Developing an Effective Intervention for Incarcerated Teen Fathers: The Baby Elmo Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brito, Natalie; Barr, Rachel; Rodriguez, Jennifer; Shauffer, Carole

2012-01-01

The absence of a father figure has been linked to very poor developmental outcomes. The Baby Elmo Program, a parenting and structured visitation program, aims to form and maintain bonds between children and their incarcerated teen fathers. The program is taught and supervised by probation staff in juvenile detention facilities. This intervention…

Former Astronaut Leland Melvin speaks with Elmo

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-06

NASA Associate Administrator for Education and former astronaut Leland Melvin teaches the ABC's of living and working in space to Sesame Street's Elmo at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, Wednesday, July 6, 2011 in Cape Canaveral, FL. The pair discussed nutrition, exercise, hygiene in orbit. They also chatted about the features of the space shuttle and the various suits that astronauts wear. Photo Credit: (NASA/Carla Cioffi)

An ELMO2-RhoG-ILK network modulates microtubule dynamics.

PubMed

Jackson, Bradley C; Ivanova, Iordanka A; Dagnino, Lina

2015-07-15

ELMO2 belongs to a family of scaffold proteins involved in phagocytosis and cell motility. ELMO2 can simultaneously bind integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and RhoG, forming tripartite ERI complexes. These complexes are involved in promoting β1 integrin-dependent directional migration in undifferentiated epidermal keratinocytes. ELMO2 and ILK have also separately been implicated in microtubule regulation at integrin-containing focal adhesions. During differentiation, epidermal keratinocytes cease to express integrins, but ERI complexes persist. Here we show an integrin-independent role of ERI complexes in modulation of microtubule dynamics in differentiated keratinocytes. Depletion of ERI complexes by inactivating the Ilk gene in these cells reduces microtubule growth and increases the frequency of catastrophe. Reciprocally, exogenous expression of ELMO2 or RhoG stabilizes microtubules, but only if ILK is also present. Mechanistically, activation of Rac1 downstream from ERI complexes mediates their effects on microtubule stability. In this pathway, Rac1 serves as a hub to modulate microtubule dynamics through two different routes: 1) phosphorylation and inactivation of the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin and 2) phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β, which leads to the activation of CRMP2, promoting microtubule growth. At the cellular level, the absence of ERI species impairs Ca(2+)-mediated formation of adherens junctions, critical to maintaining mechanical integrity in the epidermis. Our findings support a key role for ERI species in integrin-independent stabilization of the microtubule network in differentiated keratinocytes. © 2015 Jackson et al. This article is distributed by The American Society for Cell Biology under license from the author(s). Two months after publication it is available to the public under an Attribution–Noncommercial–Share Alike 3.0 Unported Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0).

Soft-sediment deformation structures in the late Miocene Şelmo Formation around Adıyaman area, Southeastern Turkey

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koç Taşgın, Calibe; Orhan, Hükmü; Türkmen, İbrahim; Aksoy, Ercan

2011-04-01

The Şelmo Formation was deposited in the basins associated with the Southeastern Anatolian Thrust Belt and East Anatolian Fault Zone in SE Turkey. These structures developed as a result of compressional stresses created by the movement of the Arabian plate to the north and the Eurasian plate to the west from early Miocene to late Pliocene. The outcrops of the Şelmo Formation in the Adýyaman area (SE Turkey) comprise braided river deposits (lower alluvial unit) at the base, lacustrine and deltaic deposits in the middle (lacustrine unit) and low sinuousity river and alluvial deposits at the top (upper alluvial unit). Soft-sediment deformation structures were developed in sandstone, siltstone and marl of the deltaic and lacustrine unit of the Şelmo Formation. These are slumps, recumbent folds, load casts, ball-and-pillow structures, flame structures, neptunian dykes, chaotically associated structures and synsedimentary faults. The tectonic setting of the basin, the lateral extent of the soft-sediment deformation structures over tens of kilometers, their similarities to deformation structures interpreted as being induced seismically in other regions worldwide or in a laboratory setting, and being confined by undeformed layers suggest that the main trigger system was related to seismic activity in the area.

A 12-coil superconducting 'bumpy torus' magnet facility for plasma research.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Holmes, A. D.; Keller, T. A.; Krawczonek, W. M.

1972-01-01

A retrospective summary is presented of the performance of the two-coil superconducting pilot rig which preceded the NASA Lewis bumpy torus. The NASA Lewis bumpy torus facility consists of 12 superconducting coils, each with a 19 cm i.d. and capable of producing magnetic field strengths of 3.0 teslas on their axes. The magnets are equally spaced around a major circumference 1.52 m in diameter, and are mounted with the major axis of the torus vertical in a single vacuum tank 2.59 m in diameter. The design value of maximum magnetic field on the magnetic axis (3.0 T) has been reached and exceeded.

Initial results from the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus experiment. [of steady-state ion heating method based on modified Penning discharge

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Richardson, R. W.; Gerdin, G. A.

1973-01-01

Initial results were obtained from low power operation of the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus experiment, in which a steady-state ion heating method based on the modified Penning discharge is applied in a bumpy torus confinement geometry. The magnet facility consists of 12 superconducting coils, each 19 cm i.d. and capable of 3.0 T, equally spaced in a toroidal array 1.52 m in major diameter. A 18 cm i.d. anode ring is located at each of the 12 midplanes and is maintained at high positive potentials by a dc power supply. Initial observations indicate electron temperatures from 10 to 150 eV, and ion kinetic temperatures from 200 eV to 1200 eV. Two modes of operation were observed, which depend on background pressure, and have different radial density profiles. Steady state neutron production was observed. The ion heating process in the bumpy torus appears to parallel closely the mechanism observed when the modified Penning discharge was operated in a simple magnetic mirror field.

Spectroscopic results in helium from the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus plasma. [ion heating by Penning discharge in confinement geometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richardson, R. W.

1974-01-01

Spectroscopic measurements were carried out on the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus experiment in which a steady state ion heating method based on the modified Penning discharge is applied in a bumpy torus confinement geometry. Electron temperatures in pure helium are measured from the ratio of spectral line intensities. Measured electron temperatures range from 10 to 100 eV. Relative electron densities are also measured over the range of operating conditions. Radial profiles of temperature and relative density are measured in the two basic modes of operation of the device called the low and high pressure modes. The electron temperatures are used to estimate particle confinement times based on a steady state particle balance.

A Bumpy Border Crossing into the Teaching Culture on a U.S. Campus: Experience of a Chinese Faculty Member

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cheng, Qiang; Wang, Jian; Zhang, Shaoan

2013-01-01

Guided by cultural border crossing and teacher identity development theories, this case study explores the bumpy process of a junior Chinese faculty member's border crossing into the U.S. teaching culture and analyzes the challenges, coping strategies, and consequences of his border crossing on teaching and teacher identity development. The…

The calcium-sensing receptor changes cell shape via a beta-arrestin-1 ARNO ARF6 ELMO protein network.

PubMed

Bouschet, Tristan; Martin, Stéphane; Kanamarlapudi, Venkateswarlu; Mundell, Stuart; Henley, Jeremy M

2007-08-01

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce the binding of extracellular stimuli into intracellular signalling cascades that can lead to morphological changes. Here, we demonstrate that stimulation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a GPCR that promotes chemotaxis by detecting increases in extracellular calcium, triggers plasma membrane (PM) ruffling via a pathway that involves beta-arrestin 1, Arf nucleotide binding site opener (ARNO), ADP-ribosylating factor 6 (ARF6) and engulfment and cell motility protein (ELMO). Expression of dominant negative beta-arrestin 1 or its knockdown with siRNA impaired the CaSR-induced PM ruffling response. Expression of a catalytically inactive ARNO also reduced CaSR-induced PM ruffling. Furthermore, beta-arrestin 1 co-immunoprecipitated with the CaSR and ARNO under resting conditions. Agonist treatment did not markedly alter beta-arrestin 1 binding to the CaSR or to ARNO but it did elicit the translocation and colocalisation of the CaSR, beta-arrestin 1 and ARNO to membrane protrusions. Furthermore, ARF6 and ELMO, two proteins known to couple ARNO to the cytoskeleton, were required for CaSR-dependent morphological changes and translocated to the PM ruffles. These data suggest that cells ruffle upon CaSR stimulation via a mechanism that involves translocation of beta-arrestin 1 pre-assembled with the CaSR or ARNO, and that ELMO plays an essential role in this CaSR-signalling-induced cytoskeletal reorganisation.

Towards a formalism for mapping the spacetimes of massive compact objects: Bumpy black holes and their orbits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Collins, Nathan A.; Hughes, Scott A.

2004-06-01

Astronomical observations have established that extremely compact, massive objects are common in the Universe. It is generally accepted that these objects are, in all likelihood, black holes. As observational technology has improved, it has become possible to test this hypothesis in ever greater detail. In particular, it is or will be possible to measure the properties of orbits deep in the strong field of a black hole candidate (using x-ray timing or future gravitational-wave measurements) and to test whether they have the characteristics of black hole orbits in general relativity. Past work has shown that, in principle, such measurements can be used to map the spacetime of a massive compact object, testing in particular whether the object’s multipolar structure satisfies the rather strict constraints imposed by the black hole hypothesis. Performing such a test in practice requires that we be able to compare against objects with the “wrong” multipole structure. In this paper, we present tools for constructing the spacetimes of bumpy black holes: objects that are almost black holes, but that have some multipoles with the wrong value. In this first analysis, we focus on objects with no angular momentum. Generalization to bumpy Kerr black holes should be straightforward, albeit labor intensive. Our construction has two particularly desirable properties. First, the spacetimes which we present are good deep into the strong field of the object—we do not use a “large r” expansion (except to make contact with weak field intuition). Second, our spacetimes reduce to the exact black hole spacetimes of general relativity in a natural way, by dialing the “bumpiness” of the black hole to zero. We propose that bumpy black holes can be used as the foundation for a null experiment: if black hole candidates are indeed the black holes of general relativity, their bumpiness should be zero. By comparing the properties of orbits in a bumpy spacetime with those measured from an astrophysical source, observations should be able to test this hypothesis, stringently testing whether they are in fact the black holes of general relativity.

Spacetime and orbits of bumpy black holes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vigeland, Sarah J.; Hughes, Scott A.

2010-01-15

Our Universe contains a great number of extremely compact and massive objects which are generally accepted to be black holes. Precise observations of orbital motion near candidate black holes have the potential to determine if they have the spacetime structure that general relativity demands. As a means of formulating measurements to test the black hole nature of these objects, Collins and Hughes introduced ''bumpy black holes'': objects that are almost, but not quite, general relativity's black holes. The spacetimes of these objects have multipoles that deviate slightly from the black hole solution, reducing to black holes when the deviation ismore » zero. In this paper, we extend this work in two ways. First, we show how to introduce bumps which are smoother and lead to better behaved orbits than those in the original presentation. Second, we show how to make bumpy Kerr black holes--objects which reduce to the Kerr solution when the deviation goes to zero. This greatly extends the astrophysical applicability of bumpy black holes. Using Hamilton-Jacobi techniques, we show how a spacetime's bumps are imprinted on orbital frequencies, and thus can be determined by measurements which coherently track the orbital phase of a small orbiting body. We find that in the weak field, orbits of bumpy black holes are modified exactly as expected from a Newtonian analysis of a body with a prescribed multipolar structure, reproducing well-known results from the celestial mechanics literature. The impact of bumps on strong-field orbits is many times greater than would be predicted from a Newtonian analysis, suggesting that this framework will allow observations to set robust limits on the extent to which a spacetime's multipoles deviate from the black hole expectation.« less

Variations in CCR5, but not HFE, ELMO1, or SLC12A3, are associated with susceptibility to kidney disease in north Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes.

PubMed

Yadav, Ashok K; Kumar, Vinod; Dutta, Pinaki; Bhansali, Anil; Jha, Vivekanand

2014-11-01

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, may have a genetic component. In the present study, we investigated variations in a set of genes with susceptibility to DN in a north Indian population. Four genes (HFE, ELMO1, SLC12A3, and CCR5) were selected on the basis of reported association with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. In all, 417 diabetic subjects (215 without kidney disease [DM] and 202 with DN) and 197 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated for variations in HFE (845 G>A and 187G>C), SLC12A3 (g.34372G>A), CCR5 (59029A>G), and ELMO1 (+9170 G>A). Polymorphism analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and Taqman allele discrimination assays. Significant differences were found in genotype and allelic frequency in SLC12A3 (g.34372G>A) between diabetic subjects and HC (P < 0.03). There were no differences in the SLC12A3 g.34372G>A (AA+GA) genotype between diabetic subjects with and without nephropathy. However, the CCR5 59029AA genotype and A allele were significantly more frequent in diabetics compared with the HC (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively) and subjects with DN versus DM (P = 0.002 and 0.01, respectively). For ELMO1 (+9170 G>A), the GG genotype frequency was higher in the diabetic versus HC group. There were no differences in the frequency of HFE-845 G>A and HFE-187G>C among the groups. This study shows that the CCR5 AA genotype is over-represented in subjects with kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes. The CCR5 59029G>A and ELMO1 (+9170 G>A) loci are more frequent, and the SLC12A3 34372 AA genotype is associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. © 2014 Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

An Elmo–Dock complex locally controls Rho GTPases and actin remodeling during cadherin-mediated adhesion

PubMed Central

Collins, Caitlin

2014-01-01

Cell–cell contact formation is a dynamic process requiring the coordination of cadherin-based cell–cell adhesion and integrin-based cell migration. A genome-wide RNA interference screen for proteins required specifically for cadherin-dependent cell–cell adhesion identified an Elmo–Dock complex. This was unexpected as Elmo–Dock complexes act downstream of integrin signaling as Rac guanine-nucleotide exchange factors. In this paper, we show that Elmo2 recruits Dock1 to initial cell–cell contacts in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. At cell–cell contacts, both Elmo2 and Dock1 are essential for the rapid recruitment and spreading of E-cadherin, actin reorganization, localized Rac and Rho GTPase activities, and the development of strong cell–cell adhesion. Upon completion of cell–cell adhesion, Elmo2 and Dock1 no longer localize to cell–cell contacts and are not required subsequently for the maintenance of cell–cell adhesion. These studies show that Elmo–Dock complexes are involved in both integrin- and cadherin-based adhesions, which may help to coordinate the transition of cells from migration to strong cell–cell adhesion. PMID:25452388

The Jurassic section along McElmo Canyon in southwestern Colorado

USGS Publications Warehouse

O'Sullivan, Robert B.

1997-01-01

In McElmo Canyon, Jurassic rocks are 1500-1600 ft thick. Lower Jurassic rocks of the Glen Canyon Group include (in ascending order) Wingate Sandstone, Kayenta Formation and Navajo Sandstone. Middle Jurassic rocks are represented by the San Rafael Group, which includes the Entrada Sandstone and overlying Wanakah Formation. Upper Jurassic rocks comprise the Junction Creek Sandstone overlain by the Morrison Formation. The Burro Canyon Formation, generally considered to be Lower Cretaceous, may be Late Jurassic in the McElmo Canyon area and is discussed with the Jurassic. The Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the subsurface underlies, and the Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone overlies, the Jurassic section. An unconformity is present at the base of the Glen Canyon Group (J-0), at the base of the San Rafael Group (J-2), and at the base of the Junction Creek Sandstone (J-5). Another unconformity of Cretaceous age is at the base of the Dakota Sandstone. Most of the Jurassic rocks consist of fluviatile, lacustrine and eolian deposits. The basal part of the Entrada Sandstone and the Wanakah Formation may be of marginal marine origin.

Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) is a pattern recognition receptor that mediates macrophage binding and engulfment of Gram-negative bacteria

PubMed Central

Das, Soumita; Owen, Katherine A.; Ly, Kim T.; Park, Daeho; Black, Steven G.; Wilson, Jeffrey M.; Sifri, Costi D.; Ravichandran, Kodi S.; Ernst, Peter B.; Casanova, James E.

2011-01-01

Bacterial recognition by host cells is essential for initiation of infection and the host response. Bacteria interact with host cells via multiple pattern recognition receptors that recognize microbial products or pathogen-associated molecular patterns. In response to this interaction, host cell signaling cascades are activated that lead to inflammatory responses and/or phagocytic clearance of attached bacteria. Brain angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) is a receptor that recognizes apoptotic cells through its conserved type I thrombospondin repeats and triggers their engulfment through an ELMO1/Dock/Rac1 signaling module. Because thrombospondin repeats in other proteins have been shown to bind bacterial surface components, we hypothesized that BAI1 may also mediate the recognition and clearance of pathogenic bacteria. We found that preincubation of bacteria with recombinant soluble BAI1 ectodomain or knockdown of endogenous BAI1 in primary macrophages significantly reduced binding and internalization of the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella typhimurium. Conversely, overexpression of BAI1 enhanced attachment and engulfment of Salmonella in macrophages and in heterologous nonphagocytic cells. Bacterial uptake is triggered by the BAI1-mediated activation of Rac through an ELMO/Dock-dependent mechanism, and inhibition of the BAI1/ELMO1 interaction prevents both Rac activation and bacterial uptake. Moreover, inhibition of ELMO1 or Rac function significantly impairs the proinflammatory response to infection. Finally, we show that BAI1 interacts with a variety of Gram-negative, but not Gram-positive, bacteria through recognition of their surface lipopolysaccharide. Together these findings identify BAI1 as a pattern recognition receptor that mediates nonopsonic phagocytosis of Gram-negative bacteria by macrophages and directly affects the host response to infection. PMID:21245295

Early detection of gastric cancer using global, genome-wide and IRF4, ELMO1, CLIP4 and MSC DNA methylation in endoscopic biopsies

PubMed Central

Rodriguez-Torres, Sebastian; Friess, Leah; Michailidi, Christina; Cok, Jaime; Combe, Juan; Vargas, Gloria; Prado, William; Soudry, Ethan; Pérez, Jimena; Yudin, Tikki; Mancinelli, Andrea; Unger, Helen; Ili-Gangas, Carmen; Brebi-Mieville, Priscilla; Berg, Douglas E.; Hayashi, Masamichi; Sidransky, David; Gilman, Robert H.; Guerrero-Preston, Rafael

2017-01-01

Clinically useful molecular tools to triage gastric cancer patients are not currently available. We aimed to develop a molecular tool to predict gastric cancer risk in endoscopy-driven biopsies obtained from high-risk gastric cancer clinics in low resource settings. We discovered and validated a DNA methylation biomarker panel in endoscopic samples obtained from 362 patients seen between 2004 and 2009 in three high-risk gastric cancer clinics in Lima, Perú, and validated it in 306 samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas project (“TCGA”). Global, epigenome wide and gene-specific DNA methylation analyses were used in a Phase I Biomarker Development Trial to identify a continuous biomarker panel that combines a Global DNA Methylation Index (GDMI) and promoter DNA methylation levels of IRF4, ELMO1, CLIP4 and MSC. We observed an inverse association between the GDMI and histological progression to gastric cancer, when comparing gastritis patients without metaplasia (mean = 5.74, 95% CI, 4.97−6.50), gastritis patients with metaplasia (mean = 4.81, 95% CI, 3.77−5.84), and gastric cancer cases (mean = 3.38, 95% CI, 2.82−3.94), respectively (p < 0.0001). Promoter methylation of IRF4 (p < 0.0001), ELMO1 (p < 0.0001), CLIP4 (p < 0.0001), and MSC (p < 0.0001), is also associated with increasing severity from gastritis with no metaplasia to gastritis with metaplasia and gastric cancer. Our findings suggest that IRF4, ELMO1, CLIP4 and MSC promoter methylation coupled with a GDMI>4 are useful molecular tools for gastric cancer risk stratification in endoscopic biopsies. PMID:28418867

The Molecular Motor KIF21B Mediates Synaptic Plasticity and Fear Extinction by Terminating Rac1 Activation.

PubMed

Morikawa, Momo; Tanaka, Yosuke; Cho, Hyun-Soo; Yoshihara, Masaharu; Hirokawa, Nobutaka

2018-06-26

Fear extinction is a component of cognitive flexibility that is relevant for important psychiatric diseases, but its molecular mechanism is still largely elusive. We established mice lacking the kinesin-4 motor KIF21B as a model for fear extinction defects. Postsynaptic NMDAR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) is specifically impaired in knockouts. NMDAR-mediated LTD-causing stimuli induce dynamic association of KIF21B with the Rac1GEF subunit engulfment and cell motility protein 1 (ELMO1), leading to ELMO1 translocation out of dendritic spines and its sequestration in endosomes. This process may essentially terminate transient activation of Rac1, shrink spines, facilitate AMPAR endocytosis, and reduce postsynaptic strength, thereby forming a mechanistic link to LTD expression. Antagonizing ELMO1/Dock Rac1GEF activity by the administration of 4-[3'-(2″-chlorophenyl)-2'-propen-1'-ylidene]-1-phenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione (CPYPP) significantly reverses the knockout phenotype. Therefore, we propose that KIF21B-mediated Rac1 inactivation is a key molecular event in NMDAR-dependent LTD expression underlying cognitive flexibility in fear extinction. Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Epidermal growth factor induction of front–rear polarity and migration in keratinocytes is mediated by integrin-linked kinase and ELMO2

PubMed Central

Ho, Ernest; Dagnino, Lina

2012-01-01

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent chemotactic and mitogenic factor for epidermal keratinocytes, and these properties are central for normal epidermal regeneration after injury. The involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases as mediators of the proliferative effects of EGF is well established. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate motogenic responses to this growth factor are not clearly understood. An obligatory step for forward cell migration is the development of front–rear polarity and formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge. We show that stimulation of epidermal keratinocytes with EGF, but not with other growth factors, induces development of front–rear polarity and directional migration through a pathway that requires integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Engulfment and Cell Motility-2 (ELMO2), integrin β1, and Rac1. Furthermore, EGF induction of front–rear polarity and chemotaxis require the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor and are mediated by complexes containing active RhoG, ELMO2, and ILK. Our findings reveal a novel link between EGF receptor stimulation, ILK-containing complexes, and activation of small Rho GTPases necessary for acquisition of front–rear polarity and forward movement. PMID:22160594

Epidermal growth factor induction of front-rear polarity and migration in keratinocytes is mediated by integrin-linked kinase and ELMO2.

PubMed

Ho, Ernest; Dagnino, Lina

2012-02-01

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent chemotactic and mitogenic factor for epidermal keratinocytes, and these properties are central for normal epidermal regeneration after injury. The involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases as mediators of the proliferative effects of EGF is well established. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate motogenic responses to this growth factor are not clearly understood. An obligatory step for forward cell migration is the development of front-rear polarity and formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge. We show that stimulation of epidermal keratinocytes with EGF, but not with other growth factors, induces development of front-rear polarity and directional migration through a pathway that requires integrin-linked kinase (ILK), Engulfment and Cell Motility-2 (ELMO2), integrin β1, and Rac1. Furthermore, EGF induction of front-rear polarity and chemotaxis require the tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor and are mediated by complexes containing active RhoG, ELMO2, and ILK. Our findings reveal a novel link between EGF receptor stimulation, ILK-containing complexes, and activation of small Rho GTPases necessary for acquisition of front-rear polarity and forward movement.

A 12 coil superconducting bumpy torus magnet facility for plasma research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Holmes, A. D.; Keller, T. A.; Krawczonek, W. M.

1972-01-01

A summary is presented of the performance of the two-coil superconducting pilot rig which preceded the NASA Lewis bumpy torus. This pilot rig was operated for 550 experimental runs over a period of 7 years. The NASA Lewis bumpy torus facility consists of 12 superconducting coils, each with a 19 cm in diameter and capable of producing magnetic field strengths of 3.0 teslas on their axes. The magnets are equally spaced around a major circumference 1.52 m in diameter, and are mounted with the major axis of the torus vertical in a single vacuum tank 2.59 m in diameter. The design value of maximum magnetic field on the magnetic axis (3.0 teslas) was reached and exceeded. A maximum magnetic field of 3.23 teslas was held for a period of 60 minutes, and the coils did not go to normal. When the coils were charged to a maximum magnetic field of 3.35 teslas, the coil system was driven normal without damage to the facility.

Characteristics of the NASA Lewis bumpy torus plasma generated with high positive or negative applied potentials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Gerdin, G. A.

1976-01-01

The toroidal ring of plasma contained in the NASA Lewis bumpy-torus superconducting magnet facility may be biased to positive or negative potentials approaching 50 kilovolts by applying direct-current voltages of the respective polarity to 12 or fewer of the midplane electrode rings. The electric fields which are responsible for heating the ions by E/B drift then point radially outward or inward. The low-frequency fluctuations below the ion cyclotron frequency appeared to be dominated by rotating spokes.

RhoG regulates anoikis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yamaki, Nao; Negishi, Manabu; Katoh, Hironori

2007-08-01

In normal epithelial cells, cell-matrix interaction is required for cell survival and proliferation, whereas disruption of this interaction causes epithelial cells to undergo apoptosis called anoikis. Here we show that the small GTPase RhoG plays an important role in the regulation of anoikis. HeLa cells are capable of anchorage-independent cell growth and acquire resistance to anoikis. We found that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of RhoG promoted anoikis in HeLa cells. Previous studies have shown that RhoG activates Rac1 and induces several cellular functions including promotion of cell migration through its effector ELMO and the ELMO-binding protein Dock180 that function as amore » Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor. However, RhoG-induced suppression of anoikis was independent of the ELMO- and Dock180-mediated activation of Rac1. On the other hand, the regulation of anoikis by RhoG required phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, and constitutively active RhoG bound to the PI3K regulatory subunit p85{alpha} and induced the PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of Akt. Taken together, these results suggest that RhoG protects cells from apoptosis caused by the loss of anchorage through a PI3K-dependent mechanism, independent of its activation of Rac1.« less

CMOS chip planarization by chemical mechanical polishing for a vertically stacked metal MEMS integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Hocheol; Miller, Michele H.; Bifano, Thomas G.

2004-01-01

In this paper we present the planarization process of a CMOS chip for the integration of a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) metal mirror array. The CMOS chip, which comes from a commercial foundry, has a bumpy passivation layer due to an underlying aluminum interconnect pattern (1.8 µm high), which is used for addressing individual micromirror array elements. To overcome the tendency for tilt error in the CMOS chip planarization, the approach is to sputter a thick layer of silicon nitride at low temperature and to surround the CMOS chip with dummy silicon pieces that define a polishing plane. The dummy pieces are first lapped down to the height of the CMOS chip, and then all pieces are polished. This process produced a chip surface with a root-mean-square flatness error of less than 100 nm, including tilt and curvature errors.

[Polymorphism g.37190613 G>A of the ELMO1 gene in the Mexican population: potential marker for clinical-surgical pathology].

PubMed

Topete-González, Luz Rosalba; Ramirez-Garcia, Sergio Alberto; Charles-Niño, Claudia; Villa-Ruano, Nemesio; Mosso-González, Clemente; Dávalos-Rodríguez, Nory Omayra

2014-01-01

ELMO1 is a gene located at locus 7p14.2-14.1 that codifies a regulatory protein involved in fibrogenesis, cell migration, phagocytosis and apoptosis. This gene presents a single nucleotide polymorphism, which appears to be linked with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Currently, there are no studies in regard to the presence of such polymorphism in the Mexican population. Therefore, the aim of this work was to estimate the frequency rate of alleles and genotypes of polymorphism rs1345365 from ELMO1 in Mexican mestizos who inhabit the west and the southeast regions of Mexico in order to generate reliable data for further association studies. There were 322 individuals who were screened for the identification of polymorphism rs1345365 using genomic DNA from leucocytes as a template for PCR-PASA reactions. Amplicons were separated in 7% PAGE and visualized after staining with silver nitrate. The reference allele (A) was the most frequent in both western and southeastern populations of Mexico. In addition, a different genotype distribution was found with respect to other populations. The results of this study indicate that both populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This study also reveals a low frequency rate of the ancestral genotype for the polymorphism rs1345365 in mestizos from the western and southeastern regions of Mexico.

"A gold mine and a tool for democracy": George Gallup, Elmo Roper, and the business of scientific polling, 1935-1955.

PubMed

Igo, Sarah E

2006-01-01

"Scientific" public opinion polls arrived on the American scene in 1936. Examining the work of opinion surveyors George Gallup and Elmo Roper, this essay tracks the early career of a new social scientific technology, one that powerfully shaped conceptions of "the public." Pollsters described their craft as a democratic one that could accurately represent the U.S. populace. Yet, their assumptions about that same public-and the techniques they employed to measure it-undermined such claims, and even risked calling the polling profession into question. To understand why Gallup and Roper fell short of their stated ambitions, one must turn not only to the state of midcentury sampling methods but also to the corporate sponsors and commercial pressures underlying their enterprise.

Alternative approaches to plasma confinement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.

1978-01-01

The paper discusses 20 plasma confinement schemes each representing an alternative to the tokamak fusion reactor. Attention is given to: (1) tokamak-like devices (TORMAC, Topolotron, and the Extrap concept), (2) stellarator-like devices (Torsatron and twisted-coil stellarators), (3) mirror machines (Astron and reversed-field devices, the 2XII B experiment, laser-heated solenoids, the LITE experiment, the Kaktus-Surmac concept), (4) bumpy tori (hot electron bumpy torus, toroidal minimum-B configurations), (5) electrostatically assisted confinement (electrostatically stuffed cusps and mirrors, electrostatically assisted toroidal confinement), (6) the Migma concept, and (7) wall-confined plasmas. The plasma parameters of the devices are presented and the advantages and disadvantages of each are listed.

Fluctuation spectra in the NASA Lewis bumpy-torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singh, C. M.; Krawczonek, W. M.; Roth, J. R.; Hong, J. Y.; Powers, E. J.

1978-01-01

The electrostatic potential fluctuation spectrum in the NASA Lewis bumpy-torus plasma was studied with capacitive probes in the low pressure (high impedance) mode and in the high pressure (low impedance) mode. Under different operating conditions, the plasma exhibited electrostatic potential fluctuations (1) at a set of discrete frequencies, (2) at a continuum of frequencies, and (3) as incoherent high-frequency turbulence. The frequencies and azimuthal wave numbers were determined from digitally implemented autopower and cross-power spectra. The azimuthal dispersion characteristics of the unstable waves were examined by varying the electrode voltage, the polarity of the voltage, and the neutral background density at a constant magnetic field strength.

Performance of hydrofoils with humpback whale-like leading edge protuberances.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levshin, Alexandra; Henoch, Charles; Johari, Hamid

2005-11-01

The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is extremely maneuverable, compared to other whale species, despite its large size and rigid body. Turning maneuvers are especially evident during pursuit of prey. The agility of humpback whale has been attributed to their use of pectoral flippers. The thick flippers have large aspect ratios, and large scale protuberances are present on the leading edge. The flippers do not flap during turning maneuvers. The cross-section of the flipper has a profile similar to a NACA 634-021 airfoil. The amplitude of leading edge protuberances ranges from 2.5 to 12% of the chord, with a spanwise extent of 10 to 50% the chord depending on the location along the span. It has been hypothesized that the `bumpy' leading edge is used for flow control. To examine the effects of protuberances on the leading edge of hydrofoils, a series of rectangular foils with bumpy leading edges were manufactured. The leading edge is sinusoidal in the spanwise direction with amplitudes and wavelengths comparable to that of humpback whale's flippers. The forces and moments on these bumpy foils were measured in a water tunnel and compared with a smooth leading edge foil.

Reverse-Bumpy-Ball-Type-Nanoreactor-Loaded Nylon Membranes as Peroxidase-Mimic Membrane Reactors for a Colorimetric Assay for H₂O₂.

PubMed

Tong, Ying; Jiao, Xiangyu; Yang, Hankun; Wen, Yongqiang; Su, Lei; Zhang, Xueji

2016-04-01

Herein we report for the first time fabrication of reverse bumpy ball (RBB)-type-nanoreactor-based flexible peroxidase-mimic membrane reactors (MRs). The RBB-type nanoreactors with gold nanoparticles embedded in the inner walls of carbon shells were loaded on nylon membranes through a facile filtration approach. The as-prepared flexible catalytic membrane was studied as a peroxidase-mimic MR. It was found that the obtained peroxidase-mimic MR could exhibit several advantages over natural enzymes, such as facile and good recyclability, long-term stability and easy storage. Moreover, the RBB NS-modified nylon MRs as a peroxidase mimic provide a useful colorimetric assay for H₂O₂.

Performance of a 12-coil superconducting 'bumpy torus' magnet facility.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Holmes, A. D.; Keller, T. A.; Krawczonek, W. M.

1972-01-01

The NASA-Lewis 'bumpy torus' facility consists of 12 superconducting coils, each 19 cm ID and capable of 3.0 tesla on their axes. The coils are equally spaced around a toroidal array with a major diameter of 1.52 m, and are mounted with the major axis of the torus vertical in a single vacuum tank 2.6 m in diameter. Final shakedown tests of the facility mapped out its magnetic, cryogenic, vacuum, mechanical, and electrical performance. The facility is now ready for use as a plasma physics research facility. A maximum magnetic field on the magnetic axis of 3.23 teslas has been held for a period of more than sixty minutes without a coil normalcy.

Variants in intron 13 of the ELMO1 gene are associated with diabetic nephropathy in African Americans

PubMed Central

Leak, T. S.; Perlegas, P.S.; Smith, S.G.; Keene, K.L.; Hicks, P.J.; Langefeld, C.D.; Mychaleckyj, J.C.; Rich, S.S.; Kirk, J.K.; Freedman, B.I.; Bowden, D.W.; Sale, M.M.

2009-01-01

Variants in the engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1) gene are associated with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Japanese cohort. We comprehensively evaluated this gene in African American (AA) T2DM patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Three hundred nine HapMap tagging SNPs and 9 reportedly associated SNPs were genotyped in 577 AA T2DM-ESRD patients and 596 AA non-diabetic controls, plus 43 non-diabetic European American controls and 45 Yoruba Nigerian samples for admixture adjustment. Replication analyses were conducted in 558 AAs with T2DM-ESRD and 564 controls without diabetes. Extension analyses included 328 AA with T2DM lacking nephropathy and 326 with non-diabetic ESRD. The original and replication analyses confirmed association with four SNPs in intron 13 (permutation p-values for combined analyses = 0.001-0.003), one in intron 1 (P=0.004) and one in intron 5 (P=0.002) with T2DM-associated ESRD. In a subsequent combined analysis of all 1,135 T2DM-ESRD cases and 1,160 controls, an additional 7 intron 13 SNPs produced evidence of association (P = 3.5×10-5 – P=0.05). No associations were seen with these SNPs in those with T2DM lacking nephropathy or with ESRD due to non-diabetic causes. Variants in intron 13 of the ELMO1 gene appear to confer risk for diabetic nephropathy in AA. PMID:19183347

Final technical report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Richman, M.

1996-08-01

Granular flows of nearly elastic, identical spheres down bumpy inclines are described. A numerical technique is developed to overcome the difficulties associated with the ill-defined `tops` of these flows.

78 FR 5498 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; Chattem Chemicals, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-25

... Registration; Chattem Chemicals, Inc. By Notice dated June 28, 2012, and published in the Federal Register on July 6, 2012, 77 FR 40086, Chattem Chemicals, Inc., 3801 St. Elmo Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37409... [[Page 5499

Hazard evaluation of inorganics, singly and in mixtures, to Flannelmouth Sucker Catostomus latipinnis in the San Juan River, New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hamilton, S.J.; Buhl, K.J.

1997-01-01

Larval flannelmouth sucker (Catostomus latipinnis) were exposed to arsenate, boron, copper, molybdenum, selenate, selenite, uranium, vanadium, and zinc singly, and to five mixtures of five to nine inorganics. The exposures were conducted in reconstituted water representative of the San Juan River near Shiprock, New Mexico. The mixtures simulated environmental ratios reported for sites along the San Juan River (San Juan River backwater, Fruitland marsh, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek). The rank order of the individual inorganics, from most to least toxic, was: copper > zinc > vanadium > selenite > selenate > arsenate > uranium > boron > molybdenum. All five mixtures exhibited additive toxicity to flannelmouth sucker. In a limited number of tests, 44-day-old and 13-day-old larvae exhibited no difference in sensitivity to three mixtures. Copper was the major toxic component in four mixtures (San Juan backwater, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek), whereas zinc was the major toxic component in the Fruitland marsh mixture, which did not contain copper. The Hogback East Drain was the most toxic mixture tested. Comparison of 96-h LC50values with reported environmental water concentrations from the San Juan River revealed low hazard ratios for arsenic, boron, molybdenum, selenate, selenite, uranium, and vanadium, moderate hazard ratios for zinc and the Fruitland marsh mixture, and high hazard ratios for copper at three sites and four environmental mixtures representing a San Juan backwater, Hogback East Drain, Mancos River, and McElmo Creek. The high hazard ratios suggest that inorganic contaminants could adversely affect larval flannelmouth sucker in the San Juan River at four sites receiving elevated inorganics.

From Carver to Hill, and On.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Massie, Samuel P.

