational project in particle physics based on Feynman diagrams. By dropping the mathematical aspect of the method and keeping just the iconic one, it is possible to convey many different concepts from the world of elementary particles, such as antimatter, conservation laws, particle creation and destruction, real and virtual…

Nuclear Checker Board Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lach, Theodore

2017-01-01

The Checkerboard model of the Nucleus has been in the public domain for over 20 years. Over those years it has been described by nuclear and particle physicists as; cute, ``the Bohr model of the nucleus'' and ``reminiscent of the Eightfold Way''. It has also been ridiculed as numerology, laughed at, and even worse. In 2000 the theory was taken to the next level by attempting to explain why the mass of the ``up'' and ``dn'' quarks were significantly heavier than the SM ``u'' and ``d'' quarks. This resulted in a paper published on arXiv.nucl-th/0008026 in 2000, predicting 5 generations of quarks, each quark and negative lepton particle related to each other by a simple geometric mean. The CBM predicts that the radii of the elementary particles are proportional to the cube root of their masses. This was realized Pythagorean musical intervals (octave, perfect 5th, perfect 4th plus two others). Therefore each generation can be explained by a simple right triangle and the height of the hypotenuse. Notice that the height of a right triangle breaks the hypotenuse into two line segments. The geometric mean of those two segments equals the length of the height of this characteristic triangle. Therefore the CBM theory now predicts that all the elementary particles mass are proportion to the cube of their radii. Therefore the mass density of all elementary particles (and perhaps black holes too) are a constant of nature.

An Alternative Proposal for the Graphical Representation of Anticolor Charge

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wiener, Gergried J.; Schmeling, Sascha M.; Hopf, Martin

2017-01-01

We have developed a learning unit based on the Standard Model of particle physics, featuring novel typographic illustrations of elementary particles and particle systems. Since the unit includes antiparticles and systems of antiparticles, a visualization of anticolor charge was required. We propose an alternative to the commonly used…

Material content of the universe - Introductory survey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tayler, R. J.

1986-12-01

Matter in the universe can be detected either by the radiation it emits or by its gravitational influence. There is a strong suggestion that the universe contains substantial hidden matter, mass without corresponding light. There are also arguments from elementary particle physics that the universe should have closure density, which would also imply hidden mass. Observations of the chemical composition of the universe interpreted in terms of the hot Big Bang cosmological theory suggest that this hidden matter cannot all be of baryonic form but must consist of weakly interacting elementary particles. A combination of observations and theoretical ideas about the origin of large-scale structure may demand that these particles are of a type which is not yet definitely known to exist.

Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station.

PubMed

Aguilar, M; Ali Cavasonza, L; Alpat, B; Ambrosi, G; Arruda, L; Attig, N; Aupetit, S; Azzarello, P; Bachlechner, A; Barao, F; Barrau, A; Barrin, L; Bartoloni, A; Basara, L; Başeǧmez-du Pree, S; Battarbee, M; Battiston, R; Bazo, J; Becker, U; Behlmann, M; Beischer, B; Berdugo, J; Bertucci, B; Bindi, V; Boella, G; de Boer, W; Bollweg, K; Bonnivard, V; Borgia, B; Boschini, M J; Bourquin, M; Bueno, E F; Burger, J; Cadoux, F; Cai, X D; Capell, M; Caroff, S; Casaus, J; Castellini, G; Cernuda, I; Cervelli, F; Chae, M J; Chang, Y H; Chen, A I; Chen, G M; Chen, H S; Cheng, L; Chou, H Y; Choumilov, E; Choutko, V; Chung, C H; Clark, C; Clavero, R; Coignet, G; Consolandi, C; Contin, A; Corti, C; Coste, B; Creus, W; Crispoltoni, M; Cui, Z; Dai, Y M; Delgado, C; Della Torre, S; Demirköz, M B; Derome, L; Di Falco, S; Dimiccoli, F; Díaz, C; von Doetinchem, P; Dong, F; Donnini, F; Duranti, M; D'Urso, D; Egorov, A; Eline, A; Eronen, T; Feng, J; Fiandrini, E; Finch, E; Fisher, P; Formato, V; Galaktionov, Y; Gallucci, G; García, B; García-López, R J; Gargiulo, C; Gast, H; Gebauer, I; Gervasi, M; Ghelfi, A; Giovacchini, F; Goglov, P; Gómez-Coral, D M; Gong, J; Goy, C; Grabski, V; Grandi, D; Graziani, M; Guerri, I; Guo, K H; Habiby, M; Haino, S; Han, K C; He, Z H; Heil, M; Hoffman, J; Hsieh, T H; Huang, H; Huang, Z C; Huh, C; Incagli, M; Ionica, M; Jang, W Y; Jinchi, H; Kang, S C; Kanishev, K; Kim, G N; Kim, K S; Kirn, Th; Konak, C; Kounina, O; Kounine, A; Koutsenko, V; Krafczyk, M S; La Vacca, G; Laudi, E; Laurenti, G; Lazzizzera, I; Lebedev, A; Lee, H T; Lee, S C; Leluc, C; Li, H S; Li, J Q; Li, J Q; Li, Q; Li, T X; Li, W; Li, Z H; Li, Z Y; Lim, S; Lin, C H; Lipari, P; Lippert, T; Liu, D; Liu, Hu; Lu, S Q; Lu, Y S; Luebelsmeyer, K; Luo, F; Luo, J Z; Lv, S S; Majka, R; Mañá, C; Marín, J; Martin, T; Martínez, G; Masi, N; Maurin, D; Menchaca-Rocha, A; Meng, Q; Mo, D C; Morescalchi, L; Mott, P; Nelson, T; Ni, J Q; Nikonov, N; Nozzoli, F; Nunes, P; Oliva, A; Orcinha, M; Palmonari, F; Palomares, C; Paniccia, M; Pauluzzi, M; Pensotti, S; Pereira, R; Picot-Clemente, N; Pilo, F; Pizzolotto, C; Plyaskin, V; Pohl, M; Poireau, V; Putze, A; Quadrani, L; Qi, X M; Qin, X; Qu, Z Y; Räihä, T; Rancoita, P G; Rapin, D; Ricol, J S; Rodríguez, I; Rosier-Lees, S; Rozhkov, A; Rozza, D; Sagdeev, R; Sandweiss, J; Saouter, P; Schael, S; Schmidt, S M; Schulz von Dratzig, A; Schwering, G; Seo, E S; Shan, B S; Shi, J Y; Siedenburg, T; Son, D; Song, J W; Sun, W H; Tacconi, M; Tang, X W; Tang, Z C; Tao, L; Tescaro, D; Ting, Samuel C C; Ting, S M; Tomassetti, N; Torsti, J; Türkoğlu, C; Urban, T; Vagelli, V; Valente, E; Vannini, C; Valtonen, E; Vázquez Acosta, M; Vecchi, M; Velasco, M; Vialle, J P; Vitale, V; Vitillo, S; Wang, L Q; Wang, N H; Wang, Q L; Wang, X; Wang, X Q; Wang, Z X; Wei, C C; Weng, Z L; Whitman, K; Wienkenhöver, J; Willenbrock, M; Wu, H; Wu, X; Xia, X; Xiong, R Q; Xu, W; Yan, Q; Yang, J; Yang, M; Yang, Y; Yi, H; Yu, Y J; Yu, Z Q; Zeissler, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, J; Zhang, J H; Zhang, S D; Zhang, S W; Zhang, Z; Zheng, Z M; Zhu, Z Q; Zhuang, H L; Zhukov, V; Zichichi, A; Zimmermann, N; Zuccon, P

2016-08-26

A precision measurement by AMS of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in primary cosmic rays in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV is presented based on 3.49×10^{5} antiproton events and 2.42×10^{9} proton events. The fluxes and flux ratios of charged elementary particles in cosmic rays are also presented. In the absolute rigidity range ∼60 to ∼500  GV, the antiproton p[over ¯], proton p, and positron e^{+} fluxes are found to have nearly identical rigidity dependence and the electron e^{-} flux exhibits a different rigidity dependence. Below 60 GV, the (p[over ¯]/p), (p[over ¯]/e^{+}), and (p/e^{+}) flux ratios each reaches a maximum. From ∼60 to ∼500  GV, the (p[over ¯]/p), (p[over ¯]/e^{+}), and (p/e^{+}) flux ratios show no rigidity dependence. These are new observations of the properties of elementary particles in the cosmos.

Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aguilar, M.; Ali Cavasonza, L.; Alpat, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Arruda, L.; Attig, N.; Aupetit, S.; Azzarello, P.; Bachlechner, A.; Barao, F.; Barrau, A.; Barrin, L.; Bartoloni, A.; Basara, L.; Başeǧmez-du Pree, S.; Battarbee, M.; Battiston, R.; Bazo, J.; Becker, U.; Behlmann, M.; Beischer, B.; Berdugo, J.; Bertucci, B.; Bindi, V.; Boella, G.; de Boer, W.; Bollweg, K.; Bonnivard, V.; Borgia, B.; Boschini, M. J.; Bourquin, M.; Bueno, E. F.; Burger, J.; Cadoux, F.; Cai, X. D.; Capell, M.; Caroff, S.; Casaus, J.; Castellini, G.; Cernuda, I.; Cervelli, F.; Chae, M. J.; Chang, Y. H.; Chen, A. I.; Chen, G. M.; Chen, H. S.; Cheng, L.; Chou, H. Y.; Choumilov, E.; Choutko, V.; Chung, C. H.; Clark, C.; Clavero, R.; Coignet, G.; Consolandi, C.; Contin, A.; Corti, C.; Coste, B.; Creus, W.; Crispoltoni, M.; Cui, Z.; Dai, Y. M.; Delgado, C.; Della Torre, S.; Demirköz, M. B.; Derome, L.; Di Falco, S.; Dimiccoli, F.; Díaz, C.; von Doetinchem, P.; Dong, F.; Donnini, F.; Duranti, M.; D'Urso, D.; Egorov, A.; Eline, A.; Eronen, T.; Feng, J.; Fiandrini, E.; Finch, E.; Fisher, P.; Formato, V.; Galaktionov, Y.; Gallucci, G.; García, B.; García-López, R. J.; Gargiulo, C.; Gast, H.; Gebauer, I.; Gervasi, M.; Ghelfi, A.; Giovacchini, F.; Goglov, P.; Gómez-Coral, D. M.; Gong, J.; Goy, C.; Grabski, V.; Grandi, D.; Graziani, M.; Guerri, I.; Guo, K. H.; Habiby, M.; Haino, S.; Han, K. C.; He, Z. H.; Heil, M.; Hoffman, J.; Hsieh, T. H.; Huang, H.; Huang, Z. C.; Huh, C.; Incagli, M.; Ionica, M.; Jang, W. Y.; Jinchi, H.; Kang, S. C.; Kanishev, K.; Kim, G. N.; Kim, K. S.; Kirn, Th.; Konak, C.; Kounina, O.; Kounine, A.; Koutsenko, V.; Krafczyk, M. S.; La Vacca, G.; Laudi, E.; Laurenti, G.; Lazzizzera, I.; Lebedev, A.; Lee, H. T.; Lee, S. C.; Leluc, C.; Li, H. S.; Li, J. Q.; Li, J. Q.; Li, Q.; Li, T. X.; Li, W.; Li, Z. H.; Li, Z. Y.; Lim, S.; Lin, C. H.; Lipari, P.; Lippert, T.; Liu, D.; Liu, Hu; Lu, S. Q.; Lu, Y. S.; Luebelsmeyer, K.; Luo, F.; Luo, J. Z.; Lv, S. S.; Majka, R.; Mañá, C.; Marín, J.; Martin, T.; Martínez, G.; Masi, N.; Maurin, D.; Menchaca-Rocha, A.; Meng, Q.; Mo, D. C.; Morescalchi, L.; Mott, P.; Nelson, T.; Ni, J. Q.; Nikonov, N.; Nozzoli, F.; Nunes, P.; Oliva, A.; Orcinha, M.; Palmonari, F.; Palomares, C.; Paniccia, M.; Pauluzzi, M.; Pensotti, S.; Pereira, R.; Picot-Clemente, N.; Pilo, F.; Pizzolotto, C.; Plyaskin, V.; Pohl, M.; Poireau, V.; Putze, A.; Quadrani, L.; Qi, X. M.; Qin, X.; Qu, Z. Y.; Räihä, T.; Rancoita, P. G.; Rapin, D.; Ricol, J. S.; Rodríguez, I.; Rosier-Lees, S.; Rozhkov, A.; Rozza, D.; Sagdeev, R.; Sandweiss, J.; Saouter, P.; Schael, S.; Schmidt, S. M.; Schulz von Dratzig, A.; Schwering, G.; Seo, E. S.; Shan, B. S.; Shi, J. Y.; Siedenburg, T.; Son, D.; Song, J. W.; Sun, W. H.; Tacconi, M.; Tang, X. W.; Tang, Z. C.; Tao, L.; Tescaro, D.; Ting, Samuel C. C.; Ting, S. M.; Tomassetti, N.; Torsti, J.; Türkoǧlu, C.; Urban, T.; Vagelli, V.; Valente, E.; Vannini, C.; Valtonen, E.; Vázquez Acosta, M.; Vecchi, M.; Velasco, M.; Vialle, J. P.; Vitale, V.; Vitillo, S.; Wang, L. Q.; Wang, N. H.; Wang, Q. L.; Wang, X.; Wang, X. Q.; Wang, Z. X.; Wei, C. C.; Weng, Z. L.; Whitman, K.; Wienkenhöver, J.; Willenbrock, M.; Wu, H.; Wu, X.; Xia, X.; Xiong, R. Q.; Xu, W.; Yan, Q.; Yang, J.; Yang, M.; Yang, Y.; Yi, H.; Yu, Y. J.; Yu, Z. Q.; Zeissler, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J. H.; Zhang, S. D.; Zhang, S. W.; Zhang, Z.; Zheng, Z. M.; Zhu, Z. Q.; Zhuang, H. L.; Zhukov, V.; Zichichi, A.; Zimmermann, N.; Zuccon, P.; AMS Collaboration

2016-08-01

A precision measurement by AMS of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in primary cosmic rays in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV is presented based on 3.49 ×1 05 antiproton events and 2.42 ×1 09 proton events. The fluxes and flux ratios of charged elementary particles in cosmic rays are also presented. In the absolute rigidity range ˜60 to ˜500 GV , the antiproton p ¯, proton p , and positron e+ fluxes are found to have nearly identical rigidity dependence and the electron e- flux exhibits a different rigidity dependence. Below 60 GV, the (p ¯/p ), (p ¯/e+), and (p /e+) flux ratios each reaches a maximum. From ˜60 to ˜500 GV , the (p ¯/p ), (p ¯/e+), and (p /e+) flux ratios show no rigidity dependence. These are new observations of the properties of elementary particles in the cosmos.

Engineering Interfacial Processes at Mini-Micro-Nano Scales Using Sessile Droplet Architecture.

PubMed

Bansal, Lalit; Sanyal, Apratim; Kabi, Prasenjit; Pathak, Binita; Basu, Saptarshi

2018-03-01

Evaporating sessile functional droplets act as the fundamental building block that controls the cumulative outcome of many industrial and biological applications such as surface patterning, 3D printing, photonic crystals, and DNA sequencing, to name a few. Additionally, a drying single sessile droplet forms a high-throughput processing technique using low material volume which is especially suitable for medical diagnosis. A sessile droplet also provides an elementary platform to study and analyze fundamental interfacial processes at various length scales ranging from macroscopically observable wetting and evaporation to microfluidic transport to interparticle forces operating at a nanometric length scale. As an example, to ascertain the quality of 3D printing we must understand the fundamental interfacial processes at the droplet scale. In this article, we review the coupled physics of evaporation flow-contact-line-driven particle transport in sessile colloidal droplets and provide methodologies to control the same. Through natural alterations in droplet vaporization, one can change the evaporative pattern and contact line dynamics leading to internal flow which will modulate the final particle assembly in a nontrivial fashion. We further show that control over particle transport can also be exerted by external stimuli which can be thermal, mechanical oscillations, vapor confinement (walled or a fellow droplet), or chemical (surfactant-induced) in nature. For example, significant augmentation of an otherwise evaporation-driven particle transport in sessile droplets can be brought about simply through controlled interfacial oscillations. The ability to control the final morphologies by manipulating the governing interfacial mechanisms in the precursor stages of droplet drying makes it perfectly suitable for fabrication-, mixing-, and diagnostic-based applications.

Assessing Elementary Prospective Teachers' Mathematical Explanations after Engagement in Online Mentoring Modules

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wall, Jennifer; Selmer, Sarah; Bingham Brown, Amy

2016-01-01

Prospective elementary teachers at three universities engaged in online modules called the Virtual Field Experience, created by the Math Forum. The prospective teachers learned about problem solving and mentoring elementary students in composing solutions and explanations to nonroutine challenge problems. Finally, through an asynchronous online…

Mathematical Models of Elementary Mathematics Learning and Performance. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suppes, Patrick

This project was concerned with the development of mathematical models of elementary mathematics learning and performance. Probabilistic finite automata and register machines with a finite number of registers were developed as models and extensively tested with data arising from the elementary-mathematics strand curriculum developed by the…

77 FR 25470 - Final Revision to Selection Criteria-Enhanced Assessment Instruments; CFDA Number: 84.368

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

...--Enhanced Assessment Instruments; CFDA Number: 84.368 AGENCY: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Department of Education. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The Assistant Secretary for Elementary and Secondary... used by States for measuring the academic achievement of elementary and secondary school students...

CONSULT-I Reading South Avondale Elementary School Cincinnati Project. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newman, Anabel; And Others

A study examined the effectiveness of the third year of implementation of the CONSULT-I program, which uses artificial intelligence with statistical pattern recognition in constructing a diagnosis and recommending treatment of reading difficulties. Six elementary classroom teachers at South Avondale Elementary School in Cincinnati, Ohio,…

CONSULT-I Reading. South Avondale Elementary School, Cincinnati Project. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Newman, Anabel; And Others

A study examined the effectiveness of the second year of implementation of the CONSULT-I program, which uses artificial intelligence with statistical pattern recognition in constructing a diagnosis and recommending treatment of reading difficulties. Five elementary classroom teachers, two ESEA (Elementary and Secondary Education Act) teachers, and…

Particles, Feynman Diagrams and All That

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Daniel, Michael

2006-01-01

Quantum fields are introduced in order to give students an accurate qualitative understanding of the origin of Feynman diagrams as representations of particle interactions. Elementary diagrams are combined to produce diagrams representing the main features of the Standard Model.

Duality and 'particle' democracy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castellani, Elena

2017-08-01

Weak/strong duality is usually accompanied by what seems a puzzling ontological feature: the fact that under this kind of duality what is viewed as 'elementary' in one description gets mapped to what is viewed as 'composite' in the dual description. This paper investigates the meaning of this apparent 'particle democracy', as it has been called, by adopting an historical approach. The aim is to clarify the nature of the correspondence between 'dual particles' in the light of a historical analysis of the developments of the idea of weak/strong duality, starting with Dirac's electric-magnetic duality and its successive generalizations in the context of (Abelian and non-Abelian) field theory, to arrive at its first extension to string theory. This analysis is then used as evidential basis for discussing the 'elementary/composite' divide and, after taking another historical detour by analyzing an instructive analogy case (DHS duality and related nuclear democracy), drawing some conclusions on the particle-democracy issue.

Elementary particles in the early Universe

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gromov, N.A., E-mail: gromov@dm.komisc.ru

The high-temperature limit of the Standard Model generated by the contractions of gauge groups is discussed. Contraction parameters of gauge group SU(2) of the Electroweak Model and gauge group SU(3) of Quantum Chromodynamics are taken identical and tending to zero when the temperature increases. Properties of the elementary particles change drastically at the infinite temperature limit: all particles lose masses, all quarks are monochromatic. Electroweak interactions become long-range and are mediated by neutral currents. Particles of different kind do not interact. It looks like some stratification with only one sort of particles in each stratum. The Standard Model passes inmore » this limit through several stages, which are distinguished by the powers of the contraction parameter. For any stage intermediate models are constructed and the exact expressions for the respective Lagrangians are presented. The developed approach describes the evolution of the Standard Model in the early Universe from the Big Bang up to the end of several nanoseconds.« less

Current experiments in elementary particle physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wohl, C.G.; Armstrong, F.E.; Trippe, T.G.

1989-09-01

This report contains summaries of 736 current and recent experiments in elementary particle physics (experiments that finished taking data before 1982 are excluded). Included are experiments at Brookhaven, CERN, CESR, DESY, Fermilab, Tokyo Institute of Nuclear Studies, Moscow Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna), KEK, LAMPF, Novosibirsk, PSI/SIN, Saclay, Serpukhov, SLAC, and TRIUMF, and also several underground experiments. Also given are instructions for searching online the computer database (maintained under the SLAC/SPIRES system) that contains the summaries. Properties of the fixed-target beams at most of the laboratories are summarized.

Top Quark and Higgs Boson Physics at LHC-ATLAS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomoto, M.

2013-03-01

One of the main goal of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments at CERN in Switzerland is to aim to solve the "origin of the mass" by discovering the Higgs boson and understanding the interaction of the Higgs boson with the elementary particles. The ATLAS, which is one of the LHC experiments has taken about 5 fb-1 of physics quality data and published several results with regard to the "origin of the mass" since March 2010. This presentation focuses on the latest results of the heaviest elementary particle, namely, top quark physics and the Higgs boson searches from ATLAS.

Noncanonical harmonic and anharmonic oscillator in high-energy physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jannussis, A.; Vavougios, D.

1986-09-01

We study the eigenvalues of the noncanonical harmonic and anharmonic oscillator, by using different values of the elementary length l corresponding to typical cross sections for the strong interactions. There is evidence for a correlation between the energies of elementary particles (mesons, baryons, resonances) and the energy eigenvalues of the noncanonical theory.

The Particle Theory of Matter

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Widick, Paul R.

1969-01-01

Described are activities that are designed to help elementary children understand the possibility of the particle theory of matter. Children work with beads, marbles, B-B shot and sand; by mixing these materials and others they are led to see that it is highly possible for the existence of particles which are not visible. (BR)

Let's Have a Coffee with the Standard Model of Particle Physics!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Woithe, Julia; Wiener, Gerfried J.; Van der Veken, Frederik F.

2017-01-01

The Standard Model of particle physics is one of the most successful theories in physics and describes the fundamental interactions between elementary particles. It is encoded in a compact description, the so-called "Lagrangian," which even fits on t-shirts and coffee mugs. This mathematical formulation, however, is complex and only…

The notions of mass in gravitational and particle physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castellani, Gianluca

It is presently thought that the mass of all of the elementary particles is determined by the Higgs field. This scalar field couples directly into the trace of the energy momentum tensor of the elementary particles. The attraction between two or more masses arises from the exchange of gravitational quantum particles of spin 2, called gravitons. The gravitational field couples directly into the energy momentum tensor. Then there is a close connection between the Higgs field, that originates the mass, and the gravitational field that dictates how the masses interact. Our purpose in this thesis is to discuss this close connection in terms of fundamental definitions of inertial and gravitational masses. On a practical level we explore two properties of mass from the viewpoint of coupling into the Higgs field: (i) The coupling of the both the Higgs and gravity to the energy-pressure tensor allows for the decay of the Higgs particle into two gravitons. We use the self energy part of the Higgs propagator to calculate the electromagnetic, weak, fermionic and gravitational decay rate of the Higgs particle. We show that the former process appears to dominate the other decay modes. Since the gravitons are detectable with virtually zero probability, the number of Higgs particles with observable decay products will be much less than previously expected. (ii) Some new experimental results seem to indicate that the mass of the heavy elementary particles like the Z,W+,W- and especially the top quark, depends on the particle environment in which these particles are produced. The presence of a Higgs field due to neighboring particles could be responsible for induced mass shifts. Further measurements of mass shift effects might give an indirect proof of the Higgs particle. Such can be in principle done by re-analyzing some of the production data e +e- → ZZ (or W+W-) already collected at the LEP experiment. About the physical property of the top quark, it is too early to arrive at any conclusion. In the foreseeable future, there will be more extended top quark production statistics from the Tevatron accelerator so that the mass shift hypothesis can be experimentally probed.

Elementary Particles and Forces.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Quigg, Chris

1985-01-01

Discusses subatomic particles (quarks, leptons, and others) revealed by higher accelerator energies. A connection between forces at this subatomic level has been established, and prospects are good for a description of forces that encompass binding atomic nuclei. Colors, fundamental interactions, screening, camouflage, electroweak symmetry, and…

CP violations in the Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Auriemma, Giulio

2003-12-01

The origin of the asymmetry between matter and antimatter that is evident in our part of the Universe is one of the open questions in cosmology, because the CPT symmetry between matter and antimatter seems to be absolutely conserved at microscopic level. We repeat here the classical proofs which exclude the viability of a Universe baryon symmetric on the average, or the observed asymmetry as an initial conditions. The current understanding is that the asymmetry should have been dynamically generated before nucleosynthesis, by B, C, and CP violating processes, acting out of thermodynamical equilibrium, as suggested by Sakharov in the 70's. The physical realizations of these conditions would be possible, in principle, also in the framework of the Standard Model of elementary particles, but the present limits on the mass of the higgs particle exclude this possibility. Finally we present the model of baryogenesis through leptogenesis, which is allowed by a minimal extension of the Standard Model, which has the appeal of being testable in future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.

Models of baryogenesis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Auriemma, G.

2005-06-01

The origin of the asymmetry between matter and antimatter that is evident in our part of the Universe is one of the open questions in cosmology, because the CPT symmetry between matter and antimatter seems to be absolutely conserved at microscopic level. We repeat here the classical proofs which exclude the viability of a Universe baryon symmetric on the average, or the observed asymmetry as an initial condition. The current understanding is that the asymmetry should have been dynamically generated before nucleosynthesis, by B, C, and CP-violating processes, acting out of thermodynamical equilibrium, as suggested by Sakharov in the 70's. The physical realizations of these conditions would be possible, in principle, also in the framework of the Standard Model of elementary particles, but the present limits on the mass of the Higgs particle exclude this possibility. Finally we present the model of baryogenesis through leptogenesis, which is allowed by a minimal extension of the Standard Model, which has the appeal of being testable in future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.

The Model Identification Test: Perceptual Bias of Elementary School Children Using a Limited Verbal Evaluation Instrument

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McIntyre, Patrick J.

1974-01-01

Reported is a study to verify the pattern of bias associated with the Model Identification Test and to determine its source. This instrument is a limited verbal science test designed to determine the knowledge possessed by elementary school children of selected concepts related to "the particle nature of matter." (PEB)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF BASIC ATTITUDES AND VALUES TOWARDS GOVERNMENT AND CITIZENSHIP DURING THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL YEARS. FINAL REPORT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DENNIS, JACK; EASTON, DAVID

THIS IS THE FINAL REPORT OF AN EMPIRICAL INQUIRY INTO THE WHITE, URBAN, ELEMENTARY AND JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL CHILD'S PATTERNS OF POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION. THE EMPHASIS HAS BEEN ON THOSE COGNITIVE AND ATTITUDINAL ELEMENTS WHICH LATER PRODUCE DIFFUSE SUPPORT FOR THE POLITICAL SYSTEM. THE STUDY IS BASED ON THE RESPONSES OF 12,052 SECOND THROUGH EIGHTH…

Particle Diffusion in an Inhomogeneous Medium

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bringuier, E.

2011-01-01

This paper is an elementary introduction to particle diffusion in a medium where the coefficient of diffusion varies with position. The introduction is aimed at third-year university courses. We start from a simple model of particles hopping on a discrete lattice, in one or more dimensions, and then take the continuous-space limit so as to obtain…

A Plan for Improving Mathematics Instruction in California Elementary Schools. Final Report of the Mathematics Education Task Force.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoffman, Joseph R.; Tardif, Robert F.

In a project designed to improve elementary school instruction in mathematics, the California Department of Education collected achievement and profile data from 67 elementary schools. Schools were classified according to size, socioeconomic status, minority representation and mobility of students, city size, and type of community. Profile data…

The Early Elementary Attendance Project. Final Report on First Two Years.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frank, Marilyn; MacPherson, Douglas

The purpose of the Early Elementary Attendance Project was to improve school attendance in the early grades (kindergarten and first grade) in order to develop good attendance habits that would continue through the post elementary grades. A home/school worker approached families of students (N=77) with poor attendance records with a helping…

REVIEWS OF TOPICAL PROBLEMS: Contemporary status and prospects of high-energy physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okun', Lev B.

1981-05-01

A concise review of the most recent major achievements of elementary-particle physics is given. The successes and problems of gauge theories of the strong and electroweak interactions are discussed. A comparison is made of the possible alternatives in the development of physics in the transition to laboratory energies of the order of a tera-electron-volt. Models of grand unification and superunification of the various types of fundamental interactions are considered. A number of examples are used to demonstrate the connection between the properties of elementary particles and the properties of astronomical objects and of the Universe as a whole.

Final Report: High Energy Physics Program (HEP), Physics Department, Princeton University

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Callan, Curtis G.; Gubser, Steven S.; Marlow, Daniel R.

The activities of the Princeton Elementary particles group funded through Department of Energy Grant# DEFG02-91 ER40671 during the period October 1, 1991 through January 31, 2013 are summarized. These activities include experiments performed at Brookhaven National Lab; the CERN Lab in Geneva, Switzerland; Fermilab; KEK in Tsukuba City, Japan; the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center; as well as extensive experimental and the- oretical studies conducted on the campus of Princeton University. Funded senior personnel include: Curtis Callan, Stephen Gubser, Valerie Halyo, Daniel Marlow, Kirk McDonald, Pe- ter Meyers, James Olsen, Pierre Pirou e, Eric Prebys, A.J. Stewart Smith, Frank Shoemaker (deceased),more » Paul Steinhardt, David Stickland, Christopher Tully, and Liantao Wang.« less

Tensor methodology and computational geometry in direct computational experiments in fluid mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Degtyarev, Alexander; Khramushin, Vasily; Shichkina, Julia

2017-07-01

The paper considers a generalized functional and algorithmic construction of direct computational experiments in fluid dynamics. Notation of tensor mathematics is naturally embedded in the finite - element operation in the construction of numerical schemes. Large fluid particle, which have a finite size, its own weight, internal displacement and deformation is considered as an elementary computing object. Tensor representation of computational objects becomes strait linear and uniquely approximation of elementary volumes and fluid particles inside them. The proposed approach allows the use of explicit numerical scheme, which is an important condition for increasing the efficiency of the algorithms developed by numerical procedures with natural parallelism. It is shown that advantages of the proposed approach are achieved among them by considering representation of large particles of a continuous medium motion in dual coordinate systems and computing operations in the projections of these two coordinate systems with direct and inverse transformations. So new method for mathematical representation and synthesis of computational experiment based on large particle method is proposed.

Inertial mass of an elementary particle from the holographic scenario

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Giné, Jaume

2017-03-01

Various attempts have been made to fully explain the mechanism by which a body has inertial mass. Recently, it has been proposed that this mechanism is as follows: when an object accelerates in one direction, a dynamical Rindler event horizon forms in the opposite direction, suppressing Unruh radiation on that side by a Rindler-scale Casimir effect whereas the radiation on the other side is only slightly reduced by a Hubble-scale Casimir effect. This produces a net Unruh radiation pressure force that always opposes the acceleration, just like inertia, although the masses predicted are twice those expected, see Ref. 17. In a later work, an error was corrected so that its prediction improves to within 26% of the Planck mass, see Ref. 10. In this paper, the expression of the inertial mass of a elementary particle is derived from the holographic scenario giving the exact value of the mass of a Planck particle when it is applied to a Planck particle.

Can Grade-6 Students Understand Quarks? Probing Acceptance of the Subatomic Structure of Matter with 12-Year-Olds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wiener, Gerfried J.; Schmeling, Sascha M.; Hopf, Martin

2015-01-01

This study introduces a teaching concept based on the Standard Model of particle physics. It comprises two consecutive chapters--elementary particles and fundamental interactions. The rationale of this concept is that the fundamental principles of particle physics can run as the golden thread through the whole physics curriculum. The design…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Perl, M.L.

This paper is based upon lectures in which I have described and explored the ways in which experimenters can try to find answers, or at least clues toward answers, to some of the fundamental questions of elementary particle physics. All of these experimental techniques and directions have been discussed fully in other papers, for example: searches for heavy charged leptons, tests of quantum chromodynamics, searches for Higgs particles, searches for particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, searches for particles predicted by technicolor theories, searches for proton decay, searches for neutrino oscillations, monopole searches, studies of low transfer momentum hadron physics atmore » very high energies, and elementary particle studies using cosmic rays. Each of these subjects requires several lectures by itself to do justice to the large amount of experimental work and theoretical thought which has been devoted to these subjects. My approach in these tutorial lectures is to describe general ways to experiment beyond the standard model. I will use some of the topics listed to illustrate these general ways. Also, in these lectures I present some dreams and challenges about new techniques in experimental particle physics and accelerator technology, I call these Experimental Needs. 92 references.« less

The Final Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

ScienceCinema

Bellerive, Alain

2017-12-15

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) was a water Cherenkov detector dedicated to investigate elementary particles called neutrinos. It successfully took data between 1999 and 2006. The detector was unique in its use of heavy water as a detection medium, permitting it to make a solar model-independent test of solar neutrino mixing. In fact, SNO conclusively showed that solar neutrinos oscillate on their way from the core of the Sun to the Earth. This groundbreaking observation was made during three independent phases of the experiment. Even if data taking ended, SNO is still in a mode of precise determination of the solar neutrino oscillation parameters because all along SNO had developed several methods to tell charged-current events apart from neutral-current events. This ability is crucial for the final and ultimate data analysis of all the phases. The physics reach of a combined three-phase solar analysis will be reviewed together with results and subtleties about solar neutrino physics.

The Layered Structure of The Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kursunoglu, Behram N.

2003-06-01

It has now become a habit for the cosmologists to introduce attraction or repulsion generating substances to describe the observed cosmological behavior of matter. Examples are dark energy to provide repulsive force to cause increasing acceleration accompanying the expansion of the universe, quintessence providing repulsive force. In this paper we believe that what is needed in the final analysis is attraction and repulsion. We show here that universe can be conceived to consist of attractive and repulsive layers of matter expanding with increasing acceleration. The generalized theory of gravitation as developed originally by Einstein and Schrödinger as a non-symmetric theory was modified by this author using Bianchi-Einstein Identities yielding coupling between the field and electric charge as well as between the field and magnetic charge, and there appears a fundamental length parameter ro where quintessence constitute magnetic repulsive layers while dark energy and all other kinds of names invented by cosmologists refer to attractive electric layers. This layered structure of the universe resembles the layered structure of the elementary particle predicted by this theory decades ago (1, 3, and 6). This implies a layer Doughnut structure of the universe. We have therefore, obtained a unification of the structure of the universe and the structure of elementary particles. Overall the forces consist of long range attractive, long range repulsive, short-range attractive, and short-range repulsive variety. We further discovered the existence of space oscillations whose roles in the expansion of the universe with increasing acceleration and further the impact in the propagation of the gravitational waves can be expected to play a role in their observation.

A grand unified model for liganded gold clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Wen Wu; Zhu, Beien; Zeng, Xiao Cheng; Gao, Yi

2016-12-01

A grand unified model (GUM) is developed to achieve fundamental understanding of rich structures of all 71 liganded gold clusters reported to date. Inspired by the quark model by which composite particles (for example, protons and neutrons) are formed by combining three quarks (or flavours), here gold atoms are assigned three `flavours' (namely, bottom, middle and top) to represent three possible valence states. The `composite particles' in GUM are categorized into two groups: variants of triangular elementary block Au3(2e) and tetrahedral elementary block Au4(2e), all satisfying the duet rule (2e) of the valence shell, akin to the octet rule in general chemistry. The elementary blocks, when packed together, form the cores of liganded gold clusters. With the GUM, structures of 71 liganded gold clusters and their growth mechanism can be deciphered altogether. Although GUM is a predictive heuristic and may not be necessarily reflective of the actual electronic structure, several highly stable liganded gold clusters are predicted, thereby offering GUM-guided synthesis of liganded gold clusters by design.

Search for electroweak single top-quark production with the CDF II experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Richter, Svenja

2007-11-02

Understanding the world -- This aim drives humankind since the beginning of conscious thinking. Especially the nature of matter has been of major interest. Nowadays, we have a complex image of the constitution of matter. Atoms consist of electrons and nucleons. But even nucleons are not elementary. Their basic constituents are called quarks. Physicists developed a model describing the elementary components of matter as well as the forces between them: the standard model of elementary particle physics. The substructure of matter is only visible in scattering experiments. In high energy physics, these experiments are done at particle accelerators. The world'smore » highest energetic collider, the Tevatron, is hosted by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), also called Fermilab, in the vicinity of Chicago. The proton-antiproton collisions with a center-of-mass energy of {radical}s = 1.96 TeV are recorded by two multipurpose detectors, namely D0 and CDF II.« less

Theoretical Studies of Elementary Hydrocarbon Species and Their Reactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Allen, Wesley D.; Schaefer, III, Henry F.

2015-11-14

This is the final report of the theoretical studies of elementary hydrocarbon species and their reactions. Part A has a bibliography of publications supported by DOE from 2010 to 2016 and Part B goes into recent research highlights.

National Science Resources Center Project to Improve Science Teaching in Elementary Schools. Appendix C. Elementary Science Information Database

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

individual particles. They mix the powders with water and perform tests with heat, iodine, and vinegar in order to gain additional information about the...illusions ; light ; fermentation ; chromatography ; moon ; astronomy AN SCIENCE - A PROCESS APPROACH, PART G focuses on experimentation, incorporating all...skills ; flowers plants astronomy ; animals ; sensory perception ; vision ; optical illusions ; eyes ; density ; viscosity ; fermentation ; moon

An elective course to engage student pharmacists in elementary school science education.

PubMed

Woodard, Lisa J; Wilson, Judith S; Blankenship, James; Quock, Raymond M; Lindsey, Marti; Kinsler, Janni J

2011-12-15

To develop and assess the impact of an elective course (HealthWISE) on student pharmacists' skills in communication and health promotion and elementary school students' knowledge of and attitudes toward science. Three colleges and schools of pharmacy collaborated to develop a 1-credit elective course that used online and classroom teaching and learning techniques to prepare student pharmacists to teach science in elementary school classrooms. Student pharmacists delivered 6 science lessons to elementary students over the course of 2 months. In weekly journal reflections and a final paper, student pharmacists reported improved communication and health promotion skills. Elementary teachers reported they were satisfied with student pharmacists' performance in the classroom. On pretest and posttest evaluations, elementary students demonstrated increased science knowledge and enhanced enthusiasm for science following the lessons taught by student pharmacists. The HealthWISE elective course provided positive benefit for student pharmacists, elementary school teachers, and elementary students.

Relative locality and the soccer ball problem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Amelino-Camelia, Giovanni; Freidel, Laurent; Smolin, Lee

We consider the behavior of macroscopic bodies within the framework of relative locality [G. Amelino-Camelia, L. Freidel, J. Kowalski-Glikman, and L. Smolin, arXiv:1101.0931]. This is a recent proposal for Planck scale modifications of the relativistic dynamics of particles which are described as arising from deformations in the geometry of momentum space. We consider and resolve a common objection against such proposals, which is that, even if the corrections are small for elementary particles in current experiments, they are huge when applied to composite systems such as soccer balls, planets, and stars, with energies E{sub macro} much larger than M{sub P}.more » We show that this soccer ball problem does not arise within the framework of relative locality because the nonlinear effects for the dynamics of a composite system with N elementary particles appear at most of order E{sub macro}/N{center_dot}M{sub P}.« less

GEM Detector Performance Assessment in the BM@N Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kapishin, Mikhail; Karjavin, Vladimir; Kulish, Elena; Lenivenko, Vasilisa; Makankin, Alexander; Maksymchuk, Anna; Palichik, Vladimir; Vasiliev, Sergey

2018-02-01

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) chambers are developed for modern purposes in the elementary particle physics. In the BM@N experiment, a GEM system is used for the reconstruction of the trajectories of the charged particles. The investigation of GEM performance (efficiency and spatial resolution) is presented.

