10 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

.... Site characterization includes borings, surface excavations, excavation of exploratory shafts, limited subsurface lateral excavations and borings, and in situ testing at depth needed to determine the suitability of the site for a geologic repository, but does not include preliminary borings and geophysical...

Archaeology of Void Spaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Look, Cory

The overall goal of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of pXRF for the identification of ancient activity areas at Pre-Columbian sites in Antigua that range across time periods, geographic regions, site types with a variety of features, and various states of preservation. These findings have important implications for identifying and reconstructing places full of human activity but void of material remains. A synthesis for an archaeology of void spaces requires the construction of new ways of testing anthrosols, and identifying elemental patterns that can be used to connect people with their places and objects. This research begins with an exploration of rich middens in order to study void spaces. Midden archaeology has been a central focus in Caribbean research, and consists of an accumulation of discarded remnants from past human activities that can be tested against anthrosols. The archaeological collections visited for this research project involved creating new databases to generate a comprehensive inventory of sites, materials excavated, and assemblages available for study. Of the more than 129 Pre-Columbian sites documented in Antigua, few sites have been thoroughly surveyed or excavated. Twelve Pre-Columbian sites, consisting of thirty-six excavated units were selected for study; all of which contained complete assemblages for comparison and soil samples for testing. These excavations consisted almost entirely of midden excavations, requiring new archaeological investigations to be carried out in spaces primarily void of material remains but within the village context. Over the course of three seasons excavations, shovel test pits, and soil augers were used to obtain a variety of anthrosols and archaeological assemblages in order to generate new datasets to study Pre-Columbian activity areas. The selection of two primary case study sites were used for comparison: Indian Creek and Doigs. Findings from this research indicate that accounting for the variety of activity areas that make up a site can imbue a site with an identity of purpose and shed light on how different sites may have served different purposes within a regional framework. Excavations at the site of Indian Creek identified a series of raised middens that enclosed an open space for approximately 1500 years. This research explores this open space, and questions the meaning of 'void' and 'empty' with respect to past human activities. While archaeologists recognize that areas void of material remains are certainly part of the larger site, the question remains, without an understand of these spaces; what aspects of past life are we possibly masking? The integration of anthrosols alongside archaeological excavations and spatial analysis indicate that the site of Indian Creek contained a ceremonial plaza that formed early on and was maintained until abandonment. The spatial distribution of material objects combined with anthrosol studies provided additional evidence of ritual deposits concentrated in one part of the plaza associated with a nearby creek-bed. The second site, Doigs represents one of the last intact undisturbed Early Ceramic Age site of its kind in the Eastern Caribbean. Since its discovery in the 1970's, Doig's has been partially surveyed and excavated. The identification of residential activity areas including several potential structures, bead manufacturing loci, and cooking hearths were used to help test chemical signatures with archaeologically defined activity areas. Findings from this site illustrated the uniqueness of elemental patterns associated with activity areas, and also generated new questions regarding void spaces enriched with elemental patterns associated with concentrations of plant and vegetation debris. It is the hope of this study to contribute to our general knowledge for the identification of ancient activity areas as well as the different places that give sites their identity. These assemblages of activity areas can provide Caribbeanists with an alternative approach to studying social organization at a village scale and generate new discussions regarding island wide-community relationships.

Trade Study of Excavation Tools and Equipment for Lunar Outpost Development and ISRU

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mueller, R. P.; King, R. H.

2008-01-01

The NASA Lunar Architecture Team (LAT) has developed a candidate architecture to establish a lunar outpost that includes in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). Outpost development requires excavation for landing and launch sites, roads, trenches, foundations, radiation and thermal shielding, etc. Furthermore, ISRU requires excavation as feed stock for water processing and oxygen production plants. The design environment for lunar excavation tools and equipment including low gravity, cost of launching massive equipment, limited power, limited size, high reliability, and extreme temperatures is significantly different from terrestrial excavation equipment design environment. Consequently, the lunar application requires new approaches to developing excavation tools and equipment in the context of a systems engineering approach to building a Lunar Outpost. Several authors have proposed interesting and innovative general excavation approaches in the literature, and the authors of this paper will propose adaptations and/or new excavation concepts specific to the Lunar Outpost. The requirements for excavation from the LAT architecture will be examined and quantified with corresponding figures of merit and evaluation criteria. This paper will evaluate the proposed approaches using traditional decision making with uncertainty techniques.

Mitigating clogging and arrest in confined self-propelled systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Savoie, William; Aguilar, Jeffrey; Monaenkova, Daria; Linevich, Vadim; Goldman, Daniel

Ensembles of self-propelling elements, like colloidal surfers, bacterial biofilms, and robot swarms can spontaneously form density heterogeneities. To understand how to prevent potentially catastrophic clogs in task-oriented active matter systems (like soil excavating robots), we present a robophysical study of excavation of granular media in a confined environment. We probe the efficacy of two social strategies observed in our studies of fire ants (S. invicta). The first behavior (denoted as unequal workload) prescribes to each excavator a different probability to enter the digging area. The second behavior (denoted as reversal\\x9D), is characterized by a probability to forfeit excavation when progress is sufficiently obstructed. For equal workload distribution and no reversal behavior, clogs at the digging site prevent excavation for sufficient numbers of robots. Measurements of aggregation relaxation times reveal how the strategies mitigate clogs. The unequal workload behavior reduces the tunnel density, decreasing the probability of clog formation. Reversal behavior, while allowing clogs to form, reduces aggregation relaxation time. We posit that application of social behaviors can be useful for swarm robot systems where global control and organization may not be possible.

Physical soil properties and slope treatments effects on hydraulic excavator productivity for forest road construction.

PubMed

Parsakho, Aidin; Hosseini, Seyed Ataollah; Jalilvand, Hamid; Lotfalian, Majid

2008-06-01

Effects of moisture, porosity and soil bulk density properties, grubbing time and terrain side slopes on pc 220 komatsu hydraulic excavator productivity were investigated in Miana forests road construction project which located in the northern forest of Iran. Soil moisture and porosity determined by samples were taken from undisturbed soil. The elements of daily works were measured with a digital stop watch and video camera in 14 observations (days). The road length and cross section profiles after each 20 m were selected to estimate earthworks volume. Results showed that the mean production rates for the pc 220 komatsu excavators were 60.13 m3 h(-1) and earthwork 14.76 m h(-1) when the mean depth of excavation or cutting was 4.27 m3 m(-1), respectively. There was no significant effects (p = 0.5288) from the slope classes' treatments on productivity, whereas grubbing time, soil moisture, bulk density and porosity had significantly affected on excavator earthworks volume (p < 0.0001). Clear difference was showed between the earthwork length by slope classes (p = 0.0060). Grubbing time (p = 0.2180), soil moisture (p = 0.1622), bulk density (p = 0.2490) and porosity (p = 0.2159) had no significant effect on the excavator earthworks length.

Ground Motion Studies for Large Future Accelerator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takeda, Shigeru; Oide, Katsunobu

1997-05-01

The future large accelerator, such as TeV linear collider, should have extremely small emittance to perform the required luminosity. Precise alignment of machine components is essential to prevent emittance dilution. The ground motion spoils alignment of accelerator elements and results in emittance growth. The ground motion in the frequency range of seismic vibration is mostly coherent in the related accelerator. But the incoherent diffusive or Brownian like motion becomes dominant at frequency region less than seismic vibration [1, 2, 3]. Slow ground motion with respect to the machine performance is discussed including the method of tunnel construction. Our experimental results and recent excavated results clarify that application of TBMs is better excavating method than NATM (Drill + Blast) for accelerator tunnel to prevent emittance dilution. ([1] V. Shiltsev, Proc. of IWAA95 Tsukuba, 1995. [2] Shigeru Takeda et al., Proc. of EPAC96, 1996. [3] A. Sery, Proc. of LINAC96, 1996.)

Modelling bucket excavation by finite element

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pecingina, O. M.

2015-11-01

Changes in geological components of the layers from lignite pits have an impact on the sustainability of the cup path elements and under the action of excavation force appear efforts leading to deformation of the entire assembly. Application of finite element method in the optimization of components leads to economic growth, to increase the reliability and durability of the studied machine parts thus the machine. It is obvious usefulness of knowledge the state of mechanical tensions that the designed piece or the assembly not to break under the action of tensions that must cope during operation. In the course of excavation work on all bucket cutting force components, the first coming into contact with the material being excavated cutting edge. Therefore in the study with finite element analysis is retained only cutting edge. To study the field of stress and strain on the cutting edge will be created geometric patterns for each type of cup this will be subject to static analysis. The geometric design retains the cutting edge shape and on this on the tooth cassette location will apply an areal force on the abutment tooth. The cutting edge real pattern is subjected to finite element study for the worst case of rock cutting by symmetrical and asymmetrical cups whose profile is different. The purpose of this paper is to determine the displacement and tensions field for both profiles considering the maximum force applied on the cutting edge and the depth of the cutting is equal with the width of the cutting edge of the tooth. It will consider the worst case when on the structure will act both the tangential force and radial force on the bucket profile. For determination of stress and strain field on the form design of cutting edge profile will apply maximum force assuming uniform distribution and on the edge surface force will apply a radial force. After geometric patterns discretization on the cutting knives and determining stress field, can be seen that at the rectangular profile appears the "clogging" phenomenon of the cutting edge and at the polygonal profile the point of application remains constant without going inside. From the finite element method done in this paper it can be concluded that the polygonal profiles made of dihedral angles are much more durable and asymmetric cups tend to have uniform tension along the entire perimeter.

Analytical procedure for characterization of medieval wall-paintings by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Syta, Olga; Rozum, Karol; Choińska, Marta; Zielińska, Dobrochna; Żukowska, Grażyna Zofia; Kijowska, Agnieszka; Wagner, Barbara

2014-11-01

Analytical procedure for the comprehensive chemical characterization of samples from medieval Nubian wall-paintings by means of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS) was proposed in this work. The procedure was used for elemental and molecular investigations of samples from archeological excavations in Nubia (modern southern Egypt and northern Sudan). Numerous remains of churches with painted decorations dated back to the 7th-14th century were excavated in the region of medieval kingdoms of Nubia but many aspects of this art and its technology are still unknown. Samples from the selected archeological sites (Faras, Old Dongola and Banganarti) were analyzed in the form of transfers (n = 26), small fragments collected during the excavations (n = 35) and cross sections (n = 15). XRF was used to collect data about elemental composition, LA-ICPMS allowed mapping of selected elements, while RS was used to get the molecular information about the samples. The preliminary results indicated the usefulness of the proposed analytical procedure for distinguishing the substances, from both the surface and sub-surface domains of the wall-paintings. The possibility to identify raw materials from the wall-paintings will be used in the further systematic, archeometric studies devoted to the detailed comparison of various historic Nubian centers.

Proposal for a lunar tunnel-boring machine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allen, Christopher S.; Cooper, David W.; Davila, David, Jr.; Mahendra, Christopher S.; Tagaras, Michael A.

1988-01-01

A need exists for obtaining a safe and habitable lunar base that is free from the hazards of radiation, temperature gradient, and micrometeorites. A device for excavating lunar material and simultaneously generating living space in the subselenian environment was studied at the conceptual level. Preliminary examinations indicate that a device using a mechanical head to shear its way through the lunar material while creating a rigid ceramic-like lining meets design constraints using existing technology. The Lunar Tunneler is totally automated and guided by a laser communication system. There exists the potential for the excavated lunar material to be used in conjunction with a surface mining process for the purpose of the extraction of oxygen and other elements. Experiments into lunar material excavation and further research into the concept of a mechanical Lunar Tunneler are suggested.

Investigations of Archaeological Glass Bracelets and Perfume Bottles Excavated in Ancient Ainos (Enez) by Multiple Analytical Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Celik, S.; Akyuz, T.; Akyuz, S.; Ozel, A. E.; Kecel-Gunduz, S.; Basaran, S.

2018-03-01

Fragments of two perfume bottles belonging to the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and five bracelets belonging to the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman periods, excavated in the archaeological site of Enez during the excavations in 2000, have been investigated. The samples were analyzed using micro-Raman, FTIR, and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence techniques, in order to study the ancient technology of glass production and to determine chemical compositions of the basic components and coloring elements of the glassware. All the investigated glasses can be characterized as low-magnesia-soda-lime silicate glasses, whose colors are induced by metal ions. The melting points of the investigated glasses are estimated to be quite close to each other and around 1000°C.

CAD-based strength analysis of EK-18 excavator bucket construction for mounting of anti-adhesive devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zenkov, S. A.; Lobanov, D. V.

2018-03-01

3D rigid-body model of a bucket of power shovel EK-18 was built using modern CAD-software. Tetrahedral grid with 10-node second-order elements was chosen, and the given model was imported to APM WinMachine - model preparation preprocessor for finite element analysis. The finite element model was based on the geometrical model, imported from KOMPAS-3D to APM Studio. Calculation of stressed-strained state of the bucket was carried out under the forces emerging while digging with “back hoe” equipment. Shift, deformation and tension charts were planned and the most and the least strained areas were pointed out. Wet coherent soil excavation deals with soil adhesion to working bodies of power shovels and leads to reduced performance. The performance decrease is caused by a reduction of useful bucket capacity and partial unloading, increased front resistance to cutting (digging) caused by wet soil adhesion to a working body, increased bucket entry resistance, increased idle time caused by necessity to clean working bodies. Also energy losses increase and quality of work drops because friction forces go up. Friction force occurs while digging and levelling account for 30…70 percent of total digging resistance while performance decreases 1.2…2 times and more. Vibrothermal exposure creates new technological effect which involves a wider humidity range of efficient application and a reduction of friction forces. Disintegrating adhesion bonds with heating requires less driving force from the vibrator. Vibration boosts up heating of the contact layer, which reduces thermal energy losses. However, the question of piezoelectric ceramic actuators location on the excavator bucket needs to be dealt with. The most suitable spots for mounting piezoelectric ceramic devices for reducing soil adhesion to the excavator bucket were defined. Their efficiency is derived from combined (vibrothermal) methods of exposure. Such devices eliminates soil adhesion to the bucket and increases efficiency of using power shovels with wet coherent soils.

49 CFR 195.442 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... of this section, the term “excavation activities” includes excavation, blasting, boring, tunneling... by paragraph (a) of this section must, at a minimum: (1) Include the identity, on a current basis, of...

49 CFR 195.442 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of this section, the term “excavation activities” includes excavation, blasting, boring, tunneling... by paragraph (a) of this section must, at a minimum: (1) Include the identity, on a current basis, of...

49 CFR 195.442 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... of this section, the term “excavation activities” includes excavation, blasting, boring, tunneling... by paragraph (a) of this section must, at a minimum: (1) Include the identity, on a current basis, of...

49 CFR 195.442 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of this section, the term “excavation activities” includes excavation, blasting, boring, tunneling... by paragraph (a) of this section must, at a minimum: (1) Include the identity, on a current basis, of...

49 CFR 195.442 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of this section, the term “excavation activities” includes excavation, blasting, boring, tunneling... by paragraph (a) of this section must, at a minimum: (1) Include the identity, on a current basis, of...

Characterization of ancient glass excavated in Enez (Ancient Ainos) Turkey by combined Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akyuz, Sevim; Akyuz, Tanil; Mukhamedshina, Nuranya M.; Mirsagatova, A. Adiba; Basaran, Sait; Cakan, Banu

2012-05-01

Ancient glass fragments excavated in the archaeological district Enez (Ancient Ainos)-Turkey were investigated by combined Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometry techniques. Multi-elemental contents of 15 glass fragments that belong to Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Periods, were determined by INAA. The concentrations of twenty six elements (Na, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Sb, Cs, Ba, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, Au and Th), which might be present in the samples as flux, stabilizers, colorants or opacifiers, and impurities, were examined. Chemometric treatment of the INAA data was performed and principle component analysis revealed presence of 3 distinct groups. The thermal history of the glass samples was determined by FTIR spectrometry.

Crane and Excavator Operator.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marine Corps Inst., Washington, DC.

Developed as part of the Marine Corps Institute (MCI) correspondence training program, this course on crane and excavator operation is designed to enable the crane and excavator operator to perform his/her duties more proficiently. Introductory materials include specific information for MCI students, a course introduction, and a study guide…

Leaching of boron, arsenic and selenium from sedimentary rocks: I. Effects of contact time, mixing speed and liquid-to-solid ratio.

PubMed

Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar; Hashimoto, Ayaka; Igarashi, Toshifumi; Yoneda, Tetsuro

2014-02-15

Sedimentary rocks of marine origin excavated in tunnel projects were recently identified as potentially hazardous because they could release significant amounts of toxic trace elements when exposed to the environment. This study investigated the leaching characteristics of B, As, Se and the major coexisting ions under various conditions to identify the factors and processes controlling their evolution in the leachate. In addition, we evaluated whether the parameters of the currently used leachability test for excavated rocks were adequate. Although the leachabilities of B, As and Se similarly increased at longer contact times, only those of B and As were influenced by the mixing speed and/or liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S). The majority of trace elements dissolved in the leachate originated from the dissolution of soluble salts formed from seawater of the Cretaceous trapped during the formation of the sedimentary rocks. Moreover, the alkaline pH of the leachates could be attributed to the simultaneous dissolutions at varying degrees of the mineral components of the rocks as well as the precipitation of clay minerals. In the leaching test of excavated rocks for regulatory purposes, the best values of contact time and mixing speed should represent conditions of the highest trace element extractabilities, which in this study were found at longer contact times (>48 h) and the fastest mixing speed (200 rpm). The most appropriate L/S for the leaching test is 10 because it was around this L/S that the extractabilities and leaching concentrations of the trace elements were simultaneously observed at their highest values. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape

USGS Publications Warehouse

Euliss, Ned H.; Mushet, David M.

2004-01-01

We compared the macroinvertebrate and amphibian communities of 12 excavated and 12 natural wetlands in western North Dakota, USA, to assess the effects of artificially lengthened hydroperiods on the biotic communities of wetlands in this semi-arid region. Excavated wetlands were much deeper and captured greater volumes of water than natural wetlands. Most excavated wetlands maintained water throughout the study period (May to October 1999), whereas most of the natural wetlands were dry by June. Excavated wetlands were largely unvegetated or contained submergent and deep-marsh plant species. The natural wetlands had two well-defined vegetative zones populated by plant species typical of wet meadows and shallow marshes. Excavated wetlands had a richer aquatic macroinvertebrate community that included several predatory taxa not found in natural wetlands. Taxa adapted to the short hydroperiods of seasonal wetlands were largely absent from excavated wetlands. The amphibian community of natural and excavated wetlands included the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), plains spadefoot (Scaphiopus bombifrons), Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii), and tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). The plains spadefoot occurred only in natural wetlands while tiger salamanders occurred in all 12 excavated wetlands and only one natural wetland. Boreal chorus frogs and northern leopard frogs were present in both wetland types; however, they successfully reproduced only in wetlands lacking tiger salamanders. Artificially extending the hydroperiod of wetlands by excavation has greatly influenced the composition of native biotic communities adapted to the naturally short hydroperiods of wetlands in this semi-arid region. The compositional change of the biotic communities can be related to hydrological changes and biotic interactions, especially predation related to excavation.

Multi-layer waste containment barrier

DOEpatents

Smith, Ann Marie; Gardner, Bradley M.; Nickelson, David F.

1999-01-01

An apparatus for constructing an underground containment barrier for containing an in-situ portion of earth. The apparatus includes an excavating device for simultaneously (i) excavating earthen material from beside the in-situ portion of earth without removing the in-situ portion and thereby forming an open side trench defined by opposing earthen sidewalls, and (ii) excavating earthen material from beneath the in-situ portion of earth without removing the in-situ portion and thereby forming a generally horizontal underground trench beneath the in-situ portion defined by opposing earthen sidewalls. The apparatus further includes a barrier-forming device attached to the excavating device for simultaneously forming a side barrier within the open trench and a generally horizontal, multi-layer barrier within the generally horizontal trench. The multi-layer barrier includes at least a first layer and a second layer.

Characteristics of H2S emission from aged refuse after excavation exposure.

PubMed

Shen, Dong-Sheng; Du, Yao; Fang, Yuan; Hu, Li-Fang; Fang, Cheng-Ran; Long, Yu-Yang

2015-05-01

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S(g)) emission from landfills is a widespread problem, especially when aged refuse is excavated. H2S(g) emission from aged refuse exposed to air was investigated and the results showed that large amounts of H2S(g) can be released, especially in the first few hours after excavation, when H2S(g) concentrations in air near refuse could reach 2.00 mg m(-3). Initial exposure to air did not inhibit the emission of H2S(g), as is generally assumed, but actually promoted it. The amounts of H2S(g) emitted in the first 2 d after excavation can be very dangerous, and the risks associated with the emission of H2S(g) could decrease significantly with time. Unlike a large number of sulfide existed under anaerobic conditions, the sulfide in aged municipal solid waste can be oxidized chemically to elemental sulfur (but not sulfate) under aerobic conditions, and its conversion rate was higher than 80%. Only microorganisms can oxidize the reduced sulfur species to sulfate, and the conversion rate could reach about 50%. Using appropriate techniques to enhance these chemical and biological transformations could allow the potential health risks caused by H2S(g) after refuse excavation to be largely avoided. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Support system, excavation arrangement, and process of supporting an object

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Arnold, Bill W.

2017-08-01

A support system, an excavation arrangement, and a process of supporting an object are disclosed. The support system includes a weight-bearing device and a camming mechanism positioned below the weight-bearing device. A downward force on the weight-bearing device at least partially secures the camming mechanism to opposing surfaces. The excavation arrangement includes a borehole, a support system positioned within and secured to the borehole, and an object positioned on and supported by the support system. The process includes positioning and securing the support system and positioning the object on the weight-bearing device.

Map showing relative ease of excavation in the Salina quadrangle, Utah

USGS Publications Warehouse

Williams, Paul L.

1972-01-01

This map shows the relative ease (or difficulty) with which rocks and surficial deposits can be excavated. Because of rapidly changing technology of excavation and considerable local variability of many rock units, it is not practical to specifically categorize rock units according to type of equipment needed for their excavations. However, it may be stated in general that rock units classed as very easy and easy can in most places be excavated by hand tools and by light machinery such as backhoes and small bulldozers; units included in easy to difficult require blasting and (or) heavy machinery such as rippers and large bulldozers for resistant rocks, and hand tools or light power equipment for soft rocks; and units classes as difficult and very difficult probably require blasting and heavy machinery.The excavation units shown here are based on map units of the geologic map of the Salina quadrangle. Where bedrock is mantled with thin unmapped surficial deposits, ease of excavation shown is that of the bedrock, not that of the thin surficial mantle; where surficial deposits are mapped, ease of excavation shown is that of surficial deposits.

Dimensions of landscape preferences from pairwise comparisons

Treesearch

F. González Bernaldez; F. Parra

1979-01-01

Analysis of landscape preferences allows the detection of major dimensions as:(1) the opposition between "natural and humanized", (comprising features like vegetation cover, cultivation, pattern of landscape elements, artifacts, excavations, etc.); (2) polarity "precision/ambiguity" (involving opposition between: predominance of straight, vertical...

Managing for Successful Control of Naturally Occurring Asbestos During Large Scale Grading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saur, R.; Harnish, D.; Cavanaugh, J.; Kendall, K.; Virdee, A.; Ludlam, D.

2012-12-01

Pacific Gas and Electric Company recently completed environmental remediation and civil grading of a 35-acre site in San Francisco Bay Area, and the project became recognized with local agencies as having excellent controls systems for naturally-occurring asbestos (NOA). The project began in 2010 and was completed in 2012, and involved excavating and grading over 100,000 tons of soil containing NOA. The work was subject to requirements by state, local and regional agencies, including an asbestos dust mitigation plan for the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. Effective control of NOA is attributed to management approaches combined with effective monitoring and state-of-the-art controls. Management Planning. The contract for construction specified NOA compliance management and controls, including having a NOA-control "czar" ultimately responsible for effective mitigation. An important element was daily pre-planning for excavation/grading that involved both the NOA mitigation experts and construction staff. Personnel Planning and Training. All construction personnel were trained before work regarding NOA hazards and mitigations. Daily tailboards with all construction personnel included discussions of the NOA controls integral to the daily work. Supervision. A NOA mitigation compliance leader was assigned to each excavation operation, responsible for continuously monitoring wind direction and work to ensure mitigation met requirements, and that disturbed areas were hydrosealed or covered. Adaptive Management - Daily and weekly debriefs occurred with those responsible for NOA controls to evaluate effectiveness, and identify improvements needed. If a monitoring result exceeded the project trigger level, work shut down and a root-cause analysis was performed to determine appropriate corrective actions. Deviations of results from background were researched as to cause, and any adjustments identified. Nearby non-project activities were monitored, as they occasionally caused trigger level exceedences in perimeter monitors, including from off-site vehicles, nearby construction, and mechanical vegetation management (e.g. weed whacking). Regulatory and Owner Oversight. Monitoring results were reported daily to agencies, agencies made frequent inspections, and owner's independent compliance representatives observed the NOA mitigation and provided real-time feedback to the construction team. NOA Controls. NOA emissions were controlled site-wide and for each work activity. Site systems included misting, water trucks on roads, temporary covers and soil sealants. Work activity controls for excavation/grading included both source and perimeter controls. Water application technologies specially designed for NOA fiber mitigation, and not just dust mitigation, were effective without adding excessive water to work areas. These activities collectively created a management structure that facilitated successful implementation of NOA control technologies.

Weathering of the New Albany Shale, Kentucky, USA: I. Weathering zones defined by mineralogy and major-element composition

USGS Publications Warehouse

Tuttle, M.L.W.; Breit, G.N.

2009-01-01

Comprehensive understanding of chemical and mineralogical changes induced by weathering is valuable information when considering the supply of nutrients and toxic elements from rocks. Here minerals that release and fix major elements during progressive weathering of a bed of Devonian New Albany Shale in eastern Kentucky are documented. Samples were collected from unweathered core (parent shale) and across an outcrop excavated into a hillside 40 year prior to sampling. Quantitative X-ray diffraction mineralogical data record progressive shale alteration across the outcrop. Mineral compositional changes reflect subtle alteration processes such as incongruent dissolution and cation exchange. Altered primary minerals include K-feldspars, plagioclase, calcite, pyrite, and chlorite. Secondary minerals include jarosite, gypsum, goethite, amorphous Fe(III) oxides and Fe(II)-Al sulfate salt (efflorescence). The mineralogy in weathered shale defines four weathered intervals on the outcrop-Zones A-C and soil. Alteration of the weakly weathered shale (Zone A) is attributed to the 40-a exposure of the shale. In this zone, pyrite oxidization produces acid that dissolves calcite and attacks chlorite, forming gypsum, jarosite, and minor efflorescent salt. The pre-excavation, active weathering front (Zone B) is where complete pyrite oxidation and alteration of feldspar and organic matter result in increased permeability. Acidic weathering solutions seep through the permeable shale and evaporate on the surface forming abundant efflorescent salt, jarosite and minor goethite. Intensely weathered shale (Zone C) is depleted in feldspars, chlorite, gypsum, jarosite and efflorescent salts, but has retained much of its primary quartz, illite and illite-smectite. Goethite and amorphous FE(III) oxides increase due to hydrolysis of jarosite. Enhanced permeability in this zone is due to a 14% loss of the original mass in parent shale. Denudation rates suggest that characteristics of Zone C were acquired over 1 Ma. Compositional differences between soil and Zone C are largely attributed to illuvial processes, formation of additional Fe(III) oxides and incorporation of modern organic matter.

Eco-environmental implications of elemental and carbon isotope distributions in ornithogenic sediments from the Ross Sea region, Antarctica

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Xiaodong; Nie, Yaguang; Sun, Liguang; Emslie, Steven D.

2013-09-01

Seabirds have substantial influence on geochemical circulation of elements, serving as a link for substance exchange between their foraging area and colonies. In this study, we investigated the elemental and carbon isotopic composition of five penguin-affected sediment profiles excavated from Ross Island and Beaufort Island in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica. Among the three main constituents of the sediments (including weathered bedrock, guano and algae), guano was the main source of organic matter and nutrients, causing selective enrichment of several elements in each of the sediment profiles. In the 22 measured elements, As, Cd, Cu, P, S, Se and Zn were identified as penguin bio-elements in the Ross Sea region through statistical analysis and comparison with local end-member environmental media such as weathered bedrock, fresh guano and fresh algae. Carbon isotopic composition in the ornithogenic sediments showed a mixing feature of guano and algae. Using a two-member isotope mixing equation, we were able to reconstruct the historical change of guano input and algal bio-mass. Compared with research in other parts of Antarctic, Arctic, and South China Sea, we found apparent overlap of avian bio-elements including As, Cd, Cu, P, Se, and Zn. Information on the composition and behavior of bio-elements in seabird guano on a global scale, and the role that bio-vectors play in the geochemical circulation between land and sea, will facilitate future research on avian ecology and paleoclimatic reconstruction.

The Apollo 17 'melt sheet' - Chemistry, age and Rb/Sr systematics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Winzer, S. R.; Nava, D. F.; Schuhmann, S.; Philpotts, J. A.; Schuhmann, P. J.; Lum, R. K. L.; Lindstrom, M. M.; Lindstrom, D. J.

1977-01-01

Major, minor, and trace-element compositions, age data, and Rb/Sr systematics of Apollo 17 boulders have been compiled, and additional analyses performed on a norite breccia clast (77215) included in the Apollo 17, Station 7 boulder. The Apollo 17 boulders are found to be identical or nearly so in major, minor, and trace-element composition, suggesting that they all originated as an impact melt analogous to melt sheets found in larger terrestrial craters. The matrix dates (Ar-40/Ar-39) and Rb/Sr systematics available suggest that this impact melt formed by a single impact about 4 billion years ago. This impact excavated, shocked, brecciated, and melted norites, norite cumulates, and possibly anorthositic gabbros and dunites about 4.4 billion years old. The impact was likely a major one, possibly the Serenitatis basin-forming event.

Importance of Pipe Deposits to Lead and Copper Rule Compliance

EPA Science Inventory

When Madison, WI exceeded the lead Action Level in 1992, residential and off-line tests suggested that lead release into the water was more complex than a simple lead solubility mechanism. In-depth scale analyses (color/texture, mineralogical and elemental composition) of 5 excav...

A novel energy recovery system for parallel hybrid hydraulic excavator.

PubMed

Li, Wei; Cao, Baoyu; Zhu, Zhencai; Chen, Guoan

2014-01-01

Hydraulic excavator energy saving is important to relieve source shortage and protect environment. This paper mainly discusses the energy saving for the hybrid hydraulic excavator. By analyzing the excess energy of three hydraulic cylinders in the conventional hydraulic excavator, a new boom potential energy recovery system is proposed. The mathematical models of the main components including boom cylinder, hydraulic motor, and hydraulic accumulator are built. The natural frequency of the proposed energy recovery system is calculated based on the mathematical models. Meanwhile, the simulation models of the proposed system and a conventional energy recovery system are built by AMESim software. The results show that the proposed system is more effective than the conventional energy saving system. At last, the main components of the proposed energy recovery system including accumulator and hydraulic motor are analyzed for improving the energy recovery efficiency. The measures to improve the energy recovery efficiency of the proposed system are presented.

A Novel Energy Recovery System for Parallel Hybrid Hydraulic Excavator

PubMed Central

Li, Wei; Cao, Baoyu; Zhu, Zhencai; Chen, Guoan

2014-01-01

Hydraulic excavator energy saving is important to relieve source shortage and protect environment. This paper mainly discusses the energy saving for the hybrid hydraulic excavator. By analyzing the excess energy of three hydraulic cylinders in the conventional hydraulic excavator, a new boom potential energy recovery system is proposed. The mathematical models of the main components including boom cylinder, hydraulic motor, and hydraulic accumulator are built. The natural frequency of the proposed energy recovery system is calculated based on the mathematical models. Meanwhile, the simulation models of the proposed system and a conventional energy recovery system are built by AMESim software. The results show that the proposed system is more effective than the conventional energy saving system. At last, the main components of the proposed energy recovery system including accumulator and hydraulic motor are analyzed for improving the energy recovery efficiency. The measures to improve the energy recovery efficiency of the proposed system are presented. PMID:25405215

Mechanical behavior and shape optimization of lining structure for subsea tunnel excavated in weathered slot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Peng-fei; Zhou, Xiao-jun

2015-12-01

Subsea tunnel lining structures should be designed to sustain the loads transmitted from surrounding ground and groundwater during excavation. Extremely high pore-water pressure reduces the effective strength of the country rock that surrounds a tunnel, thereby lowering the arching effect and stratum stability of the structure. In this paper, the mechanical behavior and shape optimization of the lining structure for the Xiang'an tunnel excavated in weathered slots are examined. Eight cross sections with different geometric parameters are adopted to study the mechanical behavior and shape optimization of the lining structure. The hyperstatic reaction method is used through finite element analysis software ANSYS. The mechanical behavior of the lining structure is evidently affected by the geometric parameters of crosssectional shape. The minimum safety factor of the lining structure elements is set to be the objective function. The efficient tunnel shape to maximize the minimum safety factor is identified. The minimum safety factor increases significantly after optimization. The optimized cross section significantly improves the mechanical characteristics of the lining structure and effectively reduces its deformation. Force analyses of optimization process and program are conducted parametrically so that the method can be applied to the optimization design of other similar structures. The results obtained from this study enhance our understanding of the mechanical behavior of the lining structure for subsea tunnels. These results are also beneficial to the optimal design of lining structures in general.

Drilling and Digging Techniques for the Early Lunar Outpost

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boles, Walter W.

1992-01-01

The theme of this workshop is lunar resource assessment. Topics include identification, quantification, and location of useful elements on and below the lunar surface. The objective of this paper is to look at another side of the issue--how to remove soil from the stiff lunar-soil matrix once useful deposits are located. The goal of this paper is to cause those who think that digging or excavating on the Moon is a trivial problem to rethink the reasons for their opinions. Another goal is to encourage them to view total reliance upon terrestrial heuristics with suspicion. This paper will focus primarily upon digging.

Asteroid Icy Regolith Excavation and Volatile Capture Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zeitlin, Nancy; Mantovani, James; Swanger, Adam; Townsend, Ivan

2015-01-01

Icy regolith simulants will be produced in a relevant vacuum environment using various minerals, including hydrated minerals, that are found in C-type meteorites and in other types of planetary regolith. This will allow us to characterize the mechanical strength of the icy regolith as a function of ice content using penetration, excavation, and sample capture devices. The results of this study will benefit engineers in designing efficient regolith excavators and ISRU processing systems for future exploration missions to asteroids and other planetary bodies.

Parameter Calibration and Numerical Analysis of Twin Shallow Tunnels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paternesi, Alessandra; Schweiger, Helmut F.; Scarpelli, Giuseppe

2017-05-01

Prediction of displacements and lining stresses in underground openings represents a challenging task. The main reason is primarily related to the complexity of this ground-structure interaction problem and secondly to the difficulties in obtaining a reliable geotechnical characterisation of the soil or the rock. In any case, especially when class A predictions fail in forecasting the system behaviour, performing class B or C predictions, which rely on a higher level of knowledge of the surrounding ground, can represent a useful resource for identifying and reducing model deficiencies. The case study presented in this paper deals with the construction works of twin-tube shallow tunnels excavated in a stiff and fine-grained deposit. The work initially focuses on the ground parameter calibration against experimental data, which together with the choice of an appropriate constitutive model plays a major role in the assessment of tunnelling-induced deformations. Since two-dimensional analyses imply initial assumptions to take into account the effect of the 3D excavation, three-dimensional finite element analyses were preferred. Comparisons between monitoring data and results of numerical simulations are provided. The available field data include displacements and deformation measurements regarding both the ground and tunnel lining.

Analysis of 19th century ceramic fragments excavated from Pirenópolis (Goiás, Brazil) using FT-IR, Raman, XRF and SEM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freitas, Renato P.; Coelho, Filipe A.; Felix, Valter S.; Pereira, Marcelo O.; de Souza, Marcos André Torres; Anjos, Marcelino J.

2018-03-01

This study used Raman, FT-IR and XRF spectroscopy and SEM to analyze ceramic fragments dating from the 19th century, excavated from an old farm in the municipality of Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brazil. The results show that the samples were produced in an open oven at a firing temperature below 500 °C, using raw materials including kaolinite, hematite, magnetite, quartz, microcline, albite, anhydrite, calcite, illite, orthoclase and MnO2. Although the analyses showed similarities in the manufacturing process and the presence of many minerals was common in all samples, multivariate statistical methods (PCA) allowed a more detailed assessment of similarities and differences in the mineral composition of the samples. The results of the PCA showed that the samples excavated in one of the slave quarters (senzalas) group with those excavated at the farmhouse, where the landowner lived, which indicates a paternalistic attitude towards captives, including the sharing of ceramic materials of everyday use.

Spectroscopic and statistical approach of archaeological artifacts recently excavated from Tamilnadu, South India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seetha, D.; Velraj, G.

2015-10-01

The ancient materials characterization will bring back the more evidence of the ancient people life styles. In this study, the archaeological pottery shards recently excavated from Kodumanal, Erode District in Tamilnadu, South India were investigated. The experimental results enlighten us to the elemental and the mineral composition of the pottery shards. The FT-IR technique tells that the mineralogy and the firing temperature of the samples are less than 800 °C, in the oxidizing/reducing atmosphere and the XRD was used as a complementary technique for the mineralogy. A thorough scientific study of SEM-EDS with the help of statistical approach done to find the provenance of the selected pot shards has not yet been performed. EDS and XRF results revealed that the investigated samples have the elements O, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Ti, K and Na are in different compositions. For establishing the provenance (same or different origin) of pottery samples, Al and Si concentration ratio as well as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used and the results are correlated.

77 FR 19799 - Pipeline Safety: Pipeline Damage Prevention Programs

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-02

...,602 to $3,445,975. Evaluating just the lower range of benefits over ten years results in a total... consequences resulting from excavation damage to pipelines. A comprehensive damage prevention program requires..., including that resulting from excavation, digging, and other impacts, is also precipitated by operators...

Hominid visitation of the Moravian Karst during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition: New results from Pod Hradem Cave (Czech Republic).

PubMed

Nejman, L; Wood, R; Wright, D; Lisá, L; Nerudová, Z; Neruda, P; Přichystal, A; Svoboda, J

2017-07-01

In 1956-1958, excavations of Pod Hradem Cave in Moravia (eastern Czech Republic) revealed evidence for human activity during the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition. This spanned 25,050-44,800 cal BP and contained artefacts attributed to the Aurignacian and Szeletian cultures, including those made from porcelanite (rarely used at Moravian Paleolithic sites). Coarse grained excavation techniques and major inversions in radiocarbon dates meant that site chronology could not be established adequately. This paper documents re-excavation of Pod Hradem in 2011-2012. A comprehensive AMS dating program using ultrafiltration and ABOx-SC pre-treatments provides new insights into human occupation at Pod Hradem Cave. Fine-grained excavation reveals sedimentary units spanning approximately 20,000 years of the Early Upper Paleolithic and late Middle Paleolithic periods, thus making it the first archaeological cave site in the Czech Republic with such a sedimentary and archaeological record. Recent excavation confirms infrequent human visitation, including during the Early Aurignacian by people who brought with them portable art objects that have no parallel in the Czech Republic. Raw material diversity of lithics suggests long-distance imports and ephemeral visits by highly mobile populations throughout the EUP period. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Collective workload organization in confined excavation of granular media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monaenkova, Daria; Linevich, Vadim; Goodisman, Michael A.; Goldman, Daniel I.

2015-03-01

Many social insects collectively construct large nests in complex substrates; such structures are often composed of narrow tunnels. The benefits of collective construction, including reduced construction costs per worker come with challenges of navigation in crowded, confined spaces. Here we study the workforce organization of groups of S. invicta fire ants creating tunnels in wet granular media. We monitor the activity levels of marked (painted) workers-defined as a number of tunnel visits over 12 hours- during initiation of tunnels. The activity levels are described by a Lorenz curve with a Gini coefficient of ~ 0 . 7 indicating that a majority of the excavation is performed by a minority of workers. We hypothesize that this workload distribution is beneficial for excavation in crowded conditions, and use a 2D cellular automata (CA) model to reproduce behaviors of the excavating ants. CA simulations reveal that tunnel construction rates decrease in groups of equally active animals compared to groups with the natural workload distribution. We use predictions of the CA model to organize collective excavation of granular material by teams of digging robots, and use the robots to test hypotheses of crowded excavation in the physical world. We acknowledge support of National Science Foundation, Physics of Living Systems division.

360° Video: World's First 3D Printed Excavator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

Oak Ridge National Laboratory produced the world's first 3D printed excavator. It debuted in March 2017 at the CONEXPO-Con/AGG in Las Vegas and does more than just move dirt. It demonstrates the latest advancements in additive manufacturing - including the ability to print with metal alloys.

Basin Excavation, Lower Crust, Composition, and Bulk Moon Mass balance in Light of a Thin Crust

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jolliff, B. L.; Korotev, R. L.; Ziegler, R. A.

2013-01-01

New lunar gravity results from GRAIL have been interpreted to reflect an overall thin and low-density lunar crust. Accordingly, crustal thickness has been modeled as ranging from 0 to 60 km, with thinnest crust at the locations of Crisium and Moscoviense basins and thickest crust in the central farside highlands. The thin crust has cosmochemical significance, namely in terms of implications for the Moon s bulk composition, especially refractory lithophile elements that are strongly concentrated in the crust. Wieczorek et al. concluded that the bulk Moon need not be enriched compared to Earth in refractory lithophile elements such as Al. Less Al in the crust means less Al has been extracted from the mantle, permitting relatively low bulk lunar mantle Al contents and low pre- and post-crust-extraction values for the mantle (or the upper mantle if only the upper mantle underwent LMO melting). Simple mass-balance calculations using the method of [4] suggests that the same conclusion might hold for Th and the entire suite of refractory lithophile elements that are incompatible in olivine and pyroxene, including the KREEP elements, that are likewise concentrated in the crust.

SLOPE STABILITY EVALUATION AND EQUIPMENT SETBACK DISTANCES FOR BURIAL GROUND EXCAVATIONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MCSHANE DS

2010-03-25

After 1970 Transuranic (TRU) and suspect TRU waste was buried in the ground with the intention that at some later date the waste would be retrieved and processed into a configuration for long term storage. To retrieve this waste the soil must be removed (excavated). Sloping the bank of the excavation is the method used to keep the excavation from collapsing and to provide protection for workers retrieving the waste. The purpose of this paper is to document the minimum distance (setback) that equipment must stay from the edge of the excavation to maintain a stable slope. This evaluation examinesmore » the equipment setback distance by dividing the equipment into two categories, (1) equipment used for excavation and (2) equipment used for retrieval. The section on excavation equipment will also discuss techniques used for excavation including the process of benching. Calculations 122633-C-004, 'Slope Stability Analysis' (Attachment A), and 300013-C-001, 'Crane Stability Analysis' (Attachment B), have been prepared to support this evaluation. As shown in the calculations the soil has the following properties: Unit weight 110 pounds per cubic foot; and Friction Angle (natural angle of repose) 38{sup o} or 1.28 horizontal to 1 vertical. Setback distances are measured from the top edge of the slope to the wheels/tracks of the vehicles and heavy equipment being utilized. The computer program utilized in the calculation uses the center of the wheel or track load for the analysis and this difference is accounted for in this evaluation.« less

DNA and RNA profiling of excavated human remains with varying postmortem intervals.

PubMed

van den Berge, M; Wiskerke, D; Gerretsen, R R R; Tabak, J; Sijen, T

2016-11-01

When postmortem intervals (PMIs) increase such as with longer burial times, human remains suffer increasingly from the taphonomic effects of decomposition processes such as autolysis and putrefaction. In this study, various DNA analysis techniques and a messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling method were applied to examine for trends in nucleic acid degradation and the postmortem interval. The DNA analysis techniques include highly sensitive DNA quantitation (with and without degradation index), standard and low template STR profiling, insertion and null alleles (INNUL) of retrotransposable elements typing and mitochondrial DNA profiling. The used mRNA profiling system targets genes with tissue specific expression for seven human organs as reported by Lindenbergh et al. (Int J Legal Med 127:891-900, 27) and has been applied to forensic evidentiary traces but not to excavated tissues. The techniques were applied to a total of 81 brain, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney and skin samples obtained from 19 excavated graves with burial times ranging from 4 to 42 years. Results show that brain and heart are the organs in which both DNA and RNA remain remarkably stable, notwithstanding long PMIs. The other organ tissues either show poor overall profiling results or vary for DNA and RNA profiling success, with sometimes DNA and other times RNA profiling being more successful. No straightforward relations were observed between nucleic acid profiling results and the PMI. This study shows that not only DNA but also RNA molecules can be remarkably stable and used for profiling of long-buried human remains, which corroborate forensic applications. The insight that the brain and heart tissues tend to provide the best profiling results may change sampling policies in identification cases of degrading cadavers.

Mars Exploration Rovers as Virtual Instruments for Determination of Terrain Roughness and Physical Properties

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arvidson, R. E.; Lindemann, R.; Matijevic, J.; Richter, L.; Sullivan, R.; Haldemann, A.; Anderson, R.; Snider, N.

2003-01-01

The two 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), in combination with the Athena Payload, will be used as virtual instrument systems to infer terrain properties during traverses, in addition to using the rover wheels to excavate trenches, exposing subsurface materials for remote and in-situ observations. The MERs are being modeled using finite element-based rover system transfer functions that utilize the distribution of masses associated with the vehicle, together with suspension and wheel dynamics, to infer surface roughness and mechanical properties from traverse time series data containing vehicle yaw, pitch, roll, encoder counts, and motor currents. These analyses will be supplemented with imaging and other Athena Payload measurements. The approach is being validated using Sojourner data, the FIDO rover, and experiments with MER testbed vehicles. In addition to conducting traverse science and associated analyses, trenches will be excavated by the MERs to depths of approximately 10-20 cm by locking all but one of the front wheels and rotating that wheel backwards so that the excavated material is piled up on the side of the trench away from the vehicle. Soil cohesion and angle of internal friction will be determined from the trench telemetry data. Emission spectroscopy and in-situ observations will be made using the Athena payload before and after imaging. Trenching and observational protocols have been developed using Sojourner results; data from the FIDO rover, including trenches dug into sand, mud cracks, and weakly indurated bedrock; and experiments with MER testbed rovers. Particular attention will be focused on Mini-TES measurements designed to determine the abundance and state of subsurface water (e.g. hydrated, in zeolites, residual pore ice?) predicted to be present from Odyssey GRS/NS/HEND data.

DEM study on the interaction between wet cohesive granular materials and tools

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuji, Takuya; Matsui, Yu; Nakagawa, Yuta; Kadono, Yuuichi; Tanaka, Toshitsugu

2013-06-01

A model based on discrete element method has been developed for the interaction between wet cohesive granular materials and mechanical tools with complex geometry. To obtain realistic results, the motion of 52.5 million particles has been simulated and the formation of multiple shear bands during an excavation process by a bulldozer blade was observed.

The Use of Ground Penetrating Radar to extend the Results of Archaeological Excavation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Utsi, E.

2009-04-01

The condition of the Romano-British archaeological site in Wortley, Gloucestershire, UK is typical of sites of the period in that it has been heavily robbed out since it first fell into disuse. Building materials taken from the site have been re-used over the centuries to construct other local buildings. This makes both preservation of the extant remains and interpretation of the excavation problematic. Following the accidental discovery of the site in the 1980s, a programme of excavation was set in place. This excavation was run as a practical archaeological training school and, as a result, a wide range of archaeological and geophysical techniques were applied to the site. This included the introduction of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The preliminary results of the first GPR used on site were not entirely satisfactory which led to the development of a new radar in the early 1990s, specifically developed for use on archaeological sites. The excavation and GPR results were published in a series of excavation reports [1] [2]. It was not possible to excavate fully for two reasons. Firstly the site crossed present day ownership boundaries and secondly the ownership of the excavation area changed. At this point the excavation was summarily terminated. In 2007, permission was given by the owner of an adjacent property to carry out a GPR survey over their land in order to derive additional information, if possible. An area survey was carried out in May 2007 with reduced transect spacing [3]. The radar data showed similar patterning to that of the original investigation i.e. substantial remains which had been subject to a high degree of post-occupational attrition. Time slices from the radar survey were matched to the principal excavation plans. It proved possible to deduce the full extent of certain partially excavated features, notably the courtyard and bath house. It was also possible to demonstrate that one part of the adjacent property did not contain similar archaeological material. The GPR survey has added significantly to the excavation results and hence to the potential interpretation of the site. Since it will not be possible either to continue the former excavation or to investigate the adjacent land, the information provided by the radar provides a unique insight. [1] Utsi, V (1988) "Ground Radar" in ‘Excavation of a Romano-British Villa at Wortley, Gloucs.' University of Keele Department of Adult & Continuing Education, Keele, 4th interim report. [2] Utsi, V & Utsi, E (1989) "Ground radar survey" in ‘Excavation of a Romano-British Villa at Wortley, Gloucs.' University of Keele, Department of Adult & Continuing Education, Keele, 5th interim report. [3] Utsi Electronics Ltd (2007) "Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of Part of Wortley Romano-British Villa" report to David Wilson, Director, Archaeological Excavation Training School, Cambridge UK.