The story of blacks in chemistry is one of determination, expectation, participation and contribution. Between 1910 and 1945, despite George Washington Carver's significant agricultural contributions and St. Elmo Brady's scholarship, white graduate schools and industry had little interest in accepting blacks. There was slow progress, despite these…

78 FR 20389 - Unblocking of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons Pursuant to Executive Order 12978

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-04

..., Colombia; c/o ACUICOLA SANTA CATALINA S.A., Bogota, Colombia; c/o PROMOCIONES E INVERSIONES LAS PALMAS S.A...) (individual) [SDNT]. 9. GARCES VARGAS, Elmo, c/o INVERSIONES BETANIA LTDA., Cali, Colombia; c/o INVERSIONES EL...

Characteristics and performance of a superconducting bumpy-torus magnet facility for plasma research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Holmes, A. D.; Keller, T. A.; Krawczonek, W. M.

1973-01-01

The NASA Lewis bumpy-torus facility consists of 12 superconducting coils, each 19 cm i.d. and capable of 3.0 T on its axis. The coils are equally spaced around a toroidal array with a major diameter of 1.52 m; they are mounted with the major axis of the torus vertical in a single vacuum tank 2.6 m in diameter. Tests of the facility mapped out its magnetic, cryogenic, vacuum, mechanical, and electrical performance. The design value of the maximum magnetic field on the magnetic axis, 3.0 T, was reached and exceeded. A maximum magnetic field of 3.23 T was held for a period of 60 minutes. When the coils were charged to a maximum magnetic field of 3.35 T, the coil system went normal without apparent damage or degradation of performance.

Banana regime pressure anisotropy in a bumpy cylinder magnetic field

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garcia-Perciante, A.L.; Callen, J.D.; Shaing, K.C.

The pressure anisotropy is calculated for a plasma in a bumpy cylindrical magnetic field in the low collisionality (banana) regime for small magnetic-field modulations ({epsilon}{identical_to}{delta}B/2B<<1). Solutions are obtained by integrating the drift-kinetic equation along field lines in steady state. A closure for the local value of the parallel viscous force B{center_dot}{nabla}{center_dot}{pi}{sub parallel} is then calculated and is shown to exceed the flux-surface-averaged parallel viscous force by a factor of O(1/{epsilon}). A high-frequency limit ({omega}>>{nu}) for the pressure anisotropy is also determined and the calculation is then extended to include the full frequency dependence by using an expansion inmore » Cordey eigenfunctions.« less

Preliminary scaling laws for plasma current, ion kinetic temperature, and plasma number density in the NASA Lewis bumpy torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.

1976-01-01

Parametric variation of independent variables which may affect the characteristics of bumpy torus plasma have identified those which have a significant effect on the plasma current, ion kinetic temperature, and plasma number density, and those which do not. Empirical power law correlations of the plasma current, and the ion kinetic temperature and number density were obtained as functions of potential applied to the midplane electrode rings, the background neutral gas pressure, and the magnetic field strength. Additional parameters studied included the type of gas, the polarity of the midplane electrode rings, the mode of plasma operation, and the method of measuring the plasma number density. No significant departures from the scaling laws appear to occur at the highest ion kinetic temperatures or number densities obtained to date.

76 FR 72454 - Post Office Closing

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

... the closing of the Elmo, Missouri post office has been filed. It identifies preliminary steps and provides a procedural schedule. Publication of this document will allow the Postal Service, petitioners... Postal Service); December 12, 2011, 4:30 p.m., Eastern Time: Deadline for notices to intervene. See the...

Genetics Home Reference: laryngo-onycho-cutaneous syndrome

MedlinePlus

... This red, bumpy tissue is normally produced during wound healing and is usually replaced by skin cells as ... suggest that laminin 332 is also involved in wound healing. Additionally, researchers have proposed roles for laminin 332 ...

78 FR 52801 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Chattem Chemicals, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-26

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Chattem Chemicals, Inc. Pursuant to Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations 1301.34(a), this is notice that on June 21, 2013, Chattem Chemicals, Inc., 3801 St. Elmo Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37409...

77 FR 40086 - Importer of Controlled Substances, Notice of Application, Chattem Chemicals Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-06

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Importer of Controlled Substances, Notice of Application, Chattem Chemicals Inc. Pursuant to Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations 1301.34 (a), this is notice that on May 16, 2012, Chattem Chemicals Inc., 3801 St. Elmo Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37409...

77 FR 38086 - Manufacturer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Chattem Chemicals Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-26

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Manufacturer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Application; Chattem Chemicals Inc. Pursuant to Sec. 1301.33(a), Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), this is notice that on May 16, 2012, Chattem Chemicals Inc., 3801 St. Elmo...

Research notes : geosynthetic materials in reflective crack prevention.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-06-01

Extension of transverse cracks across roadway travel lanes is common in Oregon. Cracks form as a result of shrinkage and brittleness during very cold temperatures. These cracks deteriorate over time, spalling and creating bumpy riding surfaces. Prema...

Western Arabia Terra

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-12-19

This image from NASA Mars Odyssey covers a region in western Arabia Terra, which contains two interesting craters. The eastern floor of the largest crater seen in most of this image is bumpy and ridged in places and relatively smooth in regions.

Preliminary scaling laws for plasma current, ion kinetic temperature, and plasma number density in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.

1976-01-01

Parametric variation of independent variables which may affect the characteristics of the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus plasma have identified those which have a significant effect on the plasma current, ion kinetic temperature, and plasma number density, and those which do not. Empirical power-law correlations of the plasma current, and the ion kinetic temperature and number density were obtained as functions of the potential applied to the midplane electrode rings, the background neutral gas pressure, and the magnetic field strength. Additional parameters studied include the type of gas, the polarity of the midplane electrode rings (and hence the direction of the radial electric field), the mode of plasma operation, and the method of measuring the plasma number density. No significant departures from the scaling laws appear to occur at the highest ion kinetic temperatures or number densities obtained to date.

Effects of applied dc radial electric fields on particle transport in a bumpy torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.

1978-01-01

The influence of applied dc radial electric fields on particle transport in a bumpy torus plasma is studied. The plasma, magnetic field, and ion heating mechanism are operated in steady state. Ion kinetic temperature is more than a factor of ten higher than electron temperature. The electric fields raise the ions to energies on the order of kilovolts and then point radially inward or outward. Plasma number density profiles are flat or triangular across the plasma diameter. It is suggested that the radial transport processes are nondiffusional and dominated by strong radial electric fields. These characteristics are caused by the absence of a second derivative in the density profile and the flat electron temperature profiles. If the electric field acting on the minor radius of the toroidal plasma points inward, plasma number density and confinement time are increased.

Effect of anode ring arrangement on the spectroscopic characteristics of the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richardson, R. W.

1974-01-01

The modified Penning discharge in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus is normally produced by an anode ring at high voltage in each of the 12 magnetic mirror midplanes. For this investigation, the plasma was run with 12, 6, 3, and 1 anode rings. When 3 anode rings were used, the spectroscopically determined relative electron density and mean ion residence time increased by factors of 10 and 5, respectively, in one mode of operation. The discharge is observed to uniformly fill all bumps around the torus regardless of the anode arrangement and number. A plasma density on axis of 100 billion per cu cm is estimated for the 3-anode case in one mode of operation based on an observed discharge current to ion loss rate correlation and a measured mean ion residence time of .5 msec.

Effect of anode ring arrangement on the spectroscopic characteristics of the NASA Lewis bumpy torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richardson, R. W.

1974-01-01

The modified Penning discharge in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus is normally produced by an anode ring at high voltage in each of the 12 magnetic mirror midplanes. For this investigation, the plasma was run with 12, 6, 3, and 1 anode rings. When 3 anode rings were used, the spectroscopically determined relative electron density and mean ion residence time increase by factors of 10 and 5, respectively, in one mode of operation. The discharge is observed to uniformly fill all bumps around the torus regardless of the anode arrangement and number. A plasma density on axis of 10 to the 11th power cm/3 is estimated for the 3 anode case in one mode of operation based on an observed discharge current to ion loss rate correlation and a measured mean ion residence time of .5 msec.

Gravitational waves from extreme mass ratio inspirals around bumpy black holes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Christopher J.; Chua, Alvin J. K.; Gair, Jonathan R.

2017-10-01

The space based interferometer LISA will be capable of detecting the gravitational waves emitted by stellar mass black holes or neutron stars slowly inspiralling into the supermassive black holes found in the centre of most galaxies. The gravitational wave signal from such an extreme mass ratio inspiral (EMRI) event will provide a unique opportunity to test whether the spacetime metric around the central black hole is well described by the Kerr solution. In this paper a variant of the well studied ‘analytic kludge’ model for EMRIs around Kerr black holes is extended to a family of parametrically deformed bumpy black holes which preserve the basic symmetries of the Kerr metric. The new EMRI model is then used to quantify the constraints that LISA observations of EMRIs may be able to place on the deviations, or bumps, on the Kerr metric.

78 FR 69131 - Importer of Controlled Substances, Notice of Registration, Chattem Chemicals, Inc.

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-18

... Registration, Chattem Chemicals, Inc. By Notice dated August 15, 2013, and published in the Federal Register on August 26, 2013, 78 FR 52801, Chattem Chemicals, Inc., 3801 St. Elmo Avenue, Chattanooga, Tennessee 37409... registration of Chattem Chemicals, Inc., to import the basic classes of controlled substances is consistent...

Anoxia and high primary production in the Paleogene central Arctic Ocean: First detailed records from Lomonosov Ridge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stein, Ruediger; Boucsein, Bettina; Meyer, Hanno

2006-09-01

Except for a few discontinuous fragments of the Late Cretaceous/Early Cenozoic climate history and depositional environment, the paleoenvironmental evolution of the pre-Neogene central Arctic Ocean was virtually unknown prior to the IODP Expedition 302 (Arctic Ocean Coring Expedition-ACEX) drilling campaign on Lomonosov Ridge in 2004. Here we present detailed organic carbon (OC) records from the entire ca. 200 m thick Paleogene OC-rich section of the ACEX drill sites. These records indicate euxinic "Black Sea-type" conditions favorable for the preservation of labile aquatic (marine algae-type) OC occur throughout the upper part of the early Eocene and the middle Eocene, explained by salinity stratification due to freshwater discharge. The superimposed short-term ("Milankovitch-type") variability in amount and composition of OC is related to changes in primary production and terrigenous input. Prominent early Eocene events of algae-type OC preservation coincide with global δ13C events such as the PETM and Elmo events. The Elmo δ13C Event has been identified in the Arctic Ocean for the first time.

Who provided maize to Chaco Canyon after the mid-12th-century drought?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Benson, Larry V.

2010-01-01

Between A.D. 1181 and 1200, in the early part of a climatically wet period, corn was imported to Chaco Canyon from a region outside the Chaco Halo (defined in this paper as the region between the base of the Chuska Mountains and Raton Wells). Strontium-isotope (87Sr/86Sr) analyses of 12 corn cobs dating to this period match 87Sr/86Sr ratios from five potential source areas, including: the Zuni region, the Mesa Verde-McElmo Dome area, the Totah, the Defiance Plateau, and Lobo Mesa. The latter two areas were eliminated from consideration as possible sources of corn in that they appear to have been unpopulated during the time period of interest. Therefore, it appears that the corn cobs were imported from the Zuni region, the Mesa Verde-McElmo Dome area, or the Totah area during a time when the climate was relatively wet and when a surplus of corn was produced in regions outside Chaco Canyon. Based on proximity to and cultural affiliation with Chaco Canyon, it is hypothesized that the corn probably was imported from the Totah.

7 CFR 51.759 - U.S. No. 3.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Regulations of the Department of Agriculture AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT OF 1946... colored; (4) Rough texture, not seriously bumpy; (5) Similar varietal characteristics; and, (6) Slightly...

Red in the Face: Understanding Rosacea

MedlinePlus

... sometimes-painful bumps. Inflamed eyes or eyelids. Swollen, red, bumpy nose, especially in men. Links Fast Facts about Rosacea Questions and Answers about Rosacea NIH Office of Communications and Public Liaison Building 31, Room 5B52 Bethesda, MD 20892-2094 nihnewsinhealth@od.nih. ...

What Can Librarians Learn from Elmo, Sid, and Dora? Applying the Principles of Educational Television to Storytime

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cahill, Maria; Bigheart, Jennifer

2016-01-01

Parents and caregivers can maximize children's engagement with educational television programming by co-viewing and discussing concepts and issues during and following episodes, and parents and caregivers can poach ideas and processes from these programs and apply them to their own interactions with children. School librarians might also consider…

Baby Elmo Leads Dads Back to the Nursery: How a Relationship-Based Intervention for Incarcerated Fathers Enhances Father and Child Outcomes

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richeda, Benjamin; Smith, Kelly; Perkins, Emily; Simmons, Sydney; Cowan, Philip; Cowan, Carolyn Pape; Rodriguez, Jennifer; Shauffer, Carole

2015-01-01

Although children's contact with involved, committed, nonresidential fathers can improve social, emotional, cognitive, and academic outcomes, fathers have largely been absent from parenting interventions that overlook men's role as a critical parenting partner. This article details research showing that young incarcerated fathers' attitudes…

ECRH and its effects on neoclassical transport in a stellarator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seol, Jaechun

The banana center orbit deviates significantly from the magnetic surface due to the symmetry-breaking term in the magnetic field configuration. Energetic electrons can escape the plasma without collision, since the drift speed is proportional to the perpendicular energy of electron and the collision frequency is reduced as the electron energy goes up. A direct loss flux can be generated from energetic electron population in a stellarator. Thus energetic electron populations can substantially modify the neoclassical transport properties in stellarators. A model accounting for this change in transport is developed assuming the presence of electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). The quasilinear diffusion coefficient for second harmonic X-mode ECRH is developed for a bumpy stellarator. Care is taken in accounting for the pitch-angle dependence of the quasilinear diffusion coefficient since application to experiments with narrow resonance zones is of interest. Weakly relativistic effects are considered through the mass effect on the cyclotron frequency. For trapped particles in a three dimensional configuration, collisionless loss zones exist in velocity space. Radio-frequency (rf) waves accelerate trapped electrons into the direct loss zone in bumpy stellarators and produce a direct loss flux. An analytic expression for this loss flux is derived; it is proportional to the rf field strength and the value of the zeroth order distribution function at the minimum speed for collisionless loss. The direct loss flux of electrons is another source of a non-ambipolar particle flux in bumpy stellarators. This additional non-ambipolar flux modifies the ambipolarity equation which generally has multiple roots for the radial electric field. An electron root (large positive Er) is easily obtained if the electrons are in the 1/nu regime and the ions are in the nu regime.

Characteristics of the NASA Lewis bumpy-torus plasma generated with positive applied potentials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Gerdin, G. A.; Richardson, R. W.

1976-01-01

Experimental observations were made during steady-state operation of a bumpy-torus plasma at input powers up to 150 kW in deuterium and helium gas and with positive potentials applied to the midplane electrodes. In this steady-state ion heating method a modified Penning discharge is operated such that the plasma is acted upon by a combination of strong electric and magnetic fields. Experimental investigation of a deuterium plasma revealed electron temperatures from 14 to 140 eV and ion kinetic temperatures from 160 to 1785 eV. At least two distinct modes of operation exist. Experimental data shows that the average ion residence time in the plasma is virtually independent of the magnetic field strength. Data was taken when all 12 anode rings were at high voltage, and in other symmetric configurations in which the toroidal plasma was generated by applying positive potentials to six anode rings, three anode rings, and a single anode ring.

The NASA-Lewis program on fusion energy for space power and propulsion, 1958-1978

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schulze, Norman R.; Roth, J. Reece

1990-01-01

An historical synopsis is provided of the NASA-Lewis research program on fusion energy for space power and propulsion systems. It was initiated to explore the potential applications of fusion energy to space power and propulsion systems. Some fusion related accomplishments and program areas covered include: basic research on the Electric Field Bumpy Torus (EFBT) magnetoelectric fusion containment concept, including identification of its radial transport mechanism and confinement time scaling; operation of the Pilot Rig mirror machine, the first superconducting magnet facility to be used in plasma physics or fusion research; operation of the Superconducting Bumpy Torus magnet facility, first used to generate a toroidal magnetic field; steady state production of neutrons from DD reactions; studies of the direct conversion of plasma enthalpy to thrust by a direct fusion rocket via propellant addition and magnetic nozzles; power and propulsion system studies, including D(3)He power balance, neutron shielding, and refrigeration requirements; and development of large volume, high field superconducting and cryogenic magnet technology.

APPARATUS FOR TRAPPING ENERGETIC CHARGED PARTICLES AND CONFINING THE RESULTING PLASMA

DOEpatents

Gibson, G.; Jordan, W.C.; Lauer, E.J.

1963-04-01

The present invention relates to a plasma-confining device and a particle injector therefor, the device utilizing a generally toroidal configuration with magnetic fields specifically tailored to the associated injector. The device minimizes the effects of particle end losses and particle drift to the walls with a relatively simple configuration. More particularly, the magnetic field configuration is created by a continuous array of circular, mirror field coils, disposed side-by- side, in particularly spaced relation, to form an endless, toroidal loop. The resulting magnetic field created therein has the appearance of a bumpy'' torus, from which is derived the name Bumpy Torus.'' One of the aforementioned coils is split transverse to its axis, and injection of particles is accomplished along a plane between the halves of such modified coil. The guiding center of the particles follows a constant magnetic field in the plane for a particular distance within the torus, to move therefrom onto a precessional surface which does not intersect the point of injection. (AEC)

View from 30,000 Feet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freifeld, Lorri

2012-01-01

Orchestrating a smooth training transition during a merger or acquisition is never easy. When Delta Air Lines absorbed Northwest Airlines Corp. in 2008, the Training function realized it was in for a bumpy ride. This article looks at the strategies used and progress made since the takeover was announced.

CED-10/Rac1 Regulates Endocytic Recycling through the RAB-5 GAP TBC-2

PubMed Central

Sun, Lin; Liu, Ou; Desai, Jigar; Karbassi, Farhad; Sylvain, Marc-André; Shi, Anbing; Zhou, Zheng; Rocheleau, Christian E.; Grant, Barth D.

2012-01-01

Rac1 is a founding member of the Rho-GTPase family and a key regulator of membrane remodeling. In the context of apoptotic cell corpse engulfment, CED-10/Rac1 acts with its bipartite guanine nucleotide exchange factor, CED-5/Dock180-CED-12/ELMO, in an evolutionarily conserved pathway to promote phagocytosis. Here we show that in the context of the Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium CED-10/Rac1, CED-5/Dock180, and CED-12/ELMO promote basolateral recycling. Furthermore, we show that CED-10 binds to the RAB-5 GTPase activating protein TBC-2, that CED-10 contributes to recruitment of TBC-2 to endosomes, and that recycling cargo is trapped in recycling endosomes in ced-12, ced-10, and tbc-2 mutants. Expression of GTPase defective RAB-5(Q78L) also traps recycling cargo. Our results indicate that down-regulation of early endosome regulator RAB-5/Rab5 by a CED-5, CED-12, CED-10, TBC-2 cascade is an important step in the transport of cargo through the basolateral recycling endosome for delivery to the plasma membrane. PMID:22807685

Characterization of hydrology and salinity in the Dolores project area, McElmo Creek Region, southwest Colorado, 1978-2006

USGS Publications Warehouse

Richards, Rodney J.; Leib, Kenneth J.

2011-01-01

Increasing salinity loading in the Colorado River has become a major concern for agricultural and municipal water supplies. The Colorado Salinity Control Act was implemented in 1974 to protect and enhance the quality of water in the Colorado River Basin. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Salinity Control Forum, summarized salinity reductions in the McElmo Creek basin in southwest Colorado as a result of salinity-control modifications and flow-regime changes that result from the Dolores Project, which consists of the construction of McPhee reservoir on the Dolores River and salinity control modifications along the irrigation water delivery system. Flow-adjusted salinity trends using S-LOADEST estimations for a streamgage on McElmo Creek (site 1), that represents outflow from the basin, indicates a decrease in salinity load by 39,800 tons from water year 1978 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 1,370 tons per year for the 29-year period. Annual-load calculations for a streamgage on Mud Creek (site 6), that represents outflow from a tributary basin, indicate a decrease of 7,300 tons from water year 1982 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 292 tons per year for the 25-year period. The streamgage Dolores River at Dolores, CO (site 17) was chosen to represent a background site that is not affected by the Dolores Project. Annual load calculations for site 17 estimated a decrease of about 8,600 tons from water year 1978 through water year 2006, which is an average decrease of 297 tons per year for the 29-year period. The trend in salinity load at site 17 was considered to be representative of a natural trend in the region. Typically, salinity concentrations at outflow sites decreased from the pre-Dolores Project period (water years 1978-1984) to the post-Dolores Project period (water years 2000-2006). The median salinity concentration for site 1 (main basin outflow) decreased from 2,210 milligrams per liter per day in the preperiod to 2,110 milligrams per liter per day in the postperiod. The median salinity concentration for site 6 (tributary outflow) increased from 3,370 milligrams per liter per day in the preperiod to 3,710 milligrams per liter per day in the postperiod. Salinity concentrations typically increased at inflow sites from the preperiod to the postperiod. Salinity concentrations increased from 178 milligrams per liter per day during the preperiod at Main Canal #1 (site 16) to 227 milligrams per liter per day during the postperiod at the Dolores Tunnel Outlet near Dolores, CO (site 15). Calculation of the historical flow regime in McElmo Creek was done using a water-budget analysis of the basin. During water years 2000-2006, an estimated 845,000 acre-feet of water was consumed by crops and did not return to the creek as streamflow. The remaining 76,000 acre-feet, or 10,900 acre-feet per year for the 7-year postperiod, was assumed to represent a historical flow condition. The historical flow of 10,900 acre-feet per year is equivalent to 15.1 cubic feet per second. Average total dissolved solids concentrations for water in each type of sedimentary rock were used to estimate natural salinity loads. Most surface-water sites used to fit the criteria needed to achieve a natural TDS concentration were springs. An average spring TDS value for sandstones geology in the basin was 350 milligrams per liter, and the average value for Mancos Shale geology was 4,000 milligrams per liter. The natural salinity loads in McElmo Creek were estimated to be 29,100 tons per year, which is 43 percent of the salinity load that was calculated for the postperiod.

Computerized Method for the Generation of Molecular Transmittance Functions in the Infrared Region.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-12-31

exponent of the double exponential function were ’bumpy’ for some cases. Since the nature of the transmittance does not predict this behavior, we...T ,IS RECOMPUTED FOR THE ORIGIONAL DATA *USING THE PIECEWISE- ANALITICAL TRANSMISSION FUNCTION.’//20X, *’STANDARD DEVIATIONS BETWEEN THE ACTUAL TAU

Beyond Public Spending

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Corney, Mark

2009-01-01

Britain is in the longest recession since the Second World War. Mass unemployment is back. The road to recovery could be long and bumpy. On the fiscal front, the deficit could be higher than the 175 billion British Pounds forecast for 2009-10. Bringing the deficit under control will require higher taxes and lower public spending. In an effort to…

Performance of a 12-coil superconducting bumpy torus magnet facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Holmes, A. D.; Keller, T. A.; Krawczonek, W. M.

1972-01-01

The bumpy torus facility consists of 12 superconducting coils, each 19 cm i.d. and capable of 3.0 teslas on their axes. The coils are equally spaced around a toroidal array with a major diameter of 1.52 m, and are mounted with the major axis of the torus vertical in a single vacuum tank 2.6 m in diameter. Final shakedown tests of the facility mapped out its magnetic, cryogenic, vacuum, mechanical, and electrical performance. The facility is now ready for use as a plasma physics research facility. A maximum magnetic field on the magnetic axis of 3.23 teslas was held for a period of more than sixty minutes without a coil normalcy. The design field was 3.00 teslas. The steady-state liquid helium boil-off rate was 87 liters per hour of liquid helium without the coils charged. The coil array was stable when subjected to an impulsive loading, even with the magnets fully charged. When the coils were charged to a maximum magnetic field of 3.35 teslas, the system was driven normal without damage.

Structurally colored films with superhydrophobicity and wide viewing angles based on bumpy melanin-like particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yi, Bo; Shen, Huifang

2018-01-01

Non-iridescent structural colors and lotus effect universally existing in the nature provide a great inspiration for artificially developing angle-independent and high hydrophobic structurally colored films. To this end, a facile strategy is put forward for achieving superhydrophobic structurally colored films with wide viewing angles and high visibility based on bumpy melanin-like polydopamine-coated polystyrene particles. Here, hierarchical and amorphous structures are assembled in a self-driven manner due to particles' protrusive surfaces. The superhydrophobicity of the structurally colored films, with water contact angle up to 151°, is realized by combining the hierarchical surface roughness with a dip-coating process of polydimethylsiloxane-hexane solution, while angle-independence revealed in the films is ascribed to amorphous arrays. In addition, benefited from an essential light-absorbing property and high refractive index of polydopamine, the visibility of as-prepared colored films is fundamentally enhanced. Moreover, the mechanical robustness of the films is considerably boosted by inletting 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. This fabrication strategy might provide an opportunity for promoting the open-air application of structurally colored coatings.

KSC-2011-5096

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5091

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5099

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5093

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5100

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5094

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Doug Wheelock talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5089

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5092

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5098

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronaut Mike Massimino talks with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

A Bumpy Road: Principal as Technology Leader

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gosmire, Doreen; Grady, Marilyn L.

2007-01-01

Technology expenditures and usage in schools have risen by nearly 300 percent during the last three decades. Few principals claim to be technology experts, but most aspire to design a map that leads their schools to success with educational technology. The key to success on the journey is not to know everything, but to ask the right questions.…

A Bumpy Journey to Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in an Urban Middle School: Are We There Yet?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rozansky, Carol Lloyd

2010-01-01

Culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) offers the promise of increased success for underserved students in urban schools. This qualitative case study examines a middle school reading teacher's understandings and implementation of CRP and the researcher's supportive role over a three-semester collaboration. Two categories of results are described:…

Digital Advances Reshaping K-12 Testing. Technology Counts, 2014. Education Week. Volume 33 Number 25

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edwards, Virginia B., Ed.

2014-01-01

Figuring out how to use digital tools to transform testing requires a willingness to invest in new technologies and the patience to experiment with novel approaches, a commitment to ongoing professional development and reliable technical support, and an openness to learn from mistakes. Whatever bumpy ride this technological journey takes, experts…

A case of long QT syndrome: challenges on a bumpy road.

PubMed

Magnusson, Peter; Gustafsson, Per-Erik

2017-06-01

Beta-agonist treatment during pregnancy may unmask the diagnosis of long QT syndrome. The QT prolongation can result in functional AV block. A history of seizure and/or sudden death in a family member should raise suspicion of ventricular tachycardia. More than one mutation may coexist. Refusal of beta-blocker therapy complicates risk stratification.

Harvard Education Letter. Volume 23, Number 3, May-June 2007

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chauncey, Caroline, Ed.

2007-01-01

"Harvard Education Letter" is published bimonthly by the Harvard Graduate School of Education. This issue of "Harvard Education Letter" contains the following articles: (1) The Road to School Improvement: It's Hard, It's Bumpy, and It Takes as Long as It Takes (Richard F. Elmore and Elizabeth A. City); (2) Better Teaching with Web Tools: How…

Bumpy Path into a Profession: What California's Beginning Teachers Experience. Policy Brief 14-2

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koppich, Julia E.; Humphrey, Daniel C.

2014-01-01

In California as elsewhere, state policy anticipates that aspiring teachers will follow a uniform, multistep path into the profession. It assumes they will complete a preparation program and earn a preliminary credential, take a teaching job and be assigned probationary status, complete a two-year induction program (the Beginning Teacher Support…

Coping with Hearing Loss and High School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Exceptional Parent, 2010

2010-01-01

High school can be a bumpy road for teenagers, especially since most teenagers are trying to fit in and start to define their own individuality and future. Now imagine if a teenager has hearing loss. Besides not being able to hear their instructors or friends as well as their classmates, self image problems can be magnified if they need to wear…

Actually the World Is Quite Bumpy: Using Friedman in the International Business Law Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dhooge, Lucien J.

2006-01-01

In "The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century," Pulitzer Prize recipient and New York Times foreign affairs correspondent Thomas L. Friedman examines the evolution of globalization in the six years since the publication of his highly acclaimed introduction to the topic in "The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding…

The Legitimacy of Curriculum Development in Post-Colonial Hong Kong: Insights from the Case of Liberal Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fung, Dennis; Liang, Tim

2018-01-01

Liberal Studies was initially introduced as a non-statutory subject in Hong Kong in 1992. It then confronted intense opposition and a bumpy implementation path before securing mandatory status in the new senior secondary curriculum introduced in 2009. Recently, this core subject has been under review. Whilst it is considered to promote students'…

Hand aperture patterns in prehension.

PubMed

Bongers, Raoul M; Zaal, Frank T J M; Jeannerod, Marc

2012-06-01

Although variations in the standard prehensile pattern can be found in the literature, these alternative patterns have never been studied systematically. This was the goal of the current paper. Ten participants picked up objects with a pincer grip. Objects (3, 5, or 7cm in diameter) were placed at 30, 60, 90, or 120cm from the hands' starting location. Usually the hand was opened gradually to a maximum immediately followed by hand closing, called the standard hand opening pattern. In the alternative opening patterns the hand opening was bumpy, or the hand aperture stayed at a plateau before closing started. Two participants in particular delayed the start of grasping with respect to start of reaching, with the delay time increasing with object distance. For larger object distances and smaller object sizes, the bumpy and plateau hand opening patterns were used more often. We tentatively concluded that the alternative hand opening patterns extended the hand opening phase, to arrive at the appropriate hand aperture at the appropriate time to close the hand for grasping the object. Variations in hand opening patterns deserve attention because this might lead to new insights into the coordination of reaching and grasping. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analysis of historic agricultural irrigation data from the Natural Resources Conservation Service monitoring and evaluation for Grand Valley, Lower Gunnison Basin, and McElmo Creek Basin, western Colorado, 1985 to 2003

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mayo, John W.

2015-01-01

In 2011, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum, began a study to evaluate the Natural Resources Conservation Service evaluation data to (1) document the methods of the evaluation, and (2) analyze and summarize the data collected during the evaluation.

Microbial potential for carbon and nutrient cycling in a geogenic supercritical carbon dioxide reservoir

PubMed Central

Freedman, Adam J.E.; Tan, BoonFei

2017-01-01

Summary Microorganisms catalyze carbon cycling and biogeochemical reactions in the deep subsurface and thus may be expected to influence the fate of injected supercritical (sc) CO2 following geological carbon sequestration (GCS). We hypothesized that natural subsurface scCO2 reservoirs, which serve as analogs for the long‐term fate of sequestered scCO2, harbor a ‘deep carbonated biosphere’ with carbon cycling potential. We sampled subsurface fluids from scCO2‐water separators at a natural scCO2 reservoir at McElmo Dome, Colorado for analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity and metagenome content. Sequence annotations indicated dominance of Sulfurospirillum, Rhizobium, Desulfovibrio and four members of the Clostridiales family. Genomes extracted from metagenomes using homology and compositional approaches revealed diverse mechanisms for growth and nutrient cycling, including pathways for CO2 and N2 fixation, anaerobic respiration, sulfur oxidation, fermentation and potential for metabolic syntrophy. Differences in biogeochemical potential between two production well communities were consistent with differences in fluid chemical profiles, suggesting a potential link between microbial activity and geochemistry. The existence of a microbial ecosystem associated with the McElmo Dome scCO2 reservoir indicates that potential impacts of the deep biosphere on CO2 fate and transport should be taken into consideration as a component of GCS planning and modelling. PMID:28229521

KSC-2011-5101

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronauts Mike Massimino and Doug Wheelock talk with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5090

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronauts Mike Massimino and Doug Wheelock talk with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

KSC-2011-5095

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, NASA astronauts Mike Massimino and Doug Wheelock talk with Sesame Street's Elmo. Sesame Street also is at Kennedy to film Elmo, as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

A Steric-inhibition model for regulation of nucleotide exchange via the Dock180 family of GEFs.

PubMed

Lu, Mingjian; Kinchen, Jason M; Rossman, Kent L; Grimsley, Cynthia; Hall, Matthew; Sondek, John; Hengartner, Michael O; Yajnik, Vijay; Ravichandran, Kodi S

2005-02-22

CDM (CED-5, Dock180, Myoblast city) family members have been recently identified as novel, evolutionarily conserved guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho-family GTPases . They regulate multiple processes, including embryonic development, cell migration, apoptotic-cell engulfment, tumor invasion, and HIV-1 infection, in diverse model systems . However, the mechanism(s) of regulation of CDM proteins has not been well understood. Here, our studies on the prototype member Dock180 reveal a steric-inhibition model for regulating the Dock180 family of GEFs. At basal state, the N-terminal SH3 domain of Dock180 binds to the distant catalytic Docker domain and negatively regulates the function of Dock180. Further studies revealed that the SH3:Docker interaction sterically blocks Rac access to the Docker domain. Interestingly, ELMO binding to the SH3 domain of Dock180 disrupted the SH3:Docker interaction, facilitated Rac access to the Docker domain, and contributed to the GEF activity of the Dock180/ELMO complex. Additional genetic rescue studies in C. elegans suggested that the regulation of the Docker-domain-mediated GEF activity by the SH3 domain and its adjoining region is evolutionarily conserved. This steric-inhibition model may be a general mechanism for regulating multiple SH3-domain-containing Dock180 family members and may have implications for a variety of biological processes.

Microbial potential for carbon and nutrient cycling in a geogenic supercritical carbon dioxide reservoir: Microbial life in the deep carbonated biosphere

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Freedman, Adam J. E.; Tan, BoonFei; Thompson, Janelle R.

Microorganisms catalyze carbon cycling and biogeochemical reactions in the deep subsurface and thus may be expected to influence the fate of injected super-critical (sc) CO 2 following geological carbon sequestration (GCS). We hypothesized that natural subsurface scCO 2 reservoirs, which serve as analogs for the long-term fate of sequestered scCO 2 harbor a ‘deep carbonated biosphere’ with carbon cycling potential. We sampled subsurface fluids from scCO 2- water separators at a natural scCO 2 reservoir at McElmo Dome, Colorado for analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity and metagenome content. Sequence annotations indicated dominance of Sulfurospirillum, Rhizobium, Desulfovibrio and four membersmore » of the Clostridiales family. Genomes extracted from metagenomes using homology and compositional approaches revealed diverse mechanisms for growth and nutrient cycling, including pathways for CO 2 and N 2 fixation, anaerobic respiration, sulfur oxidation, fermentation and potential for metabolic syntrophy. Differences in biogeochemical potential between two production well communities were consistent with differences in fluid chemical profiles, suggesting a potential link between microbial activity and geochemistry. In conclusion, the existence of a microbial ecosystem associated with the McElmo Dome scCO 2 reservoir indicates that potential impacts of the deep biosphere on CO 2 fate and transport should be taken into consideration as a component of GCS planning and modelling.« less

Microbial potential for carbon and nutrient cycling in a geogenic supercritical carbon dioxide reservoir: Microbial life in the deep carbonated biosphere

DOE PAGES

Freedman, Adam J. E.; Tan, BoonFei; Thompson, Janelle R.

2017-05-02

Microorganisms catalyze carbon cycling and biogeochemical reactions in the deep subsurface and thus may be expected to influence the fate of injected super-critical (sc) CO 2 following geological carbon sequestration (GCS). We hypothesized that natural subsurface scCO 2 reservoirs, which serve as analogs for the long-term fate of sequestered scCO 2 harbor a ‘deep carbonated biosphere’ with carbon cycling potential. We sampled subsurface fluids from scCO 2- water separators at a natural scCO 2 reservoir at McElmo Dome, Colorado for analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity and metagenome content. Sequence annotations indicated dominance of Sulfurospirillum, Rhizobium, Desulfovibrio and four membersmore » of the Clostridiales family. Genomes extracted from metagenomes using homology and compositional approaches revealed diverse mechanisms for growth and nutrient cycling, including pathways for CO 2 and N 2 fixation, anaerobic respiration, sulfur oxidation, fermentation and potential for metabolic syntrophy. Differences in biogeochemical potential between two production well communities were consistent with differences in fluid chemical profiles, suggesting a potential link between microbial activity and geochemistry. In conclusion, the existence of a microbial ecosystem associated with the McElmo Dome scCO 2 reservoir indicates that potential impacts of the deep biosphere on CO 2 fate and transport should be taken into consideration as a component of GCS planning and modelling.« less

Preliminary Study of Applied Load Factors in Bumpy Air

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rhode, Richard V; Lundquist, Eugene E

1931-01-01

Theoretical relations involved in the study are reviewed to furnish a basis upon which experimental data can be properly analyzed. The structure of the atmosphere in relation to the load-factor problem is briefly discussed, and the acceleration data obtained on a number of flights with various airplanes are presented and analyzed to the extent that the results are applicable to n=any airplane.

Artificial Intelligence: The Bumpy Path Through Defense Acquisition

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-12-01

products through Amazon’s suite of services , or can be trained using the Alexa application to interact and control other smart products in your house...software, and capitalizing on the opportunities for customization and consultation. NVIDIA’s approach to AI hardware, offers opportunities for garage...have teamed up to provide licensing, training , and development services for a product called Unreal Engine 4, aimed at government and military

Alternative approaches to plasma confinement

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.