Integrable particle systems vs solutions to the KP and 2D Toda equations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ruijsenaars, S.N.

Starting from the relation between integrable relativistic N-particle systems with hyperbolic interactions and elementary N-soliton solutions to the KP and 2D Toda equations, we show how fusion properties of the soliton solutions are mirrored by fusion properties of the Poisson commuting particle dynamics. We also obtain previously known relations between elliptic solutions and integrable N-particle systems with elliptic interactions, without invoking finite-gap integration theory. {copyright} 1997 Academic Press, Inc.

Final Report of the Director on the Combined Second and Third Level National Defense Language Institute for Elementary and Secondary School Teachers of German Conducted by Stanford University at Bad Boll, Germany.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strothmann, F. W.; Lohnes, Walter F. W.

This is the final report on the National Defense Language Institute conducted in Germany during the summer of 1963 for elementary and secondary school teachers of German. It is recommended that the program be repeated, with certain adjustments. The Institute held second- and third-level programs. It was concluded that the participants' teaching…

The Origin of Inertia and Matter as a Superradiant Phase Transition of Quantum Vacuum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maxmilian Caligiuri, Luigi

Mass is one of the most important concepts in physics and its real understanding represents the key for the formulation of any consistent physical theory. During the past years, a very interesting model of inertial and gravitational mass as the result of the reaction interaction between the charged particles (electrons and quarks) contained in a given body and a suitable "fraction" of QED Zero Point Fields confined within an ideal resonant cavity, associated to the same body, has been proposed by Haish, Rueda and Puthoff. More recently, the author showed that this interpretation is consistent with a picture of mass (both inertial and gravitational) as the seat of ZPF standing waves whose presence reduces quantum vacuum energy density inside the resonant cavity ideally associated to the body volume. Nevertheless so far, the ultimate physical origin of such resonant cavity as well as the mechanism able to "select" the fraction of ZPF electromagnetic modes interacting within it, remained unrevealed. In this paper, basing on the framework of QED coherence in condensed matter, we'll show mass can be viewed as the result of a spontaneous superradiant phase transition of quantum vacuum giving rise to a more stable, energetically favored, oscopic quantum state characterized by an ensemble of coherence domains, "trapping" the coherent ZPF fluctuations inside a given volume just acting as a resonant cavity. Our model is then able to explain the "natural" emergence of the ideal resonant cavity speculated by Haish, Rueda and Puthoff and its defining parameters as well as the physical mechanism selecting the fraction of ZPF interacting with the body particles. Finally, a generalization of the model to explain the origin of mass of elementary particles is proposed also suggesting a new understanding of Compton's frequency and De Broglie's wavelength. Our results indicates both inertia and matter could truly originate from coherent interaction between quantum matter-wave and radiation fields condensed from quantum vacuum and also give novel and interesting insights into fundamental physical questions as, for example, the structure of elementary particles and matter stability.

The Development and Implementation of an Integrated Career-Centered Curriculum for Elementary Grades One Through Six. Final Report, Fiscal Year 1971-72.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Norean; Esposito, James

The objectives described in this report were to develop and implement an elementary school curriculum to meet students' needs and an inservice training program to show the teachers how to teach career development to the students. The six elementary schools in the Newport Independent School District are in a high poverty area with all of the…

Elementary process and meteor train spectra

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ovezgeldyev, O. G.

1987-01-01

Mechanisms of excitation of individual spectral line radiation were studied experimentally and theoretically and it was demonstrated that such processes as oxidation, resonant charge exchange, dissociative recombination and others play an important part in the chemistry of excited particles. The foundation was laid toward simulating the elementary processes of meteor physics. Having a number of advantages and possibilities, this method is sure to find a wide use in the future.

Excitation spectrum of a mixture of two Bose gases confined in a ring potential with interaction asymmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roussou, A.; Smyrnakis, J.; Magiropoulos, M.; Efremidis, N. K.; Kavoulakis, G. M.; Sandin, P.; Ögren, M.; Gulliksson, M.

2018-04-01

We study the rotational properties of a two-component Bose–Einstein condensed gas of distinguishable atoms which are confined in a ring potential using both the mean-field approximation, as well as the method of diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian. We demonstrate that the angular momentum may be given to the system either via single-particle, or ‘collective’ excitation. Furthermore, despite the complexity of this problem, under rather typical conditions the dispersion relation takes a remarkably simple and regular form. Finally, we argue that under certain conditions the dispersion relation is determined via collective excitation. The corresponding many-body state, which, in addition to the interaction energy minimizes also the kinetic energy, is dictated by elementary number theory.

Systematics of Charged Particle Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions with the PHOBOS Detector at Rhic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steinberg, Peter A.; Back, B. B.; Baker, M. D.; Barton, D. S.; Betts, R. R.; Bindel, R.; Budzanowski, A.; Busza, W.; Carroll, A.; Corbo, J.; Decowski, M. P.; Garcia, E.; George, N.; Gulbrandsen, K.; Gushue, S.; Halliwell, C.; Hamblen, J.; Henderson, C.; Hicks, D.; Hofman, D.; Hollis, R. S.; Hołyński, R.; Holzman, B.; Iordanova, A.; Johnson, E.; Kane, J.; Katzy, J.; Khan, N.; Kucewicz, W.; Kulinich, P.; Kuo, C. M.; Lin, W. T.; Manly, S.; McLeod, D.; Michałowski, J.; Mignerey, A.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Nouicer, R.; Olszewski, A.; Pak, R.; Park, I. C.; Pernegger, H.; Rafelski, M.; Rbeiz, M.; Reed, C.; Remsberg, L. P.; Reuter, M.; Roland, C.; Roland, G.; Rosenberg, L.; Sagerer, J.; Sarin, P.; Sawicki, P.; Skulski, W.; Steadman, S. G.; Steinberg, P.; Stephans, G. S. F.; Stodulski, M.; Sukhanov, A.; Tang, J.-L.; Teng, R.; Trzupek, A.; Vale, C.; van Nieuwenhuizen, G. J.; Verdier, R.; Wadsworth, B.; Wolfs, F. L. H.; Wosiek, B.; Woźniak, K.; Wuosmaa, A. H.; Wysłouch, B.

2002-03-01

The multiplicity of charged particles produced in Au+Au collisions as a function of energy, centrality, rapidity and azimuthal angle has been measured with the PHOBOS detector at RHIC. These results contribute to our understanding of the initial state of heavy ion collisions and provide a means to compare basic features of particle production in nuclear collisions with more elementary systems.

Dark matter reflection of particle symmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khlopov, Maxim Yu.

2017-05-01

In the context of the relationship between physics of cosmological dark matter and symmetry of elementary particles, a wide list of dark matter candidates is possible. New symmetries provide stability of different new particles and their combination can lead to a multicomponent dark matter. The pattern of symmetry breaking involves phase transitions in the very early Universe, extending the list of candidates by topological defects and even primordial nonlinear structures.

Martinus Veltman, the Electroweak Theory, and Elementary Particle Physics

Science.gov Websites

Particle Physics Resources with Additional Information Martinus Veltman Courtesy University of Michigan Martinus J.G. Veltman, the John D. MacArthur Professor Emeritus of Physics at the University of Michigan , was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in physics "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak

Nonthermal Supermassive Dark Matter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chung, Daniel J. H.; Kolb, Edward W.; Riotto, Antonio

1999-01-01

We discuss several cosmological production mechanisms for nonthermal supermassive dark matter and argue that dark matter may he elementary particles of mass much greater than the weak scale. Searches for dark matter should ma be limited to weakly interacting particles with mass of the order of the weak scale, but should extend into the supermassive range as well.

Measurement of top quark polarization in top-antitop lepton+jets final states at DØ

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Augsten, Kamil

This thesis presents a measurement of the top quark polarization in themore » $$t\\overline{t}$$ events produced in $$p\\overline{p}$$ collisions at $$\\sqrt{s}=1.96$$ TeV using data corresponding to 9.7 fb$$^{-1}$$ of integrated luminosity collected with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The final states used in the measurement contain one lepton and at least three jets. The polarization is measured using the angular distribution of leptons along three different axes: the beam axis, the helicity axis, and the transverse axis normal to the $$t\\overline{t}$$ production plane. This is the first measurement of top quark polarization at the Tevatron Collider in lepton+jets final states, and the first measurement of transverse polarization in $$t\\overline{t}$$ production. The polarization along the beam axis is combined with the previous result in the dilepton final states by the D0 experiment. The observed distributions are consistent with the Standard Model of nearly no polarization and no indication for beyond Standard Model physics is observed. The measurement offers legacy result from unique Tevatron Collider data and provides more information about the top quark production and decays, about the properties of the heaviest elementary particle.« less

Searching for new physics at the frontiers with lattice quantum chromodynamics.

PubMed

Van de Water, Ruth S

2012-07-01

Numerical lattice-quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulations, when combined with experimental measurements, allow the determination of fundamental parameters of the particle-physics Standard Model and enable searches for physics beyond-the-Standard Model. We present the current status of lattice-QCD weak matrix element calculations needed to obtain the elements and phase of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix and to test the Standard Model in the quark-flavor sector. We then discuss evidence that may hint at the presence of new physics beyond the Standard Model CKM framework. Finally, we discuss two opportunities where we expect lattice QCD to play a pivotal role in searching for, and possibly discovery of, new physics at upcoming high-intensity experiments: rare decays and the muon anomalous magnetic moment. The next several years may witness the discovery of new elementary particles at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The interplay between lattice QCD, high-energy experiments at the LHC, and high-intensity experiments will be needed to determine the underlying structure of whatever physics beyond-the-Standard Model is realized in nature. © 2012 New York Academy of Sciences.

An Elective Course to Engage Student Pharmacists in Elementary School Science Education

PubMed Central

Wilson, Judith S.; Blankenship, James; Quock, Raymond M.; Lindsey, Marti; Kinsler, Janni J.

2011-01-01

Objective. To develop and assess the impact of an elective course (HealthWISE) on student pharmacists’ skills in communication and health promotion and elementary school students’ knowledge of and attitudes toward science. Design. Three colleges and schools of pharmacy collaborated to develop a 1-credit elective course that used online and classroom teaching and learning techniques to prepare student pharmacists to teach science in elementary school classrooms. Student pharmacists delivered 6 science lessons to elementary students over the course of 2 months. Assessment. In weekly journal reflections and a final paper, student pharmacists reported improved communication and health promotion skills. Elementary teachers reported they were satisfied with student pharmacists’ performance in the classroom. On pretest and posttest evaluations, elementary students demonstrated increased science knowledge and enhanced enthusiasm for science following the lessons taught by student pharmacists. Conclusions. The HealthWISE elective course provided positive benefit for student pharmacists, elementary school teachers, and elementary students. PMID:22345722

Vehicular air pollution, playgrounds, and youth athletic fields.

PubMed

Rundell, Kenneth W; Caviston, Renee; Hollenbach, Amanda M; Murphy, Kerri

2006-07-01

In spite of epidemiological evidence concerning vehicular air pollution and adverse respiratory/cardiovascular health, many athletic fields and school playgrounds are adjacent to high traffic roadways and could present long-term health risks for exercising children and young adults. Particulate matter (PM(1),0.02-1.0 microm diameter) number counts were taken serially at four elementary school athletic/playground fields and at one university soccer field. Elementary school PM1 measurements were taken over 17 days; measurements at the university soccer field were taken over 62 days. The high-traffic-location elementary school field demonstrated higher 17-day [PM1] than the moderate and 2 low traffic elementary school fields (48,890 +/- 34,260, 16,730 +/- 10,550, 11,960 +/- 6680, 10,030 +/- 6280, respective mean counts; p < .05). The 62-day mean PM1 values at the university soccer field ranged from 115,000 to 134,000 particles cm(-3). Lowest mean values were recorded at measurement sites furthest from the highway (approximately 34,000 particles cm(-3)) and followed a second-order logarithmic decay (R2 = .999) with distance away from the highway. Mean NO2 and SO2 levels were below 100 ppb, mean CO was 0.33 +/- 1.87 ppm, and mean O3 was 106 +/- 47 ppb. Ozone increased with rising temperature and was highest in the warmer afternoon hours (R = .61). Although the consequence of daily recess play and athletic activities by school children and young athletes in high ambient [PM1] conditions has not yet been clearly defined, this study is a critical component to evaluating functional effects of chronic combustion-derived PM exposure on these exercising schoolchildren and young adults. Future studies should examine threshold limits and mechanistic actions of real-world particle exposure.

Exact solution for the quench dynamics of a nested integrable system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mestyán, Márton; Bertini, Bruno; Piroli, Lorenzo; Calabrese, Pasquale

2017-08-01

Integrable models provide an exact description for a wide variety of physical phenomena. For example nested integrable systems contain different species of interacting particles with a rich phenomenology in their collective behavior, which is the origin of the unconventional phenomenon of spin-charge separation. So far, however, most of the theoretical work in the study of non-equilibrium dynamics of integrable systems has focussed on models with an elementary (i.e. not nested) Bethe ansatz. In this work we explicitly investigate quantum quenches in nested integrable systems, by generalizing the application of the quench action approach. Specifically, we consider the spin-1 Lai-Sutherland model, described, in the thermodynamic limit, by the theory of two different species of Bethe-ansatz particles, each one forming an infinite number of bound states. We focus on the situation where the quench dynamics starts from a simple matrix product state for which the overlaps with the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian are known. We fully characterize the post-quench steady state and perform several consistency checks for the validity of our results. Finally, we provide predictions for the propagation of entanglement and mutual information after the quench, which can be used as signature of the quasi-particle content of the model.

"I Finally Get It!": Developing Mathematical Understanding during Teacher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holm, Jennifer; Kajander, Ann

2012-01-01

A deep conceptual understanding of elementary mathematics as appropriate for teaching is increasingly thought to be an important aspect of elementary teacher capacity. This study explores preservice teachers' initial mathematical understandings and how these understandings developed during a mathematics methods course for upper elementary…

Unitarity limits on the mass and radius of dark matter particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griest, Kim; Kamionkowski, Marc

1989-01-01

Using partial wave unitarity and the observed density of the Universe, it is show that a stable elementary particle which was once in thermal equilibrium cannot have a mass greater than 340 TeV. An extended object which was once in thermal equilibrium cannot have a radius less than 7.5 x 10(exp -7) fm. A lower limit to the relic abundance of such particles is also found.

A grand unified model for liganded gold clusters

PubMed Central

Xu, Wen Wu; Zhu, Beien; Zeng, Xiao Cheng; Gao, Yi

2016-01-01

A grand unified model (GUM) is developed to achieve fundamental understanding of rich structures of all 71 liganded gold clusters reported to date. Inspired by the quark model by which composite particles (for example, protons and neutrons) are formed by combining three quarks (or flavours), here gold atoms are assigned three ‘flavours' (namely, bottom, middle and top) to represent three possible valence states. The ‘composite particles' in GUM are categorized into two groups: variants of triangular elementary block Au3(2e) and tetrahedral elementary block Au4(2e), all satisfying the duet rule (2e) of the valence shell, akin to the octet rule in general chemistry. The elementary blocks, when packed together, form the cores of liganded gold clusters. With the GUM, structures of 71 liganded gold clusters and their growth mechanism can be deciphered altogether. Although GUM is a predictive heuristic and may not be necessarily reflective of the actual electronic structure, several highly stable liganded gold clusters are predicted, thereby offering GUM-guided synthesis of liganded gold clusters by design. PMID:27910848

Understanding the masses of elementary particles: a step towards understanding the massless photon?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greulich, K. O.

2011-09-01

A so far unnoticed simple explanation of elementary particle masses is given by m = N * melectron/α, where alpha (=1/137) is the fine structure constant. On the other hand photons can be described by two oppositely oscillating clouds of e / √α elementary charges. Such a model describes a number of features of the photon in a quantitatively correct manner. For example, the energy of the oscillating clouds is E = h ν, the spin is 1 and the spatial dimension is λ / 2 π. When the charge e / √α is assigned to the Planck mass mPl, the resulting charge density is e / (mPl√α) = 8,62 * 10-11 Cb / kg. This is identical to √ (G / ko) where G is the gravitational constant and ko the Coulomb constant. When one assigns this very small charge density to any matter, gravitation can be completely described as Coulomb interaction between such charges of the corresponding masses. Thus, there is a tight quantitative connection between the photon, nonzero rest masses and gravitation / Coulomb interaction.

The Return of the Black Box

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yayon, Malka; Scherz, Zahava

2008-01-01

"If protons, quarks, and other elementary particles are too small to be seen, how do scientists know they exist? And if these particles do exist, how can one estimate their size, structure, and or their arrangement in atoms?" These are some of the most frequently asked questions by students who study atomic theory. Atomic structure is an important…

Energy levels for Ac-212 (Actinium-212)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sukhoruchkin, S. I.; Soroko, Z. N.

This document is part of Subvolume C `Tables of Excitations of Proton- and Neutron-rich Unstable Nuclei' of Volume 19 `Nuclear States from Charged Particle Reactions' of Landolt-Börnstein - Group I `Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms'. It provides energy levels for atomic nuclei of the isotope Ac-212 (actinium, atomic number Z = 89, mass number A = 212).

Unity of elementary particles and forces in higher dimensions.

PubMed

Gogoladze, Ilia; Mimura, Yukihiro; Nandi, S

2003-10-03

The idea of unifying all the gauge and Yukawa forces as well as the gauge, Higgs, and fermionic matter particles naturally leads us to a simple gauge symmetry in higher dimensions with supersymmetry. We present a model in which, for the first time, such a unification is achieved in the framework of quantum field theory.

Donald Glaser, the Bubble Chamber, and Elementary Particles

Science.gov Websites

Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Formation of Bubbles in Liquids Physical Review, Vol. 87, Issue 4 , 665, August 15, 1952 Characteristics of Bubble Chambers Physical Review, Vol. 97, Issue 2, 474-479 Chambers Physical Review, Vol. 102, Issue 6, 1653-1658, June 15, 1956 Methods of Particle Detection for

Improving Preservice Elementary Teachers' Writing in a Science Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Everett, Susan; Luera, Gail; Otto, Charlotte

2008-01-01

The authors investigated whether a series of mini prewriting assignments linked to a formal paper describing an original research project would improve preservice elementary teachers' writing abilities in a science context. They compared 38 final reports from students who completed the prewriting assignments with 38 reports randomly selected from…

Sun Valley Elementary School Reading and Writing Assessment Project: Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zakaluk, Beverley L.

A study investigated the effectiveness of integrating computer technology (multimedia learning resources in a "virtual" classroom) with content area and reading and writing curriculum. All students in grades 2 through 5 at Sun Valley Elementary School, Canada, had their reading and writing assessed. In addition, the writing performance…

Elementary School Mathematics Priorities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, W. Stephen

2009-01-01

This article first describes some of the basic skills and knowledge that a solid elementary school mathematics foundation requires. It then elaborates on several points germane to these practices. These are then followed with a discussion and conclude with final comments and suggestions for future research. The article sets out the five…

The Relationship between Elementary Principals' Visionary Leadership and Students' Reading Performance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mora-Whitehurst, Rina

2013-01-01

This article focuses on elementary principals as instructional leaders, as well as public school initiatives and educational accountability in the United States. It presents the methodology, instrumentation, measures of academic achievement in Florida, data collection, and processing procedures. Finally, it presents data analysis, results of the…

Nutrition Education and Training Program, 1985-86. Final Evaluation Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guerrero, Frank; Hunt, Daniel M.

The New York City Board of Education's Nutrition Education and Training Program was developed and implemented to improve the quality of nutrition education in elementary schools. The project's primary objectives were to: (1) provide elementary school teachers and food service personnel with enhanced knowledge of sound nutrition; (2) provide…

The Higgs mechanism and the origin of mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Djouadi, Abdelhak

2012-06-01

The Higgs mechanism plays a key role in the physics of elementary particles: in the context of the Standard Model, the theory which describes in a unified framework the electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear interactions, it allows for the generation of particle masses while preserving the fundamental symmetries of the theory. This mechanism predicts the existence of a new type of particle, the scalar Higgs boson, with unique characteristics. The detection of this particle and the study of its fundamental properties is a major goal of high-energy particle colliders, such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider or LHC.

The Higgs Mechanism and the Orogin of Mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Djouadi, Abdelhak

The Higgs mechanism plays a key role in the physics of elementary particles: in the context of the Standard Model, the theory which, describes in a unified framework the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, it allows for the generation of particle masses while preserving the fundamental symmetries of the theory. This mechanism predicts the existence of a new type of particle, the scalar Higgs boson, with unique characteristics. The detection of this particle and the study of its fundamental properties is a major goal of high-energy particle colliders, such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider or LHC.

The Million-Body Problem: Particle Simulations in Astrophysics

ScienceCinema

Rasio, Fred

2018-05-21

Computer simulations using particles play a key role in astrophysics. They are widely used to study problems across the entire range of astrophysical scales, from the dynamics of stars, gaseous nebulae, and galaxies, to the formation of the largest-scale structures in the universe. The 'particles' can be anything from elementary particles to macroscopic fluid elements, entire stars, or even entire galaxies. Using particle simulations as a common thread, this talk will present an overview of computational astrophysics research currently done in our theory group at Northwestern. Topics will include stellar collisions and the gravothermal catastrophe in dense star clusters.

Clustering of low-valence particles: structure and kinetics.

PubMed

Markova, Olga; Alberts, Jonathan; Munro, Edwin; Lenne, Pierre-François

2014-08-01

We compute the structure and kinetics of two systems of low-valence particles with three or six freely oriented bonds in two dimensions. The structure of clusters formed by trivalent particles is complex with loops and holes, while hexavalent particles self-organize into regular and compact structures. We identify the elementary structures which compose the clusters of trivalent particles. At initial stages of clustering, the clusters of trivalent particles grow with a power-law time dependence. Yet at longer times fusion and fission of clusters equilibrates and clusters form a heterogeneous phase with polydispersed sizes. These results emphasize the role of valence in the kinetics and stability of finite-size clusters.

Lie, Santilli, and nanotechnology: From the elementary particles to the periodic table of the elements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Trell, Erik, E-mail: erik.trell@gmail.com

2014-12-10

Santilli’s revolutionary iso-, geno- and hypermathematics have provided the original straight line Lie groups and algebras with a span and coherence in all dimensions, and thus already at the infinitesimal level an extension in the Cartesian sense, allowing a continuous self-similar cyclical realization of matter from the elementary particle threshold level via the atomic to molecular and visible scale where it meets and marries with modern nanotechnology in the form of an isotropic vector matrix of space-filling octahedron-tetrahedron composition. This is distributed as an electron transition matrix with Bohr shell model stratified signature and is here directly outlining a new,more » centrally coordinated organic composition and chart of the periodic system as specifically exemplified by the noble gases.« less

Elementary wave interactions in blood flow through artery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raja Sekhar, T.; Minhajul

2017-10-01

In this paper, we consider the Riemann problem and interaction of elementary waves for the quasilinear hyperbolic system of conservation laws that arises in blood flow through arteries. We study the properties of solution involving shocks and rarefaction waves and establish the existence and uniqueness conditions. We show that the Riemann problem is solvable for arbitrary initial data under certain condition and construct the condition for no-feasible solution. Finally, we present numerical examples with different initial data and discuss all possible interactions of elementary waves.

Electroscavenging and Inferred Effects on Precipitation Efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tinsley, B. A.

2002-12-01

The evaporation of charged droplets leaves charged aerosol particles that can act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice forming nuclei. New calculations of scavenging of such charged particles by droplets have been made, that now include the effects of inertia and variable particle density, and variable cloud altitudes ranging into the stratosphere. They show that the Greenfield Gap closes for particles of low density, or for high altitude clouds, or for a few hundred elementary charges on the particles. A few tens of elementary charges on the particles gives collision efficiencies typically an order of magnitude greater than that due to phoretic forces alone. The numerical integrations show that electroscavenging of ice forming nuclei leading to contact ice nucleation is competitive with deposition ice nucleation, for cloud top temperatures in the range 0§C to -15§C and droplet size distributions extending past 10-15 mm radius. This implies that for marine stratocumulus or nimbostratus clouds with tops just below freezing temperature, where precipitation is initiated by the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process, the precipitation efficiency can be affected by the amount of charge on the ice-forming nuclei. This in turn depends on the extent of the (weak) electrification of the cloud. Similarly, electroscavenging of condensation nuclei can increase the average droplet size in successive cycles of cloud evaporation and formation, and can also affect precipitation efficiency.

From the necessary to the possible: the genesis of the spin-statistics theorem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blum, Alexander

2014-12-01

The spin-statistics theorem, which relates the intrinsic angular momentum of a single particle to the type of quantum statistics obeyed by a system of many such particles, is one of the central theorems in quantum field theory and the physics of elementary particles. It was first formulated in 1939/40 by Wolfgang Pauli and his assistant Markus Fierz. This paper discusses the developments that led up to this first formulation, starting from early attempts in the late 1920s to explain why charged matter particles obey Fermi-Dirac statistics, while photons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. It is demonstrated how several important developments paved the way from such general philosophical musings to a general (and provable) theorem, most notably the use of quantum field theory, the discovery of new elementary particles, and the generalization of the notion of spin. It is also discussed how the attempts to prove a spin-statistics connection were driven by Pauli from formal to more physical arguments, culminating in Pauli's 1940 proof. This proof was a major success for the beleaguered theory of quantum field theory and the methods Pauli employed proved essential for the renaissance of quantum field theory and the development of renormalization techniques in the late 1940s.

FINAL REPORT: GEOMETRY AND ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Singer, Isadore M.

2008-03-04

The effect on mathematics of collaborations between high-energy theoretical physics and modern mathematics has been remarkable. Mirror symmetry has revolutionized enumerative geometry, and Seiberg-Witten invariants have greatly simplified the study of four manifolds. And because of their application to string theory, physicists now need to know cohomology theory, characteristic classes, index theory, K-theory, algebraic geometry, differential geometry, and non-commutative geometry. Much more is coming. We are experiencing a deeper contact between the two sciences, which will stimulate new mathematics essential to the physicists’ quest for the unification of quantum mechanics and relativity. Our grant, supported by the Department of Energymore » for twelve years, has been instrumental in promoting an effective interaction between geometry and string theory, by supporting the Mathematical Physics seminar, postdoc research, collaborations, graduate students and several research papers.« less

BOOK REVIEW: Modern Supersymmetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kulish, Petr P.

2006-12-01

We have spent more than twenty years applying supersymmetry (SUSY) to elementary particle physics and attempting to find an experimental manifestation of this symmetry. Terning's monograph demonstrates the strong influence of SUSY on theoretical elaborations in the field of elementary particles. It gives both an overview of modern supersymmetry in elementary particle physics and calculation techniques. The author, trying to be closer to applications of SUSY in the real world of elementary particles, is also anticipating the importance of supersymmetry for rigorous study of nonperturbative phenomena in quantum field theory. In particular, he presents the `exact' SUSY β function using instanton methods, phenomena of anomalies and dualities. Supersymmetry algebra is introduced by adding two anticommuting spinor generators to Poincaré algebra and by presenting massive and massless supermultiplets of its representations. The author prefers to use mostly the component description of field contents of the theories in question rather than the superfield formalism. Such a style makes the account closer to physical chartacteristics. Relations required by SUSY among β functions of the gauge, Yukawa and quartic interactions are checked by direct calculations as well as to all orders in perturbation theory, thus demonstrating that SUSY survives quantization. A discussion is included of the hierarchy problem of different scales of weak and strong interactions and its possible solution by the minimal supersymmetric standard model. Different SUSY breaking mechanisms are presented corresponding to a realistic phenomenology. The monograph can also be considered as a guide to `duality' relations connecting different SUSY gauge theories, supergravities and superstrings. This is demonstrated referring to the particular properties and characteristics of these theories (field contents, scaling dimensions of appropriate operators etc). In particular, the last chapter deals with the AdS/CFT correspondence. The author explains clearly most of the arguments in discussions and refers for further details to original papers (with corresponding arXiv numbers), selected lists of which appear at the end of each chapter (there are more than 300 references in the book). Considered as a whole the book covers primers on quantum fields, Feynman diagrams, renormalization procedure and renormalization groups, as well as the representation theory of classical linear Lie algebras. Some necessary information on irreducible representations of su(N), so(N) and sp(2N) is given in an appendix. There are in the text short historical and biographical notes concerning those scientists who made important contributions to the subject of the monograph: S Coleman, Yu Golfand, E Witten and others. Most of the seventeen chapters contain a few exercises to check the reader's understanding of the corresponding material. This monograph will be useful for graduate students and researchers in the field of elementary particles.

Hurwitz Algebras and the Octonion Algebra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burdik, Čestmir; Catto, Sultan

2018-02-01

We explore some consequences of a theory of internal symmetries for elementary particles constructed on exceptional quantum mechanical spaces based on Jordan algebra formulation that admit exceptional groups as gauge groups.

homepage of A Ismail

Science.gov Websites

@anl.gov Ahmed Ismail Research Associate at the ANL High Energy Physics Theory Group and UIC ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS THEORY High Energy Phenomenology Updated October 2013 aismail@anl.gov

The role of multivalency in the association kinetics of patchy particle complexes.

PubMed

Newton, Arthur C; Groenewold, Jan; Kegel, Willem K; Bolhuis, Peter G

2017-06-21

Association and dissociation of particles are elementary steps in many natural and technological relevant processes. For many such processes, the presence of multiple binding sites is essential. For instance, protein complexes and regular structures such as virus shells are formed from elementary building blocks with multiple binding sites. Here we address a fundamental question concerning the role of multivalency of binding sites in the association kinetics of such complexes. Using single replica transition interface sampling simulations, we investigate the influence of the multivalency on the binding kinetics and the association mechanism of patchy particles that form polyhedral clusters. When the individual bond strength is fixed, the kinetics naturally is very dependent on the multivalency, with dissociation rate constants exponentially decreasing with the number of bonds. In contrast, we find that when the total bond energy per particle is kept constant, association and dissociation rate constants turn out rather independent of multivalency, although of course still very dependent on the total energy. The association and dissociation mechanisms, however, depend on the presence and nature of the intermediate states. For instance, pathways that visit intermediate states are less prevalent for particles with five binding sites compared to the case of particles with only three bonds. The presence of intermediate states can lead to kinetic trapping and malformed aggregates. We discuss implications for natural forming complexes such as virus shells and for the design of artificial colloidal patchy particles.

The role of multivalency in the association kinetics of patchy particle complexes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Newton, Arthur C.; Groenewold, Jan; Kegel, Willem K.; Bolhuis, Peter G.

2017-06-01

Association and dissociation of particles are elementary steps in many natural and technological relevant processes. For many such processes, the presence of multiple binding sites is essential. For instance, protein complexes and regular structures such as virus shells are formed from elementary building blocks with multiple binding sites. Here we address a fundamental question concerning the role of multivalency of binding sites in the association kinetics of such complexes. Using single replica transition interface sampling simulations, we investigate the influence of the multivalency on the binding kinetics and the association mechanism of patchy particles that form polyhedral clusters. When the individual bond strength is fixed, the kinetics naturally is very dependent on the multivalency, with dissociation rate constants exponentially decreasing with the number of bonds. In contrast, we find that when the total bond energy per particle is kept constant, association and dissociation rate constants turn out rather independent of multivalency, although of course still very dependent on the total energy. The association and dissociation mechanisms, however, depend on the presence and nature of the intermediate states. For instance, pathways that visit intermediate states are less prevalent for particles with five binding sites compared to the case of particles with only three bonds. The presence of intermediate states can lead to kinetic trapping and malformed aggregates. We discuss implications for natural forming complexes such as virus shells and for the design of artificial colloidal patchy particles.

A Trial of PBL Education with Emphasis on Improving Practical Competence of Engineering Students-A Trial Connected with the Support for Science Education in Elementary School

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsutsumi, Hirotaka; Nikkuni, Hiroyuki; Kitakoshi, Daisuke; Yasuda, Toshitaka; Kikuchi, Akira; Mitani, Tomoyo

Recently Colleges of technology as well as universities have some experience-oriented classes in sciences for elementary school students. These have proved to be successful as good motivation for students in the primary education to be engineers. This research has tried the PBL education, which combined the Support of Science Education in Elementary School and the improvement of students‧ practical competence in their careers. The support of science education in elementary school was carried out by using LEGO blocks, widely utilized in the educational researches of robots, and was conducted in the practical class with the autonomous robots. Finally, the method for the class was evaluated by the elementary school students on the basis of the questionnaire.

Enhancing Teacher Performance in Spanish Elementary Classes. Volume Two: Translated Units. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johansen, Barry-Craig P.; And Others

Spanish translations of 19 of the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Public Schools' elementary school science units are presented. The materials were translated for use in a partial immersion program. Unit topics include, among others: magnets, organisms (grade 1), seeds and plants (grade 1), butterflies (grade 2), electricity (grade 3), the food chain…

Lincoln Career Education Project. Final Report. Book 2. Elementary Learning Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lincoln Public Schools, NE.

Curriculum materials from the Lincoln Career Education Project, Nebraska, are presented for career education learning activities at the elementary level. The guide contains complete materials for 12 learning center units infusing career education as well as personal/social growth and cultural awareness in some. Units are organized under the…

Final Technical Report on the Institute for Oral Language Programs for the Elementary School.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ince, Robert L.

This document is a complete evaluation of a National Defense Education Act (NDEA) University of Illinois Summer Institute for Advanced Study in Oral Language Programs for Elementary Schools. The institute was designed to help teachers understand and implement fully detailed programs for oral communication instruction in self-contained elementary…

Psychological Tests Which Might be More Culturally Fair for Elementary School Age Children in Appalachia. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phelps, William R.

This report lists various factors of psychological testing which might be more relevant and appropriate for elementary school age children in such areas as Appalachia. The areas covered are group individual testing, individual intelligence testing, achievement testing, special clinical testing, social maturity, and personality evaluation…

Conservation Education Improvement. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Diem, Kenneth L.; Hennebry, Howard M.

In an attempt to improve the teaching of conservation in elementary and junior high schools, a set of integrated sequential core units was formulated and tested in five Wyoming school districts during the fall and early winter of 1968. Based on a total sample of 840 elementary students (38% usable response) and 960 junior high students (49% usable…

Review of the Elementary Particles Physics in the External Electromagnetic Fields Studies at KEK

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Konstantinova, O. Tanaka

2017-03-01

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK [1]) is a world class accelerator-based research laboratory. The field of its scientific interests spreads widely from the study of fundamental properties of matter, particle physics, nuclear physics to materials science, life science, technical researches, and industrial applications. Research outcomes from the laboratory achieved making use of high-energy particle beams and synchrotron radiation. Two synchrotron facilities of KEK, the Photon Factory (PF) ring and the Photon Factory Advanced Ring (PF-AR) are the second biggest synchrotron light source in Japan. A very wide range of the radiated light, from visible light to X-ray, is provided for a variety of materials science, biology, and life science [2]. KEK strives to work closely with national and international research institutions, promoting collaborative research activities. Advanced research and facilities provision are key factors to be at the frontier of the accelerator science. In this review I am going to discuss KEK overall accelerator-based science, and to consider light sources research and development. The state of arts of the current projects with respect to the elementary particles physics in the external electromagnetic fields is also stressed here.

Committor of elementary reactions on multistate systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Király, Péter; Kiss, Dóra Judit; Tóth, Gergely

2018-04-01

In our study, we extend the committor concept on multi-minima systems, where more than one reaction may proceed, but the feasible data evaluation needs the projection onto partial reactions. The elementary reaction committor and the corresponding probability density of the reactive trajectories are defined and calculated on a three-hole two-dimensional model system explored by single-particle Langevin dynamics. We propose a method to visualize more elementary reaction committor functions or probability densities of reactive trajectories on a single plot that helps to identify the most important reaction channels and the nonreactive domains simultaneously. We suggest a weighting for the energy-committor plots that correctly shows the limits of both the minimal energy path and the average energy concepts. The methods also performed well on the analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories of 2-chlorobutane, where an elementary reaction committor, the probability densities, the potential energy/committor, and the free-energy/committor curves are presented.

Elementary Particle Spectroscopy in Regular Solid Rewrite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Trell, Erik

The Nilpotent Universal Computer Rewrite System (NUCRS) has operationalized the radical ontological dilemma of Nothing at All versus Anything at All down to the ground recursive syntax and principal mathematical realisation of this categorical dichotomy as such and so governing all its sui generis modalities, leading to fulfilment of their individual terms and compass when the respective choice sequence operations are brought to closure. Focussing on the general grammar, NUCRS by pure logic and its algebraic notations hence bootstraps Quantum Mechanics, aware that it ''is the likely keystone of a fundamental computational foundation'' also for e.g. physics, molecular biology andmore » neuroscience. The present work deals with classical geometry where morphology is the modality, and ventures that the ancient regular solids are its specific rewrite system, in effect extensively anticipating the detailed elementary particle spectroscopy, and further on to essential structures at large both over the inorganic and organic realms. The geodetic antipode to Nothing is extension, with natural eigenvector the endless straight line which when deployed according to the NUCRS as well as Plotelemeian topographic prescriptions forms a real three-dimensional eigenspace with cubical eigenelements where observed quark-skewed quantum-chromodynamical particle events self-generate as an Aristotelean phase transition between the straight and round extremes of absolute endlessness under the symmetry- and gauge-preserving, canonical coset decomposition SO(3)xO(5) of Lie algebra SU(3). The cubical eigen-space and eigen-elements are the parental state and frame, and the other solids are a range of transition matrix elements and portions adapting to the spherical root vector symmetries and so reproducibly reproducing the elementary particle spectroscopy, including a modular, truncated octahedron nano-composition of the Electron which piecemeal enter into molecular structures or compressed to each other fuse into atomic honeycombs of periodic table signature.« less

Advanced Concepts in Quantum Mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Esposito, Giampiero; Marmo, Giuseppe; Miele, Gennaro; Sudarshan, George

2014-11-01

Preface; 1. Introduction: the need for a quantum theory; 2. Experimental foundations of quantum theory; 3. Waves and particles; 4. Schrödinger picture, Heisenberg picture and probabilistic aspects; 5. Integrating the equations of motion; 6. Elementary applications: 1-dimensional problems; 7. Elementary applications: multidimensional problems; 8. Coherent states and related formalism; 9. Introduction to spin; 10. Symmetries in quantum mechanics; 11. Approximation methods; 12. Modern pictures of quantum mechanics; 13. Formulations of quantum mechanics and their physical implications; 14. Exam problems; Glossary of geometric concepts; References; Index.

The Higgs Boson.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Veltman, Martinus J. G.

1986-01-01

Reports recent findings related to the particle Higgs boson and examines its possible contribution to the standard mode of elementary processes. Critically explores the strengths and uncertainties of the Higgs boson and proposed Higgs field. (ML)

The Handedness of the Universe.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hegstrom, Roger A.; Kondepudi, Dilip K.