Burials from Wadi Mudayfa'at and Wadi Abu Khasharif, Southern Jordan - Results of a Survey and Salvage Excavations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salameen, Zeyad al; Falahat, Hani

This paper presents the preliminary results of a survey and excavation conducted in 2006 on small cemeteries at Wadi Mudayfa'at and Wadi Abu Khasharif, which are located c. 30 km southeast of the village of al-Hussayniah on the Desert Highway in southern Jordan. In total five graves were excavated. Preservation was excellent including human and other organic materials (hair, leather, textiles). Preliminary scientific dating points to the period between the second and fourth centuries AD. The research questions discussed are: - the date, the relationship between the cemeteries and surrounding sites, the significance of this area, the identity of the groups buried, the burial techniques and practices adopted and what influenced them and the funerary gifts included with the dead.

Selection of Excavators for Earth Work on the Basis of their Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vondráčková, Terezie; Voštová, Věra

2017-10-01

For the specific construction of the reconstruction of the railway section Ostrov nad Oslavou and Žďár nad Sázavou will be done removed the railway superstructure and the partial adjustment of the substructure including drainage. For the earthwork will be used excavators of the company Komatsu, with the possibility of adjustment of parameters of the working tool - the length of the bracket and the volume of the shovel. The determined value will be purely indicative, as it does not affect how the operator of the excavator handles the discharge of cargo means.

The gravitational potential energy regeneration system with closed-circuit of boom of hydraulic excavator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Mingdong; Zhao, Dingxuan

2017-01-01

Considering the disadvantage of higher throttling loss for the open-circuit hydrostatic transmission at present, a novel gravitational potential energy regeneration system (GPERS) of the boom of hydraulic excavator, namely the closed-circuit GPERS, is proposed in this paper. The closed-circuit GPERS is based on a closed-circuit hydrostatic transmission and adopts a hydraulic accumulator as main energy storage element fabricated in novel configuration to recover the entire gravitational potential energy of the boom of hydraulic excavator. The matching parameter and control system design are carried out for the proposed system, and the system is modeled based on its physical attributes. Simulation and experiments are performed to validate the employed mathematical models, and then, the velocity and the pressure performance of system are analyzed. It is observed that the closed-circuit GPERS shows better velocity control of the boom and response characteristics. After that, the average working efficiency of the closed-circuit GPERS of boom is estimated under different load conditions. The results indicate that the proposed system is highly effective and that the average working efficiency in different load conditions varied from 60% to 68.2% for the experiment platform.

Recovery of Missing Persons in Cyprus: Heavy Equipment Methods and Techniques for Complex Well Excavations.

PubMed

Ceker, Deren; Stevens, William D

2015-11-01

This technical note presents the methods and techniques developed by the Bi-communal Forensic Team (BCFT) of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (CMP) used to excavate and exhume the remains of missing persons, many of whom were buried in deep wells at sites across the island of Cyprus during the conflict period of the 1960s and 1970s. A total of 493 Turkish Cypriots and 1508 Greek Cypriots were officially reported missing by the two communities as a result of the conflict. Since the team's formation, in 2005, the BCFT has excavated 114 wells, resulting in the recovery of 195 missing individuals from 35 of these well excavations. The standard excavation approach used by the BCFT, especially for deep well recovery, consists of "ramp," "pocket," and "pool" components. These excavation features enable CMP archaeologists to excavate deep wells safely and efficiently while simultaneously permitting time for thorough documentation and unimpeded recovery of human remains. The team uses three variants of this approach to cope with the variety of geological, physical, and hydrological contexts faced in Cyprus' wells, including hard and soft landforms, the presence or absence of water, and limitations imposed by surrounding infrastructure. The "terracing", "double-ramp", and "single-ramp" variations are detailed with respect to the environmental contexts which prescribe their use. The BCFT's general procedures for human remains recovery and standard well safety protocols conclude the article. © 2015 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Environmental impacts of forest road construction on mountainous terrain.

PubMed

Caliskan, Erhan

2013-03-15

Forest roads are the base infrastructure foundation of forestry operations. These roads entail a complex engineering effort because they can cause substantial environmental damage to forests and include a high-cost construction. This study was carried out in four sample sites of Giresun, Trabzon(2) and Artvin Forest Directorate, which is in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The areas have both steep terrain (30-50% gradient) and very steep terrain (51-80% gradient). Bulldozers and hydraulic excavators were determined to be the main machines for forest road construction, causing environmental damage and cross sections in mountainous areas.As a result of this study, the percent damage to forests was determined as follows: on steep terrain, 21% of trees were damaged by excavators and 33% of trees were damaged by bulldozers during forest road construction, and on very steep terrain, 27% of trees were damaged by excavators and 44% of trees were damaged by bulldozers during forest road construction. It was also determined that on steep terrain, when excavators were used, 12.23% less forest area was destroyed compared with when bulldozers were used and 16.13% less area was destroyed by excavators on very steep terrain. In order to reduce the environmental damage on the forest ecosystem, especially in steep terrains, hydraulic excavators should replace bulldozers in forest road construction activities.

Floodplain Assessment for the Middle Los Alamos Canyon Aggregate Area Investigations in Technical Area 02 at Los Alamos National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hathcock, Charles Dean

The proposed action being assessed in this document occurs in TA-02 in the bottom of Los Alamos Canyon. The DOE proposes to conduct soil sampling at AOC 02-011 (d), AOC 02- 011(a)(ii), and SWMU 02-005, and excavate soils in AOC 02-011(a)(ii) as part of a corrective actions effort. Additional shallow surface soil samples (soil grab samples) will be collected throughout the TA-02 area, including within the floodplain, to perform ecotoxicology studies (Figures 1 and 2). The excavation boundaries in AOC 02-011(a)(ii) are slightly within the delineated 100-year floodplain. The project will use a variety of techniques for soil sampling andmore » remediation efforts to include hand/digging, standard hand auger/sampling, excavation using machinery such as backhoe and front end loader and small drill rig. Heavy equipment will traverse the floodplain and spoils piles will be staged in the floodplain within developed or previously disturbed areas (e.g., existing paved roads and parking areas). The project will utilize and maintain appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to contain excavated materials, and all pollutants, including oil from machinery/vehicles. The project will stabilize disturbed areas as appropriate at the end of the project.« less

Impact-Actuated Digging Tool for Lunar Excavation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Jak; Chu, Philip; Craft, Jack; Zacny, Kris; Santoro, Chris

2013-01-01

NASA s plans for a lunar outpost require extensive excavation. The Lunar Surface Systems Project Office projects that thousands of tons of lunar soil will need to be moved. Conventional excavators dig through soil by brute force, and depend upon their substantial weight to react to the forces generated. This approach will not be feasible on the Moon for two reasons: (1) gravity is 1/6th that on Earth, which means that a kg on the Moon will supply 1/6 the down force that it does on Earth, and (2) transportation costs (at the time of this reporting) of $50K to $100K per kg make massive excavators economically unattractive. A percussive excavation system was developed for use in vacuum or nearvacuum environments. It reduces the down force needed for excavation by an order of magnitude by using percussion to assist in soil penetration and digging. The novelty of this excavator is that it incorporates a percussive mechanism suited to sustained operation in a vacuum environment. A percussive digger breadboard was designed, built, and successfully tested under both ambient and vacuum conditions. The breadboard was run in vacuum to more than 2..times the lifetime of the Apollo Lunar Surface Drill, throughout which the mechanism performed and held up well. The percussive digger was demonstrated to reduce the force necessary for digging in lunar soil simulant by an order of magnitude, providing reductions as high as 45:1. This is an enabling technology for lunar site preparation and ISRU (In Situ Resource Utilization) mining activities. At transportation costs of $50K to $100K per kg, reducing digging forces by an order of magnitude translates into billions of dollars saved by not launching heavier systems to accomplish excavation tasks necessary to the establishment of a lunar outpost. Applications on the lunar surface include excavation for habitats, construction of roads, landing pads, berms, foundations, habitat shielding, and ISRU.

In Situ Observation of Failure Mechanisms Controlled by Rock Masses with Weak Interlayer Zones in Large Underground Cavern Excavations Under High Geostress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duan, Shu-Qian; Feng, Xia-Ting; Jiang, Quan; Liu, Guo-Feng; Pei, Shu-Feng; Fan, Yi-Lin

2017-09-01

A weak interlayer zone (WIZ) is a poor rock mass system with loose structure, weak mechanical properties, variable thickness, random distribution, strong extension, and high risk due to the shear motion of rock masses under the action of tectonism, bringing many stability problems and geological hazards, especially representing a potential threat to the overall stability of rock masses with WIZs in large underground cavern excavations. Focusing on the deformation and failure problems encountered in the process of excavation unloading, this research proposes comprehensive in situ observation schemes for rock masses with WIZs in large underground cavern on the basis of the collection of geological, construction, monitoring, and testing data. The schemes have been fully applied in two valuable project cases of an underground cavern group under construction in the southwest of China, including the plastic squeezing-out tensile failure and the structural stress-induced collapse of rock masses with WIZs. In this way, the development of rock mass failure, affected by the step-by-step excavations along the cavern's axis and the subsequent excavation downward, could be observed thoroughly. Furthermore, this paper reveals the preliminary analyses of failure mechanism of rock masses with WIZs from several aspects, including rock mass structure, strength, high stress, ground water effects, and microfracture mechanisms. Finally, the failure particularities of rock masses with WIZs and rethink on prevention and control of failures are discussed. The research results could provide important guiding reference value for stability analysis, as well as for rethinking the excavation and support optimization of rock masses with WIZs in similar large underground cavern under high geostress.

The evaluation of support performance for tunnels with different diameters excavated in weak graphitic shists

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Posluk, Evren; Oğul, Kenan

2015-04-01

2. stage (İnönü-Köseköy) of Ankara-İstanbul High-Speed Train Project (YHT) is 150 km-long and includes 25 tunnels with total length of nearly 58 km. The 7765 m-long part of these tunnels between Bozüyük and Bilecik was excavated in the metamorphic units of Pazarcık Structural Complex which have different thicknesses and form horizontal and vertical transitions to each other. The folded weak graphitic schists with thin schistosity planes affect the tunnel support performance negatively. In this study, the tunnels with 13.5, 8.2 and 4 m-diameters excavated in the weak-very weak graphitic schists by the conventional methods and the reasons of the problems (overbreak, deformation higher than estimated, wreckage etc.) are examined. The most common problems in the tunnel construction are overbreak and deformations higher than estimated before. Upsizing the fore-polling diameters, injection with pressure and carving the tunnel face were the first applied methods for decreasing the overbreak in the wide tunnels. Although these methods decreased the overbreak, the deformations in the tunnel couldn't be prevented. In this context, the data derived from the rod and tape extensometers was examined, the elastic and plastic zones were determined, the creep behaviour was locally observed on the support elements during 65 days. Also the mass parameters (GSI, weight per unit of volume, uniaxial compression, modulus of elasticity, modulus of deformation etc.) of the weak-very weak rocks were evaluated again. By the help of the compiled data it was determined that when the tunnel diameter increases, the deformation and overbreak increase. For example, while there are approximately two overbreaks at each 100 m in a 4 m-diameter tunnel, it is three in a 8.2 m-diameter tunnel and six in a 13.5 m-diameter tunnel. The deformations were estimated as 8 cm in a 4 m-diameter tunnel, 15 cm in a 8.2 m-diameter tunnel, 20 cm in a 13.5 m-diameter tunnel. However they are respectively 7.1, 15.8 and 31.9 cm. On the purpose of decreasing the stability problems during excavation, it was concluded that the excavation should proceed step by step as long as the diameter increases and the time connected rock mass behaviour should be examined in order to determine the weak-very weak rock mass support system.

Independent Review of Elemental Phosphorus Remediation at the Eastern Michaud Flats FMC Operable Unit near Pocatello, Idaho

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martino, L. E.; Jerden, J. J.; Kimmell, T. A.

2016-01-01

If, despite risks to workers and these potential impacts, stakeholders decide that P4 wastes need to be excavated and treated, the Review Team determined that a number of the ETTs examined warrant further consideration for the treatment of P4 waste that has been characterized (for example, P4 waste present in the historical ponds). Nevertheless, concerns about the health and safety of site investigation workers using then-available investigation approaches prevented the collection of subsurface samples containing P4 from large areas of the site (e.g., the railroad swale, the vadose zone beneath the Furnace Building, and the abandoned railcars), As a result,more » the contaminant CSM in those particular areas was not refined enough to allow the Review Team to draw conclusions about using some of the ETTs to treat P4 waste in those areas. The readiness of an ETT for implementation varies depending on many factors, including stakeholder input, permitting, and remedial action construction requirements. Technologies that could be ready for use in the near term (within 1 year) include the following: mechanical excavation, containment technologies, off-site incineration, and drying and mechanical mixing under a tent structure. Technologies that could be ready for use in the mid-term (1 to 2 years) include cutter suction dredging, thermal-hydraulic dredging, and underground pipeline cleaning technologies. Technologies requiring a longer lead time (2 to 5 years) include on-site incineration, a land disposal restriction waste treatment system, an Albright & Wilson batch mud still, post-treatment on-site disposal, and post-treatment off-site disposal.« less

Experimental evidence of a symbiosis between red-cockaded woodpeckers and fungi.

PubMed

Jusino, Michelle A; Lindner, Daniel L; Banik, Mark T; Rose, Kevin R; Walters, Jeffrey R

2016-03-30

Primary cavity excavators, such as woodpeckers, are ecosystem engineers in many systems. Associations between cavity excavators and fungi have long been hypothesized to facilitate cavity excavation, but these relationships have not been experimentally verified. Fungi may help excavators by softening wood, while excavators may facilitate fungal dispersal. Here we demonstrate that excavators facilitate fungal dispersal and thus we report the first experimental evidence of a symbiosis between fungi and a cavity excavator, the red-cockaded woodpecker (RCW,Picoides borealis). Swab samples of birds showed that RCWs carry fungal communities similar to those found in their completed excavations. A 26-month field experiment using human-made aseptically drilled excavations in live trees, half of which were inaccessible to RCWs, demonstrated that RCWs directly alter fungal colonization and community composition. Experimental excavations that were accessible to RCWs contained fungal communities similar to natural RCW excavations, whereas inaccessible experimental excavations contained significantly different fungal communities. Our work demonstrates a complex symbiosis between cavity excavators and communities of fungi, with implications for forest ecology, wildlife management, and conservation. © 2016 The Author(s).

Environmental impacts of forest road construction on mountainous terrain

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Forest roads are the base infrastructure foundation of forestry operations. These roads entail a complex engineering effort because they can cause substantial environmental damage to forests and include a high-cost construction. This study was carried out in four sample sites of Giresun, Trabzon(2) and Artvin Forest Directorate, which is in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The areas have both steep terrain (30-50% gradient) and very steep terrain (51-80% gradient). Bulldozers and hydraulic excavators were determined to be the main machines for forest road construction, causing environmental damage and cross sections in mountainous areas. As a result of this study, the percent damage to forests was determined as follows: on steep terrain, 21% of trees were damaged by excavators and 33% of trees were damaged by bulldozers during forest road construction, and on very steep terrain, 27% of trees were damaged by excavators and 44% of trees were damaged by bulldozers during forest road construction. It was also determined that on steep terrain, when excavators were used, 12.23% less forest area was destroyed compared with when bulldozers were used and 16.13% less area was destroyed by excavators on very steep terrain. In order to reduce the environmental damage on the forest ecosystem, especially in steep terrains, hydraulic excavators should replace bulldozers in forest road construction activities. PMID:23497078

Digital radiography and historical contextualisation of the 19th century modified human skeletal remains from the Worcester Royal Infirmary, England.

PubMed

Western, A G; Bekvalac, J

2015-09-01

Recent excavations at the Worcester Royal Infirmary revealed a large assemblage of modified skeletal remains dating to the late 19th century. The assemblage included a sample of 134 long bones, 76 of which were transected and 58 of which displayed evidence of gross pathology without transection. Transection may have been undertaken for the purposes of amputation, anatomical or morbid dissection, for surgical training or specimen preparation. In order to elucidate the motives for such modification, Direct Digital Radiography (DDR) was undertaken on the proximal and distal elements present to confirm the true prevalence of disease. The radiographic evidence revealed that some transected elements exhibited previously unobserved pathological changes. The ratios of proximal to distal elements varied between samples of pathological and non-pathological transected elements, suggesting different motives for modification. There was also a significant difference between the composition of the skeletal sample and that expected from historical records of amputation. Aggressive or acute/subacute as well as chronic stages of disease were observed, some lesions possibly relating to ascending infection following gangrenous limb ischaemia or haematogenous spread. Other rare conditions were detected using DDR, proving it to be a critical tool in the assessment of skeletal disease in the past. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A SIMS study of lunar 'komatiitic glasses' - Trace element characteristics and possible origin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shearer, C. K.; Papike, J. J.; Galbreath, K. C.; Wentworth, S. J.; Shimizu, N.

1990-01-01

In Apollo 16 regolith breccias, Wentworth and McKay (1988) identified a suite of minute (less than 120 microns) 'komatiitic glass beads'. The wide major element compositional range, and ultra-Mg-prime character of the glasses suggest a variety of possible origins from complex impact processes to complex volcanic processes involving rather unusual and primitive magmatism. The extent of trace element depletion or enrichment in these glasses appears to be correlated to the siderophile character of the element (ionization potential or experimentally determined silicate melt/Fe metal partition coefficients. The ultra-Mg-prime glasses are depleted in Co relative to a bulk Moon Mg/Co exhibited by many lunar samples (volcanic glasses, basalts, regolith breccia, estimated upper mantle). The low Co and high incompatible element concentrations diminish the possibility that these glasses are a product of lunar komatiitic volcanism or impact, excavation, and melting of a very high Mg-prime plutonic unit.

Mammoth (Mammuthus sp.) excavation on a college campus in Western Illinois, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Treworgy, J.D.; Saunders, J.J.; Grimley, D.A.

2007-01-01

The discovery of the remains of a mammoth, Mammuthus sp., on the Principia College campus in Elsah, Illinois, has allowed for careful excavation by students over several years. The mammoth is relatively well preserved in late Wisconsin Peoria Silt on the top of the bluffs of the Mississippi River. The mammoth was buried by loess, perhaps as a result of persistent dust storms, approximately 17 500 14C years ago. This age estimate is based on the mammoth's stratigraphic position within the Peoria Silt and is loosely supported by an AMS radiocarbon age on poorly preserved collagen from tooth dentine (???17 810??4300 14C years [CAMS #104172]). Over one hundred bones or bone pieces have been excavated to-date. The skull, containing the tusks and maxillary teeth, is complete and in close proximity to associated postcranial remains, indicating that the mammoth died where it was found. The size and characteristics of skeletal elements have allowed us to determine that this was a mature male of about 41 years of age. Taxonomic attribution-either to Mammuthus primigenius or Mammuthus jeffersonii-is pending, based on the outcome of thorough analysis once the skull with dentition has been prepared from enclosing matrix. ?? 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA.

Rapid screening of heavy metals and trace elements in environmental samples using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, A comparative study

PubMed Central

McComb, Jacqueline Q.; Rogers, Christian; Han, Fengxiang X.; Tchounwou, Paul B.

2014-01-01

With industrialization, great amounts of trace elements and heavy metals have been excavated and released on the surface of the earth and dissipated into the environments. Rapid screening technology for detecting major and trace elements as well as heavy metals in variety of environmental samples is most desired. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection limits, accuracy, repeatability and efficiency of a X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (Niton XRF analyzer) in comparison with the traditional analytical methods, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-MS) in screening of major and trace elements of environmental samples including estuary soils and sediments, contaminated soils, and biological samples. XRF is a fast and non-destructive method in measuring the total concentration of multi--elements simultaneously. Contrary to ICP-OES and ICP-MS, XRF analyzer is characterized by the limited preparation required for solid samples, non-destructive analysis, increased total speed and high throughout, the decreased production of hazardous waste and the low running costs as well as multi-elemental determination and portability in the fields. The current comparative study demonstrates that XRF is a good rapid non-destructive method for contaminated soils, sediments and biological samples containing higher concentrations of major and trace elements. Unfortunately, XRF does not have sensitive detection limits of most major and trace elements as ICP-OES or ICP-MS but it may serve as a rapid screening tool for locating hot spots of uncontaminated field soils and sediments. PMID:25861136

Early precambrian asteroid impact-triggered tsunami: excavated seabed, debris flows, exotic boulders, and turbulence features associated with 3.47-2.47 Ga-old asteroid impact fallout units, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia.

PubMed

Glikson, Andrew Y

2004-01-01

Pioneering studies of Precambrian impact fallout units and associated tsunami deposits in the Hamersley Basin, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, by B.M. Simonson and S.W. Hassler, document a range of tsunami deposits associated with impact fallout units whose impact connection is identified by associated microtektites and microkrystites (condensation spherules). The impact connection of these particles is demonstrated by iridium anomalies, unique platinum group elements patterns, and Ni-rich mineral phases. Densely packed tsunami-transported fragments and boulders overlie microkrystite units of the >2629 +/- 5 Ma top Jeerinah Impact Layer (JIL). Tsunami events closely follow spherule settling associated with the 2561 +/- 8 Ma Spherule Marker Bed SMB-1 and SMB-2 impact events, Bee Gorge Member, Wittenoom Formation. The two impact cycles are separated by a stratigraphically consistent silicified black siltstone, representing a "Quiet Interval." The SMB turbidites display turbulence eddies, climbing ripples, conglomerate pockets, slumps, and waterlogged sediment deformation features. Consequences of tsunami in the probably contemporaneous Carawine Dolomite (Pb-Pb carbonate ages of approximately 2.56-2.54 Ga), eastern Hamersley Basin, include sub-autochthonous below-wave base excavation and megabrecciation of sea floor substrata, resulting in a unique 10-30-m-thick spherule-bearing megabreccia marker mapped over a nearly 100-km north-south strike distance in the east Hamersley Basin. The field relations suggest a pretsunami settling of the bulk of the spherules. Tsunami wave effects include: (1). dispersal of the spherule-rich soft upper sea floor sediments as a subaqueous mud cloud and (2). excavation of consolidated substrata below the soft sediment zone. Excavation and megabrecciation included injection of liquefied spherule-bearing microbreccia into dilated fractures in the disrupted underlying carbonates. Near-perfect preservation of the spherules within the basal microbreccia veins suggests tsunami-induced hydraulic pressures locally exceeded lithostatic pressure. Late-stage settling of spherule-bearing mud clouds in the wake of the tsunami is represented by an abundance of spherules in the uppermost microbreccia zones of the megabreccia pile. From the deep below-wave base facies of the Carawine Dolomite, tsunami wave amplitudes may have exceeded 200 m depth. The approximately 2.47-2.50 Ga DGS4 (S4 Macroband, Dales Gorge Member, Brockman Iron Formation) fallout units include exotic chert and carbonate boulders transported by tsunami following settling of a 10-20-cm-thick microkrystite and microtektite-rich unit. Seismic perturbations preceding deposition of the JIL and SMB fallout units are marked by rip-up clasts. The geochemistry of microkrystites and microtektites suggests impact fallout originated from impacts in simatic/oceanic crustal regions, although tsunami waves may have originated from seismically reactivated faults and plate margins located at distance from the impact craters.

A Prototype Bucket Wheel Excavator for the Moon, Mars and Phobos

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muff, T.; Johnson, L.; King, R.; Duke, M. B.

2004-02-01

Excavation of surface regolith material is the first step in processes to extract volatile materials from planetary surface regolith for the production of propellant and life support consumables. Typically, concentrations of volatiles are low, so relatively large amounts of material must be excavated. A bucket wheel excavator is proposed, which has the capability of continuous excavation, which is readily adapted to granular regolith materials as found on the Moon, in drift deposits on Mars, and probably on the surface of asteroids and satellites, such as Phobos. The bucket wheel excavator is relatively simple, compared to machines such as front end loaders. It also has the advantage that excavation forces are principally horizontal rather than vertical, which minimizes the need for excavator mass and suits it to operations in reduced gravity fields. A prototype small bucket wheel excavator has been built at approximately the scale of the rovers that are carried to Mars on the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. The prototype allows the collection of data on forces exerted and power requirements for excavation and will provide data on which more efficient designs can be based. At excavation rates in the vicinity of one rover mass of material excavated per hour, tests of the prototype demonstrate that the power required is largely that needed to operate the excavator hardware and not related strongly to the amount of material excavated. This suggests that the excavation rate can be much larger for the same excavation system mass. Work on this prototype is continuing on the details of transfer of material from the bucket wheel to an internal conveyor mechanism, which testing demonstrated to be problematic in the current design.

Lunar construction/mining equipment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ozdemir, Levent

1990-01-01

For centuries, mining has utilized drill and blast as the primary method of rock excavation. Although this technique has undergone significant improvements, it still remains a cyclic, labor intensive operation with inherent safety hazards. Other drawbacks include damage to the surrounding ground, creation of blast vibrations, rough excavation walls resulting in increased ventilation requirements, and the lack of selective mining ability. Perhaps the most important shortcoming of drill and blast is that it is not conducive to full implementation of automation or robotics technologies. Numerous attempts have been made in the past to automate drill and blast operations to remove personnel from the hazardous work environment. Although most of the concepts devised look promising on paper, none of them was found workable on a sustained production basis. In particular, the problem of serious damage to equipment during the blasting cycle could not be resolved regardless of the amount of charge used in excavation. Since drill and blast is not capable of meeting the requirements of a fully automated rock fragmentation method, its role is bound to gradually decrease. Mechanical excavation, in contrast, is highly suitable to automation because it is a continuous process and does not involve any explosives. Many of the basic principles and trends controlling the design of an earth-based mechanical excavator will hold in an extraterrestrial environment such as on the lunar surface. However, the economic and physical limitations for transporting materials to space will require major rethinking of these machines. In concept, then, a lunar mechanical excavator will look and perform significantly different from one designed for use here on earth. This viewgraph presentation gives an overview of such mechanical excavator systems.

Contaminants in landfill soils - Reliability of prefeasibility studies.

PubMed

Hölzle, Ingo

2017-05-01

Recent landfill mining studies have researched the potential for resource recovery using samples from core drilling or grab cranes. However, most studies used small sample numbers, which may not represent the heterogeneous landfill composition. As a consequence, there exists a high risk of an incorrect economic and/or ecological evaluation. The main objective of this work is to investigate the possibilities and limitations of preliminary investigations concerning the crucial soil composition. The preliminary samples of landfill investigations were compared to the excavation samples from three completely excavated landfills in Germany. In addition, the research compared the reliability of prediction of the two investigation methods, core drilling and grab crane. Sampling using a grab crane led to better results, even for smaller investigations of 10 samples. Analyses of both methods showed sufficiently accurate results to make predictions (standard error 5%, level of confidence 95%) for most heavy metals, cyanide and PAH in the dry substance and for sulphate, barium, Benzo[a]pyrene, pH and the electrical conductivity in leachate analyses of soil type waste. While chrome and nickel showed less accurate results, the concentrations of hydrocarbons, TOC, DOC, PCB and fluorine (leachate) were not predictable even for sample numbers of up to 59. Overestimations of pollutant concentrations were more frequently apparent in drilling, and underestimations when using a grab crane. The dispersion of the element and elemental composition had no direct impact on the reliability of prediction. Thus, an individual consideration of the particular element or elemental composition for dry substance and leachate analyses is recommended to adapt the sample strategy and calculate an optimum sample number. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison of ISRU Excavation System Model Blade Force Methodology and Experimental Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gallo, Christopher A.; Wilkinson, R. Allen; Mueller, Robert P.; Schuler, Jason M.; Nick, Andrew J.

2010-01-01

An Excavation System Model has been written to simulate the collection and transportation of regolith on the Moon. The calculations in this model include an estimation of the forces on the digging tool as a result of excavation into the regolith. Verification testing has been performed and the forces recorded from this testing were compared to the calculated theoretical data. A prototype lunar vehicle built at the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) was tested with a bulldozer type blade developed at the NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) attached to the front. This is the initial correlation of actual field test data to the blade forces calculated by the Excavation System Model and the test data followed similar trends with the predicted values. This testing occurred in soils developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) which are a mixture of different types of sands and whose soil properties have been well characterized. Three separate analytical models are compared to the test data.

A Comparison Between The NORCAT Rover Test Results and the ISRU Excavation System Model Predictions Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gallo, Christopher A.; Agui, Juan H.; Creager, Colin M.; Oravec, Heather A.

2012-01-01

An Excavation System Model has been written to simulate the collection and transportation of regolith on the moon. The calculations in this model include an estimation of the forces on the digging tool as a result of excavation into the regolith. Verification testing has been performed and the forces recorded from this testing were compared to the calculated theoretical data. The Northern Centre for Advanced Technology Inc. rovers were tested at the NASA Glenn Research Center Simulated Lunar Operations facility. This testing was in support of the In-Situ Resource Utilization program Innovative Partnership Program. Testing occurred in soils developed at the Glenn Research Center which are a mixture of different types of sands and whose soil properties have been well characterized. This testing is part of an ongoing correlation of actual field test data to the blade forces calculated by the Excavation System Model. The results from this series of tests compared reasonably with the predicted values from the code.

Remote Excavation of Heavily Contaminated UXO Sites. The Range Master

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-05

NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND...Master) ESTCP Project UX-200327 ii Final Phase II Report, September 2007 3.5.5 Sampling Plan...Explosive HSP Health and Safety Program HTRW Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste HTW Hazardous and Toxic Waste HW Hazardous Waste IAW In

Lunar Regolith Excavation Student Competition Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nething, Julia

2009-01-01

The Surface Systems team is working to learn about lunar regolith and how we can use it as a source of air, water, and fuel for spacecrafts. However, excavation of this valuable regolith is difficult because the robot has to conform to many specifications (mass limit, efficiency level, etc.). NASA has therefore decided to include college students and companies in the search to create the best robot by making it into a competition.

Pollution potential leaching index as a tool to assess water leaching risk of arsenic in excavated urban soils.

PubMed

Li, Jining; Kosugi, Tomoya; Riya, Shohei; Hashimoto, Yohey; Hou, Hong; Terada, Akihiko; Hosomi, Masaaki

2018-01-01

Leaching of hazardous trace elements from excavated urban soils during construction of cities has received considerable attention in recent years in Japan. A new concept, the pollution potential leaching index (PPLI), was applied to assess the risk of arsenic (As) leaching from excavated soils. Sequential leaching tests (SLT) with two liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios (10 and 20Lkg -1 ) were conducted to determine the PPLI values, which represent the critical cumulative L/S ratios at which the average As concentrations in the cumulative leachates are reduced to critical values (10 or 5µgL -1 ). Two models (a logarithmic function model and an empirical two-site first-order leaching model) were compared to estimate the PPLI values. The fractionations of As before and after SLT were extracted according to a five-step sequential extraction procedure. Ten alkaline excavated soils were obtained from different construction projects in Japan. Although their total As contents were low (from 6.75 to 79.4mgkg -1 ), the As leaching was not negligible. Different L/S ratios at each step of the SLT had little influence on the cumulative As release or PPLI values. Experimentally determined PPLI values were in agreement with those from model estimations. A five-step SLT with an L/S of 10Lkg -1 at each step, combined with a logarithmic function fitting was suggested for the easy estimation of PPLI. Results of the sequential extraction procedure showed that large portions of more labile As fractions (non-specifically and specifically sorbed fractions) were removed during long-term leaching and so were small, but non-negligible, portions of strongly bound As fractions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Shallow magma diversions during explosive maar-diatreme eruptions in mafic volcanic fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Corvec, N.; Muirhead, J.; White, J. D. L.

2017-12-01

Maar-diatremes are inverted conical structures formed by subterranean excavation and remobilization of country rocks during explosive volcanism and common in mafic volcanic fields. We focus on impacts of excavation and filling of maar-diatremes on the local state of stress, and its subsequent influence on underlying feeder dikes, which are critical for understanding the development of intrusive networks that feed surface eruptions. We address this issue using finite element models in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Inverted conical structures of varying sizes are excavated in a gravitationally loaded elastic half-space, and then progressively filled with volcaniclastic material, resulting in changes in the orientations and magnitudes of stresses generated within surrounding rocks and within the filling portion of the maar-diatreme. Our results show that rapid unloading during maar-diatreme excavation generates a horizontal compressive stress state beneath diatremes. These stresses allow magma to divert laterally as saucer-shaped sills and circumferential dikes at varying depths in the shallow feeder system, and produce intrusion geometries consistent with both field observations from exhumed volcanic fields and conceptual models of diatreme growth. Stresses generated in these models also provide an explanation for the evolving locations of fragmentation zones over the course of diatreme's filling. In particular, results from this study suggest that: (1) extensional stresses at the base of the diatreme fill favor magma ascent in the lower half of the structure, and possibly promote volatile exsolution and magma fragmentation; and (2) increased filling of diatremes creates a shallow compressive stress state that can inhibit magma ascent to the surface, promoting widespread intra-diatreme explosions, efficient mixing of host rock, and upward widening of the diatreme structure.

Application of micropolar plasticity to post failure analysis in geomechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manzari, Majid T.

2004-08-01

A micropolar elastoplastic model for soils is formulated and a series of finite element analyses are employed to demonstrate the use of a micropolar continuum in overcoming the numerical difficulties encountered in application of finite element method in standard Cauchy-Boltzmann continuum. Three examples of failure analysis involving a deep excavation, shallow foundation, and a retaining wall are presented. In all these cases, it is observed that the length scale introduced in the polar continuum regularizes the incremental boundary value problem and allows the numerical simulation to be continued until a clear collapse mechanism is achieved. The issue of grain size effect is also discussed. Copyright

Heart rot hotel: fungal communities in red-cockaded woodpecker excavations

Treesearch

Michelle A. Jusino; Daniel L. Lindner; Mark T. Banik; Jeffrey R. Walters

2015-01-01

Tree-cavity excavators such as woodpeckers are ecosystem engineers that have potentially complex but poorly documented associations with wood decay fungi. Fungi facilitate cavity excavation by preparing and modifying excavation sites for cavity excavators. Associations between fungi and endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers (RCWs) are particularly interesting because...

Cuttability Assessment of Selected Rocks Through Different Brittleness Values

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dursun, Arif Emre; Gokay, M. Kemal

2016-04-01

Prediction of cuttability is a critical issue for successful execution of tunnel or mining excavation projects. Rock cuttability is also used to determine specific energy, which is defined as the work done by the cutting force to excavate a unit volume of yield. Specific energy is a meaningful inverse measure of cutting efficiency, since it simply states how much energy must be expended to excavate a unit volume of rock. Brittleness is a fundamental rock property and applied in drilling and rock excavation. Brittleness is one of the most crucial rock features for rock excavation. For this reason, determination of relations between cuttability and brittleness will help rock engineers. This study aims to estimate the specific energy from different brittleness values of rocks by means of simple and multiple regression analyses. In this study, rock cutting, rock property, and brittleness index tests were carried out on 24 different rock samples with different strength values, including marble, travertine, and tuff, collected from sites around Konya Province, Turkey. Four previously used brittleness concepts were evaluated in this study, denoted as B 1 (ratio of compressive to tensile strength), B 2 (ratio of the difference between compressive and tensile strength to the sum of compressive and tensile strength), B 3 (area under the stress-strain line in relation to compressive and tensile strength), and B 9 = S 20, the percentage of fines (<11.2 mm) formed in an impact test for the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) model as well as B 9p (B 9 as predicted from uniaxial compressive, Brazilian tensile, and point load strengths of rocks using multiple regression analysis). The results suggest that the proposed simple regression-based prediction models including B 3, B 9, and B 9p outperform the other models including B 1 and B 2 and can be used for more accurate and reliable estimation of specific energy.

Excavation/Fill/Soil Disturbance, Self-Study #31419

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grogin, Phillip W.

This course, Excavation/Fill/Soil Disturbance Self-Study (#31419), presents an overview of the hazards, controls, and requirements that affect safe excavations at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). An overview of the LANL excavation/fill/soil disturbance permit (EXID permit) approval process is also presented, along with potholing requirements for planning and performing excavations at LANL.

Experimental evidence of a symbiosis between red-cockaded woodpeckers and fungi

Treesearch

Michelle A. Jusino; Daniel L. Lindner; Mark T. Banik; Kevin R. Rose; Jeffrey R. Walters

2016-01-01

Primary cavity excavators, such as woodpeckers, are ecosystem engineers in many systems. Associations between cavity excavators and fungi have long been hypothesized to facilitate cavity excavation, but these relationships have not been experimentally verified. Fungi may help excavators by softening wood, while excavators may facilitate fungal dispersal. Here we...

Distribution and geochemical characterization of coalbed gases at excavation fields at natural analogue site area Velenje Basin, Slovenia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanduč, Tjaša; Žigon, Stojan; Grassa, Fausto; Sedlar, Jerneja; Zadnik, Ivo; Zavšek, Simon

2016-04-01

Unconventional gas resources, including coal bed methane and shale gas, are a growing part of the global energy mix, which has changed the economic and strategic picture for gas consuming and producing countries, including the USA, China and Australia that, together are responsible for around half the currently recoverable unconventional gas resources. However, CBM production was often hindered by low permeability and mineralization in cleats and fractures, necessitating the development of cost effective horizontal drilling and completion techniques. Geochemical and isotopic monitoring of coalbed gases at excavation fields in Velenje Basin started in year 2000, with the aim to obtain better insights into the origin of coalbed gases. Results from active excavation fields in the mining areas Pesje and Preloge in the year period 2014-2015 are presented in this study. Composition and isotopic composition of coalbed gases were determined with mass - spectrometric methods. The chemical (methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen) and isotopic composition of carbon in methane and carbon dioxide in the Velenje Basin vary and depend on the composition of the source of coalbed gas before excavation, advancement of the working face, depth of the longwall face, pre-mining activity and newly mined activity. The basic gas components determined in excavation fields are carbon dioxide and methane. Knowledge of the stable isotope geochemistry of coal bed and shale gas and the related production water is essential to determine not only gas origins but also the dominant methanogenic pathway in the case of microbial gas. Concentrations of methane at active excavation fields are changing from 1.8 to 63.9 %, concentrations of carbon dioxide are changing from 36.1 to 98.2% and CDMI (Carbon Dioxide Methane Index) index from 0.2 to 100 %. Isotopic composition of carbon dioxide is changing from -11.0 to -1.9‰ , isotopic composition of methane from -71.8 to -43.3‰ , isotopic composition of deuterium in methane from -343.9 to -223.1‰ , respectively. Further, these characteristics of methane have been compared with those observed in other coal sedimentary basins worldwide. The isotopic compositions of carbon and hydrogen in methane in the excavation fields show its biogenic origin, while a high Carbon Dioxide Methane Index (CDMI index) indicates the bacterial and endogenic origin of carbon dioxide.

Composition and Formation of the "Paso Robles" Class Soils at Gusev Crater

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yen, A. S.; Morris, Richard V.; Gellert, R.; Clark, B. C.; Ming, Douglas W.; Klingelhoefer, G.; McCoy, T. J.; Schmidt, M. E.

2007-01-01

Light-toned, subsurface soil deposits have been excavated by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit in six distinct locations along its traverse across the Columbia Hills of Gusev Crater. Samples at two of these sites have been analyzed in detail by the M ssbauer (MB) and Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometers (APXS), providing information on iron mineralogy and elemental chemistry, respectively. These soils are referred to as "Paso Robles" class deposits.

Modelisation numerique de tunnels de metro dans les massifs rocheux sedimentaires de la region de Montreal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lavergne, Catherine

Geological formations of the Montreal area are mostly made of limestones. The usual approach for design is based on rock mass classification systems considering the rock mass as an equivalent continuous and isotropic material. However, for shallow excavations, stability is generally controlled by geological structures, that in Montreal, are bedding plans that give to the rock mass a strong strain and stress anisotropy. Objects of the research are to realize a numerical modeling that considers sedimentary rocks anisotropy and to determine the influence of the design parameters on displacements, stresses and failure around metro unsupported underground excavations. Geotechnical data used for this study comes from a metro extension project and has been made available to the author. The excavation geometries analyzed are the tunnel, the station and a garage consisting of three (3) parallel tunnels for rock covered between 4 and 16 m. The numerical modeling has been done with FLAC software that represents continuous environment, and ubiquitous joint behavior model to simulate strength anisotropy of sedimentary rock masses. The model considers gravity constraints for an anisotropic material and pore pressures. In total, eleven (11) design parameters have been analyzed. Results show that unconfined compressive strength of intact rock, fault zones and pore pressures in soils have an important influence on the stability of the numerical model. The geometry of excavation, the thickness of rock covered, the RQD, Poisson's ratio and the horizontal tectonic stresses have a moderate influence. Finally, ubiquitous joint parameters, pore pressures in rock mass, width of the pillars of the garage and the damage linked to the excavation method have a low impact. FLAC results have been compared with those of UDEC, a software that uses the distinct element method. Similar conclusions were obtained on displacements, stress state and failure modes. However, UDEC model give slightly less conservative results than FLAC. This study stands up by his local character and the large amount of geotechnical data available used to determine parameters of the numerical model. The results led to recommendations for laboratory tests that can be applied to characterize more specifically anisotropy of sedimentary rocks.

New Design Concept for an Excavator Arms by Using Composite Material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Solazzi, L.; Assi, A.; Ceresoli, F.

2018-06-01

The purpose of the present paper is to lightweight design an excavator arms, by using a different materials and in particular composite material. Specifically, the research is based on the study of a commercial excavator, by determining its geometry and analyzing the load conditions to which it is exposed. These are determined in relation to either the load diagram of the machine or the possible utilities of the excavator, such as the rotation of the machine. The materials used and implemented in the different analytical and numerical elaborations are classic construction steel S 355 (UNI EN 10025-3), high-resistance steel S 890 (UNI EN 10025-6), aluminum Al 6063 T6 (UNI EN 573-3) and the composite material made by carbon fiber and epoxy resin. The adopted constraints for the design of new arms with different materials, non-conventional for these applications, are numerous. The new solutions must present a safety factor either with respect to the yield tensile strength or to the critical load of buckling greater than or equal to the one determined for the excavator in its original geometrical conformation. Another criterion, which has heavily conditioned the geometry of the arms, was given by the fact that the developed solutions must present a very similar value of the maximum displacement in the different load conditions analyzed. A new geometry for arms made by composite material was developed. It was an elliptical conic section, instead of the classic rectangular section, in order to use the filament winding technological process. As for the adoption of the composite material, we focused on the study and the design of this material as long as the interaction with the extremities (made of aluminum) which are interfaced either with the link between the arms or with the elements of the hydraulic plant which serves for the arms movement. From the results developed, it emerges that the solution developed by adopting composite materials is the one that permits the maximum weight reduction for all arms, about 68.1%, which can be seen as an increment of the maximum mass transportable about 45.5% i.e. passing from 5000 kg to 7277 kg.

Location and characterization of the Sancti Spiritus Fort from geophysical investigations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bonomo, Néstor; Osella, Ana; Martinelli, Patricia; la Vega, Matías de; Cocco, Gabriel; Letieri, Fabian; Frittegotto, Guillermo

2012-08-01

A geophysical investigation was carried out to locate and characterize the remains of the Sancti Spiritus Fort, the first European settlement in the South Cone of America (1527-1529). In an initial stage, we used three complementary methods, ground penetrating radar, multifrequency electromagnetic induction and dipole-dipole electric profiling, to increase the possibility of detecting the structures of the Fort whose physical properties were expected to be similar to those of the surrounding soil, as they were constructed with raw earth probably extracted from it. From different views of the data, a number of electromagnetic signals apparently related to these structures were identified. Test excavations confirmed these hypotheses and showed that the structures were poorly preserved. Furthermore, they were almost indistinguishable through direct inspection of the excavated sections of soil, and very difficult to track. Therefore, in a second stage of geophysical studies, we acquired high-density grids of GPR data at relevant areas, looking for more detailed information about the structures. The results of these studies allowed to determine with precision their continuity through the site and also to interpret a number of areas which had remained unclear from the first survey. Extensive archaeological excavations were designed from the geophysical maps and carried out. From them, the geophysical interpretations were fully confirmed, and the presence of structural elements of previous and later native settlements was established.

Influence of Radial Stress Gradient on Strainbursts: An Experimental Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Guoshao; Zhai, Shaobin; Jiang, Jianqing; Zhang, Gangliang; Yan, Liubin

2017-10-01

Strainbursts, which are violent disasters that are accompanied by the ejection failure of rocks, usually occur in hard brittle rocks around highly stressed underground openings. The release of the radial stress at excavation boundaries is one of the major inducing factors for strainbursts in tunnels. After excavation, the radial stress usually exhibits different but apparent gradient variations along the radial direction near the boundary within a certain depth under different in situ stress conditions. In this study, the influence of the radial stress gradient on strainbursts of granite was investigated using an improved true-triaxial rockburst testing system, which was equipped with an acoustic emission monitoring system. The stress state and boundary conditions (i.e., one face free, other faces loaded and increasing tangential stress) of the representative rock element in the vicinity of the excavation boundary were simulated. High-speed cameras were used to capture the ejection failure processes during strainbursts, and the kinetic energy of ejected fragments was quantitatively estimated by analyzing the recorded videos. The experimental results indicate that with an increasing radial stress gradient, the strength increases, the apparent yield platform prior to the peak stress on the stress-strain curves decreases, the failure mode changes from strainburst characterized by tensile splitting to strainburst characterized by shear rupture, and the kinetic energy of ejected fragments during strainbursts significantly increases.

Kinematic control model for light weighting mechanism of excavator attached to rotary working device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Choongho; Lee, Sangsik; Cho, Youngtae; Im, Kwanghee

2007-07-01

An excavator attached to a rotary working device is used principally in industrial work. In particular, they are used in the building industry and public works. This research concerns the rotary automatic control of an excavator attached to a rotary working device. The drilling excavator is used in the crushed stone industry and the dragline excavation system is employed in the construction industry. Cases of the excavator's use in agriculture have been the subject of a relatively few studies. However, several modified excavator designs have been released in recent years. Applied excavator products are primarily utilized under relatively severe environmental conditions. In this study, we focus on the uses of an excavator in agricultural work. The readjustment of arable land and the reduction of weeds in agricultural applications both require skilled hand-operation of the machines. As such workers have been shown to develop problems with regard to working posture and proper positioning while laboring, a more appropriate excavator design may prove useful in such applications. Therefore, this pilot study is focused primarily on the rotary automatic control of an excavator attached to a rotary working device, and will adapt smart materials to the excavator applications for developing redesigned excavator having a light weight. The excavator is attached to a rotary working device on a normal excavator's platform, and the position and orientation of the mechanism between the joints and the rotary working device was determined. Simulations were also conducted of the excavator attached to the rotary working device. With an eye toward the use of this mechanism in agricultural work, we also conducted a set of kinematic analyses. The rotary working device was assumed to have 3 DOF, and was comprised of 5 links. Computer simulations were also conducted using the developed excavator model. In order to adequately evaluate the possible performance of such a system, kinetic analysis, simulation with a soil model, FEM analysis with structural strength analysis, and changes to the smart materials with high rigidity will be required in the future. In addition, experiment and analysis of a prototype, durability experiments, and analyses utilizing S-N curves will be necessary, as well further research into the overall reliability of such a product.

A novel use of the caesium-137 technique to estimate human interference and historical water level in a Mediterranean Temporary Pond.

PubMed

Foteinis, Spyros; Mpizoura, Katerina; Panagopoulos, Giorgos; Chatzisymeon, Efthalia; Kallithrakas-Kontos, Nikolaos; Manutsoglu, Emmanouil

2014-01-01

The sustainability of, and the effects of human pressures on, Omalos Mediterranean Temporary Pond (MTP), Chanea, Greece was assessed. The (137)Cs technique was used to identify alleged anthropogenic interference (excavation) in the studied area. It was found that about one third of the ponds bed surface material had been removed and disposed of on the northeast edge, confirming unplanned excavations that took place in the MTP area some years ago. Nonetheless, five years after the excavation, the MTP's ecosystem (flora and fauna) had recovered, which indicates that these small ecosystems are resilient to direct human pressures, like excavations. Moreover, with the (137)Cs technique it was possible to identify the historical water level of Omalos MTP, when the fallout from the Chernobyl accident reached this area, in May of 1986. Therefore, the (137)Cs technique can be useful in the identification of the historical water level of small MTPs and other ephemeral water bodies. Applications include the verification and validation of hydrological models. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New knowledge-based genetic algorithm for excavator boom structural optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hua, Haiyan; Lin, Shuwen

2014-03-01

Due to the insufficiency of utilizing knowledge to guide the complex optimal searching, existing genetic algorithms fail to effectively solve excavator boom structural optimization problem. To improve the optimization efficiency and quality, a new knowledge-based real-coded genetic algorithm is proposed. A dual evolution mechanism combining knowledge evolution with genetic algorithm is established to extract, handle and utilize the shallow and deep implicit constraint knowledge to guide the optimal searching of genetic algorithm circularly. Based on this dual evolution mechanism, knowledge evolution and population evolution can be connected by knowledge influence operators to improve the configurability of knowledge and genetic operators. Then, the new knowledge-based selection operator, crossover operator and mutation operator are proposed to integrate the optimal process knowledge and domain culture to guide the excavator boom structural optimization. Eight kinds of testing algorithms, which include different genetic operators, are taken as examples to solve the structural optimization of a medium-sized excavator boom. By comparing the results of optimization, it is shown that the algorithm including all the new knowledge-based genetic operators can more remarkably improve the evolutionary rate and searching ability than other testing algorithms, which demonstrates the effectiveness of knowledge for guiding optimal searching. The proposed knowledge-based genetic algorithm by combining multi-level knowledge evolution with numerical optimization provides a new effective method for solving the complex engineering optimization problem.

Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P.; Smith, Jonathan D.; Cox, Rachel E.; Schuler, Jason M.; Ebert, Tom; Nick, Andrew J.

2012-01-01

Regolith is abundant on extra-terrestrial surfaces and is the source of many resources such as oxygen, hydrogen, titanium, aluminum, iron, silica and other valuable materials, which can be used to make rocket propellant, consumables for life support, radiation protection barrier shields, landing pads, blast protection berms, roads, habitats and other structures and devices. Recent data from the Moon also indicates that there are substantial deposits of water ice in permanently shadowed crater regions and possibly under an over burden of regolith. The key to being able to use this regolith and acquire the resources, is being able to manipulate it with robotic excavation and hauling machinery that can survive and operate in these very extreme extra-terrestrial surface environments. In addition, the reduced gravity on the Moon, Mars, comets and asteroids poses a significant challenge in that the necessary reaction force for digging cannot be provided by the robot's weight as is typically done on Earth. Space transportation is expensive and limited in capacity, so small, lightweight payloads are desirable, which means large traditional excavation machines are not a viable option. A novel, compact and lightweight excavation robot prototype for manipulating, excavating, acquiring, hauling and dumping regolith on extra-terrestrial surfaces has been developed and tested. Lessons learned and test results will be presented including digging in a variety of lunar regolith simulant conditions including frozen regolith mixed with water ice.

A Review of Lunar Regolith Excavation Robotic Device Prototypes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P.; Van Susante, Paul J.

2011-01-01

The excavation of lunar regolith is desirable for use as a feedstock for oxygen production processes as well as civil engineering purposes and for the fabrication of parts and structures. This is known as In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). More recently, there has been mounting evidence that water ice exists at the poles of the Moon, buried in the regolith where thermally stable conditions exist. This means that regolith excavation will be required to mine the water ice which is believed to be. mixed in with the regolith, or bonded to it. The mined water ice can then be electrolyzed to produce hydrogen and oxygen propellants which could form the basis of a cis-lunar transportation system using in-situ derived propellants. In 2007, the National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) sponsored a Lunar Regolith Excavation Competition as part of its Centennial Challenges program, The competition was not won and it was held again in 2008 and 2009, when it was won by a university team. A $500,000 prize was awarded to the winning team by NASA. In 2010, NASA continued the competition as a spinoff of the Centennial Challenges, which is restricted to university participation only. This competition is known as the "Lunabotics Mining Competition" and is hosted by NASA at Kennedy Space Center. Twenty three American university teams competed in the 2010 Lunabotics Mining Competition. The competition was held again in May 2011 with over 60 teams registered, including international participation. The competition will be held again in May 2012 at Kennedy Space Center in Florida. . This paper contains a thorough review of the various regolith eX,cavation robotic device prototypes that competed in these NASA competitions, and will. classify the machines and their methods of excavation to document the variety of ideas that were spawned and built to compete at these events. It is hoped that documentation of these robots will serve to help future robotic excavation designers and provide a historical reference for future lunar mining machine endeavors.

Deposition and element fractionation processes during atmospheric pressure laser sampling for analysis by ICP-MS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eggins, S. M.; Kinsley, L. P. J.; Shelley, J. M. G.

1998-05-01

We have used an ArF excimer laser coupled to a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the measurement of a range of elements during excavation of a deepening ablation pit in a synthetic glass (NIST 612). Analyte behaviour shows progressive volatile element enrichment at shallow hole depths, with a change to refractory element enrichment as the ablation pit deepens further. Examination of ablation pit morphology and the surface condensate deposited around the ablation site reveals the importance of sequential condensation of refractory, then volatile phases from the cooling plasma plume after the end of the laser pulse. We interpret the observed element fractionation behaviour to reflect a change in ablation processes from photothermal dominated to plasma dominated mechanisms. The development of the surface deposit is greatly reduced by ablating in an ambient atmosphere of He instead of Ar and is accompanied by a two- to four-fold increase in ICP-MS sensitivity.

The Earliest Chinese Proto-Porcelain Excavated from Kiln Sites: An Elemental Analysis

PubMed Central

Li, Yu; Zhang, Bin; Cheng, Huansheng; Zheng, Jianming

2015-01-01

In June 2012, the Piaoshan kiln site was excavated in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, which hitherto proved to be the earliest known Chinese proto-porcelain kiln. Judging from the decorative patterns of unearthed impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain sherds, the site was determined to date to the late Xia (c. 2070–c. 1600 BC), the first dynasty of China. Here, we report on proton-induced X-ray emission analyses of 118 proto-porcelain and 35 impressed stoneware sherds from Piaoshan and five subsequent kiln sites in the vicinity. Using principal components analysis on the major chemical compositions, we reveal the relationships between impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain samples from the six kiln sites. The sherds from different sites have distinctive chemical profiles. The results indicate that the raw materials were procured locally. We find a developmental tendency for early glazes towards mature calcium-based glaze. It is most likely that woody plant ashes with increased calcia-potash ratios were applied to the formula. PMID:26535583

The Earliest Chinese Proto-Porcelain Excavated from Kiln Sites: An Elemental Analysis.

PubMed

Li, Yu; Zhang, Bin; Cheng, Huansheng; Zheng, Jianming

2015-01-01

In June 2012, the Piaoshan kiln site was excavated in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, which hitherto proved to be the earliest known Chinese proto-porcelain kiln. Judging from the decorative patterns of unearthed impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain sherds, the site was determined to date to the late Xia (c. 2070-c. 1600 BC), the first dynasty of China. Here, we report on proton-induced X-ray emission analyses of 118 proto-porcelain and 35 impressed stoneware sherds from Piaoshan and five subsequent kiln sites in the vicinity. Using principal components analysis on the major chemical compositions, we reveal the relationships between impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain samples from the six kiln sites. The sherds from different sites have distinctive chemical profiles. The results indicate that the raw materials were procured locally. We find a developmental tendency for early glazes towards mature calcium-based glaze. It is most likely that woody plant ashes with increased calcia-potash ratios were applied to the formula.

Designing a system for measuring the flow of material transported on belts using ultrasonic sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mihuţ, N. M.

2015-11-01

Excavation tailings (scraping) and extracting the useful (lignite) in surface mine pits in Mining Basin Oltenia is achieved with technological lines of excavation - transport - dump of high productivity. A correlation of working capacity of the main components of technological lines (motor rotor, high capacity transport, car dumps) is necessary for economic reasons on electricity consumption. To achieve experience in the process was chosen excavator SRS 1400 from South Jilt career in the CET Turceni. The question of coal excavated volume has a great importance in the mine pits. At the excavation is desired a density estimate for each machine production tracking, cost estimation and tracking product unit profitability of each band on various sections zones. Permanent display size excavated volume snapshots in the excavator's cabin permits to track tape loading, eliminating unproductive times and information management to determine profitability. Another important requirement is closing the loop of the machine drive system of an excavator for a uniform deposition of carbon on the strip, thus achieving automatic control of the loading belt. Such equipment is important for the system dispatching in surface mine pits. Through a system of three ultrasound transducers to determine the smart instant of coal excavated section which, coupled with the tape speed, integrated over time will determine the amount of excavated coal. The basis of the system developed is a device for determining the volume and quantity of coal excavated acting on the march and optimize the system speed excavator working order. The device is designed primarily following the careers of lignite production: rotor excavators, rubber conveyor belts and dump facilities. Newly developed system aims to achieve the following determines: the optimum energy excavation depending on the nature of excavated material - lignite, shale, clay, etc., economic times to use the excavator bucket teeth rotor, energy optical regime to rubber belt conveyors, eliminate damage to the plant by conveyor belt breakage detection or tread and eliminating time and energy losses by limiting reproductive idle, monitoring the amount of coal excavated, control power consumption. Systems in general and particularly automated systems cannot be designed without taking into account their degree of effectiveness, compliance with minimum consumption of time, energy and materials, insofar as they are requested and used all the resources it has, at minimum cost production, etc. For this reason any matter of calculation, design, analysis and operation of transport systems continuously subordinate requirements optimality.

Craniocervical injuries in judicial hangings: an anthropologic analysis of six cases.

PubMed

Spence, M W; Shkrum, M J; Ariss, A; Regan, J

1999-12-01

Restoration projects and archaeologic excavations in two Canadian prisons resulted in the recovery of the skeletons of six felons executed by judicial hanging. Damage inflicted by hanging on various skeletal elements was observed. Among the injuries seen were fractures of the hyoid cornua, styloid processes, occipital bones, and cervical vertebral bodies (C2) and transverse processes (C1, C2, C3, and C5). Despite the general uniformity of the hanging technique, which involved a subaural knot, the trauma to the skeletal elements and the cause of death varied among individuals. Although some of this variation was probably due to minor differences in hanging practices, individual anatomic peculiarities of the victims likely also contributed.

Provenance of KREEP and the exotic component - Elemental and isotopic studies of grain size fractions in lunar soils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Evensen, N. M.; Murthy, V. R.; Coscio, M. R., Jr.

1974-01-01

Sieve fraction analyses of lunar soils reveal the presence of a fine-grained exotic component enriched in K, Rb, Sr, Ba, and in radiogenic Sr in all soils. The probable source of this exotic component is the areas of high-surficial radioactivity observed by orbital gamma ray spectrometry, such as those at Fra Mauro and Archimedes. If the exotic component is fine-grained KREEP, the origin and distribution of KREEP fragments in the soils are identified. It is suggested that the exotic component represents trace element enriched material located at some depth in the Imbrium area which was surficially deposited during Imbrium excavation.

Archaeological Investigations at Sites 45-OK-287 and 45-OK-288, Chief Joseph Dam Project, Washington.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

marks and evidence of burning by element ........ ........................ . 258 xviii .. . - ... ., ." xvii LIST OF PLATES Plate 1-1. 45-OK-287: view...which the site is located, and glaclotacustrlne sediments of two ages exposed In the opposite bank. The lowest major terrace the river cut In the...the site were exposed in fewer excavation units, but they have a finer grain size and greater proportion of angular cobbles, deriving from the bedrock

Experimental Studies on the Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Joints with Various Openings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Y.; Oh, J.; Mitra, R.; Hebblewhite, B.

2016-03-01

The mechanical behaviour of rough joints is markedly affected by the degree of joint opening. A systematic experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of the initial opening on both normal and shear deformations of rock joints. Two types of joints with triangular asperities were produced in the laboratory and subjected to compression tests and direct shear tests with different initial opening values. The results showed that opened rock joints allow much greater normal closure and result in much lower normal stiffness. A semi-logarithmic law incorporating the degree of interlocking is proposed to describe the normal deformation of opened rock joints. The proposed equation agrees well with the experimental results. Additionally, the results of direct shear tests demonstrated that shear strength and dilation are reduced because of reduced involvement of and increased damage to asperities in the process of shearing. The results indicate that constitutive models of rock joints that consider the true asperity contact area can be used to predict shear resistance along opened rock joints. Because rock masses are loosened and rock joints become open after excavation, the model suggested in this study can be incorporated into numerical procedures such as finite-element or discrete-element methods. Use of the model could then increase the accuracy and reliability of stability predictions for rock masses under excavation.

Association of Hospital Construction with the Development of Healthcare Associated Environmental Mold Infections (HAEMI) in Pediatric Patients with Leukemia

PubMed Central

Pokala, Hanumantha R.; Leonard, David; Cox, Jennifer; Metcalf, Pat; McClay, John; Siegel, Jane; Winick, Naomi

2014-01-01

Background Healthcare associated mold infections (HAEMI) increase morbidity and mortality in children with leukemia. Excavation adjacent to Children’s Medical Center Dallas (CMCD) April 2006–February 2007 provided an opportunity to determine if excavation adjacent to a hospital building is associated with increased risk of developing HAEMI in children receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia. Methods Children who began receiving intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia at CMCD from 2004–2008 were identified (N=275). Exposures to the CMCD campus during intensive chemotherapy and duration of neutropenia per exposure were recorded. Proven, probable or possible invasive fungal disease (IFD) was classified using EORTC/MSG guidelines. Institutional guidelines categorized mold infections as definite or possible HAEMI. A bivariate time-to-event model compared the association of excavation with HAEMI and yeast infections, controlling for neutropenia. Results There were 7454 CMCD exposures, 1007(13.5%) during excavation. Of 50 cases of IFD, 31 were HAEMI. By time-to-event analysis exposure to the CMCD campus during the excavation period was significantly associated with HAEMI (HR=2.8, P=0.01) but not yeast infections (HR=0.75, P=0.75). Neutropenia was significantly associated with both HAEMI and yeast infections (P<0.001). Voriconazole prophylaxis did not prevent HAEMI in 42% of the 14 patients with AML who had been receiving this agent. Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate an association between exposure to hospital construction that includes excavation and HAEMI in pediatric oncology patients. Since neutropenic patients need protection from aerosolized fungal spores during visits to expanding medical centers, preventive strategies with adherence monitoring need additional study. PMID:23970381

Santa Ana River Design Memorandum Number 1. Phase 2 GDM on the Santa Ana River Mainstem Including Santiago Creek. Volume 2. Prado Dam.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

present and likely to be encountered during excavation. Nonetheless, the four groups do provide an adequate method for representing the different ...It different from Report) Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse M e II...between the dam embankment and the spillway. The two 800-foot long conduits would be constructed by open excavation and backfill method . Downstream

The use of strontium and barium analyses for the reconstruction of the diet of the early medieval coastal population of Gdańsk (Poland): A preliminary study.

PubMed

Szostek, Krzysztof; Głab, Henryk; Pudło, Aleksandra

2009-01-01

Barium and strontium analyses yield an important perspective on temporal shifts in diet in relation to social and environmental circumstances. This research focuses on reconstructing dietary strategies of individuals in the early medieval (12-13th century) population of Gdańsk on the coast of the Baltic Sea. To describe these strategies where seafood rich in minerals was included in the diet, levels of strontium, barium, calcium and phosphorus were measured in first permanent molars of adult men and women whose remains were excavated from the churchyard in the city centre. Faunal remains from the excavation were analysed as an environmental background with respect to the content of the above-mentioned elements. The impact of diagenesis on the odontological material under study was also determined by an analysis of the soil derived from the grave and non-grave surroundings. For verification of diagenetic processes, the calcium/phosphorus index was used. Strontium, calcium, phosphorus and barium levels were determined with the spectrophotometric method using the latest generation plasma spectrophotometer Elan 6100 ICP-MS. From the results of the analysis of taphonomic parameters such as the soil pH, potential ion exchange in the grave surroundings and the Ca/P ratio, it can be inferred that diagenetic factors had little impact on the studied material. From this pilot study we can conclude that in the early Middle Ages in the Baltic Sea basin, seafood was included in the diet from early childhood and at the same time the diet contained calcium-rich milk products (also rich in minerals). The lack of sex differences may indicate the absence of a sex-specific nutritional strategy in childhood and early adolescence.

43 CFR 10.3 - Intentional archaeological excavations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Cultural Patrimony From Federal or Tribal Lands § 10.3 Intentional archaeological excavations. (a) General... objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony that are excavated intentionally from Federal or... excavation of human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony from Federal...

43 CFR 10.3 - Intentional archaeological excavations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Cultural Patrimony From Federal or Tribal Lands § 10.3 Intentional archaeological excavations. (a) General... objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony that are excavated intentionally from Federal or... excavation of human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony from Federal...

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 5): Summit National Liquid Disposal Service, Deerfield, OH. (First remedial action), (Amendment), November 1990. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The 11.5-acre Summit National Liquid Disposal Service site is a former liquid waste disposal facility in rural Deerfield Township, Ohio. The site contains two ponds, an inactive incinerator, and several vacant buildings. Surrounding the site are several residences, two landfills, light industries, and farmland. From 1973 to 1978, Summit National operated a solvent recycling and waste disposal facility onsite. The Record of Decision (ROD) amends a 1988 ROD that provided for remediation of contaminated soil, sediment, debris, ground water, and surface water. In both the 1990 proposed remedy for the ROD amendment and the 1988 ROD, the remedy for themore » most highly contaminated soil and sediment is excavation and treatment. The amended remedial action for the site includes expanding site boundaries to include contaminated areas along the site perimeters; excavating and incinerating onsite 24,000 cubic yards of soil excavated to a depth of 2 feet, 4,000 cubic yards of sediment from the site perimeter, drainage ditches and offsite ponds, and 900 to 1,600 buried drums.« less

Development of Field Excavator with Embedded Force Measurement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, K.; Creager, C.; Izadnegahdar, A.; Bauman, S.; Gallo, C.; Abel, P.

2012-01-01

A semi-intelligent excavation mechanism was developed for use with the NASA-built Centaur 2 rover prototype. The excavator features a continuously rotatable large bucket supported between two parallel arms, both of which share a single pivot axis near the excavator base attached to the rover. The excavator is designed to simulate the collection of regolith, such as on the Moon, and to dump the collected soil into a hopper up to one meter tall for processing to extract oxygen. Because the vehicle can be autonomous and the terrain is generally unknown, there is risk of damaging equipment or using excessive power when attempting to extract soil from dense or rocky terrain. To minimize these risks, it is critical for the rover to sense the digging forces and adjust accordingly. It is also important to understand the digging capabilities and limitations of the excavator. This paper discusses the implementation of multiple strain gages as an embedded force measurement system in the excavator's arms. These strain gages can accurately measure and resolve multi-axial forces on the excavator. In order to validate these sensors and characterize the load capabilities, a series of controlled excavation tests were performed at Glenn Research Center with the excavator at various depths and cut angles while supported by a six axis load cell. The results of these tests are both compared to a force estimation model and used for calibration of the embedded strain gages. In addition, excavation forces generated using two different types of bucket edge (straight vs. with teeth) were compared.

Analysis of Flexible Anchored Hollow WPC Quay Walls of the New Berth in Tur, Egypt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Elsayed, Ayman

2017-10-01

A seawall, also known as a bulkhead or retaining wall, is a structure built to reduce the effects of strong waves and to defend costal land from erosion. Traditionally, seawalls are made of steel, timber or concrete construction. Composite materials, however, have been recently introduced for their ease of installation/maintenance in dry processing, low cost, and environmentally friendly materials. A wood plastic composite (WPC) seawall system has been developed and patented for its unique hollow structure that can give greater stiffness and stability under various external stresses. This paper describes the development of design method used in the analysis of the WPC walls. The main challenge during the physical excavation works is to limit the deformations involved in order to minimize damage on adjacent structures. The deformations depend largely on the excavation and strutting procedures, but also on the properties of the structural elements like the soil, the sheet pile and strutting members. The detailed design procedure involves numerical analyses, national regulations and common practice considerations. The contribution of finite element method in this field was used herein to determine the lateral movements, the bending moments of the wall, the passive earth pressure of the soil and the tensile force exerted by the anchor rods. The overall objectives of this research can be divided into two categories, First calibration of the finite element model for the new Tur quay walls (the case study) and reviewing the results of the steel cross section that chosen and the suggested one. Second, analysis and comparing the results of WPC cross-sections with the designed Steel sheet pile wall (SPW).

Clinical Evaluation of Ozone on Dentinal Lesions in Young Permanent Molars using the Stepwise Excavation.

PubMed

Safwat, Osama; Elkateb, Mona; Dowidar, Karin; El Meligy, Omar

To evaluate the clinical changes in dentin of deep carious lesions in young permanent molars, following ozone application with and without the use of a remineralizing solution, using the stepwise excavation. The sample included 162 first permanent immature molars, showing deep occlusal carious cavities that were indicated for indirect pulp capping. Teeth were divided into 2 main groups according to the method of ozone treatment. Each group was further subdivided equally into test and control subgroups. Following caries excavation, color, consistency and DIAGNOdent assessments of dentin were evaluated after 6 and 12 months. Regarding dentin color and consistency, no significant differences were observed following ozone application, with and without a remineralizing solution. There were no significant differences between ozone treatment, and calcium hydroxide during the different evaluation periods, except in group I cases after 6 months, concerning the dentin color. The DIAGNOdent values were significantly reduced following ozone application, with or without a remineralizing solution, as well as between test and control cases in group I after 6 months. Ozone application through the stepwise excavation had no significant effect on dentin color and consistency in young permanent molars. DIAGNOdent was unreliable in monitoring caries activity.

Middle and late Pleistocene Middle Stone Age lithic technology from Pinnacle Point 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa).

PubMed

Thompson, Erin; Williams, Hope M; Minichillo, Tom

2010-01-01

Excavations at a complex of caves and open air sites at Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay, Southern Africa have uncovered rich stratified assemblages of Middle Stone Age materials, including those from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B (PP13B) that comprises the first modernly excavated assemblage in southern Africa to be securely dated to the Middle Pleistocene. We report here on the complete excavated lithic artifact assemblage from PP13B. Both technological and typological analyses of the complete assemblage were performed. The assemblage-scale analysis allows for intrasite comparison as well as comparison of the PP13B assemblage with other sites from the region. No size-related pattern of change over time was observed within the PP13B assemblage, although there is significant evidence for varying strategies of lithic reduction between excavation areas within the cave. Comparison with other material from the Southern African MSA suggests that there is significant inter- and intra-site variability in the Southern African Middle Stone Age, even between portions of assemblages that are roughly contemporaneous. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Archaeological Investigations at Sites 45-OK-287 and 45-OK-288, Chief Joseph Dam Project, Washington.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

Table C-1. Distribution of butchering marks and evidence of burning by element .. ....... ....... ....... .. 258 xvii9. LIST OF PLATES Plate 1-1. 45-OK...the vicinity of the Omak Trench. Till forms the terrace on which the site Is located, and glaclolacustrIne sediments of two ! -ages exposed In the...the site were exposed In fewer excavation units, but they have a finer grain size and greater proportion of angular cobbles, deriving from the bedrock

Resource Prospector Mobility Test

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-06-28

A lightweight simulator version of NASA's Resource Prospector undergoes a mobility test in a regolith bin at the agency's Kennedy Space center in Florida. The Resource Prospector mission aims to be the first mining expedition on another world. Operating on the moon’s poles, the robot is designed to use instruments to locate elements at a lunar polar regions, then excavate and sample resources such as hydrogen, oxygen and water. These resources could support human explores on their way to destinations such as farther into the solar system.

Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestions for remediation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ocak, Ibrahim

2009-10-01

Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties, the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excavation, since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste (EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.

43 CFR 15.3 - Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. 15.3 Section 15.3 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior KEY LARGO CORAL REEF PRESERVE § 15.3 Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. No dredging, excavating, or...

43 CFR 15.3 - Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. 15.3 Section 15.3 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior KEY LARGO CORAL REEF PRESERVE § 15.3 Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. No dredging, excavating, or...

43 CFR 15.3 - Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. 15.3 Section 15.3 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior KEY LARGO CORAL REEF PRESERVE § 15.3 Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. No dredging, excavating, or...

43 CFR 15.3 - Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. 15.3 Section 15.3 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior KEY LARGO CORAL REEF PRESERVE § 15.3 Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. No dredging, excavating, or...

43 CFR 15.3 - Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. 15.3 Section 15.3 Public Lands: Interior Office of the Secretary of the Interior KEY LARGO CORAL REEF PRESERVE § 15.3 Dredging, filling, excavating and building activities. No dredging, excavating, or...

Remediation of a Former USAF Radioactive Material Disposal Site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hoffman, D. E.; Cushman, M; Tupyi, B.

2003-02-25

This paper describes the remediation of a low-level radiological waste burial site located at the former James Connally Air Force Base in Waco, Texas. Burial activities at the site occurred during the 1950's when the property was under the ownership of the United States Air Force. Included is a discussion of methods and strategies that were used to successfully exhume and characterize the wastes for proper disposal at offsite disposal facilities. Worker and environmental protection measures are also described. Information gained from this project may be used at other similar project sites. A total of nine burial tubes had beenmore » identified for excavation, characterization, and removal from the site. The disposal tubes were constructed of 4-ft lengths of concrete pipe buried upright with the upper ends flush with ground surface. Initial ground level observations of the burial tubes indicated that some weathering had occurred; however, the condition of the subsurface portions of the tubes was unknown. Soil excavation occurred in 1-foot lifts in order that the tubes could be inspected and to allow for characterization of the soils at each stage of the excavation. Due to the weight of the concrete pipe and the condition of the piping joints it was determined that special measures would be required to maintain the tubes intact during their removal. Special tube anchoring and handling methods were required to relocate the tubes from their initial positions to a staging area where they could be further characterized. Characterization of the disposal tubes was accomplished using a combination of gamma spectroscopy and activity mapping methods. Important aspects of the project included the use of specialized excavation and disposal tube reinforcement measures to maintain the disposal tubes intact during excavation, removal and subsequent characterization. The non-intrusive gamma spectroscopy and data logging methods allowed for effective characterization of the wastes while minimizing disposal costs. In addition, worker exposures were maintained ALARA as a result of the removal and characterization methods employed.« less

The excavation stage of basin formation - A qualitative model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Croft, S. K.

1981-01-01

One of the most complex problems in planetary geology and geophysics is the determination of the nature of the impact cratering processes at scales of tens to thousands of kilometers that produce the complex morphological structures of multiring basins. The cratering process is frequently considered to be divided into three stages, including a short high-pressure stage of initial contact between the projectile and the planetary crust, a longer excavation or cratering flow stage culminating in the formation of a transient crater, and a still longer modification stage during which the transient crater is modified into the observed final geologic form. The transient crater may be considered as the initial boundary condition of the modification stage. In the present investigation, the nature of the transient crater is indicated by the cratering flow field determined from numerical simulations of the excavation stage. Attention is given to empirical and theoretical scaling.

Study on the elemental features of ancient Chinese white porcelain at Jingdezhen by INAA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Guoxi; Feng, Songlin; Feng, Xiangqian; Li, Yongqiang; Han, Hongye; Wang, Yanqing; Zhu, Jihao; Yan, Lingtong; Li, Li

2009-03-01

Shards of ancient Chinese white porcelain, which were excavated at Maojiawan in the city of Beijing, were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). These shards were fired in the period between the Yuan (AD 1271-1368) and Ming (AD 1368-1644) dynasties at Jingdezhen in southern China. According to the analytical results, different raw materials were used for making porcelain body in this period. Fe and Na are the characteristic elements which can be used for identifying the specific date of these porcelains. Furthermore, shards of Hongwu era (AD 1368-1398), Yongle-Xuande era (AD 1403-1435) and Chenghua-Zhengde era (AD 1465-1561) of the Ming dynasty can be clearly distinguished by their elemental body composition. The temporal chemical variation in the porcelain body of these eras is observed. The elemental body composition of Zhengde-Tianshun era (AD 1436-1464) is mainly similar to that of the Hongwu and Yongle-Xuande eras. The temporal chemical feature of Zhengtong-Tianshun era was not found.

Bioenvironmental and radiological-safety feasibility studies, Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal. Phase 2, Freshwater ecology: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Templeton, W.L.; Dean, J.M.; Watson, D.G.

1968-06-28

The purpose of this program is to conduct studies in the freshwater environment to acquire data needed to evaluate and predict the potential radiation hazards to human populations in the defined regions of proposed nuclear excavations in the Republics of Panama and Colombia. The results of the field surveys conducted in Phase II are presented in this report. Specifically, the data describes the elemental composition of the major components of the ecosystem, and reports the calculated stable element concentration factors for the major food organisms. This data provides baseline values from which predictions can be made of the potential maximummore » radionuclide intake by populations using this resource.« less

Focal Choroidal Excavation in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: Case Report

PubMed Central

Esfahani, Mohammad Riazi; Esfahani, Hamid Riazi; Mahmoudi, Alireza; Johari, Mohammad Karim

2015-01-01

Focal choroidal excavation (FCE) was first reported as a choroidal posteriorly excavated zone without any scleral change. Choroidal excavation also divided into conforming and nonconforming type. Numerous reports demonstrated association between FCE and other disease such as choroidal neovascularization and central serous choroidoretinopathy. Here, we report a rare case of FCE in a patient with Best disease. The patient was diagnosed by spectoral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the second report of choroidal excavation in Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. PMID:26155505

Development of excavator training simulator using leap motion controller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fahmi, F.; Nainggolan, F.; Andayani, U.; Siregar, B.

2018-03-01

Excavator is a heavy machinery that is used for many industries purposes. Controlling the excavator is not easy. Its operator has to be trained well in many skills to make sure it is safe, effective, and efficient while using the excavator. In this research, we proposed a virtual reality excavator simulator supported by a device called Leap Motion Controller that supports finger and hand motions as an input. This prototype will be developed than in the virtual reality environment to give a more real sensing to the user.

A study experiment of auto idle application in the excavator engine performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purwanto, Wawan; Maksum, Hasan; Putra, Dwi Sudarno; Azmi, Meri; Wahyudi, Retno

2016-03-01

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of applying auto idle to excavator engine performance, such as machine unitization and fuel consumption in Excavator. Steps to be done are to modify the system JA 44 and 67 in Vehicle Electronic Control Unit (V-ECU). The modifications will be obtained from the pattern of the engine speed. If the excavator attachment is not operated, the engine speed will return to the idle speed automatically. From the experiment results the auto idle reduces fuel consumption in excavator engine.

A study experiment of auto idle application in the excavator engine performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Purwanto, Wawan, E-mail: wawan5527@gmail.com; Maksum, Hasan; Putra, Dwi Sudarno, E-mail: dwisudarnoputra@ft.unp.ac.id

2016-03-29

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of applying auto idle to excavator engine performance, such as machine unitization and fuel consumption in Excavator. Steps to be done are to modify the system JA 44 and 67 in Vehicle Electronic Control Unit (V-ECU). The modifications will be obtained from the pattern of the engine speed. If the excavator attachment is not operated, the engine speed will return to the idle speed automatically. From the experiment results the auto idle reduces fuel consumption in excavator engine.

[Metallurgic drugs in ancient Japan].

PubMed

Sugiyama, S

2001-01-01

Advancements in metallurgic and pharmaceutical chemistry in ancient Japan were made by people like Mangan-Shonin, who combined elements from Shinto, Buddhism, and Taoism to take advantage of technologies brought by Chinese and Korean immigrants. The Shonin himself, though it may be considered a wild speculation, could well be such an immigrant. Along with the immigrants, the Shonin established government-subsidized temples (Jingu-ji, Jogaku-ji) throughout the country under sponsorship by the Imperial Court for the purpose of raising funds through private donations. Research and educational activities conducted in these temples ultimately resulted in a well-established body of chemical engineers who could excavate chemical substances as well as alter their natures. According to a list of regional products (Sasaki,19) 1972) up to the 14th century, these chemical substances and their derivative products included iron from the Hitachi region, cast metal from Shimotsuke, swords from Sagami, face powder (lead carbonate) from Ise, mercury, and gold.

Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain). The site.

PubMed

Arsuaga, J L; Martínez, I; Gracia, A; Carretero, J M; Lorenzo, C; García, N

1997-01-01

In this article a topographical description of the Cueva Mayor Cueva de Silo cave system is provided, including a more detailed topography of the Sala de los Ciclopes Sala de las Oseras-Sima de los Huesos sector. The history of the excavations and discoveries of human and carnivore fossils in Sima de los Huesos and adjacent passages is briefly reported, as well as the increase, throughout the succeeding field seasons, of the human collection and changes in the relative representation of the different skeletal elements and major biases. The carnivore assemblage structure is also considered. Examining the characteristics of the bone breccia, and the current and ancient karst topography, different alternative accesses are discussed for the accumulation of carnivores and humans in the Sima de los Huesos. Taking into account all the available information, an anthropic origin for the accumulation of human fossils seems to us to be the most likely explanation.

The impact of warfare on the soil environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Certini, Giacomo; Scalenghe, Riccardo; Woods, William I.

2013-12-01

One of the most dramatic ways humans can affect soil properties is through the performance of military activities. Warfare-induced disturbances to soil are basically of three types - physical, chemical, and biological - and are aimed at causing direct problems to enemies or, more often, are indirect, undesired ramifications. Physical disturbances to soil include sealing due to building of defensive infrastructures, excavation of trenches or tunnels, compaction by traffic of machinery and troops, or cratering by bombs. Chemical disturbances consist of the input of pollutants such as oil, heavy metals, nitroaromatic explosives, organophosphorus nerve agents, dioxins from herbicides, or radioactive elements. Biological disturbances occur as unintentional consequences of the impact on the physical and chemical properties of soil or the deliberate introduction of microorganisms lethal to higher animals and humans such as botulin or anthrax. Soil represents a secure niche where such pathogens can perpetuate their virulence for decades.

NASA Lunabotics Mining Competition for Universities: Results and Lessons Learned

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P.; Murphy, Gloria A.

2011-01-01

Space Mining for resources such as water ice, and regolith, which contain many elements in the form of metals, minerals, volatiles and other compounds, is a necessary step in Space Resource Utilization. One of the primary goals is to extract propellants from the regolith such as oxygen and hydrogen which could then be used for in-space transportation. In addition, the space mining system can be used for various construction tasks that can benefit human and robotic exploration as well as scientific investigations based on the exposed topography. The National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Lunabotics Mining Competition is a university-level competition designed to engage and retain students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). NASA will directly benefit from the competition by encouraging the development of innovative lunar excavation concepts from universities which may result in clever ideas and solutions which could be applied to an actual lunar excavation device or payload. The challenge is for students to design and build a remote controlled or autonomous excavator, called a lunabot, that can collect and deposit a minimum of 10 kilograms of lunar simulant within 15 minutes. The complexities of the challenge include the abrasive characteristics of the lunar simulant, the weight and size limitations of the lunabot, and the ability to control the lunabot from a remote control center. This paper will present the results of the first and second annual Lunabotics Mining Competitions held in May 2010 and May 2011. In 2010, 22 United States (US) universities competed, and in May 2011 the competition was opened to international participation, with 46 Universities expected to attend. There are 12 international teams and 34 US teams. This combined total directly inspired an estimated 544 university students. More students and the public were engaged via internet broadcasting and social networking media. The various designs will be cataloged and categorized to provide information to future Lunabotics mining robot designers and competitors. It is also expected to be of value for actual future space missions, as knowledge is gained from testing many innovative prototypes in simulated lunar regolith.

Shape Memory Alloy Rock Splitters (SMARS) - A Non-Explosive Method for Fracturing Planetary Rocklike Materials and Minerals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Benafan, Othmane; Noebe, Ronald D.; Halsmer, Timothy J.

2015-01-01

A static rock splitter device based on high-force, high-temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) was developed for space related applications requiring controlled geologic excavation in planetary bodies such as the Moon, Mars, and near-Earth asteroids. The device, hereafter referred to as the shape memory alloy rock splitter (SMARS), consisted of active (expanding) elements made of Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 (at.%) that generate extremely large forces in response to thermal input. The preshaping (training) of these elements was accomplished using isothermal, isobaric and cyclic training methods, which resulted in active components capable of generating stresses in excess of 1.5 GPa. The corresponding strains (or displacements) were also evaluated and were found to be 2 to 3 percent, essential to rock fracturing and/or splitting when placed in a borehole. SMARS performance was evaluated using a test bed consisting of a temperature controller, custom heaters and heater holders, and an enclosure for rock placement and breakage. The SMARS system was evaluated using various rock types including igneous rocks (e.g., basalt, quartz, granite) and sedimentary rocks (e.g., sandstone, limestone).

Does the availability of artificial cavities affect cavity excavation rates in red-cockaded woodpeckers?

Treesearch

Richard N. Conner; Daniel Saenz; D. Craig Rudolph; Richard R. Schaefer

2002-01-01

Rates of cavity excavation by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) were examined from 1983 to 1999 on the Angelina National Forest in east Texas. We compared the rare of natural cavity excavation between 1983 and 1990 (before artificial cavities were available) with the rate of cavity excavation between 1992 and 1993, a period when...

Continuous Rating for Diggability Assessment in Surface Mines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

IPHAR, Melih

2016-10-01

The rocks can be loosened either by drilling-blasting or direct excavation using powerful machines in opencast mining operations. The economics of rock excavation is considered for each method to be applied. If blasting operation is not preferred and also the geological structures and rock mass properties in site are convenient (favourable ground conditions) for ripping or direct excavation method by mining machines, the next step is to determine which machine or excavator should be selected for the excavation purposes. Many researchers have proposed several diggability or excavatability assessment methods for deciding on excavator type to be used in the field. Most of these systems are generally based on assigning a rating for the parameters having importance in rock excavation process. However, the sharp transitions between the two adjacent classes for a given parameter can lead to some uncertainties. In this paper, it has been proposed that varying rating should be assigned for a given parameter called as “continuous rating” instead of giving constant rating for a given class.

Structural and compositional analysis of a casting mold sherd from ancient China.

PubMed

Zong, Yunbing; Yao, Shengkun; Lang, Jianfeng; Chen, Xuexiang; Fan, Jiadong; Sun, Zhibin; Duan, Xiulan; Li, Nannan; Fang, Hui; Zhou, Guangzhao; Xiao, Tiqiao; Li, Aiguo; Jiang, Huaidong

2017-01-01

Casting had symbolic significance and was strictly controlled in the Shang dynasty of ancient China. Vessel casting was mainly distributed around the Shang capital, Yin Ruins, which indicates a rigorous centralization of authority. Thus, for a casting mold to be excavated far from the capital region is rare. In addition to some bronze vessel molds excavated at the Buyao Village site, another key discovery of a bronze vessel mold occurred at Daxinzhuang. The Daxinzhuang site was a core area in the east of Shang state and is an important site to study the eastward expansion of the Shang. Here, combining synchrotron X-rays and other physicochemical analysis methods, nondestructive three-dimensional structure imaging and different elemental analyses were conducted on this mold sherd. Through high penetration X-ray tomography, we obtained insights on the internal structure and discovered some pores. We infer that the generation of pores inside the casting mold sherd was used to enhance air permeability during casting. Furthermore, we suppose that the decorative patterns on the surface were carved and not pasted onto it. Considering the previous compositional studies of bronze vessels, the copper and iron elements were analyzed by different methods. Unexpectedly, a larger amount of iron than of copper was detected on the surface. According to the data analysis and archaeological context, the source of iron on the casting mold sherd could be attributed to local soil contamination. A refined compositional analysis confirms that this casting mold was fabricated locally and used for bronze casting.

A Constitutive Model for Strain-Controlled Strength Degradation of Rockmasses (SDR)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalos, A.; Kavvadas, M.

2017-11-01

The paper describes a continuum, rate-independent, incremental plasticity constitutive model applicable in weak rocks and heavily fractured rockmasses, where mechanical behaviour is controlled by rockmass strength rather than structural features (discontinuities). The model describes rockmass structure by a generalised Hoek-Brown Structure Envelope (SE) in the stress space. Stress paths inside the SE are nonlinear and irreversible to better simulate behaviour at strains up to peak strength and under stress reversals. Stress paths on the SE have user-controlled volume dilatancy (gradually reducing to zero at large shear strains) and can model post-peak strain softening of brittle rockmasses via a structure degradation (damage) mechanism triggered by accumulated plastic shear strains. As the SE may strain harden with plastic strains, ductile behaviour can also be modelled. The model was implemented in the Finite Element Code Simulia ABAQUS and was applied in plane strain (2D) excavation of a cylindrical cavity (tunnel) to predict convergence-confinement curves. It is shown that small-strain nonlinearity, variable volume dilatancy and post-peak hardening/softening strongly affect the predicted curves, resulting in corresponding differences of lining pressures in real tunnel excavations.

In Situ Observation of Rock Spalling in the Deep Tunnels of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (2400 m Depth)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Xia-Ting; Xu, Hong; Qiu, Shi-Li; Li, Shao-Jun; Yang, Cheng-Xiang; Guo, Hao-Sen; Cheng, Yuan; Gao, Yao-Hui

2018-04-01

To study rock spalling in deep tunnels at China Jinping Underground Laboratory Phase II (CJPL-II), photogrammetry method and digital borehole camera were used to quantify key features of rock spalling including orientation, thickness of slabs and the depth of spalling. The failure mechanism was analysed through scanning electron microscope and numerical simulation based on FLAC3D. Observation results clearly showed the process of rock spalling failure: a typical spalling pattern around D-shaped tunnels after top-heading and bottom bench were discovered. The orientation and thickness of the slabs were obtained. The slabs were parallel to the excavated surfaces of the tunnel and were related to the shape of the tunnel surface and orientation of the principal stress. The slabs were alternately thick and thin, and they gradually increased in thickness from the sidewall inwards. The form and mechanism of spalling at different locations in the tunnels, as influenced by stress state and excavation, were analysed. The result of this study was helpful to those rethinking the engineering design, including the excavation and support of tunnels, or caverns, at high risk of spalling.

Challenges with Final Status Surveys at a Large Decommissioning Site - 13417

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Downey, Heath; Collopy, Peter; Shephard, Eugene

2013-07-01

As part of decommissioning a former nuclear fuel manufacturing site, one of the crucial final steps is to conduct Final Status Surveys (FSS) in order to demonstrate compliance with the release criteria. At this decommissioning site, the area for FSS was about 100 hectares (248 acres) and included varying terrain, wooded areas, ponds, excavations, buildings and a brook. The challenges in performing the FSS included determining location, identifying FSS units, logging gamma walkover survey data, determining sample locations, managing water in excavations, and diverting water in the brook. The approaches taken to overcome these challenges will be presented in themore » paper. The paper will present and discuss lessons learned that will aid others in the FSS process. (authors)« less

Microbiological Evaluation of Ozone on Dentinal Lesions in Young Permanent Molars using the Stepwise Excavation.

PubMed

Safwat, Osama; Elkateb, Mona; Dowidar, Karin; Salam, Hala Abdel; El Meligy, Omar

To assess the microbial effect of ozone gas on dentinal lesions in young permanent molars using the stepwise excavation. An experimental, controlled clinical trial was performed. The sample included 80 immature first permanent molars, showing deep occlusal carious cavities that were indicated for stepwise excavation. Following first step of dentin excavation, the sample was divided into test (ozone gas) and control (calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) base material) groups. One half of the cases in each group were evaluated for microbiological changes after 6 months, and the other half after 12 months. Mutans streptococci (MS), Lactobacilli, and Candida counts were significantly reduced immediately after ozone application in the test group (P ≤0.05). At the final assessment period, MS and Lactobacilli were significantly reduced in the test group (P ≤0.05). Meanwhile, the Candida counts were significantly reduced only in the test group of the 6 and 12 month-cases (P ≤0.05). Regarding the control group, the significant reduction in microbial count was observed with MS after 6 and 12 months (P ≤0.05). No significant differences were observed between test and control groups at different evaluation periods (P >0.05). Ozone gas had a significant antimicrobial effect in deep class I carious lesions.

The assessment of environmentally sensitive forest road construction in Calabrian pine forest areas of Turkey.

PubMed

Tunay, Metin

2006-07-01

Forest road construction by bulldozers in Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) forests on mountainous terrain of Turkey causes considerable damage to the environment and the forest standing alongside the road. This situation obliges a study of environmentally sound road construction in Turkey. This study was carried out in 4 sample sites of Antalya Forest Directorate in steep (34-50% gradient) and very steep terrain (51-70% gradient) conditions with bulldozer and excavator machine and direct damages to forest during road construction was determined, including forest area losses and damages to downhill trees in mountainous areas. It was determined that in steep terrain when excavators were used, less forest area (22.16%) was destroyed compared to bulldozers and 26.54% less area in very steep terrain. The proportion of damage on trees where bulldozer worked was nearly twofold higher than excavator was used. The results of this research show that the environmentally sensitive techniques applied for the road construction projects are considerably superior to the traditional use of bulldozers on steep slopes. The environmentally sound forest road construction by use of excavator must be considered an appropriate and reliable solution for mountainous terrain where areas of sensitive forest ecosystems are to be opened up.

Principles of control for robotic excavation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernold, Leonhard E.

The issues of automatic planning and control systems for robotic excavation are addressed. Attention is given to an approach to understanding the principles of path and motion control which is based on scaled modeling and experimentation with different soil types and soil conditions. Control concepts for the independent control of a bucket are discussed, and ways in which force sensors could provide the necessary data are demonstrated. Results of experiments with lunar simulant showed that explosive loosening has a substantial impact on the energy needed during excavation. It is argued that through further laboratory and field research, 'pattern languages' for different excavators and soil conditions could be established and employed for robotic excavation.

Monitoring the excavation damaged zone by three-dimensional reconstruction of electrical resistivity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lesparre, Nolwenn; Gibert, Dominique; Nicollin, Florence; Nussbaum, Christophe; Adler, Andy

2013-11-01

A damaged zone is formed during the excavation of underground galleries, altering the rock properties. From a perspective of nuclear waste storage in deep geological sites, there is a clear interest to monitor the rock properties in such zones. We constructed electrical resistivity tomograms as a function of time to monitor the damaged area in gallery 04 of the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory (Switzerland). Measurements were performed using electrode rings surrounding the gallery. The experience showed a heterogeneous distribution of damages around the gallery and their fast formation after the excavation. Two main areas were concerned by damage formation, located in regions where the bedding was tangential to the excavated gallery. Such regions represented an extension of about 2 m along the gallery walls and reached a depth of 1.5 m. Main damages were created during the next months following the excavation process. Slight variations were still observed 3 yr after the excavation that may be related to the gallery environmental condition fluctuation. The method applied here demonstrates the interest to monitor the whole region surrounding excavated galleries dedicated to host nuclear wastes.

Intelligent excavator control system for lunar mining system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lever, Paul J. A.; Wang, Fei-Yue

1995-01-01

A major benefit of utilizing local planetary resources is that it reduces the need and cost of lifting materials from the Earth's surface into Earth orbit. The location of the moon makes it an ideal site for harvesting the materials needed to assist space activities. Here, lunar excavation will take place in the dynamic unstructured lunar environment, in which conditions are highly variable and unpredictable. Autonomous mining (excavation) machines are necessary to remove human operators from this hazardous environment. This machine must use a control system structure that can identify, plan, sense, and control real-time dynamic machine movements in the lunar environment. The solution is a vision-based hierarchical control structure. However, excavation tasks require force/torque sensor feedback to control the excavation tool after it has penetrated the surface. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to interpret the forces and torques gathered from a bucket mounted force/torque sensor during excavation. Experimental results from several excavation tests using the FLC are presented here. These results represent the first step toward an integrated sensing and control system for a lunar mining system.

Septic tank burial: not just another skeleton in the closet.

PubMed

Lew, E O; Bannach, B; Rodriguez, W C

1996-09-01

Backed-up toilets lead to the discovery of a skeleton in the septic tank. Our challenges began with the excavation of this unconventional grave and progressed through recovery and examination of the skeleton, determination of the cause and manner of death, and ultimately, identification of the victim. Main aspects of the septic tank system are summarized, including functional theory, physical design and components, and general comments on use and maintenance. We discuss some basic principles applicable to the excavation and examination of any human skeletal remains, and offer a general approach to identification of the decedent.

43 CFR 8224.0-2 - Objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-2... Fossil Forest, including paleontological study, excavation and interpretation projects within the Fossil...

43 CFR 8224.0-2 - Objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-2... Fossil Forest, including paleontological study, excavation and interpretation projects within the Fossil...

43 CFR 8224.0-2 - Objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-2... Fossil Forest, including paleontological study, excavation and interpretation projects within the Fossil...

43 CFR 8224.0-2 - Objectives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR RECREATION PROGRAMS PROCEDURES Fossil Forest Research Natural Area § 8224.0-2... Fossil Forest, including paleontological study, excavation and interpretation projects within the Fossil...

Recovery and Utilization of Extraterrestrial Resources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This special bibliography includes the extraction, processing, and utilization of lunar, planetary, and asteroid resources; mining and excavation equipment, oxygen and propellant production; and in situ resource utilization.

48 CFR 17.200 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... involving the construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, bridges, roads, or other kinds of real property; (b) Architect-engineer services; and (c...

48 CFR 17.200 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... involving the construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, bridges, roads, or other kinds of real property; (b) Architect-engineer services; and (c...

48 CFR 17.200 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... involving the construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, bridges, roads, or other kinds of real property; (b) Architect-engineer services; and (c...

48 CFR 17.200 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... involving the construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, bridges, roads, or other kinds of real property; (b) Architect-engineer services; and (c...

48 CFR 17.200 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... involving the construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, bridges, roads, or other kinds of real property; (b) Architect-engineer services; and (c...

Resource Prospector Mobility Test

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-06-28

Engineers wearing protecting garb, make adjustments to a lightweight simulator version of NASA's Resource Prospector undergoes a mobility test in a regolith bin at the agency's Kennedy Space center in Florida. The Resource Prospector mission aims to be the first mining expedition on another world. Operating on the moon’s poles, the robot is designed to use instruments to locate elements at a lunar polar regions, then excavate and sample resources such as hydrogen, oxygen and water. These resources could support human explores on their way to destinations such as farther into the solar system.