1977-01-01

The potential applications of fusion reactors, the desirable properties of reactors intended for various applications, and the limitations of the Tokamak concept are discussed. The principles and characteristics of 20 distinct alternative confinement concepts are described, each of which may be an alternative to the Tokamak. The devices are classed as Tokamak-like, stellarator-like, mirror machines, bumpy tori, electrostatically assisted, migma concept, and wall-confined plasma.

In Their Own Words: Using Self-Assessments of College Readiness to Develop Strategies for Self-Regulated Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Verrell, Paul A.; McCabe, Norah R.

2015-01-01

The pathway to success in college can be bumpy. To smooth it we first investigated self-assessment of college readiness by undergraduates in terms of skills and habits required for college success. In a survey of almost 700 students, one of every two reported that their college work was more challenging than expected. Although 70% reported that…

U.S. Navy Capstone Strategy Policy, Vision and Concept Documents. What to Consider Before You Write One

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

Richard M. Nixon was President of the United States and Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr. was Chief of Naval Operations. The listing above captures only...Moreover, since the 1980s, and largely mandated by the U.S. Congress, a torrent of unclassified U.S. government strategy documents has been released...documents? (IV) CNA • Personalities change • 8 U.S. Presidents • 13 Secretaries of Defense • 11 Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff • 15

Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

The bumpy exterior of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) protein coat, or capsid, was defined in detail by Dr. Alexander McPherson of the University of California, Irvin using proteins crystallized in space for analysis on Earth. TYMV is an icosahedral virus constructed from 180 copies of the same protein arranged into 12 clusters of five proteins (pentamers), and 20 clusters of six proteins (hexamers). The final TYMV structure led to the unexpected hypothesis that the virus releases its RNA by essentially chemical-mechanical means. Most viruses have fairly flat coats, but in TYNV, the fold in each protein, called the jellyroll, is clustered at the points where the protein pentamers and hexamers join. The jellyrolls are almost standing on end, producing a bumpy surface with knobs at all of the pentamers and hexamers. At the inside surface of the pentamers is a void that is not present at the hexamers. The coating had been seen in early stuties of TYMV, but McPherson's atomic structure shows much more detail. The inside surface is strikingly, and unexpectedly, different than the outside. While the pentamers contain a central void on the inside, the hexameric units contain peptides linked to each other, forming a ring or, more accurately, rings to fill the void. Credit: Dr. Alexander McPherson, University of California, Irvine

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-05-01

The bumpy exterior of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) protein coat, or capsid, was defined in detail by Dr. Alexander McPherson of the University of California, Irvin using protein crystallized in space for analysis on Earth. TYMV is an icosahedral virus constructed from 180 copies of the same protein arranged into 12 clusters of five proteins (pentamers), and 20 clusters of six proteins (hexamers). The final TYMV structure led to the enexpected hypothesis that the virus release its RNA by essentially chemical-mechanical means. Most viruses have farly flat coats, but in TYMV, the fold in each protein, called the jellyroll, is clustered at the points where the protein pentamers and hexamers join. The jellyrolls are almost standing on end, producing a bumpy surface with knobs at all of the pentamers and hexamers. At the inside surface of the pentamers is a void that is not present at the hexamers. The coating had been seen in early studies of TYMV, but McPhereson's atomic structure shows much more detail. The inside surface is strikingly, and unexpectedly, different than the outside. While the pentamers contain a central viod on the inside, the hexameric units contain peptides liked to each other, forming a ring or, more accurately, rings to fill the voild. Credit: Dr. Alexander McPherson, University of California, Irvine.

Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus Structure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2000-01-01

The bumpy exterior of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) protein coat, or capsid, was defined in detail by Dr. Alexander McPherson of the University of California, Irvin using protein crystallized in space for analysis on Earth. TYMV is an icosahedral virus constructed from 180 copies of the same protein arranged into 12 clusters of five proteins (pentamers), and 20 clusters of six proteins (hexamers). The final TYMV structure led to the enexpected hypothesis that the virus release its RNA by essentially chemical-mechanical means. Most viruses have farly flat coats, but in TYMV, the fold in each protein, called the jellyroll, is clustered at the points where the protein pentamers and hexamers join. The jellyrolls are almost standing on end, producing a bumpy surface with knobs at all of the pentamers and hexamers. At the inside surface of the pentamers is a void that is not present at the hexamers. The coating had been seen in early studies of TYMV, but McPhereson's atomic structure shows much more detail. The inside surface is strikingly, and unexpectedly, different than the outside. While the pentamers contain a central viod on the inside, the hexameric units contain peptides liked to each other, forming a ring or, more accurately, rings to fill the voild. Credit: Dr. Alexander McPherson, University of California, Irvine.

Microgravity

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-05-01

The bumpy exterior of the turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) protein coat, or capsid, was defined in detail by Dr. Alexander McPherson of the University of California, Irvin using proteins crystallized in space for analysis on Earth. TYMV is an icosahedral virus constructed from 180 copies of the same protein arranged into 12 clusters of five proteins (pentamers), and 20 clusters of six proteins (hexamers). The final TYMV structure led to the unexpected hypothesis that the virus releases its RNA by essentially chemical-mechanical means. Most viruses have fairly flat coats, but in TYNV, the fold in each protein, called the jellyroll, is clustered at the points where the protein pentamers and hexamers join. The jellyrolls are almost standing on end, producing a bumpy surface with knobs at all of the pentamers and hexamers. At the inside surface of the pentamers is a void that is not present at the hexamers. The coating had been seen in early stuties of TYMV, but McPherson's atomic structure shows much more detail. The inside surface is strikingly, and unexpectedly, different than the outside. While the pentamers contain a central void on the inside, the hexameric units contain peptides linked to each other, forming a ring or, more accurately, rings to fill the void. Credit: Dr. Alexander McPherson, University of California, Irvine

Microbial potential for carbon and nutrient cycling in a geogenic supercritical carbon dioxide reservoir.

PubMed

Freedman, Adam J E; Tan, BoonFei; Thompson, Janelle R

2017-06-01

Microorganisms catalyze carbon cycling and biogeochemical reactions in the deep subsurface and thus may be expected to influence the fate of injected supercritical (sc) CO 2 following geological carbon sequestration (GCS). We hypothesized that natural subsurface scCO 2 reservoirs, which serve as analogs for the long-term fate of sequestered scCO 2 , harbor a 'deep carbonated biosphere' with carbon cycling potential. We sampled subsurface fluids from scCO 2 -water separators at a natural scCO 2 reservoir at McElmo Dome, Colorado for analysis of 16S rRNA gene diversity and metagenome content. Sequence annotations indicated dominance of Sulfurospirillum, Rhizobium, Desulfovibrio and four members of the Clostridiales family. Genomes extracted from metagenomes using homology and compositional approaches revealed diverse mechanisms for growth and nutrient cycling, including pathways for CO 2 and N 2 fixation, anaerobic respiration, sulfur oxidation, fermentation and potential for metabolic syntrophy. Differences in biogeochemical potential between two production well communities were consistent with differences in fluid chemical profiles, suggesting a potential link between microbial activity and geochemistry. The existence of a microbial ecosystem associated with the McElmo Dome scCO 2 reservoir indicates that potential impacts of the deep biosphere on CO 2 fate and transport should be taken into consideration as a component of GCS planning and modelling. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Determining CO2 storage potential during miscible CO2 enhanced oil recovery: Noble gas and stable isotope tracers

USGS Publications Warehouse

Shelton, Jenna L.; McIntosh, Jennifer C.; Hunt, Andrew; Beebe, Thomas L; Parker, Andrew D; Warwick, Peter D.; Drake, Ronald; McCray, John E.

2016-01-01

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are fueling anthropogenic climate change. Geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in depleted oil reservoirs is one option for reducing CO2 emissions to the atmosphere while enhancing oil recovery. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using enhanced oil recovery (EOR) sites in the United States for permanent CO2 storage, an active multi-stage miscible CO2flooding project in the Permian Basin (North Ward Estes Field, near Wickett, Texas) was investigated. In addition, two major natural CO2 reservoirs in the southeastern Paradox Basin (McElmo Dome and Doe Canyon) were also investigated as they provide CO2 for EOR operations in the Permian Basin. Produced gas and water were collected from three different CO2 flooding phases (with different start dates) within the North Ward Estes Field to evaluate possible CO2 storage mechanisms and amounts of total CO2retention. McElmo Dome and Doe Canyon were sampled for produced gas to determine the noble gas and stable isotope signature of the original injected EOR gas and to confirm the source of this naturally-occurring CO2. As expected, the natural CO2produced from McElmo Dome and Doe Canyon is a mix of mantle and crustal sources. When comparing CO2 injection and production rates for the CO2 floods in the North Ward Estes Field, it appears that CO2 retention in the reservoir decreased over the course of the three injections, retaining 39%, 49% and 61% of the injected CO2 for the 2008, 2010, and 2013 projects, respectively, characteristic of maturing CO2 miscible flood projects. Noble gas isotopic composition of the injected and produced gas for the flood projects suggest no active fractionation, while δ13CCO2 values suggest no active CO2dissolution into formation water, or mineralization. CO2 volumes capable of dissolving in residual formation fluids were also estimated along with the potential to store pure-phase supercritical CO2. Using a combination of dissolution trapping and residual trapping, both volumes of CO2 currently retained in the 2008 and 2013 projects could be justified, suggesting no major leakage is occurring. These subsurface reservoirs, jointly considered, have the capacity to store up to 9 years of CO2 emissions from an average US powerplant.

[Kinetic theory and boundary conditions for highly inelastic spheres]. Quarterly progress report, April 1, 1993--June 30, 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Richman, M.

1993-12-31

In this quarter, a kinetic theory was employed to set up the boundary value problem for steady, fully developed, gravity-driven flows of identical, smooth, highly inelastic spheres down bumpy inclines. The solid fraction, mean velocity, and components of the full second moment of fluctuation velocity were treated as mean fields. In addition to the balance equations for mass and momentum, the balance of the full second moment of fluctuation velocity was treated as an equation that must be satisfied by the mean fields. However, in order to simplify the resulting boundary value problem, fluxes of second moments in its isotropicmore » piece only were retained. The constitutive relations for the stresses and collisional source of second moment depend explicitly on the second moment of fluctuation velocity, and the constitutive relation for the energy flux depends on gradients of granular temperature, solid fraction, and components of the second moment. The boundary conditions require that the flows are free of stress and energy flux at their tops, and that momentum and energy are balanced at the bumpy base. The details of the boundary value problem are provided. In the next quarter, a solution procedure will be developed, and it will be employed to obtain sample numerical solutions to the boundary value problem described here.« less

Effect of parameters on picosecond laser ablation of Cr12MoV cold work mold steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Baoye; Liu, Peng; Zhang, Fei; Duan, Jun; Wang, Xizhao; Zeng, Xiaoyan

2018-01-01

Cr12MoV cold work mold steel, which is a difficult-to-machining material, is widely used in the mold and dye industry. A picosecond pulse Nd:YVO4 laser at 1064 nm was used to conduct the study. Effects of operation parameters (i.e., laser fluence, scanning speed, hatched space and number of scans) were studied on ablation depth and quality of Cr12MoV at the repetition rate of 20 MHz. The experimental results reveal that all the four parameters affect the ablation depth significantly. While the surface roughness depends mainly on laser fluence or scanning speed and secondarily on hatched space or number of scans. For laser fluence and scanning speed, three distinct surface morphologies were observed experiencing transition from flat (Ra < 1.40 μm) to bumpy (Ra = 1.40 - 2.40 μm) eventually to rough (Ra > 2.40 μm). However, for hatched space and number of scan, there is a small bumpy and rough zone or even no rough zone. Mechanisms including heat accumulation, plasma shielding and combustion reaction effects are proposed based on the ablation depth and processing morphology. By appropriate management of the laser fluence and scanning speed, high ablation depth with low surface roughness can be obtained at small hatched space and high number of scans.

X-ray Constrained Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals: Theory and Critical Assessment of the New Technique.

PubMed

Genoni, Alessandro

2013-07-09

Following the X-ray constrained wave function approach proposed by Jayatilaka, we have devised a new technique that allows to extract molecular orbitals strictly localized on small molecular fragments from sets of experimental X-ray structure factors amplitudes. Since the novel strategy enables to obtain electron distributions that have quantum mechanical features and that can be easily interpreted in terms of traditional chemical concepts, the method can be also considered as a new useful tool for the determination and the analysis of charge densities from high-resolution X-ray experiments. In this paper, we describe in detail the theory of the new technique, which, in comparison to our preliminary work, has been improved both treating the effects of isotropic secondary extinctions and introducing a new protocol to halt the fitting procedure against the experimental X-ray scattering data. The performances of the novel strategy have been studied both in function of the basis-sets flexibility and in function of the quality of the considered crystallographic data. The tests performed on four different systems (α-glycine, l-cysteine, (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid and N-(trifluoromethyl)formamide) have shown that the achievement of good statistical agreements with the experimental measures mainly depends on the quality of the crystal structures (i.e., geometry positions and thermal parameters) used in the X-ray constrained calculations. Finally, given the reliable transferability of the obtained Extremely Localized Molecular Orbitals (ELMOs), we envisage to exploit the novel approach to construct new ELMOs databases suited to the development of linear-scaling methods for the refinement of macromolecular crystal structures.

An Investigation of the Facilitative and Inhibitory Variables Impacting Breast Health Practices in Low-Socioeconomic Status Black Women of African American and Caribbean Descent

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-10-01

Honestly, it’~> been a very difficult tim~p here ... pancreatic cancer is a bumpy ride of lingering pain and suffering. I hope every day that my time...TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) 14. ABSTRACT Black women of low-socioeconomic status (SES) demonstrate a high incidence of breast cancer ...mortality associated with late-state diagnosis. Breast cancer screening, including mammography, breast self-examination, and clinical breast

A fluctuation-induced plasma transport diagnostic based upon fast-Fourier transform spectral analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Powers, E. J.; Kim, Y. C.; Hong, J. Y.; Roth, J. R.; Krawczonek, W. M.

1978-01-01

A diagnostic, based on fast Fourier-transform spectral analysis techniques, that provides experimental insight into the relationship between the experimentally observable spectral characteristics of the fluctuations and the fluctuation-induced plasma transport is described. The model upon which the diagnostic technique is based and its experimental implementation is discussed. Some characteristic results obtained during the course of an experimental study of fluctuation-induced transport in the electric field dominated NASA Lewis bumpy torus plasma are presented.

Morphology and identification of fly eggs: application in forensic entomology.

PubMed

Sanit, S; Sribanditmongkol, P; Sukontason, K L; Moophayak, K; Klong-Klaew, T; Yasanga, T; Sukontason, K

2013-06-01

Fly eggs found in corpses can be used as entomological evidence in forensic investigation. This study aims to investigate the morphology of forensically important fly eggs. Eggs of Chrysomya rufifacies, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya pinguis, Chrysomya nigripes, Hypopygiopsis tumrasvini, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia porphyrina and Musca domestica were examined using 1% potassium permanganate solution for 1 min. Morphometric analysis revealed that the mean length of Hy. tumrasvini (1.63 mm) and C. pinguis (1.65 mm) eggs was the longest, followed by that of L. porphyrina (1.45 mm), C. rufifacies (1.34 mm). The egg length, width of median area and darkness staining of hatching pleats were distinctive features. Four categories of median area were proposed, based on width; (1) distinctly wide (Megaselia scalaris, Synthesiomyia nudiseta); (2) wide (C. nigripes, M. domestica); (3) slightly widening (Hy. tumrasvini, L. cuprina, L. porphyrina); and (4) narrow (C. rufifacies, C. albiceps, C. megacephala, C. pinguis). Four species were examined using SEM, i.e., C. megacephala, C. pinguis, Hy. tumrasvini and L. porphyrina. The eggs of C. megacephala demonstrated swollen hatching pleats. Inside, the hexagon of the chorion appeared as a sponging bumpy feature. The egg of C. pinguis was similar to C. megacephala, except for the sponging bumpy feature on the outer surface of the hatching pleats. Regarding Hy. tumrasvini and L. porphyrina, their island structure was apparent at the inner surface of the upright hatching pleats. The key for identifying these eggs together with other reported species in Thailand has been updated.

Using Gravity and Topography to Map Mars' Crustal Thickness

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-03-21

Newly detailed mapping of local variations in Mars' gravitational pull on orbiters (center), combined with topographical mapping of the planet's mountains and valleys (left) yields the best-yet mapping of Mars' crustal thickness (right). These three views of global mapping are centered at 90 degrees west longitude, showing portions of the planet that include tall volcanoes on the left and the deep Valles Marineris canyon system just right of center. Additional views of these global maps are available at http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/goto?4436. The new map of Mars' gravity (center) results from analysis of the planet's gravitational effects on orbiters passing over each location on the globe. The data come from many years of using NASA's Deep Space Network to track positions and velocities of NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. If Mars were a perfectly smooth sphere of uniform density, the gravity experienced by the spacecraft would be exactly the same everywhere. But like other rocky bodies in the solar system, including Earth, Mars has both a bumpy surface and a lumpy interior. As the spacecraft fly in their orbits, they experience slight variations in gravity caused by both of these irregularities, variations which show up as small changes in the velocity and altitude of the three spacecraft. The "free-air" gravity map presents the results without any adjustment for the known bumpiness of Mars' surface. Local gravitational variations in acceleration are expressed in units called gals or galileos. The color-coding key beneath the center map indicates how colors on the map correspond to mGal (milligal) values. The map on the left shows the known bumpiness, or topography, of the Martian surface, using data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on Mars Global Surveyor. Mars has no actual "sea level," but does have a defined zero elevation level. The color-coding key beneath this map indicates how the colors correspond to elevations above or below zero, in kilometers. Analysis that subtracts effects of the surface topography from the free-air gravity mapping, combined with an assumption that crust material has a uniform density, leads to the derived mapping of crustal thickness -- or subsurface "lumpiness" -- on the right. Highs in gravity indicate places where the denser mantle material beneath the crust is closer to the surface, and hence where the crust is thinner. The color-coding key for this map indicates how the colors on the map correspond to the thickness of the crust, in kilometers. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20277

A Bumpy Road and a Bridge too Far? An Analysis of the Realistic Bridging and Horizontal Construction Capabilities of the Canadian Military Engineers in the Force 2013 Structure

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

the national security strategy? Liddell Hart describes this difficult challenge faced by all socially conservative states. They must find the type of... challenges and circumstances while working within an economic framework that necessitates choice.”23 TTCP describes the CBP process as a method that involves...a capability gap. Then the Army purchased quick solutions and fielded them for immediate deployment to theatre. Their generation satisfied an urgent

Coronography with a dynamic hologram

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ricci, D.; Le Coroller, H.; Piron, P.

2010-10-01

An innovative solution to improve the performances of coronagraphs consists in adding, in the optical scheme, a dynamic hologram removing most of the residual speckle starlight. Our simulations show that the detection limit in the flux ratio between a host star and a very near planet, in the case of wavefront bumpiness imperfections at lambda/20 (resp. lambda/100), improves over a factor 1000 (resp. 10000) when equipped with a hologram, allowing to direct image an exo-Earth at a distance of 11 parsec with a ∼6.5m space telescope.

Morphological Properties of Siloxane-Hydrogel Contact Lens Surfaces.

PubMed

Stach, Sebastian; Ţălu, Ştefan; Trabattoni, Silvia; Tavazzi, Silvia; Głuchaczka, Alicja; Siek, Patrycja; Zając, Joanna; Giovanzana, Stefano

2017-04-01

The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterize the micromorphology of contact lens (CL) surfaces using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and multifractal analysis. AFM and multifractal analysis were used to characterize the topography of new and worn siloxane-hydrogel CLs made of Filcon V (I FDA group). CL surface roughness was studied by AFM in intermittent-contact mode, in air, on square areas of 25 and 100 μm 2 , by using a Nanoscope V MultiMode (Bruker). Detailed surface characterization of the surface topography was obtained using statistical parameters of 3-D (three-dimensional) surface roughness, in accordance with ISO 25178-2: 2012. Before wear, the surface was found to be characterized by out-of-plane and sharp structures, whilst after a wear of 8 h, two typical morphologies were observed. One morphology (sharp type) has a similar aspect as the unworn CLs and the other morphology (smooth type) is characterized by troughs and bumpy structures. The analysis of the AFM images revealed a multifractal geometry. The generalized dimension D q and the singularity spectrum f(α) provided quantitative values that characterize the local scale properties of CL surface geometry at nanometer scale. Surface statistical parameters deduced by multifractal analysis can be used to assess the CL micromorphology and can be used by manufacturers in developing CLs with improved surface characteristics. These parameters can also be used in understanding the tribological interactions of the back surface of the CL with the corneal surface and the front surface of the CL with the under-surface of the eyelid (friction, wear, and micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication at a nanometer scale).

Mind of Its Own

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This animation shows the path the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit traveled during its 24-meter (78.7-foot) autonomous drive across the bumpy terrain at Gusev Crater, Mars, on the 39th day, or sol, of its mission. The colored data are from the rover's hazard-avoidance camera and have been reconstructed to show the topography of the land. Red areas indicate extremely hazardous terrain, and green patches denote safe, smooth ground. At the end of its drive, Spirit decided it was safer to back up then go forward. The rover is now positioned directly in front of its target, a rock dubbed Stone Council.

Generating strain signals under consideration of road surface profiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Putra, T. E.; Abdullah, S.; Schramm, D.; Nuawi, M. Z.; Bruckmann, T.

2015-08-01

The current study aimed to develop the mechanism for generating strain signal utilising computer-based simulation. The strain data, caused by the acceleration, were undertaken from a fatigue data acquisition involving car movements. Using a mathematical model, the measured strain signals yielded to acceleration data used to describe the bumpiness of road surfaces. The acceleration signals were considered as an external disturbance on generating strain signals. Based on this comparison, both the actual and simulated strain data have similar pattern. The results are expected to provide new knowledge to generate a strain signal via a simulation.

Effects of Sheared Flow on Microinstabilities and Transport in Plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

H, Sanuki; K, Itoh; A, Fujisawa; J, Q. Dong

2005-02-01

Theoretical and experimental studies associated with electric field effects on the stability and transport are briefly surveyed. The effects of radial electric field on the suppression and/or enhancement of various microinstabilities such as drift waves, flute mode and temperature gradient modes are discussed. The suppression of flow shear on the electron temperature gradient mode in plasmas with slightly hollow density profiles is investigated by solving the gyrokinetic integral eigenvalue equation. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental observations based on the HIBP measurements with high temporal and spatial resolutions is made in bumpy tori and heliotron (CHS) devices.

Packing in protein cores

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaines, J. C.; Clark, A. H.; Regan, L.; O'Hern, C. S.

2017-07-01

Proteins are biological polymers that underlie all cellular functions. The first high-resolution protein structures were determined by x-ray crystallography in the 1960s. Since then, there has been continued interest in understanding and predicting protein structure and stability. It is well-established that a large contribution to protein stability originates from the sequestration from solvent of hydrophobic residues in the protein core. How are such hydrophobic residues arranged in the core; how can one best model the packing of these residues, and are residues loosely packed with multiple allowed side chain conformations or densely packed with a single allowed side chain conformation? Here we show that to properly model the packing of residues in protein cores it is essential that amino acids are represented by appropriately calibrated atom sizes, and that hydrogen atoms are explicitly included. We show that protein cores possess a packing fraction of φ ≈ 0.56 , which is significantly less than the typically quoted value of 0.74 obtained using the extended atom representation. We also compare the results for the packing of amino acids in protein cores to results obtained for jammed packings from discrete element simulations of spheres, elongated particles, and composite particles with bumpy surfaces. We show that amino acids in protein cores pack as densely as disordered jammed packings of particles with similar values for the aspect ratio and bumpiness as found for amino acids. Knowing the structural properties of protein cores is of both fundamental and practical importance. Practically, it enables the assessment of changes in the structure and stability of proteins arising from amino acid mutations (such as those identified as a result of the massive human genome sequencing efforts) and the design of new folded, stable proteins and protein-protein interactions with tunable specificity and affinity.

Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography of choroidal metastasis in 14 eyes.

PubMed

Al-Dahmash, Saad A; Shields, Carol L; Kaliki, Swathi; Johnson, Timothy; Shields, Jerry A

2014-08-01

To describe the imaging features of choroidal metastasis using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). This retrospective observational case series included 31 eyes with choroidal metastasis. Spectral domain EDI-OCT was performed using Heidelberg Spectralis HRA + OCT. The main outcome measures were imaging features by EDI-OCT. Of 31 eyes with choroidal metastasis imaged with EDI-OCT, 14 (45%) eyes displayed image detail suitable for study. The metastasis originated from carcinoma of the breast (n = 7, 50%), lung (n = 5, 36%), pancreas (n = 1, 7%), and thyroid gland (n = 1, 7%). The mean tumor basal diameter was 6.4 mm, and mean thickness was 2.3 mm by B-scan ultrasonography. The tumor location was submacular in 6 (43%) eyes and extramacular in 8 (57%) eyes. By EDI-OCT, the mean tumor thickness was 987 μm. The most salient EDI-OCT features of the metastasis included anterior compression/obliteration of the overlying choriocapillaris (n = 13, 93%), an irregular (lumpy bumpy) anterior contour (n = 9, 64%), and posterior shadowing (n = 12, 86%). Overlying retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities were noted (n = 11, 78%). Outer retinal features included structural loss of the interdigitation of the cone outer segment tips (n = 9, 64%), the ellipsoid portion of photoreceptors (n = 8, 57%), external limiting membrane (n = 4, 29%), outer nuclear layer (n = 1, 7%), and outer plexiform layer (n = 1, 7%). The inner retinal layers (inner nuclear layer to nerve fiber layer) were normal. Subretinal fluid (n = 11, 79%), subretinal lipofuscin pigment (n = 1, 7%), and intraretinal edema (n = 2, 14%) were identified. The EDI-OCT of choroidal metastasis shows a characteristic lumpy bumpy anterior tumor surface and outer retinal layer disruption with preservation of inner retinal layers.

Microglia immunophenotyping in gliomas

PubMed Central

Annovazzi, Laura; Mellai, Marta; Bovio, Enrica; Mazzetti, Samanta; Pollo, Bianca; Schiffer, Davide

2018-01-01

Microglia, once assimilated to peripheral macrophages, in gliomas has long been discussed and currently it is hypothesized to play a pro-tumor role in tumor progression. Uncertain between M1 and M2 polarization, it exchanges signals with glioma cells to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment and stimulates cell proliferation and migration. Four antibodies are currently used for microglia/macrophage identification in tissues that exhibit different cell forms and cell localization. The aim of the present work was to describe the distribution of the different cell forms and to deduce their significance on the basis of what is known on their function from the literature. Normal resting microglia, reactive microglia, intermediate and bumpy forms and macrophage-like cells can be distinguished by Iba1, CD68, CD16 and CD163 and further categorized by CD11b, CD45, c-MAF and CD98. The number of microglia/macrophages strongly increased from normal cortex and white matter to infiltrating and solid tumors. The ramified microglia accumulated in infiltration areas of both high- and low-grade gliomas, when hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur. In solid tumors, intermediate and bumpy forms prevailed and there is a large increase of macrophage-like cells in glioblastoma. The total number of microglia cells did not vary among the three grades of malignancy, but macrophage-like cells definitely prevailed in high-grade gliomas and frequently expressed CD45 and c-MAF. CD98+ cells were present. Microglia favors tumor progression, but many aspects suggest that the phagocytosing function is maintained. CD98+ cells can be the product of fusion, but also of phagocytosis. Microglia correlated with poorer survival in glioblastoma, when considering CD163+ cells, whereas it did not change prognosis in isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant low grade gliomas. PMID:29399160

All Prime Contract Awards by State or Country, Place, and Contractor. Part 18 (Elmo Texas-San Saba Texas)

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

01D I0 WN 00 40C4 00 00 0 2 -i iniin moon 1-1 in0 0 0 -~i of 1-4 It1.0. 9- ) 0 r- 0L U. td ) U- 0- z r- ɘ C C 0 Qt I 10- 0 < xr4I NN 00) N j C" 000...p- co. 0-4 itBOOC 0. 40 aOO B-OO OOO Z B-B-B 00 C> W-4 B-B COB0-4 3H. 0 ) I.-0 UB U 000)-4 WO04L000000000 20 WOO P- C in fa 00-4 BBD ~ ~0 ccCe 00 00

Insects as unidentified flying objects.

PubMed

Callahan, P S; Mankin, R W

1978-11-01

Five species of insects were subjected to a large electric field. Each of the insects stimulated in this manner emitted visible glows of various colors and blacklight (uv). It is postulated that the Uintah Basin, Utah, nocturnal UFO display (1965-1968) was partially due to mass swarms of spruce budworms, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), stimulated to emit this type of St. Elmo's fire by flying into high electric fields caused by thunderheads and high density particulate matter in the air. There was excellent time and spatial correlation between the 1965-1968 UFO nocturnal sightings and spruce budworm infestation. It is suggested that a correlation of nocturnal UFO sightings throughout the U.S. and Canada with spruce budworm infestations might give some insight into nocturnal insect flight patterns.

Goose-skin Pleura: A Thoracoscopic Finding in a Case of Recurrent Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion.

PubMed

Al-Halfawy, Ahmed; Light, Richard W

2010-10-01

We present the case of a female patient who presented with undiagnosed pleural effusion. Thoracoscopy was performed and at the beginning of the procedure, the parietal pleura was rather uniformly congested but with a smooth surface. As time passed, the parietal pleura became roughened by bumpy areas of mucosal elevations, which looked soft and watery. This became evident during the biopsy procedure, as the pleura was markedly edematous. The biopsy specimens were nonspecific and the cause of the effusion remained unclear. This phenomenon, which we termed "goose-skin" pleura, showed that the origin of the pleural effusion formed was the parietal pleura, for unknown causes.

Population-wide sodium reduction: The bumpy road from evidence to policy

PubMed Central

Appel, Lawrence J; Angell, Sonia Y; Cobb, Laura K; Limper, Heather; Nelson, David E.; Samet, Jonathan M; Brownson, Ross C.

2016-01-01

Elevated blood pressure is a highly prevalent condition that is etiologically related to coronary heart disease and stroke, two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Excess salta (sodium chloride) intake is a major determinant of elevated blood pressure. In this paper we discuss the scientific rationale for population-wide salt reduction, the types and strength of available evidence, policy-making on dietary salt in the United States and other countries, and the role and impact of key stakeholders. We highlight a number of lessons learned, many of which are germane to policy development in other domains. PMID:22626000

Test Structures For Bumpy Integrated Circuits

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buehler, Martin G.; Sayah, Hoshyar R.

1989-01-01

Cross-bridge resistors added to comb and serpentine patterns. Improved combination of test structures built into integrated circuit used to evaluate design rules, fabrication processes, and quality of interconnections. Consist of meshing serpentines and combs, and cross bridge. Structures used to make electrical measurements revealing defects in design or fabrication. Combination of test structures includes three comb arrays, two serpentine arrays, and cross bridge. Made of aluminum or polycrystalline silicon, depending on material in integrated-circuit layers evaluated. Aluminum combs and serpentine arrays deposited over steps made by polycrystalline silicon and diffusion layers, while polycrystalline silicon versions of these structures used to cross over steps made by thick oxide layer.

The language and culture of delay.

PubMed

Sakai, Christina; Shetgiri, Rashmi; Flores, Glenn; Caronna, Elizabeth; Khandekar, Aasma; Augustyn, Marilyn

2010-04-01

Satish is a 3 (1/2)-year-old boy you are seeing in your primary care office for a "sick visit" due to parental concerns about his language development. He is the only child of a couple who immigrated to the United States from India shortly before his birth. He received early intervention services for speech and language delays for a few months before he attained 2 years of age. However, services were discontinued when the family moved back to India for a year. After the family returned to the United States, they lived in a different state for several months before moving again recently to his current home, so he is relatively new to your practice. Satish's mother is concerned not only about his communication skills but also about his attention and social skills. She notes that he often plays alone or in parallel with other children. She was also told by his first pediatrician that Satish had "a limited imagination." His parents feel that he has pretend play, in that he will pretend to get his haircut, talk on the phone, or ride on a train. Satish was born at term without complications. He passed his newborn hearing screen and a repeat hearing test at the age of 2 years. He has had no medical problems and takes a daily multivitamin. His parents are both of Indian descent. Satish's father is an engineer and had a history of being a late talker. His mother graduated from high school and is a homemaker. They are expecting their second child. Satish's developmental history is significant for language delays. He babbled at 6 months but did not have single words until he was 2 years. When he was 2 (1/2) years, he had 2 to 3 word sentences. He responded to his name at 15 months and could follow single step commands by the age of 2 years. Currently, Satish is noted to have difficulty with "back and forth conversation." He sometimes repeats what others are saying.The family speaks Hindi, their native language, exclusively at home. When Satish speaks, he usually speaks in Hindi. His parents describe him as using "odd language" in that he will often mix up his pronouns. Satish is in an English-speaking preschool. His preschool teachers report concerns that he seems to "withdraw into his own world," and does not interact well with the other children. They also report attentional problems and poor eye contact.In the office, Satish makes good eye contact with the examiner and his parents. He looks to his parents for approval when completing a task requested of him. He seems to like an Elmo toy that is in the room but holds it and looks at it closely rather than pretend to do anything with it. You ask him to feed Elmo, and he says, "Feed Elmo." Because it is not clear whether he understands the verbal cues given to him, his parents repeat English directions to him in Hindi several times. He eventually complies but then leaves his chair to explore the room. His parents continue to translate your questions to him with variable results. He becomes increasingly difficult to engage, despite repeated attempts, in both English and Hindi, to attract his attention. Where do you go from here?

Icy Erosion

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-12-23

This image from NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft shows an interesting collection of kilometer-scale craters with flat and smooth floors. The craters themselves may be the result of secondary impacts, craters caused by debris from a distant larger impact. Since then, the surface has been significantly modified and reworked, muting the craters and flattening their floors. Presently, there are a few sand dunes and a broad overlay of a dusty soil mantle. This soil mantle occurs over much of the middle latitudes of Mars. Here, as elsewhere, the mantle covers these craters, but a closer inspection reveals that its smooth texture becomes significantly pitted and bumpy on the pole facing slopes of each crater interior wall. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA20288

Advanced use of tissue adhesive in hair transplantation.

PubMed

Elliott, R M; Thomas, R A; True, R H

1993-09-01

Cobblestoning is an unsightly result of graft elevation in the recipient site after hair transplantation. To describe the use of tissue adhesives for the avoidance of cobblestoning. The long-term cosmetic appearance of hair transplants may be improved through the use of cyanoacrylate adhesives is the virtual elimination of the common problem of graft elevation or cobblestoning, which produces an unsightly bumpiness in the recipient area. The choice of type of adhesive and the method of application are central to successful use of this technique. The indirect benefits of elimination of the need for postoperative bandages and restrictions in activities couple with the cosmetic results to produce a high degree of patient satisfaction.

Simulations of coronagraphy with a dynamic hologram for the direct detection of exo-planets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ricci, Davide; Le Coroller, Hervé; Labeyrie, Antoine; Piron, Pierre

2010-07-01

In a previous paper,1 we discussed an original solution to improve the performances of coronagraphs by adding, in the optical scheme, an adaptive hologram removing most of the residual speckle starlight. In our simulations, the detection limit in the flux ratio between a host star and a very near planet (5λ/D) improves over a factor 1000 (resp. 10000) when equipped with a hologram for cases of wavefront bumpiness imperfections of λ/20 (resp. λ/100). We derive, in this paper, the transmission accuracy required on the hologram pixels to achieve such goals. We show that preliminary tests could be performed on the basis of existing technologies.

Steady flow of smooth, inelastic particles on a bumpy inclined plane: Hard and soft particle simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tripathi, Anurag; Khakhar, D. V.

2010-04-01

We study smooth, slightly inelastic particles flowing under gravity on a bumpy inclined plane using event-driven and discrete-element simulations. Shallow layers (ten particle diameters) are used to enable simulation using the event-driven method within reasonable computational times. Steady flows are obtained in a narrow range of angles (13°-14.5°) ; lower angles result in stopping of the flow and higher angles in continuous acceleration. The flow is relatively dense with the solid volume fraction, ν≈0.5 , and significant layering of particles is observed. We derive expressions for the stress, heat flux, and dissipation for the hard and soft particle models from first principles. The computed mean velocity, temperature, stress, dissipation, and heat flux profiles of hard particles are compared to soft particle results for different values of stiffness constant (k) . The value of stiffness constant for which results for hard and soft particles are identical is found to be k≥2×106mg/d , where m is the mass of a particle, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and d is the particle diameter. We compare the simulation results to constitutive relations obtained from the kinetic theory of Jenkins and Richman [J. T. Jenkins and M. W. Richman, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 87, 355 (1985)] for pressure, dissipation, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. We find that all the quantities are very well predicted by kinetic theory for volume fractions ν<0.5 . At higher densities, obtained for thicker layers ( H=15d and H=20d ), the kinetic theory does not give accurate prediction. Deviations of the kinetic theory predictions from simulation results are relatively small for dissipation and heat flux and most significant deviations are observed for shear viscosity and pressure. The results indicate the range of applicability of soft particle simulations and kinetic theory for dense flows.

THE RHETORICAL USE OF RANDOM SAMPLING: CRAFTING AND COMMUNICATING THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF POLLS AS A SCIENCE (1935-1948).