1990-01-01

Discusses how handedness at one level may give rise to handedness at another. Presents examples from plants and animals, molecules, atoms, to elementary particles. Examines the chiral symmetry in life and when it starts. (YP)

Theory of type 3b solar radio bursts. [plasma interaction and electron beams

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, R. A.; Delanoee, J.

1975-01-01

During the initial space-time evolution of an electron beam injected into the corona, the strong beam-plasma interaction occurs at the head of the beam, leading to the amplification of a quasi-monochromatic large-amplitude plasma wave that stabilizes by trapping the beam particles. Oscillation of the trapped particles in the wave troughs amplifies sideband electrostatic waves. The sidebands and the main wave subsequently decay to observable transverse electromagnetic waves through the parametric decay instability. This process gives rise to the elementary striation bursts. Owing to velocity dispersion in the beam and the density gradient of the corona, the entire process may repeat at a finite number of discrete plasma levels, producing chains of elementary bursts. All the properties of the type IIIb bursts are accounted for in the context of the theory.

An elementary singularity-free Rotational Brownian Dynamics algorithm for anisotropic particles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ilie, Ioana M.; Briels, Wim J.; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede

2015-03-21

Brownian Dynamics is the designated technique to simulate the collective dynamics of colloidal particles suspended in a solution, e.g., the self-assembly of patchy particles. Simulating the rotational dynamics of anisotropic particles by a first-order Langevin equation, however, gives rise to a number of complications, ranging from singularities when using a set of three rotational coordinates to subtle metric and drift corrections. Here, we derive and numerically validate a quaternion-based Rotational Brownian Dynamics algorithm that handles these complications in a simple and elegant way. The extension to hydrodynamic interactions is also discussed.

Let’s have a coffee with the Standard Model of particle physics!

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woithe, Julia; Wiener, Gerfried J.; Van der Veken, Frederik F.

2017-05-01

The Standard Model of particle physics is one of the most successful theories in physics and describes the fundamental interactions between elementary particles. It is encoded in a compact description, the so-called ‘Lagrangian’, which even fits on t-shirts and coffee mugs. This mathematical formulation, however, is complex and only rarely makes it into the physics classroom. Therefore, to support high school teachers in their challenging endeavour of introducing particle physics in the classroom, we provide a qualitative explanation of the terms of the Lagrangian and discuss their interpretation based on associated Feynman diagrams.

Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Adsorptive Media U.S. EPA Demonstration Project at Richmond Elementary School in Susanville, CA Final Performance Evaluation Report

EPA Science Inventory

This report documents the activities performed and the results obtained for the arsenic removal treatment technology demonstration project at Richmond Elementary School in Susanville, CA. The objectives of the project were to evaluate: (1) the effectiveness of an Aquatic Treatme...

Testing Enhances Subsequent Learning in Older but Not in Younger Elementary School Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aslan, Alp; Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T.

2016-01-01

In adults, testing can enhance subsequent learning by reducing interference from the tested information. Here, we examined this forward effect of testing in children. Younger and older elementary school children and adult controls studied four lists of items in anticipation of a final cumulative recall test. Following presentation of each of the…

The Diagnosis and Remediation of Mathematical Skills for Prospective Elementary School Teachers. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schwartz, Lita L.; And Others

Investigated was the development of a diagnostic and individualized remedial program for prospective elementary teachers in the area of mathematical skills. Subjects were 120 students in the pre-methods course on number systems during the Winter and Spring 1971 terms at the Ogontz Campus, Pennsylvania State University. All subjects were given a…

Multi-Jurisdictional Behaviorally-Based In-Service Program for Elementary School Teachers in Mathematics. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maryland Univ., College Park.

A project was designed to develop and validate a model for inservice education which could reach a large number of elementary school teachers. The thesis explored was whether this research, development, dissemination, and implementation could be effectively accomplished through the pooled competencies of a university-based staff, a state education…

Developing Specialized Programs for Singing in the Elementary School. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gould, A. Oren

The objectives of this research into ways of helping children who have difficulty finding and using their singing voices were (1) to make an intensive study of singing difficulties of elementary-school children, (2) to discover, observe, and analyze successful techniques and materials for use with children who have not learned to "carry a tune,"…

The Role of Emotional Stability and Competence in Young Adolescents' Career Judgments

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bubic, Andreja; Ivaniševic, Karmen

2016-01-01

A transition from elementary to high school represents a very profound change and a potential source of stress, as it often requires young adolescents to make significant professional decisions. This topic was the focus of the present study in which 303 Croatian students attending their final year of elementary school completed measures of career…

Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Iron Removal - U.S. EPA Demonstration Project at Northeastern Elementary School in Fountain City, IN - Final Performance Evaluation Report

EPA Science Inventory

This report documents the activities performed and the results obtained from the arsenic removal treatment technology demonstration project at Northeastern Elementary School in Fountain City, IN. The main objective of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness of US Water Sys...

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CERTAIN TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS AND ACHIEVEMENT AND CREATIVITY OF GIFTED ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. FINAL REPORT SUMMARY.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MCNARY, SHIRLEY R.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER CHARACTERISTICS AND THE DEGREE OF CHANGE SHOWN BY GIFTED ELEMENTARY PUPILS IN CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT THINKING AREAS WAS INVESTIGATED. CHARACTERISTICS WERE ASSESSED BY MEASURES OF INTELLIGENCE, PERSONALITY FACTORS, AND A PERSONAL INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE. SIX PRE- AND POST-TESTS OF CONVERGENT AND 4 TESTS OF…

The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Two Types of Simulation as Functions of Level of Elementary Education Training. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Girod, Gerald R.

An experiment was performed to determine the efficiency of simulation teaching techniques in training elementary education teachers to identify and correct classroom management problems. The two presentation modes compared were film and audiotape. Twelve hypotheses were tested via analysis of variance to determine the relative efficiency of these…

Final Report of the Project "T & N Bucks." 1979-80.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Old Bridge Township Board of Education, NJ.

During the 1979-80 school year, the Old Bridge Township School District promoted and implemented a career education program. Its chief aim was to expand career education from the middle school into the elementary and special education divisions. The project was used as a vehicle to enhance career education, expand and involve elementary teachers,…

Correlation energy for elementary bosons: Physics of the singularity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shiau, Shiue-Yuan, E-mail: syshiau@mail.ncku.edu.tw; Combescot, Monique; Chang, Yia-Chung, E-mail: yiachang@gate.sinica.edu.tw

2016-04-15

We propose a compact perturbative approach that reveals the physical origin of the singularity occurring in the density dependence of correlation energy: like fermions, elementary bosons have a singular correlation energy which comes from the accumulation, through Feynman “bubble” diagrams, of the same non-zero momentum transfer excitations from the free particle ground state, that is, the Fermi sea for fermions and the Bose–Einstein condensate for bosons. This understanding paves the way toward deriving the correlation energy of composite bosons like atomic dimers and semiconductor excitons, by suggesting Shiva diagrams that have similarity with Feynman “bubble” diagrams, the previous elementary bosonmore » approaches, which hide this physics, being inappropriate to do so.« less

Properties of the Top Quark

DOE PAGES

Déliot, Frédéric; Hadley, Nicholas; Parke, Stephen; ...

2014-10-19

We report that the top quark is the heaviest known elementary particle, and it is often seen as a window to search for new physics processes in particle physics. A large program to study the top-quark properties has been performed both at the Tevatron and LHC colliders by the D0, CDF, ATLAS and CMS experiments. The most recent results are discussed here in this article.

Properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements for particle detectors in high-energy physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saviano, G.; Ferrini, M.; Benussi, L.; Bianco, S.; Piccolo, D.; Colafranceschi, S.; KjØlbro, J.; Sharma, A.; Yang, D.; Chen, G.; Ban, Y.; Li, Q.; Grassini, S.; Parvis, M.

2018-03-01

Gas detectors for elementary particles require F-based gases for optimal performance. Recent regulations demand the use of environmentally unfriendly F-based gases to be limited or banned. This work studies properties of potential eco-friendly gas replacements by computing the physical and chemical parameters relevant for use as detector media, and suggests candidates to be considered for experimental investigation.

THE USE OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC MECHANICAL MODELS IN TEACHING ASPECTS OF THE THEORETICAL CONCEPT, THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

PELLA, MILTON O.; ZIEGLER, ROBERT E.

THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TWO TYPES OF MECHANICAL MODELS FOR TEACHING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS TO USE THE PARTICLE IDEA OF MATTER TO EXPLAIN CERTAIN PHYSICAL PHENOMENA WAS INVESTIGATED. SUBJECTS WERE RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM STUDENTS ENROLLED IN GRADES TWO THROUGH SIX IN A SCHOOL SYSTEM. A SERIES OF DEMONSTRATIONS AND RELATED QUESTIONS WERE…

Spinor Structure and Internal Symmetries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varlamov, V. V.

2015-10-01

Spinor structure and internal symmetries are considered within one theoretical framework based on the generalized spin and abstract Hilbert space. Complex momentum is understood as a generating kernel of the underlying spinor structure. It is shown that tensor products of biquaternion algebras are associated with the each irreducible representation of the Lorentz group. Space-time discrete symmetries P, T and their combination PT are generated by the fundamental automorphisms of this algebraic background (Clifford algebras). Charge conjugation C is presented by a pseudoautomorphism of the complex Clifford algebra. This description of the operation C allows one to distinguish charged and neutral particles including particle-antiparticle interchange and truly neutral particles. Spin and charge multiplets, based on the interlocking representations of the Lorentz group, are introduced. A central point of the work is a correspondence between Wigner definition of elementary particle as an irreducible representation of the Poincaré group and SU(3)-description (quark scheme) of the particle as a vector of the supermultiplet (irreducible representation of SU(3)). This correspondence is realized on the ground of a spin-charge Hilbert space. Basic hadron supermultiplets of SU(3)-theory (baryon octet and two meson octets) are studied in this framework. It is shown that quark phenomenologies are naturally incorporated into presented scheme. The relationship between mass and spin is established. The introduced spin-mass formula and its combination with Gell-Mann-Okubo mass formula allows one to take a new look at the problem of mass spectrum of elementary particles.

Gauge Bosons--The Ties That Bind.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hill, Christopher T.

1982-01-01

Discusses four basic forces/interactions in nature (strong force, weak force, electromagnetic force and gravity), associated with elementary particles. Focuses on "gauge bosons" (for example, photons), thought to account for strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces. (Author/JN)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levay, Peter; Nagy, Szilvia; Pipek, Janos

An elementary formula for the von Neumann and Renyi entropies describing quantum correlations in two-fermionic systems having four single-particle states is presented. An interesting geometric structure of fermionic entanglement is revealed. A connection with the generalized Pauli principle is established.

The Quark's Model and Confinement

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Novozhilov, Yuri V.

1977-01-01

Quarks are elementary particles considered to be components of the proton, the neutron, and others. This article presents the quark model as a mathematical concept. Also discussed are gluons and bag models. A bibliography is included. (MA)

The top quark, 20 years after its discovery

DOE PAGES

Denisov, Dmitri; Vellidis, Costas

2015-04-01

In this article, the heaviest of nature’s elementary particles plays an outsized role in many fundamental processes. But because the top quark is so massive, it eluded experimental detection for nearly two decades.

Tendency to occupy a statistically dominant spatial state of the flow as a driving force for turbulent transition.

PubMed

Chekmarev, Sergei F

2013-03-01

The transition from laminar to turbulent fluid motion occurring at large Reynolds numbers is generally associated with the instability of the laminar flow. On the other hand, since the turbulent flow characteristically appears in the form of spatially localized structures (e.g., eddies) filling the flow field, a tendency to occupy such a structured state of the flow cannot be ruled out as a driving force for turbulent transition. To examine this possibility, we propose a simple analytical model that treats the flow as a collection of localized spatial structures, each of which consists of elementary cells in which the behavior of the particles (atoms or molecules) is uncorrelated. This allows us to introduce the Reynolds number, associating it with the ratio between the total phase volume for the system and that for the elementary cell. Using the principle of maximum entropy to calculate the most probable size distribution of the localized structures, we show that as the Reynolds number increases, the elementary cells group into the localized structures, which successfully explains turbulent transition and some other general properties of turbulent flows. An important feature of the present model is that a bridge between the spatial-statistical description of the flow and hydrodynamic equations is established. We show that the basic assumptions underlying the model, i.e., that the particles are indistinguishable and elementary volumes of phase space exist in which the state of the particles is uncertain, are involved in the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation. Taking into account that the model captures essential features of turbulent flows, this suggests that the driving force for the turbulent transition is basically the same as in the present model, i.e., the tendency of the system to occupy a statistically dominant state plays a key role. The instability of the flow at high Reynolds numbers can then be a mechanism to initiate structural rearrangement of the flow to find this state.

Neutrino Emission from Supernovae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Janka, Hans-Thomas

Supernovae are the most powerful cosmic sources of MeV neutrinos. These elementary particles play a crucial role when the evolution of a massive star is terminated by the collapse of its core to a neutron star or a black hole and the star explodes as supernova. The release of electron neutrinos, which are abundantly produced by electron captures, accelerates the catastrophic infall and causes a gradual neutronization of the stellar plasma by converting protons to neutrons as dominant constituents of neutron star matter. The emission of neutrinos and antineutrinos of all flavors carries away the gravitational binding energy of the compact remnant and drives its evolution from the hot initial to the cold final state. The absorption of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos in the surroundings of the newly formed neutron star can power the supernova explosion and determines the conditions in the innermost supernova ejecta, making them an interesting site for the nucleosynthesis of iron-group elements and trans-iron nuclei.

A Research Study to Determine the Effects of Early Keyboard Use upon Student Development in Occupational Keyboarding. Final Report of Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warwood, Byrdeen; And Others

Before students can use microcomputers effectively, they need keyboarding skills. A project was conducted in Montana to teach keyboarding to fourth-grade children using computer-assisted instruction. Two fourth-grade classes at Hawthorne Elementary School, Bozeman, Montana, participated in an 8-week, 32-session elementary keyboarding pilot…

Survey of Indoor Radon Concentrations in California Elementary Schools. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhou, Joey Y.; Liu, Kai-Shen; Waldman, Jed

This paper reports on the concentrations of radon found within a sample of 378 elementary schools in California. Long-term alpha-track radon detectors were placed in 6,485 classrooms within participating schools to detect radon levels for between 220 to 366 days. Only classrooms were tested. Results show that about 5.6 percent of the schools…

Long Term Effects of an Affective-Social Educational Program upon Elementary School Age Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stilwell, William E.

The paper contrasts an affective education program with a traditional education program in a school district in Kentucky. Over 200 elementary students participated in affective activities in three 30-minute sessions per week during a 12-week pilot phase and a two-year study phase. For final data analysis, children were placed in groups labeled…

Becoming Teachers: Examining How Preservice Elementary Teachers Use Language to Construct Professional Identities, Learn within Relationships, and Take Risks in the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ticknor, Anne Swenson

2010-01-01

This longitudinal qualitative study examined how four preservice elementary teachers used language to construct professional identities, learn within relationships, and take risks in the classroom during their final three semesters in teacher education coursework and field experiences. My female participants were former students of mine in the…

A Study of Late Funding of Elementary and Secondary Education Programs. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., Washington, DC.

This publication presents findings of a nationwide study of the impact of late or uncertain funding on elementary secondary educational programs funded by the U.S. Office of Education (USOE). Emphasis of the report is on detailed documentation of the problems created by current funding flow patterns to state and local education agencies. In phase…

Evaluation of a Teacher Technology Training Program for Elementary Teachers in a Private School Setting: An Action-Oriented Dissertation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bankirer, Nathaniel

2018-01-01

While teachers recognize the importance of technology integration into the classroom, they require training, support, and resources to do so effectively. This action research dissertation focuses on the resources necessary to provide teacher technology training at a private elementary school. It reports on the final evaluation stage of the…

Summary of a Competency Based, Field Centered, Systems Approach to Elementary Teacher Education. Summary of the Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Northwest Regional Educational Lab., Portland, OR.

A competency-based, field-centered systems approach to elementary school teacher education was designed to bring about specified, measurable outcomes, to have evidence of its effectiveness continually available, and to be adaptive in the light of that evidence. The model was separated into two interdependent parts, the instructional model and the…

Timonium Elementary School Solar Energy Heating and Cooling Augmentation Experiment. Final Engineering Report. Executive Summary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

AAI Corp., Baltimore, MD.

This report covers a two-year and seven-month solar space heating and cooling experiment conducted at the Timonium Elementary School, Timonium, Maryland. The system was designed to provide a minimum of 50 percent of the energy required during the heating season and to determine the feasibility of using solar energy to power absorption-type…

Wisconsin Elementary Teacher Education Project. Volume VI, Feasibility Study: Pricing and Economic Analysis Study. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wisconsin Univ., Madison.

This document is the second volume of the feasibility study report for the Wisconsin Elementary Teacher Education Project. It provides in part 1 data on program, planning and budgeting, including cost figures for preparing students in the present and new programs, marginal expenses, and costs for implementing the program on other campuses. Part 2…

Building Community from Diversity: Connecting Students to Their Learning Environments. An Anthology of Classroom Projects Undertaken for the Kellogg Beacon Grant. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mahony, Elizabeth M., Ed.; And Others

This five-part anthology presents descriptions of 22 classroom projects undertaken by a consortium of Missouri community colleges and elementary and secondary schools, directed by St. Louis Community College. The collection comprises the following articles: "Views of an Elementary Teacher" (Susan Biffignani); "Writing To Learn and…

Written narrative practices in elementary school students.

PubMed

Romano-Soares, Soraia; Soares, Aparecido José Couto; Cárnio, Maria Silvia

2010-01-01

Promotion of a written narratives production program in the third grade of an Elementary School. To analyze two written narrative practice proposals in order to verify which resources are more efficient in benefitting the textual productions of third grade Elementary School students. Sixty students were selected from two third grade groups of a public Elementary School in São Paulo (Brazil). For the analysis, students were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B). Fourteen children's storybooks were used. In Group A, the story was orally told by the researchers in a colloquial manner, keeping the narrator role and the original structure proposed by the author. In Group B, the story was fully read. The book was projected onto a screen and read aloud so the students could follow the reading and observe the corresponding illustrations. Voice changing resources in the characters' dialogues were used. In the overall comparison, statistically significant results were found for moment (initial and final assessments) and for interaction between groups. It was observed that both groups presented substantial development from initial to final assessment. The Written Narratives Promotion Program based on the shared reading of children's storybooks constituted a more effective strategy than telling the stories using a single reader.

Gauge Invariance and the Goldstone Theorem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guralnik, Gerald S.

This paper was originally created for and printed in the "Proceedings of seminar on unified theories of elementary particles" held in Feldafing, Germany from July 5 to 16, 1965 under the auspices of the Max-Planck-Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in Munich. It details and expands upon the 1964 Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble paper demonstrating that the Goldstone theorem does not require physical zero mass particles in gauge theories.

Current status of direct dark matter detection experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jianglai; Chen, Xun; Ji, Xiangdong

2017-03-01

Much like ordinary matter, dark matter might consist of elementary particles, and weakly interacting massive particles are one of the prime suspects. During the past decade, the sensitivity of experiments trying to directly detect them has improved by three to four orders of magnitude, but solid evidence for their existence is yet to come. We overview the recent progress in direct dark matter detection experiments and discuss future directions.

A pedagogical derivation of the matrix element method in particle physics data analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sumowidagdo, Suharyo

2018-03-01

The matrix element method provides a direct connection between the underlying theory of particle physics processes and detector-level physical observables. I am presenting a pedagogically-oriented derivation of the matrix element method, drawing from elementary concepts in probability theory, statistics, and the process of experimental measurements. The level of treatment should be suitable for beginning research student in phenomenology and experimental high energy physics.

From lepton protoplasm to the genesis of hadrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eliseev, S. M.; Kosmachev, O. S.

2016-01-01

Theory of matter under extreme conditions opens a new stage in particle physics. It is necessary here to combine Dirac's elementary particle physics with Prigogine's dynamics of nonequilibrium systems. In the article we discuss the problem of the hierarchy of complexity. What can be considered as the lowest level of the organization of extreme matter on the basis of which the self-organization of the complex form occur?

Time reversibility in the quantum frame

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Masot-Conde, Fátima

2014-12-04

Classic Mechanics and Electromagnetism, conventionally taken as time-reversible, share the same concept of motion (either of mass or charge) as the basis of the time reversibility in their own fields. This paper focuses on the relationship between mobile geometry and motion reversibility. The goal is to extrapolate the conclusions to the quantum frame, where matter and radiation behave just as elementary mobiles. The possibility that the asymmetry of Time (Time’s arrow) is an effect of a fundamental quantum asymmetry of elementary particles, turns out to be a consequence of the discussion.

Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, F. C. (Compiler)

1986-01-01

Invited talks, rapporteur talks, and highlight talks are included. Topics of the invited and highlight talks include astrophysical jets, gamma-ray line astronomy, cosmic rays and gamma rays in astrophysics, the early universe, elementary particle physics, solar flares and acceleration of energetic particles, cosmogenic nuclei, extragalactic astronomy, composition of solar flare particles, very high energy gamma ray sources, gamma-ray bursts, shock acceleration in the solar wind, cosmic rays in deep underground detectors, spectrum of cosmic rays at 10 to the 19th power eV, and nucleus-nucleus interactions.

The Model Identification Test: A Limited Verbal Science Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McIntyre, P. J.

1972-01-01

Describes the production of a test with a low verbal load for use with elementary school science students. Animated films were used to present appropriate and inappropriate models of the behavior of particles of matter. (AL)

ELECTRON AS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTARY PARTICLE. PART I

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kakinuma, U.

1962-12-01

Elementary particles may be nothing but an electron existing under a certain condition, or a group of electrons that are formed to a certain combined state. Therefore, the knowledge of the electron structure is the starting point of our investigation about matter. To obtain the structure, the electron in an absolutely statical state is considered first and is studied by use of the gage- transformation defined in a modified way. This leads to the discovery oi a revised expression for the electromagnetic energy-tensor inside the electron as well as the wave equation for the electron formally similar to the Schrodingermore » equation for the hydrogen atom. However, our wave equation is interpreted as indicating the mode of energy distribution in the electron. To linearize the wave equation, a complex Riemannian geometry has been developed with results promising to be serviceable for further studies. (auth)« less

Goldstone mode and pair-breaking excitations in atomic Fermi superfluids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoinka, Sascha; Dyke, Paul; Lingham, Marcus G.; Kinnunen, Jami J.; Bruun, Georg M.; Vale, Chris J.

2017-10-01

Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a central paradigm of elementary particle physics, magnetism, superfluidity and superconductivity. According to Goldstone's theorem, phase transitions that break continuous symmetries lead to the existence of gapless excitations in the long-wavelength limit. These Goldstone modes can become the dominant low-energy excitation, showing that symmetry breaking has a profound impact on the physical properties of matter. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the elementary excitations in a homogeneous strongly interacting Fermi gas through the crossover from a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superfluid to a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of molecules using two-photon Bragg spectroscopy. The spectra exhibit a discrete Goldstone mode, associated with the broken-symmetry superfluid phase, as well as pair-breaking single-particle excitations. Our techniques yield a direct determination of the superfluid pairing gap and speed of sound in close agreement with strong-coupling theories.

Use of agar agar stabilized milled zero-valent iron particles for in situ groundwater remediation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmid, Doris; Velimirović, Milica; Wagner, Stephan; Micić Batka, Vesna; von der Kammer, Frank; Hofmann, Thilo

2015-04-01

A major obstacle for use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles as a nontoxic material for effective in situ degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) is the high production cost. For that reason, submicro-scale milled zero-valent iron particles were recently developed (milled ZVI, UVR-FIA, Germany) by grinding macroscopic raw materials of elementary iron as a cheaper alternative to products produced by solid-state reduction. However, milled ZVI particles tend to aggregate and due to the rather large particle size (d50= 11.9 µm) also rapidly sediment. To prevent aggregation and consequently sedimentation of milled ZVI particles and therefore improve the mobility after in situ application, the use of a stabilizer is considered in literature as a most promising option. In this study, milled ZVI particles (1 g L-1 of particle concentration) were stabilized by environmentally friendly polymer agar agar (>0.5 g L-1), which had a positive impact on the milled ZVI stability. Sedimentation rate was significantly decreased by increasing the suspension viscosity. Column transport experiments were performed for bare and agar agar stabilized milled ZVI particles in commercially available fine grained quartz sand (DORSILIT® Nr.8, Gebrüder Dorfner GmbH Co, Germany) and different porous media collected from brownfields. The experiments were carried out under field relevant injection conditions of 100 m d-1. The maximal travel distance (LT) of less than 10 cm was determined for non-stabilized suspension in fine grained quartz sand, while agar agar (1 g L-1) stabilized milled ZVI suspension revealed LT of 12 m. Similar results were observed for porous media from brownfields showing that mobility of agar agar stabilized particle suspensions was significantly improved compared to bare particles. Based on the mobility data, agar agar stabilized milled zero-valent iron particles could be used for in situ application. Finally, lab-scale batch degradation experiments were performed to determine the impact of agar agar on the reactivity of milled ZVI and investigate the apparent corrosion rate of particles by quantifying the hydrogen gas generated by anaerobic corrosion of milled ZVI. The results indicate that agar agar had a positive impact on the milled ZVI stability and mobility, however adverse impact on the reactivity towards trichloroethene (TCE) was observed compared to the non-stabilized material. On the other hand, this study shows that the apparent corrosion rate of non-stabilized and agar agar stabilized milled ZVI particles is in the same order of magnitude. These data indicate that the dechlorination pathway of TCE by agar agar stabilized milled ZVI particles is possibly impacted by blocking of the reactive sites and not hydrogen revealed during particles corrosion. Finally, calculated longevity of the particles based on the apparent corrosion rate is significantly prolonged compared to the longevity of the nZVI particles reported in previous studies. This research receives funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n°309517.

Extended micro objects as dark matter particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belotsky, K.; Rubin, S.; Svadkovsky, I.

2017-05-01

Models of various forms of composite dark matter (DM) predicted by particle theory and the DM constituents formed by gravity that are not reduced to new elementary particle candidates are discussed. Main attention is paid to a gravitational origin of the DM. The influence of extended mass spectrum of primordial black holes on observational limits is considered. It is shown that non-uniformly deformed extra space can be considered as point-like masses which possess only gravitational interaction with each other and with the ordinary particles. The recently discussed six-dimensional stable wormholes could contribute to the DM. The contribution of dark atoms is also considered.

Contemporary Elementary and Middle School Physical Education Conference (Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, January 15-17, 1981). Proceedings, Saturday, Activity and Position Paper Sessions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Margaret A., Ed.

At the final session of the January conference on Contemporary Elementary and Middle School Physical Education, 40 discussions and workshops centered on physical fitness, health, safety, and adapting athletics for the disabled child. Other topics covered were creative dance, water activities, lifetime sports, and teacher resource materials and…

Arsenic and Antimony Removal from Drinking Water by Point-of-Entry Reverse Osmosis Coupled with Dual Plumbing Distribution - U.S. EPA Demonstration Project at Carmel Elementary School in Carmel, ME -Final Performance Evaluation Report

EPA Science Inventory

This report documents the activities performed for and the results obtained from the arsenic and antimony removal treatment technology demonstration project at the Carmel Elementary School (CES) in Carmel, ME. An innovative approach of employing point of entry (POE) reverse osmo...

A Competency Based, Field Centered, Systems Approach to Elementary Teacher Education. Volume I: Overview and Specifications. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schalock, H. Del, Ed.; Hale, James R., Ed.

This main volume (SP 002 155-SP 002 180 comprise the appendixes to this volume) explains the ComField (competency based, field centered) Model--a systems approach to the education of elementary school teachers which entails specifications (1) for instruction and (2) for management of the instructional program. In an overview, the ComField Model is…

Appendixes L-P. Vol. II, A Plan for Managing the Development, Implementation and Operation of a Model Elementary Teacher Education Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oregon Coll. of Education, Monmouth.

Five appendixes make up this part of the final report on the elementary teacher education program. Appendix L is a summary chart of the orientation meetings, giving dates, locations, and participants. Appendix M is a listing of the seven school districts actively participating in the OCE coalition, with a brief description of their essential…

Upscaling the diffusion equations in particulate media made of highly conductive particles. II. Application to fibrous materials.

PubMed

Vassal, J-P; Orgéas, L; Favier, D; Auriault, J-L; Le Corre, S

2008-01-01

In paper I [Vassal, Phys. Rev. E77, 011302 (2008)] of this contribution, the effective diffusion properties of particulate media with highly conductive particles and particle-particle interfacial barriers have been investigated with the homogenization method with multiple scale asymptotic expansions. Three different macroscopic models have been proposed depending on the quality of contacts between particles. However, depending on the nature and the geometry of particles contained in representative elementary volumes of the considered media, localization problems to be solved to compute the effective conductivity of the two first models can rapidly become cumbersome, time and memory consuming. In this second paper, the above problem is simplified and applied to networks made of slender, wavy and entangled fibers. For these types of media, discrete formulations of localization problems for all macroscopic models can be obtained leading to very efficient numerical calculations. Semianalytical expressions of the effective conductivity tensors are also proposed under simplifying assumptions. The case of straight monodisperse and homogeneously distributed slender fibers with a circular cross section is further explored. Compact semianalytical and analytical estimations are obtained when fiber-fiber contacts are perfect or very poor. Moreover, two discrete element codes have been developed and used to solve localization problems on representative elementary volumes for the same types of contacts. Numerical results underline the significant roles of the fiber content, the orientation of fibers as well as the relative position and orientation of contacting fibers on the effective conductivity tensors. Semianalytical and analytical predictions are discussed and compared with numerical results.

Mass generation, the cosmological constant problem, conformal symmetry, and the Higgs boson

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mannheim, Philip D.

2017-05-01

In 2013 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Francois Englert and Peter Higgs for their work in 1964 along with the late Robert Brout on the mass generation mechanism (the Higgs mechanism) in local gauge theories. This mechanism requires the existence of a massive scalar particle, the Higgs boson, and in 2012 the Higgs boson was finally discovered at the Large Hadron Collider after being sought for almost half a century. In this article we review the work that led to the discovery of the Higgs boson and discuss its implications. We approach the topic from the perspective of a dynamically generated Higgs boson that is a fermion-antifermion bound state rather than an elementary field that appears in an input Lagrangian. In particular, we emphasize the connection with the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity. We identify the double-well Higgs potential not as a fundamental potential but as a mean-field effective Lagrangian with a dynamical Higgs boson being generated through a residual interaction that accompanies the mean-field Lagrangian. We discuss what we believe to be the key challenge raised by the discovery of the Higgs boson, namely determining whether it is elementary or composite, and through study of a conformal invariant field theory model as realized with critical scaling and anomalous dimensions, suggest that the width of the Higgs boson might serve as a suitable diagnostic for discriminating between an elementary Higgs boson and a composite one. We discuss the implications of Higgs boson mass generation for the cosmological constant problem, as the cosmological constant receives contributions from the very mechanism that generates the Higgs boson mass in the first place. We show that the contribution to the cosmological constant due to a composite Higgs boson is more tractable and under control than the contribution due to an elementary Higgs boson, and is potentially completely under control if there is an underlying conformal symmetry not just in a critical scaling matter sector (which there would have to be if all mass scales are to be dynamical), but equally in the gravity sector to which the matter sector couples.

Action of Penetrating Radiation on Radio Parts,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-24

the formation of the pair of particles the electron - positron . This process is called the effect of the formation of electron- positron pairs. Pair...formation can occur during the absorption 7-quantum with the energy, greater than total rest energy of electron and positron (more than the doubled...rest energy of electron, equal to 2mc 2=!.02 MeV). Positron (unstable elementary DOC - 83167601 PAGE 9 particle) in turn interacts with the electron of

Strange baryonic resonances and resonances coupling to strange hadrons at SIS energies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fabbietti, L.

2016-01-22

The role played by baryonic resonances in the production of final states containing strangeness for proton-proton reactions at 3.5 GeV measured by HADES is discussed by means of several very different measurements. First the associate production of Δ resonances accompanying final states with strange hadrons is presented, then the role of interferences among N{sup *} resonances, as measured by HADES for the first time, is summarised. Last but not least the role played by heavy resonances, with a mass larger than 2 GeV/c{sup 2} in the production of strange and non-strange hadrons is discussed. Experimental evidence for the presence ofmore » a Δ(2000){sup ++} are presented and hypotheses are discussed employing the contribution of similar objects to populate the excesses measured by HADES for the Ξ in A+A and p+A collisions and in the dilepton sector for A+A collisions. This extensive set of results helps to better understand the dynamic underlaying particle production in elementary reactions and sets a more solid basis for the understanding of heavy ion collisions at the same energies and even higher as planned at the FAIR facility.« less

Higgs Boson: god particle or divine comedy?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rangacharyulu, Chary

2013-10-01

While particle physicists around the world rejoice the announcement of discovery of Higgs particle as a momentous event, it is also an opportune moment to assess the physicists' conception of nature. Particle theorists, in their ingenious efforts to unravel mysteries of the physical universe at a very fundamental level, resort to macroscopic many body theoretical methods of solid state physicists. Their efforts render the universe a superconductor of correlated quasi-particle pairs. Experimentalists, devoted to ascertain the elementary constituents and symmetries, depend heavily on numerical simulations based on those models and conform to theoretical slang in planning and interpretation of measurements . It is to the extent that the boundaries between theory/modeling and experiment are blurred. Is it possible that they are meandering in Dante's Inferno?

Conservation Laws in Weak Interactions

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Lee, T. D.

1957-03-01

Notes are presented on four lectures given at Harvard University in March 1957 on elementary particle physics, the theta-tau problem, validity of parity conservation, tests for invariance under P, C, and T, and the two-component theory of the neutrino. (W.D.M.)

Electrostatic effects on dust particles in space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leung, Philip; Wuerker, Ralph

1992-02-01

The star scanner of the Magellan spacecraft experienced operational anomalies continuously during Magellan's journey to Venus. These anomalies were attributed to the presence of dust particles in the vicinity of the spacecraft. The dust particles, which were originated from the surface of thermal blankets, were liberated when the electrostatic force acting on them was of sufficient magnitude. In order to verify this hypothesis, an experimental program was initiated to study the mechanisms responsible for the release of dust particles from a spacecraft surface. In the experiments, dust particles were immersed in a plasma and/or subjected to ultra-violet irradiation. Results showed that the charging state of a dust particle was strongly dependent on the environment, and the charge on a dust particle was approximately 10(exp 3) elementary charges. Consequently, in the space environment, electrostatic force could be the most dominant force acting on a dust particle.

A Follow-Up Study of On-The-Job Behavior of Elementary Teachers Trained in an Innovative and a Traditional Program of Teacher Preparation. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wass, Hannelore; Combs, Arthur W.

Thirty-five teachers who graduated from the new elementary program at the university of Florida and 30 control teachers from the regular program were observed in a followup study to assist in determining the efficiency of a systematic, theory-based approach to curriculum innovation and, specifically, to determine the effectiveness of the…

A discovery! The Higgs? Why is this important? How it was done.

ScienceCinema

Dawson, Sally; Gordan, Howard

2017-12-09

Data collected during 2011 and 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Switzerland, the world's highest-energy proton collider, has culminated in the discovery of a new particle that is about 135 times heavier than a proton. But is it really the Higgs particle predicted by the theory that explains the origin of the mass of most elementary particles in the universe? The discovery and its possible identity is discussed by two Brookhaven Lab physicists, Sally Dawson and Howard Gordon, with deep roots in the hunt for the Higgs.

An Alternative Proposal for the Graphical Representation of Anticolor Charge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiener, Gerfried J.; Schmeling, Sascha M.; Hopf, Martin

2017-11-01

We have developed a learning unit based on the Standard Model of particle physics, featuring novel typographic illustrations of elementary particles and particle systems. Since the unit includes antiparticles and systems of antiparticles, a visualization of anticolor charge was required. We propose an alternative to the commonly used complementary-color method, whereby antiparticles and antiparticle systems are identified through the use of stripes instead of a change in color. We presented our proposal to high school students and physics teachers, who evaluated it to be a more helpful way of distinguishing between color charge and anticolor charge.

Modeling Bose-Einstein correlations via elementary emitting cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Utyuzh, Oleg; Wilk, Grzegorz; Wlodarczyk, Zbigniew

2007-04-01

We propose a method of numerical modeling Bose-Einstein correlations by using the notion of the elementary emitting cell (EEC). They are intermediary objects containing identical bosons and are supposed to be produced independently during the hadronization process. Only bosons in the EEC, which represents a single quantum state here, are subjected to the effects of Bose-Einstein (BE) statistics, which forces them to follow a geometrical distribution. There are no such effects between particles from different EECs. We illustrate our proposition by calculating a representative number of typical distributions and discussing their sensitivity to EECs and their characteristics.

SO(10) supersymmetric grand unified theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dermisek, Radovan

The origin of the fermion mass hierarchy is one of the most challenging problems in elementary particle physics. In the standard model fermion masses and mixing angles are free parameters. Supersymmetric grand unified theories provide a beautiful framework for physics beyond the standard model. In addition to gauge coupling unification these theories provide relations between quark and lepton masses within families, and with additional family symmetry the hierarchy between families can be generated. We present a predictive SO(10) supersymmetric grand unified model with D 3 x U(1) family symmetry. The hierarchy in fermion masses is generated by the family symmetry breaking D 3 x U(1) → ZN → nothing. This model fits the low energy data in the charged fermion sector quite well. We discuss the prediction of this model for the proton lifetime in light of recent SuperKamiokande results and present a clear picture of the allowed spectra of supersymmetric particles. Finally, the detailed discussion of the Yukawa coupling unification of the third generation particles is provided. We find a narrow region is consistent with t, b, tau Yukawa unification for mu > 0 (suggested by b → sgamma and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon) with A0 ˜ -1.9m16, m10 ˜ 1.4m16, m16 ≳ 1200 GeV and mu, M1/2 ˜ 100--500 GeV. Demanding Yukawa unification thus makes definite predictions for Higgs and sparticle masses.

Testing enhances subsequent learning in older but not in younger elementary school children.

PubMed

Aslan, Alp; Bäuml, Karl-Heinz T

2016-11-01

In adults, testing can enhance subsequent learning by reducing interference from the tested information. Here, we examined this forward effect of testing in children. Younger and older elementary school children and adult controls studied four lists of items in anticipation of a final cumulative recall test. Following presentation of each of the first three lists, participants were immediately tested on the respective list, or the list was re-presented for additional study. Results revealed that, compared to additional study, immediate testing of Lists 1-3 enhanced memory for the subsequently studied List 4 in adults and older elementary school children, but not in younger elementary school children. The findings indicate that the forward effect of testing is a relatively late-maturing phenomenon that develops over middle childhood and is still inefficient in the early elementary school years. Together with the results of other recent studies, these findings point to a more general problem in young children in combating interference. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Teaching the mole concept with sub-micro level: Do the students perform better?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Indriyanti, Nurma Yunita; Barke, Hans-Dieter

2017-08-01

The concept of mole is an abstract concept of sub-micro level. The main problem in chemistry that should be encounter by educators is students' inability to transfer understanding between macro level and sub-micro level. Particle-oriented approach is created due to improper expression in the term of mole on books and classroom learning. A mole is the amount of substance of a system, which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0,012 kg of carbon-12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. The study presented here focuses on students' activity and response taught by mole triangle implemented in German and Indonesian classroom. Two classes of grade-10 were involved in each country. The way of students perform in the test was analyzed. Hands-on activities were used as an entrance and followed by particle-oriented expression. In worksheets of each hands-on experience, students should write the correct expression of mole concept. The results of the study indicated that there is different level of understanding in representing knowledge in learning the mole. The use of correct expression will ensure that students see meaningful relationships and can easily go back and forth between macro, sub-micro and symbolic level.