Resource Prospector Mobility Test

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-06-28

Outside a regolith bin at the agency's Kennedy Space center in Florida, an engineer operates controls for a lightweight simulator version of NASA's Resource Prospector during a mobility test. The Resource Prospector mission aims to be the first mining expedition on another world. Operating on the moon’s poles, the robot is designed to use instruments to locate elements at a lunar polar regions, then excavate and sample resources such as hydrogen, oxygen and water. These resources could support human explores on their way to destinations such as farther into the solar system.

GPS-Based Excavation Encroachment Notification

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-10-31

Excavation damage is the primary threat to the integrity of the natural gas distribution system. According to the Common Ground Alliance, the two primary root causes of excavation damage are failure to notify the one-call center and careless excavati...

29 CFR 1926.913 - Blasting in excavation work under compressed air.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... rock face is approaching mixed face, and when tunnel excavation is in mixed face, blasting shall be... tunnel excavation in rock face approaches mixed face, to determine the general nature and extent of rock...

29 CFR 1926.913 - Blasting in excavation work under compressed air.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... rock face is approaching mixed face, and when tunnel excavation is in mixed face, blasting shall be... tunnel excavation in rock face approaches mixed face, to determine the general nature and extent of rock...

Reducing Extra-Terrestrial Excavation Forces with Percussion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert; Schuler, Jason M.; Smith, Jonathan Drew; Nick, Andrew J.; Lippitt, Thomas

2012-01-01

High launch costs and mission requirements drive the need for low mass excavators with mobility platforms, which in turn have little traction and excavation reaction capacity in low gravity environments. This presents the need for precursor and long term future missions with low mass robotic mining technology to perform In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) tasks. This paper discusses a series of experiments that investigate the effectiveness of a percussive digging device to reduce excavation loads and thereby the mass of the excavator itself. A percussive mechanism and 30" wide pivoting bucket were attached at the end of the arm simulating a basic backhoe with a percussion direction tangent to the direction of movement. Impact energies from 13.6J to 30.5J and frequencies from 0 BPM to 700 BPM were investigated. A reduction in excavation force of as much as 50% was achieved in this experimental investigation.

Acoustic emission and ultrasonic-velocity methods used to characterise the excavation disturbance associated with deep tunnels in hard rock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Falls, Stephen D.; Young, R. Paul

1998-04-01

Acoustic emission (AE) and ultrasonic-velocity monitoring studies have been undertaken at both the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) Underground Research Laboratory (URL) and at the Swedish Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Company (SKB) Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL). At both locations the excavations were tunnels in granitic material at approximately 420 m depth. However, the stress regime was more severe at the URL Mine-by tunnel site than the HRL ZEDEX tunnel. Different parts of the ZEDEX tunnel were created using different excavation techniques. Using AE and ultrasonic techniques to study these tunnels we have been able to examine the nature of the excavation-disturbed zone around the tunnel, as well as examining the effects of different stress regimes and excavation techniques. Studies were undertaken both during and after the Mine-by tunnel excavation and during excavation in the ZEDEX tunnel. AE monitoring in the wall of the Mine-by tunnel during excavation showed that some activity occurred in the sidewall regions, but the spatial density of AE hypocentres increased toward the regions in the floor and roof of the tunnel where breakout notches formed. This sidewall activity was clustered primarily within 0.5 m of the tunnel wall. AE monitoring in the floor of the tunnel showed that small numbers of AE continued to occur in the notch region in the floor of the tunnel over 2 years after excavation was completed. This activity became more acute as the rock was heated, imposing thermally induced stresses on the volume. Ultrasonic-velocity studies both in the floor and the wall of the tunnel showed that the velocity is strongly anisotropic with the direction of slowest velocity orthogonal to the tunnel surface. The velocity increased with distance into the rock from the tunnel surface. In the floor, this effect was seen up to 2 m from the tunnel surface. Most of the change occurred within the first 0.5 m from the tunnel perimeter. At the lower-stress HRL, most of the AE again occur very close to the tunnel surface. The occurrence of AE under relatively low stress conditions suggests that the regions experiencing AE activity were damaged during the excavation process, thereby reducing their strength. The section of tunnel excavated by a tunnel-boring machine had fewer events, clustered much closer to the tunnel surface, than the sections excavated using drill and blast excavation techniques. P-wave velocity changes of only about 0.1% were experienced due to the tunnel excavation for ray paths within zero to 2 m from the tunnel surface indicating that crack damage was relatively low.

Elemental Redistribution at the Onset of Soil Genesis from Basalt as Measured in a Soil Lysimeter System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Y.; Umanzor, M.; Alves Meira Neto, A.; Sengupta, A.; Amistadi, M. K.; Root, R.; Troch, P.; Chorover, J.

2017-12-01

Elemental translocation, resulting in enrichment or depletion relative to parent rock, is a consequence of mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions of soil genesis. Accurate measurement of translocation in natural systems is complicated by factors such as parent material heterogeneity and dust deposition. In the present work, a fully controlled and monitored 10° sloping soil lysimeter with known homogeneous initial conditions, was utilized to investigate initial stages of soil genesis from 1 m3 of crushed basalt. Throughout the two-year experiment, periodic irrigation coupled with sensor measurements enabled monitoring of changes in internal moisture states. A total 15-meter water influx resulted in distinct efflux patterns, wetting and drying cycles, as well as high volume water storage. Biological changes, such as algal and grass emergence, were visible on the soil surface, and microbial colonization throughout the profile was measured in a companion study, suggesting that biogeochemical hotspots may have formed. Forensic excavation and sampling of 324 voxels captured the final state heterogeneity of the lysimeter with respect to length and depth. Total elemental concentrations and a five-step sequential extraction (SE) scheme quantified elemental redistributions into operationally-defined pools including exchangeable, poorly-crystalline (hydr)oxides, and crystalline (hydr)oxides. Data were correlated to water flux and storage that was determined from sensor and tracer data over the two years of rock-water interaction; then used to map 2D cross-sections and identify geochemical hotspots. Total and SE Fe concentrations were used to establish a governing mass balance equation, and sub mass balance equations with unique partitioning coefficients of Fe were developed for each SE pool, respectively. The results help to explain elemental (e.g., Fe) lability and redistribution due to physical and geochemical weathering during the initial stages of soil genesis.

Reducing Extra-Terrestrial Excavation Forces with Percussion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schuler, Jason; Mueller, Robert; Smith, Drew; Nick, Andrew; Lippitt, Thomas

2012-01-01

High launch costs and mission requirements drive the need for low mass excavators with mobility platforms, which in turn have little traction and excavation reaction capacity in low gravity environments. This presents the need for precursor and long term future missions with low mass robotic mining technology to perform In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) tasks. This paper discusses a series of experiments that investigate the effectiveness of a percussive digging device to reduce excavation loads and thereby the mass of the excavator itself. The goal of percussive excavation is to fluidize dry regolith in front of the leading edge of the tool by mechanically separating the microscopic interlocking grains resulting in a reduced force needed to shear the soil. There are several variables involved with this technique; this experiment varied: Impact energy, frequency, and excavation speed and held constant: impact direction, depth of cut, angle of tool, and soil bulk density. The test apparatus consisted of an aluminum truss bridge with a central pivoting arm. Attached to the arm was a winch with a load cell in line that recorded the tension in the cable and therefore the excavation load. The arm could be adjusted for excavation depth which was recorded along with the arm angle relative to the bridge. A percussive mechanism and 30" wide pivoting bucket were attached at the end of the arm simulating a basic backhoe with a percussion direction tangent to the direction of . movement. Internally the mechanism used a set of die springs and barrel cam to produce the percussive blow. By changing the springs and the speed of the motor the impact energy and frequency of percussion could be varied independently. Impact energies from 11.2J to 30.5J and frequencies from 0 BPM to 700 BPM were investigated. A reduction in excavation force of as much as 51% was achieved in this experimental investigation. Smaller percussive digging implements, tested by others, have achieved a reduction of as much as 72%. This paper will examine the effects of impact energy, frequency, scaling and their effect on excavation forces in a dry granular material such as lunar regolith. The past several years have shown an increasing interest in mining space resources both for exploration and commercial enterprises. This work studied the benefits and risks of percussive excavation and preliminry results indicate that this technique may become an enabling technology for extra-terrestrial excavation of regolith and ice.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Caries Excavation Techniques in reducing the Cariogenic Flora: An in vivo Study.

PubMed

Hassan, Afrah Fatima; Yadav, Gunjan; Tripathi, Abhay Mani; Mehrotra, Mridul; Saha, Sonali; Garg, Nishita

2016-01-01

Caries excavation is a noninvasive technique of caries removal with maximum preservation of healthy tooth structure. To compare the efficacy of three different caries excavation techniques in reducing the count of cariogenic flora. Sixty healthy primary molars were selected from 26 healthy children with occlusal carious lesions without pulpal involvement and divided into three groups in which caries excavation was done with the help of (1) carbide bur; (2) polymer bur using slow-speed handpiece; and (3) ultrasonic tip with ultrasonic machine. Samples were collected before and after caries excavation for microbiological analysis with the help of sterile sharp spoon excavator. Samples were inoculated on blood agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. After bacterial cultivation, the bacterial count of Streptococcus mutans was obtained. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13 statistical software version. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Wilcoxon matched pairs test, and Z test were performed to reveal the statistical significance. The decrease in bacterial count of S. mutans before and after caries excavation was significant (p < 0.001) in all the three groups. Carbide bur showed most efficient reduction in cariogenic flora, while ultrasonic tip showed almost comparable results, while polymer bur showed least reduction in cariogenic flora after caries excavation. Hassan AF, Yadav G, Tripathi AM, Mehrotra M, Saha S, Garg N. A Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Caries Excavation Techniques in reducing the Cariogenic Flora: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(3):214-217.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, H.R.; Overbey, W.K. Jr.; Koperna, G.J. Jr.

The purpose of this study is to assess the state-of-the-art of excavation technology as related to environmental remediation applications. A further purpose is to determine which of the excavation technologies reviewed could be used by the US Corp of Engineers in remediating contaminated soil to be excavated in the near future for construction of a new Lock and Dam at Winfield, WV. The study is designed to identify excavation methodologies and equipment which can be used at any environmental remediation site but more specifically at the Winfield site on the Kanawha River in Putnam County, West Virginia. A technical approachmore » was determined whereby a functional analysis was prepared to determine the functions to be conducted during the excavation phase of the remediation operations. A number of excavation technologies were identified from the literature. A set of screening criteria was developed that would examine the utility and ranking of the technologies with respect to the operations that needed to be conducted at the Winfield site. These criteria were performance, reliability, implementability, environmental safety, public health, and legal and regulatory compliance. The Loose Bulk excavation technology was ranked as the best technology applicable to the Winfield site. The literature was also examined to determine the success of various methods of controlling fugitive dust. Depending upon any changes in the results of chemical analyses, or prior remediation of the VOCs from the vadose zone, consideration should be given to testing a new ``Pneumatic Excavator`` which removes the VOCs liberated during the excavation process as they outgas from the soil. This equipment however would not be needed on locations with low levels of VOC emissions.« less

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 2): Higgins Farm, Franklin Township, Somerset County, NJ. (Second remedial action), September 1992. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The 75-acre Higgins Farm site is a former cattle farm in Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey. During the 1960's, municipal sludge and penicillin waste were used as fertilizers on Higgins Farm. The site also contains three holding tanks and drums containing material removed from previous remedial investigations. In 1986, the owner excavated 50 containers, including drums; however, during excavation activities, some of the containers were punctured and their contents spilled onto the ground. The ROD addresses the final action for ground water to limit future migration of contaminated ground water to offsite areas, as OU2. The primary contaminants ofmore » concern affecting the ground water are VOCs, including benzene, PCE, TCE, and xylene.« less

Effect of river excavation on a bank filtration site - assessing transient surface water - groundwater interaction by 3D heat and solute transport modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, W.; Oswald, S. E.; Munz, M.; Strasser, D.

2017-12-01

Bank filtration is widely used either as main- or pre-treatment process for water supply. The colmation of the river bottom as interface to groundwater plays a key role for hydraulic control of flow paths and location of several beneficial attenuation processes, such as pathogen filtration, mixing, biodegradation and sorption. Along the flow path, mixing happens between the `young' infiltrated water and ambient `old' groundwater. To clarify the mechanisms and their interaction, modelling is often used for analysing spatial and temporal distribution of the travelling time, quantifying mixing ratios, and estimating the biochemical reaction rates. As the most comprehensive tool, 2-D or 3-D spatially-explicit modelling is used in several studies, and for area with geological heterogeneity, the adaptation of different natural tracers could constrain the model in respect to model non-uniqueness and improve the interpretation of the flow field. In our study, we have evaluated the influence of a river excavation and bank reconstruction project on the groundwater-surface water exchange at a bank filtration site. With data from years of field site monitoring, we could include besides heads and temperature also the analysis of stable isotope data and ions to differentiate between infiltrated water and groundwater. Thus, we have set up a 3-D transient heat and mass transport groundwater model, taking the strong local geological heterogeneity into consideration, especially between river and water work wells. By transferring the effect of the river excavation into a changing hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed, model could be calibrated against both water head and temperature time-series observed. Finally, electrical conductivity dominated by river input was included as quasi-conservative tracer. The `triple' calibrated, transient model was then used to i) understand the flow field and quantify the long term changes in infiltration rate and distribution brought by the excavation ii) compare among temperature, electrical conductivity and stable isotope values calculated and interpret the performance and deviations iii) analyse from this modelling basis about the implications of the excavation induced changes on further water quality data and travelling time distributions, also with seasonal aspects.

On-farm biopurification systems: role of white rot fungi in depuration of pesticide-containing wastewaters.

PubMed

Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Carlos E; Castro-Gutiérrez, Víctor; Chin-Pampillo, Juan Salvador; Ruiz-Hidalgo, Karla

2013-08-01

Environmental contamination with pesticides is an undesired consequence of agricultural activities. Biopurification systems (BPS) comprise a novel strategy to degrade pesticides from contaminated wastewaters, consisting of a highly active biological mixture confined in a container or excavation. The design of BPS promotes microbial activity, in particular by white rot fungi (WRF). Due to their physiological features, specifically the production of highly unspecific ligninolytic enzymes and some intracellular enzymatic complexes, WRF show the ability to transform a wide range of organic pollutants. This minireview summarizes the potential participation of WRF in BPS. The first part presents the potential use of WRF in biodegradation of pollutants, particularly pesticides, and includes a brief description of the enzymatic systems involved in their oxidation. The second part presents an outline of BPS, focusing on the elements that influence the participation of WRF in their operation, and includes a summary of the studies regarding the fungal-mediated degradation of pesticides in BPS biomixtures and other solid-phase systems that mimic BPS. © 2013 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.

2012 Alabama Lunabotics Systems Engineering Paper

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baker, Justin; Ricks, Kenneth; Hull, Bethanne J.

2012-01-01

Excavation will hold a key role for future lunar missions. NASA has stated that "advances in lunar regolith mining have the potential to significantly contribute to our nation's space vision and NASA space exploration operations." [1]. The Lunabotics Mining Competition is an event hosted by NASA that is meant to encourage "the development of innovative lunar excavation concepts from universities which may result in clever ideas and solutions which could be applied to an actual lunar excavation device or payload." [2]. Teams entering the competition must "design and build a remote controlled or autonomous excavator, called a lunabot, that can collect and deposit a minimum of 10 kilograms of lunar simulant within 10 minutes." [2]. While excavation will play an important part in lunar missions, there will still be many other tasks that would benefit from robotic assistance. An excavator might not be as well suited for these tasks as other types of robots might be. For example a lightweight rover would do well with reconnaissance, and a mobile gripper arm would be fit for manipulation, while an excavator would be comparatively clumsy and slow in both cases. Even within the realm of excavation it would be beneficial to have different types of excavators for different tasks, as there are on Earth. The Alabama Lunabotics Team at the University of Alabama has made it their goal to not only design and build a robot that could compete in the Lunabotics Mining Competition, but would also be a multipurpose tool for future NASA missions. The 2010-2011 resulting robot was named the Modular Omnidirectional Lunar Excavator (MOLE). Using the Systems Engineering process and building off of two years of Lunabotics experience, the 20ll-2012 Alabama Lunabotics team (Team NASACAR) has improved the MOLE 1.0 design and optimized it for the 2012 Lunabotics Competition rules [I]. A CAD model of MOLE 2.0 can be seen below in Fig. 1.

49 CFR 192.614 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., blasting, boring, tunneling, backfilling, the removal of aboveground structures by either explosive or...) Include the identity, on a current basis, of persons who normally engage in excavation activities in the...

49 CFR 192.614 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., blasting, boring, tunneling, backfilling, the removal of aboveground structures by either explosive or...) Include the identity, on a current basis, of persons who normally engage in excavation activities in the...

49 CFR 192.614 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., blasting, boring, tunneling, backfilling, the removal of aboveground structures by either explosive or...) Include the identity, on a current basis, of persons who normally engage in excavation activities in the...

49 CFR 192.614 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., blasting, boring, tunneling, backfilling, the removal of aboveground structures by either explosive or...) Include the identity, on a current basis, of persons who normally engage in excavation activities in the...

49 CFR 192.614 - Damage prevention program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., blasting, boring, tunneling, backfilling, the removal of aboveground structures by either explosive or...) Include the identity, on a current basis, of persons who normally engage in excavation activities in the...

Middle Stone Age stratigraphy and excavations at Die Kelders Cave 1 (Western Cape Province, South Africa): the 1992, 1993, and 1995 field seasons.

PubMed

Marean, C W; Goldberg, P; Avery, G; Grine, F E; Klein, R G

2000-01-01

Die Kelders Cave 1, first excavated under the direction of Franz Schweitzer in 1969-1973, was re-excavated between 1992 and 1995 by a combined team from the South African Museum, SUNY at Stony Brook, and Stanford University. These renewed excavations enlarged the artefactual and faunal samples from the inadequately sampled and less intensively excavated lower Middle Stone Age (MSA) layers, increased our understanding of the complex site formation processes within the cave, enlarged the hominid sample from the MSA deposits, and generated ESR, TL, and OSL dates for the MSA layers. Importantly, these new excavations dramatically improved our comprehension of the vertical and lateral characteristics of the MSA stratigraphy. Surface plotting of the MSA layers has led to the identification of at least two major zones of subsidence that significantly warped the layers, draping some along the eroding surface contours of major blocks of fallen limestone roof rock. A third zone of subsidence is probably present in the older excavations. Dramatic roof falls of very large limestone blocks occurred at least twice-once in the middle of Layer 4/5 where the roof blocks were only slightly weathered after collapse, and at the top of Layer 6 where the blocks weathered heavily after collapse, producing a zone of decomposed rock around the blocks. Many of the sandy strata are cut by small and localized faults and slippages. All of the strata documented by Schweitzer's excavations are present throughout the exposed area to the west of his excavated area, where many of them thicken and become more complex. Layer 6, the thickest MSA layer, becomes less diagenetically altered and compressed to the west. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

The influence of the lysimeter filling on the soil monolith inside

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Puetz, T.; Schilling, J.; Vereecken, H.

2009-04-01

In general, lysimeters are vessels containing disturbed or undisturbed soil blocks, for the most realistic scenario with regard to real outdoor conditions an undisturbed soil block so called soil monolith is preferable. The lower boundary condition was realized in two different ways: as a zero-tension lysimeter with a perforated bottom plate or as controlled lower boundary condition with a suction plate. The optimal surface area and the lysimeter length depend mainly on the scientific question. For cropped lysimeter experiments the lysimeter length has to reflect to a maximum root length. The base area is strongly connected to the scale of observation, whereby small-scale heterogeneity will be averaged using large base areas. For our experiments lysimeters with 2.5 m length, 2 m2 base area and with a wall thickness of the round vessel of 10 mm were used. A base frame weighted down by 120 t of concrete weights is necessary to press a lysimeter cylinder into the ground by the aid of a hydraulic press. The hydraulic press is connected with the base frame via chains. Because of the control of the four hydraulic cylinders a very precise vertical pressing process is guaranteed. To visualize the impact of the lysimeter filling on the intactness of the soil monolith a finite element computation was conducted. The finite element package ANSYS Release 11 was used to execute a nonlinear static analysis on a 2D-axisymmetric finite element model, to simulate the pressing process starting from a soil initial stress state and ending with the full length of the vessel driven into the soil, after which the hydraulic press and the concrete weights are deactivated and the vessel-surrounding soil is excavated. The numerical model of the pressing process considers among other things, a cap non-associative plasticity model with shear and volumetric hardening, soil to soil contact with cohesive zone modelling, soil to vessel contact with high friction, soil excavation using element birth and death and a stagger-loop over the complete pressing process to determine the actual cutting plane

Structural and compositional analysis of a casting mold sherd from ancient China

PubMed Central

Zong, Yunbing; Yao, Shengkun; Lang, Jianfeng; Chen, Xuexiang; Fan, Jiadong; Sun, Zhibin; Duan, Xiulan; Li, Nannan; Fang, Hui; Zhou, Guangzhao; Xiao, Tiqiao; Li, Aiguo; Jiang, Huaidong

2017-01-01

Casting had symbolic significance and was strictly controlled in the Shang dynasty of ancient China. Vessel casting was mainly distributed around the Shang capital, Yin Ruins, which indicates a rigorous centralization of authority. Thus, for a casting mold to be excavated far from the capital region is rare. In addition to some bronze vessel molds excavated at the Buyao Village site, another key discovery of a bronze vessel mold occurred at Daxinzhuang. The Daxinzhuang site was a core area in the east of Shang state and is an important site to study the eastward expansion of the Shang. Here, combining synchrotron X-rays and other physicochemical analysis methods, nondestructive three-dimensional structure imaging and different elemental analyses were conducted on this mold sherd. Through high penetration X-ray tomography, we obtained insights on the internal structure and discovered some pores. We infer that the generation of pores inside the casting mold sherd was used to enhance air permeability during casting. Furthermore, we suppose that the decorative patterns on the surface were carved and not pasted onto it. Considering the previous compositional studies of bronze vessels, the copper and iron elements were analyzed by different methods. Unexpectedly, a larger amount of iron than of copper was detected on the surface. According to the data analysis and archaeological context, the source of iron on the casting mold sherd could be attributed to local soil contamination. A refined compositional analysis confirms that this casting mold was fabricated locally and used for bronze casting. PMID:28296963

Cratos: A Simple Low Power Excavation and Hauling System for Lunar Oxygen Production and General Excavation Tasks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Caruso, John J.; Greer, Lawrence C.; John, Wentworth T.; Spina, Dan C.; Krasowski, Mike J.; Abel, Phillip B.; Prokop, Norman F.; Flatico, Joseph M.; Sacksteder, Kurt R.

2007-01-01

The development of a robust excavating and hauling system for lunar and planetary excavation is critical to the NASA mission to the Moon and Mars. Cratos was developed as a low center of gravity, small (.75m x .75m x 0.3m), low power tracked test vehicle. The vehicle was modified to excavate and haul because it demonstrated good performance capabilities in a laboratory and field testing. Tested on loose sand in the SLOPE facility, the vehicle was able to pick up, carry, and dump sand, allowing it to accomplish the standard requirements delivery of material to a lunar oxygen production site. Cratos can pick up and deliver raw material to a production plant, as well as deliver spent tailings to a disposal site. The vehicle can complete many other In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) excavation chores and in conjunction with another vehicle or with additional attachments may be able to accomplish all needed ISRU tasks.

40 CFR 61.342 - Standards: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the facility, such as the excavation of contaminated soil, pumping and treatment of groundwater, and the recovery of product from soil or groundwater, are not included in the calculation of total annual...

Sequential soil transport and its influence on the spatial organisation of collective digging in leaf-cutting ants.

PubMed

Pielström, Steffen; Roces, Flavio

2013-01-01

The Chaco leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri (Forel) inhabits large and deep subterranean nests composed of a large number of fungus and refuse chambers. The ants dispose of the excavated soil by forming small pellets that are carried to the surface. For ants in general, the organisation of underground soil transport during nest building remains completely unknown. In the laboratory, we investigated how soil pellets are formed and transported, and whether their occurrence influences the spatial organisation of collective digging. Similar to leaf transport, we discovered size matching between soil pellet mass and carrier mass. Workers observed while digging excavated pellets at a rate of 26 per hour. Each excavator deposited its pellets in an individual cluster, independently of the preferred deposition sites of other excavators. Soil pellets were transported sequentially over 2 m, and the transport involved up to 12 workers belonging to three functionally distinct groups: excavators, several short-distance carriers that dropped the collected pellets after a few centimetres, and long-distance, last carriers that reached the final deposition site. When initiating a new excavation, the proportion of long-distance carriers increased from 18% to 45% within the first five hours, and remained unchanged over more than 20 hours. Accumulated, freshly-excavated pellets significantly influenced the workers' decision where to start digging in a choice experiment. Thus, pellets temporarily accumulated as a result of their sequential transport provide cues that spatially organise collective nest excavation.

Zero Horizontal Reaction Force Excavator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P. (Inventor); Nick, Andrew J. (Inventor); Schuler, Jason M. (Inventor); Smith, Jonathan D. (Inventor)

2015-01-01

An excavator includes a mobile chassis with a first bucket drum and a second bucket drum coupled thereto. The first bucket drum and second bucket drum are coupled to the chassis for positioning thereof on the surface at opposing ends of the chassis. Each first scoop on the first bucket drum is a mirror image of one second scoop on the second bucket drum when (i) the first bucket drum and second bucket drum are on the surface adjacent opposing ends of the chassis, and (ii) the first bucket drum is rotated in one direction and the second bucket drum is simultaneously rotated in an opposing direction.

Enhancement and creation of secondary channel habitat: Review of project performance across a range of project types and settings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Epstein, J.; Lind, P.

2017-12-01

Secondary channels provide critical off-channel habitat for key life stages of aquatic species. In many systems, interruption of natural processes via anthropogenic influences have reduced the quantity of secondary channel habitat and have impaired the processes that help form and maintain them. Creation and enhancement of secondary channels is therefore a key component of stream rehabilitation, particularly in the Pacific Northwest where the focus has been on enhancement of habitat for ESA-listed salmonids. Secondary channel enhancement varies widely in scope, scale, and approach depending on species requirements, hydrology/hydraulics, geomorphologic setting, sediment dynamics, and human constraints. This presentation will review case studies from numerous secondary channel projects constructed over the last 20 years by different entities and in different settings. Lessons learned will be discussed that help to understand project performance and inform future project design. A variety of secondary channel project types will be reviewed, including mainstem flow splits, year-round flow through, seasonally activated, backwater alcove, natural groundwater-fed, and engineered groundwater-fed (i.e. groundwater collection galleries). Projects will be discussed that span a range of project construction intensities, such as full excavation of side channels, select excavation to increase flow, or utilizing mainstem structures to activate channels. Different configurations for connecting to the main channel, and their relative performance, will also be presented. A variety of connection types will be discussed including stabilized channel entrance, free-formed entrance, using bar apex jams to split flows, using `bleeder' jams to limit secondary channel flow, and obstructing the main channel to divert flows into secondary channels. The performance and longevity of projects will be discussed, particularly with respect to the response to sediment mobilizing events. Lessons learned from design, construction, and monitoring will be synthesized to share what worked and what didn't, and what key elements a practitioner should think about as part of enhancement project design.

From LIDAR Scanning to 3d FEM Analysis for Complex Surface and Underground Excavations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chun, K.; Kemeny, J.

2017-12-01

Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) has been a prevalent remote-sensing technology applied in the geological fields due to its high precision and ease to use. One of the major applications is to use the detailed geometrical information of underground structures as a basis for the generation of three-dimensional numerical model that can be used in FEM analysis. To date, however, straightforward techniques in reconstructing numerical model from the scanned data of underground structures have not been well established or tested. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive approach integrating from LIDAR scanning to finite element numerical analysis, specifically converting LIDAR 3D point clouds of object containing complex surface geometry into finite element model. This methodology has been applied to the Kartchner Caverns in Arizona for the stability analysis. Numerical simulations were performed using the finite element code ABAQUS. The results indicate that the highlights of our technologies obtained from LIDAR is effective and provide reference for other similar engineering project in practice.

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 4): Aberdeen Pesticide Dumps, Moore County, Aberdeen, NC. (First remedial action), (Amendment), September 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-09-30

The Aberdeen Pesticide Dumps site consists of a plant area and four disposal areas in Aberdeen, Moore County, North Carolina. The five areas are Farm Chemicals, Twin Sites, Fairway Six, McIver Dump, and Route 211. Ground water is the main source of drinking water for local residents. After investigations by EPA's Emergency Response Section in 1985 and 1986, several removal actions were conducted, including removing surface contaminants, drums, and soil in several areas. The ROD concurrently addresses surface and subsurface soil contamination. The amended remedial action for this site includes conducting a treatability study using thermal desorption; excavating and treatingmore » a total of 123,933 cubic yards of soil from all five areas including previously excavated soil from the Fairway Six and McIver Dump areas using an onsite thermal desorption process that includes an activated carbon adsorption to treat off-gases, followed by offsite incineration of residual organics.« less

Telerobotic Excavator Designed to Compete in NASA's Lunabotics Mining Competition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nash, Rodney; Santin, Cara; Yousef, Ahmed; Nguyen, Thien; Helferty, John; Pillapakkam, Shriram

2011-01-01

The second annual NASA Lunabotics Mining competition is to be held in May 23-28, 2011. The goal of the competition is for teams of university level students to design, build, test and compete with a fully integrated lunar excavator on a simulated lunar surface. Our team, named Lunar Solutions I, will be representing Temple University's College of Engineering in the competition. The team's main goal was to build a robot which is able to compete with other teams, and ultimately win the competition. The main challenge of the competition was to build a wireless robot that can excavate and collect a minimum of 10 kilograms of the regolith material within 15 minutes. The robot must also be designed to operate in conditions similar to those found on the lunar surface. The design of the lunar excavator is constrained by a set of requirements determined by NASA and detailed in the competition's rulebook. The excavator must have the ability to communicate with the "main base" wirelessly, and over a Wi-Fi network. Human operators are located at a remote site approximately 60 meters away from the simulated lunar surface upon which the robot must excavate the lunar regolith surface. During the competition, the robot will operate in a separate area from the control room in an area referred to as the "Lunarena." From the control room, the operators will have to control the robot using visual feedback from cameras placed both within the arena and on the robot. Using this visual feedback the human operators control the robots movement using both keyboard and joystick commands. In order to place in the competition, a minimum of 10 kg of regolith material has to be excavated, collected, and dumped into a specific location. For that reason, the robot must be provided with an effective and powerful excavation system. Our excavator uses tracks for the drive system. After performing extensive research and trade studies, we concluded that tracks would be the most effective method for transporting the excavator. When designing the excavation system, we analyzed several design options from the previous year's competition. We decided to use a front loader to collect the material, rather than a conveyer belt system or auger. Many of the designs from last year's competition used a conveyer belt mechanism to mine regolith and dump it into a temporary storage bin place on the robot. Using the front end loader approach allowed us to combine the scooping system and storage unit, which meant that the excavation system required less space.

Excavated Soils Management Plan for AOCs 44 and 52, Fort Devens

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-05-01

I FORT DEVENS AOCs 44 AND 52 I I I FINAL EXCAVATED SOILS MANAGEMENT PLAN DATA ITEM A009I I U 20070424310 I CONTRACT DAAA15-91-D-0008 I U.S. ARMY...obselete FINAL EXCAVATED SOILS MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR AOCs 44 AND 52 FORT DEVENS Prepared for. U.S. Army Enviromnental Center Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland...BLANK 3 I I I I I I I I I I FINAL EXCAVATED SOILS MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR AOCs 44 AND 52 FORT DEVENS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Section Title Page No. 1.0

Leaching of different elements from subbase layers of alternative aggregates in pavement constructions.

PubMed

Flyhammar, P; Bendz, D

2006-09-01

The objective of this study was to analyze the accumulated effects of leaching in two test roads were municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash and aggregate from a railway embankment, respectively, were used as subbase aggregates. Solid samples from the subbase and the subgrade were collected in trenches, which were excavated perpendicular to the road extension. The samples were analyzed with respect to pH, water content, electrical conductivity and extractable fractions of macro and trace constituents. To conclude, spatial distribution patterns of different constituents in subbase and subgrade layers confirms the existence of two major transport processes in a road with permeable shoulders: diffusion underneath surface asphalt layers driven by a concentration gradient directed horizontally towards the shoulder of the road where the dissolved elements are carried away by advection.

Chronology and petrogenesis of a 1.8 g lunar granitic clast:14321,1062

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shih, C.-Y.; Bansal, B. M.; Wiesmann, H.; Nyquist, L. E.; Bogard, D. D.; Wooden, J. L.

1985-01-01

Geochronological, isotopic, and trace element data for a pristine granite clast from Apollo 14 breccia 14321 obtained using Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and (Ar-39)-(Ar-40) methods are presented. Trace element data for a possibly related evolved rock, the quartz-monodiorite clast from breccia 15404 are also presented, and the relationship between these two rock types is discussed. The concordancy of the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd internal isochron ages and especially the Rb-Sr model age strongly suggest that the granite clast formed 4.1 AE ago. It probably crystallized slowly in the crust and was later excavated and brecciated about 3.88 AE ago, as indicated by the Ar-Ar age. A two-stage model involving crystal fractionation followed by silicate liquid immiscibility is proposed for the lunar granite genesis.

Evaluation of elemental status of ancient human bone samples from Northeastern Hungary dated to the 10th century AD by XRF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

János, I.; Szathmáry, L.; Nádas, E.; Béni, A.; Dinya, Z.; Máthé, E.

2011-11-01

The present study is a multielemental analysis of bone samples belonging to skeletal individuals originating from two contemporaneous (10th century AD) cemeteries (Tiszavasvári Nagy-Gyepáros and Nagycserkesz-Nádasibokor sites) in Northeastern Hungary, using the XRF analytical technique. Emitted X-rays were detected in order to determine the elemental composition of bones and to appreciate the possible influence of the burial environment on the elemental content of the human skeletal remains. Lumbar vertebral bodies were used for analysis. Applying the ED(P)XRF technique concentration of the following elements were determined: P, Ca, K, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Br and Sr. The results indicated post mortem mineral exchange between the burial environment (soil) and bones (e.g. the enhanced levels of Fe and Mn) and referred to diagenetic alteration processes during burials. However, other elements such as Zn, Sr and Br seemed to be accumulated during the past life. On the basis of statistical analysis, clear separation could not be observed between the two excavation sites in their bone elemental concentrations which denoted similar diagenetic influences, environmental conditions. The enhanced levels of Sr might be connected with the past dietary habits, especially consumption of plant food.

Simultaneous leaching of arsenite, arsenate, selenite and selenate, and their migration in tunnel-excavated sedimentary rocks: I. Column experiments under intermittent and unsaturated flow.

PubMed

Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar; Sasaki, Ryosuke; Igarashi, Toshifumi; Park, Ilhwan; Tamoto, Shuichi; Arima, Takahiko; Ito, Mayumi; Hiroyoshi, Naoki

2017-11-01

Rocks excavated in tunnel construction projects for roads and railways throughout Japan often leached out hazardous trace elements like arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) upon their exposure to the environment. In nature, the various oxyanionic species of As and Se not only coexist but also exhibit contrasting adsorption-desorption behaviors, so speciation is a crucial factor in their migration through natural geologic media. In this study, the leaching and transport of arsenite (As III ), arsenate (As V ), selenite (Se IV ) and selenate (Se VI ) in four tunnel-excavated rocks from the Cretaceous-Paleocene Yezo forearc basin were investigated using laboratory column experiments supplemented by batch leaching experiments. The single- and consecutive-batch leaching results revealed that As III , As V , Se IV and Se VI were released simultaneously, which could be attributed to the rapid dissolution of trace evaporite salts found in the rocks. Arsenic in the leachates was also predominated by As V while Se IV and Se VI concentrations were nearly equal, which are both consistent with predictions of equilibrium Eh-pH diagrams. Under intermittent and unsaturated flow, however, periods when As III and Se VI predominated in the effluents were observed. Spatial distributions of As and Se species with depth at the end of the column experiments suggest that migrations of As III , As V and Se IV were delayed, the extent of which depended on the rock. These results indicate that migration and speciation of As and Se in the rocks are controlled by preferential adsorption-desorption reactions, the effects of which were most probably magnified by changes in the pH and concentrations of coexisting ions due to intermittent and unsaturated flow. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

32 CFR 767.9 - Content of permit holder's final report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... RULES APPLICATION GUIDELINES FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PERMITS ON SHIP AND AIRCRAFT WRECKS UNDER THE... survey and/or excavation process; and (h) An evaluation of the completed permitted activity that includes...

32 CFR 767.9 - Content of permit holder's final report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... RULES APPLICATION GUIDELINES FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PERMITS ON SHIP AND AIRCRAFT WRECKS UNDER THE... survey and/or excavation process; and (h) An evaluation of the completed permitted activity that includes...

32 CFR 767.9 - Content of permit holder's final report.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... RULES APPLICATION GUIDELINES FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PERMITS ON SHIP AND AIRCRAFT WRECKS UNDER THE... survey and/or excavation process; and (h) An evaluation of the completed permitted activity that includes...

48 CFR 22.300 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... contracts that may require or involve laborers or mechanics. In this subpart, the term laborers or mechanics... perform services in connection with dredging or rock excavation in rivers or harbors, but does not include...

48 CFR 22.300 - Scope of subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... contracts that may require or involve laborers or mechanics. In this subpart, the term laborers or mechanics... perform services in connection with dredging or rock excavation in rivers or harbors, but does not include...

Overhill Cherokee archaeology at Chota-Tanasee

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schroedl, G.F.

1986-01-01

The initial objective of the Tellico Archaeological Project was the study of Overhill Cherokee culture, emphasizing the excavation of Chota-Tanasee. In keeping with contemporary archaeological research, the project goals eventually incorporated a regional perspective of human cultural adaptation for the past 12,000 yrs. Nevertheless, Overhill Cherokee studies remained a prominent project focus, and what began at Chota-Tanasee was expanded to include Citico, Toqua, Tomotley, and Mialoquo. Other sites produced additional Cherokee materials and important excavations were made at contemporary Euro-American settlements including Fort Loudoun and the Tellico Blockhouse. There now exists comprehensive data for the eighteenth century Overhill Cherokee. Themore » Chota-Tanasee studies presented in previous chapters and the comparative synthesis presented here as a result have helped fulfill the goals of Overhill Cherokee studies in the lower Little Tennessee River valley.« less

Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups".

PubMed

Hampl, Vladimir; Hug, Laura; Leigh, Jessica W; Dacks, Joel B; Lang, B Franz; Simpson, Alastair G B; Roger, Andrew J

2009-03-10

Nearly all of eukaryotic diversity has been classified into 6 suprakingdom-level groups (supergroups) based on molecular and morphological/cell-biological evidence; these are Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, Chromalveolata, and Excavata. However, molecular phylogeny has not provided clear evidence that either Chromalveolata or Excavata is monophyletic, nor has it resolved the relationships among the supergroups. To establish the affinities of Excavata, which contains parasites of global importance and organisms regarded previously as primitive eukaryotes, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of a dataset of 143 proteins and 48 taxa, including 19 excavates. Previous phylogenomic studies have not included all major subgroups of Excavata, and thus have not definitively addressed their interrelationships. The enigmatic flagellate Andalucia is sister to typical jakobids. Jakobids (including Andalucia), Euglenozoa and Heterolobosea form a major clade that we name Discoba. Analyses of the complete dataset group Discoba with the mitochondrion-lacking excavates or "metamonads" (diplomonads, parabasalids, and Preaxostyla), but not with the final excavate group, Malawimonas. This separation likely results from a long-branch attraction artifact. Gradual removal of rapidly-evolving taxa from the dataset leads to moderate bootstrap support (69%) for the monophyly of all Excavata, and 90% support once all metamonads are removed. Most importantly, Excavata robustly emerges between unikonts (Amoebozoa + Opisthokonta) and "megagrouping" of Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, and chromalveolates. Our analyses indicate that Excavata forms a monophyletic suprakingdom-level group that is one of the 3 primary divisions within eukaryotes, along with unikonts and a megagroup of Archaeplastida, Rhizaria, and the chromalveolate lineages.

Remote detection of magmatic water in Bullialdus crater on the Moon

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klima, Rachel L.; Cahill, John; Hagerty, Justin J.; Lawrence, David

2013-01-01

Once considered dry compared with Earth, laboratory analyses of igneous components of lunar samples have suggested that the Moon’s interior is not entirely anhydrous. Water and hydroxyl have also been detected from orbit on the lunar surface, but these have been attributed to nonindigenous sources, such as interactions with the solar wind. Magmatic lunar volatiles—evidence for water indigenous to the lunar interior—have not previously been detected remotely. Here we analyse spectroscopic data from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) and report that the central peak of Bullialdus Crater is significantly enhanced in hydroxyl relative to its surroundings. We suggest that the strong and localized hydroxyl absorption features are inconsistent with a surficial origin. Instead, they are consistent with hydroxyl bound to magmatic minerals that were excavated from depth by the impact that formed Bullialdus Crater. Furthermore, estimates of thorium concentration in the central peak using data from the Lunar Prospector orbiter indicate an enhancement in incompatible elements, in contrast to the compositions of water-bearing lunar samples. We suggest that the hydroxyl-bearing material was excavated from a magmatic source that is distinct from that of samples analysed thus far.

2010 NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate: Lunabotics Mining Competition Systems Engineering Paper

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2010-01-01

A fast growing approach in determining the best design concept for a problem is to hold a competition in which the rules are based on requirements similar to the actual problem. By going public with such competitions, sponsoring entities receive some of the most innovative engineering solutions in a fraction of the time and cost it would have taken to develop such concepts internally. Space exploration is a large benefactor of such design competitions as seen by the results of X-Prize Foundation and NASA lunar excavation competitions [1]. The results of NASA's past lunar excavator challenges has led to the need for an effective means of collecting lunar regolith in the absence of human beings. The 2010 Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) Lunar Excavation Challenge was created "to engage and retain students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, or STEM, in a competitive environment that may result in innovative ideas and solutions, which could be applied to actual lunar excavation for NASA." [2]. The ESMD Challenge calls for "teams to use telerobotics or autonomous operations to excavate at least 10kg of lunar regolith simulant in a 15 minute time limit" [2]. The Systems Engineering approach was used in accordance with Auburn University's mechanical engineering senior design course (MECH 4240-50) to develop a telerobotic lunar excavator, seen in Fig. 1, that fulfilled requirements imposed by the NASA ESMD Competition Rules. The goal of the senior design project was to have a validated lunar excavator that would be used in the NASA ESMD lunar excavation challenge.

A Top Pilot Tunnel Preconditioning Method for the Prevention of Extremely Intense Rockbursts in Deep Tunnels Excavated by TBMs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Chuanqing; Feng, Xiating; Zhou, Hui; Qiu, Shili; Wu, Wenping

2012-05-01

The headrace tunnels at the Jinping II Hydropower Station cross the Jinping Mountain with a maximum overburden depth of 2,525 m, where 80% of the strata along the tunnels consist of marble. A number of extremely intense rockbursts occurred during the excavation of the auxiliary tunnels and the drainage tunnel. In particular, a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was destroyed by an extremely intense rockburst in a 7.2-m-diameter drainage tunnel. Two of the four subsequent 12.4-m-diameter headrace tunnels will be excavated with larger size TBMs, where a high risk of extremely intense rockbursts exists. Herein, a top pilot tunnel preconditioning method is proposed to minimize this risk, in which a drilling and blasting method is first recommended for the top pilot tunnel excavation and support, and then the TBM excavation of the main tunnel is conducted. In order to evaluate the mechanical effectiveness of this method, numerical simulation analyses using the failure approaching index, energy release rate, and excess shear stress indices are carried out. Its construction feasibility is discussed as well. Moreover, a microseismic monitoring technique is used in the experimental tunnel section for the real-time monitoring of the microseismic activities of the rock mass in TBM excavation and for assessing the effect of the top pilot tunnel excavation in reducing the risk of rockbursts. This method is applied to two tunnel sections prone to extremely intense rockbursts and leads to a reduction in the risk of rockbursts in TBM excavation.

Double keystone bird in a keystone species complex.

PubMed

Daily, G C; Ehrlich, P R; Haddad, N M

1993-01-15

Species in a Colorado subalpine ecosystem show subtle interdependences. Red-naped sapsuckers play two distinct keystone roles. They excavate nest cavities in fungus-infected aspens that are required as nest sites by two species of swallows, and they drill sap wells into willows that provide abundant nourishment for themselves, hummingbirds, orange-crowned warblers, chipmunks, and an array of other sap robbers. The swallows thus depend on, and the sap robbers benefit from, a keystone species complex comprised of sapsuckers, willows, aspens, and a heartwood fungus. Disappearance of any element of the complex could cause an unanticipated unraveling of the community.

Visualization of lunar excavation test in NASA Glenn's GRUVE Lab

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-12-31

Calvin Robinson of NASA Glenn's GVIS Team demonstrates a visualization of an excavation test conducted at NASA Glenn Research Center's SLOPE Lab ( https://rt.grc.nasa.gov/main/rlc/simu... ) . The visualization shows the flow of a lunar soil simulant as it flows in and past a proposed excavation bucket.

29 CFR 1926.913 - Blasting in excavation work under compressed air.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 8 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Blasting in excavation work under compressed air. 1926.913... Use of Explosives § 1926.913 Blasting in excavation work under compressed air. (a) Detonators and... connecting wires are connected up. (b) When detonators or explosives are brought into an air lock, no...

Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot Excavator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P.; Smith, Jonathan D.; Ebert, Thomas; Cox, Rachel; Rahmatian, Laila; Wood, James; Schuler, Jason; Nick, Andrew

2013-01-01

The Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR) excavator robot is a teleoperated mobility platform with a space regolith excavation capability. This more compact, lightweight design (<50 kg) has counterrotating bucket drums, which results in a net-zero reaction horizontal force due to the self-cancellation of the symmetrical, equal but opposing, digging forces.

Gravity anomaly at a Pleistocene lake bed in NW Alaska interpreted by analogy with Greenland's Lake Taserssauq and its floating ice tongue

USGS Publications Warehouse

Barnes, D.F.

1987-01-01

A possible example of a very deep glacial excavation is provided by a distinctive gravity low located at the front of a valley glacier that once flowed into glacial Lake Aniuk (formerly Lake Noatak) in the western Brooks Range. Geologic and geophysical data suggest that sediments or ice filling a glacially excavated valley are the most probable cause of the 30-50 mGal anomaly. Reasonable choices of geometric models and density contrasts indicate that the former excavation is now filled with a buried-ice thickness of 700 m or sediment thicknesses greater than 1 km. No direct evidence of efficient excavation was observed in Greenland, but efficient glacial erosion behind a floating polar ice tongue could explain the excavation that caused the Alaskan gravity anomaly. -from Author

Lunabotics Mining Competition: Inspiration through Accomplishment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P.

2012-01-01

Space Mining for resources such as water ice, and regolith, which contain many elements in the form of metals, minerals, volatiles and other compounds, is a necessary step in Space Resource Utilization. One of the primary goals is to extract propellants from the regolith such as oxygen and hydrogen which could then be used for in-space transportation. In addition, the space mining system can be used for various construction tasks that can benefit human and robotic exploration as well as scientific investigations based on the exposed topography. The National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) Lunabotics Mining Competition is a university-level competition designed to engage and retain students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). NASA will directly benefit from the competition by encouraging the development of innovative lunar excavation concepts from universities which may result in clever ideas and solutions which could be applied to an actual lunar excavation device or payload. The challenge is for students to design and build a remote controlled or autonomous excavator, called a lunabot, that can collect and deposit a minimum of 10 kilograms of lunar simulant within 15 minutes. The complexities of the challenge include the abrasive characteristics of the lunar simulant, the weight and size limitations of the lunabot, and the ability to control the lunabot from a remote control center or operate autonomously. This paper will present an update of the results and lessons learned during the first and second annual Lunabotics Mining Competitions held in May 2010 and May 2011. It will also preview the 2012 competition with a review of the revised rules. In 2010,22 United States (US) universities competed, and in May 2011 the competition was opened to international participation. In 2011, 36 teams actually competed from 26 USA states and 4 foreign countries (India, Bangladesh, Colombia and Canada). This combined total directly inspired an estimated 653 university students. In 2012 more students and the public will be engaged via internet broadcasting and social networking media. The various designs will be cataloged and categorized to provide information to future Lunabotics mining robot designers and competitors. It is also expected to be of value for actual future space missions, as knowledge is gained from testing many innovative prototypes in simulated lunar regolith.

Corrective action plan for corrective action Unit 342: Area 23 Mercury Fire Training Pit, Nevada Test Site, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nacht, S.

1999-08-01

The Mercury Fire Training Pit is a former fire training area located in Area 23 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The Mercury Fire Training Pit was used from approximately 1965 to the early 1990s to train fire-fighting personnel at the NTS, and encompasses an area approximately 107 meters (m) (350 feet [ft]) by 137 m (450 ft). The Mercury Fire Training Pit formerly included a bermed burn pit with four small burn tanks, four large above ground storage tanks an overturned bus, a telephone pole storage area, and areas for burning sheds, pallets, and cables. Closure activities will includemore » excavation of the impacted soil in the aboveground storage tank and burn pit areas to a depth of 1.5 m (5 ft), and excavation of the impacted surface soil downgradient of the former ASTs and burnpit areas to a depth of 0.3 m (1 ft). Excavated soil will be disposed in the Area 6 Hydrocarbon Landfill at the NTS.« less

Trade and Industry at Africa's Hub: Petrography of Pottery from Meroe, Sudan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mason, R.; Grzymski, K.