PubMed

Lusinchi, Dominic

2017-03-01

The scientific pollsters (Archibald Crossley, George H. Gallup, and Elmo Roper) emerged onto the American news media scene in 1935. Much of what they did in the following years (1935-1948) was to promote both the political and scientific legitimacy of their enterprise. They sought to be recognized as the sole legitimate producers of public opinion. In this essay I examine the, mostly overlooked, rhetorical work deployed by the pollsters to publicize the scientific credentials of their polling activities, and the central role the concept of sampling has had in that pursuit. First, they distanced themselves from the failed straw poll by claiming that their sampling methodology based on quotas was informed by science. Second, although in practice they did not use random sampling, they relied on it rhetorically to derive the symbolic benefits of being associated with the "laws of probability." © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Driving the bumpy road to commercialization.

PubMed

Parenteau, Nancy L

2014-06-01

Tissue engineering has always had an applied focus and there is hardly an academic publication that does not mention the applicability of its findings to the future development of a medical product. I have been involved in the industry side of tissue engineering from the start, pursuing a variety of applications, some making it to the marketplace. There have been many lessons that I have learned from direct experience (mistakes and successes), observation, through advising others, and now, in developing innovative ways to identify and eliminate the regenerative cell populations within a tumor. This brief overview of some of these lessons is written with the next generation of pioneering product developers in mind: the biologists, biochemists, and engineers who will dedicate their careers to driving medical and commercial progress in tissue engineering.

[Symbolical violence in the access of disabled persons to basic health units].

PubMed

de França, Inacia Sátiro Xavier; Pagliuca, Lorita Marlena Freitag; Baptista, Rosilene Santos; de França, Eurípedes Gil; Coura, Alexsandro Silva; de Souza, Jeová Alves

2010-01-01

A descriptive study which aimed to characterize the conditions of people with disabilities (PD) in the Basic Health Units-UBS. Data were collected in January 2009 in 20 UBSF. It was used digital camera and check list based on the 9050-NBR ABNT. The results showed: Access town - no traffic lights (100%) of lanes for pedestrians (100%), bumpy sidewalks (90%); Access in UBS: non-standard ports (30%) staircases without banisters (20%); floor outside the standard (75%), in disagreement with standard mobile (20%), drinking at odds with standard (55%), making it difficult to people with disabilities to use a filter (30%), has no drinking or filters (15%); telephones installed inadequately (55%); inaccessible restrooms (96%). Access to UBS of PD is permeated by the symbolic violence.

Spirit Beholds Bumpy Boulder

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2006-01-01

As NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit began collecting images for a 360-degree panorama of new terrain, the rover captured this view of a dark boulder with an interesting surface texture. The boulder sits about 40 centimeters (16 inches) tall on Martian sand about 5 meters (16 feet) away from Spirit. It is one of many dark, volcanic rock fragments -- many pocked with rounded holes called vesicles -- littering the slope of 'Low Ridge.' The rock surface facing the rover is similar in appearance to the surface texture on the outside of lava flows on Earth.

Spirit took this approximately true-color image with the panoramic camera on the rover's 810th sol, or Martian day, of exploring Mars (April 13, 2006), using the camera's 753-nanometer, 535-nanometer, and 432-nanometer filters.

Inward transport of a toroidally confined plasma subject to strong radial electric fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.; Krawczonek, W. M.; Powers, E. J.; Hong, J.; Kim, Y.

1977-01-01

The paper aims at showing that the density and confinement time of a toroidal plasma can be enhanced by radial electric fields far stronger than the ambipolar values, and that, if such electric fields point into the plasma, radially inward transport can result. The investigation deals with low-frequency fluctuation-induced transport using digitally implemented spectral analysis techniques and with the role of strong applied radial electric fields and weak vertical magnetic fields on plasma density and particle confinement times in a Bumpy Torus geometry. Results indicate that application of sufficiently strong radially inward electric fields results in radially inward fluctuation-induced transport into the toroidal electrostatic potential well; this inward transport gives rise to higher average electron densities and longer particle confinement times in the toroidal plasma.

Extreme coronagraphy with an adaptive hologram. Simulations of exo-planet imaging

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ricci, D.; Le Coroller, H.; Labeyrie, A.

2009-08-01

Aims: We present a solution to improve the performance of coronagraphs for the detection of exo-planets. Methods: We simulate numerically several kinds of coronagraphic systems, with the aim of evaluating the gain obtained with an adaptive hologram. Results: The detection limit in flux ratio between a star and a planet (F_s/F_p) observed with an apodized Lyot coronagraph characterized by wavefront bumpiness imperfections of λ/20 (resp. λ/100) turns out to be increased by a factor of 103.4 (resp. 105.1) when equipped with a hologram. Conclusions: This technique could provide direct imaging of an exo-Earth at a distance of 11 parsec with a 6.5 m space telescope such as the JWST with the optical quality of the HST.

Fractional Klein-Gordon equation composed of Jumarie fractional derivative and its interpretation by a smoothness parameter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghosh, Uttam; Banerjee, Joydip; Sarkar, Susmita; Das, Shantanu

2018-06-01

Klein-Gordon equation is one of the basic steps towards relativistic quantum mechanics. In this paper, we have formulated fractional Klein-Gordon equation via Jumarie fractional derivative and found two types of solutions. Zero-mass solution satisfies photon criteria and non-zero mass satisfies general theory of relativity. Further, we have developed rest mass condition which leads us to the concept of hidden wave. Classical Klein-Gordon equation fails to explain a chargeless system as well as a single-particle system. Using the fractional Klein-Gordon equation, we can overcome the problem. The fractional Klein-Gordon equation also leads to the smoothness parameter which is the measurement of the bumpiness of space. Here, by using this smoothness parameter, we have defined and interpreted the various cases.

Spirit Beholds Bumpy Boulder (False Color)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2006-01-01

As NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit began collecting images for a 360-degree panorama of new terrain, the rover captured this view of a dark boulder with an interesting surface texture. The boulder sits about 40 centimeters (16 inches) tall on Martian sand about 5 meters (16 feet) away from Spirit. It is one of many dark, volcanic rock fragments -- many pocked with rounded holes called vesicles -- littering the slope of 'Low Ridge.' The rock surface facing the rover is similar in appearance to the surface texture on the outside of lava flows on Earth.

Spirit took this false-color image with the panoramic camera on the rover's 810th sol, or Martian day, of exploring Mars (April 13, 2006). This image is a false-color rendering using camera's 753-nanometer, 535-nanometer, and 432-nanometer filters.

Gyldenlove Glacier

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-04-11

On April 11, 2011, IceBridge finally got the clear weather necessary to fly over glaciers in southeast Greenland. But with clear skies came winds of up to 70 knots, which made for a bumpy ride over the calving front of glaciers like Gyldenlove. Operation IceBridge, now in its third year, makes annual campaigns in the Arctic and Antarctic where science flights monitor glaciers, ice sheets and sea ice. Credit: NASA/GSFC/Michael Studinger To learn more about Ice Bridge go to: www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/icebridge/news/spr11/index.html NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Join us on Facebook

A Student Response System in an Electronic Classroom: Technology Aids for Large Classroom Instruction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ober, D.; Errington, P.; Islam, S.; Robertson, T.; Watson, J.

1997-10-01

In the fall of 1996, thirteen (13) classrooms on the Ball State campus were equipped with technological aids to enhance learning in large classrooms (for typically 100 students or larger). Each classroom was equipped with the following built-in equipment: computer, zip drive, laser disc player, VCR, LAN and Internet connection, TV monitors, and Elmo overhead camera with large-screen projection system. This past fall semester a student response system was added to a 108-seat classroom in the Physics and Astronomy department for use with large General Education courses. Each student seat was equipped with a hardwired hand-held unit possessing input capabilities and LCD feedback for the student. The introduction of the student response system was added in order enhance more active learning by students in the large classroom environment. Attendance, quizzes, hour exams, and in-class surveys are early uses for the system; initial reactions by student and faculty users will be given.

Torsional shear flow of granular materials: shear localization and minimum energy principle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Artoni, Riccardo; Richard, Patrick

2018-01-01

The rheological properties of granular matter submitted to torsional shear are investigated numerically by means of discrete element method. The shear cell is made of a cylinder filled by grains which are sheared by a bumpy bottom and submitted to a vertical pressure which is applied at the top. Regimes differing by their strain localization features are observed. They originate from the competition between dissipation at the sidewalls and dissipation in the bulk of the system. The effects of the (i) the applied pressure, (ii) sidewall friction, and (iii) angular velocity are investigated. A model, based on the purely local μ (I)-rheology and a minimum energy principle is able to capture the effect of the two former quantities but unable to account the effect of the latter. Although, an ad hoc modification of the model allows to reproduce all the numerical results, our results point out the need for an alternative rheology.

A Bumpy and Winding but Right Path to Domestic Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents

PubMed Central

Cho, Jae Yeong; Ahn, Youngkeun

2013-01-01

Restenosis and stent thrombosis remain major concerns after percutaneous coronary intervention for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The present review was undertaken in order to highlight the various coronary stents that have been investigated in our Heart Research Center, and how far we have come from the first heparin-coated stent first used in the late 1990s. Thereafter, from the abciximab-coated stent to the current gene-delivery stent and other newer agents, our group has applied a range of techniques in this field. However, in groups similar to ours, the restenosis rates of such stents are still high for second-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs). Moreover, our nation imports almost all of these types of stents from other countries. Thus, we need to develop domestic coronary stents. Research into newer DESs are warranted in Korea so as to achieve improved safety and efficacy outcomes. PMID:24255648

Troubled Waters: where Multiple Streams of Inequality Converge in the Math and Science Experiences of Nonprivileged Girls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parrott, Laurel; Spatig, Linda; Kusimo, Patricia S.; Carter, Carolyn C.; Keyes, Marian

Water is often hardest to navigate at the confluence of individual streams. As they experience math and science, nonprivileged girls maneuver through roiling waters where the streams of gender, ethnicity, poverty, place, and teaching practices converge. Just as waters of separate streams blend, these issues - too often considered separate factors - become blended and difficult to isolate, and the resulting turbulence produces a bumpy ride. We draw on 3 years of qualitative data collected as part of an intervention program to explore the math and science experiences and perceptions of a group of ethnically diverse, low socioeconomic status rural and urban adolescent Appalachian girls. After describing program and community contexts, we explore "opportunity to leant" issues - specifically, expectations, access to content, and support networks - and examine their schooling experiences against visions of science and math reform and pressures for accountability. Data are discussed within a framework of critical educational theory.

Evaluation of performance of select fusion experiments and projected reactors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miley, G. H.

1978-01-01

The performance of NASA Lewis fusion experiments (SUMMA and Bumpy Torus) is compared with other experiments and that necessary for a power reactor. Key parameters cited are gain (fusion power/input power) and the time average fusion power, both of which may be more significant for real fusion reactors than the commonly used Lawson parameter. The NASA devices are over 10 orders of magnitude below the required powerplant values in both gain and time average power. The best experiments elsewhere are also as much as 4 to 5 orders of magnitude low. However, the NASA experiments compare favorably with other alternate approaches that have received less funding than the mainline experiments. The steady-state character and efficiency of plasma heating are strong advantages of the NASA approach. The problem, though, is to move ahead to experiments of sufficient size to advance in gain and average power parameters.

How far could energy transport within a single crystal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yifan; Che, Yanke; Zhao, Jincai; Steve, Granick

Efficient transport of excitation energy over long distance is a vital process in light-harvesting systems and molecular electronics. The energy transfer distance is largely restricted by the probability decay of the exciton when hopping within a single crystal. Here, we fabricated an organic single crystal within which the energy could transfer more than 100 μm, a distance only limited by its crystal size. Our system could be regarded as a ``Sprint relay game'' performing on different surface of tracks. Photoinduced ``athletes'' (excitons) triggered intermolecular ``domino'' reaction to propagate energy for a long distance. In addition, athletes with the same ability runs much farther on smooth ideal track (single crystal assembled from merely van der Waals interaction) than bumpy mud track (crystal assembled from combination of pi-stacking, hydrogen bond and van der Waals interactions). Our finding presents new physics on enhancing energy transfer length within a single crystal. Current Affiliation: Institute for Basic Science, South Korea.

[The invention and evolution of the stethoscope].

PubMed

Hong, Cheng; Wang, Wei; Zhong, Nan-Shan; Liu, Yuan-Ming

2010-11-01

There is a record of direct auscultation in the Hippocratic Corpus and this auscultation method has been used for more than 2000 years. In 1816, the first monaural stethoscope was invented by a French physician Dr. Rene Laennec, who also wrote books introducing how to use the stethoscope and auscultation. This instrument has been improved by several doctors and in 1851,the one improved by George Cammann, an American doctor, was the model of today's stethoscope. The electrical stethoscope was produced by the 3M(TM) Littmann Company in 1999, after which the audio files could be saved. In 2000, the vibration response imaging system was introduced into medicine. In 2006, a noise-free active stethoscope was displayed in the Acoustics Conference held in Honolulu, USA. This kind of stethoscope could be used in noisy or bumpy circumstances. These new pieces of equipment made the stethoscope's application field even broader.

Intravitreal dexamethasone implants for the treatment of refractory scleritis combined with uveitis in adult-onset Still's disease: a case report.

PubMed

Ahn, Seong Joon; Hwang, Sun Jin; Lee, Byung Ro

2016-11-08

Adult-onset Still's disease is a systemic inflammatory disease which presents with uveitis and scleritis in the eye. Intravitreal dexamethasone implants are used for the treatment of refractory uveitis. A 19-year-old woman diagnosed to have adult-onset Still's disease for fevers, joint pain, and a salmon-colored bumpy rash presented with scleritis and uveitis in the left eye. Topical and systemic steroids with oral methotrexate failed to control the inflammation. We performed intravitreal injections of dexamethasone implants for side effects of steroid and refractory ocular inflammation. The therapy resulted in improvements in the patient's uveitis with reductions in scleral vessel engorgement and redness. There was no recurrence of uveitis or scleritis during 4 months following treatment. Intravitreal injections of dexamethasone implants may result in clinical improvements of refractory scleritis combined with uveitis.

Mercury's magnetic field - A thermoelectric dynamo?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stevenson, D. J.

1987-01-01

Permanent magnetism and conventional dynamo theory are possible but problematic explanations for the magnitude of the Mercurian magnetic field. A new model is proposed in which thermoelectric currents driven by temperature differences at a bumpy core-mantle boundary are responsible for the (unobserved) toroidal field, and the helicity of convective motions in a thin outer core (thickness of about 100 km) induces the observed poloidal field from the toroidal field. The observed field of about 3 x 10 to the -7th T can be reproduced provided the electrical conductivity of Mercury's semiconducting mantle approaches 1000/ohm per m. This model may be testable by future missions to Mercury because it predicts a more complicated field geometry than conventional dynamo theories. However, it is argued that polar wander may cause the core-mantle topography to migrate so that some aspects of the rotational symmetry may be reflected in the observed field.

Feedback effect of base roughness on particle size segregation in bidisperse granular avalanche

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jing, L.; Kwok, F.

2017-12-01

Particle size segregation in a geophysical flow interplays with base roughness, leading to rich behaviors such as bouldery front formation and fingering instability. The interplay originates mainly from the fact that larger particles slip more easily on a slope, the slip affects the progress of segregation, and segregation changes the size of particles contacting the slope. Recent studies show that slip velocity scales with geometric roughness (which involves both the size and spacing of base particles), and the roughness becomes a function of time during segregation. However, at least two questions remain unanswered: 1) In addition to geometric roughness, what is the role of mechanical parameters at boundaries? 2) To what extent the findings from steady flows are valid in a transient system, which is more common in actual geophysical flows? Here we study two configurations using the discrete element method, the first being a steady flow with periodic boundaries, where we vary the size, spatial arrangement, and contact parameters of base particles. The second consists in dambreak-type bidisperse granular avalanches over inclined planes, where the degree of segregation, base roughness, flow thickness, and base velocity are measured locally as the flow evolves. We found that: 1) On a frictional plane in the absence of geometric roughness, the friction parameter μ controls the amount of basal slip. A lower μ leads to a slower segregation. 2) On a bumpy base with low geometric roughness (where slip still occurs), the effect of μ becomes marginal, while the coefficient of restitution e controls the slip velocity; this indicates the significance of normal collision in the working mechanism of a bumpy base. Upon sliding, large particles near the base may exhibit an ordered state where shear is poorly developed, which delays the onset of segregation. 3) Both μ and e have no influence when the geometric roughness is sufficient to sustain a nonslip condition. Our results suggest the feedback effect of base roughness on segregation, which has a theoretical significance in the boundary treatment when modeling geophysical flows. The study also shows the possibility to establish a universal scaling law correlating slip velocity, base roughness, and the degree of segregation in both steady and unsteady flows.

Molecular Characterization of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Strain DF-2 and Studies of the Role of ORF3abc in Viral Cell Tropism

PubMed Central

Farsang, Attila; Zádori, Zoltán; Hornyák, Ákos; Dencső, László; Almazán, Fernando; Enjuanes, Luis; Belák, Sándor

2012-01-01

The full-length genome of the highly lethal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain DF-2 was sequenced and cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) to study the role of ORF3abc in the FIPV-feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) transition. The reverse genetic system allowed the replacement of the truncated ORF3abc of the original FIPV DF-2 genome with the intact ORF3abc of the canine coronavirus (CCoV) reference strain Elmo/02. The in vitro replication kinetics of these two viruses was studied in CrFK and FCWF-4 cell lines, as well as in feline peripheral blood monocytes. Both viruses showed similar replication kinetics in established cell lines. However, the strain with a full-length ORF3 showed markedly lower replication of more than 2 log10 titers in feline peripheral blood monocytes. Our results suggest that the truncated ORF3abc plays an important role in the efficient macrophage/monocyte tropism of type II FIPV. PMID:22438554

Cosmic dust synthesis by accretion and coagulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Praburam, G.; Goree, J.

1995-01-01

The morphology of grains grown by accretion and coagulation is revaled by a new laboratory method of synthesizing cosmic dust analogs. Submicron carbon particles, grown by accretion of carbon atoms from a gas, have a spherical shape with a cauliflower-like surface and an internal micro-structure of radial columns. This shape is probably common for grains grown by accretion at a temperature well below the melting point. Coagulated grains, consisting of spheres that collided to form irregular strings, were also synthesized. Another shape we produced had a bumpy non- spherical morphology, like an interplanetary particle collected in the terrestrial stratosphere. Besides these isolated grains, large spongy aggregates of nanometer-size particles were also found for various experimental conditions. Grains were synthesized using ions to sputter a solid target, producing an atomic vapor at a low temperature. The ions were provided by a plasma, which also provided electrostatic levitation of the grains during their growth. The temporal development of grain growth was studied by extinguishing the plasma after various intervals.

A severe form of epidermal nevus syndrome associated with brainstem and cerebellar malformations and neonatal medulloblastoma.

PubMed

Okumura, Akihisa; Lee, Tsubasa; Ikeno, Mitsuru; Shimojima, Keiko; Kajino, Kazunori; Inoue, Yuka; Yoshikawa, Naomi; Suganuma, Hiroki; Suzuki, Mitsuyoshi; Hisata, Ken; Shoji, Hiromichi; Takanashi, Jun-ichi; Barkovich, A James; Shimizu, Toshiaki; Yamamoto, Toshiyuki; Hayashi, Masaharu

2012-11-01

Here we report a boy with epidermal nevus syndrome associated with brainstem and cerebellar malformations and neonatal medulloblastoma. The patient had epidermal nevi and complicated brain malformations including macrocephaly with polymicrogyria, dysmorphic and enlarged midbrain tectum, enlarged cerebellar hemispheres with small and maloriented folia. The patient died after surgical resection of medulloblastoma which was newly recognized on MRI at 51 days of age. Postmortem pathological examinations showed very unique and bizarre malformation of the midbrain and hindbrain. The cerebellar cortex exhibited a coarse, irregular and bumpy surface, blurred border between the Purkinje cell layer and internal granule cell layer, and many foci of heterotopia in the cerebellar white matter. The brainstem showed multiple anomalies, including enlargement of superior colliculi, hypoplasia of pyramidal tracts and dysplasia of inferior olivary nuclei. The unusual constellation of brain malformations of our patient will widen the spectrum of epidermal nevus syndrome. Copyright © 2012 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Small Angular Oscillations of Airplanes in Steady Flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Norton, F H

1924-01-01

This investigation was carried out by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the request of the Army Air Service to provide data concerning the small angular oscillations of several types of airplanes in steady flight under various atmospheric conditions. The data are of use in the design of bomb sights and other aircraft instruments. The method used consisted in flying the airplane steadily in one direction for at least one minute, while recording the angle of the airplane with the sun by means of a kymograph. The results show that the oscillations differ but little for airplanes of various types, but that the condition of the atmosphere is an important factor. The average angular excursion from the mean in smooth air is 0.8 degrees in pitch, 1.4 degrees in roll, and 0.9 degrees in yaw, without special instruments to aid the pilot in holding steady conditions. In bumpy air the values given above are increased about 50 per cent. (author)

Evolution of Cosmology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ross, Charles H.

2005-04-01

Aristotle thought that the universe was finite and Earth centered. Newton thought that it was infinite. Einstein guessed that the universe was finite, spherical, static, warped, and closed. Hubble's 1930 discovery of the expanding universe, Penzias and Wilson's 1968 discovery of the isotropic CMB, and measurements on light element abundances, however, established a big bang origin. Vera Rubin's 1980 dark matter discovery significantly impacted contending theories. However, 1998 is the year when sufficiently accurate supernova and primordial deuterium data was available to truly explore the universe. CMB anisotropy measurements further extended our cosmological database in 2003. On the theoretical side, Friedmann's 1922 perturbation solution of Einstein's general relativity equations for a static universe has shaped the thought and direction in cosmology for the past 80 years. It describes 3D space as a dynamic function of time. However, 80 years of trying to fit Friedmann's solution to observational data has been a bumpy road - resulting in such counter-intuitive, but necessary, features as rapid inflation, precision tuning, esoteric dark matter, and an accelerating input of esoteric dark energy.

Tunable surface configuration of skyrmion lattices in cubic helimagnets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wan, Xuejin; Hu, Yangfan; Wang, Biao

2018-06-01

In bulk helimagnets, the presence of magnetic skyrmion lattices is always accompanied by a periodic stress field due to the intrinsic magnetoelastic coupling. The release of this nontrivial stress field at the surface causes a periodic displacement field, which characterizes a novel particle-like property of skyrmion: its surface configuration. Here, we derive the analytical solution of this displacement field for semi-infinite cubic helimagnet with the skyrmion magnetization approximated by the triple-Q representation. For MnSi, we show that the skyrmion lattices have a bumpy surface configuration characterized by periodically arranged peaks with a characteristic height of about 10‑13 m. The pattern of the peaks can be controlled by varying the strength of the applied magnetic field. Moreover, we prove that the surface configuration varies together with the motion and deformation of the skyrmion lattices. As a result, the surface configuration can be tuned by application of electric current, mechanical loads, as well as any other effective external fields for skyrmion lattices.

Development and application of methods used to source prehistoric Southwestern maize: a review

USGS Publications Warehouse

Benson, Larry V.

2012-01-01

Archaeological cobs free of mineral contaminants should be used to source the soils in which they were grown. Mineral contaminants often contain much higher concentrations of metals than vegetal materials and can alter a cob’s apparent metal and heavy-isotope content. Cleaning a cob via immersion in an acid solution for more than a few minutes will result in the incongruent and sometimes complete leaching of metals, including strontium (Sr), from the cob. When using 87Sr/Sr to determine the location of potential agriculture fields, it is best to either integrate several depth-integrated soil samples or to integrate several vegetation samples from individual fields. Biologically labile Sr in semi-arid Southwestern soils largely originates from eolian source or sources and usually is not derived from underlying bedrock. Existing Sr-isotope data indicate that archaeological cobs from Aztec Ruins came from either the Mesa Verde-McElmo Dome or Totah areas, that Pueblo Bonito and Chetro Ketl cobs, from Chaco Canyon that predate A.D. 1130, probably came from the Rio Chaco corridor, and that cobs from Chaco Canyon, that postdate A.D. 1130, probably came from either the Totah or Zuni areas.

Re-examination of the eastern Pacific and Atlantic material of Alpheus malleator Dana, 1852, with the description of Alpheus wonkimi sp. nov. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Alpheidae).

PubMed

Anker, Arthur; Pachelle, Paulo P G

2013-01-01

The bumpy-clawed snapping shrimp, Alpheus malleator Dana, 1852 (Alpheidae), is revised based on the recently collected and older museum material from the eastern Pacific (Panama, Ecuador), Caribbean (Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago), Brazil (São Paulo), and West Africa (Cape Verde, Senegal, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Congo). The eastern Pacific material is assigned to A. wonkimi sp. nov., based on one morphological difference in the colour and thickness of the uropodal spiniform seta, as well as previously published molecular data. The Caribbean, Brazilian and West African material is considered to represent a single, widespread, morphologically variable, amphi-Atlantic taxon, A. malleator. Alpheus pugilator A. Milne-Edwards, 1878 is retained as ajunior synonym of A. malleator, whereas A. tuberculosus Osorio, 1892, A. malleator var. edentatus Zimmer, 1913 and A. belli Coutière, 1898, the latter two based on juvenile specimens, are tentatively placed in the synonymy of A. malleator. Illustrations, including colour photographs, are provided for A. wonkimi sp. nov. and A. malleator and their morphological variability is discussed and illustrated.

Anisotropy of the cosmic blackbody radiation.

PubMed

Wilkinson, D T

1986-06-20

The universe is filled with thermal radiation having a current temperature of 2.75 K. Originating in the very early universe, this radiation furnishes strong evidence that the Big Bang cosmology best describes our expanding universe from an incredibly hot, compacted early stage until now. The model can be used to extrapolate our physics backward in time to predict events whose effects might be observable in the 2.75 K radiation today. The spectrum and isotropy are being studied with sophisticated microwave radiometers on the ground, in balloons, and in satellites. The results are as predicted by the simple theory: the spectrum is that of a blackbody (to a few percent) and the radiation is isotropic (to 0.01 percent) except for a local effect due to our motion through the radiation. However, a problem is emerging. Primordial fluctuations in the mass density, which later became the great clusters of galaxies that we see today, should have left an imprint on the 2.75 K radiation-bumpiness on the sky at angular scales of about 10 arc minutes. They have not yet been seen.

Reducing Agent-Assisted Excessive Galvanic Replacement Mediated Seed-Mediated Synthesis of Porous Gold Nanoplates and Highly Efficient Gene-Thermo Cancer Therapy.

PubMed

Kang, Seounghun; Kang, Kyunglee; Huh, Hyun; Kim, Hyungjun; Chang, Sung-Jin; Park, Tae Jung; Chang, Ki Soo; Min, Dal-Hee; Jang, Hongje

2017-10-11

Porous Au nanoplates (pAuNPs) were manufactured by a reducing agent-assisted galvanic replacement reaction on Ag nanoplates using a seed-mediated synthetic approach. Two core additives, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and l-ascorbic acid, prevented fragmentation and proceeded secondary growth. By controlling the concentration of the additives and the amount of replacing ion AuCl 4 - , various nanostructures including nanoplates with holes, nanoframes, porous nanoplates, and bumpy nanoparticles with unity and homogeneity were synthesized. The present synthetic method is advantageous, because it can be used to manufacture pAuNPs with ease, robustness, and convenience. The prepared pAuNPs exhibited a highly efficient photothermal conversion effect and cargo loading capacity on exposed surfaces by Au-thiol linkage. By using dual cargo mixed loading of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) targeting gene drug DNAzyme and cell-penetrating peptide TAT onto the surface of the pAuNPs and photothermal conversion-mediated hyperthermic treatment, successful gene-thermo therapy against HCV genomic human hepatocarcinoma cells were demonstrated.

A model for particle confinement in a toroidal plasma subject to strong radial electric fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Roth, J. R.

1977-01-01

The approach adopted in the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus experiment is to confine and heat a toroidal plasma by the simultaneous application of strong dc magnetic fields and electric fields. Strong radial electric fields (about 1 kV/cm) are imposed by biasing the plasma with up to 12 negative electrode rings which surround its minor circumference. The plasma containment is consistent with a balance of two processes: a radial infusion of ions in those sectors not containing electrode rings, resulting from the radially inward electric fields; and ion losses to the electrode rings, each of which acts as a sink and draws ions out the plasma in the manner of a Langmuir probe in the ion saturation regime. The highest density on axis which has been observed so far in this steady-state plasma is 6.2 trillion particles per cu cm, for which the particle containment time is 2.5 msec. The deuterium ion kinetic temperature for these conditions was in the range of 360 to 520 eV.

Numerical study of dam-break induced tsunami-like bore with a hump of different slopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Du; Zhao, Xi-zeng; Zhang, Da-ke; Chen, Yong

2017-12-01

Numerical simulation of dam-break wave, as an imitation of tsunami hydraulic bore, with a hump of different slopes is performed in this paper using an in-house code, named a Constrained Interpolation Profile (CIP)-based model. The model is built on a Cartesian grid system with the Navier Stokes equations using a CIP method for the flow solver, and employs an immersed boundary method (IBM) for the treatment of solid body boundary. A more accurate interface capturing scheme, the Tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing/Slope weighting (THINC/SW) scheme, is adopted as the interface capturing method. Then, the CIP-based model is applied to simulate the dam break flow problem in a bumpy channel. Considerable attention is paid to the spilling type reflected bore, the following spilling type wave breaking, free surface profiles and water level variations over time. Computations are compared with available experimental data and other numerical results quantitatively and qualitatively. Further investigation is conducted to analyze the influence of variable slopes on the flow features of the tsunami-like bore.

Construction of 3D Metallic Nanowire Arrays on Arbitrarily-Shaped Substrate.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Fei; Li, Jingning; Yu, Fangfang; Peng, Ru-Wen; Wang, Mu; Mu Wang Team

Formation of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures is an important step of advanced manufacture for new concept devices with novel functionality. Despite of great achievements in fabricating nanostructures with state of the art lithography approaches, these nanostructures are normally limited on flat substrates. Up to now it remains challenging to build metallic nanostructures directly on a rough and bumpy surface. Here we demonstrate a unique approach to fabricate metallic nanowire arrays on an arbitrarily-shaped surface by electrodeposition, which is unknown before 2016. Counterintuitively here the growth direction of the nanowires is perpendicular to their longitudinal axis, and the specific geometry of nanowires can be achieved by introducing specially designed shaped substrate. The spatial separation and the width of the nanowires can be tuned by voltage, electrolyte concentration and temperature in electrodeposition. By taking cobalt nanowire array as an example, we demonstrate that head-to-head and tail-to-tail magnetic domain walls can be easily introduced and modulated in the nanowire arrays, which is enlightening to construct new devices such as domain wall racetrack memory. We acknowledge the foundation from MOST and NSF(China).

Anisotropy of the cosmic blackbody radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilkinson, D. T.

1986-01-01

The universe is filled with thermal radiation having a current temperature of 2.75 K. Originating in the very early universe, this radiation furnishes strong evidence that the Big Bang cosmology best describes our expanding universe from an incredibly hot, compacted early stage until now. The model can be used to extrapolate our physics backward in time to predict events whose effects might be observable in the 2.75 K radiation today. The spectrum and isotropy are being studied with sophisticated microwave radiometers on the ground, in balloons, and in satellites. The results are as predicted by the simple theory: the spectrum is that of a blackbody (to a few percent) and the radiation is isotropic (to 0.01 percent) except for a local effect due to our motion through the radiation. However, a problem is emerging. Primordial fluctuations in the mass density, which later became the great clusters of galaxies that we see today, should have left an imprint on the 2.75 K radiation - bumpiness on the sky at angular scales of about 10 arc minutes. They have not been seen.

Periodic Trajectories in Aeolian Sand Transport

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valance, A.; Jenkins, J. T.

2014-12-01

Saltation is the primary mode of aeolian sand transport and refers to the hoping motion of grains over the bed [1]. We develop a simple model for steady, uniform transport in aeolian saltation over a horizontal bed that is based on the computation of periodic particle trajectories in a turbulent shearing flow [2]. The wind and the particles interact through drag, and the particles collide with the bed. We consider collisions with a rigid, bumpy bed, from which the particles rebound, and an erodible particle bed, for which a collision involves both rebound and particle ejection. The difference in the nature of the collisions results in qualitative differences in the nature of the solutions for the periodic trajectories and, in particular, to differences in the dependence of the particle flow rate on the strength of the turbulent shearing. We also discuss the pertinence of this model to describe bedload transport in water. References:[1] R. A. Bagnold, « The physics of blown sand and desert dunes » , Methuen, New York (1941).[2] J.T Jenkins and A. Valance. Periodic trajectories in Aeolian saltation transport. Physics of Fluids, 2014, 26, pp. 073301

Characterizing Microbial Diversity and Function in Natural Subsurface CO2 Reservoir Systems for Applied Use in Geologic Carbon Sequestration Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freedman, A.; Thompson, J. R.

2013-12-01

The injection of CO2 into geological formations at quantities necessary to significantly reduce CO2 emissions will represent an environmental perturbation on a continental scale. The extent to which biological processes may play a role in the fate and transport of CO2 injected into geological formations has remained an open question due to the fact that at temperatures and pressures associated with reservoirs targeted for sequestration CO2 exists as a supercritical fluid (scCO2), which has generally been regarded as a sterilizing agent. Natural subsurface accumulations of CO2 serve as an excellent analogue for studying the long-term effects, implications and benefits of CO2 capture and storage (CCS). While several geologic formations bearing significant volumes of nearly pure scCO2 phases have been identified in the western United States, no study has attempted to characterize the microbial community present in these systems. Because the CO2 in the region is thought to have first accumulated millions of years ago, it is reasonable to assume that native microbial populations have undergone extensive and unique physiological and behavioral adaptations to adjust to the exceedingly high scCO2 content. Our study focuses on the microbial communities associated with the dolomite limestone McElmo Dome scCO2 Field in the Colorado Plateau region, approximately 1,000 m below the surface. Fluid samples were collected from 10 wells at an industrial CO2 production facility outside Cortez, CO. Subsamples preserved on site in 3.7% formaldehyde were treated in the lab with Syto 9 green-fluorescent nucleic acid stain, revealing 3.2E6 to 1.4E8 microbial cells per liter of produced fluid and 8.0E9 cells per liter of local pond water used in well drilling fluids. Extracted DNAs from sterivex 0.22 um filters containing 20 L of sample biomass were used as templates for PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. 16S rRNA amplicons from these samples were cloned, sequenced and subjected to microbial community analysis to test the hypothesis that a low but non-zero diversity that includes taxa from other subsurface environments will be present, reflecting the extreme ecological selective pressures of scCO2. A wide range of phylogenies have been identified, including genera that fall within the Proteobacteria, Bacilli, and Clostridial classes. Several species identified by 16S BLAST best hits are also known to inhabit deep subsurface environments, preliminarily confirming that a non-zero diversity has been able to survive, and possibly thrive, in the extreme scCO2-exposed deep subsurface environment at McElmo Dome. It thus appears that at least a subsection of native subsurface community biota may withstand the severe stresses associated with the injection of scCO2 for long-term geologic carbon sequestration efforts.

KSC-2011-5097

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-07

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. -- At Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA is hosting a Tweetup for 150 Twitter followers of space shuttle Atlantis' STS-135 mission to the International Space Station, selected from more than 5,500 online registrants. A Tweetup is an informal meeting of people who use the social messaging medium Twitter. Here, Sesame Street's Elmo listens to NASA astronaut Mike Massimino (out of frame), as he learns about space exploration at NASA. Atlantis and its crew of four; Commander Chris Ferguson, Pilot Doug Hurley, Mission Specialists Sandy Magnus and Rex Walheim, are scheduled to lift off at 11:26 a.m. EDT on July 8 to deliver the Raffaello multi-purpose logistics module packed with supplies and spare parts to the station. Atlantis also will fly the Robotic Refueling Mission experiment that will investigate the potential for robotically refueling existing satellites in orbit. In addition, Atlantis will return with a failed ammonia pump module to help NASA better understand the failure mechanism and improve pump designs for future systems. STS-135 will be the 33rd flight of Atlantis, the 37th shuttle mission to the space station, and the 135th and final mission of NASA's Space Shuttle Program. For more information visit, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Troy Cryder

'Diamond Jenness': Before the Grind

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This microscopic imager mosaic of the rock called 'Diamond Jenness' was snapped on sol 177 before NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity ground into the surface with its rock abrasion tool, or 'Rat.'

Opportunity has bored nearly a dozen holes into the inner walls of 'Endurance Crater.' On sols 177 and 178 (July 23 and July 24, 2004), the rover worked double-duty on Diamond Jenness. Surface debris and the bumpy shape of the rock resulted in a shallow and irregular hole, only about 2 millimeters (0.08 inch) deep. The final depth was not enough to remove all the bumps and leave a neat hole with a smooth floor. This extremely shallow depression was then examined by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer. On Sol 178, Opportunity's 'robotic rodent' dined on Diamond Jenness once again, grinding almost an additional 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch). The rover then applied its Moessbauer spectrometer to the deepened hole. This double dose of Diamond Jenness enabled the science team to examine the rock at varying layers. Results from those grindings are currently being analyzed.

The image mosaic is about 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) across.

