76 FR 1192 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-07

..., the Commonwealth will control particulate matter emissions at the facilities by either shutting down coal-fired boilers, installing air emission controls, or converting the coal-fired boilers to natural gas-fired boilers. The Commonwealth will pay a civil penalty of $300,000 for past violations. The...

Advancing Embedded and Extrinsic Solutions for Optimal Control and Efficiency of Energy Systems in Buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bay, Christopher Joseph

Massachusetts' Act to Promote Energy Diversity requires distribution companies to solicit contracts for up to 1600 MW of offshore wind. To test whether offshore wind projects can meet the Act's requirement to reduce C02 emissions, the Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch Model was used to forecast changes in ISO New England's resource mix under five different wind capacity levels and calculate avoided C02 emissions attributable to offshore wind. With 1600 MW of installed capacity, representing full solicitation under the Act, reliance on natural gas is reduced by ˜10% and carbon emissions decline by ˜9%. This represents significant progress towards the goals of the Global Warming Solutions Act and the Clean Power Plan. The 5000 MW scenario reduces emissions enough to meet the Clean Power Plan's 2030 goals. This study's application of a dispatch model provides an example for policymakers of a simple and cost-effective approach for assessing a project's value.

77 FR 49830 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Amendment to the Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-17

... control particulate matter emissions at its Huntingdon, Pennsylvania facility (``the Huntingdon facility'') by either shutting down coal-fired boilers, installing air emission controls on the existing unit, or converting the coal-fired boilers to natural gas-fired boilers by June 30, 2012. The Commonwealth did not...

The Clean Air Act: A time to assess impacts and management options

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goldberg, T.; Repa, E.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 significantly altered the complexion of air emission regulation and for the first time established requirements for comprehensive emission control strategies. None of the provisions of this act will have as great an impact on the waste management industry as will the General Operating Permit Provisions of Title V. Title V establishes a program for issuing operating permits to all major sources (and certain other sources) of air pollutants in the U.S. These permits will collect in one place all applicable requirements, limitations, and conditions governing regulated air emissions. While past air regulations governedmore » specific air emissions sources, as of November 1993 the law requires states and localities to regulate emissions from all major stationary sources that directly emit, or have the potential to emit, 100 tons or more of any pollutant, 10 tons or more of a single hazardous air pollutant, or 25 tons or more of two or more hazardous air pollutants.« less

78 FR 2111 - California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Notice of Decision Granting a Waiver...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-09

...The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is granting the California Air Resources Board's (CARB's) request for a waiver of Clean Air Act preemption to enforce its Advanced Clean Car (ACC) regulations. The ACC combines the control of smog and soot causing pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars, light-duty trucks and medium-duty passenger vehicles (and limited requirements related to heavy-duty vehicles). The ACC program includes revisions to California's Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) program as well as its Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) program. By today's decision, EPA has also determined that CARB's amendments to the ZEV program as they affect 2017 and prior model years (MYs) are within the scope of previous waivers of preemption granted to California for its ZEV regulations. In the alternative, EPA's waiver of preemption for CARB's ACC regulations includes a waiver of preemption for CARB's ZEV amendments as they affect all MYs, including 2017 and prior MYs. In addition, EPA is including CARB's recently adopted ``deemed to comply'' rule for GHG emissions in today's waiver decision. This decision is issued under section 209(b) of the Clean Air Act (the ``Act''), as amended.

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title IV

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides an overview of the 1990 amendments to Title IV of the Clean Air Act, which were enacted to curb acid rain, urban air pollution and toxic air emissions. The edits to this title deal with acid deposition control.

40 CFR 91.1003 - Exclusions based on section 216(10) of the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Exclusion and Exemption of Marine SI Engines § 91.1003 Exclusions based on section 216(10) of the Act. (a) For the purpose of determining the applicability of section 216(10) of the Act, any marine SI engine as that term is...

77 FR 35327 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-13

...EPA is proposing to approve revisions to the San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (SJVUAPCD) portion of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). These revisions concern volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the manufacture of polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene products. We are approving a local rule that regulates these emission sources under the Clean Air Act (CAA or the Act). We are taking comments on this proposal and plan to follow with a final action.