Space, Elastic And Impeding: Two Qualities Of Space Define Energy Which Defines Elementary Particles and Their Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salvatore, Gerard Micheal

The conceptual foundations for a deterministic quantum mechanics are presented with the Socratic method. The theory is attacked and weaknesses elucidated. These are compared against those of convention. Directions for future research are proposed.

Surface charge accumulation of particles containing radionuclides in open air

DOE PAGES

Kim, Yong-ha; Yiacoumi, Sotira; Tsouris, Costas

2015-05-01

Radioactivity can induce charge accumulation on radioactive particles. But, electrostatic interactions caused by radioactivity are typically neglected in transport modeling of radioactive plumes because it is assumed that ionizing radiation leads to charge neutralization. The assumption that electrostatic interactions caused by radioactivity are negligible is evaluated here by examining charge accumulation and neutralization on particles containing radionuclides in open air. Moreover, a charge-balance model is employed to predict charge accumulation on radioactive particles. It is shown that particles containing short-lived radionuclides can be charged with multiple elementary charges through radioactive decay. The presence of radioactive particles can significantly modify themore » particle charge distribution in open air and yield an asymmetric bimodal charge distribution, suggesting that strong electrostatic particle interactions may occur during short- and long-range transport of radioactive particles. Possible effects of transported radioactive particles on electrical properties of the local atmosphere are reported. Our study offers insight into transport characteristics of airborne radionuclides. Results are useful in atmospheric transport modeling of radioactive plumes.« less

Geometrization of quantum physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ol'Khov, O. A.

2009-12-01

It is shown that the Dirac equation for free particle can be considered as a description of specific distortion of the space euclidean geometry (space topological defect). This approach is based on possibility of interpretation of the wave function as vector realizing representation of the fundamental group of the closed topological space-time 4-manifold. Mass and spin appear to be topological invariants. Such concept explains all so called “strange” properties of quantum formalism: probabilities, wave-particle duality, nonlocal instantaneous correlation between noninteracting particles (EPR-paradox) and so on. Acceptance of suggested geometrical concept means rejection of atomistic concept where all matter is considered as consisting of more and more small elementary particles. There is no any particles a priori, before measurement: the notions of particles appear as a result of classical interpretation of the contact of the region of the curved space with a device.

Big Bang Day: 5 Particles - 1. The Electron

ScienceCinema

None

2017-12-09

Simon Singh looks at the stories behind the discovery of 5 of the universe's most significant subatomic particles: the Electron, the Quark, the Anti-particle, the Neutrino and the "next particle". 1. The Electron Just over a century ago, British physicist J.J. Thompson experimenting with electric currents and charged particles inside empty glass tubes, showed that atoms are divisible into indivisible elementary particles. But how could atoms be built up of these so called "corpuscles"? An exciting 30 year race ensued, to grasp the planetary model of the atom with its orbiting electrons, and the view inside the atom was born. Whilst the number of electrons around the nucleus of an atom determines their the chemistry of all elements, the power of electrons themselves have been harnessed for everyday use: electron beams for welding,cathode ray tubes and radiation therapy.

Effect of Stochastic Charge Fluctuations on Dust Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Matthews, Lorin; Shotorban, Babak; Hyde, Truell

2017-10-01

The charging of particles in a plasma environment occurs through the collection of electrons and ions on the particle surface. Depending on the particle size and the plasma density, the standard deviation of the number of collected elementary charges, which fluctuates due to the randomness in times of collisions with electrons or ions, may be a significant fraction of the equilibrium charge. We use a discrete stochastic charging model to simulate the variations in charge across the dust surface as well as in time. The resultant asymmetric particle potentials, even for spherical grains, has a significant impact on the particle coagulation rate as well as the structure of the resulting aggregates. We compare the effects on particle collisions and growth in typical laboratory and astrophysical plasma environments. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant PHY-1414523.

Final Report of the Evaluation of the Directed Learning Program of the Hempstead Public Schools, N.Y., During its Second Year, 1970-1971. ESEA Title I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simon, Alan J.

Designed as a comprehensive district-wide elementary education program, the Directed Learning Program, funded under Title I of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, is meant to encourage learning at an individual rate related to achievement ability rather than to age. The basic for instruction is the home base group in which students…

An Algebraic Approach to Inference in Complex Networked Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-09

44], [45],[46] where the shift is the elementary non-trivial filter that generates, under an appropriate notion of shift invariance, all linear ... elementary filter, and its output is a graph signal with the value at vertex n of the graph given approximately by a weighted linear combination of...AFRL-AFOSR-VA-TR-2015-0265 An Algebraic Approach to Inference in Complex Networked Structures Jose Moura CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY Final Report 07

District #30 U.S.E.A. Title I Programs--PL 89-10 and Impact Aid Low Rent Housing Programs--PL 81-874. Final Evaluation Report, 1977-1978.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lesser, Saal D.; Reece, Gene K.

In 1977-78, four remediation programs were funded under Title I and three under Impact Aid in New York City's School District 30. Title I programs included: (1) a teacher-paraprofessional reading team program in 12 elementary, intermediate and junior high schools; (2) a teacher-paraprofessional mathematics team program in 10 elementary,…

Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability

PubMed Central

Kim, Sunduk; Yang, Ji-Yeon; Kim, Ho-Hyun; Yeo, In-Young; Shin, Dong-Chun

2012-01-01

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of ingestion exposure of lead by particle sizes of crumb rubber in artificial turf filling material with consideration of bioavailability. Methods This study estimated the ingestion exposure by particle sizes (more than 250 um or less than 250 um) focusing on recyclable ethylene propylene diene monomer crumb rubber being used as artificial turf filling. Analysis on crumb rubber was conducted using body ingestion exposure estimate method in which total content test method, acid extraction method and digestion extraction method are reflected. Bioavailability which is a calibrating factor was reflected in ingestion exposure estimate method and applied in exposure assessment and risk assessment. Two methods using acid extraction and digestion extraction concentration were compared and evaluated. Results As a result of the ingestion exposure of crumb rubber material, the average lead exposure amount to the digestion extraction result among crumb rubber was calculated to be 1.56×10-4 mg/kg-day for low grade elementary school students and 4.87×10-5 mg/kg-day for middle and high school students in 250 um or less particle size, and that to the acid extraction result was higher than the digestion extraction result. Results of digestion extraction and acid extraction showed that the hazard quotient was estimated by about over 2 times more in particle size of lower than 250 um than in higher than 250 um. There was a case of an elementary school student in which the hazard quotient exceeded 0.1. Conclusions Results of this study confirm that the exposure of lead ingestion and risk level increases as the particle size of crumb rubber gets smaller. PMID:22355803

Symmetry properties of the configuration interaction space in relation to one- and two-particle operators: The splitting theorem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Živković, Tomislav P.

1984-09-01

The configuration interaction (CI) space Xn built upon n electrons moving over 2n orthonormalized orbitals χi is considered. It is shown that the space Xn splits into two complementary subspaces X+n and X-n having special properties: each state Ψ+∈X+n and Ψ-∈X-n is ``alternantlike'' in the sense that it has a uniform charge density distribution over all orbitals χi and vanishing bond-orders between all orbitals of the same parity. In addition, matrix elements Γ(ij;kl) of a two-particle density matrix vanish whenever four distinct orbitals are involved and there is an odd number of orbitals of the same parity. Further, Γ(ij;lj)=γ(il)/4 ( j≠i,l), whenever (i) and (l) are of different parity. This last relation shows the connection between a two-particle (Γ) and a one-particle (γ) density matrix. ``Elementary'' alternant and antialternant operators are identified. These operators connect either only the states in the same subspace, or only the states in different subspaces, and each one- and two-particle symmetric operator can be represented by their linear combination. Alternant Hamiltonians, which can be represented as linear combinations of elementary alternant operators, have alternantlike eigenstates. It is also shown that each symmetric Hamiltonian possessing alternantlike eigenstates can be represented as such a linear combination. In particular, the PPP Hamiltonian describing an alternant hydrocarbon system is such a case. Complementary subspaces X+n and X-n can be explicitly constructed using the so-called regular resonance structures (RRS's) which are normalized determinants containing mutually disjunct bond orbitals. Expressions for the derivation of matrix elements of one- and two-particle operators between different RRS's are also derived.

Uses for Free Film Cans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Batoff, Mitchell E.; Harmen, Jerry

1973-01-01

Describes multiple uses of empty film cans for equipping an elementary school science classroom. Instructional units in which film cans may be useful include buoyancy, mobiles, growing seeds, peas and particles, rocks and minerals, structures, field studies, sound, balancing, electricity, pedulums, chemical change, and optics, light, color. (PS)

The Mathematical Structure of Elementary Particles.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-01

Physical Mathematics) *Instituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada, Estrada Dona Castorina 110, 22460 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sponsored by the United...is the basic method of analysis to be employed in this work. *Instituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada, Estrada Dona Castorina 110, 22460 Rio de Janeiro

Fermilab Today

Science.gov Websites

go back to my regular existence." The complete interview and Nobel Prize Veltman book Martinus Veltman's book was published in 2003. autobiography are available online. The title of Veltman's colloquium is taken from his recently published book. "Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics

Physics News in 1983.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schewe, Phillip F., Ed.

Information is provided on some of the interesting and newsworthy developments in physics and its related fields during 1983. Areas considered include: (1) acoustics; (2) astrophysics; (3) condensed matter physics; (4) crystallography; (5) physics education; (6) electron and atomic physics; (7) elementary particle physics; (8) fluid dynamics; (9)…

75 FR 63865 - Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-18

... NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting In accordance... announces the following meeting. Name: Michigan State University Site Visit in Physics (1208). Date and Time... Reidy, Program Director for Elementary Particle Physics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd...

75 FR 70952 - Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-19

... NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting In accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act (Pub. L. 92- 463, as amended), the National Science Foundation... Director for Elementary Particle Physics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA...

75 FR 63865 - Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-18

... NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting In accordance... announces the following meeting. Name: University of Chicago Site Visit in Physics (1208). Date and Time..., Program Director for Elementary Particle Physics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd...

75 FR 3493 - Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-21

... NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting In accordance... announces the following meeting. Name: University of Nebraska Site Visit in Physics (1208). Date and Time... Director for Elementary Particle Physics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA...

75 FR 70952 - Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-19

... NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Proposal Review Panel for Physics; Notice of Meeting In accordance with the Federal Advisory Committee Act (Pub. L. 92- 463, as amended), the National Science Foundation... for Elementary Particle Physics, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230...

Spatial localization of nanoparticle growth in photoinduced nanocomposites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smirnov, Anton A.; Pikulin, Alexander; Bityurin, Nikita

2018-02-01

Photoinduced nanocomposites are the polymer materials where the nanoparticles can be generated by the light irradiation. The single atoms of metal are formed due to the photoreduction of the metal-containing precursor added to the polymer matrix. Then the atoms precipitate into the nanoparticles (NPs). Similarly, semiconductor NPs are assembled from the monomer species such as CdS, which can be released due to the photodestruction of the appropriate precursor. We analyze theoretically the possibility of spatial confinement of growing nanoparticles in a domain where the elementary species are generated by a three-dimensionally localized source. It is shown that the effective confinement can be achieved only if the size of the generation domain exceeds some critical spatial scale determined by the parameters of the system. The confinement is provided by the trapping of the diffusing elementary species by the growing nanoparticles. The proposed model considers the irreversible particle growth, typical for the noble metals. Both the nucleation and the particle growth processes are suggested to be diffusion controlled.

Project Developmental Continuity Evaluation: Final Report. Appendices to Volume I.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bond, James T.; And Others

This document provides the appendices for volume 1 of the final evaluation report of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC), a Head Start demonstration project initiated in 1974 to develop program models which enhance children's social competence by fostering developmental continuity from preschool through the early elementary grades.…

Final Evaluation Report. 1976-1977. Title I Migrant Program. Publication Number: 76.59.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Austin Independent School District, TX. Office of Research and Evaluation.

The final evaluation of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I Migrant Program in the Austin, Texas Independent School District is reported. The program consisted of instructional, student recruitment, parental involvement, health services, and clothing components. The instructional component included programs for pre-kindergarten…

78 FR 12955 - Final Requirements, Definitions, and Selection Criteria-Native American Career and Technical...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-26

... has established under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended (20 U.S.C. 6301..., cooperative education, school-based enterprises, entrepreneurship, community service learning, and job... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 34 CFR Chapter IV [Docket ID ED-2012-OVAE-0053] Final Requirements...

New fermionic dark matters, extended Standard Model and cosmic rays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Jae-Kwang

2017-08-01

Three generations of leptons and quarks correspond to the lepton charges (LCs) in this work. Then, the leptons have the electric charges (ECs) and LCs. The quarks have the ECs, LCs and color charges (CCs). Three heavy leptons and three heavy quarks are introduced to make the missing third flavor of EC. Then the three new particles which have the ECs are proposed as the bastons (dark matters) with the rest masses of 26.121 eV/c2, 42.7 GeV/c2 and 1.9 × 1015 eV/c2. These new particles are applied to explain the origins of the astrophysical observations like the ultra-high energy cosmic rays and supernova 1987A anti-neutrino data. It is concluded that the 3.5 keV X-ray peak observed from the cosmic X-ray background spectra is originated not from the pair annihilations of the dark matters but from the X-ray emission of the Q1 baryon atoms which are similar in the atomic structure to the hydrogen atom. The presence of the 3.5 keV cosmic X-ray supports the presence of the Q1 quark with the EC of -4/3. New particles can be indirectly seen from the astrophysical observations like the cosmic ray and cosmic gamma ray. In this work, the systematic quantized charges of EC, LC and CC for the elementary particles are used to consistently explain the decay and reaction schemes of the elementary particles. Also, the strong, weak and dark matter forces are consistently explained.

Across-horizon scattering and information transfer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Emelyanov, V. A.; Klinkhamer, F. R.

2018-06-01

We address the question whether or not two electrically charged elementary particles can Coulomb scatter if one of these particles is inside the Schwarzschild black-hole horizon and the other outside. It can be shown that the quantum process is consistent with the local energy–momentum conservation law. This result implies that across-horizon scattering is a physical effect, relevant to astrophysical black holes. We propose a Gedankenexperiment which uses the quantum scattering process to transfer information from inside the black-hole horizon to outside.

The symmetry and simplicity of the laws of physics and the Higgs boson

DOE PAGES

Maldacena, Juan

2015-11-12

We describe the theoretical ideas, developed between the 1950s–1970s, which led to the prediction of the Higgs boson, the particle that was discovered in 2012. The forces of nature are based on symmetry principles. We explain the nature of these symmetries through an economic analogy. We also discuss the Higgs mechanism, which is necessary to avoid some of the naive consequences of these symmetries, and to explain various features of elementary particles.

An exact solution of the Currie-Hill equations in 1 + 1 dimensional Minkowski space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balog, János

2014-11-01

We present an exact two-particle solution of the Currie-Hill equations of Predictive Relativistic Mechanics in 1 + 1 dimensional Minkowski space. The instantaneous accelerations are given in terms of elementary functions depending on the relative particle position and velocities. The general solution of the equations of motion is given and by studying the global phase space of this system it is shown that this is a subspace of the full kinematic phase space.

Particle count and black carbon measurements at schools in Las Vegas, NV and in the greater Salt Lake City, UT area.

PubMed

Brown, Steven G; Vaughn, David L; Roberts, Paul T

2017-11-01

As part of two separate studies aimed to characterize ambient pollutant concentrations at schools in urban areas, we compare black carbon and particle count measurements at Adcock Elementary in Las Vegas, NV (April-June 2013), and Hunter High School in the West Valley City area of greater Salt Lake City, UT (February 2012). Both schools are in urban environments, but Adcock Elementary is next to the U.S. 95 freeway. Black carbon (BC) concentrations were 13% higher at Adcock compared to Hunter, while particle count concentrations were 60% higher. When wind speeds were low-less than 2 m/sec-both BC and particle count concentrations were significantly higher at Adcock, while concentrations at Hunter did not have as strong a variation with wind speed. When wind speeds were less than 2 m/sec, emissions from the adjacent freeway greatly affected concentrations at Adcock, regardless of wind direction. At both sites, BC and particle count concentrations peaked in the morning during commute hours. At Adcock, particle count also peaked during midday or early afternoon, when BC was low and conditions were conducive to new particle formation. While this midday peak occurred at Adcock on roughly 45% of the measured days, it occurred on only about 25% of the days at Hunter, since conditions for particle formation (higher solar radiation, lower wind speeds, lower relative humidity) were more conducive at Adcock. Thus, children attending these schools are likely to be exposed to pollution peaks during school drop-off in the morning, when BC and particle count concentrations peak, and often again during lunchtime recess when particle count peaks again. Particle count concentrations at two schools were shown to typically be independent of BC or other pollutants. At a school in close proximity to a major freeway, particle count concentrations were high during the midday and when wind speeds were low, regardless of wind direction, showing a large area of effect from roadway emissions even when the school was not downwind of the roadway. At the second school, which sits in an urban neighborhood away from freeways, high particle counts occurred even though solar radiation was low during wintertime conditions, meaning that exposure to high particle counts can occur throughout the year.

Elastic collisions of classical point particles on a finite frictionless linear track with perfectly reflecting endpoints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

DeLuca, R.

2006-03-01

Repeated elastic collisions of point particles on a finite frictionless linear track with perfectly reflecting endpoints are considered. The problem is analysed by means of an elementary linear algebra approach. It is found that, starting with a state consisting of a projectile particle in motion at constant velocity and a target particle at rest in a fixed known position, the points at which collisions occur on track, when plotted versus progressive numerals, corresponding to the collisions themselves, show periodic patterns for a rather large choice of values of the initial position x(0) and on the mass ratio r. For certain values of these parameters, however, only regular behaviour over a large number of collisions is detected.

Hybrid architecture for encoded measurement-based quantum computation

PubMed Central

Zwerger, M.; Briegel, H. J.; Dür, W.

2014-01-01

We present a hybrid scheme for quantum computation that combines the modular structure of elementary building blocks used in the circuit model with the advantages of a measurement-based approach to quantum computation. We show how to construct optimal resource states of minimal size to implement elementary building blocks for encoded quantum computation in a measurement-based way, including states for error correction and encoded gates. The performance of the scheme is determined by the quality of the resource states, where within the considered error model a threshold of the order of 10% local noise per particle for fault-tolerant quantum computation and quantum communication. PMID:24946906

Fractional statistics and quantum scaling properties of the integrable Penson-Kolb-Hubbard chain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vitoriano, Carlindo; Coutinho-Filho, M. D.

2010-09-01

We investigate the ground-state and low-temperature properties of the integrable version of the Penson-Kolb-Hubbard chain. The model obeys fractional statistical properties, which give rise to fractional elementary excitations and manifest differently in the four regions of the phase diagram U/t versus n , where U is the Coulomb coupling, t is the correlated hopping amplitude, and n is the particle density. In fact, we can find local pair formation, fractionalization of the average occupation number per orbital k , or U - and n -dependent average electric charge per orbital k . We also study the scaling behavior near the U -driven quantum phase transitions and characterize their universality classes. Finally, it is shown that in the regime of parameters where local pair formation is energetically more favorable, the ground state exhibits power-law superconductivity; we also stress that above half filling the pair-hopping term stabilizes local Cooper pairs in the repulsive- U regime for U

Graph theory data for topological quantum chemistry.

PubMed

Vergniory, M G; Elcoro, L; Wang, Zhijun; Cano, Jennifer; Felser, C; Aroyo, M I; Bernevig, B Andrei; Bradlyn, Barry

2017-08-01

Topological phases of noninteracting particles are distinguished by the global properties of their band structure and eigenfunctions in momentum space. On the other hand, group theory as conventionally applied to solid-state physics focuses only on properties that are local (at high-symmetry points, lines, and planes) in the Brillouin zone. To bridge this gap, we have previously [Bradlyn et al., Nature (London) 547, 298 (2017)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature23268] mapped the problem of constructing global band structures out of local data to a graph construction problem. In this paper, we provide the explicit data and formulate the necessary algorithms to produce all topologically distinct graphs. Furthermore, we show how to apply these algorithms to certain "elementary" band structures highlighted in the aforementioned reference, and thus we identified and tabulated all orbital types and lattices that can give rise to topologically disconnected band structures. Finally, we show how to use the newly developed bandrep program on the Bilbao Crystallographic Server to access the results of our computation.

What are mathematicians doing?

PubMed

Friedman, B

1966-10-21

Let me emphasize the point I have been trying to make. The mathematician's playing with the roots of equations, a play which had no practical motivations and almost no possibilities of practical application, led to the recognition of the importance of symmetry and groups. The study of theory of groups led to mathematical discoveries in geometry and differential equations, and finally to prediction of the existence of a new elementary particle. Surely a surprising outcome for the ivory-tower speculations of an impractical mathematician! Despite my professional bias, I must acknowledge that the importance of symmetry was recognized before mathematicians invented the theory of groups. In 1794 William Blake wrote: Tiger, Tiger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? However, to the mathematicians must be given the credit of recognizing that, to understand symmetry, you must study the theory of groups. I can now answer my original question, What are mathematicians doing? They are trying to make precise the intuitions of poets.

Planck's constant and the three waves (TWs) of Einstein's covariant ether

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kostro, L.

1985-11-01

The implications of a three-wave model for elementary particles, satisfying the principles of both quantum mechanics and General Relativity (GR), are discussed. In GR, the ether is the fundamental source of all activity, where particles (waves) arise at singularities. Inertia and gravity are field properties of the ether. In flat regions of the space-time geodesic, wave excitations correspond to the presence of particles. A momentum-carrying excitation which occurs in the ether is a superluminal radiation (phase- or B-waves) which transports neither energy nor mass. Superposition of the B-waves produces soliton-like excitations on the ether to form C-waves, i.e., particles. The particle-waves travel through space-time on D-waves, and experience reflection, refraction and interference only where B-waves have interacted with the ether. The original particles, photons-maximons, existed at the Big Bang and had physical properties which are describable in terms of Planck's quantities.

Big Bang Day: 5 Particles - 1. The Electron

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

2009-10-07

Simon Singh looks at the stories behind the discovery of 5 of the universe's most significant subatomic particles: the Electron, the Quark, the Anti-particle, the Neutrino and the "next particle". 1. The Electron Just over a century ago, British physicist J.J. Thompson experimenting with electric currents and charged particles inside empty glass tubes, showed that atoms are divisible into indivisible elementary particles. But how could atoms be built up of these so called "corpuscles"? An exciting 30 year race ensued, to grasp the planetary model of the atom with its orbiting electrons, and the view inside the atom was born.more » Whilst the number of electrons around the nucleus of an atom determines their the chemistry of all elements, the power of electrons themselves have been harnessed for everyday use: electron beams for welding,cathode ray tubes and radiation therapy.« less

Project Developmental Continuity Evaluation: Final Report. Volume II: The Process of Program Implementation in PDC.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wacker, Sally; And Others

The second of two volumes, this document continues the final evaluation report of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC), a Head Start demonstration project initiated in 1974 to develop program models which enhance children's social competence by fostering developmental continuity from preschool through the early elementary grades. In particular,…

After School Centers Project. Final Reports. Winter 1968-1969; Summer 1969.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. Graduate School of Education.

Two final reports, winter 1968-1969 and summer 1969, respectively describe the sixth and seventh sessions of the Cambridge School Department's After School Center Program and involving six elementary schools. Both the winter and the summer programs were designed to give disadvantaged children remedial instruction in reading and mathematics along…

Arts in Education for Handicapped Children. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Appell, Louise S.; Goldberg, Jamie

The document presents the final report of the Arts in Education Project, a research project of the National Committee, Arts for the Handicapped to develop and measure the effects of an arts infused curriculum on the academic performance of handicapped elementary school children. A model for infusing the arts into the established curriculum was…

Effect of alkali on the structure of cell envelopes of Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies.

PubMed Central

Narita, T; Wyrick, P B; Manire, G P

1976-01-01

Suspensions of isolated cell envelopes of infectious elementary bodies (EB) of Chlamydia psittaci at alkaline pH showed a rapid, extensive decrease in absorbance, accompanied by the release of a cell envelope component in a sedimentable form. This phenomenon was observed both at 0 C and with envelopes which had been previously heated to 100 C. Monovalent and divalent cations effectively inhibited the turbidity loss, whereas ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) caused an accelerated decrease in turbidity. The turbidity loss observed after incubation of the envelopes at alkaline pH could be reversed to the level of the initial value by dialysis against distilled water containing Mg2+. Thin-section electron photomicrographs of purified EB exposed to alkaline buffer with EDTA revealed the loss of the internal contents of cells, but these cells still maintained their round shapes. The cell surface of treated EB appeared pitted in negatively stained preparations, whereas intact EB had a smooth surface. Electron microscopic studies on negatively stained preparations of the clear supernatant obtained after the treatment of the envelope with alkaline buffer containing EDTA demonstrated the presence of spherical particles, approximately 6 to 7 nm in diameter, and rodlike particles, which appeared to be made up of two or more spherical particles. Images PMID:1375

The Elusive Neutrino, Understanding the Atom Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bernstein, Jeremy

This booklet is one of the booklets in the "Understanding the Atom Series" published by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission for high school science teachers and their students. The discovery of the neutrino and the research involving this important elementary particle of matter is discussed. The introductory section reviews topics basic…

Prospects for Physics in the 1990's Surveyed.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, Arthur L.

1986-01-01

A National Academy of Science report ("Physics Through the 1990's") says that American physics has been a highly diversified and productive enterprise, but continued excellence cannot be taken for granted. Progress in six subfields (elementary particle, nuclear, condensed-matter, atomic/molecular, plasma/fluid, and gravitation/cosmology physics)…

Physics: A Career for You?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Inst. of Physics, New York, NY.

Information is provided for students who may be interested in pursuing a career in physics. This information includes the type of work done and areas studied by physicists in the following areas: nuclear physics, solid-state physics, elementary-particle physics, atomic/molecular/electron physics, fluid/plasma physics, space/planetary physics,…

Moments in the Life of a Scientist

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rossi, Bruno

2008-07-01

List of plates; Foreword; Preface; Prehistory; 1. Arcetri (1928-32); 2. Padua, Copenhagen, Manchester; 3. Physics of elementary particles in the Age of Innocence (1939-46); 4. Los Alamos (1943-46); 5. Cosmic rays at MIT (1946- ); 6. Physics in space; Postscript; As for me … Nora Rossi; Index.

Chern-Simons Term: Theory and Applications.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Kumar Sankar

1992-01-01

We investigate the quantization and applications of Chern-Simons theories to several systems of interest. Elementary canonical methods are employed for the quantization of abelian and nonabelian Chern-Simons actions using ideas from gauge theories and quantum gravity. When the spatial slice is a disc, it yields quantum states at the edge of the disc carrying a representation of the Kac-Moody algebra. We next include sources in this model and their quantum states are shown to be those of a conformal family. Vertex operators for both abelian and nonabelian sources are constructed. The regularized abelian Wilson line is proved to be a vertex operator. The spin-statistics theorem is established for Chern-Simons dynamics using purely geometrical techniques. Chern-Simons action is associated with exotic spin and statistics in 2 + 1 dimensions. We study several systems in which the Chern-Simons action affects the spin and statistics. The first class of systems we study consist of G/H models. The solitons of these models are shown to obey anyonic statistics in the presence of a Chern-Simons term. The second system deals with the effect of the Chern -Simons term in a model for high temperature superconductivity. The coefficient of the Chern-Simons term is shown to be quantized, one of its possible values giving fermionic statistics to the solitons of this model. Finally, we study a system of spinning particles interacting with 2 + 1 gravity, the latter being described by an ISO(2,1) Chern-Simons term. An effective action for the particles is obtained by integrating out the gauge fields. Next we construct operators which exchange the particles. They are shown to satisfy the braid relations. There are ambiguities in the quantization of this system which can be exploited to give anyonic statistics to the particles. We also point out that at the level of the first quantized theory, the usual spin-statistics relation need not apply to these particles.

An Exploration of the Use of Socioeconomic Census Data To Predict Achievement and Evaluate the Effects of Concentrated Urban Poverty Among Elementary Schools in a Big City. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levine, Daniel U.; And Others

The major purpose of this study was to determine whether data from the 1970 Census could be used to account for at least 70 percent of the variance in grade-level achievement scores in the elementary schools of a big city, without including variables directly denoting race or ethnicity. This goal was attained when it was found that a regression…

Surface charge accumulation of particles containing radionuclides in open air.

PubMed

Kim, Yong-Ha; Yiacoumi, Sotira; Tsouris, Costas

2015-05-01

Radioactivity can induce charge accumulation on radioactive particles. However, electrostatic interactions caused by radioactivity are typically neglected in transport modeling of radioactive plumes because it is assumed that ionizing radiation leads to charge neutralization. The assumption that electrostatic interactions caused by radioactivity are negligible is evaluated here by examining charge accumulation and neutralization on particles containing radionuclides in open air. A charge-balance model is employed to predict charge accumulation on radioactive particles. It is shown that particles containing short-lived radionuclides can be charged with multiple elementary charges through radioactive decay. The presence of radioactive particles can significantly modify the particle charge distribution in open air and yield an asymmetric bimodal charge distribution, suggesting that strong electrostatic particle interactions may occur during short- and long-range transport of radioactive particles. Possible effects of transported radioactive particles on electrical properties of the local atmosphere are reported. The study offers insight into transport characteristics of airborne radionuclides. Results are useful in atmospheric transport modeling of radioactive plumes. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Equation of state for two-dimensional dusty plasma liquids and its applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Yan

2017-10-01

Laboratory dusty plasma consists of free electrons, free ions, and micro-sized dust particles with thousands of negative elementary charges. Due to their extremely low charge-to-mass ratio, these dust particles are strongly coupled, arranging themselves like atoms in liquids or solids. Due to the shielding effects of electrons and ions, dust particles interact with each other through the Yukawa potential, so that simulations of Yukawa liquids or solids are used to study properties of dusty plasmas. In the past two decades, the properties of liquid 2D dusty plasmas have been widely studied from experiments to theories and simulations. However, from our literature search, we have not found a quantitative and comprehensive study of properties of 2D liquid dusty plasmas over a wide range of plasma conditions. Here, from molecular-dynamics simulations of Yukawa liquids, we have obtained a concise equation of state (EOS) for the 2D liquid dusty plasmas from empirical fitting, which contains three quantities of the internal pressure, the coupling parameter, and the screening parameter. From this EOS, different thermodynamical processes can be directly derived, such as isotherms, isobars and isochores. Also, various physical properties of 2D liquid dusty plasmas, like the bulk modulus of elasticity, can be analytically derived, so that the sound speeds can be obtained. Finally, an analytical expression of the specific heat for 2D liquid dusty plasmas has been achieved. Work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11505124, the 1000 Youth Talents Plan, and the startup funds from Soochow University.

The Relationship between Academic Achievement and the Emotional Well-Being of Elementary School Children in China: The Moderating Role of Parent-School Communication

PubMed Central

Lv, Bo; Zhou, Huan; Guo, Xiaolin; Liu, Chunhui; Liu, Zhaomin; Luo, Liang

2016-01-01

The relationship between academic achievement and the subjective well-being of elementary school children has received increasing attention. However, previous research on the relationship between these variables has yielded inconsistent conclusions – possibly due to the presence of potential moderating variables. This study investigated the relationship between the academic achievement and the emotional well-being (positive and negative affect) of elementary school children in China and the moderating effect of parent–school communication on this relationship. A total of 419 elementary school students and their parents participated. The elementary students’ positive and negative affect, their academic achievement on both midterm and final examinations of the most recent semester, and the frequency of parent–school communication were assessed. Academic achievement of elementary students was positively correlated with positive affect and negatively correlated with negative affect. Parent–school communication significantly moderated this relationship. Regardless of positive or negative affect, the correlation was only significant in the high parent–school communication group (one standard deviation higher than the mean) and in the mean group, whereas in the low parent–school communication group, no association was observed. These results indicate that parental engagement with school impacts both the academic achievements and subjective well-being of children in China. PMID:27445915

The Relationship between Academic Achievement and the Emotional Well-Being of Elementary School Children in China: The Moderating Role of Parent-School Communication.

PubMed

Lv, Bo; Zhou, Huan; Guo, Xiaolin; Liu, Chunhui; Liu, Zhaomin; Luo, Liang

2016-01-01

The relationship between academic achievement and the subjective well-being of elementary school children has received increasing attention. However, previous research on the relationship between these variables has yielded inconsistent conclusions - possibly due to the presence of potential moderating variables. This study investigated the relationship between the academic achievement and the emotional well-being (positive and negative affect) of elementary school children in China and the moderating effect of parent-school communication on this relationship. A total of 419 elementary school students and their parents participated. The elementary students' positive and negative affect, their academic achievement on both midterm and final examinations of the most recent semester, and the frequency of parent-school communication were assessed. Academic achievement of elementary students was positively correlated with positive affect and negatively correlated with negative affect. Parent-school communication significantly moderated this relationship. Regardless of positive or negative affect, the correlation was only significant in the high parent-school communication group (one standard deviation higher than the mean) and in the mean group, whereas in the low parent-school communication group, no association was observed. These results indicate that parental engagement with school impacts both the academic achievements and subjective well-being of children in China.

LECTURES ON PHYSICS, BIOPHYSICS, AND CHEMISTRY FOR HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS GIVEN AT THE ERNEST O. LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, JUNE-AUGUST 1959

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Calhoon, E.C.; Starring, P.W. eds.

1959-08-01

Lectures given at the Ernest 0. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory on physics, biophysics, and chemistry for high school science teachers are presented. Topics covered include a mathematics review, atomic physics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, elementary particles, antiparticies, design of experiments, high-energy particle accelerators, survey of particle detectors, emulsion as a particle detector, counters used in high-energy physics, bubble chambers, computer programming, chromatography, the transuranium elements, health physics, photosynthesis, the chemistry and physics of virus, the biology of virus, lipoproteins and heart disease, origin and evolution of the solar system, the role of space satellites in gathering astronomical data, and radiation andmore » life in space. (M.C.G.)« less

Project: Informal Learning Program (ILP). Final Report for November 1, 1977 to May 31, 1978.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, David L., Jr.; And Others

This final report describes the development and field evaluation of teacher training materials (for inservice workshops) and elementary school language arts materials. The basic goal of the training materials, called Teacher Development Packages (TDPs), was to provide teachers with the information and skills needed to utilize games and informal…

Goldsboro-Wayne County E.S.E.A. Title III. Final Evaluation Report, 1974-1975.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educational Planning and Evaluation Consultants, Inc., Chapel Hill, NC.

Contained in the final report is evaluation information for the Goldsboro-Wayne County (North Carolina) Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title III Project for 35 moderately, severely, and profoundly retarded children (3-16 years old) during the 1974-75 school year. The project was evaluated through analysis of behavior change data and…

44 CFR 7.8 - Elementary and secondary schools.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... desegregation of such school or school system which the United States Commissioner of Education determines is... satisfied if such school or school system (a) is subject to a final order of a court of the United States... final order of a court of the United States for the desegregation of such school or school system is...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Perl, M.L.

This article is thoughts from the author on particle physics work from his perspective. It is not a summary of his work on the tau lepton, but rather a look at what makes good science, experimental and theoretical, from his experiences in the field. The section titles give a good summary on the topics the author chooses to touch upon. They are: the state of elementary particle physics; getting good ideas in experimental science; a difficult field; experiments and experimenting; 10% of the money and 30% of the time; the dictatorship of theory; technological dreams; last words.

The early universe history from contraction-deformation of the Standard Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gromov, N. A.

2017-03-01

The elementary particles evolution in the early Universe from Plank time up to several milliseconds is presented. The developed theory is based on the high-temperature (high-energy) limit of the Standard Model which is generated by the contractions of its gauge groups. At the infinite temperature all particles lose masses. Only massless neutral -bosons, massless Z-quarks, neutrinos and photons are survived in this limit. The weak interactions become long-range and are mediated by neutral currents, quarks have only one color degree of freedom.

Primera Reunion de la Comision Nacional de Analisis y Evaluacion del Sistema Educativo: Informe Final (The First Meeting of the National Committee for Analysis and Evaluation of the Educational System: Final Report).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ministerio de Cultura y Educacion, Buenos Aires (Argentina). Centro National de Documentacion e Informacion Educativa.

This document contains the legislation creating the National Committee for Analysis and Evaluation of the Educational System and the final report of that committee's first meeting. The report deals with each level from elementary to higher education. For each level it describes and considers curriculum, school buildings, human resources, current…

Cosmology and particle physics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turner, Michael S.

1988-01-01

The interplay between cosmology and elementary particle physics is discussed. The standard cosmology is reviewed, concentrating on primordial nucleosynthesis and discussing how the standard cosmology has been used to place constraints on the properties of various particles. Baryogenesis is discussed, showing how a scenario in which the B-, C-, and CP-violating interactions in GUTs provide a dynamical explanation for the predominance of matter over antimatter and for the present baryon-to-photon ratio. It is shown how the very early dynamical evolution of a very weakly coupled scalar field which is initially displaced from the minimum of its potential may explain a handful of very fundamental cosmological facts which are not explained by the standard cosmology.

Teaching Elementary Particle Physics, Part II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hobson, Art

2011-03-01

In order to explain certain features of radioactive beta decay, Wolfgang Pauli suggested in 1930 that the nucleus emitted, in addition to a beta particle, another particle of an entirely new type. The hypothesized particle, dubbed the neutrino, would not be discovered experimentally for another 25 years. It's not easy to detect neutrinos, because they respond to neither the EM force nor the strong force. For example, the mean free path (average penetration distance before it interacts) of a typical beta-decay neutrino moving through solid lead is about 1.5 light years! Enrico Fermi argued that neutrinos indicated a new force was at work. During the 1930s, he quickly adapted ideas from the developing new theory of QED to this new force, dubbed the weak force. Fermi's theory was able to predict the half-lives of beta-emitting nuclei and the range of energies of the emitted beta particles.

Optimization of chemical displacement deposition of copper on porous silicon.

PubMed

Bandarenka, Hanna; Redko, Sergey; Nenzi, Paolo; Balucani, Marco; Bondarenko, Vitaly

2012-11-01

Copper (II) sulfate was used as a source of copper to achieve uniform distribution of Cu particles deposited on porous silicon. Layers of the porous silicon were formed by electrochemical anodization of Si wafers in a mixture of HF, C3H7OH and deionized water. The well-known chemical displacement technique was modified to grow the copper particles of specific sizes. SEM and XRD analysis revealed that the outer surface of the porous silicon was covered with copper particles of the crystal orientation inherited from the planes of porous silicon skeleton. The copper crystals were found to have the cubic face centering elementary cell. In addition, the traces of Cu2O cubic primitive crystalline phases were identified. The dimensions of Cu particles were determined by the Feret's analysis of the SEM images. The sizes of the particles varied widely from a few to hundreds of nanometers. A phenomenological model of copper deposition was proposed.

Basics of particle therapy I: physics

PubMed Central

Park, Seo Hyun

2011-01-01

With the advance of modern radiation therapy technique, radiation dose conformation and dose distribution have improved dramatically. However, the progress does not completely fulfill the goal of cancer treatment such as improved local control or survival. The discordances with the clinical results are from the biophysical nature of photon, which is the main source of radiation therapy in current field, with the lower linear energy transfer to the target. As part of a natural progression, there recently has been a resurgence of interest in particle therapy, specifically using heavy charged particles, because these kinds of radiations serve theoretical advantages in both biological and physical aspects. The Korean government is to set up a heavy charged particle facility in Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences. This review introduces some of the elementary physics of the various particles for the sake of Korean radiation oncologists' interest. PMID:22984664

Emergent Weyl excitations in systems of polar particles.