'Diamond' in 3-D

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This 3-D, microscopic imager mosaic of a target area on a rock called 'Diamond Jenness' was taken after NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity ground into the surface with its rock abrasion tool for a second time.

Opportunity has bored nearly a dozen holes into the inner walls of 'Endurance Crater.' On sols 177 and 178 (July 23 and July 24, 2004), the rover worked double-duty on Diamond Jenness. Surface debris and the bumpy shape of the rock resulted in a shallow and irregular hole, only about 2 millimeters (0.08 inch) deep. The final depth was not enough to remove all the bumps and leave a neat hole with a smooth floor. This extremely shallow depression was then examined by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer.

On Sol 178, Opportunity's 'robotic rodent' dined on Diamond Jenness once again, grinding almost an additional 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch). The rover then applied its Moessbauer spectrometer to the deepened hole. This double dose of Diamond Jenness enabled the science team to examine the rock at varying layers. Results from those grindings are currently being analyzed.

The image mosaic is about 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) across.

'Diamond Jenness': A Tough Grind

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This microscopic imager mosaic of the target area called 'Diamond Jenness' was taken after NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity ground into the surface with its rock abrasion tool for a second time.

Opportunity has bored nearly a dozen holes into the inner walls of 'Endurance Crater.' On sols 177 and 178 (July 23 and July 24, 2004), the rover worked double-duty on Diamond Jenness. Surface debris and the bumpy shape of the rock resulted in a shallow and irregular hole, only about 2 millimeters (0.08 inch) deep. The final depth was not enough to remove all the bumps and leave a neat hole with a smooth floor. This extremely shallow depression was then examined by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer.

On Sol 178, Opportunity's 'robotic rodent' dined on Diamond Jenness once again, grinding almost an additional 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch). The rover then applied its Moessbauer spectrometer to the deepened hole. This double dose of Diamond Jenness enabled the science team to examine the rock at varying layers. Results from those grindings are currently being analyzed.

The image mosaic is about 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) across.

Investigation of the effect of impeller speed on granules formed using a PMA-1 high shear granulator.

PubMed

Logan, R; Briens, L

2012-11-01

Impeller speed was varied from 300 to 1500 rpm during the wet high shear granulation of a placebo formulation using a new vertical shaft PharmaMATRIX-1 granulator. The resulting granules were extensively analysed for differences caused by the varying impeller speed with emphasis on flowability. Microscopy showed that initial granules were formed primarily from microcrystalline cellulose at all tested impeller speeds. At low impeller speed of 300 rpm in the "bumpy" flow regime, forces from the impeller were insufficient to incorporate all the components of the formulation into the granules and to promote granule growth to a size that significantly improved flowability. The "roping" flow regime at higher impeller speeds promoted granule growth to a median particle size of at least 100 µm that improved the flowability of the mixture. Particle size distribution measurements and advanced indicators based on avalanching behavior, however, showed that an impeller speed of 700 rpm produced the largest fraction of optimal granules with the best flowability potential. This impeller speed allowed good development of "roping" flow for sufficient mixing, collision rates and kinetic energy for collisions while minimizing excessive centrifugal forces that promote buildup around the bowl perimeter.

DIRECT IMAGING OF FINE STRUCTURES IN GIANT PLANET-FORMING REGIONS OF THE PROTOPLANETARY DISK AROUND AB AURIGAE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hashimoto, J.; Tamura, M.; Fukue, T.

We report high-resolution 1.6 {mu}m polarized intensity (PI) images of the circumstellar disk around the Herbig Ae star AB Aur at a radial distance of 22 AU (0.''15) up to 554 AU (3.''85), which have been obtained by the high-contrast instrument HiCIAO with the dual-beam polarimetry. We revealed complicated and asymmetrical structures in the inner part ({approx}<140 AU) of the disk while confirming the previously reported outer (r {approx}> 200 AU) spiral structure. We have imaged a double ring structure at {approx}40 and {approx}100 AU and a ring-like gap between the two. We found a significant discrepancy of inclination anglesmore » between two rings, which may indicate that the disk of AB Aur is warped. Furthermore, we found seven dips (the typical size is {approx}45 AU or less) within two rings, as well as three prominent PI peaks at {approx}40 AU. The observed structures, including a bumpy double ring, a ring-like gap, and a warped disk in the innermost regions, provide essential information for understanding the formation mechanism of recently detected wide-orbit (r > 20 AU) planets.« less

Low-frequency fluctuation spectra and associated particle transport in the NASA Lewis bumpy-torus plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Singh, C. M.; Krawczonek, W. M.; Roth, J. R.; Hong, J. Y.; Kim, Y. C.; Powers, E. J.

1978-01-01

The strong radial electric field associated with the Penning discharge and the strong toroidal magnetic field give rise to a diversity of E/B phenomena, such as rotating waves and spokes, which in turn manifest themselves as space-time fluctuations of the plasma density and potential. Work is done to further understand the nature and origin of the fluctuations and their connection with fluctuation-induced transport. The approach is to monitor the density and potential fluctuations; to digitize the data; and to generate, with the aid of a computer, various spectral properties by means of the fast fourier transform. Of particular interest is the computer-generated transport spectrum that indicates in a quantitative way which fluctuation spectral components contribute to transport and which do not. All experimental measurements of the spectral characteristics of the plasma are given in absolute units rather than as relative values. Preliminary measurements of the transport spectrum of the ion population are given, and it is shown that the fluctuation-induced transport is in order-of-magnitude agreement with that inferred from the steady state current flowing to the electrodes that generate the plasma.

Flight test of MMW radar for brown-out helicopter landing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Christopher A.; Kolinko, Vladimir; Otto, Gregory P.; Lovberg, John A.

2012-06-01

Trex Enterprises and US Army RDECOM CERDEC Night Vision Electronic Sensors Directorate developed and tested helicopter radar to aid in brown-out landing situations. A brown-out occurs when sand and dust kicked up by the helicopter rotors impair the pilot's vision. Millimeter-wave (MMW) radiation penetrates sand and dust with little loss or scattering, and radar at this frequency can provide a pilot with an image of the intended landing zone. The Brown-out Situational Awareness System (BSAS) is a frequency-modulated, continuous-wave radar that measures range to the ground across a conical field-of-view and uses that range information to create an image for the pilot. The BSAS collected imagery from a helicopter in a blowing sand environment with obstacles including ditches, hills, posts, poles, wires, buildings and vehicles. The BSAS proved the capability to form images of the ground through heavy blowing sand and resolve images of some obstacles. The BSAS also attempted to differentiate flat ground from bumpy ground with limited success at some viewing angles. The BSAS test imagery includes some artifacts formed by high radar cross-section targets in the field-of-view or sidelobes. The paper discusses future improvements that could limit these artifacts.

Three Types of Earth's Inner Core Boundary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tian, D.; Wen, L.

2017-12-01

The Earth's inner core boundary (ICB) is the site where the liquid outer core solidifies and the solid inner core grows. Thus, the fine-scale structure of the ICB is important for our understanding of the thermo-compositional state of the Earth's core. In this study, we collect a large set of seismic records with high-quality pre-critical PKiKP and PcP phase pairs, recorded by two dense seismic arrays, Hi-net in Japan and USArray in US. This dataset samples the ICB regions beneath East Asia, Mexico and the Bering Sea. We use differential travel times, amplitude ratios and waveform differences between PKiKP and PcP phases to constrain fine-scale structure of the ICB. The sampled ICB can be grouped into three types based on their seismic characteristics: (1) a simple ICB with a flat and sharp boundary, (2) a bumpy ICB with topographic height changes of 10 km, and (3) a localized mushy ICB with laterally varying thicknesses of 4-8 km. The laterally varying fine-scale structure of the ICB indicates existence of complex small-scale forces at the surface and a laterally varying solidification process of the inner core due to lateral variation of thermo-compositional condition near the ICB.

3D numerical modeling of hyporheic exchange processes in fractal riverbed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, A.; Aubeneau, A.

2017-12-01

The subsurface region receiving stream water is known as the hyporheic zone and the flow of water in and out of this zone is called hyporheic exchange. The hyporheic zone is populated by biofilms and is a hotspot for nutrient uptake and contaminant transformation. Traditionally, pumping models predicting the head distribution over the riverbed boundary are used to obtain the velocity field in the subsurface. However, past research has largely overlooked the nonlinearity of the turbulent flow above the bumpy riverbed. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of spatial and temporal heterogeneity created by turbulent flow on hyporheic exchange and residence time distribution in fractal channel beds. The 3-D fractal riverbed is created from the power spectrum. Large-Eddy Simulation is used to provide the pressure field over the benthic boundary. Finally, Darcian fluxes in the sub-surface are calculated and hyporheic travel times computed using random walks. Surface and subsurface transport processes are represented explicitly and can be studied in detail. Our results suggest that (1) Eddies and wakes around the dunes force the exchange (2) The bigger the dunes, the greater the influence of turbulence (3) Turbulence induces more exchange than pumping predicts.

'Diamond Jenness': Before the Grind

NASA Image and Video Library

2004-08-03

This microscopic imager mosaic of the rock called "Diamond Jenness" was snapped on sol 177 before NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity ground into the surface with its rock abrasion tool, or "Rat." Opportunity has bored nearly a dozen holes into the inner walls of "Endurance Crater." On sols 177 and 178 (July 23 and July 24, 2004), the rover worked double-duty on Diamond Jenness. Surface debris and the bumpy shape of the rock resulted in a shallow and irregular hole, only about 2 millimeters (0.08 inch) deep. The final depth was not enough to remove all the bumps and leave a neat hole with a smooth floor. This extremely shallow depression was then examined by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer. On Sol 178, Opportunity's "robotic rodent" dined on Diamond Jenness once again, grinding almost an additional 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch). The rover then applied its Moessbauer spectrometer to the deepened hole. This double dose of Diamond Jenness enabled the science team to examine the rock at varying layers. Results from those grindings are currently being analyzed. The image mosaic is about 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) across. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06748

The real code of leonardo da vinci.

PubMed

Ose, Leiv

2008-02-01

Leonardo da Vinci was born in Italy. Among the researchers and scientists, he is favourably known for his remarkable efforts in scientific work. His investigations of atherosclerosis judiciously combine three separate fields of research. In 1506, he finished his masterpiece, painting of Mona Lisa. A careful clinical examination of the famous painting reveals a yellow irregular leather-like spot at the inner end of the left upper eyelid and a soft bumpy well-defined swelling of the dorsum of the right hand beneath the index finger about 3 cm long. This is probably the first case of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The FH code of Leonardo da Vinci was given immense consideration by scientists like Carl Muller, who described the xanthomas tuberosum and angina pectoris. On the contrary, Akira Endo searched for microbial metabolites that would inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol and finally, Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein published a remarkable series of elegant and insightful papers in the 70s and 80s. They established that the cellular uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) essentially requires the LDL receptor. this was the real Code of Leonardo da Vinci.

Biological Soil Crusts: Webs of Life in the Desert

USGS Publications Warehouse

Belnap, Jayne

2001-01-01

Although the soil surface may look like dirt to you, it is full of living organisms that are a vital part of desert ecosystems. This veneer of life is called a biological soil crust. These crusts are found throughout the world, from hot deserts to polar regions. Crusts generally cover all soil spaces not occupied by green plants. In many areas, they comprise over 70% of the living ground cover and are key in reducing erosion, increasing water retention, and increasing soil fertility. In most dry regions, these crusts are dominated by cyanobacteria (previously called blue-green algae), which are one of the oldest known life forms. Communities of soil crusts also include lichens, mosses, microfungi, bacteria, and green algae. These living organisms and their by-products create a continuous crust on the soil surface. The general color, surface appearance, and amount of coverage of these crusts vary depending on climate and disturbance patterns. Immature crusts are generally flat and the color of the soil, which makes them difficult to distinguish from bare ground. Mature crusts, in contrast, are usually bumpy and dark-colored due to the presence of lichens, mosses, and high densities of cyanobacteria and other organisms.

The Real Code of Leonardo da Vinci

PubMed Central

Ose, Leiv

2008-01-01

Leonardo da Vinci was born in Italy. Among the researchers and scientists, he is favourably known for his remarkable efforts in scientific work. His investigations of atherosclerosis judiciously combine three separate fields of research. In 1506, he finished his masterpiece, painting of Mona Lisa. A careful clinical examination of the famous painting reveals a yellow irregular leather-like spot at the inner end of the left upper eyelid and a soft bumpy well-defined swelling of the dorsum of the right hand beneath the index finger about 3 cm long. This is probably the first case of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The FH code of Leonardo da Vinci was given immense consideration by scientists like Carl Muller, who described the xanthomas tuberosum and angina pectoris. On the contrary, Akira Endo searched for microbial metabolites that would inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol and finally, Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein published a remarkable series of elegant and insightful papers in the 70s and 80s. They established that the cellular uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) essentially requires the LDL receptor. In conclusion: this was the real Code of Leonardo da Vinci. PMID:19924278

Possible sources of archaeological maize found in Chaco Canyon and Aztec Ruin, New Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Benson, L.V.; Stein, J.R.; Taylor, Howard E.

2009-01-01

Maize played a major role in Chaco's interaction with outlying communities in the southern Colorado Plateau. This paper seeks to determine where archaeological corn cobs brought to Chaco Canyon were grown. Strontium-isotope and trace-metal ratios of 180 soil-water and 18 surface-water sites in the Southern Colorado Plateau have revealed possible source areas for some of 37 archaeological corn cobs from Chaco Canyon and 10 archaeological corn cobs from Aztec Ruin, New Mexico. The most probable source areas for cobs that predate the middle-12th-century drought include several Upper Rio Chaco sites (not including Chaco Canyon). There are many potential source areas for cobs that date to the late A.D. 1100s and early 1200s, all of which lie in the eastern part of the study area. Some Athapascan-age cobs have potential source areas in the Totah, Lobo Mesa, and Dinetah regions. One Gallo Cliff Dwelling cob has a strontium-isotope ratio that exceeds all measured soil-water values. Field sites for this cob may exist in association with Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks found 80-90 km from Chaco Canyon. Potential source areas for most Aztec Ruin cobs (many of which were found in rooms dating to the first half of the 13th-century) appear to be associated with a loess deposit that blankets the Mesa Verde and McElmo Dome regions.

New archaeorthopteran insects from the Late Carboniferous of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais basins in northern France (Insecta: Cnemidolestodea, Panorthoptera).

PubMed

Coty, David; Háva, Jiří; Prokop, Jakub; Roques, Patrick; Nel, André

2014-10-29

New polyneopteran insects are described from Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian, Moscovian) compressed fossils from the North of France (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Discovery of wing apex with distinct venation, e.g., apical fusion of RA with RP, numerous parallel posterior branches of RP with transversal crossveins, can be assigned to cf. Tococladus sp. (Cnemidolestodea: Tococladidae). It represents the second record of Cnemidolestodea from the Avion locality apart from Aviocladus pectinatus Prokop et al., 2014. Bruaylogus magnificus gen. et sp. nov., based on forewing venation, is attributed to Panorthoptera nec Orthoptera having some distinct characters for the placement either close to Oedischiidae or a more basal position possibly with affinities to genus Heterologus. Aviologus duquesnei gen. et sp. nov., based on forewing venation, differs from Oedischiidae by the presence of basal fork of M far from point of separation between M and Cu and fusion of MA with first posterior branch of RP. Aviologus share a long stem of M and simple CuPaβ with Heterologus duyiwuer and H. langfordorum, but both differ in well separated median and radial veins. These new fossils demonstrate that the archaeorthopterid insect fauna from the North of France was rather diverse with links to late Carboniferous and early Permian assemblages in Euramerica such as the Mazon Creek, Carbondale Formation or Elmo, Wellington Formation (Illinois, Kansas, USA) entomofaunas.

The steady inhomogeneous rapid granular shear flow of nearly elastic spheres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chou, Chuen-Shii

2000-11-01

The steady inhomogeneous rapid granular shear flows of identical, smooth, nearly elastic spheres were considered, which interact with a flat wall to which identical, evenly spaced half-spheres have been attached. The boundary-value problem for the steady inhomogeneous shear flows, which are maintained by the relative motion of parallel bumpy boundaries, was solved by employing the constitutive relations of Jenkins and Richman (Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 87 (1985) 355) and the boundary conditions of Richman (Acta. Mech. 75 (1988) 227) in the balance equations for mean fields of mass density of flow, velocity, and the granular temperature. How the resulting profiles of velocity, solid fraction, and granular temperature were affected by changes in the geometrical configuration of the boundary and the coefficient of restitution was demonstrated. Additionally, predicting how the slip velocity would vary with the geometrical configuration of the boundary, the coefficient of restitution, the flow depth and the average solid fraction within the flow was under taken. Special emphasis was placed on the manner in which the shear and normal stresses vary with boundary characteristics and the coefficient of restitution, primarily because the stresses are the quantities most easily measured by the experimentalist. Variations in slip velocity were observed to be partially responsible for the corresponding variations in the stresses.

Geological and petrologic evolution of seamounts near the EPR based on submersible and camera study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Batiza, Rodey; Smith, Terri L.; Niu, Yaoling

1989-09-01

Observations from 17 ALVIN dives and 14 ANGUS runs plus laboratory study of basalt samples collected with ALVIN help to constrain the morphologic, volcanic and petrologic evolution of four seamounts near the East Pacific Rise (EPR). Comparison among the four volcanoes provides evidence for a general pattern of near-EPR seamount evolution and shows the importance of sedimentation, mass wasting, hydrothermal activity and other geologic processes that occur on submerged oceanic volcanoes. Seamount 5, closest to the EPR (1.0 Ma) is the youngest seamount and may still be active. Its summit is covered by fresh lavas, recent faults and hydrothermal deposits. Seamount D is on crust 1.55 Ma and is inactive; like seamount 5, it has a breached caldera and is composed exclusively of N-MORB. Seamounts 5 and D represent the last stages of growth of typical N-MORB-only seamounts near the EPR axis. Seamounts 6 and 7 have bumpy, flattish summits composed of transitional and alkalic lavas. These lavas probably represent caldera fillings and caps overlying an edifice composed of N-MORB. Evolution from N-MORB-only cratered edifices to the alkalic stage does not occur on all near-EPR seamounts and may be favored by location on structures with relative-motion-parallel orientation.

Introducing Exotopography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McTier, Moiya; Kipping, David

2018-01-01

Mountain ranges, volcanoes, trenches, and craters are common on rocky bodies throughout the Solar System, and we might we expect the same for rocky exoplanets. With ever larger telescopes under design and a growing need to not just detect planets but also to characterize them, it is timely to consider whether there is any prospect of remotely detecting exoplanet topography in the coming decades. To test this, we devised a novel yet simple approach to detect and quantify topographical features on the surfaces of exoplanets using transit light curves. If a planet rotates as it transits its parent star, its changing silhouette yields a time-varying transit depth, which can be observed as an apparent and anomalous increase in the photometric scatter. Using elevation data for several rocky bodies in our solar system, we quantify each world's surface integrated relief with a "bumpiness'' factor, and calculate the corresponding photometric scatter expected during a transit. Here we consider the ideal case of Mars transiting a nearby white dwarf star. If such systems have a pessimistic occurrence rate of 10%, we estimate that the upcoming Colossus or OWL telescopes would be able to detect topography with fewer than 20 hours of observing time, which corresponds to several years of wall time given the very short (but frequent) transits expected.

Modeling of Soil Water Availability for Agricultural Planning at Pelaga Village, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suyarto, R.; Sunarta, I. N.; Wiyanti; Padmayani, N. K. H.

2017-12-01

Pelaga Village is located in Badung regency which has the advantage in agriculture with the cultivation of coffee plants, oranges, carrots, cabbage, and chili. The physical condition of Pelaga Village which has high rainfall, bumpy areas, and sandy-sandy ground texture causes air to air to be available for plants. Based on these questions then conducted a study to determine the comparison between the available water and water requirement for agriculture. Available water was difference field capacity and permanent wilting point method and crop water requirement was using Blaney-Criddle method. The results from this research was deficit between available air and crop water requirements. Available water was 12,12% and crop water requirement in initial stage, dev. Stage, mid-season stage, and late season stage respectively, coffee 11.28%, 24.19%, 35.49%, 29.04%; cabbage 19.58%, 19.58%, 33.10%, 27.74%: carrot 14.82%, 28.61%, 28.61%, 27.95%: Orange 14.82%, 28.61%, 28.61%, 27.23%; chili, 17.37%,17.37%, 34.80%, 30.46%. Soil management that must be done is by short-term land management by sprinkling long-term soil management by means of organic material valuation, irrigation making, and terracing making.

Assessment of historical surface-water quality data in southwestern Colorado, 1990-2005

USGS Publications Warehouse

Miller, Lisa D.; Schaffrath, Keelin R.; Linard, Joshua I.

2013-01-01

The spatial and temporal distribution of selected physical and chemical surface-water-quality characteristics were analyzed at stream sites throughout the Dolores and San Juan River Basins in southwestern Colorado using historical data collected from 1990 through 2005 by various local, State, Tribal, and Federal agencies. Overall, streams throughout the study area were well oxygenated. Values of pH generally were near neutral to slightly alkaline throughout most of the study area with the exception of the upper Animas River Basin near Silverton where acidic conditions existed at some sites because of hydrothermal alteration and(or) historical mining. The highest concentrations of dissolved aluminum, total recoverable iron, dissolved lead, and dissolved zinc were measured at sites located in the upper Animas River Basin. Thirty-two sites throughout the study area had at least one measured concentration of total mercury that exceeded the State chronic aquatic-life criterion of 0.01 μg/L. Concentrations of dissolved selenium at some sites exceeded the State chronic water-quality standard of 4.6 μg/L. Total ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and total phosphorus concentrations generally were low throughout the study area. Overall, results from the trend analyses indicated improvement in water-quality conditions as a result of operation of the Paradox Valley Unit in the Dolores River Basin and irrigation and water-delivery system improvements made in the McElmo Creek Basin (Lower San Juan River Basin) and Mancos River Valley (Upper San Juan River Basin).

Association Testing of Previously Reported Variants in a Large Case-Control Meta-analysis of Diabetic Nephropathy

PubMed Central

Williams, Winfred W.; Salem, Rany M.; McKnight, Amy Jayne; Sandholm, Niina; Forsblom, Carol; Taylor, Andrew; Guiducci, Candace; McAteer, Jarred B.; McKay, Gareth J.; Isakova, Tamara; Brennan, Eoin P.; Sadlier, Denise M.; Palmer, Cameron; Söderlund, Jenny; Fagerholm, Emma; Harjutsalo, Valma; Lithovius, Raija; Gordin, Daniel; Hietala, Kustaa; Kytö, Janne; Parkkonen, Maija; Rosengård-Bärlund, Milla; Thorn, Lena; Syreeni, Anna; Tolonen, Nina; Saraheimo, Markku; Wadén, Johan; Pitkäniemi, Janne; Sarti, Cinzia; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Tryggvason, Karl; Österholm, Anne-May; He, Bing; Bain, Steve; Martin, Finian; Godson, Catherine; Hirschhorn, Joel N.; Maxwell, Alexander P.; Groop, Per-Henrik; Florez, Jose C.

2012-01-01

We formed the GEnetics of Nephropathy–an International Effort (GENIE) consortium to examine previously reported genetic associations with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in type 1 diabetes. GENIE consists of 6,366 similarly ascertained participants of European ancestry with type 1 diabetes, with and without DN, from the All Ireland-Warren 3-Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes U.K. and Republic of Ireland (U.K.-R.O.I.) collection and the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study (FinnDiane), combined with reanalyzed data from the Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes U.S. Study (U.S. GoKinD). We found little evidence for the association of the EPO promoter polymorphism, rs161740, with the combined phenotype of proliferative retinopathy and end-stage renal disease in U.K.-R.O.I. (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, P = 0.19) or FinnDiane (OR 1.06, P = 0.60). However, a fixed-effects meta-analysis that included the previously reported cohorts retained a genome-wide significant association with that phenotype (OR 1.31, P = 2 × 10−9). An expanded investigation of the ELMO1 locus and genetic regions reported to be associated with DN in the U.S. GoKinD yielded only nominal statistical significance for these loci. Finally, top candidates identified in a recent meta-analysis failed to reach genome-wide significance. In conclusion, we were unable to replicate most of the previously reported genetic associations for DN, and significance for the EPO promoter association was attenuated. PMID:22721967

Genetic Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes in Mexican Mestizos.

PubMed

García-Chapa, Eiralí Guadalupe; Leal-Ugarte, Evelia; Peralta-Leal, Valeria; Durán-González, Jorge; Meza-Espinoza, Juan Pablo

2017-01-01

There are currently about 415 million people with diabetes worldwide, a figure likely to increase to 642 million by 2040. In 2015, Mexico was the second Latin American country and sixth in the world in prevalence of this disorder with nearly 11.5 million of patients. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the main kind of diabetes and its etiology is complex with environmental and genetic factors involved. Indeed, polymorphisms in several genes have been associated with this disease worldwide. To estimate the genetic epidemiology of T2D in Mexican mestizos a systematic bibliographic search of published articles through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was conducted. Just case-control studies of candidate genes about T2D in Mexican mestizo inhabitants were included. Nineteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were found. In total, 68 polymorphisms of 41 genes were assessed; 26 of them were associated with T2D risk, which were located in ABCA1, ADRB3, CAPN10, CDC123/CAMK1D, CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B, CRP, ELMO1, FTO, HHEX, IGF2BP2, IRS1, JAZF1, KCNQ1, LOC387761, LTA, NXPH1, SIRT1, SLC30A8, TCF7L2, and TNF-α genes. Overall, 21 of the 41 analyzed genes were associated with T2D in Mexican mestizos. Such a genetic heterogeneity compares with findings in other ethnic groups.

A modified culture-based study of bacterial community composition in a tannery wastewater treatment plant.

PubMed

Desta, Adey F; Dalhammer, Gunnel; Kittuva, Gunatrana R

2010-01-01

Though culture-independent methods have been used in preference to traditional isolation techniques for characterization of microbial community of wastewater treatment plants, it is difficult to widely apply this approach in resource-poor countries. The present study aimed to develop a test to identify the culturable portion of bacterial community in a high-strength wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from nitrification-denitrification and settling tanks of the treatment plant of Elmo Leather AB tannery located in Borås, Sweden. After cultivating on nutrient agar with the optimal dilution (10⁻²), phenotypic and biochemical identification of the bacteria were done with colony morphology, Gram reaction, growth on MacConkey, phenylethanol media, triple sugar Iron agar slants, catalase and oxidase tests. Biochemical grouping of the isolates was done based on their test results for MacConkey, phenylethanol media, triple sugar Iron agar and oxidase test reaction. From the biochemical groups, isolates were randomly selected for API test and 16SrRNA gene sequencing. The isolates from the denitrification, nitrification tank were identified to be Paracoccus denitrificans (67%), Azoarcus spp (3%) and Spingomonas wittichii (1%). From the settling tank, Paracoccus denitrificans (22%), Corynebacterium freneyi (20%) and Bacillus cereus (1%) were identified. The grouping based on biochemical test results as well as the identification based on sequencing has shown coherence except for discrepancies with the API test. The preliminary implications of the grouping based on culture-based characteristics and its potential application for resource-limited environmental microbial studies is discussed.

Noise pollution survey of a two-storey intersection station in Tehran metropolitan subway system.

PubMed

Ghotbi, Mohammad Reza; Monazzam, Mohammad Reza; Baneshi, Mohammad Reza; Asadi, Mohammad; Fard, Samaneh Momen Bellah

2012-01-01

According to the world population increase and demand on transportation in mega cities, modern and low-cost technologies are remarkably considered. Meanwhile, subway system, as a means to transfer a large population of people, is extremely welcomed due to its particular advantages including time and cost savings, traffic jam avoidance, and unaffected by weather. Nevertheless, despite the benefits of these technologies, such devices also have been associated with disadvantages for human. In many subway systems, noisy environments are clearly observed; therefore, workers and even the passengers are exposed to higher noise levels than permissible limit. In this research, noise measurements were performed at Imam Khomeini Station as the most crowded intersection subway station in Tehran. In this descriptive-sectional survey, the amount of noise pollution was investigated at both stories of Imam Khomeini Intersection Station. A variety of noise pollution indicators such as L(eq) 10 min were separately measured at each storey through five measurement points from 7 A.M. to 10 P.M. It was shown that the equivalent sound level range at Imam Khomeini station towards Elmo Sanat and Imam Khomeini towards Mirdamad were between 70.56-79.54 and 68.35-79.12 dB (A), respectively. It was indicated that except for the entrance stairs to the subway waiting platform and the first section of the platform on both stories, other measurement stations have the same equivalent sound levels.

Creating Magic Squares.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lyon, Betty Clayton

1990-01-01

One method of making magic squares using a prolongated square is illustrated. Discussed are third-order magic squares, fractional magic squares, fifth-order magic squares, decimal magic squares, and even magic squares. (CW)

Calculations of the electrostatic potential adjacent to model phospholipid bilayers.

PubMed

Peitzsch, R M; Eisenberg, M; Sharp, K A; McLaughlin, S

1995-03-01

We used the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate electrostatic potentials in the aqueous phase adjacent to model phospholipid bilayers containing mixtures of zwitterionic lipids (phosphatidylcholine) and acidic lipids (phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylglycerol). The aqueous phase (relative permittivity, epsilon r = 80) contains 0.1 M monovalent salt. When the bilayers contain < 11% acidic lipid, the -25 mV equipotential surfaces are discrete domes centered over the negatively charged lipids and are approximately twice the value calculated using Debye-Hückel theory. When the bilayers contain > 25% acidic lipid, the -25 mV equipotential profiles are essentially flat and agree well with the values calculated using Gouy-Chapman theory. When the bilayers contain 100% acidic lipid, all of the equipotential surfaces are flat and agree with Gouy-Chapman predictions (including the -100 mV surface, which is located only 1 A from the outermost atoms). Even our model bilayers are not simple systems: the charge on each lipid is distributed over several atoms, these partial charges are non-coplanar, there is a 2 A ion-exclusion region (epsilon r = 80) adjacent to the polar headgroups, and the molecular surface is rough. We investigated the effect of these four factors using smooth (or bumpy) epsilon r = 2 slabs with embedded point charges: these factors had only minor effects on the potential in the aqueous phase.

Calculations of the electrostatic potential adjacent to model phospholipid bilayers.

PubMed Central

Peitzsch, R M; Eisenberg, M; Sharp, K A; McLaughlin, S

1995-01-01

We used the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation to calculate electrostatic potentials in the aqueous phase adjacent to model phospholipid bilayers containing mixtures of zwitterionic lipids (phosphatidylcholine) and acidic lipids (phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylglycerol). The aqueous phase (relative permittivity, epsilon r = 80) contains 0.1 M monovalent salt. When the bilayers contain < 11% acidic lipid, the -25 mV equipotential surfaces are discrete domes centered over the negatively charged lipids and are approximately twice the value calculated using Debye-Hückel theory. When the bilayers contain > 25% acidic lipid, the -25 mV equipotential profiles are essentially flat and agree well with the values calculated using Gouy-Chapman theory. When the bilayers contain 100% acidic lipid, all of the equipotential surfaces are flat and agree with Gouy-Chapman predictions (including the -100 mV surface, which is located only 1 A from the outermost atoms). Even our model bilayers are not simple systems: the charge on each lipid is distributed over several atoms, these partial charges are non-coplanar, there is a 2 A ion-exclusion region (epsilon r = 80) adjacent to the polar headgroups, and the molecular surface is rough. We investigated the effect of these four factors using smooth (or bumpy) epsilon r = 2 slabs with embedded point charges: these factors had only minor effects on the potential in the aqueous phase. Images FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 PMID:7756540

The joint effect of mesoscale and microscale roughness on perceived gloss.

PubMed

Qi, Lin; Chantler, Mike J; Siebert, J Paul; Dong, Junyu

2015-10-01

Computer simulated stimuli can provide a flexible method for creating artificial scenes in the study of visual perception of material surface properties. Previous work based on this approach reported that the properties of surface roughness and glossiness are mutually interdependent and therefore, perception of one affects the perception of the other. In this case roughness was limited to a surface property termed bumpiness. This paper reports a study into how perceived gloss varies with two model parameters related to surface roughness in computer simulations: the mesoscale roughness parameter in a surface geometry model and the microscale roughness parameter in a surface reflectance model. We used a real-world environment map to provide complex illumination and a physically-based path tracer for rendering the stimuli. Eight observers took part in a 2AFC experiment, and the results were tested against conjoint measurement models. We found that although both of the above roughness parameters significantly affect perceived gloss, the additive model does not adequately describe their mutually interactive and nonlinear influence, which is at variance with previous findings. We investigated five image properties used to quantify specular highlights, and found that perceived gloss is well predicted using a linear model. Our findings provide computational support to the 'statistical appearance models' proposed recently for material perception. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oncology practice trends from the national practice benchmark.

PubMed

Barr, Thomas R; Towle, Elaine L

2012-09-01

In 2011, we made predictions on the basis of data from the National Practice Benchmark (NPB) reports from 2005 through 2010. With the new 2011 data in hand, we have revised last year's predictions and projected for the next 3 years. In addition, we make some new predictions that will be tracked in future benchmarking surveys. We also outline a conceptual framework for contemplating these data based on an ecological model of the oncology delivery system. The 2011 NPB data are consistent with last year's prediction of a decrease in the operating margins necessary to sustain a community oncology practice. With the new data in, we now predict these reductions to occur more slowly than previously forecast. We note an ease to the squeeze observed in last year's trend analysis, which will allow more time for practices to adapt their business models for survival and offer the best of these practices an opportunity to invest earnings into operations to prepare for the inevitable shift away from historic payment methodology for clinical service. This year, survey respondents reported changes in business structure, first measured in the 2010 data, indicating an increase in the percentage of respondents who believe that change is coming soon, but the majority still have confidence in the viability of their existing business structure. Although oncology practices are in for a bumpy ride, things are looking less dire this year for practices participating in our survey.

'Diamond Jenness': After the Grind

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

This microscopic imager mosaic taken by NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity shows the rock dubbed 'Diamond Jenness.' It was taken on sol 177 (July 23, 2004) after the rover first ground into the rock with its rock abrasion tool, or 'Rat.' The rover later ground into the rock a second time. A sliced spherule, or 'blueberry,' is visible in the upper left corner of the hole.

Opportunity has bored nearly a dozen holes into the inner walls of 'Endurance Crater.' On sols 177 and 178 (July 23 and July 24, 2004), the rover worked double-duty on Diamond Jenness. Surface debris and the bumpy shape of the rock resulted in a shallow and irregular hole, only about 2 millimeters (0.08 inch) deep. The final depth was not enough to remove all the bumps and leave a neat hole with a smooth floor. This extremely shallow depression was then examined by the rover's alpha particle X-ray spectrometer.

On Sol 178, Opportunity's 'robotic rodent' dined on Diamond Jenness once again, grinding almost an additional 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch). The rover then applied its Moessbauer spectrometer to the deepened hole. This double dose of Diamond Jenness enabled the science team to examine the rock at varying layers. Results from those grindings are currently being analyzed.

The image mosaic is about 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) across.

The road to embryologically based dose-response models.

PubMed Central

Kavlock, R J; Setzer, R W

1996-01-01

The goal of researchers working in the area of developmental toxicology is to prevent adverse reproductive outcomes (early pregnancy loss, birth defects, reduced birth weight, and altered functional development) in humans due to exposures to environmental contaminants, therapeutic drugs, and other factors. To best achieve that goal, it is important that relevant information be gathered and assimilated in the risk assessment process. One of the major challenges of improved risk assessment is to better use all pertinent biological and mechanistic information. This may be done qualitatively (e.g., demonstrating that the experimental model is not appropriate for extrapolation purposes); semiquantitatively (using information to reduce the degree of uncertainty present under default extrapolation procedures), or quantitatively (formally describing the relationships between exposure and adverse outcome in mathematical forms, including components that directly reflect individual steps in the overall progression of toxicity). In this paper we review the recent advances in the risk assessment process for developmental toxicants and hypothesize on future directions that may revolutionize our thinking in this area. The road to these changes sometimes appears to be a well-mapped course on a relatively smooth surface; at other times the path is bumpy and obscure, while at still other times it is only a wish in the eye of the engineer to cross an uncharted and rugged environment. Images Figure 11. A Figure 11. B PMID:8722115

Developmental and anatomical changes in leaves of yellow birch and red kidney bean exposed to simulated acid precipitation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paparozzi, E.T.; Tukey, H.B. Jr.