40 CFR 94.805 - Prohibited acts; penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Importation of Nonconforming Engines § 94.805 Prohibited acts; penalties. (a) The importation of an engine (including an engine... otherwise permitted by this subpart, during a period of conditional admission, the importer of an engine may...

40 CFR 91.705 - Prohibited acts; penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Importation of Nonconforming Marine Engines § 91.705 Prohibited acts; penalties. (a) The importation of a marine SI engine, including a marine engine incorporated into marine vessels or equipment, which is not covered by a certificate of conformity...

77 FR 73005 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Imperial County, Placer County, and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-07

...EPA is proposing to approve revisions to the Imperial County Air Pollution Control District (ICAPCD), Placer County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) and Ventura County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). Under authority of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act), we are proposing to approve local rules that address emission statements for ICAPCD and PCAPCD and definitions for VCAPCD.

76 FR 15607 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Major Sources: Industrial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-21

...On September 13, 2004, under authority of section 112 of the Clean Air Act, EPA promulgated national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for new and existing industrial/commercial/ institutional boilers and process heaters. On June 19, 2007, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated and remanded the standards. In response to the Court's vacatur and remand, EPA is, in this action, establishing emission standards that will require industrial/ commercial/institutional boilers and process heaters located at major sources to meet hazardous air pollutants standards reflecting the application of the maximum achievable control technology. This rule protects air quality and promotes public health by reducing emissions of the hazardous air pollutants listed in section 112(b)(1) of the Clean Air Act.

TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS FOR ACID RAIN CONTROL

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses technological options for acid rain control. Compliance with Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 will require careful scrutiny of a number of issues before selecting control options to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions...

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Condenser Control Device

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

The 20-year history of the evolution of air pollution control legislation in the U.S.A.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schulze, Richard H.

Over the past 20 years, the U.S. Congress has passed four acts relating to clean air. The 1970 act set out a comprehensive plan for federal-state partnership to require all areas in the country to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In 1977, the act was amended and expanded, both to address many of the problems encountered in the 1970 act and to reorient the law to limit significantly emissions of any sort, even if there were no currently identified health-related reasons. In 1986, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act was passed, as an amendment to a solid waste law, in response to the desire to prevent chemical release tragedies. After 10 years of effort, Congress finally passed the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments which require a number of new programs aimed at curbing urban ozone, rural acid rain, stratospheric ozone, toxic air pollutant emissions and vehicle emissions, and establishing a new, uniform national permit system. This paper discusses some of the consequences of the various acts and suggests ways that others might learn from our 20 years of experience. Certain programs have worked quite well, while some alternatives could have improved other programs.

77 FR 72968 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, for Imperial County, Placer County and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-07

...EPA is taking direct final action to approve revisions to the Imperial County Air Pollution Control District (ICAPCD), Placer County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) and Ventura County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). Under authority of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act), we are approving local rules that address emission statements for ICAPCD and PCAPCD and definitions for VCAPCD.

Round 1 Emissions Results from Compressed Natural Gas Vans and Gasoline Controls Operating in the U.S. Federal Fleet

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-05-01

The first round of emissions testing of light-duty alternative fuel vehicles : placed in the U.S. federal fleet under the provisions of the Alternative Motor : Fuels Act was recently completed. This undertaking included 75 Dodge B250 vans, : of which...

78 FR 719 - California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Urban Buses; Request for Waiver of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-04

.... Collectively, the five rulemakings elevated the stringency of exhaust emission standards and test procedures... Act for the emission standards and related test procedures contained in its urban bus regulations, as... Standards; Urban Buses; Request for Waiver of Preemption; Opportunity for Public Hearing and Comment AGENCY...

Air toxics provisions of the Clean Air Act: Potential impacts on energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hootman, H.A.; Vernet, J.E.