2009-04-01

The ancient city of Meroë lies about 200 km northeast of Khartoum, on the Nile River. Apart from being the centre of a number of important Nubian kingdoms, such as that of the Kushites (circa 800 BCE - 350 CE), it was always a major hub for trade between ancient Egypt and the rest of Africa, and also for local production of various commodities, particularly including gold. Excavations at the site by a team from the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) of Toronto and the University of Khartoum have continued the research of Peter Shinnie, aimed at unraveling the history of the site and its contact with Egypt and Africa (Grzymski 2003). Petrographic analysis of pottery from the ROM/Khartoum excavations and also Shinnie's excavations, also stored at the ROM, is aimed at examining the diversity of local production and raw material procurement and processing, and also identifying imported ceramics to give a better idea of the archaeologically determinable contacts of Meroë with Egypt and the rest of Africa. Reference: Grzymski, K. A., 2003, "Meroe Reports I," Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Publication XVII, Toronto.

Close Range Photogrammetry Applied to the Documentation of AN Archaeological Site in Gaza Strip, Palestine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alby, E.; Elter, R.; Ripoche, C.; Quere, N.; de Strasbourg, INSA

2013-07-01

In a geopolitical very complex context as the Gaza Strip it has to be dealt with an enhancement of an archaeological site. This site is the monastery of St. Hilarion. To enable a cultural appropriation of a place with several identified phases of occupation must undertake extensive archaeological excavation. Excavate in this geographical area is to implement emergency excavations, so the aim of such a project can be questioned for each mission. Real estate pressure is also a motivating setting the documentation because the large population density does not allow systematic studies of underground before construction projects. This is also during the construction of a road that the site was discovered. Site dimensions are 150 m by 80 m. It is located on a sand dune, 300 m from the sea. To implement the survey, four different levels of detail have been defined for terrestrial photogrammetry. The first level elements are similar to objects, capitals, fragment of columns, tiles for example. Modeling of small objects requires the acquisition of very dense point clouds (density: 1 point / 1 mm on average). The object must then be a maximum area of the sensor of the camera, while retaining in the field of view a reference pattern for the scaling of the point cloud generated. The pictures are taken at a short distance from the object, using the images at full resolution. The main obstacle to the modeling of objects is the presence of noise partly due to the studied materials (sand, smooth rock), which do not favor the detection of points of interest quality. Pretreatments of the cloud will be achieved meticulously since the ouster of points on a surface of a small object results in the formation of a hole with a lack of information, useful to resulting mesh. Level 2 focuses on the stratigraphic units such as mosaics. The monastery of St. Hilarion identifies thirteen floors of which has been documented years ago by silver photographs, scanned later. Modeling of pavements is to obtain a three-dimensional model of the mosaic in particular to analyze the subsidence, which it may be subjected. The dense point cloud can go beyond by including the geometric shapes of the pavement. The calculation mesh using high-density point cloud colorization allows cloud sufficient to final rendering. Levels 3 and 4 will allow the survey and representation of loci and sectors. Their modeling can be done by colored mesh or textured by a generic pattern but also by geometric primitives. This method requires the segmentation simple geometrical elements and creates a surface geometry by analysis of the sample points. Statistical tools allow the extraction plans meet the requirements of the operator can monitor quantitatively the quality of the final rendering. Each level has constraints on the accuracy of survey and types of representation especially from the point clouds, which are detailed in the complete article.

The Haw River Sites: Archaeological Investigations at Two Stratified Sites in the North Carolina Piedmont. Volume III.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

Excavation Unit 5 - Square 8 - Level 4 - Feature 12 - n - 12 (ID numbers 368-379 in Appendix 3, Table 3) Vessel II Block C - Excavation Unit 6 - Square 8...Level 4 - Feature 7 - See Figure 7.13 - n 38 (ID numbers 380-417 In Appendix 3, Table 3) OO Vessel Ill Block C - Excavation Unit 7 - Square 1 - levels...4-8 - Feature 5 - See Figure 7.12 - n - 90 (ID numbers 418-507 In Appendix 3, Table 3) Vessel IV Block C - Excavation Unit 7 - Square 1 - Levels 4-8

76 FR 43319 - Record of Decision for the Continued Operation of the Y-12 National Security Complex

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-20

...; visual resources; site infrastructure; traffic and transportation; geology and soils; air quality and... excavation, soil characterization, transportation or disposal associated with the UPF. Response. The Y-12 Final SWEIS includes an analysis of the impacts of the UPF construction, including soil disturbance...

Microbial excavation of solid carbonates powered by P-type ATPase-mediated transcellular Ca2+ transport.

PubMed

Garcia-Pichel, Ferran; Ramírez-Reinat, Edgardo; Gao, Qunjie

2010-12-14

Some microbes, among them a few species of cyanobacteria, are able to excavate carbonate minerals, from limestone to biogenic carbonates, including coral reefs, in a bioerosive activity that directly links biological and geological parts of the global carbon cycle. The physiological mechanisms that enable such endolithic cyanobacteria to bore, however, remain unknown. In fact, their boring constitutes a geochemical paradox, in that photoautotrophic metabolism will tend to precipitate carbonates, not dissolve them. We developed a stable microbe/mineral boring system based on a cyanobacterial isolate, strain BC008, with which to study the process of microbial excavation directly in the laboratory. Measurements of boring into calcite under different light regimes, and an analysis of photopigment content and photosynthetic rates along boring filaments, helped us reject mechanisms based on the spatial or temporal separation of alkali versus Acid-generating metabolism (i.e., photosynthesis and respiration). Instead, extracellular Ca(2+) imaging of boring cultures in vivo showed that BC008 was able to take up Ca(2+) at the excavation front, decreasing the local extracellular ion activity product of calcium carbonate enough to promote spontaneous dissolution there. Intracellular Ca(2+) was then transported away along the multicellular cyanobacterial trichomes and excreted at the distal borehole opening into the external medium. Inhibition assays and gene expression analyses indicate that the uptake and transport was driven by P-type Ca(2+)-ATPases. We believe such a chemically simple and biologically sophisticated mechanism for boring to be unparalleled among bacteria.

Woodpecker Excavation and Use of Cavities in Polystyrene Snags

Treesearch

Richard N. Conner; Daniel Saenz

1996-01-01

We examined woodpecker excavation and use of artificial polystyrene snags in four forest types in eastern Texas for five years. Twenty-three of 47 artificial snags were used by Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) for cavity excavation and subsequent nocturnal roosting; they did not use the artificial snags for nesting. Although six ather species of woodpeckers...

Woodpecker woes: the right tree can be hard to find

Treesearch

Natasha Vizcarra; Teresa. Lorenz

2017-01-01

Woodpeckers and other cavity-excavating birds worldwide are keystone species. These birds excavate their nests out of solid wood, and because their nests are often well protected against predators and the environment, other species use and compete for their old, vacant nests. The presence of cavity-excavating birds in forests has far-reaching effects on species...

Failure Mechanisms and Evolution Assessment of the Excavation Damaged Zones in a Large-Scale and Deeply Buried Underground Powerhouse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hai-bo; Liu, Ming-chang; Xing, Wan-bo; Shao, Shuai; Zhou, Jia-wen

2017-07-01

The Jinping I underground powerhouse is deeply buried and is one of the largest underground powerhouses in China. As a result of high levels of in situ stress, complex geological conditions and the effects of excavation in adjacent caverns, the surrounding rock mass has been severely deformed and broken, and excavation damaged zones (EDZs) have become major obstacles to the design of cavern excavation and support. Field investigations and monitoring data indicated that there are two main modes of failure: high tangential stress induced failure and progressive failure, which have occurred on the mountain side and the river valley side of the Jinping I underground powerhouse. These two main modes of failure were due to strong secondary principal stress forces in the sub-parallel directions and sub-vertical directions, acting on the axes of the main powerhouse on the mountain side and on the river valley side, respectively. Deformations and EDZs on the river valley side were generally larger than those found along the mountain side, and the distribution of deformations was consistent with the distribution of EDZs. The evolution of the EDZ on the river valley side has clearly been time dependent, especially along the downstream arch abutment, and the EDZ was considerably enlarged with further excavation. Additionally, the deformation of the surrounding rock mass was first initiated from the edge of the excavation area and gradually extended to deeper areas away from the opening. However, the EDZ on the mountain side was enlarged only during the first two phases of excavation. The extension of pre-existing cracks and the creation of new fractures has mainly occurred in the oldest EDZ section, and the HDZ has been visibly enlarged, whereas the EDZ has shown little change in other excavation phases.

Energy-saving analysis of hydraulic hybrid excavator based on common pressure rail.

PubMed

Shen, Wei; Jiang, Jihai; Su, Xiaoyu; Karimi, Hamid Reza

2013-01-01

Energy-saving research of excavators is becoming one hot topic due to the increasing energy crisis and environmental deterioration recently. Hydraulic hybrid excavator based on common pressure rail (HHEC) provides an alternative with electric hybrid excavator because it has high power density and environment friendly and easy to modify based on the existing manufacture process. This paper is focused on the fuel consumption of HHEC and the actuator dynamic response to assure that the new system can save energy without sacrificing performance. Firstly, we introduce the basic principle of HHEC; then, the sizing process is presented; furthermore, the modeling period which combined mathematical analysis and experiment identification is listed. Finally, simulation results show that HHEC has a fast dynamic response which can be accepted in engineering and the fuel consumption can be reduced 21% to compare the original LS excavator and even 32% after adopting another smaller engine.

Energy-Saving Analysis of Hydraulic Hybrid Excavator Based on Common Pressure Rail

PubMed Central

Jiang, Jihai; Su, Xiaoyu

2013-01-01

Energy-saving research of excavators is becoming one hot topic due to the increasing energy crisis and environmental deterioration recently. Hydraulic hybrid excavator based on common pressure rail (HHEC) provides an alternative with electric hybrid excavator because it has high power density and environment friendly and easy to modify based on the existing manufacture process. This paper is focused on the fuel consumption of HHEC and the actuator dynamic response to assure that the new system can save energy without sacrificing performance. Firstly, we introduce the basic principle of HHEC; then, the sizing process is presented; furthermore, the modeling period which combined mathematical analysis and experiment identification is listed. Finally, simulation results show that HHEC has a fast dynamic response which can be accepted in engineering and the fuel consumption can be reduced 21% to compare the original LS excavator and even 32% after adopting another smaller engine. PMID:24194683

Choice of rock excavation method for tramway tunnel in Zurich

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andráskay, E.; Ramer, E.; Berger, E.

1983-02-01

Within the city of Zurich a new tramway line is under construction. One section consists of a tunnel, 350 m long, which is to be built undergound. Different rock excavation methods were evaluated for this tunnel in the light of the many constraints given by the urban environment, such as disturbance of residents in nearby residential houses and closeness of other structures (bridges, road tunnel, university laboratory with vibration-sensitive equipment, etc.). The excavation methods considered were blasting, hydraulic hammer, bulldozer with ripper tooth and mechanical boring with roadheader. The evaluation was made on the basis of vibrations and noise caused by the different excavation methods and on the basis of their respective construction time and cost. Finally the decisions which led to the choice of the excavation method and to the instructions in the tender, documents are presented, and first experiences from the site are discussed.

MONITORING OF PORE WATER PRESSURE AND WATER CONTENT AROUND A HORIZONTAL DRIFT THROUGH EXCAVATION - MEASUREMENT AT THE 140m GALLERY IN THE HORONOBE URL -

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yabuuchi, Satoshi; Kunimaru, Takanori; Kishi, Atsuyasu; Komatsu, Mitsuru

Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been conducting the Horonobe Underground Research Laboratory (URL) project in Horonobe, Hokkaido, as a part of the research and development program on geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste. Pore water pressure and water content around a horizontal drift in the URL have been monitored for over 18 months since before the drift excavation was started. During the drift excavation, both pore water pressure and water content were decreasing. Pore water pressure has been still positive though it continued to decrease with its gradient gradually smaller after excavation, while water content turned to increase about 6 months after the completion of the excavation. It turned to fall again about 5 months later. An unsaturated zone containing gases which were dissolved in groundwater may have been formed around the horizontal drift.

30 CFR 46.8 - Annual refresher training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...; transportation controls and communication systems; escape and emergency evacuation plans, firewarning and... accidents; health; explosives; and respiratory devices. Training is also recommended on the hazards... tractors); conveyor systems; cranes; crushers; excavators; and dredges. Other recommended subjects include...

30 CFR 46.8 - Annual refresher training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...; transportation controls and communication systems; escape and emergency evacuation plans, firewarning and... accidents; health; explosives; and respiratory devices. Training is also recommended on the hazards... tractors); conveyor systems; cranes; crushers; excavators; and dredges. Other recommended subjects include...

30 CFR 46.8 - Annual refresher training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...; transportation controls and communication systems; escape and emergency evacuation plans, firewarning and... accidents; health; explosives; and respiratory devices. Training is also recommended on the hazards... tractors); conveyor systems; cranes; crushers; excavators; and dredges. Other recommended subjects include...

30 CFR 46.8 - Annual refresher training.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...; transportation controls and communication systems; escape and emergency evacuation plans, firewarning and... accidents; health; explosives; and respiratory devices. Training is also recommended on the hazards... tractors); conveyor systems; cranes; crushers; excavators; and dredges. Other recommended subjects include...

Drill, baby, drill: the influence of woodpeckers on post-fire vertebrate communities through cavity excavation

Treesearch

Gina L. Tarbill; Patricia N. Manley; Angela M. White

2015-01-01

Several studies have addressed the importance of woodpeckers as ecological engineers in forests due to their excavation of cavities. Although research in green, unburned forests has identified the influence of different excavators on secondary use by cavity-dependent species, little is known about the relative importance of cavities created by woodpeckers in recently...

The role of wood hardness in limiting nest site selection in avian cavity excavators

Treesearch

Teresa J. Lorenz; Kerri T. Vierling; Timothy R. Johnson; Philip C. Fischer

2015-01-01

Woodpeckers and other primary cavity excavators (PCEs) are important worldwide for excavating cavities in trees, and a large number of studies have examined their nesting preferences. However, quantitative measures of wood hardness have been omitted from most studies, and ecologists have focused on the effects of external tree- and habitat-level features on nesting....

Characterization of the emissions impacts of hybrid excavators with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS)-based methodology.

PubMed

Cao, Tanfeng; Russell, Robert L; Durbin, Thomas D; Cocker, David R; Burnette, Andrew; Calavita, Joseph; Maldonado, Hector; Johnson, Kent C

2018-04-13

Hybrid engine technology is a potentially important strategy for reduction of tailpipe greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other pollutants that is now being implemented for off-road construction equipment. The goal of this study was to evaluate the emissions and fuel consumption impacts of electric-hybrid excavators using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)-based methodology. In this study, three hybrid and four conventional excavators were studied for both real world activity patterns and tailpipe emissions. Activity data was obtained using engine control module (ECM) and global positioning system (GPS) logged data, coupled with interviews, historical records, and video. This activity data was used to develop a test cycle with seven modes representing different types of excavator work. Emissions data were collected over this test cycle using a PEMS. The results indicated the HB215 hybrid excavator provided a significant reduction in tailpipe carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions (from -13 to -26%), but increased diesel particulate matter (PM) (+26 to +27%) when compared to a similar model conventional excavator over the same duty cycle. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In Situ Observation of Hard Surrounding Rock Displacement at 2400-m-Deep Tunnels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Xia-Ting; Yao, Zhi-Bin; Li, Shao-Jun; Wu, Shi-Yong; Yang, Cheng-Xiang; Guo, Hao-Sen; Zhong, Shan

2018-03-01

This paper presents the results of in situ investigation of the internal displacement of hard surrounding rock masses within deep tunnels at China's Jinping Underground Laboratory Phase II. The displacement evolution of the surrounding rock during the entire excavation processes was monitored continuously using pre-installed continuous-recording multi-point extensometers. The evolution of excavation-damaged zones and fractures in rock masses were also observed using acoustic velocity testing and digital borehole cameras, respectively. The results show four kinds of displacement behaviours of the hard surrounding rock masses during the excavation process. The displacement in the inner region of the surrounding rock was found to be greater than that of the rock masses near the tunnel's side walls in some excavation stages. This leads to a multi-modal distribution characteristic of internal displacement for hard surrounding rock masses within deep tunnels. A further analysis of the evolution information on the damages and fractures inside the surrounding rock masses reveals the effects of excavation disturbances and local geological conditions. This recognition can be used as the reference for excavation and supporting design and stability evaluations of hard-rock tunnels under high-stress conditions.

Trace element geochemistry in archaeological sites.

PubMed

Jenkins, D A

1989-06-01

Man can leave a geochemical imprint on an archaeological site in several ways. In common with other components of the biosphere, there is a selective enrichment of elements in his body tissues which, upon death and burial, may lead to detectable anomalies. Of elements concentrated in this way P is the most obvious, but Sn could be another possibility worth further investigation. There has been particular geochemical impact due to the progressive use of such metals as Ag, Au, Cu, Pb and Zn during successive cultural stages. Anomalies may thus arise due to recognisable transported ore, slags or artefacts, although there has also often been cryptic redispersion of the metals within a site. Charcoal is one of the commoner finds during excavations, and it has the ability to adsorb and concentrate metals progressively from percolating solutions since the time of its burial: with careful interpretation its analysis may thus provide a valuable historical record, as is illustrated by material from several sites in North Wales. Providing care is taken to interpret results in their particular geochemical and pedochemical context, trace element analysis may thus offer a useful insight into the history of man's activities in an archaeological site.

Factors influencing occupancy of nest cavities in recently burned forests

USGS Publications Warehouse

Saab, V.A.; Dudley, J.; Thompson, W.L.

2004-01-01

Recently burned forests in western North America provide nesting habitat for many species of cavity-nesting birds. However, little is understood about the time frame and the variables affecting occupancy of postfire habitats by these birds. We studied factors influencing the occupancy and reuse of nest cavities from 1-7 years after fire in two burned sites of western Idaho during 1994-1999. Tree cavities were used for nesting by 12 species of cavity nesters that were classified by the original occupant (strong excavator, weak excavator, or nonexcavator) of 385 nest cavities. We used logistic regression to model cavity occupancy by strong excavators (n = 575 trials) and weak excavators (n = 206 trials). Year after fire had the greatest influence on occupancy of nest cavities for both groups, while site of the burn was secondarily important in predicting occupancy by strong excavators and less important for weak excavators. Predicted probability of cavity occupancy was highest during the early years (1-4) after fire, declined over time (5-7 years after fire), and varied by site, with a faster decline in the smaller burned site with a greater mosaic of unburned forest. Closer proximity and greater interspersion of unburned forest (15% unburned) may have allowed a quicker recolonization by nest predators into the smaller burn compared to the larger burn with few patches of unburned forest (4% unburned). In combination with time and space effects, the predicted probability of cavity occupancy was positively affected by tree and nest heights for strong and weak excavators, respectively.

Prey capture behavior and kinematics of the Atlantic cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus.

PubMed

Sasko, Desirée E; Dean, Mason N; Motta, Philip J; Hueter, Robert E

2006-01-01

The structurally reinforced jaws of the cownose ray, Rhinoptera bonasus testify to this species' durophagous diet of mollusks, but seem ill-suited to the behaviors necessary for excavating such prey. This study explores this discordance by investigating the prey excavation and capture kinematics of R. bonasus. Based on the basal suction feeding mechanism in this group of fishes, we hypothesized a hydraulic method of excavation. As expected, prey capture kinematics of R. bonasus show marked differences relative to other elasmobranchs, relating to prey excavation and use of the cephalic lobes (modified anterior pectoral fin extensions unique to derived myliobatiform rays). Prey are excavated by repeated opening and closing of the jaws to fluidize surrounding sand. The food item is then enclosed laterally by the depressed cephalic lobes, which transport it toward the mouth for ingestion by inertial suction. Unlike in most sharks, upper jaw protrusion and mandibular depression are simultaneous. During food capture, the ray's spiracle, mouth, and gill slit movements are timed such that water enters only the mouth (e.g., the spiracle closes prior to prey capture and reopens immediately following). Indigestible parts are then hydraulically winnowed from edible prey portions, by mouth movements similar to those used in excavation, and ejected through the mouth. The unique sensory/manipulatory capabilities of the cephalic lobes, as well as the cownose ray's hydraulic excavation/winnowing behaviors and suction feeding, make this species an effective benthic predator, despite its epibenthic lifestyle.

32 CFR 229.6 - Application for permits and information collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... permit shall include: (1) The nature and extent of the work proposed, including how and why it is.../or removal of archaeological resources on public lands, the names of the university, museum, or other... the excavation and/or removal of archaeological resources on Indian lands, the name of the university...

32 CFR 229.6 - Application for permits and information collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... permit shall include: (1) The nature and extent of the work proposed, including how and why it is.../or removal of archaeological resources on public lands, the names of the university, museum, or other... the excavation and/or removal of archaeological resources on Indian lands, the name of the university...

32 CFR 229.6 - Application for permits and information collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... permit shall include: (1) The nature and extent of the work proposed, including how and why it is.../or removal of archaeological resources on public lands, the names of the university, museum, or other... the excavation and/or removal of archaeological resources on Indian lands, the name of the university...

78 FR 74163 - Johnstown Specialty Castings Inc., a Subsidiary of WHEMCO, Including On-Site Leased Workers From...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-10

... Castings Inc., a Subsidiary of WHEMCO, Including On-Site Leased Workers From Berkebile Excavating Company... Assistance on June 25, 2013, applicable to workers of Johnstown Specialty Castings, Inc., a subsidiary of... Castings, Inc., a subsidiary of WHEMCO. The Department has determined that these workers were sufficiently...

Evolution of mud-capped dredge pits following excavation: sediment trapping and slope instability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Obelcz, J.; Xu, K.; Bentley, S. J.; Li, C.; Miner, M. D.; O'Connor, M. C.; Wang, J.

2016-02-01

Many fluvial channels incised the Northern Gulf of Mexico inner continental shelf during the late Quaternary. Mud-capped dredge pits (MCDPs), which are generally elongate and deep (8-10 m) excavations, target sandy fluvial channel deposits for coastal restoration projects. The morphological evolution of dredge excavations in noncohesive sandy substrate is well studied, but MCDPs have up to a several-meter-thick veneer of Holocene shelf mud overlying sandy channel deposits. This stratigraphy is hypothesized to result in more complex post-dredge morphology than pit walls simply slumping to the angle of repose shortly after excavation. Numerical modeling of MCDP post-dredge response conducted prior to excavation indicates pit walls may retrogressively fail, which is accounted for in pit design by assigning no-dredge setback buffers from pipelines or cultural and environmental resources. To validate model results and test effectiveness of setback buffers, a geophysical survey of the Sandy Point MCDP (20 km west of the Mississippi River Delta in 10m deep water), where 1.7 million m3 of sandy sediment was excavated in 2012, was conducted May 2015. A total of 84 line-km of high-resolution chirp subbottom and a 27 km2 grid of swath bathymetry and sidescan sonar were collected. The data indicate the dredge pit walls are differentially slumping, with the western pit wall in a more active state of failure than the eastern wall. The western failures morphologically resemble features observed along the muddy Mississippi River Delta Front at water depths of 20-100 m, including bowl-shaped collapse failures and retrogressive stair-stepped slumps; these failures may play a key role in evaluating the distance of setback buffer zone to pipelines. These features indicate the cohesive mud overlying the sandy infill has a prominent role in pit wall stability. A 0.5-1 m thick acoustically transparent package overlies the entire pit floor (interpreted as a possible fluid mud layer), overlying 1-3 m of post-dredge deposition that is concentrated along the western wall and center of the pit. The Sandy Point MCDP lies within a clockwise gyre, and its relief may serve as a significant trap of suspended sediment. These findings emphasize the role MCDPs play in sediment dynamics as well as their potential for submarine geohazards.

40 CFR 220.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... agents, radioactive materials, chemicals, biological and laboratory waste, wreck or discarded equipment, rock, sand, excavation debris, industrial, municipal, agricultural, and other waste, but such term does... matter of any kind or description, including, but not limited to, dredged material, solid waste...

DEMONSTRATION OF AUTONOMOUS AIR MONITORING THROUGH ROBOTICS

EPA Science Inventory

Hazardous and/or tedious functions are often performed by on-site workers during investigation, mitigation and clean-up of hazardous substances. These functions include site surveys, sampling and analysis, excavation, and treatment and preparation of wastes for shipment to chemic...

A low-cost approach for the documentation and monitoring of an archaeological excavation site

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffmeister, Dirk; Orrin, Joel; Richter, Jürgen

2016-04-01

The documentation of archaeological excavations and in particular a constant monitoring is often time-consuming and depending on humańs capabilities. Thus, remote sensing methods, which allow an objective reproduction of the current state of an excavation and additional information are of interest. Therefore, a low-cost approach was tested on an open-air excavation site for two days in September 2015. The Magdalenian excavation site of Bad Kösen-Lengefeld, Germany is one important site in a system of about 100 sites in the area of the small rivers Saale and Unstrut. The whole site and the surrounding area (200 by 200 m) was first observed by a GoPro Hero 3+ mounted on a DJI-Phantom 2 UAV. Ground control points were set-up in a regular grid covering the whole area. The achieved accuracy is 20 mm with a ground resolution of 45 mm. As a test, the GoPro Hero 3+ camera was additionally mounted on a small, extendable pole. With this second low-cost, easy to apply monitoring approach, pictures were automatically taken every second in a stop-and-go mode. In order to capture the excavation pit (7 by 4 m), two different angles were used for holding the pole, which focused on the middle and on the border of the pit. This procedure was repeated on the following day in order to document the excavation process. For the registration of the images, the already existing and measured excavation nails were used, which are equally distributed over the whole site in a 1 m grid. Thus, a high accurate registration of the images was possible (>10 mm). In order to approve the accuracy of the already derived data, the whole site was also observed by a Faro Focus 3D LS 120 laser scanner. The measurements of this device were registered by spherical targets, which were measured in the same reference system. The accuracy of the registration and the ground resolution for the image based approach for both days was about 4 mm. From these two measurements the process of the excavation was easily derived by computing the differences between the point clouds. The mean difference between the laser scanner measurements and the corresponding image observations of about 5 mm proves the overall accuracy. The results show, that the study site can fastly and easily be documented and monitored in a high-resolution by low-cost systems. The approach uses the surveying information of already existing measurements, as tachymetric measurements are usually conducted on nearly all excavation sites. Overall the presented approach worked successfully. The high-resolution dataset allows to easily document the ongoing excavation. A daily observation would lead to a complete documentation in 3D.

Development and demonstration of a telerobotic excavation system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burks, Barry L.; Thompson, David H.; Killough, Stephen M.; Dinkins, Marion A.

1994-01-01

Oak Ridge National Laboratory is developing remote excavation technologies for the Department of Energy's Office (DOE) of Technology Development, Robotics Technology Development Program, and also for the Department of Defense (DOD) Project Manager for Ammunition Logistics. This work is being done to meet the need for remote excavation and removal of radioactive and contaminated buried waste at several DOE sites and unexploded ordnance at DOD sites. System requirements are based on the need to uncover and remove waste from burial sites in a way that does not cause unnecessary personnel exposure or additional environmental contamination. Goals for the current project are to demonstrate dexterous control of a backhoe with force feedback and to implement robotic operations that will improve productivity. The Telerobotic Small Emplacement Excavator is a prototype system that incorporates the needed robotic and telerobotic capabilities on a commercially available platform. The ability to add remote dexterous teleoperation and robotic operating modes is intended to be adaptable to other commercially available excavator systems.

Estimated loads of suspended sediment and selected trace elements transported through the Clark Fork basin, Montana, in selected periods before and after the breach of Milltown Dam (water years 1985-2009)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Sando, Steven K.; Lambing, John H.

2011-01-01

Milltown Reservoir is a National Priorities List Superfund site in the upper Clark Fork basin of western Montana where sediments enriched in trace elements from historical mining and ore processing have been deposited since the completion of Milltown Dam in 1908. Milltown Dam was breached on March 28, 2008, as part of Superfund remediation activities to remove the dam and excavate contaminated sediment that had accumulated in Milltown Reservoir. In preparation for the breach of Milltown Dam, permanent drawdown of Milltown Reservoir began on June 1, 2006, and lowered the water-surface elevation by about 10 to 12 feet. After the breach of Milltown Dam, the water-surface elevation was lowered an additional 17 feet. Hydrologic data-collection activities were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to estimate loads of suspended sediment and trace elements transported through the Clark Fork basin before and after the breach of Milltown Dam. This report presents selected results of the data-collection activities.

Evaluation of focal choroidal excavation in the macula using swept-source optical coherence tomography.

PubMed

Lim, F P M; Loh, B K; Cheung, C M G; Lim, L S; Chan, C M; Wong, D W K

2014-09-01

To evaluate imaging findings of patients with focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in the macula using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and correlate it clinically. Prospective observational case series. Eleven consecutive patients (12 eyes) with FCE were described. Data on demographics and clinical presentation were collected and imaging findings (including color photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and SS-OCT) were analyzed. The primary diagnosis was epiretinal membrane (two eyes), choroidal neovascularization (one eye), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (three eyes), central serous chorioretinopathy (one eye), and dry age-related macular degeneration (two eyes). Eleven out of 12 of the lesions were conforming. One presented with a non-conforming lesion that progressed to a conforming lesion. One eye had multiFCE and two had two overlapping choroidal excavations. Using the SS-OCT, we found the choroid to be thinned out at the area of FCE but sclera remained normal. The choroidal tissue beneath the FCE was abnormal, with high internal reflectivity and poor visualization of choroidal vessels. There was loss of contour of the outer choroidal boundary that appeared to be pulled inward by this abnormal choroidal tissue. A suprachoroidal space was noted beneath this choroidal tissue and the choroidal-scleral interface was smooth. Repeat SS-OCT 6 months after presentation showed the area of excavation to be stable in size. FCE can be associated with epiretinal membrane, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. The choroid was thinned out in the area of FCE.

Evaluation of focal choroidal excavation in the macula using swept-source optical coherence tomography

PubMed Central

Lim, F P M; Loh, B K; Cheung, C M G; Lim, L S; Chan, C M; Wong, D W K

2014-01-01

Purpose To evaluate imaging findings of patients with focal choroidal excavation (FCE) in the macula using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and correlate it clinically. Methods Prospective observational case series. Eleven consecutive patients (12 eyes) with FCE were described. Data on demographics and clinical presentation were collected and imaging findings (including color photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and SS-OCT) were analyzed. Results The primary diagnosis was epiretinal membrane (two eyes), choroidal neovascularization (one eye), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (three eyes), central serous chorioretinopathy (one eye), and dry age-related macular degeneration (two eyes). Eleven out of 12 of the lesions were conforming. One presented with a non-conforming lesion that progressed to a conforming lesion. One eye had multiFCE and two had two overlapping choroidal excavations. Using the SS-OCT, we found the choroid to be thinned out at the area of FCE but sclera remained normal. The choroidal tissue beneath the FCE was abnormal, with high internal reflectivity and poor visualization of choroidal vessels. There was loss of contour of the outer choroidal boundary that appeared to be pulled inward by this abnormal choroidal tissue. A suprachoroidal space was noted beneath this choroidal tissue and the choroidal–scleral interface was smooth. Repeat SS-OCT 6 months after presentation showed the area of excavation to be stable in size. Conclusion FCE can be associated with epiretinal membrane, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. The choroid was thinned out in the area of FCE. PMID:24946847

The legacy of Pompeii and its volcano.

PubMed

de Divitiis, Enrico; Cappabianca, Paolo; Esposito, Felice; Cavallo, Luigi M

2004-10-01

On August 24, AD 79, a terrible eruption of Mount Vesuvius deranged life in beautiful Pompeii and killed thousands of men, women, and children. They were restored to us by the fact that Mount Vesuvius, with its rain of ashes, proved to be a skilled sculptor, preserving the shape and even the wrinkles in the clothes the Pompeians wore while trying to escape during the day of the tragedy. The detailed description of Plinius the Younger and modern static studies of the eruptive residues have made it possible to reconstruct with great accuracy the various phases of the eruption that took place 2000 years ago, including the hours and days during which the phenomena first became obvious. Today, almost 2000 years later, Pompeii has reawakened and risen from its sepulcher of ashes thanks to the excavations initiated under King Charles III of Bourbon in 1748. Excavations proceeded slowly under the Bourbons, with the aim of enriching the Bourbon Museum of Naples rather than of classifying the ruins and placing them into a historical context. Under Joachim Murat, interest in the town planning and architecture of the uncovered cities reemerged, especially with respect to Pompeii. In 1860, however, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, the excavations, now under the direction of archaeologist Giuseppe Fiorelli, were provided new impetus and, finally, a scientific basis. Today, the excavations are giving us back extraordinary evidence concerning the culture, the everyday life, the habits, the architecture, and the wonderful frescoes of the Roman cities of southern Italy, making possible the statement that Pompeii is "the most alive of the dead cities."

Extraterrestrial materials processing and construction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Criswell, D. R.

1978-01-01

Applications of available terrestrial skills to the gathering of lunar materials and the processing of raw lunar materials into industrial feed stock were investigated. The literature on lunar soils and rocks was reviewed and the chemical processes by which major oxides and chemical elements can be extracted were identified. The gathering of lunar soil by means of excavation equipment was studied in terms of terrestrial experience with strip mining operations on earth. The application of electrostatic benefication techniques was examined for use on the moon to minimize the quantity of materials requiring surface transport and to optimize the stream of raw materials to be transported off the moon for subsequent industrial use.

Study of displacements of a bridge abutment using FEM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wymysłowski, Michał; Kurałowicz, Zygmunt

2016-06-01

Steel sheet piles are often used to support excavations for bridge foundations. When they are left in place in the permanent works, they have the potential to increase foundation bearing capacity and reduce displacements; but their presence is not usually taken into account in foundation design. In this article, the results of finite element analysis of a typical abutment foundation, with and without cover of sheet piles, are presented to demonstrate these effects. The structure described is located over the Więceminka river in the town of Kołobrzeg, Poland. It is a single-span road bridge with reinforced concrete slab.

Preliminary Investigations of the Archaic in the Region of Las Cruces, New Mexico

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

Excavated in the Jornada Region ................... 110 111-14 Characteristics of Proto-Maiz de Ocho Excavated in the Jornada Region...IlI 111-15 Characteristics of Maiz de Ocho Excavated in the Jornada Region ..................... 112 111-16 Characteristics of Pima-Papago Corn... de - scriptive data that are needed badly in the Southwest so that generalizations can be made about culture change. In Chapter V we attempt to

Big Creek Flood Control Project, Cleveland, Ohio. Phase II. General Design Memorandum. Appendix A. Soils, Geology, and Construction Materials.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-02-01

maximum thickness of about 4 feet of shale excavation will be required. The upper 1 foot of shale is weathered and easily rippable . A44. From Station...weathered and easily rippable . AS0. From Station 75+60M to 83+50M, maximum excavation in shale is about 3 feet. Most of the excavation in this section will be

Numerical Simulation of Rock Mass Damage Evolution During Deep-Buried Tunnel Excavation by Drill and Blast

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jianhua; Lu, Wenbo; Hu, Yingguo; Chen, Ming; Yan, Peng

2015-09-01

Presence of an excavation damage zone (EDZ) around a tunnel perimeter is of significant concern with regard to safety, stability, costs and overall performance of the tunnel. For deep-buried tunnel excavation by drill and blast, it is generally accepted that a combination of effects of stress redistribution and blasting is mainly responsible for development of the EDZ. However, few open literatures can be found to use numerical methods to investigate the behavior of rock damage induced by the combined effects, and it is still far from full understanding how, when and to what degree the blasting affects the behavior of the EDZ during excavation. By implementing a statistical damage evolution law based on stress criterion into the commercial software LS-DYNA through its user-subroutines, this paper presents a 3D numerical simulation of the rock damage evolution of a deep-buried tunnel excavation, with a special emphasis on the combined effects of the stress redistribution of surrounding rock masses and the blasting-induced damage. Influence of repeated blast loadings on the damage extension for practical millisecond delay blasting is investigated in the present analysis. Accompanying explosive detonation and secession of rock fragments from their initial locations, in situ stress in the immediate vicinity of the excavation face is suddenly released. The transient characteristics of the in situ stress release and induced dynamic responses in the surrounding rock masses are also highlighted. From the simulation results, some instructive conclusions are drawn with respect to the rock damage mechanism and evolution during deep-buried tunnel excavation by drill and blast.

Asia Lakes

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2013-04-16

... of oil were expanded in 2000. Important industries include coal mining and the production of food and wool. The region is also of ... interest; a large mammoth skeleton excavated from one of the coal mines near Manzhouli is on display at the Inner Mongolia Museum in Huhhot, ...

75 FR 76453 - Columbia Gulf Transmission Company and Southern Natural Gas Company; Notice of Intent to Prepare...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-08

... workspaces) at three discrete onshore and offshore locations: One 60-foot by 20-foot excavation area within... district, site, building, structure, or object included in or eligible for inclusion in the National...

Studies of FAUNA at Eglin Air Force Base

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

occasionally resulted in fires that were hot enough to kill mature pines, including the old growth pines upon which RCWs depend for cavity excavation...cardinalis NOCA Northern flicker* Colaptes auratus NOFL Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos NOMO Northern rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx

Environmental impacts of remediation of a trichloroethene-contaminated site: life cycle assessment of remediation alternatives.

PubMed

Lemming, Gitte; Hauschild, Michael Z; Chambon, Julie; Binning, Philip J; Bulle, Cécile; Margni, Manuele; Bjerg, Poul L

2010-12-01

The environmental impacts of remediation of a chloroethene-contaminated site were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). The compared remediation options are (i) in situ bioremediation by enhanced reductive dechlorination (ERD), (ii) in situ thermal desorption (ISTD), and (iii) excavation of the contaminated soil followed by off-site treatment and disposal. The results showed that choosing the ERD option will reduce the life-cycle impacts of remediation remarkably compared to choosing either ISTD or excavation, which are more energy-demanding. In addition to the secondary impacts of remediation, this study includes assessment of local toxic impacts (the primary impact) related to the on-site contaminant leaching to groundwater and subsequent human exposure via drinking water. The primary human toxic impacts were high for ERD due to the formation and leaching of chlorinated degradation products, especially vinyl chloride during remediation. However, the secondary human toxic impacts of ISTD and excavation are likely to be even higher, particularly due to upstream impacts from steel production. The newly launched model, USEtox, was applied for characterization of primary and secondary toxic impacts and combined with a site-dependent fate model of the leaching of chlorinated ethenes from the fractured clay till site.

Impact of electronic waste disposal on lead concentrations in landfill leachate.

PubMed

Spalvins, Erik; Dubey, Brajesh; Townsend, Timothy

2008-10-01

Lead is the element most likely to cause discarded electronic devices to be characterized as hazardous waste. To examine the fate of lead from discarded electronics in landfills, five columns were filled with synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW). A mix of electronic devices was added to three columns (6% by weight), while two columns served as controls. A sixth column contained waste excavated from an existing MSW landfill. Leachate quality was monitored for 440 days. In columns with the synthetic waste, leachate pH indicated that the simulated landfill environment was characteristic of the acid phase of waste decomposition; lead leachability should be greater in the acid phase of landfill degradation as compared to the methanogenic phase. Lead concentrations ranged from 7 to 66 microg/L in the columns containing electronic waste and ranged from < 2 to 54 microg/L in the control columns. Although the mean lead concentrations in the columns containing electronic devices were greater than those in the controls, the difference was not found to be statistically significant when comparing the data sets over the entire monitoring period. Lead results from the excavated waste column suggest that lead concentrations in all columns will decrease as the pH increases toward more neutral methanogenic conditions.

The asteroid-meteorite connection: Forging a new link to Vesta as the parent body of basaltic achondrite (HED) meteorites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Binzel, R. P.

1993-01-01

Asteroid 4 Vesta has been at the center of the debate over the identity of the howardite eucrite diogenite (HED) parent body since the early 1970s. Despite its unique (among the 500 largest asteroids) compositional match to HED meteorites, substantial dynamical difficulties in delivering fragments from Vesta to the Earth have precluded any conclusive HED parent body link. These dynamical difficulties arise because Vesta's orbital location is far from known resonances. Consequently, it has been argued as dynamically improbable that meteoroid-sized (1 km) fragments could be excavated from Vesta with sufficient velocities to reach the resonances. Through new astronomical observations, numerous small (4-7 km) asteroids between Vesta and the 3:1 resonance have been discovered to have eucrite and diogenite compositions. Based on similar orbital elements to Vesta, all of these new asteroids are likely large impact fragments excavated from Vesta. Their current orbits imply ejection velocities in excess of 700 m/sec. Smaller (1 km) fragments can therefore be expected to have been ejected with velocities greater than 1 km/sec, sufficient to reach the 3:1 and v6 resonances. Thus it now appears to be dynamically viable for Vesta to be linked as the HED parent body.

Compositional evidence for an impact origin of the Moon's Procellarum basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakamura, Ryosuke; Yamamoto, Satoru; Matsunaga, Tsuneo; Ishihara, Yoshiaki; Morota, Tomokatsu; Hiroi, Takahiro; Takeda, Hiroshi; Ogawa, Yoshiko; Yokota, Yasuhiro; Hirata, Naru; Ohtake, Makiko; Saiki, Kazuto

2012-11-01

The asymmetry between the nearside and farside of the Moon is evident in the distribution of mare basalt, crustal thickness and concentrations of radioactive elements, but its origin remains controversial. According to one attractive scenario, a gigantic impact early in the Moon's history produced the observed dichotomy; the putative 3,000-km-diameter Procellarum basin has been suggested to be a relic of this ancient impact. Low-calcium pyroxene can be formed during an impact by melting a mixture of crust and mantle materials or by excavating differentiated cumulates from the lunar magma ocean. Therefore, the association of low-calcium pyroxene with a lunar basin could indicate an impact origin. Here we use spectral mapping data from KAGUYA/SELENE (ref. ) to show that low-calcium pyroxene is concentrated around two established impact structures, the South Pole-Aitken and Imbrium basins. In addition, we detect a high concentration of low-calcium pyroxene at Procellarum, which supports an impact origin of the ancient basin. We propose that, in forming the largest known basin on the Moon, the impact excavated the nearside's primary feldspathic crust, which derived from the lunar magma ocean. A secondary feldspathic crust would have later recrystallized from the sea of impact melt, leading to two distinct sides of the Moon.

LSST summit facility construction progress report: reacting to design refinements and field conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barr, Jeffrey D.; Gressler, William; Sebag, Jacques; Seriche, Jaime; Serrano, Eduardo

2016-07-01

The civil work, site infrastructure and buildings for the summit facility of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) are among the first major elements that need to be designed, bid and constructed to support the subsequent integration of the dome, telescope, optics, camera and supporting systems. As the contracts for those other major subsystems now move forward under the management of the LSST Telescope and Site (T and S) team, there has been inevitable and beneficial evolution in their designs, which has resulted in significant modifications to the facility and infrastructure. The earliest design requirements for the LSST summit facility were first documented in 2005, its contracted full design was initiated in 2010, and construction began in January, 2015. During that entire development period, and extending now roughly halfway through construction, there continue to be necessary modifications to the facility design resulting from the refinement of interfaces to other major elements of the LSST project and now, during construction, due to unanticipated field conditions. Changes from evolving interfaces have principally involved the telescope mount, the dome and mirror handling/coating facilities which have included significant variations in mass, dimensions, heat loads and anchorage conditions. Modifications related to field conditions have included specifying and testing alternative methods of excavation and contending with the lack of competent rock substrate where it was predicted to be. While these and other necessary changes are somewhat specific to the LSST project and site, they also exemplify inherent challenges related to the typical timeline for the design and construction of astronomical observatory support facilities relative to the overall development of the project.

Closure plan for Corrective Action Unit 109: U-2bu subsidence crater, Nevada Test Site, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1999-03-01

The U-2bu subsidence crater, Corrective Action Unit 109, will be closed in accordance with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection operational permit, and the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order. The U-2bu subsidence crater is located in Area 2 of the Nevada Test Site. It was created in 1971 by an underground nuclear test with the name Miniata. The crater has a diameter of 288 meters (944 feet) and an approximate depth of 35 meters (115 feet). Based on the results of the analyses reported in the site characterization report, the only constituents ofmore » concern in the U-2bu subsidence crater include leachable lead and total petroleum hydrocarbons. Closure activities will include the excavation and disposal of impacted soil from the top of the crater. Upon completion of excavation, verification samples will be collected to show that the leachable lead has been removed to concentrations below the regulatory action level. After sample results show that the lead has been removed, the excavated area will be backfilled and a soil flood diversion berm will be constructed as a best management practice. An independent registered professional engineer will certify the site was closed following the approved Closure Plan. Post-closure care is not warranted for this site because closure activities will involve removal of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act constituents of concern.« less

Analysis of design characteristics of a V-type support using an advanced engineering environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwiazda, A.; Banaś, W.; Sękala, A.; Cwikla, G.; Topolska, S.; Foit, K.; Monica, Z.

2017-08-01

Modern mining support, for the entire period of their use, is the important part of the mining complex, which includes all the devices in the excavation during his normal use. Therefore, during the design of the support, it is an important task to choose the shape and to select the dimensions of a support as well as its strength characteristics. According to the rules, the design process of a support must take into account, inter alia, the type and the dimensions of the expected means of transport, the number and size of pipelines, and the type of additional equipment used excavation area. The support design must ensure the functionality of the excavation process and job security, while maintaining the economic viability of the entire project. Among others it should ensure the selection of a support for specific natural conditions. It is also important to take into consideration the economic characteristics of the project. The article presents an algorithm of integrative approach and its formalized description in the form of integration the areas of different construction characteristics optimization of a V-type mining support. The paper includes the example of its application for developing the construction of this support. In the paper is also described the results of the characteristics analysis and changings that were introduced afterwards. The support models are prepared in the computer environment of the CAD class (Siemens NX PLM). Also the analyses were conducted in this design, graphical environment.

Hydromechanical Advanced Coal Excavator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Estus, Jay M.; Summers, David

1990-01-01

Water-jet cutting reduces coal dust and its hazards. Advanced mining system utilizes full-face, hydromechanical, continuous miner. Coal excavator uses high-pressure water-jet lances, one in each of cutting heads and one in movable lance, to make cuts across top, bottom and middle height, respectively, of coal face. Wedge-shaped cutting heads advance into lower and upper cuts in turn, thereby breaking coal toward middle cut. Thrust cylinders and walking pads advance excavator toward coal face.

A New Conception of Bucket Wheel Excavator Cab and Seat Mounting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blekta, J.; Mevald, J.; Petríková, I.; Petříček, J.; Lufinka, A.

One of the most important problem of coal mining by bucket wheel excavators is how to minimize influence of vibrations on driver's body. Project of Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Czech Republic solved in Technical University of Liberec was engaged in this problem. The aim of this project was to design a new cab and seat mounting of wheel excavator Schrs 1320. A suitable possibilities of cab suspensions were investigated to minimize driver body vibrations and to improve influence of mining process to drivers health. After optimization one concept was chosen. A new methodic of measured data evaluation was created for using in excavators as well as in laboratory. The new concept of dynamic seat absorber were designed also.

Lunar Regolith Excavation Competition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liles, Cassandra

2009-01-01

The Lunar Regolith Excavation Competition is a new competition that needs graphics, logos, rules, as well as an arena. Although this is the first year of the competition, the competition is modeled after an existing competition, the Centennial Lunar Excavator Challenge. This competition however is aimed at college students. This makes the challenge identifying key aspects of the original competition and modeling them to fit into an easier task, and creating exciting advertisement that helps encourage participation. By using a youth focus group, young insight, as well as guiding advice from experts in the field, hopefully an arena can be designed and built, rules can be molded and created to fit, and alluring graphics can be printed to bring about a successful first year of the Lunar Regolith Excavation Competition.

Mobile continuous lunar excavation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paterson, John L.

1992-01-01

A novel approach to the concept of lunar mining and the use of in situ oxygen, metallics, and ceramics is presented. The EVA time required to set up, relocate, and maintain equipment, as well as the cost per pound of shipping the mining and processing equipment to the moon are considered. The proposed soil fracturing/loading mechanisms are all based loosely on using the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) Frame. All use motor driven tracks for mobility in the forward/reverse and left/right direction. All mechanisms employ the concept of rototillers which are attached to a gantry which, through the use of motor-driven lead screws, provide the rototillers with an up/down capability. A self-reactant excavator, a local mass enhanced excavator, and a soil reactant excavator are illustrated.