Leaves of Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (yellow birch) and Phaseolus vulgaris L cv. Red Kidney (bean) were examined microscopically during development and after exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.5, 4.3, 3.2, and 2.8. Yellow birch leaves attained maximal leaf area, midvein length, and cuticle thickness at 21 days. Trichomes were either long, unicellular, or multicellular with caplike head and stalk. Epicuticular wax was a bumpy and amorphous layer. The 2nd trifoliolate leaf of red kidney bean attained maximal leaf area, midvein length, and cuticle thickness when the 3rd trifoliolate leaf was expanding. Trichomes present were long, with a unicellular headmore » and a multicellular base; long, unicellular, and terminally hooked; and small and multicellular. Epicuticular wax was present as small irregular flakes. After 2 days of pH 2.8 and 4 days of pH 3.2 simulated acid rain, round yellow and small tan lesions appeared on birch and bean leaves, respectively. Most injury occurred on or between small veins. Most trichome types were uninjured. Lesions formed as a result of collapsed epidermal and highly plasmolyzed palisade cells. The cuticle was still present over injured epidermal cells and epicuticular waxes were unchanged. There was not statistical difference in mean cuticle thickness due to pH of simulated rain. 25 references, 10 figures, 4 tables.« less

A Multiple Ejecta-circumstellar Medium Interaction Model and Its Implications for Superluminous Supernovae iPTF15esb and iPTF13dcc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Liang-Duan; Wang, Ling-Jun; Wang, Shan-Qin; Dai, Zi-Gao

2018-03-01

In this paper, we investigate two hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe), iPTF15esb and iPTF13dcc, whose light curves (LCs) show significant deviation from the smooth rise and fall. The LC of iPTF15esb exhibits two peaks and a post-peak plateau, and furthermore the late-time spectrum of iPTF15esb shows a strong, broad Hα emission line. The early-time LC of iPTF13dcc shows a long-duration bump followed by the second peak. Here, we propose an ejecta-circumstellar medium interaction model involving multiple shells/winds and use it to explain the LCs of iPTF15esb and iPTF13dcc. We find that the theoretical LCs reproduced by this model can match observations of iPTF15esb and iPTF13dcc. Based on our results, we infer that the progenitors have undergone multiple violent mass-loss processes before the SN explosion. In addition, we find that the variation trend of our inferred densities of the shells is consistent with that predicted by the stellar mass-loss history before an SN explosion. Further investigations for other bumpy SLSNe/SNe would shed light on their nature and provide a probe for the mass-loss history of their progenitors.

Frictionless bead packs have macroscopic friction, but no dilatancy.

PubMed

Peyneau, Pierre-Emmanuel; Roux, Jean-Noël

2008-07-01

The statement of the title is shown by numerical simulation of homogeneously sheared assemblies of frictionless, nearly rigid beads in the quasistatic limit. Results coincide for steady flows at constant shear rate gamma[over ] in the limit of small gamma[over ] and static approaches, in which packings are equilibrated under growing deviator stresses. The internal friction angle phi , equal to 5.76 degrees +/-0.22 degrees in simple shear, is independent of average pressure P in the rigid limit and stems from the ability of stable frictionless contact networks to form stress-induced anisotropic fabrics. No enduring strain localization is observed. Dissipation at the macroscopic level results from repeated network rearrangements, similar to the effective friction of a frictionless slider on a bumpy surface. Solid fraction Phi remains equal to the random close packing value approximately 0.64 in slowly or statically sheared systems. Fluctuations of stresses and volume are observed to regress in the large system limit. Defining the inertial number as I=gamma radical m/(aP), with m the grain mass and a its diameter, both internal friction coefficient mu*=tan phi and volume 1/Phi increase as powers of I in the quasistatic limit of vanishing I , in which all mechanical properties are determined by contact network geometry. The microstructure of the sheared material is characterized with a suitable parametrization of the fabric tensor and measurements of coordination numbers.

Finding mountains with molehills: the detectability of exotopography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McTier, Moiya A. S.; Kipping, David M.

2018-04-01

Mountain ranges, volcanoes, trenches, and craters are common on rocky bodies throughout the Solar system, and we might expect the same for rocky exoplanets. With ever larger telescopes under design and a growing need to not just detect planets but also to characterize them, it is timely to consider whether there is any prospect of remotely detecting exoplanet topography in the coming decades. To test this, we devised a novel yet simple approach to detect and quantify topographical features on the surfaces of exoplanets using transit light curves. If a planet rotates as it transits its parent star, its changing silhouette yields a time-varying transit depth, which can be observed as an apparent and anomalous increase in the photometric scatter. Using elevation data for several rocky bodies in our Solar system, we quantify each world's surface integrated relief with a `bumpiness' factor, and calculate the corresponding photometric scatter expected during a transit. Here, we describe the kinds of observations that would be necessary to detect topography in the ideal case of Mars transiting a nearby white dwarf star. If such systems have a conservative occurrence rate of 10 per cent, we estimate that the upcoming Colossus or Overwhelmingly Large telescopes would be able to detect topography with <20 h of observing time, which corresponds to ˜400 transits with a duration of 2 min and orbital period of ˜10 h.

Experimental exploration of the hydrodynamic effect polishing machinability for different types of material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, W. Q.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Li, S. Y.

2018-01-01

Hydrodynamic effect polishing (HEP), in which the material removal relies on the chemisorption between nanoparticles and the workpiece surface in elastic mode, can realize automatic level smooth surface without surface/subsurface damage. The machinability of different types of optical material (such as monocrystalline silicon and crystalline quartz, amorphous silicate glass, Zerodur and so on) were investigated experimentally. The workpiece surfaces before and after being polished by HEP was observed by atomic force microscopy. The experimental results show the surface roughness of monocrystalline silicon and quartz, amorphous silicate glass have decreased from Rms 0.737nm to Rms 0.175nm, Rms 0.490nm to Rms 0.187nm, Rms 0.469nm to Rms 0.157nm respectively, and meanwhile all the defects and bumpy structures have been removed clearly. However the surface roughness has increased from Rms 0.213nm to Rms 0.321nm with the obvious increment of micro unevenness. By comparison, we can conclude that excellent performance is shown when HEP is applied on the optical material structure with a single monocrystalline or amorphous component. However the ultrasmooth surface cannot be obtained when HEP was applied on the combinational materials such as Zerodur glass. The micro unevenness increases gradually along with polishing process due to the different material removal of the monocrystalline and amorphous component.

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in terms of...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

Molecular differential diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma and adenoma based on gene expression profiling by using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Differential diagnosis between malignant follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and benign follicular thyroid adenoma (FTA) is a great challenge for even an experienced pathologist and requires special effort. Molecular markers may potentially support a differential diagnosis between FTC and FTA in postoperative specimens. The purpose of this study was to derive molecular support for differential post-operative diagnosis, in the form of a simple multigene mRNA-based classifier that would differentiate between FTC and FTA tissue samples. Methods A molecular classifier was created based on a combined analysis of two microarray datasets (using 66 thyroid samples). The performance of the classifier was assessed using an independent dataset comprising 71 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples (31 FTC and 40 FTA), which were analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). In addition, three other microarray datasets (62 samples) were used to confirm the utility of the classifier. Results Five of 8 genes selected from training datasets (ELMO1, EMCN, ITIH5, KCNAB1, SLCO2A1) were amplified by qPCR in FFPE material from an independent sample set. Three other genes did not amplify in FFPE material, probably due to low abundance. All 5 analysed genes were downregulated in FTC compared to FTA. The sensitivity and specificity of the 5-gene classifier tested on the FFPE dataset were 71% and 72%, respectively. Conclusions The proposed approach could support histopathological examination: 5-gene classifier may aid in molecular discrimination between FTC and FTA in FFPE material. PMID:24099521

Type VII collagen regulates expression of OATP1B3, promotes front-to-rear polarity and increases structural organisation in 3D spheroid cultures of RDEB tumour keratinocytes

PubMed Central

Dayal, Jasbani H. S.; Cole, Clare L.; Pourreyron, Celine; Watt, Stephen A.; Lim, Yok Zuan; Salas-Alanis, Julio C.; Murrell, Dedee F.; McGrath, John A.; Stieger, Bruno; Jahoda, Colin; Leigh, Irene M.; South, Andrew P.

2014-01-01

ABSTRACT Type VII collagen is the main component of anchoring fibrils, structures that are integral to basement membrane homeostasis in skin. Mutations in the gene encoding type VII collagen COL7A1 cause recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) an inherited skin blistering condition complicated by frequent aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). OATP1B3, which is encoded by the gene SLCO1B3, is a member of the OATP (organic anion transporting polypeptide) superfamily responsible for transporting a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. OATP1B3 expression is limited to the liver in healthy tissues, but is frequently detected in multiple cancer types and is reported to be associated with differing clinical outcome. The mechanism and functional significance of tumour-specific expression of OATP1B3 has yet to be determined. Here, we identify SLCO1B3 expression in tumour keratinocytes isolated from RDEB and UV-induced cSCC and demonstrate that SLCO1B3 expression and promoter activity are modulated by type VII collagen. We show that reduction of SLCO1B3 expression upon expression of full-length type VII collagen in RDEB cSCC coincides with acquisition of front-to-rear polarity and increased organisation of 3D spheroid cultures. In addition, we show that type VII collagen positively regulates the abundance of markers implicated in cellular polarity, namely ELMO2, PAR3, E-cadherin, B-catenin, ITGA6 and Ln332. PMID:24357722

Mathematical Construction of Magic Squares Utilizing Base-N Arithmetic

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Brien, Thomas D.

2006-01-01

Magic squares have been of interest as a source of recreation for over 4,500 years. A magic square consists of a square array of n[squared] positive and distinct integers arranged so that the sum of any column, row, or main diagonal is the same. In particular, an array of consecutive integers from 1 to n[squared] forming an nxn magic square is…

Field screening of water, soil, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Dolores Project and the Macos River basin, southwestern Colorado, 1994

USGS Publications Warehouse

Butler, D.L.; Osmundson, B.C.; Krueger, R.P.

1997-01-01

A reconnaissance investigation for the National Irrigation Water Quality Program in 1990 indicated elevated selenium concentrations in some water and biota samples collected in the Dolores Project in southwestern Colorado. High selenium concentrations also were indicated in bird samples collected in the Mancos Project in 1989. In 1994, field screenings were done in parts of the Dolores Project and Mancos River Basin to collect additional selenium data associated with irrigation inthose areas. Selenium is mobilized from soils in newly irrigated areas of the Dolores Project called the Dove Creek area, which includes newly (since 1987) irrigated land north of Cortez and south of Dove Creek.Selenium was detected in 18 of 20stream samples, and the maximum concentration was 12micrograms per liter. The Dove Creek area is unique compared to other study areas of the National Irrigation Water Quality Program becauseselenium concentrations probably are indicative of initial leaching conditions in a newly irrigated area.Selenium concentrations in nine shallow soil samples from the Dove Creek area ranged from 0.13 to 0.20 micrograms per gram. Selenium concentrations in bottom sediment from six ponds were less than the level of concern for fish and wildlife of 4 micrograms per gram. Many biota samples collected in the Dove Creek area had elevated selenium concentrations when compared to various guidelines and effect levels,although selenium concentrations in water, soil, and bottom sediment were relatively low. Selenium concentrations in 12 of 14 aquatic-invertebratesamples from ponds exceeded 3 micrograms per gram dry weight, a dietary guideline for protection of fish and wildlife. The mean seleniumconcentration of 10.3 micrograms per gram dry weight in aquatic bird eggs exceeded the guideline for reduced hatchability of 8 micrograms per gramdry weight. Two ponds in the Dove Creek area had a high selenium hazard rating based on a new protocol for assessing selenium hazard in theenvironment; however, waterfowl were reproducing at the two ponds. Three tributary streams of Mc Elmo Creek that drain irrigated areas of the Montezuma Valley south of the creek were sampled in 1994. Mud Creek probably is the largest source of selenium to Mc Elmo Creek. Most biota samples from Mud Creek had elevated selenium concentrations when compared to guidelines for dietary items and freshwater fish. Selenium concentrations in water samples collected in the Mancos River Basin upstream from Navajo Wash, which includes the Mancos Project, ranged from less than 1 to 10 micrograms per liter. Mud Creek contributed about 74 percent of the selenium load to the upper Mancos River in March 1994.Selenium concentrations were much higher in Navajo Wash; a sample collected in March had 97 micrograms per liter of selenium. Bottom-sediment samples from two ponds in the Mancos Projectexceeded the concentration of concern of 4 micrograms per gram. The highest selenium concentrations in biota samples from streams in the Mancos River Basin were for samples from Navajo Wash. Mostconcentrations in biota in the upper Mancos River Basin were less than guidelines. Mean selenium concentrations in eggs from aquatic birds collected at three ponds in the Mancos Project slightly exceed the guideline associated with reduced hatchability.Five bird livers had a mean selenium concentration of 32.6 micrograms per gram dry weight, whichslightly exceeded the mean concentration of 30 micrograms per gram dry weight that is associated with reproductive impairment. Two of the pondshad a high selenium hazard rating; however, mallard reproduction was observed in 1994 at one of the ponds that had a high selenium-hazard rating.

All Square Chiliagonal Numbers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

A?iru, Muniru A.

2016-01-01

A square chiliagonal number is a number which is simultaneously a chiliagonal number and a perfect square (just as the well-known square triangular number is both triangular and square). In this work, we determine which of the chiliagonal numbers are perfect squares and provide the indices of the corresponding chiliagonal numbers and square…

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film... square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. The... square decimeter (0.03 milligrams per square inch). (3) For the purpose of this section, the reverse...

Overlap Areas of a Square Box on a Square Mesh

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-01

ARL-TN-0818 ● APR 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Overlap Areas of a Square Box on a Square Mesh by James U Cazamias...originator. ARL-TN-0818 ● APR 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Overlap Areas of a Square Box on a Square Mesh by James U Cazamias...

Evaluation of the Seat Index Point Tool for Military Seats

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 Ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square...yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264

46 CFR 178.330 - Simplified stability proof test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-meters (foot-pounds); P = wind pressure of: (1) 36.6 kilograms/square meter (7.5 pounds/square foot) for operation on protected waters; (2) 48.8 kilogram/square meter (10.0 pounds/square foot) for operation on partially protected waters; or (3) 73.3 kilograms/square meter (15.0 pounds/square foot) for operation on...

The Swift/Fermi GRB 080928 from 1 eV to 150 keV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sonbas, Eda; Rossi, A.; Schulze, S.; Klose, S.; Kann, D. A.; Ferrero, P.; NicuesaGuelbenzu, A.; Rau, A.; Kruehler, T.; Greiner, J.;

"Tepid" Geysers above salt caverns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bérest, Pierre; Brouard, Benoît; Zakharov, Vassily

2018-06-01

The formation of a brine geyser erupting from the wellhead of a large underground salt cavern is described. In most cases, the brine outflow from an opened cavern is slow; it results from the cavern creep closure and the thermal expansion of the cavern brine. These two processes are smooth; however, the brine outflow often is bumpy, as it is modulated by atmospheric pressure variations that generate an elastic increase (or decrease) of both cavern and brine volumes. In addition, when the flow is fast enough, the brine thermodynamic behavior in the wellbore is adiabatic. The cold brine expelled from the cavern wellhead is substituted with warm brine entering the borehole bottom, resulting in a lighter brine column. The brine outflow increases. In some cases, the flow becomes so fast that inertia terms must be taken into account. A geyser forms, coming to an end when the pressure in the cavern has dropped sufficiently. A better picture is obtained when head losses are considered. A closed-form solution can be reached. This proves that two cases must be distinguished, depending on whether the cold brine initially contained in the wellbore is expelled fully or not. It can also be shown that geyser formation is a rare event, as it requires both that the wellbore be narrow and that the cavern be very compressible. This study stemmed from an actual example in which a geyser was observed. However, scarce information is available, making any definite interpretation difficult. xml:lang="fr"

Political and medical views on medical marijuana and its future.

PubMed

Rubens, Muni

2014-01-01

The policies, laws, politics, public opinions, and scientific inferences of medical marijuana are rapidly changing as the debate on medical use of marijuana has always been political, rather than scientific. Federal law has barred the use of medical marijuana though 18 state governments and Washington, DC, support the medical use of marijuana. Unfortunately, not many studies exist on medical marijuana to back these laws and policies. The judiciary, on the other hand, has elicited a diverse response to medical marijuana through its rulings over several decades. Some rulings favored the federal government's opinion, and others supported the larger public view and many state governments with legalized medical marijuana. Public opinion on legalizing medical marijuana has always favored the use of medical marijuana. The movement of scientific knowledge of medical marijuana follows an erratic, discontinuous pathway. The future place of medical marijuana in U.S. society remains unknown. The three forces-scientific knowledge, social-political acceptance, and laws-play a role in the direction that medical marijuana takes in society. Overcoming political-social forces requires a concerted effort from the scientific community and political leaders. The results of scientific research must guide the decisions for laws and medical use of marijuana. This article aims to trace the political dilemma and contradictory views shared by federal and state governments and predict the future of medical marijuana by tracing the past history of medical marijuana with its bumpy pathway in the social-political arena.

Oncology Practice Trends From the National Practice Benchmark

PubMed Central

Barr, Thomas R.; Towle, Elaine L.

2012-01-01

In 2011, we made predictions on the basis of data from the National Practice Benchmark (NPB) reports from 2005 through 2010. With the new 2011 data in hand, we have revised last year's predictions and projected for the next 3 years. In addition, we make some new predictions that will be tracked in future benchmarking surveys. We also outline a conceptual framework for contemplating these data based on an ecological model of the oncology delivery system. The 2011 NPB data are consistent with last year's prediction of a decrease in the operating margins necessary to sustain a community oncology practice. With the new data in, we now predict these reductions to occur more slowly than previously forecast. We note an ease to the squeeze observed in last year's trend analysis, which will allow more time for practices to adapt their business models for survival and offer the best of these practices an opportunity to invest earnings into operations to prepare for the inevitable shift away from historic payment methodology for clinical service. This year, survey respondents reported changes in business structure, first measured in the 2010 data, indicating an increase in the percentage of respondents who believe that change is coming soon, but the majority still have confidence in the viability of their existing business structure. Although oncology practices are in for a bumpy ride, things are looking less dire this year for practices participating in our survey. PMID:23277766

Terahertz pulse generation from metal nanoparticle ink

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kato, Kosaku; Takano, Keisuke; Tadokoro, Yuzuru; Phan, Thanh Nhat Khoa; Nakajima, Makoto

2016-11-01

Terahertz pulse generation from metallic nanostructures irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses is of interest because the conversion efficiency from laser pulses to terahertz waves is increased by the local field enhancement resulting from the plasmon oscillation. In this talk we present our recent study on terahertz generation from metal nanoparticle ink. We baked a silver nanoparticle ink spin-coated onto a glass coverslip in various temperatures. On the surface of the baked ink, bumpy nanostructures are spontaneously formed, and the average size of bumps depends on the baking temperature. These structures are expected to lead to local field enhancement and then large nonlinear polarizations on the surface. The baked ink was irradiated by the output of regeneratively amplified Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser at an incidence angle of 45°. Waveforms of generated terahertz pulses are detected by electro-optical sampling. The generation efficiency was high when the average diameter of bumps was around 100 nm, which is realized when the ink is baked in 205 to 235°C in our setup. One of our next research targets is terahertz wave generation from micro-patterned metallic nanoparticle ink. It is an advantage of the metal nanoparticle ink that by using inkjet printers one can fabricate various patterns with micrometer scales, in which terahertz waves have a resonance. Combination of microstructures made by a printer and nanostructure spontaneously formed in the baking process will provide us terahertz emitters with unique frequency characteristics.

[The processes of methane formation and oxidation in the soils of the Russian arctic tundra].

PubMed

Berestovskaia, Iu Iu; Rusanov, I I; Vasil'eva, L V; Pimenov, N V

2005-01-01

Methane emission from the following types of tundra soils was studied: coarse humic gleyey loamy cryo soil, peaty gley soil, and peaty gleyey midloamy cryo soil of the arctic tundra. All the soils studied were found to be potential sources of atmospheric methane. The highest values of methane emission were recorded in August at a soil temperature of 8-10 degrees C. Flooded parcels were the sources of atmospheric methane throughout the observation period. The rates of methane production and oxidation in tundra soils of various types at 5 and 15 degrees C were studied by the radioisotope method. Methane oxidation was found to occur in bog water, in the green part of peat moss, and in all the soil horizons studied. Methane formation was recorded in the horizons of peat, in clay with plant roots, and in peaty moss dust of the bogey parcels. At both temperatures, the methane oxidation rate exceeded the rate of methane formation in all the horizons of the mossy-lichen tundra and of the bumpy sinkhole complex. Methanogenesis prevailed only in a sedge-peat moss bog at 15 degrees C. Enrichment bacterial cultures oxidizing methane at 5 and 15 degrees C were obtained. Different types of methanotrophic bacteria were shown to be responsible for methane oxidation under these conditions. A representative of type I methylotrophs oxidized methane at 5 degrees C, and Methylocella tundrae, a psychroactive representative of an acidophilic methanotrophic genus Methylocella, at 15 degrees C.

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

Structural and dynamic characteristics in monolayer square ice.

PubMed

Zhu, YinBo; Wang, FengChao; Wu, HengAn

2017-07-28

When water is constrained between two sheets of graphene, it becomes an intriguing monolayer solid with a square pattern due to the ultrahigh van der Waals pressure. However, the square ice phase has become a matter of debate due to the insufficient experimental interpretation and the slightly rhomboidal feature in simulated monolayer square-like structures. Here, we performed classical molecular dynamics simulations to reveal monolayer square ice in graphene nanocapillaries from the perspective of structure and dynamic characteristics. Monolayer square-like ice (instantaneous snapshot), assembled square-rhombic units with stacking faults, is a long-range ordered structure, in which the square and rhombic units are assembled in an order of alternative distribution, and the other rhombic unit forms stacking faults (polarized water chains). Spontaneous flipping of water molecules in monolayer square-like ice is intrinsic and induces transformations among different elementary units, resulting in the structural evolution of monolayer square ice in dynamics. The existence of stacking faults should be attributed to the spontaneous flipping behavior of water molecules under ambient temperature. Statistical averaging results (thermal average positions) demonstrate the inherent square characteristic of monolayer square ice. The simulated data and insight obtained here might be significant for understanding the topological structure and dynamic behavior of monolayer square ice.

Parameter estimation of Monod model by the Least-Squares method for microalgae Botryococcus Braunii sp

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

See, J. J.; Jamaian, S. S.; Salleh, R. M.; Nor, M. E.; Aman, F.

2018-04-01

This research aims to estimate the parameters of Monod model of microalgae Botryococcus Braunii sp growth by the Least-Squares method. Monod equation is a non-linear equation which can be transformed into a linear equation form and it is solved by implementing the Least-Squares linear regression method. Meanwhile, Gauss-Newton method is an alternative method to solve the non-linear Least-Squares problem with the aim to obtain the parameters value of Monod model by minimizing the sum of square error ( SSE). As the result, the parameters of the Monod model for microalgae Botryococcus Braunii sp can be estimated by the Least-Squares method. However, the estimated parameters value obtained by the non-linear Least-Squares method are more accurate compared to the linear Least-Squares method since the SSE of the non-linear Least-Squares method is less than the linear Least-Squares method.

Counting Primitive Pythagorean Triples

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayoub, Ayoub B.

2005-01-01

A triple (x,y,z) of natural numbers is called a Primitive Pythagorean Triple (PPT) if it satisfies two conditions: (1) x[squared] + y[squared] = z[squared]; and (2) x, y, and z have no common factor other than one. All the PPT's are given by the parametric equations: (1) x = m[squared] - n[squared]; (2) y = 2mn; and (3) z = m[squared] +…

Magic with Magic Squares.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wills, Herbert III

1989-01-01

Describes ways to make magic squares of 4 by 4 matrices. Presents two handouts: (1) Sets of 4 Numbers from 1 to 16 Whose Sum is 34; and (2) The Durer Square. Shows patterns which appeared in the magic squares, such as squares, chevrons, rhomboids, and trapezoids. (YP)

Discrete square root smoothing.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaminski, P. G.; Bryson, A. E., Jr.

1972-01-01

The basic techniques applied in the square root least squares and square root filtering solutions are applied to the smoothing problem. Both conventional and square root solutions are obtained by computing the filtered solutions, then modifying the results to include the effect of all measurements. A comparison of computation requirements indicates that the square root information smoother (SRIS) is more efficient than conventional solutions in a large class of fixed interval smoothing problems.

Evaluation of the Seat Index Point Tool for Military Seats

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

millimeters mm2 ft2 squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 Ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square...square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters

Evaluation of Water Resources in Bolivia, South America

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

sub-basins: Madre de Dios 31,000 square kilometers Beni 183,000 square kilometers Mamore 216,000 square kilometers Itenez/Cuapore 294,000 square...infrastructure; cumbersome institutional bureaucracies and a viable and growing black market production and retail sector ( de Soto 1989); and the human and...See Figure 3 oi, page 34): The Amazon Basin 724,000 square kilometers The De La Plata Basin 229,500 square kilometers The Altiplano Basin 145,081

Multiplier less high-speed squaring circuit for binary numbers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sethi, Kabiraj; Panda, Rutuparna

2015-03-01

The squaring operation is important in many applications in signal processing, cryptography etc. In general, squaring circuits reported in the literature use fast multipliers. A novel idea of a squaring circuit without using multipliers is proposed in this paper. Ancient Indian method used for squaring decimal numbers is extended here for binary numbers. The key to our success is that no multiplier is used. Instead, one squaring circuit is used. The hardware architecture of the proposed squaring circuit is presented. The design is coded in VHDL and synthesised and simulated in Xilinx ISE Design Suite 10.1 (Xilinx Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). It is implemented in Xilinx Vertex 4vls15sf363-12 device (Xilinx Inc.). The results in terms of time delay and area is compared with both modified Booth's algorithm and squaring circuit using Vedic multipliers. Our proposed squaring circuit seems to have better performance in terms of both speed and area.

Magnetic propulsion of a magnetic device using three square-Helmholtz coils and a square-Maxwell coil.

PubMed

Ha, Yong H; Han, Byung H; Lee, Soo Y

2010-02-01

We introduce a square coil system for remote magnetic navigation of a magnetic device without any physical movements of the coils. We used three square-Helmholtz coils and a square-Maxwell coil for magnetic propulsion of a small magnet along the desired path. All the square coils are mountable on a cubic frame that has an opening to accommodate a living subject. The square-Helmholtz coils control the magnetic propulsion direction by generating uniform magnetic field along the desired direction while the square-Maxwell coil controls the propulsion force by generating magnetic gradient field. We performed magnetic propulsion experiments with a down-scaled coil set and a three-channel coil driver. Experimental results demonstrate that we can use the square coil set for magnetic navigation of a magnetic device without any physical movements of the coils.

A New Class of Pandiagonal Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loly, P. D.; Steeds, M. J.

2005-01-01

An interesting class of purely pandiagonal, i.e. non-magic, whole number (integer) squares of orders (row/column dimension) of the powers of two which are related to Gray codes and square Karnaugh maps has been identified. Treated as matrices these squares possess just two non-zero eigenvalues. The construction of these squares has been automated…

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Dolores Project area, southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, 1990-91

USGS Publications Warehouse

Butler, D.L.; Krueger, R.P.; Osmundson, B.C.; Jensen, E.G.

1995-01-01

Water, bottom-sediment, and biota samples were collected in 1990-91 to identify water-quality problems associated with irrigation drainage in the Dolores Project area. Concentrations of cadmium, mercury, and selenium in some water samples exceeded aquatic-life criteria. Selenium was associated with irrigaton drainage from the Dolores Project, but other trace elements may be transported into the area in the irrigation water supply. Selenium concentrations exceeded the chronic aquatic-life criterion in water samples from lower McElmo Creek and Navajo Wash, which drain the Montezuma Valley, from newly irrigated areas, and from the Mancos River. The maximum selenium con- centration in water was 88 micrograms per liter from Navajo Wash. Concentrations of herbicides in water were less than concentrations harmful to aquatic life. Selenium concentrations in four bottom-sediment samples exceeded the baseline concentrations for soils in the Western United States. The largest selenium concentrations in biota were in samples from Navajo Wash, from newly irrigated areas north of the Montezuma Valley, and from the Mancos River basin. Selenium concentrations in aquatic-invertebrate samples from the newly irrigated areas exceeded a guideline for food items consumed by fish and wildlife. Selenium concen- trations in whole-body suckers were larger in the San Juan River downstream from the Dolores Project than upstream from the project at Four Corners. Selenium concentrations in fathead minnow samples from two sites were at adverse-effect levels. Mercury concentrations in warm-water game fish in reservoirs in the study area may be of concern to human health. Some concentrations of other trace elements exceeded background concentrations, but the concentrations were not toxicologically significant or the toxicologic significance is not known.

RHOG-DOCK1-RAC1 Signaling Axis Is Perturbed in DHEA-Induced Polycystic Ovary in Rat Model.

PubMed

Ubba, Vaibhave; Soni, Upendra Kumar; Chadchan, Sangappa; Maurya, Vineet Kumar; Kumar, Vijay; Maurya, Ruchika; Chaturvedi, Himanshu; Singh, Rajender; Dwivedi, Anila; Jha, Rajesh Kumar

2017-05-01

The function of RHOG, a RAC1 activator, was explored in the ovary during ovarian follicular development and pathological conditions. With the help of immunoblotting and immunolocalization, we determined the expression and localization of RHOG in normal (estrous cycle) and polycystic ovaries using Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model. Employing polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, we analyzed the transcript and expression levels of downstream molecules of RHOG, DOCK1, and RAC1 in the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) ovary along with normal antral follicular theca and granulosa cells after dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation. The effect of RHOG knockdown on DOCK1, VAV, and RAC1 expression was evaluated in the human ovarian cells (SKOV3), theca cells, and granulosa cells from SD rats with the help of flow cytometry. Oocyte at secondary follicles along with stromal cells showed optimal expression of RHOG. Immunoblotting of RHOG revealed its maximum expression at diestrus and proestrus, which was downregulated at estrus stage. Mild immunostaining of RHOG was also present in the theca and granulosa cells of the secondary and antral follicles. Polycystic ovary exhibited weak immunostaining for RHOG and that was corroborated by immunoblotting-based investigations. RHOG effectors DOCK1 and ELMO1 were found reduced in the ovary in PCOS condition/DHEA. RHOG silencing reduced the expression of DOCK1 and RAC1 in the theca and granulosa cells from SD rat antral follicles and that was mirrored in the human ovarian cells. Collectively, RHOG can mediate signaling through downstream effectors DOCK1 and RAC1 during ovarian follicular development (theca and granulosa cells and oocyte), but DHEA downregulated them in the PCOS ovary.

Detection of Gastric Cancer with Novel Methylated DNA Markers: Discovery, Tissue Validation, and Pilot Testing in Plasma.

PubMed

Anderson, Bradley W; Suh, Yun-Suhk; Choi, Boram; Lee, Hyuk-Joon; Yab, Tracy C; Taylor, William; Dukek, Brian A; Berger, Calise K; Cao, Xiaoming; Foote, Patrick H; Devens, Mary E; Boardman, Lisa A; Kisiel, John B; Mahoney, Douglas W; Slettedahl, Seth W; Allawi, Hatim T; Lidgard, Graham P; Smyrk, Thomas C; Yang, Han-Kwang; Ahlquist, David A

2018-05-29

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is the third most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Accurate and affordable non-invasive detection methods have potential value for screening and surveillance. Herein, we identify novel methylated DNA markers (MDMs) for GAC, validate their discrimination for GAC in tissues from geographically separate cohorts, explore marker acquisition through the oncogenic cascade, and describe distributions of candidate MDMs in plasma from GAC cases and normal controls. Following discovery by unbiased whole methylome sequencing, candidate MDMs were validated by blinded methylation-specific PCR in archival case-control tissues from U.S. and South Korean patients. Top MDMs were then assayed by an analytically sensitive method (quantitative real-time allele-specific target and signal amplification) in a blinded pilot study on archival plasma from GAC cases and normal controls. Whole methylome discovery yielded novel and highly discriminant candidate MDMs. In tissue, a panel of candidate MDMs detected GAC in 92-100% of U.S. and S. Korean cohorts at 100% specificity. Levels of most MDMs increased progressively from normal mucosa through metaplasia, adenoma, and GAC with variation in points of greatest marker acquisition. In plasma, a 3 marker panel ( ELMO1 , ZNF569 , C13orf18) detected 86% (95% CI 71-95%) of GACs at 95% specificity. Novel MDMs appear to accurately discriminate GAC from normal controls in both tissue and plasma. The point of aberrant methylation during oncogenesis varies by MDM, which may have relevance to marker selection in clinical applications. Further exploration of these MDMs for GAC screening and surveillance is warranted. Copyright ©2018, American Association for Cancer Research.

The Core Molecular Machinery Used for Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells Regulates the JNK Pathway Mediating Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans.

PubMed

Pastuhov, Strahil Iv; Fujiki, Kota; Tsuge, Anna; Asai, Kazuma; Ishikawa, Sho; Hirose, Kazuya; Matsumoto, Kunihiro; Hisamoto, Naoki

2016-09-14

The mechanisms that govern the ability of specific neurons to regenerate their axons after injury are not well understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the initiation of axon regeneration is positively regulated by the JNK-MAPK pathway. In this study, we identify two components functioning upstream of the JNK pathway: the Ste20-related protein kinase MAX-2 and the Rac-type GTPase CED-10. CED-10, when bound by GTP, interacts with MAX-2 and functions as its upstream regulator in axon regeneration. CED-10, in turn, is activated by axon injury via signals initiated from the integrin α-subunit INA-1 and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase SRC-1 and transmitted via the signaling module CED-2/CrkII-CED-5/Dock180-CED-12/ELMO. This module is also known to regulate the engulfment of apoptotic cells during development. Our findings thus reveal that the molecular machinery used for engulfment of apoptotic cells also promotes axon regeneration through activation of the JNK pathway. The molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration after injury remain poorly understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the initiation of axon regeneration is positively regulated by the JNK-MAPK pathway. In this study, we show that integrin, Rac-GTPase, and several other molecules, all of which are known to regulate engulfment of apoptotic cells during development, also regulate axon regeneration. This signaling module activates the JNK-MAPK cascade via MAX-2, a PAK-like protein kinase that binds Rac. Our findings thus reveal that the molecular machinery used for engulfment of apoptotic cells also promotes axon regeneration through activation of the JNK pathway. Copyright © 2016 the authors 0270-6474/16/369710-12$15.00/0.

Genome Wide Association Study of Sepsis in Extremely Premature Infants

PubMed Central

Srinivasan, Lakshmi; Page, Grier; Kirpalani, Haresh; Murray, Jeffrey C.; Das, Abhik; Higgins, Rosemary D.; Carlo, Waldemar A.; Bell, Edward F.; Goldberg, Ronald N.; Schibler, Kurt; Sood, Beena G.; Stevenson, David K.; Stoll, Barbara J.; Van Meurs, Krisa P.; Johnson, Karen J.; Levy, Joshua; McDonald, Scott A.; Zaterka-Baxter, Kristin M.; Kennedy, Kathleen A.; Sánchez, Pablo J.; Duara, Shahnaz; Walsh, Michele C.; Shankaran, Seetha; Wynn, James L.; Cotten, C. Michael

2017-01-01

Objective To identify genetic variants associated with sepsis (early and late-onset) using a genome wide association (GWA) analysis in a cohort of extremely premature infants. Study Design Previously generated GWA data from the Neonatal Research Network’s anonymized genomic database biorepository of extremely premature infants were used for this study. Sepsis was defined as culture-positive early-onset or late-onset sepsis or culture-proven meningitis. Genomic and whole genome amplified DNA was genotyped for 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); 91% of SNPs were successfully genotyped. We imputed 7.2 million additional SNPs. P values and false discovery rates were calculated from multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for gender, gestational age and ancestry. Target statistical value was p<10−5. Secondary analyses assessed associations of SNPs with pathogen type. Pathway analyses were also run on primary and secondary end points. Results Data from 757 extremely premature infants were included: 351 infants with sepsis and 406 infants without sepsis. No SNPs reached genome-wide significance levels (5×10−8); two SNPs in proximity to FOXC2 and FOXL1 genes achieved target levels of significance. In secondary analyses, SNPs for ELMO1, IRAK2 (Gram positive sepsis), RALA, IMMP2L (Gram negative sepsis) and PIEZO2 (fungal sepsis) met target significance levels. Pathways associated with sepsis and Gram negative sepsis included gap junctions, fibroblast growth factor receptors, regulators of cell division and Interleukin-1 associated receptor kinase 2 (p values<0.001 and FDR<20%). Conclusions No SNPs met genome-wide significance in this cohort of ELBW infants; however, areas of potential association and pathways meriting further study were identified. PMID:28283553

Recent progress in the genetics of diabetic microvascular complications

PubMed Central

Chang, Yi-Cheng; Chang, Emily Yun-Chia; Chuang, Lee-Ming

2015-01-01

Diabetic complications including diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy are as major causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetes individuals worldwide and current therapies are still unsatisfactory. One of the reasons for failure to develop effective treatment is the lack of fundamental understanding for underlying mechanisms. Genetic studies are powerful tools to dissect disease mechanism. The heritability (h2) was estimated to be 0.3-0.44 for diabetic nephropathy and 0.25-0.50 for diabetic retinopathy respectively. Previous linkage studies for diabetic nephropathy have identified overlapped linkage regions in 1q43-44, 3q21-23, 3q26, 10p12-15, 18q22-23, 19q13, 22q11-12.3 in multiple ethnic groups. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of diabetic nephropathy have been conducted in several populations. However, most of the identified risk loci could not be replicated by independent studies with a few exceptions including those in ELMO1, FRMD3, CARS, MYO16/IRS2, and APOL3-MYH9 genes. Functional studies of these genes revealed the involvement of cytoskeleton reorganization (especially non-muscle type myosin), phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, fibroblast migration, insulin signaling, and epithelial clonal expansion in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Linkage analyses of diabetic retinopathy overlapped only in 1q36 region and current results from GWAS for diabetic retinopathy are inconsistent. Conclusive results from genetic studies for diabetic neuropathy are lacking. For now, small sample sizes, confounding by population stratification, different phenotype definitions between studies, ethnic-specific associations, the influence of environmental factors, and the possible contribution of rare variants may explain the inconsistencies between studies. PMID:26069720

Biomarker records and paleoenvironment of the central Arctic Ocean during Paleogene times

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weller, P.; Stein, R.