1991-11-01

This report provides an overview of the provisions of the Clean Air Act and its Amendments of 1990 that identify hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions and addresses their regulation by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It defines the major energy sector sources of these HAPs that would be affected by the regulations. Attention is focused on regulations that would cover coke oven emissions; chromium emission from industrial cooling towers and the electroplating process; HAP emissions from tank vessels, asbestos-related activities, organic solvent use, and ethylene oxide sterilization; and emissions of air toxics from municipal waste combustors. The possible implicationsmore » of Title III regulations for the coal, natural gas, petroleum, uranium, and electric utility industries are examined. The report discusses five major databases of HAP emissions: (1) TRI (EPA's Toxic Release Inventory); (2) PISCES (Power Plant Integrated Systems: Chemical Emissions Studies developed by the Electric Power Research Institute); (3) 1985 Emissions Inventory on volatile organic compounds (used for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program); (4) Particulate Matter Species Manual (EPA); and (5) Toxics Emission Inventory (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). It also offers information on emission control technologies for municipal waste combustors.« less

Air toxics provisions of the Clean Air Act: Potential impacts on energy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hootman, H.A.; Vernet, J.E.

1991-11-01

This report provides an overview of the provisions of the Clean Air Act and its Amendments of 1990 that identify hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions and addresses their regulation by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It defines the major energy sector sources of these HAPs that would be affected by the regulations. Attention is focused on regulations that would cover coke oven emissions; chromium emission from industrial cooling towers and the electroplating process; HAP emissions from tank vessels, asbestos-related activities, organic solvent use, and ethylene oxide sterilization; and emissions of air toxics from municipal waste combustors. The possible implicationsmore » of Title III regulations for the coal, natural gas, petroleum, uranium, and electric utility industries are examined. The report discusses five major databases of HAP emissions: (1) TRI (EPA`s Toxic Release Inventory); (2) PISCES (Power Plant Integrated Systems: Chemical Emissions Studies developed by the Electric Power Research Institute); (3) 1985 Emissions Inventory on volatile organic compounds (used for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program); (4) Particulate Matter Species Manual (EPA); and (5) Toxics Emission Inventory (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). It also offers information on emission control technologies for municipal waste combustors.« less

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A:Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Controls

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Fabric Filter Control Devices

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Control Device

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Electrostatic Precipitator Control Device

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Electrified Filter Bed Control Device

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Carbon Adsorber Control Device

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Particulate Matter (PM) Controls

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Control of Other Specific Compounds

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Scrubbers for Particulate Matter Control Devices

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Compliance Assurance Monitoring Technical Guidance Document Appendix A: Scrubbers for Gaseous Pollutants Control Devices

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Compliance assurance monitoring is intended to provide a reasonable assurance of compliance with applicable requirements under the Clean Air Act for large emission units that rely on pollution control device equipment to achieve compliance.

Molten Metal Treatment by Salt Fluxing with Low Environmental Emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yogeshwar Sahai

2007-07-31

Abstract: Chlorine gas is traditionally used for fluxing of aluminum melt for removal of alkali and alkaline earth elements. However this results in undesirable emissions of particulate matter and gases such as HCl and chlorine, which are often at unacceptable levels. Additionally, chlorine gas is highly toxic and its handling, storage, and use pose risks to employees and the local community. Holding of even minimal amounts of chlorine necessitates extensive training for all plant employees. Fugitive emissions from chlorine usage within the plant cause accelerated corrosion of plant equipment. The Secondary Aluminum Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) under the Cleanmore » Air Act, finalized in March 2000 has set very tough new limits on particulate matter (PM) and total hydrogen chloride emissions from aluminum melting and holding furnaces. These limits are 0.4 and 0.1 lbs per ton of aluminum for hydrogen chloride and particulate emissions, respectively. Assuming new technologies for meeting these limits can be found, additional requirements under the Clean Air Act (Prevention of Significant Deterioration and New Source Review) trigger Best Available Control Technology (BACT) for new sources with annual emissions (net emissions not expressed per ton of production) over specified amounts. BACT currently is lime coated bag-houses for control of particulate and HCl emissions. These controls are expensive, difficult to operate and maintain, and result in reduced American competitiveness in the global economy. Solid salt fluxing is emerging as a viable option for the replacement of chlorine gas fluxing, provided emissions can be consistently maintained below the required levels. This project was a cooperative effort between the Ohio State University and Alcoa to investigate and optimize the effects of solid chloride flux addition in molten metal for alkali impurity and non-metallic inclusion removal minimizing dust and toxic emissions and maximizing energy conservation. In this program, the salt metal interactions were studies and the emissions at laboratory scale at OSU were monitored. The goal of the project was to obtain a fundamental understanding, based on first principles, of the pollutant formation that occurs when the salts are used in furnaces. This information will be used to control process parameters so that emissions are consistently below the required levels. The information obtained in these experiments will be used in industrial furnaces at aluminum plants and which will help in optimizing the process.« less

40 CFR 52.1582 - Control strategy and regulations: Ozone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Control strategy and regulations: Ozone... Control strategy and regulations: Ozone. (a) Subchapter 16 of the New Jersey Administrative Code, entitled... of the 1990 Clean Air Act. (d)(1) The base year ozone precursor emission inventory requirement of...