3D viscous time dependent analysis of a slow moving landslide by finite elements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bru, Guadalupe; Fernández-Merodo, Josè Antonio; García-Davalillo, Juan Carlos; Herrera, Gerardo

2017-04-01

A methodology to study the cinematic behavior in time and 3D effects of slow moving landslides is presented by its application to the Portalet landslide, located in the Spanish Central Pyrenees. The area is characterize by the presence of several complex landslides triggered by glacial retreat and developed in weathered Devonian and Carboniferous slate materials. In summer 2004, the toe of two paleolanslides was excavated in order to construct a parking area, which reactivated the preexistent rupture surfaces and generated a new and smaller roto-translational landslide of about 5·105m3. Works were paralyzed and the road A-136 connecting Spain and France was temporary closed. In 2006 stabilizing solutions were performed, although surface and deep monitoring data reveal that the landslide is currently active. In this work the cinematic behavior of the Portalet parking landslide has been reproduced since the excavation in 2004 until 2016 by an advanced 3D finite element model (FEM) analysis. A detailed 3D litho-stratigraphic geometry has been defined using the information available from previous works(1-3): real topography, geological profiles, ground water level and material properties. The first step has been a stability analysis using the shear stress reduction (SSR) technique to calibrate the value of the friction angle of the soil layer where the rupture surface develops. In this step the sensibility of the mesh size has been studied, as is a critical parameter. Secondly, stability analysis results have been verified by simulating the parking excavation with a static analysis using Mohr-Coulomb elastoplastic failure criteria. In the last step the behavior of the landslide has been recreated using a hydromechanic coupled formulation for displacements and interstitial water pressure (u-pw), a simple elevation ground water model calculated from daily rainfall and a Perzyna viscous constitutive model of the solid skeleton which represent the creep detected by monitoring. The influence of the fluidity factor of the material has been explored, obtaining the best fitting value. Results show the advantages of performing a 3D analysis, mainly because they reflect the spatial extension of the landslide without the need of assuming a critical profile and allow to study the interaction of differential movements that occur within the same landslide. This methodology can be applied to other slow moving landslides where geological structure and geotechnical data are available. REFERENCES 1. Fernández-Merodo, J. et al. Modelling the Portalet landslide mobility (Formigal, Spain). iEMSs 2008: International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software. International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) (2008). 2. Herrera, G. et al. A landslide forecasting model using ground based SAR data: The Portalet case study. Engineering Geology 105, 220-230 (2009). 3. Fernández-Merodo, J., García-Davalillo, J., Herrera, G., Mira, P. & Pastor, M. 2D viscoplastic finite element modelling of slow landslides: the Portalet case study (Spain). Landslides 11, 29-42 (2014).

78 FR 36545 - Notice of Ability To Pay-Cash-out Settlement Agreement for the Jefferson City Residential Yards...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-18

... actions at the Site included excavation of contaminated soils, backfilling with clean soils, and re-grading and disposal of the contaminated soils. The removal action was completed in December of 2010. MTMI...

36 CFR 292.16 - Standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., roads, and similar facilities or improvements. Any such necessary encroachment will avoid impeding water...) No excavation or topographic change, except that required for foundations, utilities, or roads, that...) Paints or stains to be of earth tones common to the area. (xv) All buildings and structures, including...

36 CFR 292.16 - Standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., roads, and similar facilities or improvements. Any such necessary encroachment will avoid impeding water...) No excavation or topographic change, except that required for foundations, utilities, or roads, that...) Paints or stains to be of earth tones common to the area. (xv) All buildings and structures, including...

36 CFR 292.16 - Standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., roads, and similar facilities or improvements. Any such necessary encroachment will avoid impeding water...) No excavation or topographic change, except that required for foundations, utilities, or roads, that...) Paints or stains to be of earth tones common to the area. (xv) All buildings and structures, including...

BILATERAL CHOROIDAL EXCAVATION IN JUVENILE LOCALIZED SCLERODERMA.

PubMed

Franklin, Mackenzie L; Day, Shelley

2018-01-01

To describe a case of bilateral choroidal excavation in a patient with juvenile localized scleroderma. Case report. An asymptomatic 12-year-old boy with localized scleroderma presented for examination and was found to have bilateral areas of choroidal excavation temporal to the fovea. Previous reports of ocular complications of localized scleroderma have primarily described adnexal and anterior segment changes. This is the second report of choroidal changes in a patient with localized scleroderma, and the first in a pediatric patient.

Consumption of pondweed rhizomes by Yellowstone grizzly bears

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mattson, D.J.; Podruzny, S.R.; Haroldson, M.A.

2005-01-01

Pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) are common foods of waterfowl throughout the Northern Hemisphere. However, consumption of pondweeds by bears has been noted only once, in Russia. We documented consumption of pondweed rhizomes by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Yellowstone region, 1977-96, during investigations of telemetry locations obtained from 175 radiomarked bears. We documented pondweed excavations at 25 sites and detected pondweed rhizomes in 18 feces. We observed grizzly bears excavating and consuming pondweed on 2 occasions. All excavations occurred in wetlands that were inundated during and after snowmelt, but dry by late August or early September of most years. These wetlands were typified by the presence of inflated sedge (Carex vesicaria) and occurred almost exclusively on plateaus of Pliocene-Pleistocene detrital sediments or volcanic rhyolite flows. Bears excavated wetlands with pondweeds when they were free of standing water, most commonly during October and occasionally during spring prior to the onset of terminal snowmelt. Most excavations were about 4.5 cm deep, 40 cubic decimeter (dm3) in total volume, and targeted the thickened pondweed rhizomes. Starch content of rhizomes collected near grizzly bear excavations averaged 28% (12% SD; n = 6). These results add to the documented diversity of grizzly bear food habits and, because pondweed is distributed circumboreally, also raise the possibility that consumption of pondweed by grizzly bears has been overlooked in other regions.

Monitoring of Deformation in Ground Before and After Tunnel Excavation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eren, Mehmet; Hilmi Erkoç, Muharrem

2017-04-01

As population increase in metropolitan city, we need transportation and transmission tunnel. In this context, the engineers and administors attach impotance to building and planning underground-tunnel. Moreover, we must at regular intervals monitoring to deformation in underground-tunnel for quality and safety. Firstly, a deformation monitoring network is designed as perpendicular to the tunnel main axis. Secondly, the prescribed number of deformation measurements must be made. Finally, the deformation analysis is evaluated and its results is interpreted. This study investigates how deformation in monitoring network during and after tunnel excavate change.For this purpose, a deformation monitoring network of 18 object point and 4 reference point was established. Object points networks was designed steeply to the tunnel main axis as 3 cross section. Each cross section consisted of 3 point left, 2 point right and 1 point at the flowing line. Initial conditional measurement was made before tunnel excavation. Then the deformation measurement was made 5 period (1 period measured after tunnel excavate). All data sets were adjusted according to free adjustment method. The results from the investigation considering the tunnel line, a symmetrical subsidence was observed. The following day of tunnel excavation, we were observed %68 per of the total deformation. At the end of the last period measurements, %99 per of the total deformation was detected. Keywords: Tunnel, Deformation, Subsidence, Excavation

Numerical Simulation and Monitoring of Surface Environment Influence of Waterless Sand Layer Shield Tunneling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shang, Yanliang; Han, Tongyin; Shi, Wenjun; Du, Shouji; Qin, Zhichao

2017-10-01

The development of urban subway is becoming more and more rapid and plays an increasingly important role. The shield tunneling method has become the first choice for the construction of urban subway tunnel in the construction of urban subway. The paper takes the interval of Shijiazhuang Metro Line 3 Administrative Center Station and Garden Park Station as the engineering background. The establishment of double shield finite difference model by considering the thickness of covering soil, tunnel excavation and excavation at the same time, distance and other factors, the surface deformation, and soil thickness. The ground deformation law is obtained, the surface settlement is inversely proportional to the overburden thickness and the double line spacing, and the gradual excavation is smaller than the synchronous excavation.

Experimental research data on stress state of salt rock mass around an underground excavation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baryshnikov, VD; Baryshnikov, DV

2018-03-01

The paper presents the experimental stress state data obtained in surrounding salt rock mass around an excavation in Mir Mine, ALROSA. The deformation characteristics and the values of stresses in the adjacent rock mass are determined. Using the method of drilling a pair of parallel holes in a stressed area, the authors construct linear relationship for the radial displacements of the stress measurement hole boundaries under the short-term loading of the perturbing hole. The resultant elasticity moduli of rocks are comparable with the laboratory core test data. Pre-estimates of actual stresses point at the presence of a plasticity zone in the vicinity of the underground excavation. The stress state behavior at a distance from the excavation boundary disagrees with the Dinnik–Geim hypothesis.

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Foraging Networks in the Grass-Cutting Ant Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908 (Formicidae, Attini)

PubMed Central

Lopes, Juliane F. S.; Brugger, Mariana S.; Menezes, Regys B.; Camargo, Roberto S.; Forti, Luiz Carlos; Fourcassié, Vincent

2016-01-01

Foraging networks are a key element for ant colonies because they facilitate the flow of resources from the environment to the nest and they allow the sharing of information among individuals. Here we report the results of an 8-month survey, extending from November 2009 to June 2010, of the foraging networks of four mature colonies of Atta bisphaerica, a species of grass-cutting ant which is considered as a pest in Brazil. We found that the distribution of foraging effort was strongly influenced by the landscape features around the nests, in particular by the permanently wet parts of the pasture in which the nests were located. The foraging networks consisted of underground tunnels which opened on average at 21.5m from the nests and of above-ground physical trails that reached on average 4.70m in length. The use of the foraging networks was highly dynamic, with few sections of the networks used for long periods of time. Three different phases, which could be linked to the seasonal change in the local rainfall regime, could be identified in the construction and use of the foraging networks. The first phase corresponded to the beginning of the rainy season and was characterized by a low foraging activity, as well as a low excavation and physical trail construction effort. The second phase, which began in February and extended up to the end of the humid season at the end of March, was characterized by an intense excavation and trail construction effort, resulting in an expansion of the foraging networks. Finally, in the third phase, which corresponded to the beginning of the dry season, the excavation and trail construction effort leveled off or decreased while foraging activity kept increasing. Our hypothesis is that ants could benefit from the underground tunnels and physical trails built during the humid season to maintain their foraging activity at a high level. PMID:26752413

Drainage reorganization and divide migration induced by the excavation of the Ebro basin (NE Spain)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vacherat, Arnaud; Bonnet, Stéphane; Mouthereau, Frédéric

2018-05-01

Intracontinental endorheic basins are key elements of source-to-sink systems as they preserve sediments eroded from the surrounding catchments. Drainage reorganization in such a basin in response to changing boundary conditions has strong implications on the sediment routing system and on landscape evolution. The Ebro and Duero basins represent two foreland basins, which developed in response to the growth of surrounding compressional orogens, the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountains to the north, the Iberian Ranges to the south, and the Catalan Coastal Range to the east. They were once connected as endorheic basins in the early Oligocene. By the end of the Miocene, new post-orogenic conditions led to the current setting in which the Ebro and Duero basins are flowing in opposite directions, towards the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although these two hydrographic basins recorded a similar history, they are characterized by very different morphologic features. The Ebro basin is highly excavated, whereas relicts of the endorheic stage are very well preserved in the Duero basin. The contrasting morphological preservation of the endorheic stage represents an ideal natural laboratory to study the drivers (internal and/or external) of post-orogenic drainage divide mobility, drainage network, and landscape evolution. To that aim, we use field and map observations and we apply the χ analysis of river profiles along the divide between the Ebro and Duero drainage basins. We show here that the contrasting excavation of the Ebro and Duero basins drives a reorganization of their drainage network through a series of captures, which resulted in the southwestward migration of their main drainage divide. Fluvial captures have a strong impact on drainage areas, fluxes, and their respective incision capacity. We conclude that drainage reorganization driven by the capture of the Duero basin rivers by the Ebro drainage system explains the first-order preservation of endorheic stage remnants in the Duero basin, due to drainage area loss, independently from tectonics and climate.

Pneumatic soil removal tool

DOEpatents

Neuhaus, J.E.

1992-10-13

A soil removal tool is provided for removing radioactive soil, rock and other debris from the bottom of an excavation, while permitting the operator to be located outside of a containment for that excavation. The tool includes a fixed jaw, secured to one end of an elongate pipe, which cooperates with a movable jaw pivotably mounted on the pipe. Movement of the movable jaw is controlled by a pneumatic cylinder mounted on the pipe. The actuator rod of the pneumatic cylinder is connected to a collar which is slidably mounted on the pipe and forms part of the pivotable mounting assembly for the movable jaw. Air is supplied to the pneumatic cylinder through a handle connected to the pipe, under the control of an actuator valve mounted on the handle, to provide movement of the movable jaw. 3 figs.

Pneumatic soil removal tool

DOEpatents

Neuhaus, John E.

1992-01-01

A soil removal tool is provided for removing radioactive soil, rock and other debris from the bottom of an excavation, while permitting the operator to be located outside of a containment for that excavation. The tool includes a fixed jaw, secured to one end of an elongate pipe, which cooperates with a movable jaw pivotably mounted on the pipe. Movement of the movable jaw is controlled by a pneumatic cylinder mounted on the pipe. The actuator rod of the pneumatic cylinder is connected to a collar which is slidably mounted on the pipe and forms part of the pivotable mounting assembly for the movable jaw. Air is supplied to the pneumatic cylinder through a handle connected to the pipe, under the control of an actuator valve mounted on the handle, to provide movement of the movable jaw.

76 FR 10918 - License Transfer Order for the Cimarron Facility at Crescent, OK

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-28

... groundwater remediation including natural attenuation, excavation, bioremediation, and the use of... bioremediation. The NRC staff conducted an expanded acceptance review of the December 11, 2006, bioremediation..., Cimarron Corporation submitted a revised license amendment request for the use of bioremediation and...

The Rehydroxylation Dating of Archeological Baked-Clay Artifacts for Determination Paleomagnetic Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batalin, G. A.; Gareev, B. I.; Nourgaliev, D. K.

2016-12-01

If confirmed, the rehydroxylation dating method proposed by Wilson et al. would be a major achievement forarcheological and geological sciences. This method would indeed make it possible to date potentially all fired-clayartifacts (fragments of pottery or of architectural bricks) unearthed in excavation contexts and/or recovered fromold buildings, offering to archeologists exceptional time constraints that are at the basis of most archeologicalissues. Together with that, determination of magnetic characteristics of fired-clay artifacts allows to build paleosecularvariations.We present new results obtained from thermo-gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry measurements coupledwith mass spectrometry analyses to identify rehydroxylation water and link it with age of ceramic. A varietyof archeological artifacts was collected from different excavations conducted on the territory of the Republic ofTatarstan, Russia.Magnetic measurements include thermomagnetic analysis, coercitive spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility measurementversus temperature. Paleomagnetic studies include measurement of paleointensity. The main aim of paleomagneticinvestigations is to reconstruct magnetic field behavior during last centuries and made paleosecularvariations (PSV) for Volga region.

Quantifying Contaminant Mass for the Feasibility Study of the DuPont Chambers Works FUSRAP Site - 13510

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Young, Carl; Rahman, Mahmudur; Johnson, Ann

2013-07-01

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) - Philadelphia District is conducting an environmental restoration at the DuPont Chambers Works in Deepwater, New Jersey under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). Discrete locations are contaminated with natural uranium, thorium-230 and radium-226. The USACE is proposing a preferred remedial alternative consisting of excavation and offsite disposal to address soil contamination followed by monitored natural attenuation to address residual groundwater contamination. Methods were developed to quantify the error associated with contaminant volume estimates and use mass balance calculations of the uranium plume to estimate the removal efficiency of the proposedmore » alternative. During the remedial investigation, the USACE collected approximately 500 soil samples at various depths. As the first step of contaminant mass estimation, soil analytical data was segmented into several depth intervals. Second, using contouring software, analytical data for each depth interval was contoured to determine lateral extent of contamination. Six different contouring algorithms were used to generate alternative interpretations of the lateral extent of the soil contamination. Finally, geographical information system software was used to produce a three dimensional model in order to present both lateral and vertical extent of the soil contamination and to estimate the volume of impacted soil for each depth interval. The average soil volume from all six contouring methods was used to determine the estimated volume of impacted soil. This method also allowed an estimate of a standard deviation of the waste volume estimate. It was determined that the margin of error for the method was plus or minus 17% of the waste volume, which is within the acceptable construction contingency for cost estimation. USACE collected approximately 190 groundwater samples from 40 monitor wells. It is expected that excavation and disposal of contaminated soil will remove the contaminant source zone and significantly reduce contaminant concentrations in groundwater. To test this assumption, a mass balance evaluation was performed to estimate the amount of dissolved uranium that would remain in the groundwater after completion of soil excavation. As part of this evaluation, average groundwater concentrations for the pre-excavation and post-excavation aquifer plume area were calculated to determine the percentage of plume removed during excavation activities. In addition, the volume of the plume removed during excavation dewatering was estimated. The results of the evaluation show that approximately 98% of the aqueous uranium would be removed during the excavation phase. The USACE expects that residual levels of contamination will remain in groundwater after excavation of soil but at levels well suited for the selection of excavation combined with monitored natural attenuation as a preferred alternative. (authors)« less

Experience in design and construction of the Log tunnel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jovičić, Vojkan; Goleš, Niko; Tori, Matija; Peternel, Miha; Vajović, Stanojle; Muhić, Elvir

2017-09-01

A twin highway Log tunnel is a part of a new motorway connection between Maribor and Zagreb, section Draženci-Gru\\vskovje, which is located towards the border crossing between Slovenia and Croatia. The tunnel is currently under construction, and only the excavation works have been completed during the writing of this paper. The terrain in the area of the Log tunnel is diverse, and the route of the highway in its vicinity is characterised by deep excavations, bridges or viaducts. The Log tunnel is approximately 250 m long, partly constructed as a gallery. The geological conditions are dominated by Miocene base rock, featuring layers of well-connected clastic rocks, which are covered by diluvium clays, silts, sands and gravels of different thicknesses. Due to the short length of the tunnel, the usual separation of the motorway route to the left and the right tunnel axes was not carried out. Thus, the tunnel was constructed with an intermediate pillar and was designed as a three-lane tunnel, including the stopping lane. The construction of the tunnel was carried out using the New Austrian tunnelling method (NATM), in which the central adit was excavated first and the intermediate pillar was constructed within it. The excavation of the main tubes followed and was divided into the top heading, bench and the invert, enabling the intermediate pillar to take the load off the top heading of both tubes. The secondary lining of the tunnel is currently under construction. The experience of the tunnel construction gathered so far is presented in the paper. The main emphasis is on the construction of the intermediate pillar, which had to take the significant and asymmetrical ground load.

Erosion and sediment delivery following removal of forest roads

USGS Publications Warehouse

Madej, Mary Ann

2001-01-01

Erosion control treatments were applied to abandoned logging roads in California, with the goal of reducing road-related sediment input to streams and restoring natural hydrologic patterns on the landscape. Treatment of stream crossings involved excavating culverts and associated road fill and reshaping streambanks. A variety of techniques were applied to road benches, which included decompacting the road surface, placing unstable road fill in more stable locations, and re-establishing natural surface drainage patterns. Following treatment and a 12-year recurrence-interval storm, some road reaches and excavated stream crossings showed evidence of mass movement failures, gullying, bank erosion and channel incision. Post-treatment erosion from excavated stream crossings was related to two variables: a surrogate for stream power (drainage area × channel gradient) and the volume of fill excavated from the channel. Post-treatment erosion on road reaches was related to four explanatory variables: method of treatment, hillslope position (upper, mid-slope or lower), date of treatment, and an interaction term (hillslope position × method of treatment). Sediment delivery from treated roads in upper, middle and lower hillslope positions was 10, 135 and 550 m3 of sediment per kilometre of treated roads, respectively. In contrast, inventories of almost 500 km of forest roads in adjacent catchments indicate that untreated roads produced 1500 to 4700 m3 of sediment per kilometre of road length. Erosion from 300 km of treated roads contributed less than 2 per cent of the total sediment load of Redwood Creek during the period 1978 to 1998. Although road removal treatments do not completely eliminate erosion associated with forest roads, they do substantially reduce sediment yields from abandoned logging roads.

Geoarchaeological investigations at the Winger site: A Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in Southwestern Kansas, U.S.A

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mandel, R.D.; Hofman, J.L.

2003-01-01

The Winger site is a deeply buried Late Paleoindian bison bonebed in a playa basin on the High Plains of midcontinental North America. The site is one of few stratified, Late Paleoindian bison kills recorded in the region. The bonebed is exposed in the bank of an intermittent stream that cut into the edge of the playa basin. Avocational archaeologists excavated a small portion of the exposed bonebed in the early 1970s and reported flakes in association with the skeletal remains. Limited reinvestigations of the site were undertaken in 2001, and a monthlong excavation was conducted in 2002 to assess the stratigraphy, geochronology, and archaeology. The bonebed is 35 ni long in a buried soil developed in fine-grained basin fill overlain by early Holocene alluvium (arroyo fill). Recent alluvium overlies a soil developed in the early Holocene alluvium, and modern deposits of eolian sand 2 to to < 35 cm thick mantle the site area. Artifacts found at the site include two Allen points and a flake tool discovered in the bone bed, and a biface and Allen point fragment in disturbed bonebed deposits. Excavation of 9 m2 of the bone bed revealed some fully articulated skeletons, and taphonomic observations suggest some of the bison collapsed while standing in a playa or pond margin setting. The remains of at least six bison are represented in the excavated sample from 2002, but many more animals are represented in the bonebed. A 14C age of ca. 9000 yr B.P. was determined on collagen from bison rib fragments. This age is consistent with the diagnostic artifacts found at Winger. ?? 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A low cost, high performance remotely controlled backhoe/excavator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rizzo, J.

1995-12-31

This paper addresses a state of the art, low cost, remotely controlled backhoe/excavator system for remediation use at hazardous waste sites. The all weather, all terrain, Remote Dig-It is based on a simple, proven construction platform and incorporates state of the art sensors, control, telemetry and other subsystems derived from advanced underwater remotely operated vehicle systems. The system can be towed to a site without the use of a trailer, manually operated by an on board operator or operated via a fiber optic or optional RF communications link by a remotely positioned operator. A proportional control system is piggy backedmore » onto the standard manual control system. The control system improves manual operation, allows rapid manual/remote mode selection and provides fine manual or remote control of all functions. The system incorporates up to 4 separate video links, acoustic obstacle proximity sensors, and stereo audio pickups and an optional differential GPS navigation. Video system options include electronic panning and tilting within a distortion-corrected wide angle field of view. The backhoe/excavator subsystem has a quick disconnect interface feature which allows its use as a manipulator with a wide variety of end effectors and tools. The Remote Dig-It was developed to respond to the need for a low-cost, effective remediation system for use at sites containing hazardous materials. The prototype system was independently evaluated for this purpose by the Army at the Jefferson Proving Ground where it surpassed all performance goals. At the time of this writing, the Remote Dig-It system is currently the only backhoe/excavator which met the Army`s goals for remediation systems for use at hazardous waste sites and it costs a fraction of any known competing offerings.« less

Ancient Chinese capital models — Measurement system in urban planning —

PubMed Central

FUNO, Shuji

2017-01-01

Measurement systems are very important in urban design. This article reviews the theories of grid plans, particularly with respect to the spatial formations of ancient capital cities in Asia, and clarifies three Chinese Capital Models. The “Zhōu lǐ” Capital Model (Z) is based on the ancient text “Zhōu lǐ” that makes mention of the ideal city. However, because the description of the physical plan of the city is very brief and includes contradictory elements, conclusions regarding the specifics of the city design are extremely difficult to reach. This article proposes the most appropriate Model (Z) as an architype of the ideal Chinese city. Interestingly, there are no excavated examples of Model (Z). The two existing models, the Chang’an Capital Model (C), which is well known as the model for ancient Japanese capitals like Heiankyo (the present Kyoto) and the Dà Yuán (Dadu) Capital Model (D), the model for the city that is today Beijing, are described as Variants I and II, with a focus on the land division system of bo (street blocks). PMID:29129851

Resource Prospector: A Lunar Volatiles Prospecting and ISRU Demonstration Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Colaprete, Anthony

2015-01-01

A variety of recent observations have indicated several possible reservoirs of water and other volatiles. These volatiles, and in particular water, have the potential to be a valuable or enabling resource for future exploration. NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) is supporting the development of Resource Prospector (RP) to explore the distribution and concentration of lunar volatiles prospecting and to demonstrate In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The mission includes a NASA developed rover and payload, and a lander will most likely be a contributed element by an international partner or the Lunar Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Touchdown (CATALYST) initiative. The RP payload is designed to: (1) locate near-subsurface volatiles, (2) excavate and analyze samples of the volatile-bearing regolith, and (3) demonstrate the form. extractability and usefulness of the materials. RP is being designed with thought given to its extensibility to resource prospecting and ISRU on other airless bodies and Mars. This presentation will describe the Resource Prospector mission, the payload and measurements, and concept of operations

Modeling and stability of electro-hydraulic servo of hydraulic excavator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Wenhua; Yin, Chenbo; Li, Guo; Sun, Menghui

2017-11-01

The condition of the hydraulic excavator is complicated and the working environment is bad. The safety and stability of the control system is influenced by the external factors. This paper selects hydraulic excavator electro-hydraulic servo system as the research object. A mathematical model and simulation model using AMESIM of servo system is established. Then the pressure and flow characteristics are analyzed. The design and optimization of electro-hydraulic servo system and its application in engineering machinery is provided.

Pajarito Plateau archaeological surveys and excavations. II

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Steen, C R

1982-04-01

Los Alamos National Laboratory continues its archaeological program of data gathering and salvage excavations. Sites recently added to the archaeological survey are described, as well as the results of five excavations. Among the more interesting and important discoveries are (1) the apparently well-established local use of anhydrous lime, and (2) a late pre-Columbian use of earlier house sites and middens for garden plots. Evidence indicated that the local puebloan population was the result of an expansion of upper Rio Grande peoples, not an influx of migrants.

Single-Shot Laser Ablation Split-Stream (SS-LASS) Analysis Depth Profiling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kylander-Clark, A. R.; Stearns, M. A.; Viete, D. R.; Cottle, J. M.; Hacker, B. R.

2014-12-01

Laser ablation depth profiling of geochronometers—such as zircon, monazite, titanite and rutile—has become popular in recent years as a tool to both determine date vs. depth or trace-element (TE) composition vs. depth; the former allows the dating of thin rims and, potentially, inversion of Pb-loss profiles for thermal histories, whereas the latter can yield insight into changes in PTX or mineral parageneses and inversion of trace-element profiles for thermal histories. In this study, we combine both techniques, enabling simultaneous acquisition of U-Th/Pb isotopic ratios and trace-element compositions, by joining a 193 nm excimer laser to a multi-collector ICP-MS and single-collector ICP-MS. The simultaneous acquisition allows direct shot-by-shot linkage between time and petrology, expanding our ability to understand the evolution of complex geologic systems. We construct each depth profile by capturing the analyte with a succession of individual laser pulses (each ~100 nm deep) . This has two main advantages over a typical time-dependent analysis of a multi-shot routine composed of tens to hundreds of shots and a several μm deep hole. 1) The reference material is analyzed between each shot for a more-accurate standardization of each aliquot of ablated material. 2) There is no mixing of material ablated from successive laser pulses during transmission to the ICP. The method is limited by count rate, which depends on spot size, excavation rate, instrument sensitivity, etc., and, for single-collector ICP, the switching time, which limits the number of elements that can be analyzed and their total counts. We explore the latter theoretically and experimentally to provide insight on both the ideal number of elements to measure and the dwell time in any given sample. Examples of the utility of SS-LASS include the comparison of apparent Pb loss to diffusion profiles of trace elements in rims of metamorphic rutile and titanite, as well as the determination of the timing and petrologic conditions of thin zircon rims in metamorphic rocks.

Material Excavated by a Fresh Impact and Identified as Water Ice

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-09-24

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars, an instrument on NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, obtained information confirming material excavated by a fresh impact and Identified as water ice.

CLEANING EXCAVATED SOIL USING EXTRACTION AGENTS: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW

EPA Science Inventory

This report presents a state-of-the-art review of soil washing technologies and their applicability to Superfund sites in the United States. The review includes Superfund site soil and contamination characteristics; as well as soil cleaning technologies, their principles of opera...

43 CFR 3592.3 - Production maps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... submitted for in situ or solution mining shall show pipelines, meter locations, or other points of... production from the leased lands. All excavations in each separate bed or deposit shall be shown in such a... boundaries, lease boundaries and topography, including subsidence resulting from mining activities. (b) In...

43 CFR 3592.3 - Production maps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... submitted for in situ or solution mining shall show pipelines, meter locations, or other points of... production from the leased lands. All excavations in each separate bed or deposit shall be shown in such a... boundaries, lease boundaries and topography, including subsidence resulting from mining activities. (b) In...

43 CFR 3592.3 - Production maps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... submitted for in situ or solution mining shall show pipelines, meter locations, or other points of... production from the leased lands. All excavations in each separate bed or deposit shall be shown in such a... boundaries, lease boundaries and topography, including subsidence resulting from mining activities. (b) In...

43 CFR 3592.3 - Production maps.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... submitted for in situ or solution mining shall show pipelines, meter locations, or other points of... production from the leased lands. All excavations in each separate bed or deposit shall be shown in such a... boundaries, lease boundaries and topography, including subsidence resulting from mining activities. (b) In...

Lunar in-core thermionic nuclear reactor power system conceptual design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mason, Lee S.; Schmitz, Paul C.; Gallup, Donald R.

1991-01-01

This paper presents a conceptual design of a lunar in-core thermionic reactor power system. The concept consists of a thermionic reactor located in a lunar excavation with surface mounted waste heat radiators. The system was integrated with a proposed lunar base concept representative of recent NASA Space Exploration Initiative studies. The reference mission is a permanently-inhabited lunar base requiring a 550 kWe, 7 year life central power station. Performance parameters and assumptions were based on the Thermionic Fuel Element (TFE) Verification Program. Five design cases were analyzed ranging from conservative to advanced. The cases were selected to provide sensitivity effects on the achievement of TFE program goals.

16. TAILRACE ARCH FROM 1814 MILL BROKEN THROUGH DURING EXCAVATION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. TAILRACE ARCH FROM 1814 MILL BROKEN THROUGH DURING EXCAVATION FOR A SURFACE WATER RUNOFF POLLUTION TRAP, SUBSEQUENTLY FILLED. - Boston Manufacturing Company, 144-190 Moody Street, Waltham, Middlesex County, MA

Silica exposure to excavation workers during the excavation of a low level radiological waste pit and tritium disposal shafts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilson, K.M.

1995-01-01

This study evaluated the task-length average (TLA) respirable dust and respirable silica airborne concentrations to which construction workers excavating volcanic tuff at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) were exposed. These workers were excavating a low level radiological waste disposal pit of final dimensions 720 feet long, 132 feet wide and 60 feet deep. The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) evaluate exposures; (2) determine if the type of machinery used affects the respirable dust concentration in the breathing zone of the worker; (3) evaluate the efficacy of wetting the pit to reduce the respirable dust exposure; and (4)more » determine if exposure increases with increasing depth of pit due to the walls of the pit blocking the cross wind ventilation.« less

A study on the dynamic behavior of the Meuse/Haute-Marne argillite

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, M.; Kaiser, P. K.; Suorineni, F.; Su, K.

Excavation of underground tunnels can be conducted by tunnel boring machines (TBM) or drill-and-blast. TBMs cause minimum damage to excavation walls. Blasting effects on excavation walls depend on the care with which the blasting is executed. For blast-induced damage in excavation walls, two issues have to be addressed: rate of loss of confinement (rate of excavation) and dynamic loading from wave propagation that causes both intended and unintended damage. To address these two aspects, laboratory dynamic tests were conducted for the determination of the dynamic properties of the Meuse/Haute-Marne argillite. In the present study, 17 tensile (Brazilian) and 15 compression split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests were conducted. The test revealed that the dynamic strengths of the argillite are strain rate dependent. The average dynamic increase factors (ratio of dynamic strength to static strength) for tensile and compressive strength are about 3.3 and 2.4, respectively. A high-speed video camera was used to visualize the initiation of failure and subsequent deformation of the specimens. The direct compression specimens were found to deform and fail uniformly around the circumference of the specimen, by a spalling process. The SHPB Brazilian tests indicated that failure occurred in tension along the line of load application. Radial fractures were also observed. The test results can be used for the development of a dynamic constitutive model for the argillite for the prediction of damage in underground excavation utilizing the drill-and blast method.

Physico-chemical properties of excavated plastic from landfill mining and current recycling routes.

PubMed

Canopoli, L; Fidalgo, B; Coulon, F; Wagland, S T

2018-06-01

In Europe over 5.25 billion tonnes of waste has been landfilled between 1995 and 2015. Among this large amount of waste, plastic represents typically 5-25 wt% which is significant and has the potential to be recycled and reintroduced into the circular economy. To date there is still however little information available of the opportunities and challenges in recovering plastics from landfill sites. In this review, the impacts of landfill chemistry on the degradation and/or contamination of excavated plastic waste are analysed. The feasibility of using excavated plastic waste as feedstock for upcycling to valuable chemicals or liquid fuels through thermochemical conversion is also critically discussed. The limited degradation that is experienced by many plastics in landfills (>20 years) which guarantee that large amount is still available is largely due to thermooxidative degradation and the anaerobic conditions. However, excavated plastic waste cannot be conventionally recycled due to high level of ash, impurities and heavy metals. Recent studies demonstrated that pyrolysis offers a cost effective alternative option to conventional recycling. The produced pyrolysis oil is expected to have similar characteristics to petroleum diesel oil. The production of valuable product from excavated plastic waste will also increase the feasibility of enhanced landfill mining projects. However, further studies are needed to investigate the uncertainties about the contamination level and degradation of excavated plastic waste and address their viability for being processed through pyrolysis. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

"MI" caries management--an overview.

PubMed

Banerjee, Avijit

2012-04-01

Minimum intervention dentistry, with its non-operative prevention and control of disease, underpins the basis of a patient-centred, team-based approach to managing dental caries in patients, who must take an active responsibility in maintaining their personal oral health. In patients where cavities are present causing pain, poor aesthetics and/or functional problems, restorations will need to be placed. Minimally invasive caries excavation strategies can be deployed depending on the patient's caries risk, lesion-pulp proximity and vitality, the extent of remaining supra-gingival tooth structure and clinical factors (e.g., moisture control, access) present in each case treated. Excavation instruments, including burs/handpieces, hand excavators, chemo-mechanical agents and/or air-abrasives which limit caries removal selectively to the more superficial caries-infected dentine and partial removal of caries-affected dentine when required, help create smaller cavities with healthy enamel/dentine margins. Using adhesive restorative materials, the operator can, if handling with care, optimize the histological substrate coupled with the applied chemistry of the material so helping to form a durable peripheral seal and bond to aid retention of the restoration as well as arresting the carious process within the remaining tooth structure. Achieving a smooth tooth-restoration interface clinically to aid the co-operative, motivated patient in biofilm removal, is an essential pre-requisite to prevent further secondary caries.

Deep Fracturing of the Hard Rock Surrounding a Large Underground Cavern Subjected to High Geostress: In Situ Observation and Mechanism Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Xia-Ting; Pei, Shu-Feng; Jiang, Quan; Zhou, Yang-Yi; Li, Shao-Jun; Yao, Zhi-Bin

2017-08-01

Rocks that are far removed from caverns or tunnels peripheries and subjected to high geostress may undergo `deep fracturing'. Deep fracturing of hard rock can cause serious hazards that cause delays and increase the cost of construction of underground caverns with high sidewalls and large spans (especially when subjected to high geostress). To extensively investigate the mechanism responsible for deep fracturing, and the relationship between fracturing and the excavation & support of caverns, this paper presents a basic procedure for making in situ observations on the deep fracturing process in hard rock. The basic procedure involves predicting the stress concentration zones in the surrounding rocks of caverns induced by excavation using geomechanical techniques. Boreholes are then drilled through these stress concentration zones from pre-existing tunnels (such as auxiliary galleries) toward the caverns before its excavation. Continuous observations of the fracturing of the surrounding rocks are performed during excavation using a borehole camera in the boreholes in order to analyze the evolution of the fracturing process. The deep fracturing observed in a large underground cavern (high sidewalls and large span) in southwest China excavated in basalt under high geostress is also discussed. By continuously observing the hard rock surrounding the arch on the upstream side of the cavern during the excavation of the first three layers, it was observed that the fracturing developed into the surrounding rocks with downward excavation of the cavern. Fracturing was found at distances up to 8-9 m from the cavern periphery during the excavation of Layer III. Also, the cracks propagated along pre-existing joints or at the interfaces between quartz porphyry and the rock matrix. The relationship between deep fracturing of the surrounding rocks and the advance of the cavern working faces was analyzed during excavation of Layer Ib. The results indicate that the extent of the stress relief zone is about 7 m if footage of 3 m is adopted for the rate of advance of the cavern faces. An analysis of the effects of the initial geostress and evolving stress concentration on deep fracturing was also made. It could be concluded that the deep fracturing of the rocks in the upstream side of the cavern is caused by the combined effect of the high initial geostress, the transfer of the stress concentration zone toward the deep surrounding rocks, and the occurrence of discontinuities.

Stabilization of soils contaminated with explosives and metals from the ammunition demolition activity area and miscellaneous sites at the Umatilla Depot

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lear, P.R.; Gemarr, D.

1997-12-31

The US Army Umatilla Depot (UMD) was established as an ordnance depot in 1941 to store, preserve, and perform minor maintenance on conventional and chemical munitions. From the 1940`s until the present, UMD operated periodically at the 32 miscellaneous sites identified as OU-5. OU-4 consists of twenty sites within the Ammunition Demolition Activity Area. Typical activities conducted at these sites consisted of operations to burn, detonate, and otherwise dispose of ordnance, munitions casings, and other solids wastes. Five sites were selected for remedial action. The remediation contaminants of concern for the sites encompassed both metallic and non-metallic elements and bothmore » inorganic and organic compounds. The remedial action selected for the contaminated soil at these sites was stabilization/solidification (S/S). The site remediation activities for the five sites were performed by OHM Remediation Services Corp. (OHM) under the supervision of the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Seattle District. The remedial action included treatability mix design testing, mobilization and field setup, soil excavation and processing, and S/S treatment. Stabilized soil samples were collected as grab samples from the pugmill discharge conveyor at a rate of every 75 tons of soil feed, corresponding to an individual production lot. None of the 437 production lots failed to meet the UCS requirement of 50 psi, however, 31 (7%) of the 437 lots failed for either TCLP-leachable metals or explosives. With one exception, all production lots which failed were due to exceedances of the TCLP-leachable explosives requirements. Of these 30 lots, 22 lots were from the OU-5 metals sites and were not expected to contain significant amounts of explosives. The areas in the landfill corresponding to these lots were excavated and the material reprocessed.« less

Damage initiation and propagation assessed from stress-induced microseismic events during a mine-by test in the Opalinus Clay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Le Gonidec, Y.; Sarout, J.; Wassermann, J.; Nussbaum, C.

2014-07-01

We report in this paper an original analysis of microseismic events (MSEs) induced by an excavation operation in the clay environment of the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory. In order to identify the MSEs with confidence, we develop a restrictive but efficient multistep method for filtering the recorded events. We deduce the spatial distribution and processes associated with the excavation-induced damage from the spatial location and focal mechanisms of the MSEs. We observe an asymmetric geometry of the excavation damaged zone around the excavated gallery, without notable microseismic activity in the sandy facies sidewall, in contrast with the shaly facies sidewall where a first burst of events is recorded, followed by two smaller bursts: one locates ahead of the excavation front and is associated with a dominant double-couple component, suggesting bedding plane reworking, that is, shear fracture mode, and the MSEs of the other cluster inside the shaly sidewall of the gallery, with a dominant compensated linear vector dipole component, suggesting extensive cracking. We identify and discuss four major factors that seem to control the MSEs source mechanisms: lithology, geometry of the geological features, gallery orientation and direction of the main compressive stress.

Behavior of braced excavation in sand under a seismic condition: experimental and numerical studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Konai, Sanku; Sengupta, Aniruddha; Deb, Kousik

2018-04-01

The behavior of braced excavation in dry sand under a seismic condition is investigated in this paper. A series of shake table tests on a reduced scale model of a retaining wall with one level of bracing were conducted to study the effect of different design parameters such as excavation depth, acceleration amplitude and wall stiffness. Numerical analyses using FLAC 2D were also performed considering one level of bracing. The strut forces, lateral displacements and bending moments in the wall at the end of earthquake motion were compared with experimental results. The study showed that in a post-seismic condition, when other factors were constant, lateral displacement, bending moment, strut forces and maximum ground surface displacement increased with excavation depth and the amplitude of base acceleration. The study also showed that as wall stiffness decreased, the lateral displacement of the wall and ground surface displacement increased, but the bending moment of the wall and strut forces decreased. The net earth pressure behind the walls was influenced by excavation depth and the peak acceleration amplitude, but did not change significantly with wall stiffness. Strut force was the least affected parameter when compared with others under a seismic condition.

Endoscopic excavation for the treatment of small esophageal subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria.

PubMed

Ye, Li-ping; Zhu, Lin-hong; Zhou, Xian-bin; Mao, Xin-li; Zhang, Yu

2015-01-01

This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic excavation for esophageal subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria. Forty-five patients with esophageal subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria were treated with endoscopic excavation between January 2010 and June 2012. The key steps were: (1) making several dots around the tumor; (2) incising the mucosa along with the marker dots, and then seperating the tumor from the muscularis propria by using a hook knife or an insulated-tip knife; (3) closing the artificial ulcer with clips after the tumor was removed. The mean tumor diameter was 1.1 ± 0.6 cm. Endoscopic excavation was successfully performed in 43 out of 45 cases (95.6%), the other 2 cases were ligated with nylon rope. During the procedure perforation occurred in 4 (8.9%) patients, who recovered after conservative treatment. No massive bleeding or delayed bleeding occurred. Histologic diagnosis was obtained from 43 (95.6%) patients. Pathological diagnoses of these tumors were leiomyomas (38/43) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (5/43). Endoscopic excavation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of small esophageal subepithelial tumors originating from the muscularis propria.

Coupled THM processes in EDZ of crystalline rocks using an elasto-plastic cellular automaton

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pan, Peng-Zhi; Feng, Xia-Ting; Huang, Xiao-Hua; Cui, Qiang; Zhou, Hui

2009-05-01

This paper aims at a numerical study of coupled thermal, hydrological and mechanical processes in the excavation disturbed zones (EDZ) around nuclear waste emplacement drifts in fractured crystalline rocks. The study was conducted for two model domains close to an emplacement tunnel; (1) a near-field domain and (2) a smaller wall-block domain. Goodman element and weak element were used to represent the fractures in the rock mass and the rock matrix was represented as elasto-visco-plastic material. Mohr-Coulomb criterion and a non-associated plastic flow rule were adopted to consider the viscoplastic deformation in the EDZ. A relation between volumetric strain and permeability was established. Using a self-developed EPCA2D code, the elastic, elasto-plastic and creep analyses to study the evolution of stress and deformations, as well as failure and permeability evolution in the EDZ were conducted. Results indicate a strong impact of fractures, plastic deformation and time effects on the behavior of EDZ especially the evolution of permeability around the drift.

Study of archaeological coins of different dynasties using libs coupled with multivariate analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Awasthi, Shikha; Kumar, Rohit; Rai, G. K.; Rai, A. K.

2016-04-01

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an atomic emission spectroscopic technique having unique capability of an in-situ monitoring tool for detection and quantification of elements present in different artifacts. Archaeological coins collected form G.R. Sharma Memorial Museum; University of Allahabad, India has been analyzed using LIBS technique. These coins were obtained from excavation of Kausambi, Uttar Pradesh, India. LIBS system assembled in the laboratory (laser Nd:YAG 532 nm, 4 ns pulse width FWHM with Ocean Optics LIBS 2000+ spectrometer) is employed for spectral acquisition. The spectral lines of Ag, Cu, Ca, Sn, Si, Fe and Mg are identified in the LIBS spectra of different coins. LIBS along with Multivariate Analysis play an effective role for classification and contribution of spectral lines in different coins. The discrimination between five coins with Archaeological interest has been carried out using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show the potential relevancy of the methodology used in the elemental identification and classification of artifacts with high accuracy and robustness.

Space Archeology Overview at Gordion: 2010 to 2012

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tucker, Compton J.; Slayback, Daniel; Nigro, Joseph D.; Yager, Karina A.

2014-01-01

In fiscal years 2010, 2011, and 2012, Compton Tucker was the principal investigator of a NASA Space Archaeology project that worked at Gordion, in Central Turkey. Tucker was assisted by an excellent team of co-workers including Joseph Nigro and Daniel Slayback of Science Systems Applications Incorporated, Jenny Strum of the University of New Mexico, and Karina Yager, a post doctoral fellow at NASA/GSFC. This report summaries their research activities at Gordion for the field seasons of 2010, 2011, and 2012. Because of the possible use of our findings at Gordion for tomb robbing there and/or the encouragement of potential tomb robbers using our geophysical survey methods to locate areas to loot, we have not published any of our survey results in the open literature nor placed any of these results on any web sites. These 2010- 2012 survey results remain in the confidential archives of the University of Pennsylvania's University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, the group that leads the Gordion Excavation and Research Project. Excavations are planned for 2013 at Gordion, including several that will be based upon the research results in this report. The site of Gordion in central Turkey, famous as the home of King Midas, whose father's intricately tied knot gave the site its name, also served as the center of the Phrygian kingdom that ruled much of Central Anatolia in Asia Minor during the early first millennium B.C. Gordion has been a University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology excavation project since 1950, yet the site is incompletely published despite six decades of research. The primary obstacles related to the site and its preservation were two problems that NASA technology could address: (1) critical survey errors in the hundreds of maps and plans produced by the earlier excavators, most of which used mutually incompatible geospatial referencing systems, that prevented any systematic understanding of the site; and (2) agricultural encroachment upon the site that was compromising its archaeological integrity. Our NASA Space Archaeology proposal was written to address both of these problems. When we started working at Gordion in 2010, we added a third objective, (3) ground penetrating radar and magnetic geophysical surveys of threatened areas. The first objective our NASA Space Archaeology Project was to provide the University of Pennsylvania's Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology a system to rectify and incorporate all existing survey data from Gordion, including previous aerial photographs of the site, detailed site surveys, maps, and excavation plans, into a common mapping system. This was accomplished with a Geographic Information System (GIS) based upon a 60 cm Quickbird satellite image ortho-rectified using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 30 m digital elevation data and tied to a known datum at Gordion. This enabled the first accurate, multi-layer plan of this complex site, occupied almost continuously from the Bronze Age to the 1st millennium CE, and made possible Gordion's three-dimensional development for the first time.

4. VIEW OF AREA EXCAVATED FOR ACCESS TO MERCURY RETORT. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. VIEW OF AREA EXCAVATED FOR ACCESS TO MERCURY RETORT. VIEW SOUTH FROM RETORT. (OCTOBER, 1995) - McCormick Group Mine, Mercury Retort, East slope of Buckskin Mountain, Paradise Valley, Humboldt County, NV

Navy Pier roundabout, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 2,300 cpm to a maximum of 4,300cpm unshielded.

305 E. Erie Street, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 1,900 cpm to a maximum of 3,900cpm unshielded.

400-420 N St Clair St, May 2014, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the respective instrument threshold previously stated witha maximum of 8,000 cpm unshielded.

301-45 E Illinois St, May 2014, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the respective instrument threshold previously stated with amaximum of 7,500 cpm unshielded.

215 E. Grand Ave, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 1,300 cpm to a maximum of 3,500cpm shielded.

18 CFR 1304.207 - Channel excavation on TVA-owned residential access shoreland.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Resources TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY APPROVAL OF CONSTRUCTION IN THE TENNESSEE RIVER SYSTEM AND REGULATION... the reservoir bottom is exposed and dry. (h) Spoil material from channel excavations must be placed in...