2007-12-01

During IODP Expedition 302 (Arctic Coring Expedition - ACEX), a more than 200 m thick sequence of Paleogene organic-carbon (OC)-rich (black shale-type) sediments has been drilled. Here, we present new biomarker data determined in ACEX sediment samples to decipher processes controlling OC accumulation and their paleo- environmental significance during periods of extreme global warmth and proposed increased freshwater discharge in the early Cenozoic. Specific source-related biomarkers including n-alkanes, fatty acids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, steranes/sterenes, hopanes/hopenes, hopanoic acids, aromatic terpenoids, benzohopanes, long- chain alkenones and organic sulfur compounds show a high variable of compounds, derived from marine, terrestrial and bacterial origin. Based on the biomarker data, the terrestrial OC supply was significantly enriched during the late Paleocene and part of the earliest Eocene, whereas n-alkanes and n-fatty acids in samples from the PETM and Elmo events as well as the middle Eocene indicate increased aquatic contributions. For the latter, an anoxic environment similar to the modern Black Sea, and moderate primary productivity are proposed. The occurrence of C37-alkenenones, which were first determined in the middle part of the Azolla Freshwater Event (about 49 Ma), suggests that significant amounts of the OC is of marine origin during in middle Eocene. During the Eocene, a prominant cooling and onset of first significant IRD deposition near 45.4 Ma were recorded in the terrigenous coarse fraction of the ACEX sequence, related to iceberg and/or sea-ice transport (K. St. John, Paleoceanography, in press). This cooling trend is also reflected in the alkenone SST, showing a temperature decrease of about 10°C between about 49 and 44 Ma.

Magnetostratigraphy in the Lodo Formation, CA: An Attempt to Locate Hyperthermals of the Early Eocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aldrich, N. C.; Pluhar, C. J.; Gibbs, S.; Rieth, J. A.

2015-12-01

The Lodo Formation in the California Coast Range, Fresno County records the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) and possibly other Early Eocene hyperthermal events. The Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2, ELMO, or H1) represents a hyperthermal event that occurred approximately 2 million years after the PETM and just prior to the C24r - C24n magnetic reversal (≈ 53.9 Ma) in the Ypresian. While the ETM2 event has been located in offshore samples, it has been more difficult to locate in a terrestrial section. This project attempts to locate the ETM2 magnetostratigraphically by finding the paleomagnetic reversal at C24r-C24n.3n, provide geochronological framework, and assess sedimentation rate changes during this time. This area is known to have had a high rate of deposition (16.8 cm/kyr ) during the PETM, which is found lower in the section. We collected 36 new samples from a 13.44m section spanning stratigraphy thought to cover the ETM2 along with 31 previous samples spanning the PETM, and prepared them for paleomagnetic and paleontological analysis. We analyzed samples using standard paleomagnetic methods including low-temperature and thermal demagnetization. Preliminary results suggest that the magnetostratigraphy spans the C24r-C24n boundary, while the micropaleontology shows the NP10-NP11 boundary, which occurs near the ETM2 as well as the NP11-NP12 boundary. The data indicate an order-of-magnitude drop in sedimentation rate in the lower Eocene at this site, concomitant with a drop in grain size, compared with the PETM.

Thorough Investigation of a Canine Autoinflammatory Disease (AID) Confirms One Main Risk Locus and Suggests a Modifier Locus for Amyloidosis

PubMed Central

Olsson, Mia; Tintle, Linda; Kierczak, Marcin; Perloski, Michele; Tonomura, Noriko; Lundquist, Andrew; Murén, Eva; Fels, Max; Tengvall, Katarina; Pielberg, Gerli; Dufaure de Citres, Caroline; Dorso, Laetitia; Abadie, Jérôme; Hanson, Jeanette; Thomas, Anne; Leegwater, Peter; Hedhammar, Åke; Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Meadows, Jennifer R. S.

2013-01-01

Autoinflammatory disease (AID) manifests from the dysregulation of the innate immune system and is characterised by systemic and persistent inflammation. Clinical heterogeneity leads to patients presenting with one or a spectrum of phenotypic signs, leading to difficult diagnoses in the absence of a clear genetic cause. We used separate genome-wide SNP analyses to investigate five signs of AID (recurrent fever, arthritis, breed specific secondary dermatitis, otitis and systemic reactive amyloidosis) in a canine comparative model, the pure bred Chinese Shar-Pei. Analysis of 255 DNA samples revealed a shared locus on chromosome 13 spanning two peaks of association. A three-marker haplotype based on the most significant SNP (p<2.6×10−8) from each analysis showed that one haplotypic pair (H13-11) was present in the majority of AID individuals, implicating this as a shared risk factor for all phenotypes. We also noted that a genetic signature (F ST) distinguishing the phenotypic extremes of the breed specific Chinese Shar-Pei thick and wrinkled skin, flanked the chromosome 13 AID locus; suggesting that breed development and differentiation has played a parallel role in the genetics of breed fitness. Intriguingly, a potential modifier locus for amyloidosis was revealed on chromosome 14, and an investigation of candidate genes from both this and the chromosome 13 regions revealed significant (p<0.05) renal differential expression in four genes previously implicated in kidney or immune health (AOAH, ELMO1, HAS2 and IL6). These results illustrate that phenotypic heterogeneity need not be a reflection of genetic heterogeneity, and that genetic modifiers of disease could be masked if syndromes were not first considered as individual clinical signs and then as a sum of their component parts. PMID:24130694

Delivering services to incarcerated teen fathers: a pilot intervention to increase the quality of father-infant interactions during visitation.

PubMed

Barr, Rachel; Morin, Marisa; Brito, Natalie; Richeda, Benjamin; Rodriguez, Jennifer; Shauffer, Carole

2014-02-01

The absence of a father figure has been linked to very poor developmental outcomes for the child. During incarceration, there are limited opportunities for visitation between fathers and their children. The Baby Elmo Program provides incarcerated teen fathers with parenting training and visitation with their children with the stated goal of enhancing father-child interactional quality. Forty-one incarcerated teen fathers and their infants ranging from 1 to 15 months of age participated in the present study. During individual sessions, a trained facilitator prepared fathers for visits with their children by introducing key concepts such as following the child's lead, using developmentally appropriate media to illustrate those concepts. After each training session, the incarcerated teen father interacted with his infant and the visit was video recorded. Analysis of the visit sessions focused on father's time use on different activities, the quality of father-infant interactions, and father's integration of target skills introduced in the intervention. The time-use analysis revealed that time use changed as a function of infant age. Growth linear modeling indicated that there were significant positive increases in the amount of parent support and infant engagement as a function of the number of sessions. Follow-up analyses indicated that changes between specific sessions mapped onto the target skills discussed during specific training sessions. This study's preliminary findings suggest that an intervention integrating visitation and appropriate media may be effective for incarcerated teen fathers. Due to the lack of a randomized control group, the present findings are exploratory and are discussed with a focus on further program development. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

Learning by Doing: Science in a Large General Education Class

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lebofsky, Larry A.; Moore, R. W.; Lebofsky, N. R.

2007-12-01

Teaching science in a large (150+ students) class can be a challenge. This is especially true in a general education science class that is populated by non-science majors, athletes, and students with math phobias, as well as students with a variety of learning disabilities. To illustrate Newton's Laws, we used The Egg Fling: knocking a pie pan from under a raw egg which then falls straight down into a container of water. Newton's Laws are projected on an overhead in constant view of the students, and an ELMO is used to give a live, big-screen view to engage even those in the back of the large lecture room. Students make predictions, watch the demo, then refine or correct predictions as we discuss which laws are illustrated. The Laws are later related to students’ science fiction books and the GEMS Moons of Jupiter activity. Reading classic science fiction books allows students to see how our understanding of the universe and our technology have changed over the last 150 years, also adding a writing component to the class. Student preceptors are critical to the success of this approach, leading small group discussions that could not easily be done with the whole class. Preceptors receive training before they lead activities or discussions with groups of 10 to 15 peers. Students do live sky observations and informal measurements to track the motion and phases of the Moon against the background stars, but use technology (Heavens Above and Starry Night) to track and understand the rising and setting of the Sun and its relation to the reason for the seasons. Using a combination of live demonstrations with technology, short assessments, and student preceptors makes teaching a large group possible, effective, and fun.

Eta Squared, Partial Eta Squared, and Misreporting of Effect Size in Communication Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levine, Timothy R.; Hullett, Craig R.

2002-01-01

Alerts communication researchers to potential errors stemming from the use of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to obtain estimates of eta squared in analysis of variance (ANOVA). Strives to clarify issues concerning the development and appropriate use of eta squared and partial eta squared in ANOVA. Discusses the reporting of…

10 CFR 140.84 - Criterion I-Substantial discharge of radioactive material or substantial radiation levels offsite.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Commission finds that: (1) Surface contamination of at least a total of any 100 square meters of offsite... square meter 0.35 microcuries per square meter. Alpha emission from isotopes other than transuranic isotopes 35 microcuries per square meter 3.5 microcuries per square meter. Beta or gamma mission 40...

10 CFR 140.84 - Criterion I-Substantial discharge of radioactive material or substantial radiation levels offsite.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Commission finds that: (1) Surface contamination of at least a total of any 100 square meters of offsite... square meter 0.35 microcuries per square meter. Alpha emission from isotopes other than transuranic isotopes 35 microcuries per square meter 3.5 microcuries per square meter. Beta or gamma mission 40...

View of Corto Square Road from Corto Square. Buildings No. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Corto Square Road from Corto Square. Buildings No. 27 at left, Building No. 25 at rear, and Building No. 26 at right. Parking areas on left and right, looking north - Easter Hill Village, Bordered by South Twenty-sixth Street, South Twenty-eighth Street, Hinkley Avenue, Foothill Avenue & Corto Square, Richmond, Contra Costa County, CA

Simulated sawing of squares: a tool to improve wood utilization

Treesearch

R. Bruce Anderson; Hugh W. Reynolds

1981-01-01

Manufacturers of turning squares have had difficulty finding the best combination of bolt and square sizes for producing squares most efficiently. A computer simulation technique has been developed for inexpensively detemining the best combination of bolt and square size. Ranges of bolt dimeters to achieve a stated level of yield are given. The manufacturer can choose...

Orthogonalizing EM: A design-based least squares algorithm.

PubMed

Xiong, Shifeng; Dai, Bin; Huling, Jared; Qian, Peter Z G

We introduce an efficient iterative algorithm, intended for various least squares problems, based on a design of experiments perspective. The algorithm, called orthogonalizing EM (OEM), works for ordinary least squares and can be easily extended to penalized least squares. The main idea of the procedure is to orthogonalize a design matrix by adding new rows and then solve the original problem by embedding the augmented design in a missing data framework. We establish several attractive theoretical properties concerning OEM. For the ordinary least squares with a singular regression matrix, an OEM sequence converges to the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse-based least squares estimator. For ordinary and penalized least squares with various penalties, it converges to a point having grouping coherence for fully aliased regression matrices. Convergence and the convergence rate of the algorithm are examined. Finally, we demonstrate that OEM is highly efficient for large-scale least squares and penalized least squares problems, and is considerably faster than competing methods when n is much larger than p . Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Infant perception of the rotating Kanizsa square.

PubMed

Yoshino, Daisuke; Idesawa, Masanori; Kanazawa, So; Yamaguchi, Masami K

2010-04-01

This study examined the perception of the rotating Kanizsa square by using a fixed-trial familiarization method. If the Kanizsa square is rotated across the pacmen, adult observers perceive not only a rotating illusory square, but also an illusory expansion/contraction motion of this square. The phenomenon is called a "rotational dynamic illusion". In experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion, finding that 3-8-month-old infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a simple rotation of the Kanizsa square. In experiment 3, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square or as a deformation of shape, finding that 3-4-month-old infants did perceive the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square. Our results show that while 3-8-month-old infants perceive the rotating Kanizsa square, however, it is difficult for the infants to extract expansion/contraction motion from the rotational dynamic illusion. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An algorithm for propagating the square-root covariance matrix in triangular form

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tapley, B. D.; Choe, C. Y.

1976-01-01

A method for propagating the square root of the state error covariance matrix in lower triangular form is described. The algorithm can be combined with any triangular square-root measurement update algorithm to obtain a triangular square-root sequential estimation algorithm. The triangular square-root algorithm compares favorably with the conventional sequential estimation algorithm with regard to computation time.

10 CFR 840.4 - Criterion I-Substantial discharge of radioactive material or substantial radiation levels offsite.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... (b) DOE finds that— (1) Surface contamination of at least a total of any 100 square meters of offsite... microcuries per square meter 0.35 microcuries per square meter. Alpha emission from isotopes other than transuranic isotopes 35 microcuries per square meter 3.5 microcuries per square meter. Beta or gamma emission...

Ion temperature gradient driven transport in tokamaks with square shaping

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Joiner, N.; Dorland, W.

2010-06-15

Advanced tokamak schemes which may offer significant improvement to plasma confinement on the usual large aspect ratio Dee-shaped flux surface configuration are of great interest to the fusion community. One possibility is to introduce square shaping to the flux surfaces. The gyrokinetic code GS2[Kotschenreuther et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 88, 128 (1996)] is used to study linear stability and the resulting nonlinear thermal transport of the ion temperature gradient driven (ITG) mode in tokamak equilibria with square shaping. The maximum linear growth rate of ITG modes is increased by negative squareness (diamond shaping) and reduced by positive values (square shaping).more » The dependence of thermal transport produced by saturated ITG instabilities on squareness is not as clear. The overall trend follows that of the linear instability, heat and particle fluxes increase with negative squareness and decrease with positive squareness. This is contradictory to recent experimental results [Holcomb et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 056116 (2009)] which show a reduction in transport with negative squareness. This may be reconciled as a reduction in transport (consistent with the experiment) is observed at small negative values of the squareness parameter.« less

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

36 CFR § 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

Child- and elder-friendly urban public places in Fatahillah Square Historical District

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Srinaga, F.; LKatoppo, M.; Hidayat, J.

2018-03-01

Fatahillah square as an important historical urban square in Jakarta has problems in eye level area integrative processing. Visitors cannot enjoy their time while in the square regarding their visuals, feelings, space, and bodies comfort. These also lead to other problems in which the square is lack of friendly and convenient places for children, the elderly and also the disabled, especially people with limited moving space. The research will attempt in proposing design inception for the Fatahillah Square that is using inclusive user-centered design approach, while in the same time incorporate theoretical studies of children and elderly-design considerations. The first stage of this research was building inclusive design parameter; begin with a context-led research which assesses the quality of Fatahillah square through three basic components of urban space: hardware, software and orgware. The second stage of this research is to propose inclusive design inception for the Fatahillah square.

9 Square in the Air: Not Your Parents' Traditional Four Square Game

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanson, Amber Hall; Barney, David

2018-01-01

Physical educators are constantly looking for new ideas and activities that will quickly grab the interest of their students. 9 Square in the Air is a game that does just this. The game was developed as a way to integrate students who enjoy volleyball and those who like Four Square. 9 Square in the Air provides the opportunity for students to use…

Large-Scale Physical Separation of Depleted Uranium from Soil

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Earth and Environment 285 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100 Somerset, NJ 08873 Catherine Nestler Applied Research Associates, Inc. 119 Monument Place...square meters square miles 2.589998 E+06 square meters square yards 0.8361274 square meters yards 0.9144 meters ERDC/EL TR-12-25 viii...depleted uranium EL Environmental Laboratory ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy

Orthogonalizing EM: A design-based least squares algorithm

PubMed Central

Xiong, Shifeng; Dai, Bin; Huling, Jared; Qian, Peter Z. G.

2016-01-01

We introduce an efficient iterative algorithm, intended for various least squares problems, based on a design of experiments perspective. The algorithm, called orthogonalizing EM (OEM), works for ordinary least squares and can be easily extended to penalized least squares. The main idea of the procedure is to orthogonalize a design matrix by adding new rows and then solve the original problem by embedding the augmented design in a missing data framework. We establish several attractive theoretical properties concerning OEM. For the ordinary least squares with a singular regression matrix, an OEM sequence converges to the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse-based least squares estimator. For ordinary and penalized least squares with various penalties, it converges to a point having grouping coherence for fully aliased regression matrices. Convergence and the convergence rate of the algorithm are examined. Finally, we demonstrate that OEM is highly efficient for large-scale least squares and penalized least squares problems, and is considerably faster than competing methods when n is much larger than p. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. PMID:27499558

More irregular eye shape in low myopia than in emmetropia.

PubMed

Tabernero, Juan; Schaeffel, Frank

2009-09-01

To improve the description of the peripheral eye shape in myopia and emmetropia by using a new method for continuous measurement of the peripheral refractive state. A scanning photorefractor was designed to record refractive errors in the vertical pupil meridian across the horizontal visual field (up to +/-45 degrees ). The setup consists of a hot mirror that continuously projects the infrared light from a photoretinoscope under different angles of eccentricity into the eye. The movement of the mirror is controlled by using two stepping motors. Refraction in a group of 17 emmetropic subjects and 11 myopic subjects (mean, -4.3 D; SD, 1.7) was measured without spectacle correction. For the analysis of eye shape, the refractive error versus the eccentricity angles was fitted with different polynomials (from second to tenth order). The new setup presents some important advantages over previous techniques: The subject does not have to change gaze during the measurements, and a continuous profile is obtained rather than discrete points. There was a significant difference in the fitting errors between the subjects with myopia and those with emmetropia. Tenth-order polynomials were required in myopic subjects to achieve a quality of fit similar to that in emmetropic subjects fitted with only sixth-order polynomials. Apparently, the peripheral shape of the myopic eye is more "bumpy." A new setup is presented for obtaining continuous peripheral refraction profiles. It was found that the peripheral retinal shape is more irregular even in only moderately myopic eyes, perhaps because the sclera lost some rigidity even at the early stage of myopia.

Tear drops of kidney: a historical overview of Polycystic Kidney Disease.

PubMed

Balat, Ayse

2016-02-01

Polycystic kidneydisease (PKD) is one of the most common inheritedkidneydiseases causing end stage renal disease. Although it has been in existence with humanity, it was defined in 18th century. The most detailed observations on PKD have been written after the disease of Stephen Bathory, the King of Poland. He had fatigue and chest pain accompanied by unconsciousness within a few days after a hunting trip, and died within 9 days, at the age of 53 years in 1586. Surgeon Jan Zigulitz described the cysts in his kidneys as large like those of a bull, with an uneven and bumpy surface during the mummification. Based on available information, 347 years later, a group of physicians and historians in Krakow concluded that the probable cause of Kings death was PKD and uremia. Unfortunately, PKD did not attracted the interest of physicians until the 18th century. In late 18th century, Matthew Baillie noted that these vesicular cysts in kidney were different from hydatid cysts, and described them as "false hydatids of kidney". In 1888, Flix Lejars used the term of "polycystic kidney" for the first time, and stressed that these cysts were bilateral, and causing clinically identifiable symptoms. At the end of 19th century, the basic clinical signs, and genetic basis of the disease have been better defined. However, the inheritance pattern could only be understood long years later. In this study, the history of PKD, i.e., the tear drops (cysts) of kidney will try to be explained by the light of old and current knowledge.

Differential equations governing slip-induced pore-pressure fluctuations in a water-saturated granular medium

USGS Publications Warehouse

Iverson, R.M.

1993-01-01

Macroscopic frictional slip in water-saturated granular media occurs commonly during landsliding, surface faulting, and intense bedload transport. A mathematical model of dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations that accompany and influence such sliding is derived here by both inductive and deductive methods. The inductive derivation shows how the governing differential equations represent the physics of the steadily sliding array of cylindrical fiberglass rods investigated experimentally by Iverson and LaHusen (1989). The deductive derivation shows how the same equations result from a novel application of Biot's (1956) dynamic mixture theory to macroscopic deformation. The model consists of two linear differential equations and five initial and boundary conditions that govern solid displacements and pore-water pressures. Solid displacements and water pressures are strongly coupled, in part through a boundary condition that ensures mass conservation during irreversible pore deformation that occurs along the bumpy slip surface. Feedback between this deformation and the pore-pressure field may yield complex system responses. The dual derivations of the model help explicate key assumptions. For example, the model requires that the dimensionless parameter B, defined here through normalization of Biot's equations, is much larger than one. This indicates that solid-fluid coupling forces are dominated by viscous rather than inertial effects. A tabulation of physical and kinematic variables for the rod-array experiments of Iverson and LaHusen and for various geologic phenomena shows that the model assumptions commonly are satisfied. A subsequent paper will describe model tests against experimental data. ?? 1993 International Association for Mathematical Geology.

Pitted Landforms in Southern Hellas Planitia

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-03-25

This image is of a portion of the Southern plains region within Hellas, the largest impact basin on Mars, with a diameter of about 2300 kilometers 1400 miles, as observed by NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. There are three main phenomena apparent in this image. First, the faint dark streaks that criss-cross the terrain are dust devil tracks that clear the bright dust along their way. Second, the subtle overall bumpy "basketball" texture of the surface is formed by repeated seasonal freezing and thawing of the ice-rich regolith and is common at higher latitudes. Third, the large, elliptical, scalloped depressions are common in permafrost terrains in both hemispheres, where thick, latitude-dependent sedimentary mantles comprise the surface units. These mantles are composed of ice-rich sediments that degrade as the ice sublimates away and is heated either by the Sun or by locally higher geothermal gradients. Sublimation, or the direct change in phase from ice to gas, occurs on Mars because of its low density atmosphere. These depressions have steeper pole-facing slopes, whereas the equator-facing slopes gently fade into the surrounding terrain. At full resolution (see close up view), numerous sublimation pits and networks of polygonal cracks are visible on the steeper, unstable pole-ward facing slopes. The overall morphology of this terrain is characteristic of what is called "thermokarstic degradation processes," which is a term used to describe the formation of pits in an ice-rich terrain due to loss of ice creating pits and collapse features. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19350

Development and utilization of new diagnostics for dense-phase pneumatic transport

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Dense-phase pneumatic transport is an attractive means of conveying solids. Unfortunately, because of the high solid concentrations, this transport method is a difficult regime in which to carry out detailed measurements. Hence most details of the flow are unknown. In this context, the main objective of this work is to develop probes for local measurements of solid velocity and holdup in dense gas-solid flows. Because we anticipate the recent theories of rapid granular flows will bring insight to the dense pneumatic transport of particles, we have sought to substantiate these theories through computer simulations. There we have verified the theorymore » of Hanes, Jenkins Richman (1988) for the rapid, steady shear flow of identical, smooth, nearly elastics disks driven by identical, parallel, bumpy boundaries. Because granular flows depend strongly on the nature of their interaction with a boundary, we have verified the boundary conditions calculated by Jenkins (1991) for spheres interacting with a flat, frictional surface. During the previous reporting period, we began a study of the time relaxation of the second moment of velocity fluctuations for a collection of disks undergoing simple shear. In the present reporting period, we have completed this study of relaxation by comparing results of simulations with the theoretical predictions of Jenkins and Richman (1988). In addition, we have concluded a series of experiments with flour plugs in the dense-phase pneumatic setup. Finally, we have established several industrial contacts to transfer the diagnostic techniques developed under this contract. 7 refs., 11 figs.« less

Least-Squares Curve-Fitting Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kantak, Anil V.

1990-01-01

Least Squares Curve Fitting program, AKLSQF, easily and efficiently computes polynomial providing least-squares best fit to uniformly spaced data. Enables user to specify tolerable least-squares error in fit or degree of polynomial. AKLSQF returns polynomial and actual least-squares-fit error incurred in operation. Data supplied to routine either by direct keyboard entry or via file. Written for an IBM PC X/AT or compatible using Microsoft's Quick Basic compiler.

Square Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion systems with coupled layers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Jing; Wang, Hongli, E-mail: hlwang@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: qi@pku.edu.cn; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Square Turing patterns are usually unstable in reaction-diffusion systems and are rarely observed in corresponding experiments and simulations. We report here an example of spontaneous formation of square Turing patterns with the Lengyel-Epstein model of two coupled layers. The squares are found to be a result of the resonance between two supercritical Turing modes with an appropriate ratio. Besides, the spatiotemporal resonance of Turing modes resembles to the mode-locking phenomenon. Analysis of the general amplitude equations for square patterns reveals that the fixed point corresponding to square Turing patterns is stationary when the parameters adopt appropriate values.

Complete band gaps of phononic crystal plates with square rods.

PubMed

El-Naggar, Sahar A; Mostafa, Samia I; Rafat, Nadia H

2012-04-01

Much of previous work has been devoted in studying complete band gaps for bulk phononic crystal (PC). In this paper, we theoretically investigate the existence and widths of these gaps for PC plates. We focus our attention on steel rods of square cross sectional area embedded in epoxy matrix. The equations for calculating the dispersion relation for square rods in a square or a triangular lattice have been derived. Our analysis is based on super cell plane wave expansion (SC-PWE) method. The influence of inclusions filling factor and plate thickness on the existence and width of the phononic band gaps has been discussed. Our calculations show that there is a certain filling factor (f=0.55) below which arrangement of square rods in a triangular lattice is superior to the arrangement in a square lattice. A comparison between square and circular cross sectional rods reveals that the former has superior normalized gap width than the latter in case of a square lattice. This situation is switched in case of a triangular lattice. Moreover, a maximum normalized gap width of 0.7 can be achieved for PC plate of square rods embedded in a square lattice and having height 90% of the lattice constant. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reconfigurable Wideband Circularly Polarized Stacked Square Patch Antenna for Cognitive Radios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barbosa Kortright, Miguel A.; Waldstein, Seth W.; Simons, Rainee N.

2017-01-01

An almost square patch and a square patch with corner truncation for circularly polarized (CP) and a stacked CP square patch are researched and developed at X-band for cognitive devices. A draft set of presentation charts are attached.

Comment Deadlines Established Regarding the LightSquared Technical Working Group Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-06-30

On June 30, 2011, LightSquared Subsidiary LLC (LightSquared) submitted a final report of the : technical working group co-chaired by LightSquared and the United States Global Positioning System : (GPS) Industry Council (USGIC)1 and organized in respo...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

Relationships of abscised cotton fruit to boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding, oviposition, and development.

PubMed

Showler, Allan T

2008-02-01

Abscised cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., fruit in field plots planted at different times were examined to assess adult boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), use of squares and bolls during 2002 and 2003 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Although boll abscission is not necessarily related to infestation, generally more bolls abscised than squares and abundances of fallen bolls were not related to the planting date treatments. During 2003, fallen squares were most abundant in the late-planted treatment. Although large squares (5.5-8-mm-diameter) on the plant are preferred for boll weevil oviposition, diameter of abscised squares is not a reliable measurement because of shrinkage resulting from desiccation and larval feeding. Fallen feeding-punctured squares and bolls were most abundant in late plantings but differences between fallen feeding-punctured squares versus fallen feeding-punctured bolls were found in only one treatment in 2003. During the same year, fallen oviposition-punctured squares were more numerous in the late-planted treatment than in the earlier treatments. Treatment effects were not found on numbers of oviposition-punctured bolls, but fallen oviposition-punctured squares were more common than bolls in the late-planted treatment compared with earlier treatments each year. Dead weevil eggs, larvae, and pupae inside fallen fruit were few and planting date treatment effects were not detected. Living third instars and pupae were more abundant in fallen squares of the late-planted treatment than in the earlier treatments and bolls of all three treatments. This study shows that fallen squares in late-planted cotton contribute more to adult boll weevil populations than bolls, or squares of earlier plantings.

Tri-Squared Mean Cross Comparative Analysis: An Advanced Post Hoc Qualitative and Quantitative Metric for a More In-Depth Examination of the Initial Research Outcomes of the Tri-Square Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osler, James Edward

2013-01-01

This monograph provides an epistemological rational for the design of an advanced novel analysis metric. The metric is designed to analyze the outcomes of the Tri-Squared Test. This methodology is referred to as: "Tri-Squared Mean Cross Comparative Analysis" (given the acronym TSMCCA). Tri-Squared Mean Cross Comparative Analysis involves…

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

Sparse partial least squares regression for simultaneous dimension reduction and variable selection

PubMed Central

Chun, Hyonho; Keleş, Sündüz

2010-01-01

Partial least squares regression has been an alternative to ordinary least squares for handling multicollinearity in several areas of scientific research since the 1960s. It has recently gained much attention in the analysis of high dimensional genomic data. We show that known asymptotic consistency of the partial least squares estimator for a univariate response does not hold with the very large p and small n paradigm. We derive a similar result for a multivariate response regression with partial least squares. We then propose a sparse partial least squares formulation which aims simultaneously to achieve good predictive performance and variable selection by producing sparse linear combinations of the original predictors. We provide an efficient implementation of sparse partial least squares regression and compare it with well-known variable selection and dimension reduction approaches via simulation experiments. We illustrate the practical utility of sparse partial least squares regression in a joint analysis of gene expression and genomewide binding data. PMID:20107611

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., usable square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of usable square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of usable square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: Usable square feet (USF) not...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

Further Exploration of Human Neonatal Chromatic-Achromatic Discrimination.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, Russell J.

1995-01-01

Newborns were habituated to white squares of varying size and luminance and retested with colored squares for recovery of habituation. Newborns could discriminate yellow-green from white in large squares, but not in small squares. They could not discriminate blue, blue-green, or purple from white. Results suggest newborns have little…

Square tubing reduces cost of telescoping bridge crane hoist

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernstein, G.; Graae, J.; Schraidt, J.

1967-01-01

Using standard square tubing in a telescoping arrangement reduces the cost of a bridge crane hoist. Because surface tolerances of square tubing need not be as accurate as the tubing used previously and because no spline is necessary, the square tubing is significantly less expensive than splined telescoping tubes.

A New Take on an Old Square

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richardson, Janessa; Bachman, Rachel M.

2017-01-01

This article describes a preservice teacher's imaginative exploration of completing the square through a process of reasoning and sense making. She recounts historical perspectives and her own discoveries in the process of completing the square. Through this process of sense making, she engaged with the content standard of completing the square to…

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

36 CFR § 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Square guidelines. § 910.67 Section § 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

Space Guidelines for Libraries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wisconsin Coordinating Committee for Higher Education, Madison.

The following guidelines are recommended: stack space--for each 10 volumes, one square foot of space; reading room--25 square feet per station x 20% of the total undergraduate population; carrel space--25% of the graduate enrollment x 45 square feet; office and auxilliary space--135 square feet x full time equivalent staff. (NI)

On estimating gravity anomalies: A comparison of least squares collocation with least squares techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Argentiero, P.; Lowrey, B.

1976-01-01

The least squares collocation algorithm for estimating gravity anomalies from geodetic data is shown to be an application of the well known regression equations which provide the mean and covariance of a random vector (gravity anomalies) given a realization of a correlated random vector (geodetic data). It is also shown that the collocation solution for gravity anomalies is equivalent to the conventional least-squares-Stokes' function solution when the conventional solution utilizes properly weighted zero a priori estimates. The mathematical and physical assumptions underlying the least squares collocation estimator are described, and its numerical properties are compared with the numerical properties of the conventional least squares estimator.

Gravitational lensing effects of vacuum strings - Exact solutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gott, J. R., III

1985-01-01

Exact interior and exterior solutions to Einstein's field equations are derived for vacuum strings. The exterior solution for a uniform density vacuum string corresponds to a conical space while the interior solution is that of a spherical cap. For Mu equals 0-1/4 the external metric is ds-squared = -dt-squared + dr-squared + (1-4 Mu)-squared r-squared dphi-squared + dz-squared, where Mu is the mass per unit length in the string in Planck masses per Planck length. A maximum mass per unit length for a string is 6.73 x 10 to the 27th g/cm. It is shown that strings cause temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background and produce equal brightness double QSO images separated by up to several minutes of arc. Formulae for lensing probabilities, image splittings, and time delays are derived for strings in a realistic cosmological setting. String searches using ST, the VLA, and the COBE satellite are discussed.

Weighted Least Squares Fitting Using Ordinary Least Squares Algorithms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kiers, Henk A. L.

1997-01-01

A general approach for fitting a model to a data matrix by weighted least squares (WLS) is studied. The approach consists of iteratively performing steps of existing algorithms for ordinary least squares fitting of the same model and is based on maximizing a function that majorizes WLS loss function. (Author/SLD)

Least-Squares Models to Correct for Rater Effects in Performance Assessment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raymond, Mark R.; Viswesvaran, Chockalingam

This study illustrates the use of three least-squares models to control for rater effects in performance evaluation: (1) ordinary least squares (OLS); (2) weighted least squares (WLS); and (3) OLS subsequent to applying a logistic transformation to observed ratings (LOG-OLS). The three models were applied to ratings obtained from four…

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

21 CFR 177.1315 - Ethylene-1, 4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate copolymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... specified temperatures and times (expressed in micrograms of the terephthaloyl moletles/square centimeter of... 100 milliliters (1) 0.23 microgram per square centimeter (1.5 micrograms per square inch) of food... °F). No thermal treatment in the container. ......do (2) 0.23 microgram per square centimeter (1.5...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

Visualizing the Sample Standard Deviation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarkar, Jyotirmoy; Rashid, Mamunur

2017-01-01

The standard deviation (SD) of a random sample is defined as the square-root of the sample variance, which is the "mean" squared deviation of the sample observations from the sample mean. Here, we interpret the sample SD as the square-root of twice the mean square of all pairwise half deviations between any two sample observations. This…

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

Latin and Magic Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emanouilidis, Emanuel

2005-01-01

Latin squares have existed for hundreds of years but it wasn't until rather recently that Latin squares were used in other areas such as statistics, graph theory, coding theory and the generation of random numbers as well as in the design and analysis of experiments. This note describes Latin and diagonal Latin squares, a method of constructing…

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

46 CFR 28.550 - Icing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... south of 66° South latitude must be assumed to be at least: (1) 6.14 pounds per square foot (30 Kilograms per square meter) of horizontal projected area which corresponds to a thickness of 1.3 inches (33 millimeters); and (2) 3.07 pounds per square foot (15 Kilograms per square meter) of vertical projected area...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... accordance with the white square-on-point limited quantity marking as follows: (1) The limited quantity... forming the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm... top and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be...

A survey of various enhancement techniques for square rings antennas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mumin, Abdul Rashid O.; Alias, Rozlan; Abdullah, Jiwa; Abdulhasan, Raed Abdulkareem; Ali, Jawad; Dahlan, Samsul Haimi; Awaleh, Abdisamad A.

2017-09-01

The square ring shape becomes a famous reconfiguration on antenna design. The researchers have been developed the square ring by different configurations. It has high efficiency and simple calculation method. The performance enhancement for an antenna is the main reason to use this setting. Furthermore, the multi-objectives for the antenna also are considered. In this paper, different studies of square ring shape are discussed. This shape is developed in five different techniques, which are the gain enhancement, dual band antenna, reconfigurable antenna, CSRR, and circularly polarization. Moreover, the validation between these configurations also demonstrates for square ring shapes. In particular, the square ring slot improved the gain by 4.3 dB, provide dual band resonance at 1.4 and 2.6 GHz while circular polarization at 1.54 GHz, and multi-mode antenna. However, square ring strip achieved an excellent band rejection on UWB antenna at 5.5 GHz. The square ring slot length is the most influential factor on the antenna performance, which refers to the free space wavelength. Finally, comparisons between these techniques are presented.

Investigating bias in squared regression structure coefficients

PubMed Central

Nimon, Kim F.; Zientek, Linda R.; Thompson, Bruce

2015-01-01

The importance of structure coefficients and analogs of regression weights for analysis within the general linear model (GLM) has been well-documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate bias in squared structure coefficients in the context of multiple regression and to determine if a formula that had been shown to correct for bias in squared Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination could be used to correct for bias in squared regression structure coefficients. Using data from a Monte Carlo simulation, this study found that squared regression structure coefficients corrected with Pratt's formula produced less biased estimates and might be more accurate and stable estimates of population squared regression structure coefficients than estimates with no such corrections. While our findings are in line with prior literature that identified multicollinearity as a predictor of bias in squared regression structure coefficients but not coefficients of determination, the findings from this study are unique in that the level of predictive power, number of predictors, and sample size were also observed to contribute bias in squared regression structure coefficients. PMID:26217273

On roots and squares - estimation, intuition and creativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patkin, Dorit; Gazit, Avikam

2013-12-01

The paper presents findings of a small scale study of a few items related to problem solving with squares and roots, for different teacher groups (pre-service and in-service mathematics teachers: elementary and junior high school). The research participants were asked to explain what would be the units digit of a natural number to be squared in order to obtain a certain units digit as a result. They were also asked to formulate a rule - an algorithm for calculating the square of a 2-digit number which is a multiple of 5. Based on this knowledge and estimation capability, they were required to find, without using calculators, the square roots of given natural numbers. The findings show that most of the participants had only partial intuition regarding the units' digit of a number which is squared when the units' digit of the square is known. At the same time, the participants manifested some evidence of creativity and flow of ideas in identifying the rule for calculating the square of a natural number whose units digit is 5. However, when asked to identify, by means of estimation and based on knowledge from previous items, the square roots of three natural numbers, only few of them managed to find the three roots by estimation.