PubMed

Syzranov, Sergey V; Wall, Michael L; Zhu, Bihui; Gurarie, Victor; Rey, Ana Maria

2016-12-12

Weyl fermions are massless chiral particles first predicted in 1929 and once thought to describe neutrinos. Although never observed as elementary particles, quasiparticles with Weyl dispersion have recently been experimentally discovered in solid-state systems causing a furore in the research community. Systems with Weyl excitations can display a plethora of fascinating phenomena and offer great potential for improved quantum technologies. Here, we show that Weyl excitations generically exist in three-dimensional systems of dipolar particles with weakly broken time-reversal symmetry (by for example a magnetic field). They emerge as a result of dipolar-interaction-induced transfer of angular momentum between the J=0 and J=1 internal particle levels. We also discuss momentum-resolved Ramsey spectroscopy methods for observing Weyl quasiparticles in cold alkaline-earth-atom systems. Our results provide a pathway for a feasible experimental realization of Weyl quasiparticles and related phenomena in clean and controllable atomic systems.

The Physical Sciences. Report of the National Science Board Submitted to the Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Handler, Philip

Recent advances in the physical sciences, including astronomy, chemical synthesis, chemical dynamics, solid-state sciences, atomic and nuclear science, and elementary particles and high-energy physics are summarized in this report to Congress. The nature of physical science, including its increasing unity, the relationship between science and…

METHODOLOGICAL NOTES: Rotation of the swing plane of Foucault's pendulum and Thomas spin precession: two sides of one coin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivoruchenko, Mikhail I.

2009-08-01

Using elementary geometric tools, we apply essentially the same methods to derive expressions for the rotation angle of the swing plane of Foucault's pendulum and the rotation angle of the spin of a relativistic particle moving in a circular orbit (the Thomas precession effect).

Neutrinos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winter, K.; Murdin, P.

2000-11-01

Neutrinos are electrically neutral ELEMENTARY PARTICLES which experience only the weak nuclear force and gravity. Their existence was introduced as a hypothesis by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain the apparent violation of energy conservation in radioactive beta decay. Chadwick had discovered in 1914 that the energy spectrum of electrons emitted in beta decay was not monoenergetic but continuous...

Misconceptions of Selected Science Concepts Held by Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doran, Rodney L.

1972-01-01

Describes a test, administered as a motion picture, designed to measure misconceptions about the particle model of matter held by students in grades two through six. Reliability values for tests of eight misconceptions are given and the correlations of misconception scores with measures of IQ, reading, mathematics, and science ability reported.…

The Heat Is On! Using Particle Models to Change Students' Conceptions of Heat and Temperature

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hitt, Austin Manning; Townsend, J. Scott

2015-01-01

Elementary, middle-level, and high school science teachers commonly find their students have misconceptions about heat and temperature. Unfortunately, student misconceptions are difficult to modify or change and can prevent students from learning the accurate scientific explanation. In order to improve our students' understanding of heat and…

Suggestions for Evaluating the Quality of the Army’s Science and Technology Program: The Portfolio and Its Execution

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

definition of 6.1 research apply. Namely, the work is curiosity work with no specific application in mind. The two extramural categories include...direct interest in relativity and gravitation, cosmology , elementary particles, nuclear physics, astronomy, or astrophysics, since they generally have

The Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eisenbud, Leonard

This monograph was written for the Conference on the New Instructional Materials in Physics, held at the University of Washington in summer, 1965. It is intended for use by college students at the Junior and Senior levels. There are nine chapters in this monograph. The failure of classical theory in dealing with elementary particles physics is…

Book Review: The genius of science: a portrait gallery of twentieth-century physicists. Abraham Pais, Oxford University Press, New York, 2000, 365 pp., UK £26.50, ISBN 0-19-850614-7

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kragh, Helge

Abraham Pais made important contributions to the physics of elementary particles and other areas of theoretical physics before he turned, in the 1970s, to the history of modern physics, a field he cultivated energetically and successfully until his death in 2000. Among the best works of the prolific physicist-historian (a better term, in this case, than historian of physics) is the acclaimed Einstein biography Subtle is the Lord (1982) and Inward Bound (1986), a comprehensive chronicle of elementary particle physics. More recently his autobiography, A Tale of Two Continents (1997), appeared, a book to a large extent based on Pais's friendship and acquaintance with many of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century. In the present book, the physicists who appeared as supporting cast in his autobiography are presented in their own right, chapter by chapter. Yet Pais himself is present throughout the book and the reader is constantly reminded of his friendship with the physicists portrayed.

Can the Hypothesis 'Photon Interferes only with Itself' be Reconciled with Superposition of Light from Multiple Beams or Sources?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roychoudhuri, Chandrasekhar; Prasad, Narasimha S.; Peng, Qing

2007-01-01

Any superposition effect as measured (SEM) by us is the summation of simultaneous stimulations experienced by a detector due to the presence of multiple copies of a detectee each carrying different values of the same parameter. We discus the cases with light beams carrying same frequency for both diffraction and multiple beam Fabry-Perot interferometer and also a case where the two superposed light beams carry different frequencies. Our key argument is that if light really consists of indivisible elementary particle, photon, then it cannot by itself create superposition effect since the state vector of an elementary particle cannot carry more than one values of any parameter at the same time. Fortunately, semiclassical model explains all light induced interactions using quantized atoms and classical EM wave packet. Classical physics, with its deeper commitment to Reality Ontology, was better prepared to nurture the emergence of Quantum Mechanics and still can provide guidance to explore nature deeper if we pay careful attention to successful classical formulations like Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral.

Final Report for Geometric Observers and Particle Filtering for Controlled Active Vision

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-15

code) 15-12-2016 Final Report 01Sep06 - 09May11 Final Report for Geometric Observers & Particle Filtering for Controlled Active Vision 49414-NS.1Allen...Observers and Particle Filtering for Controlled Active Vision by Allen R. Tannenbaum School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of...7 2.2.4 Conformal Area Minimizing Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Particle Filters

Influence of passive smoking on learning in elementary school.

PubMed

Jorge, Juliana Gomes; Botelho, Clóvis; Silva, Ageo Mário Cândido; Moi, Gisele Pedroso

2016-01-01

To analyze the association between household smoking and the development of learning in elementary schoolchildren. Cross-sectional study with 785 students from the 2nd to the 5th year of elementary school. Students were evaluated by the School Literacy Screening Protocol to identify the presence of learning disabilities. Mothers/guardians were interviewed at home through a validated questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analysis, as well as multivariate Poisson regression, were performed. In the final model, the variables associated with learning difficulties were current smoking at the household in the presence of the child (PR=6.10, 95% CI: 4.56 to 8.16), maternal passive smoking during pregnancy (PR=1.46, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.01), students attending the 2nd and 3rd years of Elementary School (PR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.90), and being children of mothers with only elementary level education (PR=1.36, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.79). The study demonstrated an association between passive exposure to tobacco smoke and learning difficulties at school. Copyright © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.

Deposit Structure for Particle-laden Droplets Targeted by Electrospray

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghafouri, Aref; Singler, Timothy; Yong, Xin; Chiarot, Paul

2017-11-01

A hybrid printing technique that combines electrospray atomization with inkjet printing provides unique capabilities for exploring transport creating nanoparticle deposits with controlled structures. In this research, we use electrospray to deliver dry nanoparticles to the interface of particle-laden sessile droplets. Upon evaporation of the target sessile droplet, the particles at the interface are mapped to the underlying substrate. Particle locations in the final deposit were observed separately by tagging the particles dispersed inside the droplet and at its interface with different fluorophores. As expected, surfactant-free particles inside the target droplet were transported to its (pinned) contact line, creating a ``coffee ring'' morphology in the final deposit. The transport and final location of the interfacial particles was highly dependent on the presence of surfactant in the electrosprayed solution. If surfactant was present, the interfacial particles were transported to the apex of the target droplet, forming a dense region at the center of the final deposit. If the electrosprayed solution was surfactant-free, the transport of the interfacial particles was arrested and they were distributed uniformly across the final deposit. Similar deposit morphologies were found when experimenting with various surfactants, including Tween and sodium dodecyl sulfate. These results highlight the important of Marangoni flow in governing the final deposit structure for hybrid printing. This research supported by the National Science Foundation (Award 1538090).

Career Development Project. [Ogden, Utah City School District]. Final Report and Evaluation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Drechsel, Lionel

Covering the time period of October 1972 to May 1974, the final report documents the efforts of a career education project in the Ogden City School District. In the elementary grades the program stressed the importance of work and workers and introduced some very basic careers. On the junior and senior high school levels, a career guidance and…

Staff Helping Attain Relevant Education (Project SHARE): Final Evaluation Report, 1992-93. OREA Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranadive, Jyoti

Project SHARE (Staff Helping Attain Relevant Education), a project funded by Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, was in its third and final year of operation in 1992-93, in eight primary schools in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Manhattan (New York). The project served 141 limited English proficient students from low-income families…

Fitting the Elementary Rate Constants of the P-gp Transporter Network in the hMDR1-MDCK Confluent Cell Monolayer Using a Particle Swarm Algorithm

PubMed Central

Agnani, Deep; Acharya, Poulomi; Martinez, Esteban; Tran, Thuy Thanh; Abraham, Feby; Tobin, Frank; Ellens, Harma; Bentz, Joe

2011-01-01

P-glycoprotein, a human multidrug resistance transporter, has been extensively studied due to its importance to human health and disease. In order to understand transport kinetics via P-gp, confluent cell monolayers overexpressing P-gp are widely used. The purpose of this study is to obtain the mass action elementary rate constants for P-gp's transport and to functionally characterize members of P-gp's network, i.e., other transporters that transport P-gp substrates in hMDR1-MDCKII confluent cell monolayers and are essential to the net substrate flux. Transport of a range of concentrations of amprenavir, loperamide, quinidine and digoxin across the confluent monolayer of cells was measured in both directions, apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical. We developed a global optimization algorithm using the Particle Swarm method that can simultaneously fit all datasets to yield accurate and exhaustive fits of these elementary rate constants. The statistical sensitivity of the fitted values was determined by using 24 identical replicate fits, yielding simple averages and standard deviations for all of the kinetic parameters, including the efflux active P-gp surface density. Digoxin required additional basolateral and apical transporters, while loperamide required just a basolateral tranporter. The data were better fit by assuming bidirectional transporters, rather than active importers, suggesting that they are not MRP or active OATP transporters. The P-gp efflux rate constants for quinidine and digoxin were about 3-fold smaller than reported ATP hydrolysis rate constants from P-gp proteoliposomes. This suggests a roughly 3∶1 stoichiometry between ATP hydrolysis and P-gp transport for these two drugs. The fitted values of the elementary rate constants for these P-gp substrates support the hypotheses that the selective pressures on P-gp are to maintain a broad substrate range and to keep xenobiotics out of the cytosol, but not out of the apical membrane. PMID:22028772

Explaining electric conductivity using the particle-in-a-box model: quantum superposition is the key

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sivanesan, Umaseh; Tsang, Kin; Izmaylov, Artur F.

2017-12-01

Most of the textbooks explaining electric conductivity in the context of quantum mechanics provide either incomplete or semi-classical explanations that are not connected with the elementary concepts of quantum mechanics. We illustrate the conduction phenomena using the simplest model system in quantum dynamics, a particle in a box (PIB). To induce the particle dynamics, a linear potential tilting the bottom of the box is introduced, which is equivalent to imposing a constant electric field for a charged particle. Although the PIB model represents a closed system that cannot have a flow of electrons through the system, we consider the oscillatory dynamics of the particle probability density as the analogue of the electric current. Relating the amplitude and other parameters of the particle oscillatory dynamics with the gap between the ground and excited states of the PIB model allows us to demonstrate one of the most basic dependencies of electric conductivity on the valence-conduction band gap of the material.

The expanding materials multiverse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Powell, Ben J.

2018-06-01

High-energy physicists are limited to studying a single vacuum and its excitations, the particles of the standard model. For condensed-matter physicists, every new phase of matter brings a new “‘vacuum.” Remarkably, the low-energy excitations of these new vacua can be very different from the individual electrons, protons, and neutrons that constitute the material. The materials multiverse contains universes where the particle-like excitations carry only a fraction of the elementary electronic charge (1), are magnetic monopoles (2), or are their own antiparticles (3). None of these properties have ever been observed in the particles found in free space. Often, emergent gauge fields accompany these “fractionalized” particles (2, 4, 5), just as electromagnetic gauge fields accompany charged particles. On page 1101 of this issue, Hassan et al. (6) provide a glimpse of the emergent behaviors of a putative new phase of matter, the dipole liquid. What particles live in this universe, and what new physics is found in this and neighboring parts of the multiverse?

The search for new resonances in strong symmetry breaking scenarios with the ATLAS detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davies, Merlin

Using the most recent data collected by the ATLAS detector in pp collisions delivered by the LHC at 7 and 8 TeV, this thesis shall establish severe constraints on a variety of models going beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. More particularly, two types of hypothetical particles, existing in various theoretical models shall be studied and probed. The first type will be the search for vector-like quarks (VLQ) produced in pp collisions through electroweak couplings with the u and d quarks. The quest for these particles will be made as they decay into either W(ℓnu)+jet or Z(ℓℓ)+jet. There exist theoretical arguments that establish that, under certain reasonable conditions, single production of VLQ dominates over production in pairs. The particular topology of such events enables the implementation of effective techniques to extract signal over electroweak background. The second type is the search for resonant particles decaying to WZ when the gauge bosons W and Z decay leptonically. The final states detected by ATLAS therefore contain three leptons (e, or mu) and missing transverse energy. The distribution of the invariant mass of these objects will then be examined to determine the presence or absence of new resonances that manifest themselves as localized excesses in m(WZ). Despite the fact that, at first glance, these two new types of particles have very little in common, they are in fact both closely linked to electroweak symmetry breaking. In many theoretical models, the hypothetical existence of VLQ is put forward to counteract the top quark's contribution to radiative loop corrections of the Higgs mass, a calculation which assumes that the Higgs is an elementary particle. Concurrently, other models foretelling the existence WZ resonances alternatively suggest that the Higgs is a composite particle, completely rewriting the whole Higgs sector of the SM. In this perspective, the two analyses presented in this thesis have a fundamental link with the very nature of the Higgs, thereby extending our knowledge of the origin of particle masses. Ultimately, the two analyses did not observe any significant excess in their respective signal regions, paving the way for the computations of limits on the production cross section as a function of the mass of the resonances.

Cosmology and the large-mass problem of the five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lukács, B.; Pacher, T.

1985-12-01

It is shown that in five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theories the large-mass problem leads to circulus vitiosus: the huge recent e2/G value produces the large mass problem, which restricts the ratio e2/Gm2 to the order of unity, in contradiction with the present 1040 value for elementary particles.

A Physics Show Performed by Students for Kids: "From Mechanics to Elementary Particle Physics"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dreiner, Herbi K.

2008-01-01

Physics students spend the early part of their training attending physics and mathematics lectures, solving problem sets, and experimenting in laboratory courses. The program is typically intensive and fairly rigid. They have little opportunity to follow their own curiosity or apply their knowledge. There have been many attempts to address this…

Potential applications of electron emission membranes in medicine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bilevych, Yevgen; Brunner, Stefan E.; Chan, Hong Wah; Charbon, Edoardo; van der Graaf, Harry; Hagen, Cornelis W.; Nützel, Gert; Pinto, Serge D.; Prodanović, Violeta; Rotman, Daan; Santagata, Fabio; Sarro, Lina; Schaart, Dennis R.; Sinsheimer, John; Smedley, John; Tao, Shuxia; Theulings, Anne M. M. G.

2016-02-01

With a miniaturised stack of transmission dynodes, a noise free amplifier is being developed for the detection of single free electrons, with excellent time- and 2D spatial resolution and efficiency. With this generic technology, a new family of detectors for individual elementary particles may become possible. Potential applications of such electron emission membranes in medicine are discussed.

Lorentz violating Julia-Toulouse mechanism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gaete, Patricio; Wotzasek, Clovis; Instituto de Fisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

2007-03-01

We study a Lorentz invariance violating extension for the pure photonic sector of the standard model. A phenomenological proposal is made for the condensation of topological defects in the presence of a constant rank-m tensor in the context of the Julia-Toulouse mechanism. Possible physical consequences leading to direct measurable effects over the confining properties of the elementary particles are explored.

Robert R. Wilson Prize II: A Quantum Field Theory Approach to Intrabeam Scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bjorken, James

2017-01-01

My involvement in the intrabeam scattering problem was very brief, from the autumn of 1981 to the summer of 1982. It occurred during my tenure at Fermilab. I entered the subject as an amateur in accelerator theory. But my experience in elementary-particle theory turned out to be of help in advancing the subject.

A Measurement of Charged and Neutral Elementary Particles Emitted from Antiproton Annihilation at Rest in Heavy Nuclei

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-15

ithbothourmeaureentfor steinslid. A.. Myklebost. K.. Olsen. J.M.. Breivik . F.O.. Jacobsen, carbon and the prediction for oxygen. T_. Sorensen. S.O.: CERN preprint EP...M., Fujitani. T., Iwahori, L,. Kawaguti. .Koba~ashi, steinslid, A.. Myklebost, K., Olsen. J.M., Breivik , F.O.. Jacobsen, M., Kurokawa, S., Nagashima

Physics in perspective. Volume 2, part A: The core subfields of physics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1972-01-01

Panel reports to the Survey Committee are presented to provide detailed technical background and documentation for committee findings, and to indicate the vitality and strength of the subfields of physics. Included are the core subfields of acoustics, optics, condensed matter, plasmas and fluids, atomic molecular and electron physics, nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics.

Can There Be Massive Photons? A Pedagogical Glance at the Origin of Mass

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robles, P.; Claro, F.

2012-01-01

Among the most startling experiences a student encounters is learning that, unlike electrons and other elementary particles, photons have no mass. Under certain circumstances, however, the light quantum behaves as if it did have a finite mass. Starting from Maxwell's equations, we discuss how this arises when light interacts with a charged plasma,…

Computer simulation of space charge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, K. W.; Chung, W. K.; Mak, S. S.

1991-05-01

Using the particle-mesh (PM) method, a one-dimensional simulation of the well-known Langmuir-Child's law is performed on an INTEL 80386-based personal computer system. The program is coded in turbo basic (trademark of Borland International, Inc.). The numerical results obtained were in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and the computational time required is quite modest. This simulation exercise demonstrates that some simple computer simulation using particles may be implemented successfully on PC's that are available today, and hopefully this will provide the necessary incentives for newcomers to the field who wish to acquire a flavor of the elementary aspects of the practice.

Spin Path Integrals and Generations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brannen, Carl

2010-11-01

The spin of a free electron is stable but its position is not. Recent quantum information research by G. Svetlichny, J. Tolar, and G. Chadzitaskos have shown that the Feynman position path integral can be mathematically defined as a product of incompatible states; that is, as a product of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). Since the more common use of MUBs is in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, this raises the question “what happens when spin path integrals are computed over products of MUBs?” Such an assumption makes spin no longer stable. We show that the usual spin-1/2 is obtained in the long-time limit in three orthogonal solutions that we associate with the three elementary particle generations. We give applications to the masses of the elementary leptons.

Inclusive reconstruction of hadron resonances in elementary and heavy-ion collisions with HADES

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kornakov, Georgy

2016-11-01

The unambiguous identification of hadron modifications in hot and dense QCD matter is one of the important goals in nuclear physics. In the regime of 1 - 2 GeV kinetic energy per nucleon, HADES has measured rare and penetrating probes in elementary and heavy-ion collisions. The main creation mechanism of mesons is the excitation and decay of baryonic resonances throughout the fireball evolution. The reconstruction of shortlived (≈ 1 fm/c) resonance states through their decay products is notoriously difficult. We have developed a new iterative algorithm, which builds the best hypothesis of signal and background by distortion of individual particle properties. This allows to extract signals with signal-to-background ratios of <1%.

Quantum Mechanics, vacuum, particles, Gödel-Cohen incompleteness and the Universe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gonzalez-Mestres, Luis

2017-12-01

Are the standard laws of Physics really fundamental principles? Does the physical vacuum have a more primordial internal structure? Are quarks, leptons, gauge bosons… ultimate elementary objects? These three basic questions are actually closely related. If the deep vacuum structure and dynamics turn out to be less trivial than usually depicted, the conventional "elementary" particles will most likely be excitations of such a vacuum dynamics that remains by now unknown. We then expect relativity and quantum mechanics to be low-energy limits of a more fundamental dynamical pattern that generates them at a deeper level. It may even happen that vacuum drives the expansion of the Universe from its own inner dynamics. Inside such a vacuum structure, the speed of light would not be the critical speed for vacuum constituents and propagating signals. The natural scenario would be the superbradyon (superluminal preon) pattern we postulated in 1995, with a new critical speed cs much larger than the speed of light c just as c is much larger than the speed of sound. Superbradyons are assumed to be the bradyons of a super-relativity associated to cs (a Lorentz invariance with cs as the critical speed). Similarly, the standard relativistic space-time with four real coordinates would not necessarily hold beyond low-energy and comparatively local distance scales. Instead, the spinorial space-time (SST) with two complex coordinates we introduced in 1996-97 may be the suitable one to describe the internal structure of vacuum and standard "elementary" particles and, simultaneously, Cosmology at very large distance scales. If the constituents of the preonic vacuum are superluminal, quantum entanglement appears as a natural property provided cs ≫ c . The value of cs can even be possibly found experimentally by studying entanglement at large distances. It is not excluded that preonic constituents of vacuum can exist in our Universe as free particles ("free" superbradyons), in which case we expect them to be weakly coupled to standard matter. If a preonic vacuum is actually leading the basic dynamics of Particle Physics and Cosmology, and standard particles are vacuum excitations, the Gödel-Cohen incompleteness will apply to vacuum dynamics whereas the conventional laws of physics will actually be approximate and have error bars. We discuss here the possible role of the superbradyonic vacuum and of the SST in generating Quantum Mechanics, as well as the implications of such a dynamical origin of the conventional laws of Physics and possible evidences in experiments and observations. Black holes, gravitational waves, possible "free" superbradyons or preonic waves, unconventional vacuum radiation… are considered from this point of view paying particular attention to LIGO, VIRGO and CERN experiments. This lecture is dedicated to the memory of John Bell

The Discovery of the Point-Like Structure of Matter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taylor, Richard E

2000-09-28

The organizers of this workshop have invited me here to reminisce. The assigned subject is the proton and how it lost its identity as an elementary particle. In its youth, the proton was very much neglected. It was overweight and introverted, and all the attention went to its lighter and more gregarious companion, the electron. The electron was noticed first and was accepted as a constituent of all matter almost immediately. As a result, the chemical ''elements'' lost their elementary status. With Rutherford's discovery of the nuclear atom it became clear that there was something rather small inside the hydrogenmore » atom with nearly 2000 times the mass of the electron, and equal but opposite charge. That something was called the ''positive electron'' or ''H-particle'' until 1930 or so. The Standard Model in those days had only two elementary particles with mass (whether light quanta might also be a particle was a subject of debate) and the only known forces were electromagnetic and gravitational. In the early days it was assumed that there were some extra positive electrons (each paired with a negative electron) inside nuclei other than hydrogen, to account for the observation that the atomic weight is equal to or greater than twice the atomic number. In 1914, Rutherford's group at Manchester turned its attention to alpha-particle scattering experiments on light nuclei. The group was intrigued by a calculation predicting that forward-scattered H-particles would have a much greater range than the incoming alpha particles. An experiment, the very first on the proton, verified the prediction experimentally and Marsden and Lantsberry concluded that the Coulomb field of the H particle could account for their results (at distances of closest approach that approximated 10{sup -13} cms.) World War I stopped most of the research in Rutherford's laboratory when many of the young scientists left to serve in the armed forces. Rutherford himself continued to do some research in parallel with his war work and in his spare time he discovered the first nuclear reaction on a nitrogen target along with anomalies in the scattering of alpha particles from hydrogen. Much improved measurements on hydrogen came after the war when Chadwick and Bieler, (now with Rutherford at the Cavendish) redid the earlier experiments, finding that there were too many H particles at large angles when the distance of closest approach was less than 3.5 x 10{sup -13} cms. In their 1921 paper, Chadwick and Bieler stated that there must be ''forces of very great intensity'' acting at small distances. Great significance was attached to the fact that such distances are about the same as the classical electron radius. Compare the modest activity on the proton with the intense effort (both experimental and theoretical) on electrons after the war. Progress was swift and by 1929, the basics needed for understanding the atom were in place, although the nucleus was still not understood at all. Only the charge, mass and spin (but not the magnetic moment) of the proton were known. In 1920 Rutherford had suggested that combinations of positive and negative electrons in the nucleus formed a neutral entity where the ''ordinary properties of the electrons are suppressed''. By the end of the decade there was growing recognition of the problems inherent in assuming the presence of electrons in the nucleus though it still seemed obvious that they had to be in there somewhere.« less

Career Awareness Program for Bilingual Haitian and Hispanic Students (Project CAP). Final Evaluation Report, 1993-94. OER Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roman, Elliott M.

In 1993-94 the Career Awareness Program for Bilingual Haitian and Hispanic Students (Project CAP) was in its fifth and final year as an Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title VII project. Project CAP operated at two high schools in Brooklyn (New York), serving 136 Haitians at one and an undetermined number of Spanish-speaking and Haitian…

Neuropsychological Assessment and Training of Cognitive Processing Strategies for Reading Recognition and Comprehension: A Computer Assisted Program for Learning Disabled Students. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Teeter, Phyllis Anne; Smith, Philip L.

The final report of the 2-year project describes the development and validation of microcomputer software to help assess reading disabled elementary grade children and to provide basic reading instruction. Accomplishments of the first year included: design of the STAR Neuro-Cognitive Assessment Program which includes a reproduction of…

On relativistic motion of a pair of particles having opposite signs of masses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov, Pavel B.

2012-12-01

In this methodological note, we consider, in a weak-fleld limit, the relativistic linear motion of two particles with masses of opposite signs and a small difference between their absolute values: m_{1,2}=+/- (\\mu+/- \\Delta \\mu) , \\mu \\gt 0, \\vert\\Delta \\mu \\vert \\ll\\mu. In 1957, H Bondi showed in the framework of both Newtonian analysis and General Relativity that, when the relative motion of particles is absent, such a pair can be accelerated indefinitely. We generalize the results of his paper to account for the small nonzero difference between the velocities of the particles. Assuming that the weak-field limit holds and the dynamical system is conservative, an elementary treatment of the problem based on the laws of energy and momentum conservation shows that the system can be accelerated indefinitely, or attain very large asymptotic values of the Lorentz factor \\gamma. The system experiences indefinite acceleration when its energy-momentum vector is null and the mass difference \\Delta \\mu \\le 0. When the modulus of the square of the norm of the energy-momentum vector, \\vert N^{\\,2}\\vert, is sufficiently small, the system can be accelerated to very large \\gamma \\propto \\vert N^{\\,2}\\vert^{-1}. It is stressed that, when only leading terms in the ratio of a characteristic gravitational radius to the distance between the particles are retained, our elementary analysis leads to equations of motion equivalent to those derived from relativistic weak-field equations of motion by Havas and Goldberg in 1962. Thus, in the weak-field approximation it is possible to bring the system to the state with extremely high values of \\gamma. The positive energy carried by the particle with positive mass may be conveyed to other physical bodies, say by intercepting this particle with a target. If we suppose that there is a process of production of such pairs and the particles with positive mass are intercepted, while the negative mass particles are expelled from the region of space occupied by the physical bodies of interest, this scheme could provide a persistent transfer of positive energy to the bodies, which may be classified as `perpetual motion of the third kind'. Additionally, we critically evaluate some recent claims regarding the problem.

Origins of mass

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilczek, Frank

2012-10-01

Newtonian mechanics posited mass as a primary quality of matter, incapable of further elucidation. We now see Newtonian mass as an emergent property. That mass-concept is tremendously useful in the approximate description of baryon-dominated matter at low energy — that is, the standard "matter" of everyday life, and of most of science and engineering — but it originates in a highly contingent and non-trivial way from more basic concepts. Most of the mass of standard matter, by far, arises dynamically, from back-reaction of the color gluon fields of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Additional quantitatively small, though physically crucial, contributions come from the intrinsic masses of elementary quanta (electrons and quarks). The equations for massless particles support extra symmetries — specifically scale, chiral, and gauge symmetries. The consistency of the standard model relies on a high degree of underlying gauge and chiral symmetry, so the observed non-zero masses of many elementary particles ( W and Z bosons, quarks, and leptons) requires spontaneous symmetry breaking. Superconductivity is a prototype for spontaneous symmetry breaking and for mass-generation, since photons acquire mass inside superconductors. A conceptually similar but more intricate form of all-pervasive ( i.e. cosmic) superconductivity, in the context of the electroweak standard model, gives us a successful, economical account of W and Z boson masses. It also allows a phenomenologically successful, though profligate, accommodation of quark and lepton masses. The new cosmic superconductivity, when implemented in a straightforward, minimal way, suggests the existence of a remarkable new particle, the so-called Higgs particle. The mass of the Higgs particle itself is not explained in the theory, but appears as a free parameter. Earlier results suggested, and recent observations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may indicate, the actual existence of the Higgs particle, with mass m H ≈ 125 GeV. In addition to consolidating our understanding of the origin of mass, a Higgs particle with m H ≈ 125 GeV could provide an important clue to the future, as it is consistent with expectations from supersymmetry.

Architectural Survey of Pershing Elementary School, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

information important in prehistory or history. 16 NPS 1991. 17 Excerpted from...school has yielded, or was likely to yield, any information important in prehistory or history. Final Determination for Building 6501 It is the

Next-to-leading-order electroweak corrections to the production of three charged leptons plus missing energy at the LHC

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biedermann, Benedikt; Denner, Ansgar; Hofer, Lars

2017-10-01

The production of a neutral and a charged vector boson with subsequent decays into three charged leptons and a neutrino is a very important process for precision tests of the Standard Model of elementary particles and in searches for anomalous triple-gauge-boson couplings. In this article, the first computation of next-to-leading-order electroweak corrections to the production of the four-lepton final states μ + μ -e+ ν e, {μ}+{μ}-{e}-{\\overline{ν}}e , μ + μ - μ + ν μ , and {μ}+{μ}-{μ}-{\\overline{ν}}_{μ } at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We use the complete matrix elements at leading and next-to-leading order, including all off-shell effects of intermediate massive vector bosons and virtual photons. The relative electroweak corrections to the fiducial cross sections from quark-induced partonic processes vary between -3% and -6%, depending significantly on the event selection. At the level of differential distributions, we observe large negative corrections of up to -30% in the high-energy tails of distributions originating from electroweak Sudakov logarithms. Photon-induced contributions at next-to-leading order raise the leading-order fiducial cross section by +2%. Interference effects in final states with equal-flavour leptons are at the permille level for the fiducial cross section, but can lead to sizeable effects in off-shell sensitive phase-space regions.

Introduction to the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Tongeren, Stijn J.

2016-08-01

We give a pedagogical introduction to the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, a method that allows us to describe the thermodynamics of integrable models whose spectrum is found via the (asymptotic) Bethe ansatz. We set the stage by deriving the Fermi-Dirac distribution and associated free energy of free electrons, and then in a similar though technically more complicated fashion treat the thermodynamics of integrable models, focusing first on the one-dimensional Bose gas with delta function interaction as a clean pedagogical example, secondly the XXX spin chain as an elementary (lattice) model with prototypical complicating features in the form of bound states, and finally the {SU}(2) chiral Gross-Neveu model as a field theory example. Throughout this discussion we emphasize the central role of particle and hole densities, whose relations determine the model under consideration. We then discuss tricks that allow us to use the same methods to describe the exact spectra of integrable field theories on a circle, in particular the chiral Gross-Neveu model. We moreover discuss the simplification of TBA equations to Y systems, including the transition back to integral equations given sufficient analyticity data, in simple examples.

Dark Energy and Dark Matter as w = -1 Virtual Particles and the World Hologram Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarfatti, Jack

2011-04-01

The elementary physics battle-tested principles of Lorentz invariance, Einstein equivalence principle and the boson commutation and fermion anti-commutation rules of quantum field theory explain gravitationally repulsive dark energy as virtual bosons and gravitationally attractive dark matter as virtual fermion-antifermion pairs. The small dark energy density in our past light cone is the reciprocal entropy-area of our future light cone's 2D future event horizon in a Novikov consistent loop in time in our accelerating universe. Yakir Aharonov's "back-from-the-future" post-selected final boundary condition is set at our observer-dependent future horizon that also explains why the irreversible thermodynamic arrow of time of is aligned with the accelerating dark energy expansion of the bulk 3D space interior to our future 2D horizon surrounding it as the hologram screen. Seth Lloyd has argued that all 2D horizon surrounding surfaces are pixelated quantum computers projecting interior bulk 3D quanta of volume (Planck area)Sqrt(area of future horizon) as their hologram images in 1-1 correspondence.

Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter Inside and Outside of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings.

PubMed

Miller, Shelly L; Facciola, Nick A; Toohey, Darin; Zhai, John

2017-01-28

The objectives of this study were to measure levels of particulate matter (PM) in mechanically ventilated buildings and to improve understanding of filtration requirements to reduce exposure. With the use of an Ultra High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer and an Aerodyne Mass Spectrometer, ultrafine (0.055-0.1 μm) and fine (0.1-0.7 μm) indoor and outdoor PM was measured as a function of time in an office, a university building, and two elementary schools. Indoor particle levels were highly correlated with outdoor levels. Indoor and outdoor number concentrations in Denver were higher than those in Boulder, with the highest number concentrations occurring during summer and fall. The ratio of indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) PM was weakly but positively correlated with the amount of ventilation provided to the indoor environment, did not vary much with particle size (ranged between 0.48 and 0.63 for the entire size range), and was similar for each period of the week (weekend vs. weekday, night vs. day). Regression analyses showed that ultrafine indoor PM baseline concentrations were higher at night from nighttime infiltration. A lag time was observed between outdoor and indoor measurements. Weekday days had the shortest lag time of 11 min, and weekend nighttime lags when the HVAC was not in use were 50 to 148 min. Indoor-outdoor PM concentration plots showed ultrafine PM was more correlated compared to fine, and especially when the HVAC system was on. Finally, AMS data showed that most of the PM was organic, with occasional nitrate events occurring outdoors. During nitrate events, there were less indoor particles detected, indicating a loss of particulate phase nitrate. The results from this study show that improved filtration is warranted in mechanically ventilated buildings, particularly for ultrafine particles, and that nighttime infiltration is significant depending on the building design.

Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter Inside and Outside of Mechanically Ventilated Buildings

PubMed Central

Miller, Shelly L.; Facciola, Nick A.; Toohey, Darin; Zhai, John

2017-01-01

The objectives of this study were to measure levels of particulate matter (PM) in mechanically ventilated buildings and to improve understanding of filtration requirements to reduce exposure. With the use of an Ultra High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer and an Aerodyne Mass Spectrometer, ultrafine (0.055–0.1 μm) and fine (0.1–0.7 μm) indoor and outdoor PM was measured as a function of time in an office, a university building, and two elementary schools. Indoor particle levels were highly correlated with outdoor levels. Indoor and outdoor number concentrations in Denver were higher than those in Boulder, with the highest number concentrations occurring during summer and fall. The ratio of indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) PM was weakly but positively correlated with the amount of ventilation provided to the indoor environment, did not vary much with particle size (ranged between 0.48 and 0.63 for the entire size range), and was similar for each period of the week (weekend vs. weekday, night vs. day). Regression analyses showed that ultrafine indoor PM baseline concentrations were higher at night from nighttime infiltration. A lag time was observed between outdoor and indoor measurements. Weekday days had the shortest lag time of 11 min, and weekend nighttime lags when the HVAC was not in use were 50 to 148 min. Indoor-outdoor PM concentration plots showed ultrafine PM was more correlated compared to fine, and especially when the HVAC system was on. Finally, AMS data showed that most of the PM was organic, with occasional nitrate events occurring outdoors. During nitrate events, there were less indoor particles detected, indicating a loss of particulate phase nitrate. The results from this study show that improved filtration is warranted in mechanically ventilated buildings, particularly for ultrafine particles, and that nighttime infiltration is significant depending on the building design. PMID:28134841

Teaching Healthy Eating to Elementary School Students: A Scoping Review of Nutrition Education Resources.

PubMed

Peralta, Louisa R; Dudley, Dean A; Cotton, Wayne G

2016-05-01

School-based programs represent an ideal setting to enhance healthy eating, as most children attend school regularly and consume at least one meal and a number of snacks at school each day. However, current research reports that elementary school teachers often display low levels of nutritional knowledge, self-efficacy, and skills to effectively deliver nutrition education. The purpose of this review was to understand the availability and quality of resources that are accessible for elementary school teachers to use to support curriculum delivery or nutrition education programs. The review included 32 resources from 4 countries in the final analysis from 1989 to 2014. The 32 resources exhibited 8 dominant teaching strategies: curriculum approaches; cross-curricular approaches; parental involvement; experiential learning approaches; contingent reinforcement approaches; literary abstraction approaches; games-based approaches; and web-based approaches. The resources were accessible to elementary school teachers, with all the resources embedding curriculum approaches, and most of the resources embedding parental involvement strategies. Resources were less likely to embed cross-curricular and experiential learning approaches, as well as contingent reinforcement approaches, despite recent research suggesting that the most effective evidence-based strategies for improving healthy eating in elementary school children are cross-curricular and experiential learning approaches. © 2016, American School Health Association.

Magnetic pumping of particles in the outer Jovian magnetosphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Borovsky, J. E.

1980-01-01

The mechanism of magnetic pumping consists of two processes, the adiabatic motion of charged particles in a time varying magnetic field and their pitch-angle diffusion. The result is a systematic increase in the energy of charged particles trapped in mirror (and particularly, magnetospheric) magnetic fields. A numerical model of the mechanism is constructed, compared with analytic theory where possible, and, through elementary exercises, is used to predict the consequences of the process for cases that are not tractable by analytical means. For energy dependent pitch angle diffusion rates, characteristic 'two temperature' distributions are produced. Application of the model to the outer Jovian magnetosphere shows that beyond 20 Jupiter radii in the outer magnetosphere, particles may be magnetically pumped to energies of the order of 1 - 2 MeV. Two temperature distribution functions with "break points" at 1 - 4 KeV for electrons and 8 - 35 KeV for ions are predicted.

Quantum phases for point-like charged particles and for electrically neutral dipoles in an electromagnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kholmetskii, A. L.; Missevitch, O. V.; Yarman, T.

2018-05-01

We point out that the known quantum phases for an electric/magnetic dipole moving in an electromagnetic (EM) field must be presented as the superposition of more fundamental quantum phases emerging for elementary charges. Using this idea, we find two new fundamental quantum phases for point-like charges, next to the known electric and magnetic Aharonov-Bohm (A-B) phases, named by us as the complementary electric and magnetic phases, correspondingly. We further demonstrate that these new phases can indeed be derived via the Schrödinger equation for a particle in an EM field, where however the operator of momentum is re-defined via the replacement of the canonical momentum of particle by the sum of its mechanical momentum and interactional field momentum for a system "charged particle and a macroscopic source of EM field". The implications of the obtained results are discussed.