41. Upstream end of emergency spillway excavation. Photographer unknown, 1929. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

41. Upstream end of emergency spillway excavation. Photographer unknown, 1929. Source: Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). - Waddell Dam, On Agua Fria River, 35 miles northwest of Phoenix, Phoenix, Maricopa County, AZ

Foundation Heat Exchanger Final Report: Demonstration, Measured Performance, and Validated Model and Design Tool

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hughes, Patrick; Im, Piljae

2012-04-01

Geothermal heat pumps, sometimes called ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), have been proven capable of significantly reducing energy use and peak demand in buildings. Conventional equipment for controlling the temperature and humidity of a building, or supplying hot water and fresh outdoor air, must exchange energy (or heat) with the building's outdoor environment. Equipment using the ground as a heat source and heat sink consumes less non-renewable energy (electricity and fossil fuels) because the earth is cooler than outdoor air in summer and warmer in winter. The most important barrier to rapid growth of the GSHP industry is high first costmore » of GSHP systems to consumers. The most common GSHP system utilizes a closed-loop ground heat exchanger. This type of GSHP system can be used almost anywhere. There is reason to believe that reducing the cost of closed-loop systems is the strategy that would achieve the greatest energy savings with GSHP technology. The cost premium of closed-loop GSHP systems over conventional space conditioning and water heating systems is primarily associated with drilling boreholes or excavating trenches, installing vertical or horizontal ground heat exchangers, and backfilling the excavations. This project investigates reducing the cost of horizontal closed-loop ground heat exchangers by installing them in the construction excavations, augmented when necessary with additional trenches. This approach applies only to new construction of residential and light commercial buildings or additions to such buildings. In the business-as-usual scenario, construction excavations are not used for the horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHX); instead the HGHX is installed entirely in trenches dug specifically for that purpose. The potential cost savings comes from using the construction excavations for the installation of ground heat exchangers, thereby minimizing the need and expense of digging additional trenches. The term foundation heat exchanger (FHX) has been coined to refer exclusively to ground heat exchangers installed in the overcut around the basement walls. The primary technical challenge undertaken by this project was the development and validation of energy performance models and design tools for FHX. In terms of performance modeling and design, ground heat exchangers in other construction excavations (e.g., utility trenches) are no different from conventional HGHX, and models and design tools for HGHX already exist. This project successfully developed and validated energy performance models and design tools so that FHX or hybrid FHX/HGHX systems can be engineered with confidence, enabling this technology to be applied in residential and light commercial buildings. The validated energy performance model also addresses and solves another problem, the longstanding inadequacy in the way ground-building thermal interaction is represented in building energy models, whether or not there is a ground heat exchanger nearby. Two side-by-side, three-level, unoccupied research houses with walkout basements, identical 3,700 ft{sup 2} floor plans, and hybrid FHX/HGHX systems were constructed to provide validation data sets for the energy performance model and design tool. The envelopes of both houses are very energy efficient and airtight, and the HERS ratings of the homes are 44 and 45 respectively. Both houses are mechanically ventilated with energy recovery ventilators, with space conditioning provided by water-to-air heat pumps with 2 ton nominal capacities. Separate water-to-water heat pumps with 1.5 ton nominal capacities were used for water heating. In these unoccupied research houses, human impact on energy use (hot water draw, etc.) is simulated to match the national average. At House 1 the hybrid FHX/HGHX system was installed in 300 linear feet of excavation, and 60% of that was construction excavation (needed to construct the home). At House 2 the hybrid FHX/HGHX system was installed in 360 feet of excavation, 50% of which was construction excavation. There are six pipes in all excavations (three parallel circuits - out and back), and the multiple instances of FHX and/or HGHX are all connected in series. The working fluid is 20% by weight propylene glycol in water. Model and design tool development was undertaken in parallel with constructing the houses, installing instrumentation, and monitoring performance for a year. Several detailed numerical models for FHX were developed as part of the project. Essentially the project team was searching for an energy performance model accurate enough to achieve project objectives while also having sufficient computational efficiency for practical use in EnergyPlus. A 3-dimensional, dual-coordinate-system, finite-volume model satisfied these criteria and was included in the October 2011 EnergyPlus Version 7 public release after being validated against measured data.« less

25 CFR 247.1 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE USE OF COLUMBIA RIVER... processing fish. Abandoned property may include: (1) Vehicles; (2) Mobile trailers; (3) Campers; (4) Tents..., destroy, cut, chop, girdle, dig, excavate, kill or in any way harm or disturb. Secretary means the...

Yellow-bellied sapsuckers feeding at red-cockaded woodpecker resin wells

Treesearch

D. Craig Rudolph; Richard N. Conner; Richard R. Schaefer

1991-01-01

Yellowbellied Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius) excavate rows of holes into the cambium of various tree species and feed on the exuded sap (Kilham 1956, Tate 1973). Several other species including Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis), Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor), and Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus...

Red-cockaded woodpecker foraging behavior

Treesearch

D. Craig Rudolph; Richard N. Conner; Richard R. Schaefer; Nancy E. Koerth

2007-01-01

We studied Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) to examine the effect of status and gender on foraging behavior. Foraging behavior of breeding pairs extended beyond separation by foraging height to include zones (bole, trunk in crown, primary limb, secondary limb) of the tree used and foraging methods (scaling, probing, excavating). Helper...

Ozette: A Makah Village in 1491.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pascua, Maria Parker

1991-01-01

The ancient Makah village of Ozette in northwest Washington, buried for centuries under mud, was exposed by a storm in 1970. Based on excavations and oral tradition, daily life in this village is portrayed, including longhouse construction, clothing, whale and seal hunts, fishing, social structure, slavery, ceremonies, and potlatches. Contains…

75 FR 12581 - Notice of Availability of Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-16

...; Commencement of Construction Requirements; AREVA Enrichment Services, Eagle Rock Enrichment Facility..., Division of Fuel Cycle Safety and Safeguards, Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, U.S... the site. Site grading and erosion control. Excavating the site including rock blasting and removal...

DNA FROM ANCIENT STONE TOOLS AND BONES EXCAVATED AT BUGAS-HOLDING, WYOMING

EPA Science Inventory

DNA residues may preserve on ancient stone tools used to process animals. We studied 24 stone tools recovered from the Bugas-Holding site in northwestern Wyoming. Nine tools that yielded DNA included five bifaces, two side scrapers, one end scraper, and one utilized flake. The...

Excavating Diotima: Rehistoricizing Pre-Aristotelian Classical Rhetoric.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Welch, Kathleen Ethel

Because canon formation directly influences curriculum construction, classical Greek rhetorical studies must make an assessment of how women's presence in these historical discourses has been at best marginalized, at worst erased. The structural oppression of women as a class and the institution of slavery need to be included in school curricula…

Analysis of rockbolt performance at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Terrill, L.J.; Francke, C.T.; Saeb, S.

Rockbolt failures at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant have been recorded since 1990 and are categorized in terms of mode of failure. The failures are evaluated in terms of physical location of installation within the mine, local excavation geometry and stratigraphy, proximity to other excavations or shafts, and excavation age. The database of failures has revealed discrete ares of the mine containing relatively large numbers of failures. The results of metallurgical analyses and standard rockbolt load testing have generally been in agreement with the in situ evaluations.

Sustainable Horizontal Bioventing and Vertical Biosparging Implementation (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leu, J.; Lin, J.; Ferris, S.

2013-12-01

A former natural gas processing site with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) impacts in both soil and groundwater was partially excavated to remove 2,400 cubic yards of impacted soil. However, due to active natural gas pipelines within the impacted footprint, excavation was discontinued and an area of impacted soil containing maximum concentrations of 5,000 mg/kg gasoline-range organics (GRO), 8,600 mg/kg diesel-range organics (DRO), and 130 mg/kg motor oil-range organics (ORO). Groundwater was impacted with concentrations up to 2,300 μg/L GRO and 4,200 μg/L DRO remained in place. Taking advantage of the open excavation, horizontal-screened piping was placed in the backfill to deliver air for bioventing, which resulted in successful remediation of soil in a physically inaccessible area. The combined use of excavation of the source area, bioventing of surrounding inaccessible soil, and biosparging of the groundwater and smear zone resulted in nearing a no-further-action status at the site. The sustainable bioventing system consisted of one 3-HP blower and eight horizontal air injection wells. Five dual-depth nested vapor monitoring points (VMPs) were installed at 5 feet and 10 feet below ground surface as part of the monitoring system for human health and system performance. The bioventing system operated for one year followed by a three-month rebound test. During the one-year operation, air flow was periodically adjusted to maximize removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the vent wells with elevated photo-ionization detector readings. After the bioventing successfully remediated the inaccessible impacted soil, the biosparging system incorporated the pre-existing bioventing unit with an upgraded 5-HP blower and three vertical biosparging wells to biodegrade dissolved phase impacts in the groundwater. The subsequent monitoring system includes the VMPs, the air injection wells, and four groundwater monitoring wells including three existing wells. The system is scheduled to operate for at least one year followed by a three-month rebound test. The flow rate was adjusted between 5 and 10 scfm during operations to focus the biosparging in the impacted area of the site. After the bioventing system was operated and optimized for a year, average VOC concentrations were reduced from approximately 120 to 5 ppmv in the vadose zone. TPH gasoline and BTEX concentrations experienced reductions up to 99%. Fugitive VOCs were not detected outside the property boundary or at possible fugitive gas monitoring points. During the rebound test, no significant rebound of VOC concentrations was observed. The average hydrocarbon biodegradation rate was estimated to be approximately 2.5 mg TPH/kg soil/day. During biosparging, the migration of injected air also stimulated biodegradation in the vadose zone. Within six months of operation, the groundwater GRO and DRO concentrations decreased approximately 70% and 50%, respectively, at the monitoring well within the excavation/backfill area. Bioventing followed by biosparging has proven to be successful in decreasing soil vapor chemicals of concern in the native soil of the inaccessible area and in groundwater of the excavation/backfill area.

Excavation of red squirrel middens by grizzly bears in the whitebark pine zone

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mattson, D.J.; Reinhart, Daniel P.

1997-01-01

Whitebark pine seeds Pinus albicaulis are an important food of grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis bears wherever whitebark pine is abundant in the contiguous United States of America; availability of seeds affects the distribution of bears, and the level of conflict between bears and humans. Almost all of the seeds consumed by bears are excavated from middens where red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus have cached whitebark pine cones.Relationships among the occupancy of middens by squirrels, the excavation of middens by bears, and site features were investigated in this study. Data were collected from radio-marked bears and from middens located from line transects on two study sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem.Densities of active middens were positively related to lodgepole pine Pinus contorta basal area and negatively related to steepness of slope.The probability that a midden was occupied by a squirrel (i.e. active) was positively related to lodgepole pine basal area in the surrounding stand, size of the midden and size of the whitebark pine cone crop, and negatively related to elevation and to bear excavation during the previous 2-12 months.The probability that a midden had been excavated by a bear during the previous 12 months was positively related to size of the midden, and to whitebark pine basal area and cone crop, and negatively related to nearness of roads and town sites.The influence of midden size on bear use was attributable to a positive relationship with the number of excavated cones. The positive association between bear excavations and whitebark pine basal area or cone crops was attributable to availability of pine seeds.Grizzly bears would benefit from the minimization of roads and other human facilities in the whitebark pine zone and from increases in the availability of whitebark pine seeds, potentially achieved by increasing the numbers of cone-producing whitebark pine trees, especially in lower elevations of the whitebark pine zone where red squirrels are more abundant.

Study on the chemical composition features of Longquan celadon excavated from the Chuzhou site of Huai'an City in Jiangsu Province by EDXRF

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Li; Feng, Song-Lin; Feng, Xiang-Qian; Xu, Qing; Yan, Ling-Tong; Ma, Bo; Huo, Hua

2011-07-01

A mass of Longquan celadon shards were excavated from the Chuzhou site of Huai'an City in Jiangsu Province, China. These celadon shards were fired during the period of the Late Yuan Dynasty to the Tianshun era of the Ming Dynasty, as identified by archaeologists at Nanjing Museum. In order to research the chemical composition features of this ancient celadon porcelain, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for non-destructive analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the porcelain body and glaze in these shards. The results indicate that Ti and Fe in the body of Longquan celadon are characteristic elements which can distinguish porcelain produced during the Late Yuan Dynasty from those produced in the Ming Dynasties. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show that different body and glaze raw materials were used for the production of porcelain in different periods and the raw materials of the body and glaze are also different for various vessel shapes. The chemical compositions in the porcelain body of civilian ware are slightly different. The imperial and civilian Longquan celadon porcelains produced during the Hongwu era to the Tianshun era of the Ming Dynasty are distinguishable by the MnO, Fe2O3, Rb2O and SrO content in their porcelain glaze.

A Fish Assemblage from the Middle Eocene from Libya (Dur At-Talah) and the Earliest Record of Modern African Fish Genera

PubMed Central

Otero, Olga; Pinton, Aurélie; Cappetta, Henri; Adnet, Sylvain; Valentin, Xavier; Salem, Mustapha; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques

2015-01-01

In the early nineteen sixties, Arambourg and Magnier found some freshwater fish (i.e., Polypterus sp., Siluriformes indet. and Lates sp.) mixed with marine members in an Eocene vertebrate assemblage at Gebel Coquin, in the southern Libyan Desert. This locality, aged ca 37–39Ma and now known under the name of Dur At-Talah, has been recently excavated. A new fish assemblage, mostly composed of teeth, was collected by the Mission Paléontologique Franco-Libyenne. In this paper, we describe freshwater fish members including a dipnoan (Protopterus sp.), and several actinopterygians: bichir (Polypterus sp.), aba fish (Gymnarchus sp.), several catfishes (Chrysichthys sp. and a mochokid indet.), several characiforms (including the tiger fish Hydrocynus sp., and one or two alestin-like fish), and perciforms (including the snake-head fish Parachanna sp. and at least one cichlid). Together with the fossiliferous outcrops at Birket Qarun in Egypt, the Libyan site at Dur At-Talah reduces a 10-Ma chronological gap in the fossil record of African freshwater fish. Their fish assemblages overlap in their composition and thus constitute a rather homogenous, original and significant amount of new elements regarding the Paleogene African ichthyofauna. This supports the establishment of the modern African freshwater fish fauna during this time period because these sites mostly contain the earliest members known in modern genera. PMID:26674637

A Fish Assemblage from the Middle Eocene from Libya (Dur At-Talah) and the Earliest Record of Modern African Fish Genera.

PubMed

Otero, Olga; Pinton, Aurélie; Cappetta, Henri; Adnet, Sylvain; Valentin, Xavier; Salem, Mustapha; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques

2015-01-01

In the early nineteen sixties, Arambourg and Magnier found some freshwater fish (i.e., Polypterus sp., Siluriformes indet. and Lates sp.) mixed with marine members in an Eocene vertebrate assemblage at Gebel Coquin, in the southern Libyan Desert. This locality, aged ca 37-39Ma and now known under the name of Dur At-Talah, has been recently excavated. A new fish assemblage, mostly composed of teeth, was collected by the Mission Paléontologique Franco-Libyenne. In this paper, we describe freshwater fish members including a dipnoan (Protopterus sp.), and several actinopterygians: bichir (Polypterus sp.), aba fish (Gymnarchus sp.), several catfishes (Chrysichthys sp. and a mochokid indet.), several characiforms (including the tiger fish Hydrocynus sp., and one or two alestin-like fish), and perciforms (including the snake-head fish Parachanna sp. and at least one cichlid). Together with the fossiliferous outcrops at Birket Qarun in Egypt, the Libyan site at Dur At-Talah reduces a 10-Ma chronological gap in the fossil record of African freshwater fish. Their fish assemblages overlap in their composition and thus constitute a rather homogenous, original and significant amount of new elements regarding the Paleogene African ichthyofauna. This supports the establishment of the modern African freshwater fish fauna during this time period because these sites mostly contain the earliest members known in modern genera.

301-15 East Illinois St, December 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 800 cpm to a maximum of 2,800cpm shielded.

335 E. Erie, January 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 4,900 cpm to a maximum of 10,200cpm unshielded.

215 E. Grand Ave, December 2015, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 6,800 cpm to a maximum of 7,200cpm unshielded.

243 E. Ontario Street - Water, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 1,400 cpm to a maximum of 2,600cpm shielded.

224 E Ontario, February 2015, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 6,200 cpm to a maximum of 7,500cpm unshielded.

54-63 East Ohio St., Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 2,000 cpm to a maximum of 2,300cpm shielded.

225 E. Grand Ave, Septmber 2015, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 5,300 cpm to a maximum of 9,700cpm unshielded.

78 FR 47205 - National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan; National Priorities List...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-05

... material, isolation and capping of non- hazardous materials, installation of fencing, posting of warning... on the site, No excavations causing erosion, No excavation below base material of the road bed (State...

243 E. Ontario Street - Sewer, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 1,100 cpm to a maximum of 3,600cpm shielded.

228 E. Ontario, February 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 5,400 cpm to a maximum of 10,000cpm unshielded.

Alternative cytoskeletal landscapes: cytoskeletal novelty and evolution in basal excavate protists

PubMed Central

Dawson, Scott C.; Paredez, Alexander R.

2016-01-01

Microbial eukaryotes encompass the majority of eukaryotic evolutionary and cytoskeletal diversity. The cytoskeletal complexity observed in multicellular organisms appears to be an expansion of components present in genomes of diverse microbial eukaryotes such as the basal lineage of flagellates, the Excavata. Excavate protists have complex and diverse cytoskeletal architectures and life cycles – essentially alternative cytoskeletal “landscapes” – yet still possess conserved microtubule- and actin-associated proteins. Comparative genomic analyses have revealed that a subset of excavates, however, lack many canonical actin-binding proteins central to actin cytoskeleton function in other eukaryotes. Overall, excavates possess numerous uncharacterized and “hypothetical” genes, and may represent an undiscovered reservoir of novel cytoskeletal genes and cytoskeletal mechanisms. The continued development of molecular genetic tools in these complex microbial eukaryotes will undoubtedly contribute to our overall understanding of cytoskeletal diversity and evolution. PMID:23312067

Performance Evaluation of Bucket based Excavating, Loading and Transport (BELT) Equipment - An OEE Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammadi, Mousa; Rai, Piyush; Gupta, Suprakash

2017-03-01

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) has been used since last over two decades as a measure of performance in manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, enough, application of OEE in mining and excavation industry has not been duly adopted. In this paper an effort has been made to identify the OEE for performance evaluation of Bucket based Excavating, Loading and Transport (BELT) equipment. The conceptual model of OEE, as used in the manufacturing industries, has been revised to adapt to the BELT equipment. The revised and adapted model considered the operational time, speed and bucket capacity utilization losses as the key OEE components for evaluating the performance of BELT equipment. To illustrate the efficacy of the devised model on real-time basis, a case study was undertaken on the biggest single bucket excavating equipment - the dragline, in a large surface coal mine. One-year data was collected in order to evaluate the proposed OEE model.

The Method of Validity Evaluation of Hard Coal Excavation in Residual Seam Parts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wodarski, Krzysztof; Bijańska, Jolanta; Gumiński, Adam

2017-12-01

The excavation of residual seam parts should be justified by positive assessment of the purposefulness, technical feasibility and economic effectiveness. The results of the profitability evaluation are crucial in a decision making process. The excavation of residual seam parts, even if it is possible from a technical point of view, should not be implemented if it is economically inefficient or when accompanied by a very high risk of non-recovery of invested capital resources. The article presents the evaluation method of possibilities of excavating hard coal from residual seam parts, and the example of its use in one of collieries in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Working in line with the developed method, allows to indicate the variant of residual seam part exploitation, which is feasible to implement from a technical point of view, and which is characterized by the highest economic effectiveness and lowest risk.

Generation of sedimentary fabrics and facies by repetitive excavation and storm infilling of burrow networks Holocene of south Florida and Caicos Platform, B. W. I

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tedesco, L.P.; Wanless, H.R.

Excavation of deep, open burrow networks and subsequent infilling with sediment from the surface produces an entirely new sedimentary deposit and results in obliteration to severe diagenetic transformation of precursor depositional facies. Repetitive excavation and infilling is responsible for creating the preserved depositional facies of many marine deposits. Excavating burrowers occur from intertidal to abyssal depths, and are important throughout the Phanerozoic. The repetitive coupling of deep, open burrow excavation with subsequent storm sediment infilling of open burrow networks is a gradual process that ultimately results in the loss of the original deposit and the generation of new lithologies, fabricsmore » and facies. The new lithologies are produced in the subsurface and possess fabrics, textures and skeletal assemblages that are not a direct reflection of either precursor facies or the surficial depositional conditions. Sedimentary facies generated by repetitive burrow excavation and infilling commonly are massively bedded and generally are mottled skeletal packstones. Skeletal grains usually are well-preserved and coarser components are concentrated in burrow networks, pockets and patches. The coarse skeletal components of burrow-generated facies are a mixture of coarse bioclasts from the precursor facies and both the coarse and fine skeletal material introduced from the sediment surface. Many so-called bioturbated or massive facies may, in fact, be primary depositional facies generated in the subsurface and represent severe diagenetic transformation of originally deposited sequences. In addition, mudstones and wackestones mottled with packstone patches may record storm sedimentation.« less

Steel Sheet Piles - Applications and Elementary Design Issues

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobala, Dariusz; Rybak, Jarosław

2017-10-01

High-intensity housing having been carried out in town’s centres causes that many complex issues related to earthworks and foundations must be resolved. Project owners are required to ensure respective number of parking bays, which in turn demands 2-3 storeys of underground car parks. It is especially difficult to fulfil in dense buildings of old town areas where apart from engineering problems, very stringent requirements of heritage conservator supervision are also raised. The problems with ensuring stability of excavation sidewalls need to be, at the same time, dealt with analysis of foundations of neighbouring structures, and possible strengthening them at the stages of installing the excavation protection walls, progressing the excavations and constructing basement storeys. A separate problem refers to necessity of constructing underground storeys below the level of local groundwater. This requires long-term lowering of water table inside excavation while at possibly limited intervention in hydrological regime beyond the project in progress. In river valleys such “hoarding off” the excavation and cutting off groundwater leads to temporary or permanent disturbances of groundwater run-off and local swellings. Traditional way to protect vertical fault and simultaneously to cut-off groundwater inflow consists in application of steel sheet pilings. They enable to construct monolithic reinforced concrete structures of underground storeys thus ensuring both their tightness and high rigidity of foundation. Depending on situation, steel sheet pilings can be in retrieving or staying-in-place versions. This study deals with some selected aspects of engineering design and fabrication of sheet piling for deep excavations and underground parts of buildings.

545 N McClurg Ct, February 2015, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 5,700 cpm to a maximum of 13,500cpm unshielded.

13. AERIAL VIEW SHOWING IN THE FOREGROUND, EXCAVATION FOR THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. AERIAL VIEW SHOWING IN THE FOREGROUND, EXCAVATION FOR THE SPILLWAY APRON.... Volume XVII, No. 12, December 26, 1939. - Prado Dam, Spillway, Santa Ana River near junction of State Highways 71 & 91, Corona, Riverside County, CA

29 CFR 570.68 - Occupations in excavation operations (Order 17).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Hazardous for the Employment of Minors Between 16 and 18 Years of Age or Detrimental to Their Health or Well-Being § 570.68 Occupations in excavation operations (Order 17). (a) Finding and declaration of fact. The...

356 E Grand, July 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 5,000 cpm to amaximum of 9,600 cpm unshielded.

237 E Ontario, July 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 8,600 cpm to amaximum of 9,500 cpm unshielded.

226-228 E Ontario St, December 2014, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theunshielded instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 6,200 cpm to amaximum of 8,800 cpm unshielded.

76 FR 19129 - Excavations (Design of Cave-in Protection Systems); Extension of the Office of Management and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-06

... paragraphs require employers to use protective systems to prevent cave-ins during excavation work; these... work, thereby assuring employees of maximum protection against cave-ins. II. Special Issues for Comment...

441 E Ontario, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gammameasurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generated during the excavation process did notexceed the respective threshold values previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 5,200 cpm to amaximum of 9,200 cpm.

502 N Peshtigo, October 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 690 cpm to a maximum of 6,950 cpm.

380 E. North Water St, April 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 6,800 cpm to a maximum of 12,100cpm unshielded.

Abduction of Toe-excavation Induced Failure Process from LEM and FDM for a Dip Slope with Rock Anchorage in Taiwan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, W.-S.; Lin, M.-L.; Liu, H.-C.; Lin, H.-H.

2012-04-01

On April 25, 2010, without rainfall and earthquake triggering a massive landslide (200000 m3) covered a 200m stretch of Taiwan's National Freeway No. 3, killing 4 people, burying three cars and destroying a bridge. The failure mode appears to be a dip-slope type failure occurred on a rock anchorage cut slope. The strike of Tertiary sedimentary strata is northeast-southwest and dip 15˚ toward southeast. Based on the investigations of Taiwan Geotechnical Society, there are three possible factors contributing to the failure mechanism as follow:(1) By toe-excavation during construction in 1998, the daylight of the sliding layer had induced the strength reduction in the sliding layer. It also caused the loadings of anchors increased rapidly and approached to their ultimate capacity; (2) Although the excavated area had stabilized soon with rock anchors and backfills, the weathering and groundwater infiltration caused the strength reduction of overlying rock mass; (3) The possible corrosion and age of the ground anchors deteriorate the loading capacity of rock anchors. Considering the strength of sliding layer had reduced from peak to residual strength which was caused by the disturbance of excavation, the limit equilibrium method (LEM) analysis was utilized in the back analysis at first. The results showed the stability condition of slope approached the critical state (F.S.≈1). The efficiency reduction of rock anchors and strength reduction of overlying stratum (sandstone) had been considered in following analysis. The results showed the unstable condition (F.S. <1). This research also utilized the result of laboratory test, geological strength index(GSI) and finite difference method (FDM, FLAC 5.0) to discuss the failure process with the interaction of disturbance of toe-excavation, weathering of rock mass, groundwater infiltration and efficiency reduction of rock anchors on the stability of slope. The analysis indicated that the incremental load of anchors have similar tendency comparing to the monitoring records in toe-excavation stages. This result showed that the strength of the sliding layer was significantly influenced by toe-excavation. The numerical model which calibrated with monitoring records in excavation stage was then used to discuss the failure process after backfilling. The results showed the interaction of different factors into the failure process. Keyword: Dip slope failure, rock anchor, LEM, FDM, GSI, back analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

The 18-acre Joseph Forest Products (JFP) site is a wood-processing facility in the City of Joseph, Wallowa County, Oregon. Land use in the area is predominantly industrial and agricultural. The City of Enterprise uses two springs located 4,000 feet from JFP to serve as its municipal water supply. In 1974, and again from 1977 to 1985, Joseph Forest Products, Inc., used the site as a lumber mill, processing wood into lumber products. The selected remedial action for the site includes demolishing contaminated onsite structures, including the process, storage, and mixing tanks, and the wooden structures and concrete slabs, followed bymore » offsite disposal; decontaminating the concrete drip pad and tanks, followed by recycling or offsite disposal of debris; excavating surface and subsurface soil, with screening and segregation of hazardous waste for offsite disposal, with stabilization, if necessary, prior to disposal at appropriate facilities; backfilling any excavated areas; removing asbestos from the facility, with offsite disposal; removing underground storage tanks and any associated contaminated soil, with scrapping or offsite disposal; monitoring ground water; and implementing institutional controls, including deed and land use restrictions or environmental notices. The estimated capital cost for this remedial action is $550,000, with an annual O M cost of $24,000 for 3 years.« less

Risk of groundwater inrush in subterranean gypsum quarries: the case study of Moncalvo near Asti (North Italy)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banzato, Cinzia; Fiorucci, Adriano; Gianotti, Alberto; de Waele, Jo; Vigna, Bartolomeo

2010-05-01

During the realisation of underground excavations in gypsum bedrock there is a possibility of intercepting large karst voids that can be completely filled with water under a considerable hydraulic pressure. The casual breaching of such voids can cause sudden and abundant water inrushes with consequences concerning safety of the excavation area and flooding of the tunnels. The presence of air-filled caves of great dimensions can also cause problems related to collapse of walls, ceilings and floors. In the subterranean quarry of Moncalvo d'Asti (Central Piedmont, Italy) in January 2005 an important inrush (60,000 m3 overnight) occurred causing damage to machinery and the flooding of several kilometres of underground tunnels. This inrush was caused by the breaching of a thin diaphragm of rock that separated the quarry from a large water-filled cave with water pressure of around 300 kPa along the front of the excavation. The rapid emptying of this void has caused a partial collapse of the roof of one of the largest cave chambers with the formation at the surface of a 20 metre wide sinkhole. To prevent similar phenomena to happen in the future a hydrogeological study concerning the entire gypsum mass was carried out. These investigations included monitoring of water levels intercepted by a series of boreholes, measurements of flow rates of water veins encountered by the excavations and chemical analysis of the different types of water coming from several points. This study has evidenced the presence of different drainage networks and the existence of a main karst circuit fed by diffused infiltration and recharge from the overlying marly-silty deposits and from adjacent minor less karstified systems in particularly fractured sectors of the gypsum. The waters coming from the main karst circuit are chemically very different from the waters deriving from deeper pathways. To be able to continue the excavation of gypsum in safe conditions the water levels were lowered for a couple of metres through the realisation of a series of boreholes located at lower elevations. These boreholes have intercepted the most conductive aquifer developed along a marly limestone level located at the base of the Messinian evaporite sequence. Some near-horizontal drill holes carried out along the front of the excavations have also been realised and have intercepted a second karst system with water under pressure (> 300 kPa), independent from the main one. A controlled drainage is now being carried out (30 l/s) to slowly lower the hydraulic head so to avoid future collapse of these new karst voids. Some geophysical surveys have also been carried out to discover other karst voids of great dimensions, but these did not give positive results. The performed investigations have shown the importance of hydrogeological studies and speleological surveys in understanding better the development of the karst systems and in the realisation of the excavation activities in conditions of safety, allowing to avoid expensive interruptions of the mining operations.

355 E Riverwalk, February 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 2,600 cpm to 4,300 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,029 cpm.

230 E. Ontario, May 2018, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,800 cpm to 2,600 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,366 cpm.

PLANT AND PIER #2 EXCAVATION. View is to the northeast, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PLANT AND PIER #2 EXCAVATION. View is to the northeast, looking from Humboldt County side of river toward Trinity County side - South Fork Trinity River Bridge, State Highway 299 spanning South Fork Trinity River, Salyer, Trinity County, CA

Project Report: Active Pipeline Encroachment Detector (Phase I)

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2008-06-10

Of the many pipeline accident causes that occur to oil and gas pipelines, approximately 40% of are caused by third-party excavating activities into the buried pipeline right of way (ROW). According to DOT statistics, excavation damage is the second l...

26. EXCAVATION OF EAST (FRONT) BASEMENT WELL AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. EXCAVATION OF EAST (FRONT) BASEMENT WELL AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM, WITH ARCHED ENTRY INTO BASEMENT UNDER FRONT ENTRY IN BACKGROUND, LOOKING NORTH (NOTE GALLETING IN BRICK FOUNDATION) - Belair, Tulip Grove Drive, Belair-at-Bowie, Bowie, Prince George's County, MD

450 N. Cityfront Plaza, October 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 4,400 cpm to amaximum of 6,000 cpm unshielded.

465 E. Illinois St., February 2015, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the field instrument threshold previously stated and rangedfrom a minimum of 10,000 cpm to a maximum of 15,500 cpm unshielded.

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING EXCAVATION PIT FOR MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING EXCAVATION PIT FOR MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING SOUTH. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-50-693. Unknown Photographer, 1950 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

465 N. Park Ave, October 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 4,100 cpm to amaximum of 16,600 cpm unshielded.

300 E Randolph, May 2011, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective threshold valuespreviously stated and ranged from a minimum of 4,900 cpm to a maximum of 9,300 cpm.

222 North Columbus Dr., August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 2,200 cpm to a maximum of 3,500 cpm.

425 E Randolph, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 1,800 cpm to a maximum of 4,900 cpm.

248 E. South Water, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 1,600 cpm to a maximum of 2,900 cpm.

200 N Columbus Dr, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 2,500 cpm to a maximum of 3,300 cpm.

301 E South Water, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 2,200 cpm to a maximum of 4,500 cpm.

426 East Grand Ave, October 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 740 cpm to a maximum of 5,930 cpm.

165 E Ontario, October 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the respective threshold values previously stated andranged from a minimum of 2, 150 cpm to a maximum of 6,270 cpm.

659-663 N Michigan, March 2011, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoilmaterials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective threshold valuepreviously stated and ranged from a minimum of 4,180 cpm to a maximum of 5,545 cpm.

633 N. Michigan Ave, May 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 4,400 cpm to amaximum of 5,900 cpm unshielded.

157 - 165 E. Ohio, May 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 5,000 cpm to amaximum of 5,900 cpm unshielded.

400 E Randolph, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 1,600 cpm to a maximum of 4,200 cpm.

400 E North Water, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 2,400 cpm to a maximum of 4,500 cpm.

512 N McClurg, August 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurementswithin the excavation and the spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed therespective threshold values previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 6,500 cpm to a maximum of9,500 cpm.

Use of ground-penetrating radar techniques in archaeological investigations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Doolittle, James A.; Miller, W. Frank

1991-01-01

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) techniques are increasingly being used to aid reconnaissance and pre-excavation surveys at many archaeological sites. As a 'remote sensing' tool, GPR provides a high resolution graphic profile of the subsurface. Radar profiles are used to detect, identify, and locate buried artifacts. Ground-penetrating radar provides a rapid, cost effective, and nondestructive method for identification and location analyses. The GPR can be used to facilitate excavation strategies, provide greater areal coverage per unit time and cost, minimize the number of unsuccessful exploratory excavations, and reduce unnecessary or unproductive expenditures of time and effort.

Digging the termite way: crowding simple robots to excavate ramification structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bardunias, Paul

The complex ramification network that termites excavate in soil in search of resources has been shown to emerge from interactions between individuals during periodic crowding at the tips of tunnels. Excavation in these social insects is carried out by a rotation of termites removing soil from the tip of an expanding tunnel and depositing it back along the tunnel walls. Bristle bots, modified to either rock or turn on contact with soil in an artificial tunnel, were used to replicate this process. As in termites, congestion at tunnel tips leads to the widening and branching of tunnels.

Stability Calculation Method of Slope Reinforced by Prestressed Anchor in Process of Excavation

PubMed Central

Li, Zhong; Wei, Jia; Yang, Jun

2014-01-01

This paper takes the effect of supporting structure and anchor on the slope stability of the excavation process into consideration; the stability calculation model is presented for the slope reinforced by prestressed anchor and grillage beam, and the dynamic search model of the critical slip surface also is put forward. The calculation model of the optimal stability solution of each anchor tension of the whole process is also given out, through which the real-time analysis and checking of slope stability in the process of excavation can be realized. The calculation examples indicate that the slope stability is changed with the dynamic change of the design parameters of anchor and grillage beam. So it is relatively more accurate and reasonable by using dynamic search model to determine the critical slip surface of the slope reinforced by prestressed anchor and grillage beam. Through the relationships of each anchor layout and the slope height of various stages of excavation, and the optimal stability solution of prestressed bolt tension design value in various excavation stages can be obtained. The arrangement of its prestressed anchor force reflects that the layout of the lower part of bolt and the calculation of slope reinforcement is in line with the actual. These indicate that the method is reasonable and practical. PMID:24683319

Stability calculation method of slope reinforced by prestressed anchor in process of excavation.

PubMed

Li, Zhong; Wei, Jia; Yang, Jun

2014-01-01

This paper takes the effect of supporting structure and anchor on the slope stability of the excavation process into consideration; the stability calculation model is presented for the slope reinforced by prestressed anchor and grillage beam, and the dynamic search model of the critical slip surface also is put forward. The calculation model of the optimal stability solution of each anchor tension of the whole process is also given out, through which the real-time analysis and checking of slope stability in the process of excavation can be realized. The calculation examples indicate that the slope stability is changed with the dynamic change of the design parameters of anchor and grillage beam. So it is relatively more accurate and reasonable by using dynamic search model to determine the critical slip surface of the slope reinforced by prestressed anchor and grillage beam. Through the relationships of each anchor layout and the slope height of various stages of excavation, and the optimal stability solution of prestressed bolt tension design value in various excavation stages can be obtained. The arrangement of its prestressed anchor force reflects that the layout of the lower part of bolt and the calculation of slope reinforcement is in line with the actual. These indicate that the method is reasonable and practical.

Peseshet--the first female physician?

PubMed

Harer, W B; el-Dawakhly, Z

1989-12-01

Excavation of the tomb of Akhet-Hetep at Giza revealed a monument dedicated to his mother Peseshet, who is identified by many important titles including "Overseer of Women Physicians." She is probably the world's earliest known woman physician. She practiced at the time of the building of the great pyramids in Egypt, about 2500 BC.

The morphology and chronology of a landslide near Dillon Dam, Dillon, Colorado

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wahlstrom, E.E.; Nichols, T.C.

1969-01-01

Investigations were made of a landslide at the Dillon Dam site, Dillon, Colo., that included detailed laboratory and field analyses of the mineralogy, chemistry, and physical properties of landslide materials and the bedrock formations from which they were derived. These investigations provide an understanding of the relative importance of various factors contributing to the origin and reactivation of a landslide in overburden resting on the Morrison Formation. The landslide material consists dominantly of an aggregate of large to small angular fragments of quartzite and sandstone from the Dakota Formation, embedded in a matrix of very fine grained to colloidal clayey substances derived mainly from the upper, noncalcareous portion of the Morrison Formation. During construction of Dillon Dam and associated structures, excavation of the toe of an old, relatively stable landslide adjacent to the left abutment caused renewed movement that threatened engulfment of the intake structure at the portal of the diversion tunnel for the reservoir. Remedial measures included excavation of a large volume of the landslide material and construction of a gravel-fill coffer- dam on bedrock at the toe of the landslide. ?? 1969.

The rehydroxylation dating of archeological baked-clay artifacts for determination paleomagnetic data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batalin, Georgii; Gareev, Bulat; Nourgaliev, Danis; Fedorchenko, Diana

2016-04-01

If confirmed, the rehydroxylation dating method proposed by Wilson et al. would be a major achievement for archeological and geological sciences. This method would indeed make it possible to date potentially all fired-clay artifacts (fragments of pottery or of architectural bricks) unearthed in excavation contexts and/or recovered from old buildings, offering to archeologists exceptional time constraints that are at the basis of most archeological issues. Together with that, determination of magnetic characteristics of fired-clay artifacts allows to build paleosecular variations. We present new results obtained from thermo-gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry measurements coupled with mass spectrometry analyses to identify rehydroxylation water and link it with age of ceramic. A variety of archeological artifacts was collected from different excavations conducted on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Magnetic measurements include thermomagnetic analysis, coercitive spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility measurement versus temperature. Paleomagnetic studies include measurement of paleointensity. The main aim of paleomagnetic investigations is to reconstruct magnetic field behavior during last centuries and made paleosecular variations (PSV) for Volga region.

Methods for estimating missing human skeletal element osteometric dimensions employed in the revised fully technique for estimating stature.

PubMed

Auerbach, Benjamin M

2011-05-01

One of the greatest limitations to the application of the revised Fully anatomical stature estimation method is the inability to measure some of the skeletal elements required in its calculation. These element dimensions cannot be obtained due to taphonomic factors, incomplete excavation, or disease processes, and result in missing data. This study examines methods of imputing these missing dimensions using observable Fully measurements from the skeleton and the accuracy of incorporating these missing element estimations into anatomical stature reconstruction. These are further assessed against stature estimations obtained from mathematical regression formulae for the lower limb bones (femur and tibia). Two thousand seven hundred and seventeen North and South American indigenous skeletons were measured, and subsets of these with observable Fully dimensions were used to simulate missing elements and create estimation methods and equations. Comparisons were made directly between anatomically reconstructed statures and mathematically derived statures, as well as with anatomically derived statures with imputed missing dimensions. These analyses demonstrate that, while mathematical stature estimations are more accurate, anatomical statures incorporating missing dimensions are not appreciably less accurate and are more precise. The anatomical stature estimation method using imputed missing dimensions is supported. Missing element estimation, however, is limited to the vertebral column (only when lumbar vertebrae are present) and to talocalcaneal height (only when femora and tibiae are present). Crania, entire vertebral columns, and femoral or tibial lengths cannot be reliably estimated. Further discussion of the applicability of these methods is discussed. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Logs of Paleoseismic Excavations Across the Central Range Fault, Trinidad

USGS Publications Warehouse

Crosby, Christopher J.; Prentice, Carol S.; Weber, John; Ragona, Daniel

2009-01-01

This publication makes available maps and trench logs associated with studies of the Central Range Fault, part of the South American-Caribbean plate boundary in Trinidad. Our studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002. We mapped geomorphic features indicative of active faulting along the right-lateral, Central Range Fault, part of the South American-Caribbean plate boundary in Trinidad. We excavated trenches at two sites, the Samlalsingh and Tabaquite sites. At the Samlalsingh site, sediments deposited after the most recent fault movement bury the fault, and the exact location of the fault was unknown until we exposed it in our excavations. At this site, we excavated a total of eleven trenches, six of which exposed the fault. The trenches exposed fluvial sediments deposited over a strath terrace developed on Miocene bedrock units. We cleaned the walls of the excavations, gridded the walls with either 1 m X 1 m or 1 m X 0.5 m nail and string grid, and logged the walls in detail at a scale of 1:20. Additionally, we described the different sedimentary units in the field, incorporating these descriptions into our trench logs. We mapped the locations of the trenches using a tape and compass. Our field logs were scanned, and unit contacts were traced in Adobe Illustrator. The final drafted logs of all the trenches are presented here, along with photographs showing important relations among faults and Holocene sedimentary deposits. Logs of south walls were reversed in Illustrator, so that all logs are drafted with the view direction to the north. We collected samples of various materials exposed in the trench walls, including charcoal samples for radiocarbon dating from both faulted and unfaulted deposits. The locations of all samples collected are shown on the logs. The ages of seventeen of the charcoal samples submitted for radiocarbon analysis at the University of Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory in Tucson, Ariz., are given in Table 1. Samples found in Table 1 are shown in red on the trench logs. All radiocarbon ages are calibrated and given with 2 standard deviation age ranges. Our studies suggest that the Central Range Fault is a Holocene fault capable of producing damaging earthquakes in Trinidad

30. DETAILED FRONTAL VIEW WEST OF EXCAVATION AT SUSPECTED MICA ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

30. DETAILED FRONTAL VIEW WEST OF EXCAVATION AT SUSPECTED MICA PIT, SHOWING SOIL MIXED WITH MICA FLAKES AT REAR, AND DEEPER HOLE OF VIRGIN SOIL AT FRONT. - Vulcan Crucible Steel Company, Building No. 3, 100 First Street, Aliquippa, Beaver County, PA

A new bee species that excavates sandstone nests

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Many wonder why animals act in seemingly injurious ways. Understanding the behavior of pollinators such as bees is especially important because of the necessary ecosystem service they provide. The new species Anthophora pueblo, discovered excavating sandstone nests, provides a model system for addre...

501-59 E Illinois Street, January 2018, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process did not exceed the instruments threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 1,000 cpm to amaximum of 4,000 cpm shielded.

200 E Illinois St, December 2011, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective threshold value previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 7,100 cpm to amaximum of 9,400 cpm unshielded.

9. Excavation work at Pleasant Dam (now called Waddell Dam). ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. Excavation work at Pleasant Dam (now called Waddell Dam). Photographer unknown, July, 22, 1926. Source: Maricopa County Municipal Water Conservation District Number One (MWD). - Waddell Dam, On Agua Fria River, 35 miles northwest of Phoenix, Phoenix, Maricopa County, AZ

371 E. Lower Wacker Drive, March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,600 cpm to 2,600 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,029 cpm.

220 E. Illinois St., March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,500 cpm to 5,600 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,029 cpm.

8-37 W. Hubbard, March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,800 cpm to 5,200 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,389 cpm.

429 E. Grand Ave, March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,700 cpm to 3,700 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,029 cpm.

201-211 E. Grand Ave, January 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,700 cpm to 3,900 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,029 cpm.

230 N. Michigan Ave, April 2018, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,400 cpm to 3,800 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 6,542 cpm.

36 W. Illinois St, March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,800 cpm to 2,400 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,029 cpm.

1-37 W. Hubbard, March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,800 cpm to 5,000 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 7,389 cpm.

211 E. Ohio St., March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,700 cpm to 2,300 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 6,338 cpm.

140-200 E. Grand Ave, February 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,700 cpm to 2,400 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 6,738 cpm.

430 N. Michigan Ave, January 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,600 cpm to 2,100 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 6,338 cpm.

401-599 N. Dearborn St., March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation, The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,700 cpm to 5,800 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limit of 6,738 cpm.

VIEW OF SOUTH GUN EMPLACEMENT. NOTE THE EXCAVATED EDGE OF ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF SOUTH GUN EMPLACEMENT. NOTE THE EXCAVATED EDGE OF THE GUN BLOCK IN THE FOREGROUND. VIEW FACING NORTH - U.S. Naval Base, Pearl Harbor, Ford Island 5-Inch Antiaircraft Battery, South Gun Emplacement, Ford Island, Pearl City, Honolulu County, HI

639-640 E. Ohio St, August 2014, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and of the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged froma minimum of 5,100 cpm to a maximum of 6,700 cpm unshielded.

500-03 N. Peshtigo, October 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and predominantly ranged from a minimum of5,600 cpm to a maximum of 11,000 cpm unshielded.

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING EXCAVATION PIT FOR MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS PHOTO SHOWING EXCAVATION PIT FOR MAIN PROCESSING BUILDING (CPP-601) LOOKING NORTHWEST. INL PHOTO NUMBER NRTS-50-885. Unknown Photographer, 10/30/1950 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, Fuel Reprocessing Complex, Scoville, Butte County, ID

301-40 N. Field, October 2016, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavations and of the spoil during the excavation process didnot exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and predominantly ranged from a minimum of3,000 cpm to a maximum of 10,000 cpm unshielded.

405 E Illinois St, May 2014, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the field instrument threshold previously stated and rangedfrom a minimum of 6,000 cpm to a maximum of 8,050 cpm unshielded

200-210 E. Ohio St., May 2014, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generatedduring the excavation process did not exceed the field instrument threshold previously stated and rangedfrom a minimum of 6,000 cpm to a maximum of 7,500 cpm unshielded

201 E South Water, December 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective threshold values previously stated and ranged from a minimum of7,234 cpm to a maximum of 9,872 cpm.

543 N McClurg, October 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation andthe spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective thresholdvalues previously stated and ranged from a minim um of 1,020 cpm to a maxim um of 7,150 cpm.

237 E. Ontario St., January 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The measurements within the excavations and of the soil did not exceed the instrument USEPA threshold and ranged from a minimum of 4,800 cpm to a maximum of 8,300 cpm unshielded.

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 3): Metal Banks, Philadelphia, PA, December 31, 1997

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1998-09-01

This Record of Decision (ROD) presents the final remedial action selected for the Metal Bank Superfund Site (Site), located in northeastern Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The remedy addresses contaminated soil, sediment, surface water, and groundwater at the Site and includes: installation of an oil collection system consisting of a sheet pile wall around the southern and western perimeter of the property; installation of temporary cofferdams prior to soil/sediment excavation to minimize transport of contamination into the Delaware River; excavation of contaminated soil within the Courtyard Area within two feet of the surface where polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations exceed 10 ppm; disposal ofmore » contaminated soils and sediments that are hazardous; removal and disposal of the underground storage tank and its contents from the Southern Portion of the property; backfilling of excavated areas; posting signs prohibiting consumption of fish caught in the Delaware River in the vicinity of the Site; restrictions on the deed to the property to prevent future residential or agricultural use of the Site, use of the groundwater, and intrusive activities into the subsurface soils below the water table in the Southern Portion of the property; additional investigation to determine whether dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are present at the Site and whether the storm sewer system in the vicinity of the Site is contaminated; and monitoring of groundwater, the Delaware River, and the Baxter Water intake.« less

EMPACT 3D: an advanced EMI discrimination sensor for CONUS and OCONUS applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keranen, Joe; Miller, Jonathan S.; Schultz, Gregory; Sander-Olhoeft, Morgan; Laudato, Stephen

2018-04-01

We recently developed a new, man-portable, electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor designed to detect and classify small, unexploded sub-munitions and discriminate them from non-hazardous debris. The ability to distinguish innocuous metal clutter from potentially hazardous unexploded ordnance (UXO) and other explosive remnants of war (ERW) before excavation can significantly accelerate land reclamation efforts by eliminating time spent removing harmless scrap metal. The EMI sensor employs a multi-axis transmitter and receiver configuration to produce data sufficient for anomaly discrimination. A real-time data inversion routine produces intrinsic and extrinsic anomaly features describing the polarizability, location, and orientation of the anomaly under test. We discuss data acquisition and post-processing software development, and results from laboratory and field tests demonstrating the discrimination capability of the system. Data acquisition and real-time processing emphasize ease-of-use, quality control (QC), and display of discrimination results. Integration of the QC and discrimination methods into the data acquisition software reduces the time required between sensor data collection and the final anomaly discrimination result. The system supports multiple concepts of operations (CONOPs) including: 1) a non-GPS cued configuration in which detected anomalies are discriminated and excavated immediately following the anomaly survey; 2) GPS integration to survey multiple anomalies to produce a prioritized dig list with global anomaly locations; and 3) a dynamic mapping configuration supporting detection followed by discrimination and excavation of targets of interest.

A new design concept of fully grouted rock bolts in underground construction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phich Nguyen, Quang; Nguyen, Van Manh; Tuong Nguyen, Ke

2018-04-01

The main problem after excavating an underground excavation is to maintain the stability of the excavation for a certain period of time. Failure in meeting this demand is a threat to safety of men and equipment. Support and reinforcement are different instruments with different mechanisms. Among the common support systems in tunnelling and mining, rock bolts have been widely used to reinforce rock mass and also to reduce geological hazards. Furthermore rock bolts can be applied under varying different geological conditions with cost-effectiveness. Although different methods are developed for grouted rock bolts design until now, the interaction mechanism of the rock bolts and rock mass is still very complicated issue. The paper addresses an analytical model for the analysis and design of fully grouted rock bolts based on the reinforcement principle. According to this concept the jointed rock mass reinforced by grouted rock bolts is considered as composite material which includes rock mass, the grout material and the bolt shank. The mechanical properties of this composite material depend on the ratio of the components. The closed-form solution was developed based on the assumption that the rock mass arround a circular tunnel remained elastic after installing fully grouted rock bolts. The main parameters of the rock-bolt system (the diameter and length of bolt shank, the space between the bolts) are then easily estimated from the obtained solution.

Slickenside formation by surface melting during the mechanical excavation of rock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spray, John G.