Equivalent square formula for determining the surface dose of rectangular field from 6 MV therapeutic photon beam.

PubMed

Apipunyasopon, Lukkana; Srisatit, Somyot; Phaisangittisakul, Nakorn

2013-09-06

The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of the equivalent square formula for determining the surface dose from a rectangular photon beam. A 6 MV therapeutic photon beam delivered from a Varian Clinac 23EX medical linear accelerator was modeled using the EGS4nrc Monte Carlo simulation package. It was then used to calculate the dose in the build-up region from both square and rectangular fields. The field patterns were defined by various settings of the X- and Y-collimator jaw ranging from 5 to 20 cm. Dose measurements were performed using a thermoluminescence dosimeter and a Markus parallel-plate ionization chamber on the four square fields (5 × 5, 10 × 10, 15 × 15, and 20 × 20 cm2). The surface dose was acquired by extrapolating the build-up doses to the surface. An equivalent square for a rectangular field was determined using the area-to-perimeter formula, and the surface dose of the equivalent square was estimated using the square-field data. The surface dose of square field increased linearly from approximately 10% to 28% as the side of the square field increased from 5 to 20 cm. The influence of collimator exchange on the surface dose was found to be not significant. The difference in the percentage surface dose of the rectangular field compared to that of the relevant equivalent square was insignificant and can be clinically neglected. The use of the area-to-perimeter formula for an equivalent square field can provide a clinically acceptable surface dose estimation for a rectangular field from a 6 MV therapy photon beam.

Extrapolation of in situ data from 1-km squares to adjacent squares using remote sensed imagery and airborne lidar data for the assessment of habitat diversity and extent.

PubMed

Lang, M; Vain, A; Bunce, R G H; Jongman, R H G; Raet, J; Sepp, K; Kuusemets, V; Kikas, T; Liba, N

2015-03-01

Habitat surveillance and subsequent monitoring at a national level is usually carried out by recording data from in situ sample sites located according to predefined strata. This paper describes the application of remote sensing to the extension of such field data recorded in 1-km squares to adjacent squares, in order to increase sample number without further field visits. Habitats were mapped in eight central squares in northeast Estonia in 2010 using a standardized recording procedure. Around one of the squares, a special study site was established which consisted of the central square and eight surrounding squares. A Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image was used for correlation with in situ data. An airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) vegetation height map was also included in the classification. A series of tests were carried out by including the lidar data and contrasting analytical techniques, which are described in detail in the paper. Training accuracy in the central square varied from 75 to 100 %. In the extrapolation procedure to the surrounding squares, accuracy varied from 53.1 to 63.1 %, which improved by 10 % with the inclusion of lidar data. The reasons for this relatively low classification accuracy were mainly inherent variability in the spectral signatures of habitats but also differences between the dates of imagery acquisition and field sampling. Improvements could therefore be made by better synchronization of the field survey and image acquisition as well as by dividing general habitat categories (GHCs) into units which are more likely to have similar spectral signatures. However, the increase in the number of sample kilometre squares compensates for the loss of accuracy in the measurements of individual squares. The methodology can be applied in other studies as the procedures used are readily available.

Eta Squared and Partial Eta Squared as Measures of Effect Size in Educational Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richardson, John T. E.

2011-01-01

Eta squared measures the proportion of the total variance in a dependent variable that is associated with the membership of different groups defined by an independent variable. Partial eta squared is a similar measure in which the effects of other independent variables and interactions are partialled out. The development of these measures is…

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE): Case Study Phase III

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE): Case Study Phase III Lydia Chung Frank Hung Eric Hough Don Ojoko-Adams Advisor...Engineering (SQUARE): Case Study Phase III CMU/SEI-2006-SR-003 Lydia Chung Frank Hung Eric Hough Don Ojoko-Adams Advisor Nancy R. Mead...1 1.1 The SQUARE Process ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Case Study Clients

A Continuous Square Root in Formation Filter-Swoother with Discrete Data Update

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, J. K.

1994-01-01

A differential equation for the square root information matrix is derived and adapted to the problems of filtering and smoothing. The resulting continuous square root information filter (SRIF) performs the mapping of state and process noise by numerical integration of the SRIF matrix and admits data via a discrete least square update.

Delayed ripple counter simplifies square-root computation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cliff, R.

1965-01-01

Ripple subtract technique simplifies the logic circuitry required in a binary computing device to derive the square root of a number. Successively higher numbers are subtracted from a register containing the number out of which the square root is to be extracted. The last number subtracted will be the closest integer to the square root of the number.

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF LATIN SQUARES COUNTERBALANCED FOR IMMEDIATE SEQUENTIAL EFFECTS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

HOUSTON, TOM R., JR.

THIS REPORT IS ONE OF A SERIES DESCRIBING NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREA OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. IT DEALS WITH LATIN SQUARES AS A CONTROL FOR PROGRESSIVE AND ADJACENCY EFFECTS IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. THE HISTORY OF LATIN SQUARES IS ALSO REVIEWED, AND SEVERAL ALGORITHMS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF LATIN AND GRECO-LATIN SQUARES ARE PROPOSED. THE REPORT…

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be black and the center white or of a suitable contrasting background as follows: ER30DE11.004 (2) The square... the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm unless...

Using Least Squares for Error Propagation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tellinghuisen, Joel

2015-01-01

The method of least-squares (LS) has a built-in procedure for estimating the standard errors (SEs) of the adjustable parameters in the fit model: They are the square roots of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. This means that one can use least-squares to obtain numerical values of propagated errors by defining the target quantities as…

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

Using Squares to Sum Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeTemple, Duane

2010-01-01

Purely combinatorial proofs are given for the sum of squares formula, 1[superscript 2] + 2[superscript 2] + ... + n[superscript 2] = n(n + 1) (2n + 1) / 6, and the sum of sums of squares formula, 1[superscript 2] + (1[superscript 2] + 2[superscript 2]) + ... + (1[superscript 2] + 2[superscript 2] + ... + n[superscript 2]) = n(n + 1)[superscript 2]…

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be black and the center white or of a suitable contrasting background as follows: ER30DE11.004 (2) The square... the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm unless...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be black and the center white or of a suitable contrasting background as follows: ER30DE11.004 (2) The square... the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm unless...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

Benefits from Thinning Black Willow

Treesearch

R. L. Johnson; J. S. McKnight

1969-01-01

Black willow stands 18 and 24 years old were cut from about 130 square feet of basal area per acre to near 95, 75, and 55 square feet. Growth was best on plots thinned to 55 square feet in the 24-year-old stand and to 95 square feet in the 18-yearold stand. The stands were along the Mississippi River.

Two Enhancements of the Logarithmic Least-Squares Method for Analyzing Subjective Comparisons

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-25

error term. 1 For this model, the total sum of squares ( SSTO ), defined as n 2 SSTO = E (yi y) i=1 can be partitioned into error and regression sums...of the regression line around the mean value. Mathematically, for the model given by equation A.4, SSTO = SSE + SSR (A.6) A-4 where SSTO is the total...sum of squares (i.e., the variance of the yi’s), SSE is error sum of squares, and SSR is the regression sum of squares. SSTO , SSE, and SSR are given

Discrete square root filtering - A survey of current techniques.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaminskii, P. G.; Bryson, A. E., Jr.; Schmidt, S. F.

1971-01-01

Current techniques in square root filtering are surveyed and related by applying a duality association. Four efficient square root implementations are suggested, and compared with three common conventional implementations in terms of computational complexity and precision. It is shown that the square root computational burden should not exceed the conventional by more than 50% in most practical problems. An examination of numerical conditioning predicts that the square root approach can yield twice the effective precision of the conventional filter in ill-conditioned problems. This prediction is verified in two examples.

Modulation bandwidth enhancement for coupled twin-square microcavity lasers.

PubMed

Xiao, Zhi-Xiong; Huang, Yong-Zhen; Yang, Yue-De; Tang, Min; Xiao, Jin-Long

2017-08-15

Modulation bandwidth enhancements are investigated for coupled twin-square microcavity lasers due to photon-photon resonance effect. For a coupled twin-square microcavity laser with the square side length of 20 μm, we demonstrate the increase of 3-dB modulation bandwidth from 9.6 GHz to 19.5 GHz, by adjusting the resonance mode wavelength interval between two square microcavities. The enhanced modulation bandwidth is explained by rate equation analysis, and numerical simulations are conducted for large signal modulation with improved eye-diagrams at 40 Gbit/s.

Optimal least-squares finite element method for elliptic problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jiang, Bo-Nan; Povinelli, Louis A.

1991-01-01

An optimal least squares finite element method is proposed for two dimensional and three dimensional elliptic problems and its advantages are discussed over the mixed Galerkin method and the usual least squares finite element method. In the usual least squares finite element method, the second order equation (-Delta x (Delta u) + u = f) is recast as a first order system (-Delta x p + u = f, Delta u - p = 0). The error analysis and numerical experiment show that, in this usual least squares finite element method, the rate of convergence for flux p is one order lower than optimal. In order to get an optimal least squares method, the irrotationality Delta x p = 0 should be included in the first order system.

Note: A novel method for generating multichannel quasi-square-wave pulses.

PubMed

Mao, C; Zou, X; Wang, X

2015-08-01

A 21-channel quasi-square-wave nanosecond pulse generator was constructed. The generator consists of a high-voltage square-wave pulser and a channel divider. Using an electromagnetic relay as a switch and a 50-Ω polyethylene cable as a pulse forming line, the high-voltage pulser produces a 10-ns square-wave pulse of 1070 V. With a specially designed resistor-cable network, the channel divider divides the high-voltage square-wave pulse into 21 identical 10-ns quasi-square-wave pulses of 51 V, exactly equal to 1070 V/21. The generator can operate not only in a simultaneous mode but also in a delay mode if the cables in the channel divider are different in length.

Venus, the goddess of fertility, numerologically 15 in Babylon and the origin of the Chinese system of 8 designs, called Pa-Kua.

PubMed

Mahdihassan, S

1987-01-01

In Babylonia, numerology was invented and Venus, as the goddess of fertility, was first depicted as a 6-cornered star. But, numerologically she was designated 15. As a 6-cornered star, its make-up shows two opposite triangles interpenetrated. This was changed to two squares fused into one where geometrically the shape became a square. It created 9 cells which were so numbered that the numbers counted in any row gave the sum 15. Venus thus became a Magic Square of 15. Geometrically it was a Magic Square, but numerologically it was 15. In the make-up the squares were two and opposites. As goddess of fertility she especially helped the pregnant to an easy delivery. Some 8 variants of the Magic Square, with different arrangements of numbers, represented 4 cosmic elements and 4 cosmic qualities. The Magic Squares, which represented elements, had the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 near one another forming a miniature square by themselves. A Magic Square representing a quality did not have the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, as a consolidated unit. This explains the importance of the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, a mystery which had remained unsolved. Venus was also the star of copper. When copper technology migrated from Babylon to China, the occult science associated with Venus also reached China. Here the 8 Magic Squares were translated into a system of whole and broken lines, called Pa-Kua, meaning 8 designs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Square Footage Requirements for Use in Developing the Local Facilities Plans and State Capital Outlay Applications for Funding.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Georgia State Dept. of Education, Atlanta. Facilities Services Unit.

This document presents the space requirements for Georgia's elementary, middle, and high schools. All square footage requirements are computed by using inside dimensions of a room; the square footage of support spaces in suites may be included when computing the square footage of the suite. Examples of support spaces include storage rooms,…

49 CFR 172.315 - Packages containing limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... applicable, for the entry as shown in the § 172.101 Table, and placed within a square-on-point border in... to the package as to be readily visible. The width of line forming the square-on-point must be at... square-on-points bearing a single ID number, or a single square-on-point large enough to include each...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... insulation. The method is applicable to all cured board and blanket products. 2. Equipment One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for use in cutting... procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

Going Off-the-Pegs: Revisiting Geoboard Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Canada, Daniel L.; Ciancetta, Matthew A.; Blair, Stephen D.

2014-01-01

How many squares can be found on a typical 5 × 5 geoboard? Teachers who are unfamiliar with this question may wish to stop here and reflect a bit. The question can lead to wonderful student discourse: How can someone tell if something is a square? Should squares be counted that are the same size (but in a different location) or just different…

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... The method is applicable to all cured board and blanket products. 2. Equipment One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for use in cutting... procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... The method is applicable to all cured board and blanket products. 2. Equipment One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for use in cutting... procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot...

76 FR 17752 - Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the San Francisco Veterans...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-30

... issues associated with 945,000 square feet of new construction and approximately 500,000 square feet of... an additional 945,000 square feet of medical facility space (in addition to the existing 1.02 million square feet of medical facility space) to meet the needs of San Francisco Bay Area and northern...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

How-To-Do-It: Snails, Pill Bugs, Mealworms, and Chi-Square? Using Invertebrate Behavior to Illustrate Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biermann, Carol

1988-01-01

Described is a study designed to introduce students to the behavior of common invertebrate animals, and to use of the chi-square statistical technique. Discusses activities with snails, pill bugs, and mealworms. Provides an abbreviated chi-square table and instructions for performing the experiments and statistical tests. (CW)

Weighted linear least squares estimation of diffusion MRI parameters: strengths, limitations, and pitfalls.

PubMed

Veraart, Jelle; Sijbers, Jan; Sunaert, Stefan; Leemans, Alexander; Jeurissen, Ben

2013-11-01

Linear least squares estimators are widely used in diffusion MRI for the estimation of diffusion parameters. Although adding proper weights is necessary to increase the precision of these linear estimators, there is no consensus on how to practically define them. In this study, the impact of the commonly used weighting strategies on the accuracy and precision of linear diffusion parameter estimators is evaluated and compared with the nonlinear least squares estimation approach. Simulation and real data experiments were done to study the performance of the weighted linear least squares estimators with weights defined by (a) the squares of the respective noisy diffusion-weighted signals; and (b) the squares of the predicted signals, which are reconstructed from a previous estimate of the diffusion model parameters. The negative effect of weighting strategy (a) on the accuracy of the estimator was surprisingly high. Multi-step weighting strategies yield better performance and, in some cases, even outperformed the nonlinear least squares estimator. If proper weighting strategies are applied, the weighted linear least squares approach shows high performance characteristics in terms of accuracy/precision and may even be preferred over nonlinear estimation methods. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

978-nm square-wave in an all-fiber single-mode ytterbium-doped fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shujie; Xu, Lixin; Gu, Chun

2018-01-01

A 978 nm single mode passively mode-locked all-fiber laser delivering square-wave pulses was demonstrated using a figure-8 cavity and a 75 cm commercial double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber. We found the three-level system near 978 nm was able to operate efficiently under clad pumping, simultaneously oscillation around 1030 nm well inhibited. The optimized nonlinear amplifying loop mirror made the mode locking stable and performed the square-pulses shaping. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to report the square-wave pulse fiber laser operating at 980 nm. The spectral width of the 978 mode-locked square pulses was about 4 nm, far greater than that of the mode-locked square pulses around 1060 nm reported before, which would be helpful to deeply understand the various square-wave pulses' natures and forming mechanisms. Compared with modulated single-mode or multimode 980 nm LDs, this kind of 980 nm square-wave sources having higher brightness, more steeper rising and falling edge and shorter pulse width, might have potential applications in pumping nanosecond ytterbium or erbium fiber lasers and amplifiers.

Evaluation of data transformations used with the square root and schoolfield models for predicting bacterial growth rate.

PubMed Central

Alber, S A; Schaffner, D W

1992-01-01

A comparison was made between mathematical variations of the square root and Schoolfield models for predicting growth rate as a function of temperature. The statistical consequences of square root and natural logarithm transformations of growth rate use in several variations of the Schoolfield and square root models were examined. Growth rate variances of Yersinia enterocolitica in brain heart infusion broth increased as a function of temperature. The ability of the two data transformations to correct for the heterogeneity of variance was evaluated. A natural logarithm transformation of growth rate was more effective than a square root transformation at correcting for the heterogeneity of variance. The square root model was more accurate than the Schoolfield model when both models used natural logarithm transformation. PMID:1444367

A Stochastic Total Least Squares Solution of Adaptive Filtering Problem

PubMed Central

Ahmad, Noor Atinah

2014-01-01

An efficient and computationally linear algorithm is derived for total least squares solution of adaptive filtering problem, when both input and output signals are contaminated by noise. The proposed total least mean squares (TLMS) algorithm is designed by recursively computing an optimal solution of adaptive TLS problem by minimizing instantaneous value of weighted cost function. Convergence analysis of the algorithm is given to show the global convergence of the proposed algorithm, provided that the stepsize parameter is appropriately chosen. The TLMS algorithm is computationally simpler than the other TLS algorithms and demonstrates a better performance as compared with the least mean square (LMS) and normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithms. It provides minimum mean square deviation by exhibiting better convergence in misalignment for unknown system identification under noisy inputs. PMID:24688412

Fast Algorithms for Structured Least Squares and Total Least Squares Problems

PubMed Central

Kalsi, Anoop; O’Leary, Dianne P.

2006-01-01

We consider the problem of solving least squares problems involving a matrix M of small displacement rank with respect to two matrices Z1 and Z2. We develop formulas for the generators of the matrix M HM in terms of the generators of M and show that the Cholesky factorization of the matrix M HM can be computed quickly if Z1 is close to unitary and Z2 is triangular and nilpotent. These conditions are satisfied for several classes of matrices, including Toeplitz, block Toeplitz, Hankel, and block Hankel, and for matrices whose blocks have such structure. Fast Cholesky factorization enables fast solution of least squares problems, total least squares problems, and regularized total least squares problems involving these classes of matrices. PMID:27274922

Fast Algorithms for Structured Least Squares and Total Least Squares Problems.

PubMed

Kalsi, Anoop; O'Leary, Dianne P

2006-01-01

We consider the problem of solving least squares problems involving a matrix M of small displacement rank with respect to two matrices Z 1 and Z 2. We develop formulas for the generators of the matrix M (H) M in terms of the generators of M and show that the Cholesky factorization of the matrix M (H) M can be computed quickly if Z 1 is close to unitary and Z 2 is triangular and nilpotent. These conditions are satisfied for several classes of matrices, including Toeplitz, block Toeplitz, Hankel, and block Hankel, and for matrices whose blocks have such structure. Fast Cholesky factorization enables fast solution of least squares problems, total least squares problems, and regularized total least squares problems involving these classes of matrices.

BIOMECHANICS. Why the seahorse tail is square.

PubMed

Porter, Michael M; Adriaens, Dominique; Hatton, Ross L; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna

2015-07-03

Whereas the predominant shapes of most animal tails are cylindrical, seahorse tails are square prisms. Seahorses use their tails as flexible grasping appendages, in spite of a rigid bony armor that fully encases their bodies. We explore the mechanics of two three-dimensional-printed models that mimic either the natural (square prism) or hypothetical (cylindrical) architecture of a seahorse tail to uncover whether or not the square geometry provides any functional advantages. Our results show that the square prism is more resilient when crushed and provides a mechanism for preserving articulatory organization upon extensive bending and twisting, as compared with its cylindrical counterpart. Thus, the square architecture is better than the circular one in the context of two integrated functions: grasping ability and crushing resistance. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

On estimating gravity anomalies - A comparison of least squares collocation with conventional least squares techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Argentiero, P.; Lowrey, B.

1977-01-01

The least squares collocation algorithm for estimating gravity anomalies from geodetic data is shown to be an application of the well known regression equations which provide the mean and covariance of a random vector (gravity anomalies) given a realization of a correlated random vector (geodetic data). It is also shown that the collocation solution for gravity anomalies is equivalent to the conventional least-squares-Stokes' function solution when the conventional solution utilizes properly weighted zero a priori estimates. The mathematical and physical assumptions underlying the least squares collocation estimator are described.

The record of Tethyan planktonic foraminifera at the early Paleogene hyperthermal events and Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum in northeastern Italy: are they comparable?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luciani, Valeria; Giusberti, Luca; Agnini, Claudia; Fornaciari, Eliana; Rio, Domenico

2010-05-01

The early Paleogene is one of the more climatically and evolutionary dynamic periods in the Earth history that records a pronounced warming trend peaking in the Early Eocene, and a successive composite transition towards the modern icehouse world. Ever increasingly scientific attention is dedicated to definitely comprehend timing, nature and characters of the complex, non-linear evolution of the Paleogene climate. Several complete and expanded Paleogene successions (Forada, Possagno, Alano, Farra), with a sound magneto-biochronostratigraphic and stable isotope record crop out in the Venetian Southern Alps (Northeast Italy). Recent studies (Giusberti et. al., 2007; Luciani et al., 2007; Agnini et al., 2008) and unpublished data document the presence in these section of the main short-lived warming events (hyperthermals) of the Eocene (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, PETM, ca 55 Ma, Eocene Layer of Mysterious Origin (ELMO, ca 53,6 Ma), X-event (ca 52.5 Ma), of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO, ca 50-52 Ma) and of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO, ca 40 Ma; Zachos et al., 2001. 2008). All these events are typified by marked negative shifts in δ13C curves that correspond to carbonate decrease related to rise of the carbonate compensation depth in turn induced by large introduction in the ocean-atmosphere system of CO2. Common features to the warming events are pronounced and complex changes in planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, indicating strong environmental perturbations that perfectly parallel the variations of the stable isotope curves in all the examined events. These strict correspondences indicate close cause-effect relationships between changes in environmental conditions and modifications of the assemblages. Our analysis shows that the most striking variations are recorded by the PETM and MECO assemblages that reflect highly perturbed environments. The ELMO, X-event and EECO exhibit planktic foraminiferal responses that are similar to, though less intense than, those observed across the PETM and the MECO. In addition, sedimentological and quantitative micropaleontological data from the hyperthermal events from the Venetian Southern Alps essentially suggest as the main response to the pronounced warmth, increased weathering and runoff as well as sea surface eutrophication. A pronounced shift from relatively oligotrophic to eutrophic, opportunist planktonic foraminiferal assemblages was observed at the MECO as well, thus showing analogies with the hyperthermal events recorded in the same area. The taxa indicating eutrophic environmental conditions are however different at the MECO from the Alano section; on the other hand we can expect that the planktonic foraminiferal taxa indicating analogous scenarios might be different in different Eocene time-intervals. Remarkably, the PETM and MECO events record a significant occurrence of giant and malformed foraminifera, evidence of transient alteration in the ocean chemistry, including possible pH oscillations and increase in trace metal content. Our data suggests therefore that a major threshold in the photic zone ocean chemistry has been passed only for those prominent events. In conclusion, from the biotic response to the hyperthermal events, to the EECO and MECO we deduce that the most important effect of pronounced warming, that is the aspect common to all these events, has been the eutrophication of surface waters, as a consequence of modification in the hydrological cycle. The location adjacent to land masses of the studied Tethyan setting evidently facilitated the terrigenous input that was apparently the main responsible for the increase in nutrient availability during the cited Paleogene warming events. Finally, several lines of evidence indicate that PETM, EECO and MECO were linked to permanent changes in planktonic foraminiferal evolution beside the transient, ecologically controlled variations. Even though the true mechanisms forcing evolution of life on Earth are still unexplained, our record of the major climatic Paleogene events suggests a close interaction between global climate and biological evolution. REFERENCES Agnini et al., 2008. Rend. Soc. Geol. It. 4, 5-12. Giusberti et., 2007; Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 119, 391-412. Luciani et al., 2007. Mar. Micopaleont. 64, 189-214. Zachos et al., 2001. Science 292, 686-693. Zachos et al 2008 Nature 451, 279-283.

The Square Light Clock and Special Relativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Galli, J. Ronald; Amiri, Farhang

2012-01-01

A thought experiment that includes a square light clock is similar to the traditional vertical light beam and mirror clock, except it is made up of four mirrors placed at a 45[degree] angle at each corner of a square of length L[subscript 0], shown in Fig. 1. Here we have shown the events as measured in the rest frame of the square light clock. By…

Generalized adjustment by least squares ( GALS).

USGS Publications Warehouse

Elassal, A.A.

1983-01-01

The least-squares principle is universally accepted as the basis for adjustment procedures in the allied fields of geodesy, photogrammetry and surveying. A prototype software package for Generalized Adjustment by Least Squares (GALS) is described. The package is designed to perform all least-squares-related functions in a typical adjustment program. GALS is capable of supporting development of adjustment programs of any size or degree of complexity. -Author

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for... to the plant's written procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot) template. 3.3Weigh product and obtain area weight (lb/ft2). 3.4Measure sample...

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

Two-dimensional heat flow analysis applied to heat sterilization of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir square timbers

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2004-01-01

Equations for a two-dimensional finite difference heat flow analysis were developed and applied to ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir square timbers to calculate the time required to heat the center of the squares to target temperature. The squares were solid piled, which made their surfaces inaccessible to the heating air, and thus surface temperatures failed to attain...

Sets of Mutually Orthogonal Sudoku Latin Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vis, Timothy; Petersen, Ryan M.

2009-01-01

A Latin square of order "n" is an "n" x "n" array using n symbols, such that each symbol appears exactly once in each row and column. A set of Latin squares is c ordered pairs of symbols appearing in the cells of the array are distinct. The popular puzzle Sudoku involves Latin squares with n = 9, along with the added condition that each of the 9…

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

76 FR 13580 - Bus Testing; Calculation of Average Passenger Weight and Test Vehicle Weight

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

... occupied per standing passenger from 1.5 to 1.75 square feet, and updating the Structural Strength and... standing passenger from 1.5 square feet of free floor space to 1.75 square feet of free floor space to... (assumed to be each 1.75 square foot of free floor space). * * * * * 3. Amend Appendix A to part 665 by...

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for... to the plant's written procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot) template. 3.3Weigh product and obtain area weight (lb/ft2). 3.4Measure sample...

A fast least-squares algorithm for population inference

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Population inference is an important problem in genetics used to remove population stratification in genome-wide association studies and to detect migration patterns or shared ancestry. An individual’s genotype can be modeled as a probabilistic function of ancestral population memberships, Q, and the allele frequencies in those populations, P. The parameters, P and Q, of this binomial likelihood model can be inferred using slow sampling methods such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods or faster gradient based approaches such as sequential quadratic programming. This paper proposes a least-squares simplification of the binomial likelihood model motivated by a Euclidean interpretation of the genotype feature space. This results in a faster algorithm that easily incorporates the degree of admixture within the sample of individuals and improves estimates without requiring trial-and-error tuning. Results We show that the expected value of the least-squares solution across all possible genotype datasets is equal to the true solution when part of the problem has been solved, and that the variance of the solution approaches zero as its size increases. The Least-squares algorithm performs nearly as well as Admixture for these theoretical scenarios. We compare least-squares, Admixture, and FRAPPE for a variety of problem sizes and difficulties. For particularly hard problems with a large number of populations, small number of samples, or greater degree of admixture, least-squares performs better than the other methods. On simulated mixtures of real population allele frequencies from the HapMap project, Admixture estimates sparsely mixed individuals better than Least-squares. The least-squares approach, however, performs within 1.5% of the Admixture error. On individual genotypes from the HapMap project, Admixture and least-squares perform qualitatively similarly and within 1.2% of each other. Significantly, the least-squares approach nearly always converges 1.5- to 6-times faster. Conclusions The computational advantage of the least-squares approach along with its good estimation performance warrants further research, especially for very large datasets. As problem sizes increase, the difference in estimation performance between all algorithms decreases. In addition, when prior information is known, the least-squares approach easily incorporates the expected degree of admixture to improve the estimate. PMID:23343408

A fast least-squares algorithm for population inference.

PubMed

Parry, R Mitchell; Wang, May D

2013-01-23

Population inference is an important problem in genetics used to remove population stratification in genome-wide association studies and to detect migration patterns or shared ancestry. An individual's genotype can be modeled as a probabilistic function of ancestral population memberships, Q, and the allele frequencies in those populations, P. The parameters, P and Q, of this binomial likelihood model can be inferred using slow sampling methods such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods or faster gradient based approaches such as sequential quadratic programming. This paper proposes a least-squares simplification of the binomial likelihood model motivated by a Euclidean interpretation of the genotype feature space. This results in a faster algorithm that easily incorporates the degree of admixture within the sample of individuals and improves estimates without requiring trial-and-error tuning. We show that the expected value of the least-squares solution across all possible genotype datasets is equal to the true solution when part of the problem has been solved, and that the variance of the solution approaches zero as its size increases. The Least-squares algorithm performs nearly as well as Admixture for these theoretical scenarios. We compare least-squares, Admixture, and FRAPPE for a variety of problem sizes and difficulties. For particularly hard problems with a large number of populations, small number of samples, or greater degree of admixture, least-squares performs better than the other methods. On simulated mixtures of real population allele frequencies from the HapMap project, Admixture estimates sparsely mixed individuals better than Least-squares. The least-squares approach, however, performs within 1.5% of the Admixture error. On individual genotypes from the HapMap project, Admixture and least-squares perform qualitatively similarly and within 1.2% of each other. Significantly, the least-squares approach nearly always converges 1.5- to 6-times faster. The computational advantage of the least-squares approach along with its good estimation performance warrants further research, especially for very large datasets. As problem sizes increase, the difference in estimation performance between all algorithms decreases. In addition, when prior information is known, the least-squares approach easily incorporates the expected degree of admixture to improve the estimate.

Assessment of Coronal Spinal Alignment for Adult Spine Deformity Cases After Intraoperative T Square Shaped Use.

PubMed

Kurra, Swamy; Metkar, Umesh; Yirenkyi, Henaku; Tallarico, Richard A; Lavelle, William F

Retrospectively reviewed surgeries between 2011 and 2015 of patients who underwent posterior spinal deformity instrumentation with constructs involving fusions to pelvis and encompassing at least five levels. Measure the radiographic outcomes of coronal malalignment (CM) after use of an intraoperative T square shaped instrument in posterior spinal deformity surgeries with at least five levels of fusion and extension to pelvis. Neuromuscular children found to benefit from intraoperative T square technique to help achieve proper coronal spinal balance with extensive fusions. This intraoperative technique used in our posterior spine deformity instrumentation surgeries with the aforementioned parameters. There were 50 patients: n = 16 with intraoperative T square and n = 34 no-T square shaped device. Subgroups divided based on greater than 20 mm displacement and greater than 40 mm displacement of the C7 plumb line to the central sacral vertical line on either side in preoperative radiographs. We analyzed the demographics and the pre- and postoperative radiographic parameters of standing films: standing CM (displacement of C7 plumb line to central sacral vertical line), and major coronal Cobb angles in total sample and subgroups and compared T square shaped device with no-T square shaped device use by analysis of variance. A p value ≤.05 is statistically significant. In the total sample, though postoperative CM mean was not statistically different, we observed greater CM corrections in patients where a T square shaped device was used (70%) versus no-T square shaped device used (18%). In >20 mm and >40 mm subgroups, the postoperative mean CM values were statistically lower for the patients where a T square shaped device was used, p = .016 and p = .003, respectively. Cobb corrections were statistically higher for T square shaped device use in both >20 mm and >40 mm subgroups, 68%, respectively. The intraoperative T square shaped device technique had a positive effect on the amount of spine coronal malalignment correction after its use and for lumbar and thoracic coronal Cobb angles. Level III. Copyright © 2017 Scoliosis Research Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spectral L2/L1 norm: A new perspective for spectral kurtosis for characterizing non-stationary signals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Dong

2018-05-01

Thanks to the great efforts made by Antoni (2006), spectral kurtosis has been recognized as a milestone for characterizing non-stationary signals, especially bearing fault signals. The main idea of spectral kurtosis is to use the fourth standardized moment, namely kurtosis, as a function of spectral frequency so as to indicate how repetitive transients caused by a bearing defect vary with frequency. Moreover, spectral kurtosis is defined based on an analytic bearing fault signal constructed from either a complex filter or Hilbert transform. On the other hand, another attractive work was reported by Borghesani et al. (2014) to mathematically reveal the relationship between the kurtosis of an analytical bearing fault signal and the square of the squared envelope spectrum of the analytical bearing fault signal for explaining spectral correlation for quantification of bearing fault signals. More interestingly, it was discovered that the sum of peaks at cyclic frequencies in the square of the squared envelope spectrum corresponds to the raw 4th order moment. Inspired by the aforementioned works, in this paper, we mathematically show that: (1) spectral kurtosis can be decomposed into squared envelope and squared L2/L1 norm so that spectral kurtosis can be explained as spectral squared L2/L1 norm; (2) spectral L2/L1 norm is formally defined for characterizing bearing fault signals and its two geometrical explanations are made; (3) spectral L2/L1 norm is proportional to the square root of the sum of peaks at cyclic frequencies in the square of the squared envelope spectrum; (4) some extensions of spectral L2/L1 norm for characterizing bearing fault signals are pointed out.

Square-lashing technique in segmental spinal instrumentation: a biomechanical study.

PubMed

Arlet, Vincent; Draxinger, Kevin; Beckman, Lorne; Steffen, Thomas

2006-07-01

Sublaminar wires have been used for many years for segmental spinal instrumentation in scoliosis surgery. More recently, stainless steel wires have been replaced by titanium cables. However, in rigid scoliotic curves, sublaminar wires or simple cables can either brake or pull out. The square-lashing technique was devised to avoid complications such as cable breakage or lamina cutout. The purpose of the study was therefore to test biomechanically the pull out and failure mode of simple sublaminar constructs versus the square-lashing technique. Individual vertebrae were subjected to pullout testing having one of two different constructs (single loop and square lashing) using either monofilament wire or multifilament cables. Four different methods of fixation were therefore tested: single wire construct, square-lashing wiring construct, single cable construct, and square-lashing cable construct. Ultimate failure load and failure mechanism were recorded. For the single wire the construct failed 12/16 times by wire breakage with an average ultimate failure load of 793 N. For the square-lashing wire the construct failed with pedicle fracture in 14/16, one bilateral lamina fracture, and one wire breakage. Ultimate failure load average was 1,239 N For the single cable the construct failed 12/16 times due to cable breakage (average force 1,162 N). 10/12 of these breakages were where the cable looped over the rod. For the square-lashing cable all of these constructs (16/16) failed by fracture of the pedicle with an average ultimate failure load of 1,388 N. The square-lashing construct had a higher pullout strength than the single loop and almost no cutting out from the lamina. The square-lashing technique with cables may therefore represent a new advance in segmental spinal instrumentation.

A Note on Magic Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Horace E.

1974-01-01

A method for generating 3x3 magic squares is developed. A series of questions relating to these magic squares is posed. An invesitgation using matrix methods is suggested with some questions for consideration. (LS)

The Versatile Magic Square.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watson, Gale A.

2003-01-01

Demonstrates the transformations that are possible to construct a variety of magic squares, including modifications to challenge students from elementary grades through algebra. Presents an example of using magic squares with students who have special needs. (YDS)

Find a Support Group (Brain Tumor)

MedlinePlus

... seek support. Located in the heart of Union Square and easily accessible by the 4,5,6, ... subway lines. Meeting location: Mount Sinai Downtown Union Square, 10 Union Square East, 5th floor, Conference Room ...

SQUARE WAVE AMPLIFIER

DOEpatents

Leavitt, M.A.; Lutz, I.C.

1958-08-01

An amplifier circuit is described for amplifying sigmals having an alternating current component superimposed upon a direct current component, without loss of any segnnent of the alternating current component. The general circuit arrangement includes a vibrator, two square wave amplifiers, and recombination means. The amplifier input is connected to the vibrating element of the vibrator and is thereby alternately applied to the input of each square wave amplifier. The detailed circuitry of the recombination means constitutes the novelty of the annplifier and consists of a separate, dual triode amplifier coupled to the output of each square wave amplifier with a recombination connection from the plate of one amplifier section to a grid of one section of the other amplifier. The recombination circuit has provisions for correcting distortion caused by overlapping of the two square wave voltages from the square wave amplifiers.

AKLSQF - LEAST SQUARES CURVE FITTING

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kantak, A. V.

1994-01-01

The Least Squares Curve Fitting program, AKLSQF, computes the polynomial which will least square fit uniformly spaced data easily and efficiently. The program allows the user to specify the tolerable least squares error in the fitting or allows the user to specify the polynomial degree. In both cases AKLSQF returns the polynomial and the actual least squares fit error incurred in the operation. The data may be supplied to the routine either by direct keyboard entry or via a file. AKLSQF produces the least squares polynomial in two steps. First, the data points are least squares fitted using the orthogonal factorial polynomials. The result is then reduced to a regular polynomial using Sterling numbers of the first kind. If an error tolerance is specified, the program starts with a polynomial of degree 1 and computes the least squares fit error. The degree of the polynomial used for fitting is then increased successively until the error criterion specified by the user is met. At every step the polynomial as well as the least squares fitting error is printed to the screen. In general, the program can produce a curve fitting up to a 100 degree polynomial. All computations in the program are carried out under Double Precision format for real numbers and under long integer format for integers to provide the maximum accuracy possible. AKLSQF was written for an IBM PC X/AT or compatible using Microsoft's Quick Basic compiler. It has been implemented under DOS 3.2.1 using 23K of RAM. AKLSQF was developed in 1989.

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...