Shape-tailored polymer colloids on the road to become structural motifs for hierarchically organized materials.

PubMed

Plüisch, Claudia Simone; Wittemann, Alexander

2013-12-01

Anisometric polymer colloids are likely to behave differently when compared with centrosymmetric particles. Their study may not only shine new light on the organization of matter; they may also serve as building units with specific symmetries and complexity to build new materials from them. Polymer colloids of well-defined complex geometries can be obtained by packing a limited number of spherical polymer particles into clusters with defined configurations. Such supracolloidal architectures can be fabricated at larger scales using narrowly dispersed emulsion droplets as templates. Assemblies built from at least two different types of particles as elementary building units open perspectives in selective targeting of colloids with specific properties, aiming for mesoscale building blocks with tailor-made morphologies and multifunctionality. Polymer colloids with defined geometries are also ideal to study shape-dependent properties such as the diffusion of complex particles. © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Elementary Development of the Gravitational Self-Force

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Detweiler, Steven

The gravitational field of a particle of small mass m moving through curved spacetime, with metric g ab , is naturally and easily decomposed into two parts each of which satisfies the perturbed Einstein equations through O(m). One part is an inhomogeneous field h ab S which, near the particle, looks like the Coulomb m / r field with tidal distortion from the local Riemann tensor. This singular field is defined in a neighborhood of the small particle and does not depend upon boundary conditions or upon the behavior of the source in either the past or the future. The other part is a homogeneous field h ab R. In a perturbative analysis, the motion of the particle is then best described as being a geodesic in the metric g ab + h ab R. This geodesic motion includes all of the effects which might be called radiation reaction and conservative effects as well.

Proceedings of the 1982 DPF summer study on elementary particle physics and future facilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Donaldson, R.; Gustafson, R.; Paige, F.

1982-01-01

This book presents the papers given at a conference on high energy physics. Topics considered at the conference included synchrotron radiation, testing the standard model, beyond the standard model, exploring the limits of accelerator technology, novel detector ideas, lepton-lepton colliders, lepton-hadron colliders, hadron-hadron colliders, fixed-target accelerators, non-accelerator physics, and sociology.

The Mystery of Matter, World of the Atom Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pollard, William G.

This booklet is one in the "World of the Atome Series" for junior high school students and their teachers. It describes the fascinating story of the search for the key to the structure of matter. These topics are reviewed: the chemical atom of the 19th century, the planetary atom, the wave atom, inside the elementary particles, and the mystery of…

THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS: Neutrino Oscillation Induced by Chiral Phase Transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mu, Cheng-Fu; Sun, Gao-Feng; Zhuang, Peng-Fei

2009-03-01

Electric charge neutrality provides a relationship between chiral dynamics and neutrino propagation in compact stars. Due to the sudden drop of the electron density at thefirst-order chiral phase transition, the oscillation for low energy neutrinos is significant and can be regarded as a signature of chiral symmetry restoration in the core of compact stars.

Twitter use in physics conferences.

PubMed

Webb, Stephen

An analysis of Twitter use in 116 conferences suggests that the service is used more extensively at PACS10 conferences (those devoted to the physics of elementary particles and fields) and PACS90 conferences (those devoted to geophysics, astronomy, and astrophysics) than at conferences in other fields of physics. Furthermore, Twitter is used in a qualitatively different manner. A possible reason for these differences is discussed.

On the initiation of lightning in thunderclouds.

PubMed

Chilingarian, Ashot; Chilingaryan, Suren; Karapetyan, Tigran; Kozliner, Lev; Khanikyants, Yeghia; Hovsepyan, Gagik; Pokhsraryan, David; Soghomonyan, Suren

2017-05-02

The relationship of lightning and elementary particle fluxes in the thunderclouds is not fully understood to date. Using the particle beams (the so-called Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements - TGEs) as a probe we investigate the characteristics of the interrelated atmospheric processes. The well-known effect of the TGE dynamics is the abrupt termination of the particle flux by the lightning flash. With new precise electronics, we can see that particle flux decline occurred simultaneously with the rearranging of the charge centers in the cloud. The analysis of the TGE energy spectra before and after the lightning demonstrates that the high-energy part of the TGE energy spectra disappeared just after lightning. The decline of particle flux coincides on millisecond time scale with first atmospheric discharges and we can conclude that Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREA) in the thundercloud assist initiation of the negative cloud to ground lightning. Thus, RREA can provide enough ionization to play a significant role in the unleashing of the lightning flash.

Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged; Migrant Education Program. Final Rule. Federal Register, Department of Education, 34 CFR Part 200

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Archives and Records Administration, 2008

2008-01-01

The Secretary amends the regulations governing the Migrant Education Program (MEP) administered under Part C of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended (ESEA). These final regulations adjust the base amounts of the MEP Basic State Formula grant allocations for fiscal year (FY) 2006 and subsequent years (as well…

Choosing Optional Infused Career Education for Students in High School Bilingual Programs (Project CHOICE). Final Evaluation Report 1992-93. OREA Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cantalupo, Denise

Project CHOICE was an Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title VII-funded project in its fifth and final year of operation at Fort Hamilton High School in Brooklyn and Springfield Gardens High School in Queens (both in New York City). In 1992-93 the project served 364 students of limited English proficiency. Participants received instruction…

Special Education Integration-Unification Initiative for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities: An Investigation of Program Status and Impact. Final Report: Project R117E10145, August 15, 1991-August 14, 1992.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Houck, Cherry Kendrick

This final report focused on research questions associated with reducing the segregation of students with learning disabilities (LD) in Virginia. A survey of special education supervisors, general education supervisors, building principals, general elementary and secondary education teachers, LD teachers, students with LD, and parents was…

Landau Levels of Majorana Fermions in a Spin Liquid.

PubMed

Rachel, Stephan; Fritz, Lars; Vojta, Matthias

2016-04-22

Majorana fermions, originally proposed as elementary particles acting as their own antiparticles, can be realized in condensed-matter systems as emergent quasiparticles, a situation often accompanied by topological order. Here we propose a physical system which realizes Landau levels-highly degenerate single-particle states usually resulting from an orbital magnetic field acting on charged particles-for Majorana fermions. This is achieved in a variant of a quantum spin system due to Kitaev which is distorted by triaxial strain. This strained Kitaev model displays a spin-liquid phase with charge-neutral Majorana-fermion excitations whose spectrum corresponds to that of Landau levels, here arising from a tailored pseudomagnetic field. We show that measuring the dynamic spin susceptibility reveals the Landau-level structure by a remarkable mechanism of probe-induced bound-state formation.

Predicting plasticity with soft vibrational modes: from dislocations to glasses.

PubMed

Rottler, Jörg; Schoenholz, Samuel S; Liu, Andrea J

2014-04-01

We show that quasilocalized low-frequency modes in the vibrational spectrum can be used to construct soft spots, or regions vulnerable to rearrangement, which serve as a universal tool for the identification of flow defects in solids. We show that soft spots not only encode spatial information, via their location, but also directional information, via directors for particles within each soft spot. Single crystals with isolated dislocations exhibit low-frequency phonon modes that localize at the core, and their polarization pattern predicts the motion of atoms during elementary dislocation glide in two and three dimensions in exquisite detail. Even in polycrystals and disordered solids, we find that the directors associated with particles in soft spots are highly correlated with the direction of particle displacements in rearrangements.

Self-assembled structures of Gaussian nematic particles.

PubMed

Nikoubashman, Arash; Likos, Christos N

2010-03-17

We investigate the stable crystalline configurations of a nematic liquid crystal made of soft parallel ellipsoidal particles interacting via a repulsive, anisotropic Gaussian potential. For this purpose, we use genetic algorithms (GA) in order to predict all relevant and possible solid phase candidates into which this fluid can freeze. Subsequently we present and discuss the emerging novel structures and the resulting zero-temperature phase diagram of this system. The latter features a variety of crystalline arrangements, in which the elongated Gaussian particles in general do not align with any one of the high-symmetry crystallographic directions, a compromise arising from the interplay and competition between anisotropic repulsions and crystal ordering. Only at very strong degrees of elongation does a tendency of the Gaussian nematics to align with the longest axis of the elementary unit cell emerge.

TOPICAL REVIEW: TeV mini black hole decay at future colliders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casanova, Alex; Spallucci, Euro

2006-02-01

It is generally believed that mini black holes decay by emitting elementary particles with a black body energy spectrum. The original calculation leads to the conclusion that about the 90% of the black hole mass is radiated away in the form of photons, neutrinos and light leptons, mainly electrons and muons. With the advent of string theory, such a scenario must be updated by including new effects coming from the stringy nature of particles and interactions. The main modifications with respect to the original picture of black hole evaporation come from recent developments in non-perturbative string theory globally referred to as TeV-scale gravity. By taking for granted that black holes can be produced in hadronic collisions, then their decay must take into account that: (i) we live in a D3 brane embedded into a higher dimensional bulk spacetime; (ii) fundamental interactions, including gravity, are unified at the TeV energy scale. Thus, the formal description of the Hawking radiation mechanism has to be extended to the case of more than four spacetime dimensions and includes the presence of D-branes. This kind of topological defect in the bulk spacetime fabric acts as a sort of 'cosmic fly-paper' trapping electro-weak standard model elementary particles in our (3 + 1)-dimensional universe. Furthermore, unification of fundamental interactions at an energy scale many orders of magnitude lower than the Planck energy implies that any kind of fundamental particle, not only leptons, is expected to be emitted. A detailed understanding of the new scenario is instrumental for optimal tuning of detectors at future colliders, where, hopefully, this exciting new physics will be tested. In this review, we study higher dimensional black hole decay, considering not only the emission of particles according to the Hawking mechanism, but also their near-horizon QED/QCD interactions. The ultimate motivation is to build up a phenomenologically reliable scenario, allowing a clear experimental signature of the event.

Characterization of wood dust from furniture by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis.

PubMed

Gómez Yepes, Milena Elizabeth; Cremades, Lázaro V

2011-01-01

Study characterized and analyzed form factor, elementary composition and particle size of wood dust, in order to understand its harmful health effects on carpenters in Quindío (Colombia). Once particle characteristics (size distributions, aerodynamic equivalent diameter (D(α)), elemental composition and shape factors) were analyzed, particles were then characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXRA). SEM analysis of particulate matter showed: 1) cone-shaped particle ranged from 2.09 to 48.79 µm D(α); 2) rectangular prism-shaped particle from 2.47 to 72.9 µm D(α); 3) cylindrically-shaped particle from 2.5 to 48.79 µm D(α); and 4) spherically-shaped particle from 2.61 to 51.93 µm D(α). EDXRA reveals presence of chemical elements from paints and varnishes such as Ca, K, Na and Cr. SEM/EDXRA contributes in a significant manner to the morphological characterization of wood dust. It is obvious that the type of particles sampled is a complex function of shapes and sizes of particles. Thus, it is important to investigate the influence of particles characteristics, morphology, shapes and D(α) that may affect the health of carpenters in Quindío.

QCD constituent counting rules for neutral vector mesons

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brodsky, Stanley J.; Lebed, Richard F.; Lyubovitskij, Valery E.

QCD constituent counting rules define the scaling behavior of exclusive hadronic scattering and electromagnetic scattering amplitudes at high momentum transfer in terms of the total number of fundamental constituents in the initial and final states participating in the hard subprocess. The scaling laws reflect the twist of the leading Fock state for each hadron and hence the leading operator that creates the composite state from the vacuum. Thus, the constituent counting scaling laws can be used to identify the twist of exotic hadronic candidates such as tetraquarks and pentaquarks. Effective field theories must consistently implement the scaling rules in ordermore » to be consistent with the fundamental theory. Here in this paper, we examine how one can apply constituent counting rules for the exclusive production of one or two neutral vector mesons V 0 in e + e - annihilation, processes in which the V 0 can couple via intermediate photons. In the case of a (narrow) real V 0, the photon virtuality is fixed to a precise value s 1 = m2V 0, thus treating the V 0 as a single fundamental particle. Each real V 0 thus contributes to the constituent counting rules with NV0 = 1 . In effect, the leading operator underlying the V 0 has twist 1. Thus, in the specific physical case of single or double on-shell V 0 production via intermediate photons, the predicted scaling from counting rules coincides with vector-meson dominance (VMD), an effective theory that treats V 0 as an elementary field. However, the VMD prediction fails in the general case where the V 0 is not coupled through an elementary photon field, and then the leading-twist interpolating operator has twist NV 0 = 2 . Analogous effects appear in pp scattering processes.« less

QCD constituent counting rules for neutral vector mesons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brodsky, Stanley J.; Lebed, Richard F.; Lyubovitskij, Valery E.

2018-02-01

QCD constituent counting rules define the scaling behavior of exclusive hadronic scattering and electromagnetic scattering amplitudes at high momentum transfer in terms of the total number of fundamental constituents in the initial and final states participating in the hard subprocess. The scaling laws reflect the twist of the leading Fock state for each hadron and hence the leading operator that creates the composite state from the vacuum. Thus, the constituent counting scaling laws can be used to identify the twist of exotic hadronic candidates such as tetraquarks and pentaquarks. Effective field theories must consistently implement the scaling rules in order to be consistent with the fundamental theory. Here, we examine how one can apply constituent counting rules for the exclusive production of one or two neutral vector mesons V0 in e+e- annihilation, processes in which the V0 can couple via intermediate photons. In the case of a (narrow) real V0, the photon virtuality is fixed to a precise value s1=mV02, thus treating the V0 as a single fundamental particle. Each real V0 thus contributes to the constituent counting rules with NV0=1. In effect, the leading operator underlying the V0 has twist 1. Thus, in the specific physical case of single or double on-shell V0 production via intermediate photons, the predicted scaling from counting rules coincides with vector-meson dominance (VMD), an effective theory that treats V0 as an elementary field. However, the VMD prediction fails in the general case where the V0 is not coupled through an elementary photon field, and then the leading-twist interpolating operator has twist NV 0=2 . Analogous effects appear in p p scattering processes.

QCD constituent counting rules for neutral vector mesons

DOE PAGES

Brodsky, Stanley J.; Lebed, Richard F.; Lyubovitskij, Valery E.

2018-02-08

QCD constituent counting rules define the scaling behavior of exclusive hadronic scattering and electromagnetic scattering amplitudes at high momentum transfer in terms of the total number of fundamental constituents in the initial and final states participating in the hard subprocess. The scaling laws reflect the twist of the leading Fock state for each hadron and hence the leading operator that creates the composite state from the vacuum. Thus, the constituent counting scaling laws can be used to identify the twist of exotic hadronic candidates such as tetraquarks and pentaquarks. Effective field theories must consistently implement the scaling rules in ordermore » to be consistent with the fundamental theory. Here in this paper, we examine how one can apply constituent counting rules for the exclusive production of one or two neutral vector mesons V 0 in e + e - annihilation, processes in which the V 0 can couple via intermediate photons. In the case of a (narrow) real V 0, the photon virtuality is fixed to a precise value s 1 = m2V 0, thus treating the V 0 as a single fundamental particle. Each real V 0 thus contributes to the constituent counting rules with NV0 = 1 . In effect, the leading operator underlying the V 0 has twist 1. Thus, in the specific physical case of single or double on-shell V 0 production via intermediate photons, the predicted scaling from counting rules coincides with vector-meson dominance (VMD), an effective theory that treats V 0 as an elementary field. However, the VMD prediction fails in the general case where the V 0 is not coupled through an elementary photon field, and then the leading-twist interpolating operator has twist NV 0 = 2 . Analogous effects appear in pp scattering processes.« less

Sediment Transport Capacity of Turbidity Currents: from Microscale to Geological Scale.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eggenhuisen, J. T.; Tilston, M.; Cartigny, M.; Pohl, F.; de Leeuw, J.; van der Grind, G. J.

2016-12-01

A big question in sedimentology concerns the magnitude of fluxes of sediment particles, solute matter and dissolved gasses from shallow marine waters to deep basins by turbidity current flow. Here we establish sediment transport capacity of turbidity current flow on three levels. The most elementary level is set by the maximum amount of sediment that can be contained at the base of turbidity currents without causing complete extinction of boundary layer turbulence. The second level concerns the capacity in a vertical column within turbidity currents. The third level involves the amount of sediment that can be transported in turbidite systems on geological timescales. The capacity parameter Γ compares turbulent forces near the boundary of a turbulent suspension to gravity and buoyancy forces acting on suspended particles. The condition of Γ>1 coincides with complete suppression of coherent boundary layer turbulence in Direct Numerical Simulations of sediment-laden turbulent flow. Γ=1 coincides with the upper limit of observed suspended particle concentrations in flume and field measurements. Γ is grainsize independent, yet capacity of the full vertical structure of turbidity currents becomes grainsize dependent. This is due to the appearance of grainsize dependent vertical motions within turbulence as a primary control on the shape of the vertical concentration profile. We illustrate this dependence with experiments and theory and conclude that capacity depends on the competence of prevailing turbulence to suspend particle sizes. The concepts of capacity and competence are thus tangled. Finally, the capacity of turbidity current flow structure is coupled to geological constraints on recurrence times, channel and lobe life cycles, and allogenic forcing on system activity to arrive at system scale sediment transport capacity. We demonstrate a simple model that uses the fundamental process insight described above to estimate geological sediment budgets from architectural information. These predictions are tied to existing S2S analyses to constrain submarine channel and fan dimensions in ancient and subsurface systems. Predictions of sediment budgets in deep marine systems rely on integration of fundamental issues in turbulent particle suspension into geological models of turbidite systems.

Matter in the form of toroidal electromagnetic vortices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hagen, Wilhelm F.

2015-09-01

The creation of charged elementary particles from neutral photons is explained as a conversion process of electromagnetic (EM) energy from linear to circular motion at the speed of light into two localized, toroidal shaped vortices of trapped EM energy that resist change of motion, perceptible as particles with inertia and hence mass. The photon can be represented as a superposition of left and right circular polarized transverse electric fields of opposite polarity originating from a common zero potential axis, the optical axis of the photon. If these components are separated by interaction with a strong field (nucleon) they would curl up into two electromagnetic vortices (EMV) due to longitudinal magnetic field components forming toroids. These vortices are perceptible as opposite charged elementary particles e+/- . These spinning toroids generate extended oscillating fields that interact with stationary field oscillations. The velocity-dependent frequency differences cause beat signals equivalent to matter waves, leading to interference. The extended fields entangled with every particle explain wave particle duality issues. Spin and magnetic moment are the natural outcome of these gyrating particles. As the energy and hence mass of the electron increases with acceleration so does its size shrink proportional to its reduced wavelength. The artificial weak and strong nuclear forces can be easily explained as different manifestations of the intermediate EM forces. The unstable neutron consists of a proton surrounded by a contracted and captured electron. The associated radial EM forces represent the weak nuclear force. The deuteron consists of two axially separated protons held together by a centrally captured electron. The axial EM forces represent the strong nuclear force, providing stability for "neutrons" only within nucleons. The same principles were applied to determine the geometries of force-balanced nuclei. The alpha-particle emerges as a very compact symmetric cuboid that provides a unique building block to assemble the isotopic chart. Exotic neutron- 4 appears viable which may explain dark matter. The recognition that all heavy particles, including the protons, are related to electrons via muons and pions explains the identity of all charges to within 10-36. Greater deviations would overpower gravitation. Gravitation can be traced to EM vacuum fluctuations generated by standing EM waves between interacting particles. On that basis, gravity can be correlated via microscopic quantities to the age of the universe of 13.5 billion years. All forces and particles and potentially dark matter and dark energy are different manifestations of EM energy.

Spreadsheet analysis of stability and meta-stability of low-dimensional magnetic particles using the Ising approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ehrmann, Andrea; Blachowicz, Tomasz; Zghidi, Hafed

2015-05-01

Modelling hysteresis behaviour, as it can be found in a broad variety of dynamical systems, can be performed in different ways. An elementary approach, applied for a set of elementary cells, which uses only two possible states per cell, is the Ising model. While such Ising models allow for a simulation of many systems with sufficient accuracy, they nevertheless depict some typical features which must be taken into account with proper care, such as meta-stability or the externally applied field sweeping speed. This paper gives a general overview of recent results from Ising models from the perspective of a didactic model, based on a 2D spreadsheet analysis, which can be used also for solving general scientific problems where direct next-neighbour interactions take place.

Collisional Lifetimes of Elementary Excitations in Two-Dimensional Systems in the Field of a Strong Electromagnetic Wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovalev, V. M.

2018-04-01

A two-dimensional system with two nonequivalent valleys in the field of a strong circularly polarized electromagnetic wave is considered. It is assumed that the optical selection rules for a given polarization of light allow band-to-band transitions only in valleys of one, optically active, type (two-dimensional layer based on transition metal dichalcogenides, gapped graphene, etc.). This leads to the formation of photon-coupled electron-hole pairs, or an "optical insulator" state. It is assumed that the valleys of the second type (optically inactive) are populated with an equilibrium electron gas. The relaxation of elementary excitations in this hybrid system consisting of an electron gas and a gas of electron-hole pairs caused by the Coulomb interaction between the particles is investigated.

A semi-analytical method to evaluate the dielectric response of a tokamak plasma accounting for drift orbit effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Van Eester, Dirk

2005-03-01

A semi-analytical method is proposed to evaluate the dielectric response of a plasma to electromagnetic waves in the ion cyclotron domain of frequencies in a D-shaped but axisymmetric toroidal geometry. The actual drift orbit of the particles is accounted for. The method hinges on subdividing the orbit into elementary segments in which the integrations can be performed analytically or by tabulation, and it relies on the local book-keeping of the relation between the toroidal angular momentum and the poloidal flux function. Depending on which variables are chosen, the method allows computation of elementary building blocks for either the wave or the Fokker-Planck equation, but the accent is mainly on the latter. Two types of tangent resonance are distinguished.

Particle Physics after the Higgs-Boson Discovery: Opportunities for the Large Hadron Collider

DOE PAGES

Quigg, Chris

2015-08-24

The first run of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN brought the discovery of the Higgs boson, an apparently elementary scalar particle with a mass of 125 GeV, the avatar of the mechanism that hides the electroweak symmetry. Then, a new round of experimentation is beginning, with the energy of the proton–proton colliding beams raised to 6.5 TeV per beam, from 4 TeV at the end of the first run. I summarize what we have learned about the Higgs boson, and calls attention to some issues that will be among our central concerns in the near future.

Highly resolved fluid flows: "liquid plasmas" at the kinetic level.

PubMed

Morfill, Gregor E; Rubin-Zuzic, Milenko; Rothermel, Hermann; Ivlev, Alexei V; Klumov, Boris A; Thomas, Hubertus M; Konopka, Uwe; Steinberg, Victor

2004-04-30

Fluid flow around an obstacle was observed at the kinetic (individual particle) level using "complex (dusty) plasmas" in their liquid state. These "liquid plasmas" have bulk properties similar to water (e.g., viscosity), and a comparison in terms of similarity parameters suggests that they can provide a unique tool to model classical fluids. This allows us to study "nanofluidics" at the most elementary-the particle-level, including the transition from fluid behavior to purely kinetic transport. In this (first) experimental investigation we describe the kinetic flow topology, discuss our observations in terms of fluid theories, and follow this up with numerical simulations.

Microswimmers - From Single Particle Motion to Collective Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gompper, Gerhard; Bechinger, Clemens; Herminghaus, Stephan; Isele-Holder, Rolf; Kaupp, U. Benjamin; Löwen, Hartmut; Stark, Holger; Winkler, Roland G.

2016-11-01

Locomotion of autonomous microswimmers is a fascinating field at the cutting edge of science. It combines the biophysics of self-propulsion via motor proteins, artificial propulsion mechanisms, swimming strategies at low Reynolds numbers, the hydrodynamic interaction of swimmers, and the collective motion and synchronisation of large numbers of agents. The articles of this Special Issue are based on the lecture notes of an international summer school, which was organized by the DFG Priority Programme 1726 "Microswimmers - From Single Particle Motion to Collective Behaviour" in the fall of 2015. The minireviews provide a broad overview of the field, covering both elementary and advanced material, as well as selected areas from current research.

The decay of the proton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weinberg, S.

1981-06-01

The principal decay modes of subatomic particles are governed by fundamental conservation laws, and it is recounted how traditional views of conservation laws have been altered by the development of modern theories of elementary particle interactions. Proton decay experiments have gradually increased the empirical lower boundary on the lifetime of the proton. It is now known to have a lifetime at least 10 to the 30th times the age of the universe, but recent theoretical work is cited as an indication that this fundamental constituent of matter is not immortal. The conclusion is that all matter will eventually disintegrate if the proton indeed does not live forever.

Dark-matter QCD-axion searches.

PubMed

Rosenberg, Leslie J

2015-10-06

In the late 20th century, cosmology became a precision science. Now, at the beginning of the next century, the parameters describing how our universe evolved from the Big Bang are generally known to a few percent. One key parameter is the total mass density of the universe. Normal matter constitutes only a small fraction of the total mass density. Observations suggest this additional mass, the dark matter, is cold (that is, moving nonrelativistically in the early universe) and interacts feebly if at all with normal matter and radiation. There's no known such elementary particle, so the strong presumption is the dark matter consists of particle relics of a new kind left over from the Big Bang. One of the most important questions in science is the nature of this dark matter. One attractive particle dark-matter candidate is the axion. The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle arising in a simple and elegant extension to the standard model of particle physics that nulls otherwise observable CP-violating effects (where CP is the product of charge reversal C and parity inversion P) in quantum chromo dynamics (QCD). A light axion of mass 10(-(6-3)) eV (the invisible axion) would couple extraordinarily weakly to normal matter and radiation and would therefore be extremely difficult to detect in the laboratory. However, such an axion is a compelling dark-matter candidate and is therefore a target of a number of searches. Compared with other particle dark-matter candidates, the plausible range of axion dark-matter couplings and masses is narrowly constrained. This focused search range allows for definitive searches, where a nonobservation would seriously impugn the dark-matter QCD-axion hypothesis. Axion searches use a wide range of technologies, and the experiment sensitivities are now reaching likely dark-matter axion couplings and masses. This article is a selective overview of the current generation of sensitive axion searches. Not all techniques and experiments are discussed, but I hope to give a sense of the current experimental landscape of the search for dark-matter axions.

Dark-matter QCD-axion searches

PubMed Central

Rosenberg, Leslie J

2015-01-01

In the late 20th century, cosmology became a precision science. Now, at the beginning of the next century, the parameters describing how our universe evolved from the Big Bang are generally known to a few percent. One key parameter is the total mass density of the universe. Normal matter constitutes only a small fraction of the total mass density. Observations suggest this additional mass, the dark matter, is cold (that is, moving nonrelativistically in the early universe) and interacts feebly if at all with normal matter and radiation. There’s no known such elementary particle, so the strong presumption is the dark matter consists of particle relics of a new kind left over from the Big Bang. One of the most important questions in science is the nature of this dark matter. One attractive particle dark-matter candidate is the axion. The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle arising in a simple and elegant extension to the standard model of particle physics that nulls otherwise observable CP-violating effects (where CP is the product of charge reversal C and parity inversion P) in quantum chromo dynamics (QCD). A light axion of mass 10−(6–3) eV (the invisible axion) would couple extraordinarily weakly to normal matter and radiation and would therefore be extremely difficult to detect in the laboratory. However, such an axion is a compelling dark-matter candidate and is therefore a target of a number of searches. Compared with other particle dark-matter candidates, the plausible range of axion dark-matter couplings and masses is narrowly constrained. This focused search range allows for definitive searches, where a nonobservation would seriously impugn the dark-matter QCD-axion hypothesis. Axion searches use a wide range of technologies, and the experiment sensitivities are now reaching likely dark-matter axion couplings and masses. This article is a selective overview of the current generation of sensitive axion searches. Not all techniques and experiments are discussed, but I hope to give a sense of the current experimental landscape of the search for dark-matter axions. PMID:25583487

Programs for Children with Specific Learning Disabilities. P.L. 91-230, Title VI-G. Final Report on Products and Results of Year's Work, July 1, 1973 to June 30, 1974. Fail Save Continuum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1974

Presented is the final report of the Learning Disability Fail-Save Continuum Project, designed to provide identification, assessment, and placement services to 378 elementary and secondary level students. Outlined in Section I are the following project components: major revisions from the original proposal (such as implementation of the itinerant…

Improving acceptance for Higgs events at CDF

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sforza, Federico; /INFN, Pisa

2008-03-01

The Standard Model of elementary particles predicts the existence of the Higgs boson as the responsable of the electroweak symmetry breaking, the process by which fermions and vector bosons acquire mass. The Higgs existence is one of the most important questions in the present high energy physics research. This work concerns the search of W H associate production at the CDF II experiment (Collider Detector at Fermilab).

Electrostatic interaction energy and factor 1.23

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rubčić, A.; Arp, H.; Rubčić, J.

The factor F≫1.23 has originally been found in the redshift of quasars. Recently, it has been found in very different physical phenomena: the life-time of muonium, the masses of elementary particles (leptons, quarks,...), the correlation of atomic weight (A) and atomic number (Z) and the correlation of the sum of masses of all orbiting bodies with the mass of the central body in gravitational systems.

Quantum phases for a charged particle and electric/magnetic dipole in an electromagnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kholmetskii, Alexander; Yarman, Tolga

2017-11-01

We point out that the known quantum phases for an electric/magnetic dipole moving in an electromagnetic field must be composed from more fundamental quantum phases emerging for moving elementary charges. Using this idea, we have found two new fundamental quantum phases, next to the known magnetic and electric Aharonov-Bohm phases, and discuss their general properties and physical meaning.

Chemical Potential for the Interacting Classical Gas and the Ideal Quantum Gas Obeying a Generalized Exclusion Principle

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sevilla, F. J.; Olivares-Quiroz, L.

2012-01-01

In this work, we address the concept of the chemical potential [mu] in classical and quantum gases towards the calculation of the equation of state [mu] = [mu](n, T) where n is the particle density and "T" the absolute temperature using the methods of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Two cases seldom discussed in elementary textbooks are…

40 years of neutrino physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reines, Frederick

Wolfgang Pauli and Enrico Fermi pioneered the hypothesis and characteristics of the weak interaction and the elementary particle called the neutrino. Since its discovery some forty years ago the neutrino has been shown to be a fundamental constituent of matter with a surprisingly rich, and in very many ways unexpected, set of characteristics ranging from basic roles in the generation of energy in the sun to supernovæ.

Report of NRL Progress. Fifty Years of Science for the Navy and the Nation, 1923-1973

DTIC Science & Technology

1973-07-01

on High Energy Physics in September, 1960. In the decade of the sixties we were gradually to disengage from elementary particle physicsf in ...Progress, July 1973 IQI M. M. SHAPIRO Figure 2 - A high - energy interaction of a nitrogen nucleus in photographic emul- sion. The nitrogen ion from ...particularly as induced by a radiation environment. In the

Chemical Properties and Change. Fourth Grade. Revised. Anchorage School District Elementary Science Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Butler, John, Ed.

In this unit students are asked to mix materials together and look closely at what happens. From this experience, plus teacher input, they are introduced to the concept that matter is made of small particles which cannot be seen, but can be manipulated. Students learn the difference between a physical and a chemical change and that there are four…

Effective mass of elementary excitations in Galilean-invariant integrable models

DOE PAGES

Matveev, K. A.; Pustilnik, M.

2016-09-27

Here, we study low-energy excitations of one-dimensional Galilean-invariant models integrable by Bethe ansatz and characterized by nonsingular two-particle scattering phase shifts. We also prove that the curvature of the excitation spectra is described by the recently proposed phenomenological expression for the effective mass. These results apply to such models as the repulsive Lieb-Liniger model and the hyperbolic Calogero-Sutherland model.

The Scientific Program of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

DTIC Science & Technology

1958-07-01

systems, using mock-ups and simulated inputs. (2) Experimental determination of the quantitative parameters of systems, such as data-handling ability, time...naval service of equipment on ships, planes, and mis- siles are recorded, analyzed, and simulated . Methods are developed for the improve- ment of...H01 - NUCLEAR CONSTITUENTS AND STRUCTURE Theoretical and experimental studies concerned with elementary particles , field theory, nuclear structure

Elementary teachers' acquisition of science knowledge: Case-studies and implications for teaching preparation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stein, Morton

Elementary school is a key time for students to develop their understanding of basic science concepts as well as their attitudes towards science and science learning. Yet many elementary teachers do not feel comfortable teaching science; as a result, they are likely to devote less time on that subject and to be less effective as science teachers. The literature suggests that weaknesses in elementary teachers' knowledge of science could be a main cause of this problem and, furthermore, that current elementary teacher preparation programs have contributed to this weakness. This study aims at gaining more knowledge about how elementary teachers who are successful in teaching science have acquired their science content knowledge and how such knowledge could be best acquired, with the ultimate goal of informing the design of more effective elementary teacher preparation programs. More specifically, this study addresses the following research questions: Which science learning experiences for elementary teachers seem most conducive to develop the kind of science content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge needed to support the teaching of science as called for by the most recent national and state standards? Which of these experiences should be included in elementary teacher preparation programs, and how? The core of this study consists of case studies of eight elementary school teachers who were identified as successful in teaching science. These subjects were selected so as to ensure differences in their teacher preparation programs, as well as gender and years of teaching experience. Information about each teacher's self-efficacy and motivation with respect to teaching science, history of pre-service and in-service preparation with respect to science, and how his/her current science knowledge was acquired, was sought through a series of interviews with each subject and triangulated with data collected from other sources. A cross-case analysis revealed some interesting similarities and differences in how these successful elementary science teachers developed their science knowledge, and identified the following main sources of science learning opportunities: (a) science content courses; (b) methods courses; (c) student teaching; (d) in-service workshops; (e) opportunities to work with colleagues on the design and/or delivery of science units. Based on what was learned from these case studies, a preliminary set of recommendations to improve elementary teacher's science learning opportunities was identified. Two focus groups were held---one with elementary teachers and another with teacher educators---to share these preliminary recommendations and gather feedback and additional suggestions. Informed by the information gathered in these focus groups, a final set of recommendations to improve elementary teacher's preparation to teach science was articulated.

ELEMENTARY REACTION MECHANISM FOR BENZENE OXIDATION IN SUPERCRITICAL WATER. (R824970)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

Information as the Fifth Dimension of the Universe which Fundamental Particles (strings), Dark Matter/Energy and Space-time are Floating in it While they are Listening to its Whispering for Getting Order

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gholibeigian, Hassan; Gholibeigian, Ghasem; Amirshahkarami, Azim; Gholibeigian, Kazem

2017-01-01

Four animated sub-particles (sub-strings) as origin of the life and generator of momentum (vibration) of elementary particles (strings) are communicated for transferring information for processing and preparing fundamental particles for the next step. It means that information may be a ``dimension'' of the nature which fundamental particles, dark matter/energy and space-time are floating in it and listening to its whispering and getting quantum information packages about their conditions and laws. So, communication of information which began before the spark to B.B. (Convection Bang), may be a ``Fundamental symmetry'' in the nature because leads other symmetries and supersymmetry as well as other phenomena. The processed information are always carried by fundamental particles as the preserved history and entropy of Universe. So, information wouldn't be destroyed, lost or released by black hole. But the involved fundamental particles of thermal radiation, electromagnetic and gravitational fields carry processed information during emitting from black hole, while they are communicated from fifth dimension for their new movement. AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

A proposed physical analog for a quantum probability amplitude

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boyd, Jeffrey

What is the physical analog of a probability amplitude? All quantum mathematics, including quantum information, is built on amplitudes. Every other science uses probabilities; QM alone uses their square root. Why? This question has been asked for a century, but no one previously has proposed an answer. We will present cylindrical helices moving toward a particle source, which particles follow backwards. Consider Feynman's book QED. He speaks of amplitudes moving through space like the hand of a spinning clock. His hand is a complex vector. It traces a cylindrical helix in Cartesian space. The Theory of Elementary Waves changes direction so Feynman's clock faces move toward the particle source. Particles follow amplitudes (quantum waves) backwards. This contradicts wave particle duality. We will present empirical evidence that wave particle duality is wrong about the direction of particles versus waves. This involves a paradigm shift; which are always controversial. We believe that our model is the ONLY proposal ever made for the physical foundations of probability amplitudes. We will show that our ``probability amplitudes'' in physical nature form a Hilbert vector space with adjoints, an inner product and support both linear algebra and Dirac notation.

Single charging events on colloidal particles in a nonpolar liquid with surfactant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schreuer, Caspar; Vandewiele, Stijn; Brans, Toon; Strubbe, Filip; Neyts, Kristiaan; Beunis, Filip

2018-01-01

Electrical charging of colloidal particles in nonpolar liquids due to surfactant additives is investigated intensively, motivated by its importance in a variety of applications. Most methods rely on average electrophoretic mobility measurements of many particles, which provide only indirect information on the charging mechanism. In the present work, we present a method that allows us to obtain direct information on the charging mechanism, by measuring the charge fluctuations on individual particles with a precision higher than the elementary charge using optical trapping electrophoresis. We demonstrate the capabilities of the method by studying the influence of added surfactant OLOA 11000 on the charging of single colloidal PMMA particles in dodecane. The particle charge and the frequency of charging events are investigated both below and above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and with or without applying a DC offset voltage. It is found that at least two separate charging mechanisms are present below the critical micelle concentration. One mechanism is a process where the particle is stripped from negatively charged ionic molecules. An increase in the charging frequency with increased surfactant concentration suggests a second mechanism that involves single surfactant molecules. Above the CMC, neutral inverse micelles can also be involved in the charging process.

Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the decay mode H→ W +W -→ ℓ +vℓ -v

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Penning, Bjorn

2009-09-07

The question of the nature and principles of the universe and our place in it is the driving force of science since Mesopotamian astronomers glanced for the first time at the starry sky and Greek atomism has been formulated. During the last hundred years modern science was able to extend its knowledge tremendously, answering many questions, opening entirely new fields but as well raising many new questions. Particularly Astronomy, Astroparticle Physics and Particle Physics lead the race to answer these fundamental and ancient questions experimentally. Today it is known that matter consists of fermions, the quarks and leptons. Four fundamentalmore » forces are acting between these particles, the electromagnetic, the strong, the weak and the gravitational force. These forces are mediated by particles called bosons. Our confirmed knowledge of particle physics is based on these particles and the theory describing their dynamics, the Standard Model of Particles. Many experimental measurements show an excellent agreement between observation and theory but the origin of the particle masses and therefore the electroweak symmetry breaking remains unexplained. The mechanism proposed to solve this issue involves the introduction of a complex doublet of scalar fields which generates the masses of elementary particles via their mutual interactions. This Higgs mechanism also gives rise to a single neutral scalar boson with an unpredicted mass, the Higgs boson. During the last twenty years several experiments have searched for the Higgs boson but so far it escaped direct observation. Nevertheless these studies allow to further constrain its mass range. The last experimental limits on the Higgs mass have been set in 2001 at the LEP collider, an electron positron machine close to Geneva, Switzerland. The lower limit set on the Higgs boson mass is m H > 114.4 GeV/c 2 and remained for many years the last experimental constraint on the Standard Model Higgs Boson due to the shutdown of the LEP collider and the experimental challenges at hadron machines as the Tevatron. This thesis was performed using data from the D0 detector located at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, IL. Final states containing two electrons or a muon and a tau in combination with missing transverse energy were studied to search for the Standard Model Higgs boson, utilizing up to 4.2 fb -1 of integrated luminosity. In 2008 the CDF and D0 experiments in a combined effort were able to reach for the first time at a hadron collider the sensitivity to further constrain the possible Standard Model Higgs boson mass range. The research conducted for this thesis played a pivotal role in this effort. Improved methods for lepton identification, background separation, assessment of systematic uncertainties and new decay channels have been studied, developed and utilized. Along with similar efforts at the CDF experiment these improvements led finally the important result of excluding the presence of a Standard Model Higgs boson in a mass range of m H = 160-170 GeV/c 2 at 95% Confidence Level. Many of the challenges and methods found in the present analysis will probably in a similar way be ingredients of a Higgs boson evidence or discovery in the near future, either at the Tevatron or more likely at the soon starting Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Continuing to pursue the Higgs boson we are looking forward to many exciting results at the Tevatron and soon at the LHC. In Chapter 2 an introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics and the Higgs mechanism is given, followed by a brief outline of existing theoretical and experimental constraints on the Higgs boson mass before summarizing the Higgs boson production modes. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the experimental setup. This is followed by a description of the reconstruction of the objects produced in proton-antiproton collisions in Chapter 4 and the necessary calorimeter calibrations in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 follows with an explanation of the phenomenology of the proton-antiproton collisions and the data samples used. In Chapter 7 the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson using a di-electron final state is discussed, followed by the analysis of the final states using muons and hadronic decaying taus in Chapter 8. Finally a short outlook for the prospects of Higgs boson searches is given in Chapter 9.« less

Airborne particulate matter in spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

Acceptability limits and sampling and monitoring strategies for airborne particles in spacecraft were considered. Based on instances of eye and respiratory tract irritation reported by Shuttle flight crews, the following acceptability limits for airborne particles were recommended: for flights of 1 week or less duration (1 mg/cu m for particles less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (AD) plus 1 mg/cu m for particles 10 to 100 microns in AD); and for flights greater than 1 week and up to 6 months in duration (0.2 mg/cu m for particles less than 10 microns in AD plus 0.2 mg/cu m for particles 10 to 100 microns in AD. These numerical limits were recommended to aid in spacecraft atmosphere design which should aim at particulate levels that are a low as reasonably achievable. Sampling of spacecraft atmospheres for particles should include size-fractionated samples of 0 to 10, 10 to 100, and greater than 100 micron particles for mass concentration measurement and elementary chemical analysis by nondestructive analysis techniques. Morphological and chemical analyses of single particles should also be made to aid in identifying airborne particulate sources. Air cleaning systems based on inertial collection principles and fine particle collection devices based on electrostatic precipitation and filtration should be considered for incorporation into spacecraft air circulation systems. It was also recommended that research be carried out in space in the areas of health effects and particle characterization.

A psychotherapeutic approach with elementary school teachers.

PubMed

Multari, G

1975-01-01

The tradional "lectures delivering" approach to classroom teachers used by mental health practitioners is investigated in the present study. An attempt is made to demonstrate the validity of preventative work in helping elementary school teachers as important agents in the promotion of more positive mental hygiene in the classroom and by adding to the lectures the variable of group therapy--"ego-sparing" techniques type. The latter approach seems to promote a teacher's own sense of security in dealing the pupils, an easier acceptance of differences in others, and, finally, it tends to stimulate the development of a teacher's own ability to deal sensibly, more conscientiously, and more realistically with daily problems.

Creation, Phase Change and Evolution of the Universe Based on the "Convection Bang Hypothesis"

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gholibeigian, Hassan; Amirshahkarami, Abdolazim; Gholibeigian, Kazem

2016-04-01

In our vision, it is believed that creation and phase change of universe and their coupling began by the gigantic Large Scale Forced Convection System (LSFCS) in very high temperature including a swirling wild wind and energetic particles like gravitons. That wind as the creator of the inflation process was carrying many Quantum Convection Loops (QCLs). Those QCLs have been transformed to black holes as the cores of galaxies. Convection Bang (CB) Model for creation, phase change and evolution of the Universe is constituted based on three assumptions as follows: The first is: "Gravity Hypothesis" that describes the gravity fields generation by the LSFCSs of the heat and mass inside the planets, stars, galaxies and clusters. The LSFCS changes the material properties of the domain and produces coupling of the matched electromagnetic and gravity fields. Gravity hypothesis is a new way to understand gravitation phenomenon which is different from the both Newton's law of gravity and Einstein's theory of general relativity approaches [Gholibeigian et. al, AGU Fall Meeting 2015, P11A-2056 ]. The second is: "Substantial Motion" theory of Iranian philosopher, Mulla Sadra (1571/2-1640), which describes space-time, time's relativity for all atoms (bodies) which are different from each other [Gholibeigian, APS April Meeting 2015, abstract #L1.027], atom's (body) volume squeezing, black hole's mass lightening while increases the velocities of its involved masses inward (a paradox with general relativity), and changes of material properties and geometries in speed of near light speed [Gholibeigian, APS March Meeting 2016, abstract #]. The third is: "Animated Sub-particles" model. These sub-particles (sub-strings) are origin of life and creator of the momentums of the fundamental particles and forces, and basic link of the information transfer to them, [Gholibeigian, APS April Meeting 2015, abstract #L1.027]. In this model, there are four proposed animated sub-particles of mater, plant, animal and human in substructure of each fundamental particle (string) as the origins of life and cause of differences between their spins. Material's sub-particle is always on and active (from beginning of CB). When the environmental conditions became ready for creation of each field of the plants, animals and humans, sub-particles of their elementary particles became on and active and then, those elementary particles participated in processes of creation (phase change) in their own fields. Sub-particles lead the fundamental particles in both individually and systematic (nucleons, atoms, molecules, gens, us...) forms. Sub-particles' system is inside of particles' (bodies)' system. Mechanism: Universe has been managed by coupling of these three assumptions in two micro and macro coupling scales. God, as the main source of information, has been communicated with sub-particles and transfers a package (bit) of information and laws (plus standard ethics for human's sub-particles) to each of them from their inside and outside for process and selection (mutation) of the next step of the motion (phase change) and coupling/communication of their fundamental particles with each other in each Plank's time (or smaller scale). This process is causality for particles' motion in quantum scale too [Gholibeigian, APS March Meeting 2015, abstract #V1.023].

Specific Features in Measuring Particle Size Distributions in Highly Disperse Aerosol Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zagaynov, V. A.; Vasyanovich, M. E.; Maksimenko, V. V.; Lushnikov, A. A.; Biryukov, Yu. G.; Agranovskii, I. E.

2018-06-01

The distribution of highly dispersed aerosols is studied. Particular attention is given to the diffusion dynamic approach, as it is the best way to determine particle size distribution. It shown that the problem can be divided into two steps: directly measuring particle penetration through diffusion batteries and solving the inverse problem (obtaining a size distribution from the measured penetrations). No reliable way of solving the so-called inverse problem is found, but it can be done by introducing a parametrized size distribution (i.e., a gamma distribution). The integral equation is therefore reduced to a system of nonlinear equations that can be solved by elementary mathematical means. Further development of the method requires an increase in sensitivity (i.e., measuring the dimensions of molecular clusters with radioactive sources, along with the activity of diffusion battery screens).

Identification of Teaching Behaviors Which Predict Success for Mainstreamed Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Larrivee, Barbara; Algina, James

The final phase of a study investigating effective teaching behaviors for mainstreamed students involved 118 elementary teachers. Teachers provided information on mainstreamed students and a sample of students was randomly selected to represent classification categories (learning disabilities, behavior disorders, speech impairments, and hearing…

Statistical benchmark for BosonSampling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walschaers, Mattia; Kuipers, Jack; Urbina, Juan-Diego; Mayer, Klaus; Tichy, Malte Christopher; Richter, Klaus; Buchleitner, Andreas

2016-03-01

Boson samplers—set-ups that generate complex many-particle output states through the transmission of elementary many-particle input states across a multitude of mutually coupled modes—promise the efficient quantum simulation of a classically intractable computational task, and challenge the extended Church-Turing thesis, one of the fundamental dogmas of computer science. However, as in all experimental quantum simulations of truly complex systems, one crucial problem remains: how to certify that a given experimental measurement record unambiguously results from enforcing the claimed dynamics, on bosons, fermions or distinguishable particles? Here we offer a statistical solution to the certification problem, identifying an unambiguous statistical signature of many-body quantum interference upon transmission across a multimode, random scattering device. We show that statistical analysis of only partial information on the output state allows to characterise the imparted dynamics through particle type-specific features of the emerging interference patterns. The relevant statistical quantifiers are classically computable, define a falsifiable benchmark for BosonSampling, and reveal distinctive features of many-particle quantum dynamics, which go much beyond mere bunching or anti-bunching effects.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zadora, A. S., E-mail: as.zadora@physics.msu.ru

The objective of the present study is to consider in more detail the exotic color-charge-glow effect discovered recently and to analyze its possible physical manifestations associated with the treatment of ensembles of color-charged particles at a classical level. The ways in which this effect may appear in arbitrary systems consisting of pointlike massive particles and admitting the partition into elementary configurations like color charges and color dipoles are studied. The possible influence of this effect on particle dynamics (in particular, on gluon distributions) is also examined. Particle collisions at a given impact parameters are considered for a natural regularization ofmore » emerging expressions. It is shown that, in the case of reasonable impact-parameter values, collisions may proceed in the electrodynamic mode, in which case the charge-glow contribution to field strengths is suppressed in relation to what we have in the electrodynamic picture. From an analysis of the color-echo situation, it follows that the above conclusion remains valid for more complicated particle configurations as well, since hard gluon fields may arise only owing to a direct collision rather than owing to any echo-like effects.« less

European Science Notes Information Bulletin Reports on Current European/ Middle Eastern Science

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

Palo-Oceanography, Marine Geophysics, Marine Environmental Geology, and Petrology of the Oceanic Crust. The spe- cific concerns of each of these...integration To compute numerically the expected value of an over the fermion fields, leaving an integral over the gauge operator, the configuration space...ethrough the machine (one space point per processor).In the gauge field theories of elementary particles, This is appropriate for generating gauge field

Very special conformal field theories and their holographic duals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakayama, Yu

2018-03-01

Cohen and Glashow introduced the notion of very special relativity as viable space-time symmetry of elementary particle physics. As a natural generalization of their idea, we study the subgroup of the conformal group, dubbed very special conformal symmetry, which is an extension of the very special relativity. We classify all of them and construct field theory examples as well as holographic realization of the very special conformal field theories.

An Introduction to Groups. Abstract Algebra. Modules and Monographs in Undergraduate Mathematics and Its Applications Project. UMAP Unit 461.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosenberg, Nancy S.

A group is viewed to be one of the simplest and most interesting algebraic structures. The theory of groups has been applied to many branches of mathematics as well as to crystallography, coding theory, quantum mechanics, and the physics of elementary particles. This material is designed to help the user: 1) understand what groups are and why they…

Research of fundamental interactions with use of ultracold neutrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serebrov, A. P.

2017-01-01

Use of ultracold neutrons (UCN) gives unique opportunities of a research of fundamental interactions in physics of elementary particles. Search of the electric dipole moment of a neutron (EDM) aims to test models of CP violation. Precise measurement of neutron lifetime is extremely important for cosmology and astrophysics. Considerable progress in these questions can be reached due to supersource of ultracold neutrons on the basis of superfluid helium which is under construction now in PNPI NRC KI. This source will allow us to increase density of ultracold neutrons approximately by 100 times in respect to the best UCN source at high flux reactor of Institute Laue-Langevin (Grenoble, France). Now the project and basic elements of the source are prepared, full-scale model of the source is tested, the scientific program is developed. Increase in accuracy of neutron EDM measurements by order of magnitude, down to level 10-27 -10-28 e cm is planned. It is highly important for physics of elementary particles. Accuracy of measurement of neutron lifetime can be increased by order of magnitude also. At last, at achievement of UCN density ˜ 103 - 104 cm-3, the experiment search for a neutron-antineutron oscillations using UCN will be possible. The present status of the project and its scientific program will be discussed.

Making the universe safe for historians: Time travel and the laws of physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodward, James F.

1995-02-01

The study of the hypothetical activities of arbitrarily advanced cultures, particularly in the area of space and time travel, as a means of investigating fundamental issues in physics is briefly discussed. Hawking's chronology protection conjecture as it applies to wormhole spacetimes is considered. The nature of time, especially regarding the viability of time travel, as it appears in several “interpretations” of quantum mechanics is investigated. A conjecture on the plausibility of theories of reality that admit relativistically invariant interactions and irreducibly stochastic processes is advanced. A transient inertial reaction effect that makes it technically feasible, fleetingly, to induce large concentrations of negative mass-energy is presented and discussed in the context of macroscopic wormhole formation. Other candidates for chronology protection are examined. It is pointed out that if the strong version of Mach's principle (the gravitational induction of mass) is correct, then wormhole formation employing negative mass-energy is impossible. But if the bare masses of elementary particles are large, finite and negative, as is suggested by a heuristic general relativistic model of elementary particles, then, using the transient effect, it is technically feasible to trigger a non-linear process that may lead to macroscopic wormhole formation. Such wormholes need not be destroyed by the Hawking protection mechanism.

Filter media properties of mineral fibres produced by plasma spray.

PubMed

Prasauskas, Tadas; Matulevicius, Jonas; Kliucininkas, Linas; Krugly, Edvinas; Valincius, Vitas; Martuzevicius, Dainius

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the properties of fibrous gas filtration media produced from mineral zeolite. Fibres were generated by direct current plasma spray. The paper characterizes morphology, chemical composition, geometrical structure of elementary fibres, and thermal resistance, as well as the filtration properties of fibre media. The diameter of the produced elementary fibres ranged from 0.17 to 0.90 μm and the length ranged from 0.025 to 5.1 mm. The release of fibres from the media in the air stream was noticed, but it was minimized by hot-pressing the formed fibre mats. The fibres kept their properties up to the temperature of 956°C, while further increase in temperature resulted in the filter media becoming shrunk and brittle. The filtration efficiency of the prepared filter mats ranged from 95.34% to 99.99% for aerosol particles ranging in a size between 0.03 and 10.0 μm. Unprocessed fibre media showed the highest filtration efficiency when filtering aerosol particles smaller than 0.1 µm. Hot-pressed filters were characterized by the highest quality factor values, ranging from 0.021 to 0.064 Pa(-1) (average value 0.034 Pa(-1)).

Hyperunified field theory and gravitational gauge-geometry duality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yue-Liang

2018-01-01

A hyperunified field theory is built in detail based on the postulates of gauge invariance and coordinate independence along with the conformal scaling symmetry. All elementary particles are merged into a single hyper-spinor field and all basic forces are unified into a fundamental interaction governed by the hyper-spin gauge symmetry SP(1, D_h-1). The dimension D_h of hyper-spacetime is conjectured to have a physical origin in correlation with the hyper-spin charge of elementary particles. The hyper-gravifield fiber bundle structure of biframe hyper-spacetime appears naturally with the globally flat Minkowski hyper-spacetime as a base spacetime and the locally flat hyper-gravifield spacetime as a fiber that is viewed as a dynamically emerged hyper-spacetime characterized by a non-commutative geometry. The gravitational origin of gauge symmetry is revealed with the hyper-gravifield that plays an essential role as a Goldstone-like field. The gauge-gravity and gravity-geometry correspondences bring about the gravitational gauge-geometry duality. The basic properties of hyperunified field theory and the issue on the fundamental scale are analyzed within the framework of quantum field theory, which allows us to describe the laws of nature in deriving the gauge gravitational equation with the conserved current and the geometric gravitational equations of Einstein-like type and beyond.

Numerical studies from quantum to macroscopic scales of carbon nanoparticules in hydrogen plasma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lombardi, Guillaume; Ngandjong, Alain; Mezei, Zsolt; Mougenot, Jonathan; Michau, Armelle; Hassouni, Khaled; Seydou, Mahamadou; Maurel, François

2016-09-01

Dusty plasmas take part in large scientific domains from Universe Science to nanomaterial synthesis processes. They are often generated by growth from molecular precursor. This growth leads to the formation of larger clusters which induce solid germs nucleation. Particle formed are described by an aerosol dynamic taking into account coagulation, molecular deposition and transport processes. These processes are controlled by the elementary particle. So there is a strong coupling between particle dynamics and plasma discharge equilibrium. This study is focused on the development of a multiscale physic and numeric model of hydrogen plasmas and carbon particles around three essential coupled axes to describe the various physical phenomena: (i) Macro/mesoscopic fluid modeling describing in an auto-coherent way, characteristics of the plasma, molecular clusters and aerosol behavior; (ii) the classic molecular dynamics offering a description to the scale molecular of the chains of chemical reactions and the phenomena of aggregation; (iii) the quantum chemistry to establish the activation barriers of the different processes driving the nanopoarticule formation.

Astroparticle physics and cosmology.

PubMed

Mitton, Simon

2006-05-20

Astroparticle physics is an interdisciplinary field that explores the connections between the physics of elementary particles and the large-scale properties of the universe. Particle physicists have developed a standard model to describe the properties of matter in the quantum world. This model explains the bewildering array of particles in terms of constructs made from two or three quarks. Quarks, leptons, and three of the fundamental forces of physics are the main components of this standard model. Cosmologists have also developed a standard model to describe the bulk properties of the universe. In this new framework, ordinary matter, such as stars and galaxies, makes up only around 4% of the material universe. The bulk of the universe is dark matter (roughly 23%) and dark energy (about 73%). This dark energy drives an acceleration that means that the expanding universe will grow ever larger. String theory, in which the universe has several invisible dimensions, might offer an opportunity to unite the quantum description of the particle world with the gravitational properties of the large-scale universe.

Neutrino astrophysics: a new tool for exploring the universe.

PubMed

Waxman, Eli

2007-01-05

In the past four decades a new type of astronomy has emerged, where instead of looking up into the sky, "telescopes" are buried miles underground or deep under water or ice and search not for photons (that is, light), but rather for particles called neutrinos. Neutrinos are nearly massless particles that interact very weakly with matter. The detection of neutrinos emitted by the Sun and by a nearby supernova provided direct tests of the theory of stellar evolution and led to modifications of the standard model describing the properties of elementary particles. At present, several very large neutrino detectors are being constructed, aiming at the detection of the most powerful sources of energy and particles in the universe. The hope is that the detection of neutrinos from these sources, which are extra-Galactic and are most likely powered by mass accretion onto black holes, will not only allow study of the sources, but, much like solar neutrinos, will also provide new information about fundamental properties of matter.

Magnetic trapping of neutrons

PubMed

Huffman; Brome; Butterworth; Coakley; Dewey; Dzhosyuk; Golub; Greene; Habicht; Lamoreaux; Mattoni; McKinsey; Wietfeldt; Doyle

2000-01-06

Accurate measurement of the lifetime of the neutron (which is unstable to beta decay) is important for understanding the weak nuclear force and the creation of matter during the Big Bang. Previous measurements of the neutron lifetime have mainly been limited by certain systematic errors; however, these could in principle be avoided by performing measurements on neutrons stored in a magnetic trap. Neutral-particle and charged-particle traps are widely used for studying both composite and elementary particles, because they allow long interaction times and isolation of particles from perturbing environments. Here we report the magnetic trapping of neutrons. The trapping region is filled with superfluid 4He, which is used to load neutrons into the trap and as a scintillator to detect their decay. Neutrons in the trap have a lifetime of 750(+330)(-200) seconds, mainly limited by their beta decay rather than trap losses. Our experiment verifies theoretical predictions regarding the loading process and magnetic trapping of neutrons. Further refinement of this method should lead to improved precision in the neutron lifetime measurement.

Higgs cosmology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajantie, Arttu

2018-01-01

The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and other results from the Large Hadron Collider have confirmed the standard model of particle physics as the correct theory of elementary particles and their interactions up to energies of several TeV. Remarkably, the theory may even remain valid all the way to the Planck scale of quantum gravity, and therefore it provides a solid theoretical basis for describing the early Universe. Furthermore, the Higgs field itself has unique properties that may have allowed it to play a central role in the evolution of the Universe, from inflation to cosmological phase transitions and the origin of both baryonic and dark matter, and possibly to determine its ultimate fate through the electroweak vacuum instability. These connections between particle physics and cosmology have given rise to a new and growing field of Higgs cosmology, which promises to shed new light on some of the most puzzling questions about the Universe as new data from particle physics experiments and cosmological observations become available. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue `Higgs cosmology'.

Graduate Training Program for Research Methodologists. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Millman, Jason

This paper provides documentation of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title IV-supported fellowship program for educational research methodologists developed at Cornell University. The program was characterized as interdisciplinary in nature with few course restrictions. This resulted in great diversity among the programs of the…

Technology: Educational Media and Materials for the Handicapped Program. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johns Hopkins Univ., Laurel, MD. Applied Physics Lab.

Results are presented of a project that developed 12 social studies (specifically, directionality and geography) and critical thinking computerized instructional modules using multimedia instruction for students with learning disabilities at the upper elementary and lower intermediate school levels. Seven overarching principles were identified as…

Comprehensive Evaluation Project. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1969

This project sought to develop a set of tests for the assessment of the basic literacy and occupational cognizance of pupils in those public elementary and secondary schools, including vocational schools, receiving services through Federally supported educational programs and projects. The assessment is to produce generalizable average scores for…

78 FR 39613 - Federal Pell Grant Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-02

... Subjects in 34 CFR Part 690 Colleges and universities, Elementary and secondary education, Grant programs... DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 34 CFR Part 690 [Docket ID ED-2012-OPE-0006] RIN 1840-AD11 Federal Pell Grant Program AGENCY: Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of Education. ACTION: Final rule...

In AppreciationThe Depth and Breadth of John Bell's Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jackiw, Roman; Shimony, Abner

This essay surveys the work of John Stewart Bell, one of the great physicists of the twentieth century. Section 1 is a brief biography, tracing his career from working-class origins and undergraduate training in Belfast, Northern Ireland, to research in accelerator and nuclear physics in the British national laboratories at Harwell and Malvern, to his profound research on elementary particle physics as a member of the Theory Group at CERN and his equally profound ``hobby'' of investigating the foundations of quantum mechanics. Section 2 concerns this hobby, which began in his discontent with Bohr's and Heisenberg's analyses of the measurement process. He was attracted to the program of hidden variables interpretations, but he revolutionized the foundations of quantum mechanics by a powerful negative result: that no hidden variables theory that is ``local'' (in a clear and well-motivated sense) can agree with all the correlations predicted by quantum mechanics regarding well-separated systems. He further deepened the foundations of quantum mechanics by penetrating conceptual analyses of results concerning measurement theory of von Neumann, de Broglie and Bohm, Gleason, Jauch and Piron, Everett, and Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber. Bell's work in particle theory (Section 3) began with a proof of the CPT theorem in his doctoral dissertation, followed by investigations of the phenomenology of CP-violating experiments. At CERN Bell investigated the commutation relations in current algebras from various standpoints. The failure of current algebra combined with partially conserved current algebra to permit the experimentally observed decay of the neutral pi-meson into two photons stimulated the discovery by Bell and Jackiw of anomalous or quantal symmetry breaking, which has numerous implications for elementary particle phenomena. Other late investigations of Bell on elementary particle physics were bound states in quantum chromodynamics (in collaboration with Bertlmann) and estimates for the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (in collaboration with de Rafael). Section 4 concerns accelerations, starting at Harwell with the algebra of strong focusing and the stability of orbits in linear accelerators and synchrotrons. At CERN he continued to contribute to accelerator physics, and with his wife Mary Bell he wrote on electron cooling and Beamstrahlung. A spectacular late achievement in accelerator physics was the demonstration (in collaboration with Leinaas) that the effective black-body radiation seen by an accelerated observer in an electromagnetic vacuum - the ``Unruh effect''- had already been observed experimentally in the partial depolarization of electrons traversing circular orbits.

The Penrose dodecahedron revisited

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Massad, Jordan E.; Aravind, P. K.

1999-07-01

This paper gives an elementary account of the "Penrose dodecahedron," a set of 40 states of a spin-3/2 particle used by Zimba and Penrose [Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 24, 697-720 (1993)] to give a proof of Bell's nonlocality theorem. The Penrose rays are constructed here from the rotation operator of a spin-3/2 particle and the geometry of a dodecahedron, and their orthogonality properties are derived and illustrated from a couple of different viewpoints. After recalling how the proof of Bell's theorem can be reduced to a coloring problem on the Penrose rays, a "proof-tree" argument is used to establish the noncolorability of the Penrose rays and hence prove Bell's theorem.

Dirac equation in 2-dimensional curved spacetime, particle creation, and coupled waveguide arrays

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Koke, Christian, E-mail: christian.koke@stud.uni-heidelberg.de; Noh, Changsuk, E-mail: changsuk@kias.re.kr; Angelakis, Dimitris G., E-mail: dimitris.angelakis@gmail.com

When quantum fields are coupled to gravitational fields, spontaneous particle creation may occur similarly to when they are coupled to external electromagnetic fields. A gravitational field can be incorporated as a background spacetime if the back-action of matter on the field can be neglected, resulting in modifications of the Dirac or Klein–Gordon equations for elementary fermions and bosons respectively. The semi-classical description predicts particle creation in many situations, including the expanding-universe scenario, near the event horizon of a black hole (the Hawking effect), and an accelerating observer in flat spacetime (the Unruh effect). In this work, we give a pedagogicalmore » introduction to the Dirac equation in a general 2D spacetime and show examples of spinor wave packet dynamics in flat and curved background spacetimes. In particular, we cover the phenomenon of particle creation in a time-dependent metric. Photonic analogs of these effects are then proposed, where classical light propagating in an array of coupled waveguides provides a visualisation of the Dirac spinor propagating in a curved 2D spacetime background. The extent to which such a single-particle description can be said to mimic particle creation is discussed.« less

The active surface of suspended particles as a predictor of lung function and pulmonary symptoms in Austrian school children

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moshammer, Hanns; Neuberger, Manfred

At a central elementary school in the capital of Upper Austria children aged 7-10 years underwent repeated respiratory health checkups (questionnaires, diaries, spirometry). Between March and May 2001 the daily means of the signals of a diffusion charging sensor, measuring the "active surface" of suspended particles, and a photoelectric aerosol sensor, measuring the particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, were related to spirometric results of the total 164 children examined and to the daily symptom scores of a susceptible subgroup. Significant reductions of forced vital capacity ( p=0.006) and forced expiratory volume in the first second ( p=0.001) and significant increases of wheezing ( p=0.001), shortness of breath ( p=0.041), cough in the evening ( p=0.031) and at night ( p=0.018) were found with increase of "active surface" of suspended particles measured at the adjacent outdoor monitoring station, but not with the increase of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Monitoring "active surface" of particles with diameters of about 10 nm-1 μm by means of a diffusion charging sensor might provide additional information in surveillance of particulate matter for prevention of acute effects on respiratory health.

ICCD: interactive continuous collision detection between deformable models using connectivity-based culling.

PubMed

Tang, Min; Curtis, Sean; Yoon, Sung-Eui; Manocha, Dinesh

2009-01-01

We present an interactive algorithm for continuous collision detection between deformable models. We introduce multiple techniques to improve the culling efficiency and the overall performance of continuous collision detection. First, we present a novel formulation for continuous normal cones and use these normal cones to efficiently cull large regions of the mesh as part of self-collision tests. Second, we introduce the concept of "procedural representative triangles" to remove all redundant elementary tests between nonadjacent triangles. Finally, we exploit the mesh connectivity and introduce the concept of "orphan sets" to eliminate redundant elementary tests between adjacent triangle primitives. In practice, we can reduce the number of elementary tests by two orders of magnitude. These culling techniques have been combined with bounding volume hierarchies and can result in one order of magnitude performance improvement as compared to prior collision detection algorithms for deformable models. We highlight the performance of our algorithm on several benchmarks, including cloth simulations, N-body simulations, and breaking objects.

Individual Difference Relations in Psychometric and Experimental Cognitive Tasks. Final Report. No. 163.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carroll, John B.

Fifty-five recent studies of individual differences (IDs) in elementary cognitive tasks (ECTs) are reviewed. Twenty-five data sets are examined, analyzed, or reanalyzed by factor analysis. The following promising dimensions are identified: basic perceptual processes, reaction and movement times, mental comparison and recognition tasks, retrieval…

Metropolitan Planning Project, 1977-78. Final Performance Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arnoff, Steven M.

This document provides a description of the Metropolitan Planning Project (MPP), its objectives, strategies, and an evaluation of its implementation in the Boston area. In order to encourage the voluntary elimination, reduction, and prevention of minority group isolation in elementary and secondary schools in Boston, the project focuses on two…

Educational Need in the Public Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alexander, Kern, Ed.; Jordan, K. Forbis, Ed.

Designed as a basic resource document for public policy makers and school finance program planners, this final publication of the National Educational Finance Project presents a variety of data and arguments to support the concept of increased public investment in elementary and secondary schools. Within the different chapters, various authors…

Social Studies: It's a Family Affair.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melendez, Ruth

1999-01-01

Describes an elementary-level family tree project for social studies classes that teaches students about their personal history and the country's diverse culture. Children complete a family tree chart, then the class creates visual presentations using a world map and bar graph. Finally, students write summary statements based on the family trees,…

Dropout Prevention: Diversified Satellite Occupations Program and Career Development. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Hilda B.

The Diversified Satellite Occupations Program Career Development sought to prevent dropout through these strategies: registration at a school situation away from the normal school setting, creation of a close teacher-student relationship, and raise achievement levels and lower anxiety levels. Program emphases at elementary, junior and senior high…

Professional Personnel Evaluation System: 1983-84 Final Technical Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doss, David A.

This technical report summarizes the evaluation ratings given to professionals on probation or up for contract renewal in the Austin Independent School District. Graphs, tables, and rankings are presented for each specified population: all district teachers combined; teachers by school level (elementary, junior high, senior high); teachers by…

Gifted/Talented: 1985-86 Final Technical Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilkinson, David; Luna, Natalia

The document contains the annual report (1985/86) of the Austin (Texas) Independent School District's gifted and talented program. Major achievements of the year include the following: continuing implementation of the 5-year plan for reorganizing the gifted education programs; piloting of the AIM High Mathematics Program in 32 elementary schools;…

Phase II: Final Report. Northern New Mexico Energy Education Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Mexico Highlands Univ., Las Vegas.

Objectives of the Northern New Mexico Energy Education Project were to: (1) improve teachers' knowledge of energy-related subject matter and energy-related educational materials; (2) develop continuing communication and cooperation between elementary and junior high staffs and the university on energy-related matters; and (3) provide follow-up…

The Way It Is Today. Native American Curriculum Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Cathy; Fernandes, Roger

The final issue in a series of Native American instructional materials, this booklet for elementary students discusses contemporary Indian leaders and issues, the survival of traditions, and the effects of Indian stereotyping. Designed to help students understand the problems that have faced Native Americans since the first Europeans settled on…

47 CFR 90.361 - Interference from part 15 and Amateur operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... communications of entities eligible under subpart B or C of this part, or is providing the final link for communications of health care providers that serve rural areas, elementary schools, secondary schools or... operations. 90.361 Section 90.361 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND...

Application of Computer Graphics to Graphing in Algebra and Trigonometry. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, J. Richard

This project was designed to improve the graphing competency of students in elementary algebra, intermediate algebra, and trigonometry courses at Virginia Commonwealth University. Computer graphics programs were designed using an Apple II Plus computer and implemented using Pascal. The software package is interactive and gives students control…

Project Familia. Final Evaluation Report, 1992-93. OREA Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clarke, Candice

Project Familia was an Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title VII funded project that, in the year covered by this evaluation, served 41 special education students of limited English proficiency (LEP) from 5 schools, with the participation of 54 parents and 33 siblings. Participating students received English language enrichment and…

FLASTAR: Florida Alliance for Saving Taxes and Energy Resources. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sherwin, John R.; Parker, Danny S.

A study of the Florida Public Building Loan Concept pilot program determined its effectiveness in helping to upgrade building energy systems. The pilot program, termed FLASTAR (Florida Alliance for Saving Taxes and Resources), involved the comprehensive metering of an elementary school to demonstrate energy savings potential after retrofitting…

An introduction to Lie group integrators – basics, new developments and applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Celledoni, Elena, E-mail: elenac@math.ntnu.no; Marthinsen, Håkon, E-mail: hakonm@math.ntnu.no; Owren, Brynjulf, E-mail: bryn@math.ntnu.no

2014-01-15

We give a short and elementary introduction to Lie group methods. A selection of applications of Lie group integrators are discussed. Finally, a family of symplectic integrators on cotangent bundles of Lie groups is presented and the notion of discrete gradient methods is generalised to Lie groups.

Feast of Words.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, Mack

2000-01-01

Describes how to start a student writing festival to motivate children to write, presenting the experiences of one elementary school where students published what they wrote, then attended a banquet where they read their works to the crowd and received a copy of the final publication. Suggestions for starting the festival, publishing student…

Interdisciplinary Curriculum Development in Hospital Methods Improvement. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watt, John R.

The major purpose of this project was to develop a "package" curriculum of Hospital Methods Improvement techniques for college students in health related majors. The elementary Industrial Engineering methods for simplifying work and saving labor were applied to the hospital environment and its complex of problems. The report's…

Behavioral Science Elementary Teacher Education Program. Final Report. Volume II.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.

Volume II separately details two model components: Scholarly Modes of Knowledge, in which problem-solving techniques and the applicability of subject content to teaching are emphasized, and Professional Use of Knowledge, in which the student translates what he knows about various disciplines and human learning into instructional strategies. Each…

Modification of Children's Racial Attitudes. Final Progress Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Katz, Phyllis

This study investigated some of the attitudinal and behavioral components of racial prejudice in elementary school children. It also assessed the effectiveness of various modification procedures upon children's racial attitudes and inter-group behavior at different age levels. A four-stage research design was used. The pre-test stage involved…

Socialization into the Student Role. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blumenfeld, Phyllis C.; Hamilton, V. Lee

This interdisciplinary study examined socialization of first and fifth grade elementary school children into the student role. The study focuses on the effects of teachers' socializing communication on childrens' views of norms for classroom life by means of observation and questionnares. Data of several types are analyzed and interrelated:…

Descubriendo la Lectura: An Application of Reading Recovery in Spanish. [Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Escamilla, Kathy

A study investigated the utility of a set of Spanish-language instructional materials, "Decsubriendo la Lectura," in compensatory or remedial literacy education for Spanish-speaking elementary students. The reading recovery approach, used with English-speaking first-graders, was adapted for Spanish. Program development included…

Evaluation of Implementation of School/Community-Based Management. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hawaii Business Roundtable, Honolulu.

A formative evaluation was conducted of two elementary schools that have been engaged in the School/Community-Based Management (SCBM) process in Hawaii. The evaluation process was aligned with the SCBM philosophy, which promotes shared decision making, shared responsibility, and collaboration. Stakeholders contributed to the evaluation, which…

Batch calculations in CalcHEP

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pukhov, A.

2003-04-01

CalcHEP is a clone of the CompHEP project which is developed by the author outside of the CompHEP group. CompHEP/CalcHEP are packages for automatic calculations of elementary particle decay and collision properties in the lowest order of perturbation theory. The main idea prescribed into the packages is to make available passing on from the Lagrangian to the final distributions effectively with a high level of automation. According to this, the packages were created as a menu driven user friendly programs for calculations in the interactive mode. From the other side, long-time calculations should be done in the non-interactive regime. Thus, from the beginning CompHEP has a problem of batch calculations. In CompHEP 33.23 the batch session was realized by mean of interactive menu which allows to the user to formulate the task for batch. After that the not-interactive session was launched. This way is too restricted, not flexible, and leads to doubling in programming. In this article I discuss another approach how one can force an interactive program to work in non-interactive mode. This approach was realized in CalcHEP 2.1 disposed on http://theory.sinp.msu.ru/~pukhov/calchep.html.

Kirchhoff's rule for quantum wires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kostrykin, V.; Schrader, R.

1999-01-01

We formulate and discuss one-particle quantum scattering theory on an arbitrary finite graph with n open ends and where we define the Hamiltonian to be (minus) the Laplace operator with general boundary conditions at the vertices. This results in a scattering theory with n channels. The corresponding on-shell S-matrix formed by the reflection and transmission amplitudes for incoming plane waves of energy E>0 is given explicitly in terms of the boundary conditions and the lengths of the internal lines. It is shown to be unitary, which may be viewed as the quantum version of Kirchhoff's law. We exhibit covariance and symmetry properties. It is symmetric if the boundary conditions are real. Also there is a duality transformation on the set of boundary conditions and the lengths of the internal lines such that the low-energy behaviour of one theory gives the high-energy behaviour of the transformed theory. Finally, we provide a composition rule by which the on-shell S-matrix of a graph is factorizable in terms of the S-matrices of its subgraphs. All proofs use only known facts from the theory of self-adjoint extensions, standard linear algebra, complex function theory and elementary arguments from the theory of Hermitian symplectic forms.

Stochastic Laplacian growth

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alekseev, Oleg; Mineev-Weinstein, Mark

2016-12-01

A point source on a plane constantly emits particles which rapidly diffuse and then stick to a growing cluster. The growth probability of a cluster is presented as a sum over all possible scenarios leading to the same final shape. The classical point for the action, defined as a minus logarithm of the growth probability, describes the most probable scenario and reproduces the Laplacian growth equation, which embraces numerous fundamental free boundary dynamics in nonequilibrium physics. For nonclassical scenarios we introduce virtual point sources, in which presence the action becomes the Kullback-Leibler entropy. Strikingly, this entropy is shown to be the sum of electrostatic energies of layers grown per elementary time unit. Hence the growth probability of the presented nonequilibrium process obeys the Gibbs-Boltzmann statistics, which, as a rule, is not applied out from equilibrium. Each layer's probability is expressed as a product of simple factors in an auxiliary complex plane after a properly chosen conformal map. The action at this plane is a sum of Robin functions, which solve the Liouville equation. At the end we establish connections of our theory with the τ function of the integrable Toda hierarchy and with the Liouville theory for noncritical quantum strings.

Quantum interference experiments with large molecules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nairz, Olaf; Arndt, Markus; Zeilinger, Anton

2003-04-01

Wave-particle duality is frequently the first topic students encounter in elementary quantum physics. Although this phenomenon has been demonstrated with photons, electrons, neutrons, and atoms, the dual quantum character of the famous double-slit experiment can be best explained with the largest and most classical objects, which are currently the fullerene molecules. The soccer-ball-shaped carbon cages C60 are large, massive, and appealing objects for which it is clear that they must behave like particles under ordinary circumstances. We present the results of a multislit diffraction experiment with such objects to demonstrate their wave nature. The experiment serves as the basis for a discussion of several quantum concepts such as coherence, randomness, complementarity, and wave-particle duality. In particular, the effect of longitudinal (spectral) coherence can be demonstrated by a direct comparison of interferograms obtained with a thermal beam and a velocity selected beam in close analogy to the usual two-slit experiments using light.

Nanoparticle assembly on patterned "plus/minus" surfaces from electrospray of colloidal dispersion.

PubMed

Lenggoro, I Wuled; Lee, Hye Moon; Okuyama, Kikuo

2006-11-01

Selective deposition of metal (Au) and oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles with a size range of 10-30 nm on patterned silicon-silicon oxide substrate was performed using the electrospray method. Electrical charging characteristics of particles produced by the electrospray and patterned area created by contact charging of the electrical conductor with non- or semi-conductors were investigated. Colloidal droplets were electrosprayed and subsequently dried as individual nanoparticles which then were deposited on substrates, and observed using field emission-scanning electron microscopy. The number of elementary charge units on particles generated by the electrospray was 0.4-148, and patterned area created by contact charging contained sufficient negative charges to attract multiple charged particles. Locations where nanoparticles were (reversibly) deposited depended on voltage polarity applied to the spraying colloidal droplet and the substrate, and the existence of additional ions such as those from a stabilizer.