This work discusses the nature and origin of slickensides generated by the impingement of high-carbon steel teeth on sandstone during the mechanical excavation of boulders by back shovel and front loader. The slickensides show a number of morphological features that can be related to the direction and sense of tooth displacement, including striations, carrot-shaped grooves, curved fractures and steps. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the slickensides comprise a layer of Fe-enriched, glass-bonded gouge (≤150 μm thick). The estimated shear stresses and velocities realized at the tooth-rock interface (175 MPa at 1 m s -1 for the back shovel and 100 MPa at 2 m s -1 for the front loader) indicate that a heat production of 150-200 MW m -2 and mean surface temperature of 1400-1700°C were achieved. XRF and microprobe analyses confirm that localized bulk melting and Fe-enrichment of the surface occurred during slip. The excavator-generated slickensides provide an analogue for the effects of a single co-seismic event in the evolution of a shallow, relatively dry fault surface. From a simple consideration of energetics under these conditions, it is apparent that localized surface melting should be commonplace. Such an analogue may be useful as a guide for recognizing melt features in natural slickensides, features that would otherwise tend to be obscured during lengthier periods of interseismic surface modification.

Efficacy of chemomechanical caries removal in reducing cariogenic microbiota: a randomized clinical trial.

PubMed

Ammari, Michelle Mikhael; Moliterno, Luiz Flávio Martins; Hirata Júnior, Raphael; Séllos, Mariana Canano; Soviero, Vera Mendes; Coutinho Filho, Wagner Pereira

2014-01-01

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of chemochemical methods (Carisolv™ and Papacárie®) versus the manual method (excavators) in reducing the cariogenic microbiota in dentine caries of primary teeth. Forty-six healthy children (5 to 9 years old) having at least one primary tooth with a cavitated dentine carious lesion were included in the study. The teeth presented no clinical or radiographic signs of pulpal involvement. The sample of 74 teeth was randomly divided into three different groups: Papacárie® (n = 25), Carisolv™ (n = 27) and Manual (n = 22). Samples of carious and sound dentine were collected with sterile excavators before and after caries removal in the three groups. The dentine samples were transferred to glass tubes containing a 1mL thioglycollate medium used as a carrier and enriched for microbiological detection of mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus spp, after incubation for 6h at room temperature. The minimum detection value for colony forming units (CFU) was 3.3 x 102 CFU/ml, and the results were converted into scores from 0 to 4. A significant difference was observed in relation to the microbiological scores before and after caries removal for all methods (Wilcoxon test; p < 0.001). The use of chemomechanical methods for caries removal did not improve the reduction of cariogenic microorganisms in dentine caries lesions, in comparison with manual excavation.

WIPP Intermediate Scale Borehole Test. A pretest analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Argueello, J.G.

A three-dimensional finite element structural analysis of the Intermediate Scale Borehole Test at the WIPP has been performed. The analysis provides insight into how a relatively new excavation in a creeping medium responds when introduced into an existing pillar which has been undergoing stress redistribution for 5.7 years. The stress field of the volume of material in the immediate vicinity of the borehole changes significantly when the hole is drilled. Closure of the hole is predicted to be larger in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction, leading to an ovaling of the hole. The relatively high stresses nearmore » the hole persist even at the end of the simulation, 2 years after the hole is drilled.« less

Regional elemental abundances within South Pole-Aitken basin as measured with lunar prospector gamma-ray spectrometer data.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lawrence, David J.; Pieters, Carlé M.; Elphic, R. C.

2003-01-01

South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin has been a target of intense study since it is one of the largest impact basins in the solar system. It is thought that SPA basin excavated deep into the lunar crust and possibly even the mantle. Such conclusions have been supported by the observed mafic and thorium composition anomalies seen across the entire basin. One of the major goals of lunar and planetary science has been to measure and understand the composition of the non-mare materials within SPA basin. It is expected that this information will help to increase our understanding of the formation andmore » differentiation processes that occurred early on the Moon.« less

Using Microwaves to Heat Lunar Soil

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ethridge, Edwin C.

2011-01-01

This slide presentation reviews the use of microwaves to heat lunar soil in order to obtain water. There appears to be large amounts of water in the lunar poles, in Martian areas in lower latitudes and some of the Moons of Jupiter. The presence of water in the south lunar polar region was demonstrated by the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission. Microwaves can be used to extract water from lunar soil without excavation. Using microwaves on a lunar soil simulant at least 95% of the water from the regolith permafrost simulant was extracted (2 minutes). The process is modeled using COMSOL Multiphysics Finite Element analysis microwave physics module and demonstrated usingan experiment of an microwave apparatus on a rover.

Modeling of damage, permeability changes and pressure responses during excavation of the TSX tunnel in granitic rock at URL, Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rutqvist, Jonny; Börgesson, Lennart; Chijimatsu, Masakazu; Hernelind, Jan; Jing, Lanru; Kobayashi, Akira; Nguyen, Son

2009-05-01

This paper presents numerical modeling of excavation-induced damage, permeability changes, and fluid-pressure responses during excavation of a test tunnel associated with the tunnel sealing experiment (TSX) at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Canada. Four different numerical models were applied using a wide range of approaches to model damage and permeability changes in the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ) around the tunnel. Using in situ calibration of model parameters, the modeling could reproduce observed spatial distribution of damage and permeability changes around the tunnel as a combination of disturbance induced by stress redistribution around the tunnel and by the drill-and-blast operation. The modeling showed that stress-induced permeability increase above the tunnel is a result of micro and macrofracturing under high deviatoric (shear) stress, whereas permeability increase alongside the tunnel is a result of opening of existing microfractures under decreased mean stress. The remaining observed fracturing and permeability changes around the periphery of the tunnel were attributed to damage from the drill-and-blast operation. Moreover, a reasonably good agreement was achieved between simulated and observed excavation-induced pressure responses around the TSX tunnel for 1 year following its excavation. The simulations showed that these pressure responses are caused by poroelastic effects as a result of increasing or decreasing mean stress, with corresponding contraction or expansion of the pore volume. The simulation results for pressure evolution were consistent with previous studies, indicating that the observed pressure responses could be captured in a Biot model using a relatively low Biot-Willis’ coefficient, α ≈ 0.2, a porosity of n ≈ 0.007, and a relatively low permeability of k ≈ 2 × 10-22 m2, which is consistent with the very tight, unfractured granite at the site.

Endoscopic excavation for gastric heterotopic pancreas: an analysis of 42 cases from a tertiary center.

PubMed

Zhang, Yu; Huang, Qin; Zhu, Lin-hong; Zhou, Xian-bin; Ye, Li-ping; Mao, Xin-li

2014-09-01

Because of the difficulty associated with making an accurate diagnosis of gastric heterotopic pancreas (HP) before surgery, surgical resection is usually performed in suspected cases. However, this is an invasive procedure and prone to certain surgical complications. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic excavation for gastric HP, as well as the value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in diagnosing gastric HP. Between January 2007 and January 2013, 42 consecutive patients with gastric HP were enrolled in this retrospective study. Key steps: (1) Injection of a solution (100 ml saline + 2 ml indigo carmine + 1 ml epinephrine) into the submucosal layer after making several dots around the lesion; (2) Incision of the mucosa outside the marker dots with a needle-knife, and then circumferential excavation until complete resection of the lesion; (3) Closure of the artificial ulcer with several clips after tumor removal. In this study, 18 cases (42.9%) were suspected as gastric HP (assessed by two experienced endoscopists before endoscopic excavation), 8 (19.0%) were suspected as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 7 (16.7%) as gastric polyp, and the remaining 9 cases (21.4%) were still unknown. The mean procedure duration was 28.6 min. En bloc resection by endoscopic excavation was achieved in 40 cases (95.2%), and no massive bleeding, delayed bleeding, perforation, or other severe complication occurred in these patients. Among the 42 lesions, a tube echo could be detected in 11 cases by EUS. Those 11 cases were diagnosed as gastric HP by histopathology. Endoscopic excavation appears to be a safe and feasible procedure for accurate histopathologic evaluation and curative treatment in gastric HP. Use of EUS has some value in the diagnosis of gastric HP before the procedure

Integration Of 3D Geographic Information System (GIS) For Effective Waste Management Practice

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rood, G.J.; Hecox, G.R.

2006-07-01

Soil remediation in response to the presence of residual radioactivity resulting from past MED/AEC activities is currently in progress under the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program near the St. Louis, MO airport. During GY05, approximately 92,000 cubic meters (120,000 cubic yards) of radioactive soil was excavated, packaged and transported via rail for disposal at U.S. Ecology or Envirocare of Utah, LLC. To facilitate the management of excavation/transportation/disposal activities, a 3D GIS was developed for the site that was used to estimate the in-situ radionuclide activities, activities in excavation block areas, and shipping activities using a sum-of ratio (SOR) methodmore » for combining various radionuclide compounds into applicable transportation and disposal SOR values. The 3D GIS was developed starting with the SOR values for the approximately 900 samples from 90 borings. These values were processed into a three-dimensional (3D) point grid using kriging with nominal grid spacing of 1.5 by 1.5 meter horizontal by 0.3 meter vertical. The final grid, clipped to the area and soil interval above the planned base of excavation, consisted of 210,000 individual points. Standard GIS volumetric and spatial join procedures were used to calculate the volume of soil represented by each grid point, the base of excavation, depth below ground surface, elevation, surface elevation and SOR values for each point in the final grid. To create the maps needed for management, the point grid results were spatially joined to each excavation area in 0.9 meter (3 foot) depth intervals and the average SOR and total volumes were calculations. The final maps were color-coded for easy identification of areas above the specific transportation or disposal criteria. (authors)« less

Improvement to the Convergence-Confinement Method: Inclusion of Support Installation Proximity and Stiffness

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oke, Jeffrey; Vlachopoulos, Nicholas; Diederichs, Mark

2018-05-01

The convergence-confinement method (CCM) is a method that has been introduced in tunnel construction that considers the ground response to the advancing tunnel face and the interaction with installed support. One limitation of the CCM is due to the numerically or empirically driven nature of the longitudinal displacement profile and the incomplete consideration of the longitudinal arching effect that occurs during tunnelling operations as part of the face effect. In this paper, the authors address the issue associated with when the CCM is used within squeezing ground conditions at depth. Based on numerical analysis, the authors have proposed a methodology and solution to improving the CCM in order to allow for more accurate results for squeezing ground conditions for three different excavation cases involving various excavation-support increments and distances from the face to the supported front. The tunnelling methods of consideration include: tunnel boring machine, mechanical (conventional), and drill and blast.

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 5): Rose Township Cemetery Dump Site, Oakland County, Michigan. (Second remedial action), September 1989. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1989-09-29

The 4-acre Cemetery Dump site is a former sand and gravel pit in Rose Township, Oakland County, Michigan. During the late 1960s or early 1970s, approximately 300 to 600 drums, containing paint sludges, solvents, PCBs, and oils, were illegally dumped and buried onsite. A 1985 Record of Decision (ROD) addressed the soil cleanup which included excavation and offsite disposal of visually-contaminated soil and drum fragments. Soil which was not visually contaminated was sampled and backfilled with clean soil into the excavated areas. Subsequent soil and ground water sampling indicated that zinc contaminants in the ground water exceed the Federal secondarymore » MCL, a nonenforceable standard based on taste and odor, not protection of health. Zinc contamination, however, is most likely a result of monitoring well construction materials. No other contaminants exceed Federal or State environmental standards.« less

Optic disc dysplasia in poland syndrome.

PubMed

Maxfield, Steven D; Strominger, Mitchell B

2014-06-01

To report optic disc dysplasia in a case of Poland syndrome. Non-interventional case report. A 2-year-old boy with Poland syndrome was referred for ophthalmic evaluation after abnormal optic discs were found on exam. Physical exam at birth revealed right-sided aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle, symbrachydactyly, hypoplastic scapula, and an abnormal third rib. On dilated examination the optic nerve heads were dysplastic. The findings included multiple cilioretinal vessels, situs inversus, inferotemporal excavation, and surrounding pigmentary disturbances. Only one case of optic disc anomaly has been reported in Poland syndrome and was described as morning glory syndrome. The optic discs in our patient do not fit well with other optic disc excavation syndromes but are most reminiscent of those in papillorenal syndrome. As both Poland syndrome and papillorenal syndrome share vascular dysfunction as a possible etiology, this case adds to the literature of vascular dysgenesis in Poland syndrome.

Ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic surveys at the Monroe Crossroads battlefield site, Fort Bragg, North Carolina

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kessler, Richard; Strain, R.E.; Marlowe, J. I.; Currin, K.B.

1996-01-01

A ground-penetrating radar survey was conducted at the Monroe Crossroads Battlefield site at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to determine possible locations of subsurface archaeological features. An electromagnetic survey also was conducted at the site to verify and augment the ground-penetrating radar data. The surveys were conducted over a 67,200-square-foot grid with a grid point spacing of 20 feet. During the ground-penetrating radar survey, 87 subsurface anomalies were detected based on visual inspection of the field records. These anomalies were flagged in the field as they appeared on the ground-penetrating radar records and were located by a land survey. The electromagnetic survey produced two significant readings at ground-penetrating radar anomaly locations. The National Park Service excavated 44 of the 87 anomaly locations at the Civil War battlefield site. Four of these excavations produced significant archaeological features, including one at an abandoned well.

Dry and stable excavations in limestones of the greater Kansas City area of Missouri and Kansas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goebel, E.D.; Parizek, E.J.; Stauffer, T.P.

In the Greater Kansas City area of Missouri and Kansas the bedrock consists largely of a thick sequence of limestone and shale formations of Pennsylvanian age. Three formations are of interest in this report. The Swope Formation contains the Bethany Falls Limestone, the Wyandotte Formation contains the Argentine Limestone and the Farley Limestone, and the Oread Formation contains the Plattsmouth Limestone. Underground workings have been developed by industry in these three formations for a variety of uses, including factories, offices and warehouses. The Bethany Falls Limestone is the unit most widely developed for secondary underground use. The industries which design,more » excavate, and occupy this man-made underground space consider it to be essentially dry and stable. Identification and description of the geologic, topographic, hydrologic, and possible other unique features which allow this operational decision is the primary goal of this investigation.« less

401 N. Lakeshore Dr - DuSable Bike Trail, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Field gamma measurements within the remaining excavation areas, and for the spoil removed duringthe excavation process, did not exceed the instrument thresholds previously stated and ranged from aminimum of 1,300 cpm to a maximum of 4,400 cpm shielded.

17. Photocopy of photograph showing excavation of South Bank Substation ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

17. Photocopy of photograph showing excavation of South Bank Substation site, 15 May 1939 (from the BPA Photo Archives, Portland, Oregon, Negative No. 345), LOOKING WEST - Bonneville Power Administration South Bank Substation, I-84, South of Bonneville Dam Powerhouse, Bonneville, Multnomah County, OR

Muck Utilization Planning - Urban Transportation Tunneling : A Handbook of Rational Practices for Planners and Designers

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1977-05-01

This handbook alerts transportation system planners and designers to planning methods which can lead to more efficient use of earth and rock materials produced during excavation for transportation tunnels and large excavations. The earth and rock mat...

406 E Grand, October 2010, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation and the spoil materials generated during the excavation process did not exceed the respective threshold values previously stated and ranged from a minim um of 1, 120 cpm to a maxim um of 6,640 cpm.

Multiple addresses: 500-59 E. Illinois St. and 500-91 E. Grand Ave., Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed theinstrument threshold previously stated, and ranged from a minimum of 1,200 cpm to a maximum of 3,100cpm shielded.

Installation restoration program. Closure assessment report for UST removals at sites 4 and 5 - petroleum, oils, and lubricants facility. Virginia Air National Guard, 192nd Fighter Group, Richmond International Airport, Sandston, Virginia. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The objectives of the closure assessment were to determine the extent of contaminated soil adjacent to the USTs requiring excavation, to provide documentation of soil and groundwater conditions following excavation, and to document closure activities in accordance with applicable VADEQ regulations. During closure activities, ASI provided technical support to the Base to ensure that the UST removal contractor (E K, Inc.) hereinafter referred to as the Contractor was in compliance with the technical requirements (as specified in the Plans and Specifications for Removal of Abandoned Underground Storage Tanks, Virginia Air National Guard, Richmond International Airport, Sandston, VA., dated July 1991more » and revised April 1992, and Addendum Numbers 1 through 7) of the contract. ASI was also responsible for collecting soil and/or groundwater closure samples from the excavations, and providing off-site fixed based laboratory analysis to verify clean conditions within the excavations.« less

Remediation of subsurface and groundwater contamination with uranium from fuel fabrication facilities at Hanau (Germany)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nitzsche, Olaf; Thierfeldt, Stefan; Hummel, Lothar

2013-07-01

This paper presents aspects of site decommissioning and clearance of a former fuel fabrication facility (development and production of fuel assemblies for research reactors and HTR) at Hanau (Germany). The main pathways for environmental contamination were deposition on soil surface and topsoil and pollution of deep soil and the aquifer by waste water channel leakage. Soil excavation could be done by classical excavator techniques. An effective removal of material from the saturated zone was possible by using advanced drilling techniques. A large amount of demolished building structure and excavated soil had to be classified. Therefore the use of conveyor detectormore » was necessary. Nearly 100000 Mg of material (excavated soil and demolished building material) were disposed of at an underground mine. A remaining volume of 700 m{sup 3} was classified as radioactive waste. Site clearance started in 2006. Groundwater remediation and monitoring is still ongoing, but has already provided excellent results by reducing the remaining Uranium considerably. (authors)« less

Historical Photogrammetry: Bird's Paluxy River Dinosaur Chase Sequence Digitally Reconstructed as It Was prior to Excavation 70 Years Ago

PubMed Central

Falkingham, Peter L.; Bates, Karl T.; Farlow, James O.

2014-01-01

It is inevitable that some important specimens will become lost or damaged over time, conservation is therefore of vital importance. The Paluxy River dinosaur tracksite is among the most famous in the world. In 1940, Roland T. Bird described and excavated a portion of the site containing associated theropod and sauropod trackways. This excavated trackway was split up and housed in different institutions, and during the process a portion was lost or destroyed. We applied photogrammetric techniques to photographs taken by Bird over 70 years ago, before the trackway was removed, to digitally reconstruct the site as it was prior to excavation. The 3D digital model offers the opportunity to corroborate maps drawn by R.T. Bird when the tracksite was first described. More broadly, this work demonstrates the exciting potential for digitally recreating palaeontological, geological, or archaeological specimens that have been lost to science, but for which photographic documentation exists. PMID:24695537

Historical photogrammetry: Bird's Paluxy River dinosaur chase sequence digitally reconstructed as it was prior to excavation 70 years ago.

PubMed

Falkingham, Peter L; Bates, Karl T; Farlow, James O

2014-01-01

It is inevitable that some important specimens will become lost or damaged over time, conservation is therefore of vital importance. The Paluxy River dinosaur tracksite is among the most famous in the world. In 1940, Roland T. Bird described and excavated a portion of the site containing associated theropod and sauropod trackways. This excavated trackway was split up and housed in different institutions, and during the process a portion was lost or destroyed. We applied photogrammetric techniques to photographs taken by Bird over 70 years ago, before the trackway was removed, to digitally reconstruct the site as it was prior to excavation. The 3D digital model offers the opportunity to corroborate maps drawn by R.T. Bird when the tracksite was first described. More broadly, this work demonstrates the exciting potential for digitally recreating palaeontological, geological, or archaeological specimens that have been lost to science, but for which photographic documentation exists.

Influence of Short Distance Super-large Diameter Shield Tunneling on Existing Tunnels in Sea Areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhuolin; Liu, Dagang; Wang, Mingnian; Xiao, Shihui; Yuan, Jiawei

2018-03-01

In oder to find out the influence of large diameter shield tunneling on the existing tunnel under the condition of compound strata in the sea area, taking the Maliuzhou traffic tunnel as the research background, numerical simulation and field test were combined to get the regulation of the additional internal force and deformation of the existing tunnel caused by the shield tunneling. Analysis of the data showed that: the shield construction caused the secondary additional internal force; The moment of the vault was most affected by the tunnel excavation; The axial force of the arch bottom was most affected by the excavation of the tunnel. The deformation of arch waist near excavation tunnel was more affected by tunnel excavation than that of the other side. Combined with the construction experience, the influence of the tunnel close-distance construction on the existing tunnel was within the control range, which could ensure the normal construction.

3. "TEST STAND NO. 13, EXCAVATION PLAN & SECTIONS." Specifications ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. "TEST STAND NO. 1-3, EXCAVATION PLAN & SECTIONS." Specifications No. ENG 04-353-50-10; Drawing No. 60-0906; no sheet number within title block; D.O. SERIES 1109/10. Stamped: AS BUILT. No revisions or revision dates. Last work date on this drawing "Checked by EAG, 1/31/49." Though this drawing is specific to Test Stand 1-3, it also illustrates the general methods used for excavation design and retaining wall construction at Test Stand 1-5. - Edwards Air Force Base, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Test Stand 1-3, Test Area 1-115, northwest end of Saturn Boulevard, Boron, Kern County, CA

Percussive Excavation of Lunar Soil

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Whittaker, Matthew P.

2008-01-01

It has been suggested using a percussive motion could improve the efficiency of excavation by up to 90%. If this is proven to be true it would be very beneficial to excavation projects on the Moon and Mars. The purpose of this study is to design, build and test a percussive tool which could dig a trench and then compare this data against that of a non-percussive tool of the same shape and size. The results of this test thus far have been inconclusive due to malfunctions in the testbed and percussive bucket; however, experimental results from small scale experiments confirm this higher efficiency and support further testing.

2011 NASA Lunabotics Mining Competition for Universities: Results and Lessons Learned

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Robert P.; Murphy, Gloria A.

2011-01-01

Overview: Design, build & compete remote controlled robot (Lunabot). Excavate Black Point 1 (BP-1) Lunar Simulant. Deposit minimum of 10 kg of BP-1 within 15 minutes $5000, $2500, $1000 Scholarships for most BP-1 excavated. May 23-28, 2011. Kennedy Space Center, FL. International Teams Allowed for the First Time. What is a Lunabot? a) Robot Controlled Remotely or Autonomously. b) Visual and Auditory Isolation from Operator. c) Excavates Black Point 1 (BP-l) Simulant. d) Weight Limit - 80 kg. e)Dimension Limits -1.5m width x .75m length x 2m height. f) Designed, Built and Tested by University Student Teams.

0 - 36 W. Illinois St., January 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,600 cpm to 3,700 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limits of 6,738 cpm and 7,029 cpm.

400-449 N. State St, March 2017, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation. The count rates in the excavation ranged from 1,600 cpm to 4,300 cpm. No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the threshold limits of 6,338 cpm and 7,038 cpm.

APPLICATION ANALYSIS REPORT - DEMONSTRATION OF A TRIAL EXCAVATION AT THE MCCOLL SUPERFUND SITE

EPA Science Inventory

In June 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Region IX Superfund Program, in cooperation with EPA’s Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory (AEERL), and EPA’s Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program performed a trial excavation of approximatel...

150-211 E. Illinois St and 450-51 N St. Clair Streets, February 2018, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The field gamma measurements within the excavation during the excavation process did not exceed the instrument threshold previously stated and ranged from a minimum of 1,100 cpm to a maximum of 2,100cpm shielded.

9. VIEW NORTH, EXCAVATED LOCK FROM WATER STREET (Numbers painted ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

9. VIEW NORTH, EXCAVATED LOCK FROM WATER STREET (Numbers painted on stones for reconstruction purposes) - Bald Eagle Cross-Cut Canal Lock, North of Water Street along West Branch of Susquehanna River South bank, 500 feet East of Jay Street Bridge, Lock Haven, Clinton County, PA

MX Siting Investigation. Geotechnical Siting Status Report. Volume 2.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-06-21

greater tnan a nominal 50 feet deep. Rock is considered any earth material which is not readily rippable by conventional excavation techniques. b. Surface...material which is not readily rippable by conventional excavation techniques. _ b. Surface water absent and occurrences of ground water greater than a

Inexpensive Device for Demonstrating Rock Slope Failure and Other Collapse Phenomena.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stimpson, B.

1980-01-01

Describes an inexpensive modeling technique for demonstrating large-scale displacement phenomena in rock masses, such as slope collapse and failure of underground openings. Excavation of the model material occurs through openings made in the polyurethane foam in the correct excavation sequence. (Author/SA)

Reconstruction of measurable three-dimensional point cloud model based on large-scene archaeological excavation sites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Chun-Sen; Zhang, Meng-Meng; Zhang, Wei-Xing

2017-01-01

This paper outlines a low-cost, user-friendly photogrammetric technique with nonmetric cameras to obtain excavation site digital sequence images, based on photogrammetry and computer vision. Digital camera calibration, automatic aerial triangulation, image feature extraction, image sequence matching, and dense digital differential rectification are used, combined with a certain number of global control points of the excavation site, to reconstruct the high precision of measured three-dimensional (3-D) models. Using the acrobatic figurines in the Qin Shi Huang mausoleum excavation as an example, our method solves the problems of little base-to-height ratio, high inclination, unstable altitudes, and significant ground elevation changes affecting image matching. Compared to 3-D laser scanning, the 3-D color point cloud obtained by this method can maintain the same visual result and has advantages of low project cost, simple data processing, and high accuracy. Structure-from-motion (SfM) is often used to reconstruct 3-D models of large scenes and has lower accuracy if it is a reconstructed 3-D model of a small scene at close range. Results indicate that this method quickly achieves 3-D reconstruction of large archaeological sites and produces heritage site distribution of orthophotos providing a scientific basis for accurate location of cultural relics, archaeological excavations, investigation, and site protection planning. This proposed method has a comprehensive application value.

Geomys bursars burrowing patterns: influence of season and food patch structure

USGS Publications Warehouse

Andersen, Douglas C.

1987-01-01

The relationship between belowground food resources and the pattern and pace of soil excavation by Geomys bursarius, the plains pocket gopher, was assessed during spring and autumn using replicated 18 x 18 m enclosures containing uniform arrays of food plants (Daucus carota) at spacings assumed to result in burrowing being energetically profitable (25 and 50 cm) or unprofitable (100 cm and empty). Soil excavation rate, measured in terms of either daily additions to tunnel length or volume, or the maximum volume excavated during a 3-d interval, varied greatly among individuals. No significant effect due to season or density of belowground plant biomass was detected when burrowing was profitable. Individuals readily initiated aboveground travel in unprofitable treatments. Soil bulk density was negatively related and animal body mass positively related to excavation rate. Individuals deposited from 41 to 87% of excavated soil on the ground surface; the remainder was used to backfill previously created tunnels or chambers. Plant size, but not plant spacing, affected the ratio of the volumes deposited aboveground and belowground. There was no evidence that animals in enclosures disturbed soil in a manner quantitatively or qualitatively different from free-ranging adults. The large proportions and absolute quantities (up to 30 L/d) of soil involved suggest that backfilling may affect ecosystem structure and functioning as much as surface mound-building.

Geophysical surveys and archaeological insights at Fort Pierre Chouteau, a frontier trading post on the Middle Missouri

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patton, Margaret Maurine

Fort Pierre Chouteau in present day South Dakota was the most important fur trading post of the American Fur Company in the 1830s, serving as a regional hub for the fur trade. The Fort was sold to the U.S. Military in 1855 for use as a base in the Sioux Wars but was abandoned in 1856. Geophysical surveys and previous excavations indicate evidence of both occupations. Geophysics is an important tool for determining the extent of archaeological sites, yet the relationships between geophysical anomalies and excavation features may not be readily evident. Initial geophysical surveys (Kvamme 2007) were completed to determine the extent of the fur trading Fort, and additional surveys in August 2012 used magnetometry and electrical resistance to determine if evidence of military structures exists outside of the Fort. This study examines connections between excavation features and geophysical anomalies in order to better interpret anomalies inside the Fort palisade. The palisade builder's trench, adobe pavement, post holes, and unknown structures are characterized through the analysis of the excavations and anomalies. The location of one of the military structures outside of the palisade is also identified. As many sites have histories of excavations prior to any geophysical surveys, combining the two sets of information is important in order to more fully understand site layout and the archaeological causes of geophysical anomalies.

Interaction between clay-based sealing components and crystalline host rock

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Priyanto, D. G.; Dixon, D. A.; Man, A. G.

The results of hydraulic-mechanical (H-M) numerical simulation of a shaft seal installed at a fracture zone (FZ) in a crystalline host rock using the finite element method are presented. The primary function of a shaft seal is to limit short-circuiting of the groundwater flow regime via the shaft in a deep geological repository. Two different stages of system evolution were considered in this numerical modelling. Stage 1 simulates the groundwater flow into an open shaft, prior to seal installation. Stage 2 simulates the groundwater flow into the shaft seal after seal installation. Four different cases were completed to: (i) evaluate H-M response due to the interaction between clay-based sealing material and crystalline host rock in the shaft seal structure; (ii) quantify the effect of the different times between the completion of the shaft excavation and the completion of shaft seal installation on the H-M response; and (iii) define the potential effects of different sealing material configurations. Shaft sealing materials include the bentonite-sand mixture (BSM), dense backfill (DBF), and concrete plug (CP). The BSM has greater swelling capacity and lower hydraulic conductivity ( K) than the DBF. The results of these analyses show that the decrease of the pore water pressure is concentrated along the fracture zone (FZ), which has the greatest K. As the time increases, the greatest decrease in pore water pressure is found around the FZ. Following FZ isolation and the subsequent filling of the shaft with water as it floods, the pore water pressure profile tends to recover back to the initial conditions prior to shaft excavation. The majority of the fluids that ultimately saturate the centre of the shaft seal flow radially inwards from the FZ. The time between the completion of the shaft excavation and the completion of shaft seal installation has a significant effect on the saturation time. A shorter time can reduce the saturation time. Since most of the inflow comes from the FZ, application of the BSM for extended distances above and below the FZ does not significantly affect the saturation time of the volume adjacent to the FZ. The application of BSM near the FZ rather than a low swelling capacity, more permeable filling material is very significant. This study assumed a perfect contact between seal materials and host rock. Limited to the assumptions used in this study, use of BSM near the FZ was found to increase the time before the centre of the shaft seal became fully saturated from between 4 and 30 years (when the DBF is used) to between 90 and 100 years (when the BSM is used).

Identification of dangerous fibers: some examples in Northern Italy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zanetti, Giovanna; Marini, Paola; Giorgis, Ilaria

2016-04-01

The presence of asbestiform minerals has to be foreseen in the planning of infrastructural activities: Asbestos can be a component of sedimentary rocks or of mafic and ultra mafic metamorphic rocks. Surveys and core drilling, in addition to providing important information on the quality of the rock and its geotechnical characteristics, allow for a prediction of the presence of asbestiform minerals in the areas affected by mining or infrastructural activities. During the excavation, workers can be exposed to the asbestos risk, therefore, the control of the air quality and of the excavated materials are fundamental for the safety of involved people. In this work some problems we met in the analysis of airborne filters and bulk samples from sites in northern Italy are presented. The asbestos fibers present in rocks as accessory minerals, are often different in habit and dimension from the well-known asbestos fibers used as industrial minerals and moreover can be erroneously identified as minerals morphologically and chemically similar present in the same rock or environment. In the case of tunnel muck it could be contaminated by substances used for the excavation that could modify colours and optical properties of asbestos minerals. In the PCOM (Phase Contrast Optical Microscope) analysis chrysotile, sepiolite and antigorite, due to their different refraction index, when the fibers have dimension > 0,5 micron and aren't contaminated by lubricant can be easely identified even if the morphology of chrysotile is very similar to that of sepiolite. In Electron Scanning Microscope (SEM) the discrimination between chrysotile and antigorite on the airborne filters is not always possible because the fibers of thin dimensions show similar habit and spectrum. In the case of the tremolite amphibole, morphology changes from prismatic to fibrous depending on its origin (p.eg. Monastero, Val Grana, Verrayes, Brachiello). Both prismatic and asbestiform tremolite (Gamble and Gibbs, 2007; Addison and McConnel, 2007) may show inhalable elements with width less than 3 micron, length more than 5 micron and width length ratio 1:3, whose dangerousness (fiber coming from fibrous tremolite or the cleavage fragments coming from prismatic tremolite) could be different and it is object of epidemiologic studies.

A Subterranean Camera Trigger for Identifying Predators Excavating Turtle Nests

Treesearch

Thomas J. Maier; Michael N. Marchand; Richard M. DeGraaf; John A. Litvaitis

2002-01-01

Predation is the predominant source of nest mortality for most North American turtle species, including populations that are in decline (Brooks et al. 1992; Congdon et al. 2000). The identification of nest predators---crucial to understanding predator-prey relationships---has been previously accomplished largely by use of techniques that rely on the availability of...

A thin, dense crust for Mercury

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sori, Michael M.

2018-05-01

Crustal thickness is a crucial geophysical parameter in understanding the geology and geochemistry of terrestrial planets. Recent development of mathematical techniques suggests that previous studies based on assumptions of isostasy overestimated crustal thickness on some of the solid bodies of the solar system, leading to a need to revisit those analyses. Here, I apply these techniques to Mercury. Using MESSENGER-derived elemental abundances, I calculate a map of grain density (average 2974 ± 89 kg/m3) which shows that Pratt isostasy is unlikely to be a major compensation mechanism of Mercury's topography. Assuming Airy isostasy, I find the best fit value for Mercury's mean crustal thickness is 26 ± 11 km, 25% lower than the most recently reported and previously thinnest number. Several geological implications follow from this relatively low value for crustal thickness, including showing that the largest impacts very likely excavated mantle material onto Mercury's surface. The new results also show that Mercury and the Moon have a similar proportion of their rocky silicates composing their crusts, and thus Mercury is not uniquely efficient at crustal production amongst terrestrial bodies. Higher resolution topography and gravity data, especially for the southern hemisphere, will be necessary to refine Mercury's crustal parameters further.

Lunar Science Conference, 5th, Houston, Tex., March 18-22, 1974, Proceedings. Volume 1 - Mineralogy and petrology. Volume 2 Chemical and isotope analyses. Organic chemistry. Volume 3 - Physical properties

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gose, W. A.

1974-01-01

Numerous studies on the properties of the moon based on Apollo findings and samples are presented. Topics treated include ages of the lunar nearside light plains and maria, orange material in the Sulpicius Gallus formation at the southwestern edge of Mare Serenitatis, impact-induced fractionation in the lunar highlands, igneous rocks from Apollo 16 rake samples, experimental liquid line of descent and liquid immiscibility for basalt 70017, ion microprobe mass analysis of plagioclase from 'non-mare' lunar samples, grain size and the evolution of lunar soils, chemical composition of rocks and soils at Taurus-Littrow, the geochemical evolution of the moon, U-Th-Pb systematics of some Apollo 17 lunar samples and implications for a lunar basin excavation chronology, volatile-element systematics and green glass in Apollo 15 lunar soils, solar wind nitrogen and indigenous nitrogen in Apollo 17 lunar samples, lunar trapped xenon, solar flare and lunar surface process characterization at the Apollo 17 site, and the permanent and induced magnetic dipole moment of the moon. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Resource Prospector: Evaluating the ISRU Potential of the Lunar Poles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Colaprete, A.; Elphic, R. C.; Andrews, D.; Bluethmann, W.; Quinn, J.; Chavers, D. G.

2017-12-01

Resource Prospector (RP) is a lunar volatiles prospecting mission being developed for potential flight in CY2021-2022. The mission includes a rover-borne payload that (1) can locate surface and near-subsurface volatiles, (2) excavate and analyze samples of the volatile-bearing regolith, and (3) demonstrate the form, extractability and usefulness of the materials. The primary mission goal for RP is to evaluate the In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) potential of the lunar poles. While it is now understood that lunar water and other volatiles have a much greater extent of distribution, possible forms, and concentrations than previously believed, to fully understand how viable these volatiles are as a resource to support human exploration of the solar system, the distribution and form needs to be understood at a "human" scale. That is, the "ore body" must be better understood at the scales it would be worked before it can be evaluated as a potential architectural element within any evolvable lunar or Mars campaign. This talk will provide an overview of the RP mission with an emphasis on mission goals and measurements, and will provide an update as to its current status.

A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet.

PubMed

Cabreira, Sergio Furtado; Kellner, Alexander Wilhelm Armin; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio; Roberto da Silva, Lúcio; Bronzati, Mario; Marsola, Júlio Cesar de Almeida; Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Bittencourt, Jonathas de Souza; Batista, Brunna Jul'Armando; Raugust, Tiago; Carrilho, Rodrigo; Brodt, André; Langer, Max Cardoso

2016-11-21

Dinosauromorpha includes dinosaurs and other much less diverse dinosaur precursors of Triassic age, such as lagerpetids [1]. Joint occurrences of these taxa with dinosaurs are rare but more common during the latest part of that period (Norian-Rhaetian, 228-201 million years ago [mya]) [2, 3]. In contrast, the new lagerpetid and saurischian dinosaur described here were unearthed from one of the oldest rock units with dinosaur fossils worldwide, the Carnian (237-228 mya) Santa Maria Formation of south Brazil [4], a record only matched in age by much more fragmentary remains from Argentina [5]. This is the first time nearly complete dinosaur and non-dinosaur dinosauromorph remains are found together in the same excavation, clearly showing that these animals were contemporaries since the first stages of dinosaur evolution. The new lagerpetid preserves the first skull, scapular and forelimb elements, plus associated vertebrae, known for the group, revealing how dinosaurs acquired several of their typical anatomical traits. Furthermore, a novel phylogenetic analysis shows the new dinosaur as the most basal Sauropodomorpha. Its plesiomorphic teeth, strictly adapted to faunivory, provide crucial data to infer the feeding behavior of the first dinosaurs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1-99 W. Hubbard St, May 2018, Lindsay Light Radiological Survey

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Radiological Survey of Right-of-Way Utility Excavation.The count rates in the excavation ranged from 2,100 cpm to 4,200 cpm.No count rates were found at any time that exceeded the instrument specific threshold limits of 7,366 and 6,415 cpm.

STARTING EXCAVATION PIER 2. This view is roughly northeast, with ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

STARTING EXCAVATION PIER 2. This view is roughly northeast, with Pier 2 on the Trinity County end of the bridge. The old suspension bridge, at upper right, was upstream of new bridge - South Fork Trinity River Bridge, State Highway 299 spanning South Fork Trinity River, Salyer, Trinity County, CA

OEM unveil new ideas for shovels and excavators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fiscor, S.

2006-08-15

From upgrades to new loading arrangements, vendors are looking at new ways to optimize the production process. The paper describes P & M equipment's new C series electric shovels equipped with the centurion system, Hitachi's super-sized excavator to Canadian oil sands, and Bucyrus and Siemens' engineer shovels. 3 figs., 1 photo.

Challenges in Bulk Soil Sampling and Analysis for Vapor Intrusion Screening of Soil

EPA Science Inventory

This draft Engineering Issue Paper discusses technical issues with monitoring soil excavations for VOCs and describes options for such monitoring as part of a VI pathway assessment at sites where soil excavation is being considered or used as part of the remedy for VOC-contaminat...

Are pileated woodpeckers attracted to red-cockaded woodpecker cavity trees?

Treesearch

Daniel Saenz; Richard N. Conner; James R. McCormick

2002-01-01

Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) cause damage to Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavity trees in the form of cavity enlargement or other excavations on the surface of the pine tree. However, it is not known whether Pileated Woodpeckers excavate more frequently on Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavity trees than on...

Review of potential subsurface permeable barrier emplacement and monitoring technologies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riggsbee, W.H.; Treat, R.L.; Stansfield, H.J.

1994-02-01

This report focuses on subsurface permeable barrier technologies potentially applicable to existing waste disposal sites. This report describes candidate subsurface permeable barriers, methods for emplacing these barriers, and methods used to monitor the barrier performance. Two types of subsurface barrier systems are described: those that apply to contamination.in the unsaturated zone, and those that apply to groundwater and to mobile contamination near the groundwater table. These barriers may be emplaced either horizontally or vertically depending on waste and site characteristics. Materials for creating permeable subsurface barriers are emplaced using one of three basic methods: injection, in situ mechanical mixing, ormore » excavation-insertion. Injection is the emplacement of dissolved reagents or colloidal suspensions into the soil at elevated pressures. In situ mechanical mixing is the physical blending of the soil and the barrier material underground. Excavation-insertion is the removal of a soil volume and adding barrier materials to the space created. Major vertical barrier emplacement technologies include trenching-backfilling; slurry trenching; and vertical drilling and injection, including boring (earth augering), cable tool drilling, rotary drilling, sonic drilling, jetting methods, injection-mixing in drilled holes, and deep soil mixing. Major horizontal barrier emplacement technologies include horizontal drilling, microtunneling, compaction boring, horizontal emplacement, longwall mining, hydraulic fracturing, and jetting methods.« less

Superfund Record of Decision (EPA Region 7): Mid-America Tanning site, Sergeant bBluff, IA. (First remedial action), September 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-09-24

The 98.7-acre Mid-America Tanning site is a former leather tannery in Sergeant Bluff, Woodbury County, Iowa. Surrounding land use is mixed industrial and agricultural. A portion of the site is bordered by Oxbow Lake and lies within the 100-year floodplain. The Missouri River is approximately 1.5 miles to the southwest of the site and receives discharges from Oxbow Lake. The facility began onsite processing of animal hides in 1970. In 1980, the State confirmed the onsite burial of chromium-containing sludge in trenches, and the company was cited for permit violations. A 1985 EPA investigation identified excessive chromium contamination in onsitemore » soil, sediment, and ground water. In 1990, EPA conducted a removal action that included excavating and consolidating onsite 1,290 cubic yards of sludge from the trench disposal area. The Record of Decision (ROD) addresses the contaminated soil, impoundment sediment and water, and the excavated trench material. A future ROD will address onsite ground water contamination. The primary contaminant of concern affecting the soil, sediment, debris, sludge, and surface water are metals including chromium and lead. The selected remedial action for the site is included.« less

Modelling and Analysis of the Excavation Phase by the Theory of Blocks Method of Tunnel 4 Kherrata Gorge, Algeria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boukarm, Riadh; Houam, Abdelkader; Fredj, Mohammed; Boucif, Rima

2017-12-01

The aim of our work is to check the stability during excavation tunnel work in the rock mass of Kherrata, connecting the cities of Bejaia to Setif. The characterization methods through the Q system (method of Barton), RMR (Bieniawski classification) allowed us to conclude that the quality of rock mass is average in limestone, and poor in fractured limestone. Then modelling of excavation phase using the theory of blocks method (Software UNWEDGE) with the parameters from the recommendations of classification allowed us to check stability and to finally conclude that the use of geomechanical classification and the theory of blocks can be considered reliable in preliminary design.

Remote Excavation System technology evaluation report: Buried Waste Robotics Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-09-01

This document describes the results from the Remote Excavation System demonstration and testing conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory during June and July 1993. The purpose of the demonstration was to ascertain the feasibility of the system for skimming soil and removing various types of buried waste in a safe manner and within all regulatory requirements, and to compare the performances of manual and remote operation of a backhoe. The procedures and goals of the demonstration were previously defined in The Remote Excavation System Test Plan, which served as a guideline for evaluating the various components of the systemmore » and discussed the procedures used to conduct the tests.« less

Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR) Phase 2 and Smart Autonomous Sand-Swimming Excavator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sandy, Michael

2015-01-01

The Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot (RASSOR) Phase 2 is an excavation robot for mining regolith on a planet like Mars. The robot is programmed using the Robotic Operating System (ROS) and it also uses a physical simulation program called Gazebo. This internship focused on various functions of the program in order to make it a more professional and efficient robot. During the internship another project called the Smart Autonomous Sand-Swimming Excavator was worked on. This is a robot that is designed to dig through sand and extract sample material. The intern worked on programming the Sand-Swimming robot, and designing the electrical system to power and control the robot.

Archaeometric Prospection Using Electrical Survey Predictive Deconvolution (ESPD)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glover, P. W.

2009-05-01

Once upon a time archaeological prospection was carried out mainly using electrical techniques. These days magnetic techniques and GPR are used by preference. However, we have shown that electrical surveying combined with the technique of predictive deconvolution is very effective at finding buried features where the shape of the feature can be predicted in advance. One such type of feature is the Grubenhaus (or sunken-featured, sunken-floored building, or SFB). Grubenhaüser exist in the archaeological record as individual well-defined oblong pits that have been filled and buried with other material. Aerial photographs at New Bewick in Northumberland, northern England (UK Grid reference NU061206) showed quasi-rectangular features similar to those on aerial photographs at the nearby Anglo-Saxon palace of Milfield (NT941339) which had been confirmed by excavation to be Grubenhaüser. Several electrical resistivity surveys were carried out over the area with an ABEM Mk II Terrameter and a multiplexing box serving 31 electrodes in line at any given time. Both double-dipole and Wenner configurations were used with an electrode spacing of 1 m. Data was acquired in blocks of 30 m by 30 m during a period of dry summer weather while the field was under young winter wheat. The Wenner array produces a characteristic 'M' or 'W' shaped response over filled in excavations such as those expected to represent a Grubenhaus. While this seems a disadvantage in the first instance, it can be used to improve the data. Such anomalies were present in the raw New Bewick data. The resulting data were analysed using 1D and 2D predictive deconvolution in order to remove the Wenner response. The deconvolution was carried out using an inverse matrix element method. The filtered results indicated the presence of an anomaly that is consistent with a Grubenhaus measuring about 5 m by 4 m and with a pit depth of 0.6 m below 0.5 m of topsoil. The results also showed broader areas of increased resistivity which have been attributed to compaction resulting from human and animal movement. Following the geophysical study the site was excavated (T. Gates and C. O'Brien "Cropmarks at Milfield and New Bewick and the Recognition of Grubenhaüser in Northumberland." Archaeologia Aeliana 5th series, Vol XVI, 1988, 1-9) and a Grubenhaus was discovered at the site. The excavated Grubenhaus measured 4.7 m by 3.9 m with a pit depth of 0.5 m below the base of the topsoil. The deconvolved Wenner data performed better than the double-dipole resistivity survey but was marginally slower.

CUTS FOR MTR EXCAVATION ILLUSTRATE SEDIMENTARY MANTLE OF SOIL AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

CUTS FOR MTR EXCAVATION ILLUSTRATE SEDIMENTARY MANTLE OF SOIL AND GRAVEL OVERLAYING LAVA ROCK FIFTY FEET BELOW. SAGEBRUSH HAS BEEN SCOURED FROM REST OF SITE. CAMERA PROBABLY FACES SOUTHWEST. INL NEGATIVE NO. 67. Unknown Photographer, 6/4/1950 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

VIEW OF PARTIALLY EXCAVATED MILL RUINS LOOKING NORTHWEST SHOWING UNIDENTIFIED ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

VIEW OF PARTIALLY EXCAVATED MILL RUINS LOOKING NORTHWEST SHOWING UNIDENTIFIED PIT IN RIGHT FOREGROUND, MASONRY BASE FOR STEAM ENGINE AND CANE MILL IN LEFT CENTER, PURGING HOUSE AND CHIMNEY IN BACKGROUND - Hacienda Azucarera La Esperanza, Mill (Ruins), 2.65 miles North of PR Route 2 Bridge Over Manati River, Manati, Manati Municipio, PR

Resisting English: Excavating English Ideologies of Young Boys through Chutkule at an Indian Orphanage

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bhattacharya, Usree

2017-01-01

The prevailing scholarship on Indians' beliefs about English has, with few exceptions, largely failed to capture ideological resistance. Given the supremacy of English within the hierarchically ordered and unequal linguistic landscape in India, this study intervenes within this limited area of research. This investigation excavates ideologies of…

56. Historic photo of excavation work at Building 202, shows ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

56. Historic photo of excavation work at Building 202, shows facility with exhaust scrubber in foreground, February 24, 1969. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA photo number C-69-712. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

55. Historic photo of excavation work at Building 202, shows ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

55. Historic photo of excavation work at Building 202, shows facility with detention tank in foreground, February 24, 1969. On file at NASA Plumbrook Research Center, Sandusky, Ohio. NASA photo number C-69-711. - Rocket Engine Testing Facility, GRC Building No. 202, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH

Supersonic air jets preserve tree roots in underground pipeline installation

Treesearch

Rob Gross; Michelle Julene

2002-01-01

Tree roots are often damaged during construction projects, particularly during trenching operations for pipeline installation. Although mechanical soil excavation using heavy equipment, such as an excavator or backhoe is considered the fastest the most economical method, it damages and destroys tree roots and can lead to unintentional tree loss, poor public relations,...

Environmental Assessment for Explosives Ordnance Disposal Proficiency Training Range at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

s) __ Test Plt(s) __ Test Trench(es) __ Deep Test(s) __ PZ or Humus Removal __ Testing/Excav. (strategy unknown) __ Mitigation/Block Excavation...Collection __ Surface Collection _Auger/Soil Corer _Shovel Test (s) .lL... Test Pit (s) _Test Trench (es) __ Deep Test (s) _ PZ or Humus Removal

The Li(f)e of the Self: Missing Persons and Auto/Archeological Excavations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burdick, Jake

2014-01-01

This article describes and enacts a process of autobiographical inquiry, auto/archeology, which seeks to address problematic confluences of memory and identity in reconstructing one's historical narrative. Drawing on curriculum theory and Lacanian psychoanalysis, the author describes a process of excavation in which understandings of a prior…

29 CFR 1926.650 - Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... excavation that are inclined away from the excavation so as to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline... members of a trench shoring system placed in contact with the earth and usually positioned so that individual members do not contact each other. Uprights placed so that individual members are closely spaced...