A Cosmologist's Tour Through the New Particle Zoo / Candy Shop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Turner, M. S.

Recent developments in elementary particle physics have led to a renaissance in cosmology, in general, and in the study of structure formation, in particular. Already, the study of the very early (t ≤ 10-2s) history of the Universe has provided valuable hints as to the 'initial data' for the structure formation problem - the nature and origin of the primeval density inhomogeneities, the quantity and composition of matter in the Universe today, and numerous candidates for the constituents of the ubiquitous dark matter. The author reviews the multitude of WIMP candidates for the dark matter provided by modern particle physics theories, putting them into context by briefly discussing the theories which predict them. He reviews their various birth sites and birth processes in the early Universe. The author also mentions some very exotic possibilities - unstable WIMPs, cosmic strings, and even the possibility of a relic cosmological term.

The Versatile Elastohydrodynamics of a Free Particle near a Thin Soft Wall

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salez, Thomas; Saintyves, Baudouin; Mahadevan, L.

2015-03-01

We address the free motion of a buoyant particle inside a viscous fluid, in the vicinity of a thin compressible elastic wall. After discussing the main scalings, we obtain analytically the dominant drag forces within the soft lubrication approximation. By including those into the equations of motion of the particle, we establish a general governing system of three coupled nonlinear and singular differential equations, that describe the three essential motions: sedimentation, hydroplaning, and hydrospinning, through four dimensionless control parameters. Numerical integration allows us to predict a wide zoology of exotic solutions - despite the low-Reynolds feature of the flow - including: spontaneous oscillation, Magnus-like effect, enhanced sedimentation, and boomerang-like effect. We compare these predictions to experiments. The presented elementary approach could be of interest in the description of a broad variety of elastohydrodynamical phenomena, including: landslides, ageing of cartilaginous joints, and motion of a cell in a microfluidic channel or in a blood vessel.

Arnold Diffusion of Charged Particles in ABC Magnetic Fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luque, Alejandro; Peralta-Salas, Daniel

2017-06-01

We prove the existence of diffusing solutions in the motion of a charged particle in the presence of ABC magnetic fields. The equations of motion are modeled by a 3DOF Hamiltonian system depending on two parameters. For small values of these parameters, we obtain a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold and we apply the so-called geometric methods for a priori unstable systems developed by A. Delshams, R. de la Llave and T.M. Seara. We characterize explicitly sufficient conditions for the existence of a transition chain of invariant tori having heteroclinic connections, thus obtaining global instability (Arnold diffusion). We also check the obtained conditions in a computer-assisted proof. ABC magnetic fields are the simplest force-free-type solutions of the magnetohydrodynamics equations with periodic boundary conditions, and can be considered as an elementary model for the motion of plasma-charged particles in a tokamak.

Crossover from incoherent to coherent phonon scattering in epitaxial oxide superlattices.

PubMed

Ravichandran, Jayakanth; Yadav, Ajay K; Cheaito, Ramez; Rossen, Pim B; Soukiassian, Arsen; Suresha, S J; Duda, John C; Foley, Brian M; Lee, Che-Hui; Zhu, Ye; Lichtenberger, Arthur W; Moore, Joel E; Muller, David A; Schlom, Darrell G; Hopkins, Patrick E; Majumdar, Arun; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Zurbuchen, Mark A

2014-02-01

Elementary particles such as electrons or photons are frequent subjects of wave-nature-driven investigations, unlike collective excitations such as phonons. The demonstration of wave-particle crossover, in terms of macroscopic properties, is crucial to the understanding and application of the wave behaviour of matter. We present an unambiguous demonstration of the theoretically predicted crossover from diffuse (particle-like) to specular (wave-like) phonon scattering in epitaxial oxide superlattices, manifested by a minimum in lattice thermal conductivity as a function of interface density. We do so by synthesizing superlattices of electrically insulating perovskite oxides and systematically varying the interface density, with unit-cell precision, using two different epitaxial-growth techniques. These observations open up opportunities for studies on the wave nature of phonons, particularly phonon interference effects, using oxide superlattices as model systems, with extensive applications in thermoelectrics and thermal management.

Bosonization of free Weyl fermions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marino, E. C.

2017-03-01

We generalize the method of bosonization, in its complete form, to a spacetime with 3  +  1 dimensions, and apply it to free Weyl fermion fields, which thereby, can be expressed in terms of a boson field, namely the Kalb-Ramond anti-symmetric tensor gauge field. The result may have interesting consequences both in condensed matter and in particle physics. In the former, the bosonized form of the Weyl chiral currents provides a simple explanation for the angle-dependent magneto-conductance recently observed in materials known as Weyl semimetals. In the latter, conversely, since electrons can be thought of as a combination of left and right Weyl fermions, our result suggests the possibility of a unified description of the elementary particles, which undergo the fundamental interactions, with the mediators of such interactions, namely, the gauge fields. This would fulfill the pioneering attempt of Skyrme, to unify the particles with their interaction mediators (Skyrme 1962 Nucl. Phys. 31 556).

Are field quanta real objects? Some remarks on the ontology of quantum field theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bigaj, Tomasz

2018-05-01

One of the key philosophical questions regarding quantum field theory is whether it should be given a particle or field interpretation. The particle interpretation of QFT is commonly viewed as being undermined by the well-known no-go results, such as the Malament, Reeh-Schlieder and Hegerfeldt theorems. These theorems all focus on the localizability problem within the relativistic framework. In this paper I would like to go back to the basics and ask the simple-minded question of how the notion of quanta appears in the standard procedure of field quantization, starting with the elementary case of the finite numbers of harmonic oscillators, and proceeding to the more realistic scenario of continuous fields with infinitely many degrees of freedom. I will try to argue that the way the standard formalism introduces the talk of field quanta does not justify treating them as particle-like objects with well-defined properties.

Pair production in the gravitational field of a cosmic string

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harari, Diego D.; Skarzhinsky, Vladimir D.

1990-04-01

We show that many elementary particle physics processes, such as pair production by a high energy photon, that take place in Minkowski space only if a non-uniform external field provides for momentum non-conservation, do occur in the space-time around a straight cosmic string, even though the space is locally flat and there is no local gravitational potential. We exemplify this mechanism through the evaluation of the cross section per unit length of string for the decay of a massless scalar particle into a pair of massive particles. The cross sections for this kind of processes are typically small. Nevertheless, it is interesting to realize how these reactions occur due to topological properties of space, rather than to the action of a local field. V.S. is grateful to Mario Castagnino for hospitality at the Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio during a visit while this work was done.

The Standard Model and Higgs physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Torassa, Ezio

2018-05-01

The Standard Model is a consistent and computable theory that successfully describes the elementary particle interactions. The strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions have been included in the theory exploiting the relation between group symmetries and group generators, in order to smartly introduce the force carriers. The group properties lead to constraints between boson masses and couplings. All the measurements performed at the LEP, Tevatron, LHC and other accelerators proved the consistency of the Standard Model. A key element of the theory is the Higgs field, which together with the spontaneous symmetry breaking, gives mass to the vector bosons and to the fermions. Unlike the case of vector bosons, the theory does not provide prediction for the Higgs boson mass. The LEP experiments, while providing very precise measurements of the Standard Model theory, searched for the evidence of the Higgs boson until the year 2000. The discovery of the top quark in 1994 by the Tevatron experiments and of the Higgs boson in 2012 by the LHC experiments were considered as the completion of the fundamental particles list of the Standard Model theory. Nevertheless the neutrino oscillations, the dark matter and the baryon asymmetry in the Universe evidence that we need a new extended model. In the Standard Model there are also some unattractive theoretical aspects like the divergent loop corrections to the Higgs boson mass and the very small Yukawa couplings needed to describe the neutrino masses. For all these reasons, the hunt of discrepancies between Standard Model and data is still going on with the aim to finally describe the new extended theory.

Research in High Energy Physics at Duke University

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kotwal, Ashutosh V.; Goshaw, Al; Kruse, Mark

2013-07-29

This is the Closeout Report for the research grant in experimental elementary particle physics, carried out by the Duke University High Energy Physics (HEP) group. We re- port on physics results and detector development carried out under this grant, focussing on the recent three-year grant period (2010 to 2013). The Duke HEP group consisted of seven faculty members, two senior scientists, ve postdocs and eight graduate students. There were three thrusts of the research program. Measurements at the energy frontier at CDF and ATLAS were used to test aspects of elementary particle theory described by the Stan- dard Model (SM)more » and to search for new forces and particles beyond those contained within the SM. The neutrino sector was explored using data obtained from a large neutrino detector located in Japan, and R & D was conducted on new experiments to be built in the US. The measurements provided information about neutrino masses and the manner in which neutri- nos change species in particle beams. Two years ago we have started a new research program in rare processes based on the Mu2E experiment at Fermilab. This research is motivated by the search for the ! e transition with unprecedented sensitivity, a transition forbidden in the standard model but allowed in supersymmetric and other models of new physics. The high energy research program used proton and antiproton colliding beams. The experiments were done at the Fermilab Tevatron (proton-antiproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV) and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (proton-proton collisions at 7-8 TeV). The neutrino program used data obtained from the Super-Kamiokande detec- tor. This water- lled Cherenkov counter was used to detect and measure the properties of neutrinos produced in cosmic ray showers, and from neutrino beams produced from acceler- ators in Japan. The Mu2E experiment will use a special stopped muon beam to be built at Fermilab.« less

Research in High Energy Physics at Duke University

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goshaw, Alfred; Kotwal, Ashutosh; Kruse, Mark

2013-07-29

This is the Closeout Report for the research grant in experimental elementary particle physics, carried out by the Duke University High Energy Physics (HEP) group. We re- port on physics results and detector development carried out under this grant, focussing on the recent three-year grant period (2010 to 2013). The Duke HEP group consisted of seven faculty members, two senior scientists, five postdocs and eight graduate students. There were three thrusts of the research program. Measurements at the energy frontier at CDF and ATLAS were used to test aspects of elementary particle theory described by the Stan- dard Model (SM)more » and to search for new forces and particles beyond those contained within the SM. The neutrino sector was explored using data obtained from a large neutrino detector located in Japan, and R & D was conducted on new experiments to be built in the US. The measurements provided information about neutrino masses and the manner in which neutri- nos change species in particle beams. Two years ago we have started a new research program in rare processes based on the Mu2E experiment at Fermilab. This research is motivated by the search for the {mu} {yields} e transition with unprecedented sensitivity, a transition forbidden in the standard model but allowed in supersymmetric and other models of new physics. The high energy research program used proton and antiproton colliding beams. The experiments were done at the Fermilab Tevatron (proton-antiproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 1.96 TeV) and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (proton-proton collisions at 7-8 TeV). The neutrino program used data obtained from the Super-Kamiokande detector. This water-filled Cherenkov counter was used to detect and measure the properties of neutrinos produced in cosmic ray showers, and from neutrino beams produced from acceler- ators in Japan. The Mu2E experiment will use a special stopped muon beam to be built at Fermilab.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tannenbaum, Michael J.

The search for the left-handed W± bosons, the proposed quanta of the weak interaction, and the Higgs boson, which spontaneously breaks the symmetry of unification of electromagnetic and weak interactions, has driven elementary-particle physics research from the time that I entered college to the present and has led to many unexpected and exciting discoveries which revolutionized our view of subnuclear physics over that period. In this article I describe how these searches and discoveries have intertwined with my own career.

Accumulated distribution of material gain at dislocation crystal growth

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rakin, V. I., E-mail: rakin@geo.komisc.ru

2016-05-15

A model for slowing down the tangential growth rate of an elementary step at dislocation crystal growth is proposed based on the exponential law of impurity particle distribution over adsorption energy. It is established that the statistical distribution of material gain on structurally equivalent faces obeys the Erlang law. The Erlang distribution is proposed to be used to calculate the occurrence rates of morphological combinatorial types of polyhedra, presenting real simple crystallographic forms.

The Discovery of the Top Quark

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Sinervo, P.K.

1995-12-01

The top quark and the Higgs boson are the heaviest elementary particles predicted by the standard model. The four lightest quark flavours, the up, down, strange and charm quarks, were well-established by the mid-1970's. The discovery in 1977 of the {Tau} resonances, a new family of massive hadrons, required the introduction of the fifth quark flavour. Experimental and theoretical studies have indicated that this quark also has a heavier partner, the top quark.

Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bettini, Alessandro

The Standard Model is the most comprehensive physical theory ever developed. This textbook conveys the basic elements of the Standard Model using elementary concepts, without the theoretical rigor found in most other texts on this subject. It contains examples of basic experiments, allowing readers to see how measurements and theory interplay in the development of physics. The author examines leptons, hadrons and quarks, before presenting the dynamics and the surprising properties of the charges of the different forces. The textbook concludes with a brief discussion on the recent discoveries of physics beyond the Standard Model, and its connections with cosmology. Quantitative examples are given, and the reader is guided through the necessary calculations. Each chapter ends in the exercises, and solutions to some problems are included in the book. Complete solutions are available to instructors at www.cambridge.org/9780521880213. This textbook is suitable for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students.

Students' personal traits, violence exposure, family factors, school dynamics and the perpetration of violence in Taiwanese elementary schools.

PubMed

Chen, Ji-Kang; Astor, Ron Avi

2011-02-01

School violence has become an international problem affecting the well-being of students. To date, few studies have examined how school variables mediate between personal and family factors and school violence in the context of elementary schools in Asian cultures. Using a nationally representative sample of 3122 elementary school students in Taiwan, this study examined a theoretical model proposing that negative personal traits, exposure to violence and parental monitoring knowledge have both direct influences as well as indirect influences mediated through school engagement, at-risk peers and poor student-teacher relationships on school violence committed by students against students and teachers. The results of a structural equation modeling analysis provided a good fit for the sample as a whole. The final model accounted for 32% of the variance for student violence against students and 21% for student violence against teachers. The overall findings support the theoretical model proposed in this study. Similar findings were obtained for both male and female students. The study indicated that to reduce school violence more effectively in the context of elementary schools, intervention may exclusively focus on improving students' within-school experiences and the quality of the students' relationships with teachers and school peers.

Inferring the Limit Behavior of Some Elementary Cellular Automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruivo, Eurico L. P.; de Oliveira, Pedro P. B.

Cellular automata locally define dynamical systems, discrete in space, time and in the state variables, capable of displaying arbitrarily complex global emergent behavior. One core question in the study of cellular automata refers to their limit behavior, that is, to the global dynamical features in an infinite time evolution. Previous works have shown that for finite time evolutions, the dynamics of one-dimensional cellular automata can be described by regular languages and, therefore, by finite automata. Such studies have shown the existence of growth patterns in the evolution of such finite automata for some elementary cellular automata rules and also inferred the limit behavior of such rules based upon the growth patterns; however, the results on the limit behavior were obtained manually, by direct inspection of the structures that arise during the time evolution. Here we present the formalization of an automatic method to compute such structures. Based on this, the rules of the elementary cellular automata space were classified according to the existence of a growth pattern in their finite automata. Also, we present a method to infer the limit graph of some elementary cellular automata rules, derived from the analysis of the regular expressions that describe their behavior in finite time. Finally, we analyze some attractors of two rules for which we could not compute the whole limit set.

Towards a natural theory of electroweak interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dobrescu, Bogdan A.

1998-01-01

I study theories of electroweak symmetry breaking that may describe naturally the electromagnetic and weak interactions of the elementary particles observed so far (quarks, leptons and gauge bosons). These theories should explain why the energy scale at which the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken (246 GeV), called the 'electroweak scale', is seventeen orders of magnitude smaller than the 'Planck scale', which is associated with the quantum origin of gravity. I discuss first theories where the electroweak symmetry is broken by the dynamics of new strong interactions, naturally producing the hierarchy between the Planck scale and the electroweak scale. I show that in a realistic class of models of this type, the new gauge bosons needed for generating the mass of the heaviest quark have couplings which require a careful adjustment in order to be compatible with experimental data. In the case where the strong dynamics produces a composite spinless particle ('Higgs boson') whose interactions break the electroweak symmetry, I derive an upper bound of 460 GeV on the Higgs boson mass from experimental constraints on processes sensitive to new physics. I also discuss a different type of theory that explains the hierarchy of energy scales, based on a special symmetry, called supersymmetry, which requires the existence of new particles ('superpartners'). No superpartners have been seen in experiments. Therefore, if they exist, they must have masses larger than the particles known so far, implying that supersymmetry is not exact. In the simplest models, supersymmetry breaking is transmitted to the superpartners by standard gauge interactions. I show that all known models of this type are likely to be unacceptable because they do not admit a stable and phenomenologically viable ground state of the universe ('vacuum'). I then construct modified versions of these models that permit viable stable vacua. Also, I present a new model in which supersymmetry breaking is transmitted to the superpartners by nonstandard gauge interactions, leading to distinctive predictions for the superpartner masses. Finally, I propose a model that combines a mechanism of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking with supersymmetry, which explains some features of the quark and lepton mass spectrum.

PREFACE: International Workshop on Statistical-Mechanical Informatics 2010

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inoue, Jun-ichi; Kabashima, Yoshiyuki; Tanaka, Kazuyuki; Tanaka, Toshiyuki

2010-04-01

Everything that exists in the natural world is made up of several types of elementary particles. However, we cannot understand nature simply by identifying the properties of these particles. This is because collections of the particles sometimes exhibit completely unexpected collective phenomena, quite independently of the individual particles' properties. In the physical sciences, the importance of focusing on the properties of objects composed of a large number of constituents is reflected in the phrase, "More is different." The main concept of the research project, the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas `Deepening and Expansion of Statistical Mechanical Informatics (DEX-SMI)' (Head Investigator: Yoshiyuki Kabashima, Tokyo Institute of Technology) (Project Webpage DEX-SMI), launched in 2006, was to introduce this perspective into information science under the common slogan, "More is different in informatics as well." As milestones in the research activity, the International Workshop on Statistical-Mechanical Informatics (IW-SMI) was held annually, featuring studies of information and communication (2007), quantum information (2008), and bioinformatics (2009). The workshop series provided fruitful opportunities for leading researchers of various disciplines to interact with one another, which led to several collaborative studies. The final workshop, IW-SMI2010, was held at Shiran Kaikan, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, on 7-10 March 2010 to wrap up the achievements of the four years of activity in the DEX-SMI research project. This workshop also aimed to bring together leading researchers in the physical and information sciences to discuss possible future directions for further exploring the successes of DEX-SMI. We would like to thank the contributors of the workshop as well as all the participants. We hope that the successes of IW-SMI2010 and DEX-SMI will lead to further development of this highly vigorous interdisciplinary field between statistical mechanics and information science. Editors Jun-ichi Inoue Yoshiyuki Kabashima Kazuyuki Tanaka Toshiyuki Tanaka The IW-SMI 2010 Organizing Committee: Masato Okada (University of Tokyo) Yoshiyuki Kabashima, General Chair (Tokyo Institute of Technology) Shin Ishii (Kyoto University) Jun-ichi Inoue, Publications Chair (Hokkaido University) Kazuyuki Tanaka (Tohoku University) Toshiyuki Tanaka, Vice-General Chair (Kyoto University)

Microstructure of Hot Rolled 1.0C-1.5Cr Bearing Steel and Subsequent Spheroidization Annealing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhen-Xing; Li, Chang-Sheng; Zhang, Jian; Li, Bin-Zhou; Pang, Xue-Dong

2016-07-01

The effect of final rolling temperature and cooling process on the microstructure of 1.0C-1.5Cr bearing steel was studied, and the relationship between the microstructure parameters and subsequent spheroidization annealing was analyzed. The results indicate that the increase of water-cooling rate after hot rolling and the decrease of final cooling temperature are beneficial to reducing both the pearlite interlamellar spacing and pearlite colony size. Prior austenite grain size can be reduced by decreasing the final rolling temperature and increasing the water-cooling rate. When the final rolling temperature was controlled around 1103 K (830 °C), the subsequent cooling rate was set to 10 K/s and final cooling temperature was 953 K (680 °C), the precipitation of grain boundary cementite was suppressed effectively and lots of rod-like cementite particles were observed in the microstructure. Interrupted quenching was employed to study the dissolution behavior of cementite during the austenitizing at 1073 K (800 °C). The decrease of both pearlite interlamellar spacing and pearlite colony size could facilitate the initial dissolution and fragmentation of cementite lamellae, which could shorten the spheroidization time. The fragmentation of grain boundary cementite tends to form large-size undissolved cementite particles. With the increase of austenitizing time from 20 to 300 minutes, mean diameter of undissolved cementite particles increases, indicating the cementite particle coarsening and cementite dissolution occuring simultaneously. Mean diameter of cementite particles in the final spheroidized microstructure is proportional to the mean diameter of undissolved cementite particles formed during partial austenitizing.

Electrical field: a historical review of its application and contributions in wastewater sludge dewatering.

PubMed

Mahmoud, Akrama; Olivier, Jérémy; Vaxelaire, Jean; Hoadley, Andrew F A

2010-04-01

Electric field-assisted dewatering, also called electro-dewatering, is a technology in which a conventional dewatering mechanism such a pressure dewatering is combined with electrokinetic effects to realize an improved liquid/solids separation, to increase the final dry solids content and to accelerate the dewatering process with low energy consumption compared to thermal drying. Electro-dewatering is not a new idea, but the practical industrial applications have been limited to niche areas in soil mechanics, civil engineering, and the ceramics industry. Recently, it has received great attention, specially, in the fields of fine-particle sludge, gelatinous sludge, sewage sludge, pharmaceutical industries, food waste and bull kelp, which could not be successfully dewatered with conventional mechanical methods. This review focuses on the scientific and practical aspects of the application of an electrical field in laboratory/industrial dewatering, and discusses this in relation to conventional dewatering techniques. A comprehensive bibliography of research in the electro-dewatering of wastewater sludges is included. As the fine-particle suspensions possess a surface charge, usually negative, they are surrounded by a layer with a higher density of positive charges, the electric double layer. When an electric field is applied, the usually negative charged particles move towards the electrode of the opposite charge. The water, commonly with cations, is driven towards the negative electrode. Electro-dewatering thus involves the well-known phenomena of electrophoresis, electro-osmosis, and electromigration. Following a detailed outline of the role of the electric double layer and electrokinetic phenomena, an analysis of the components of applied voltage and their significance is presented from an electrochemical viewpoint. The aim of this elementary analysis is to provide a fundamental understanding of the different process variables and configurations in order to identify potential improvements. Also discussed herein is the investigation of the electrical behaviour of a porous medium, with particular emphasis on porous medium conductivity determination. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neutrino Oscillation Physics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kayser, Boris

2012-06-01

To complement the neutrino-physics lectures given at the 2011 International School on Astro Particle Physics devoted to Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics (ISAPP 2011; Varenna, Italy), at the 2011 European School of High Energy Physics (ESHEP 2011; Cheila Gradistei, Romania), and, in modified form, at other summer schools, we present here a written description of the physics of neutrino oscillation. This description is centered on a new way of deriving the oscillation probability. We also provide a brief guide to references relevant to topics other than neutrino oscillation that were covered in the lectures. Neutrinos and photons are by far themore » most abundant elementary particles in the universe. Thus, if we would like to comprehend the universe, we must understand the neutrinos. Of course, studying the neutrinos is challenging, since the only known forces through which these electrically-neutral leptons interact are the weak force and gravity. Consequently, interactions of neutrinos in a detector are very rare events, so that very large detectors and intense neutrino sources are needed to make experiments feasible. Nevertheless, we have confirmed that the weak interactions of neutrinos are correctly described by the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics. Moreover, in the last 14 years, we have discovered that neutrinos have nonzero masses, and that leptons mix. These discoveries have been based on the observation that neutrinos can change from one 'flavor' to another - the phenomenon known as neutrino oscillation. We shall explain the physics of neutrino oscillation, deriving the probability of oscillation in a new way. We shall also provide a very brief guide to references that can be used to study some major neutrino-physics topics other than neutrino oscillation.« less

Fundamentals of Plasma Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bellan, Paul M.

2008-07-01

Preface; 1. Basic concepts; 2. The Vlasov, two-fluid, and MHD models of plasma dynamics; 3. Motion of a single plasma particle; 4. Elementary plasma waves; 5. Streaming instabilities and the Landau problem; 6. Cold plasma waves in a magnetized plasma; 7. Waves in inhomogeneous plasmas and wave energy relations; 8. Vlasov theory of warm electrostatic waves in a magnetized plasma; 9. MHD equilibria; 10. Stability of static MHD equilibria; 11. Magnetic helicity interpreted and Woltjer-Taylor relaxation; 12. Magnetic reconnection; 13. Fokker-Planck theory of collisions; 14. Wave-particle nonlinearities; 15. Wave-wave nonlinearities; 16. Non-neutral plasmas; 17. Dusty plasmas; Appendix A. Intuitive method for vector calculus identities; Appendix B. Vector calculus in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates; Appendix C. Frequently used physical constants and formulae; Bibliography; References; Index.

Self-interacting spin-2 dark matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chu, Xiaoyong; Garcia-Cely, Camilo

2017-11-01

Recent developments in bigravity allow one to construct consistent theories of interacting spin-2 particles that are free of ghosts. In this framework, we propose an elementary spin-2 dark matter candidate with a mass well below the TeV scale. We show that, in a certain regime where the interactions induced by the spin-2 fields do not lead to large departures from the predictions of general relativity, such a light dark matter particle typically self-interacts and undergoes self-annihilations via 3-to-2 processes. We discuss its production mechanisms and also identify the regions of the parameter space where self-interactions can alleviate the discrepancies at small scales between the predictions of the collisionless dark matter paradigm and cosmological N-body simulations.

Dark Matter Detection Using Helium Evaporation and Field Ionization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maris, Humphrey J.; Seidel, George M.; Stein, Derek

2017-11-01

We describe a method for dark matter detection based on the evaporation of helium atoms from a cold surface and their subsequent detection using field ionization. When a dark matter particle scatters off a nucleus of the target material, elementary excitations (phonons or rotons) are produced. Excitations which have an energy greater than the binding energy of helium to the surface can result in the evaporation of helium atoms. We propose to detect these atoms by ionizing them in a strong electric field. Because the binding energy of helium to surfaces can be below 1 meV, this detection scheme opens up new possibilities for the detection of dark matter particles in a mass range down to 1 MeV /c2 .

Dark Matter Detection Using Helium Evaporation and Field Ionization.

PubMed

Maris, Humphrey J; Seidel, George M; Stein, Derek

2017-11-03

We describe a method for dark matter detection based on the evaporation of helium atoms from a cold surface and their subsequent detection using field ionization. When a dark matter particle scatters off a nucleus of the target material, elementary excitations (phonons or rotons) are produced. Excitations which have an energy greater than the binding energy of helium to the surface can result in the evaporation of helium atoms. We propose to detect these atoms by ionizing them in a strong electric field. Because the binding energy of helium to surfaces can be below 1 meV, this detection scheme opens up new possibilities for the detection of dark matter particles in a mass range down to 1  MeV/c^{2}.

Stable schemes for dissipative particle dynamics with conserved energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stoltz, Gabriel, E-mail: stoltz@cermics.enpc.fr

2017-07-01

This article presents a new numerical scheme for the discretization of dissipative particle dynamics with conserved energy. The key idea is to reduce elementary pairwise stochastic dynamics (either fluctuation/dissipation or thermal conduction) to effective single-variable dynamics, and to approximate the solution of these dynamics with one step of a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm. This ensures by construction that no negative internal energies are encountered during the simulation, and hence allows to increase the admissible timesteps to integrate the dynamics, even for systems with small heat capacities. Stability is only limited by the Hamiltonian part of the dynamics, which suggests resorting to multiplemore » timestep strategies where the stochastic part is integrated less frequently than the Hamiltonian one.« less

Chaos in a 4D dissipative nonlinear fermionic model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aydogmus, Fatma

2015-12-01

Gursey Model is the only possible 4D conformally invariant pure fermionic model with a nonlinear self-coupled spinor term. It has been assumed to be similar to the Heisenberg's nonlinear generalization of Dirac's equation, as a possible basis for a unitary description of elementary particles. Gursey Model admits particle-like solutions for the derived classical field equations and these solutions are instantonic in character. In this paper, the dynamical nature of damped and forced Gursey Nonlinear Differential Equations System (GNDES) are studied in order to get more information on spinor type instantons. Bifurcation and chaos in the system are observed by constructing the bifurcation diagrams and Poincaré sections. Lyapunov exponent and power spectrum graphs of GNDES are also constructed to characterize the chaotic behavior.

International Comparisons of Teachers' Salaries: An Exploratory Study. Survey Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barro, Steven M.; Suter, Larry

This paper, the final product of a study, "International Comparison of Teachers' Salaries," on an exploratory effort to compare salaries of elementary and secondary school teachers in the United States with those in other economically advanced countries. Data was obtained from Canada, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Japan,…

Writing To Learn History in the Intermediate Grades. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Downey, Matthew T.

A study examined the relationship between writing activities and historical learning by elementary school students. Subjects in schools in the San Francisco Bay area were drawn from third-grade classrooms from a predominantly working class neighborhood, a mixed fourth-grade class of mostly limited-English-proficient children of immigrants from…

Project Developmental Continuity Evaluation: Final Report. Volume I: Outcomes of the PDC Intervention.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bond, James T.; And Others

The first of two volumes, this document reports an evaluation of Project Developmental Continuity (PDC), a Head Start demonstration project initiated in 1974 to develop program models which enhance children's social competence by fostering developmental continuity from preschool through the early elementary years. In general, the impact of program…

MiBLSi Program Evaluation of Participatory Elementary Schools from 2003-2009

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gibbs, Marvin

2012-01-01

This dissertation details the use of the Program Evaluations Metaevaluation Checklist (PEMC), Stufflebeam, 1999, which is for performing final, summative metaevaluations. It is organized according to the Joint Committee Program Evaluation Standards. For each of the 30 standards the checklist includes 6 checkpoints drawn from the substance of the…

Nebraska State Plan Career Education Project. Final Performance Report for Period Ending June 30, 1977.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nebraska State Dept. of Education, Lincoln.

The Nebraska state career education plan was developed to assist individuals in developing essential educational and career skills for responsible functioning. The plan, linking the school and work world, extends chronologically: elementary level--career awareness, middle/junior high school level--career exploration, and senior high school…

Manufacture of Optacons for a Field Trial Within Elementary and Secondary Schools. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brugler, J. Stephen; Bliss, James C.

Telesensory Systems, Inc. (TSI) was awarded a contract to design, develop, and test Optacons (Optical-to-Tactile Converter) and perepheral equipment. Optacons are direct-translation reading aids for the blind. The text summarizes the engineering design, manufacturing activities, field test procedure and results, and it provides recommendations for…

Aid for Facilities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2009-01-01

Even before the state fire marshal ordered the Somersworth (N.H.) School District in 2007 to abandon the top two floors of Hilltop Elementary School because of safety concerns, folks in the city of 12,000 had been debating whether the aging facility should be replaced--and how to pay for it. Finally, in February 2009, the city council approved…

Programmatic Research Project in Physical Education for the Mentally Retarded Child in the Elementary School. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wessel, Janet A.

The project developed and evaluated an individualized physical education curriculum (called I CAN) for trainable mentally retarded children, ages 5-14 years. The instructional system consists of a set of primary psychomotor skills curriculum resource materials for individualizing instruction and a competency-based teaching guide for…

Children's Reproduction of Modeled Sequential Actions. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Uzgiris, Ina C.

This paper describes seven interrelated studies concerned with children's understanding of sequential actions and with the effects of observing a model on this understanding. A total of 546 elementary and secondary school students served as subjects for the studies. The tasks for all of the studies involved deriving the pattern for a sequence from…

The Effects of the Institutional Structure of Schools on Teachers. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freedman, Sara; And Others

The effects of teaching on teachers was investigated. Interviews with female elementary school teachers were conducted on a bi-weekly basis during 2 years of data collection. An analysis was made of the relationship between teachers' work experiences over the course of their careers within specific institutional structures, and their perceptions…

34 CFR 76.401 - Disapproval of an application-opportunity for a hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Instruction in Mathematics and Science Title II, Part A, Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as... the agency shall issue its written ruling, including findings of fact and reasons for the ruling. (iii.... If supported by substantial evidence, findings of fact of the State educational agency are final. (6...

Development of an Occupational Orientation Program for Grades K-6. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kesler, Ray M.; Brown, Sandra

This report presents the development, methodology, and findings of an Occupational Orientation Program for Grades K-6 in Monongalia County, West Virginia. The objectives of the program were to develop a curriculum for an elementary school that would give students the assistance needed to make realistic, attainable career choices, to assist…

Project Familia. Final Evaluation Report, 1993-94. OER Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, NY. Office of Educational Research.

Project Familia was an Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title VII project in its second year in 1993-94 in New York City. Project Familia served 77 children at 3 schools who were identified as limited English proficient, special education students in prekindergarten through fifth grade and their parents. The project provided after-school…

34 CFR 76.401 - Disapproval of an application-opportunity for a hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Instruction in Mathematics and Science Title II, Part A, Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as... the agency shall issue its written ruling, including findings of fact and reasons for the ruling. (iii.... If supported by substantial evidence, findings of fact of the State educational agency are final. (6...

34 CFR 76.401 - Disapproval of an application-opportunity for a hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Instruction in Mathematics and Science Title II, Part A, Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as... the agency shall issue its written ruling, including findings of fact and reasons for the ruling. (iii.... If supported by substantial evidence, findings of fact of the State educational agency are final. (6...

34 CFR 76.401 - Disapproval of an application-opportunity for a hearing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Instruction in Mathematics and Science Title II, Part A, Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as... the agency shall issue its written ruling, including findings of fact and reasons for the ruling. (iii.... If supported by substantial evidence, findings of fact of the State educational agency are final. (6...

Educational Excellence for Iowa. Final Report of the Joint Committee on Instructional Development and Academic Articulation in Iowa.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Iowa State Board of Regents, Des Moines.

This report recommends measures to improve elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education in Iowa while providing universal access to education. The proposal stresses unified goals throughout the state's educational system, while retaining local discretion over curriculum. Although the report emphasizes high school-to-college articulation, it…

1970-71 Basic Mathematics Improvement Component. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodosky, Robert

The Basic Mathematics Improvement Component, funded under Title I of the 1965 Elementary Secondary Education Act, served nearly 800 pupils in grades four through nine in 20 high priority inner-city schools. The philosophy behind the program was that high achievement in mathematics correlates highly with the high achievement in other areas, and a…

Library Power in Philadelphia: Final Report from Seven Case Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Useem, Elizabeth; Coe, Cati

Library Power seeks to activate an underutilized resource--a school's library program--in ways that promote schoolwide changes in the curriculum and instruction. This three-year initiative of the DeWitt Wallace-Readers' Digest Fund, located in 19 sites across the country, connects elementary and middle school libraries more directly to classroom…

Evaluation of the Tennessee Nutrition Education and Training Program. 1980 Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Banta, Trudy W.; And Others

The Tennessee Nutrition Education and Training (NET) program is part of a U.S. Department of Agriculture effort to develop a coordinated nutrition education program for children from preschool through grade 12. In its first year of operation, the Tennessee NET program conducted summer nutrition education workshops for elementary teachers and…

TESL Reporter, Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pack, Alice C., Ed.

Four issues of "TESL Reporter" are presented. Contents include the following articles: "Feedback: An Anti-Madeirization Compound" by Henry M. Schaafsma; "Using the Personal Pronoun 'I' as a Compound Subject" by G. Pang and D. Chu; "The Consonant'L' in Initial and Final Positions" by Maybelle Chong; "Sentence Expansion for the Elementary Level" by…

Implementation Study of Smaller Learning Communities. Final Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bernstein, Lawrence; Millsap, Mary Ann; Schimmenti, Jennifer; Page, Lindsay

2008-01-01

The Smaller Learning Communities (SLC) program was established in response to growing national concerns about students too often lost and alienated in large, impersonal high schools, as well as concerns about school safety and low levels of achievement and graduation for many students. Authorized under the "Elementary and Secondary Education Act,"…

A Study of Causal Thinking in Elementary School Children. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ward, Edna M.

This study, which is a partial replication and validation of the 1962 Laurendeau and Pinard study of causal thinking, investigates cross-cultural differences among three age levels of Canadian and American school children in the development of causal thinking. Also studied is the relationship between level of development of causal thinking and…

Transformational Grammar and Psycholinguistics as Applied to Teaching Comprehension of German. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reeds, James A.

The relevance to elementary foreign language instruction of certain findings of child language development (native language) and the psychology of language acquisition is examined. A set of premises is proposed for a new scheme for the teaching of German based on these findings, namely, that comprehension precedes production, that language…

Education and Labor Force Skills in Postwar Japan. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Taira, Koji; Levine, Solomon B.

As early as elementary school, a Japanese child faces a sequence of narrowing choices for an occupational future. Through decisions on further schooling, curriculum, and job entry, earlier choices severely restrict later ones. Usually, men go to four-year universities to study engineering or social sciences. Women generally attend two-year…

THERMOCHEMICAL KINETIC ANALYSIS ON THE REACTIONS OF ALLYCIC ISOBUTENYL RADICAL WITH O2: AN ELEMENTARY REACTION MECHANISM FOR ISOBUTENE OXIDATION. (R824970)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

Evaluation of GALAXY Classroom Science for Grades 3-5. Final Report. Executive Summary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Guth, Gloria J. A.; Austin, Susan; DeLong, Bo; Pasta, David J.; Block, Clifford

The GALAXY Classroom is a package of integrated curricular and instructional approaches, supported by the first U.S. interactive satellite communications network designed to facilitate the introduction of innovative curricula to improve student learning in elementary schools. GALAXY Classroom Science for grades 3-5 features the organization of…

The School Adjustment of Post-Meningitic Children. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pate, John E.

To study the school adjustment of children known to have had prolonged high fevers, 25 elementary school students who had had acute bacterial meningitis were matched by age, sex, and socioeconomic levels with peers from their same classroom. The nature and extent of school problems and educational handicaps of the post-meningitic children examined…

41 CFR 101-6.205-3 - Elementary and secondary schools.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... final order of a court of the United States for the desegregation of such school or school system, and... order of a court of the United States for the desegregation of such school or school system is entered... Management Regulations System FEDERAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS GENERAL 6-MISCELLANEOUS REGULATIONS 6.2...

The Importance of ADHD Subtype Classification for Educational Applications of "DSM-V"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnard, Lucy; Stevens, Tara; To, Yen M.; Lan, William Y.; Mulsow, Miriam

2010-01-01

Objective: An examination of the academic achievement of children with ADHD by stimulant treatment status must consider this heterogeneity of the disorder. With the dissemination of the final wave of data, the Special Education Elementary Longitudinal Study presents an opportunity to examine the academic achievement of students with ADHD using a…

State ESEA Title I Participation Information for 1997-98: Final Summary Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sinclair, Beth; Carroll, Janet

This report summarizes data that address several aspects of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act's Title I program. It includes information on districts, schools and students served, range of instructional and support services provided, Title I staffing patterns, and schools' progress toward meeting performance standards as reported in Title…

PARTICIPATION IN HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

White, Christopher

2012-12-20

This grant funded experimental and theoretical activities in elementary particles physics at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). The experiments in which IIT faculty collaborated included the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment, the MINOS experiment, the Double Chooz experiment, and FNAL E871 - HyperCP experiment. Funds were used to support summer salary for faculty, salary for postdocs, and general support for graduate and undergraduate students. Funds were also used for travel expenses related to these projects and general supplies.