40 CFR 52.1582 - Control strategy and regulations: Ozone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Control strategy and regulations: Ozone... Control strategy and regulations: Ozone. (a) Subchapter 16 of the New Jersey Administrative Code, entitled... of the 1990 Clean Air Act. (d)(1) The base year ozone precursor emission inventory requirement of...

40 CFR 52.1582 - Control strategy and regulations: Ozone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Control strategy and regulations: Ozone... Control strategy and regulations: Ozone. (a) Subchapter 16 of the New Jersey Administrative Code, entitled... of the 1990 Clean Air Act. (d)(1) The base year ozone precursor emission inventory requirement of...

40 CFR 52.1582 - Control strategy and regulations: Ozone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Control strategy and regulations: Ozone... Control strategy and regulations: Ozone. (a) Subchapter 16 of the New Jersey Administrative Code, entitled... of the 1990 Clean Air Act. (d)(1) The base year ozone precursor emission inventory requirement of...

40 CFR 52.1582 - Control strategy and regulations: Ozone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Control strategy and regulations: Ozone... Control strategy and regulations: Ozone. (a) Subchapter 16 of the New Jersey Administrative Code, entitled... of the 1990 Clean Air Act. (d)(1) The base year ozone precursor emission inventory requirement of...

Controlling VOCs and odor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zmuda, J.

1994-07-01

Few environmental issues attract more attention than odor emissions. The odor source can quickly be identified, coming under immediate public scrutiny. Often, odor is not merely a public nuisance problem but can be indicative of volatile organic compound (VOC) control needs at the facility. In some cases, odor-producing compounds are VOCs regulated under different sections of federal, state or local law. Specific requirements for VOC or odor control depend on many factors, including the source and nature of the emissions, the quantity of emissions and the location of the facility. Many states impose specific odor-control requirements, in addition to themore » regulations of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA), under which odor-causing emissions may be regulated under Titles 1 and/or 3. Under Title 1, the non-attainment title, facilities located in major metropolitan areas not in attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone likely will be required to reduce emissions of VOCs.« less

77 FR 71196 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-11-29

... emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO X ) through emission control requirements and... consent decree. Comments should be addressed to the Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural..., Environment and Natural Resources Division. [FR Doc. 2012-28884 Filed 11-28-12; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4410-15...

77 FR 47581 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Mojave Desert, Northern Sierra, Sacramento...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-09

...EPA is proposing to approve revisions to the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District (MDAQMD), Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District (NSAQMD), Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) and San Diego County Air Pollution Control District (SDCAPCD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). These revisions concern volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from automotive parts and component, automobile refinishing, metal parts and products, and miscellaneous coating and refinishing operations. We are proposing to approve local rules to regulate these emission sources under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act).

American fuel cell market development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gillis, E. A.

1992-01-01

Over the past three decades several attempts have been made to introduce fuel cells into commercial markets. The prospective users recognized the attractive features of fuel cells, however they were unwilling to pay a premium for the features other than the easily-calculated fuel cost savings. There was no accepted method for a user to calculate and the accrue the economic value of the other features. The situation is changing. The Clean Air Act signed into law by President Bush on November 15, 1990, mandates a nation wide reduction in SO 2, NO x and ozone emissions. This law affects specific utilities for SO 2 reduction, and specific regions of the country for NO x and ozone reductions — the latter affecting the utility-, industrial- and transportation-sectors in these regions. The Act does not direct how the reductions are to be achieved; but it specifically establishes a trading market for emission allowances whereby an organization that reduces emissions below its target can sell its unused allowance to another organization. In addition to the Clean Air Act, there are other environmental issues emerging such as controls on CO 2 emissions, possible expansion of the list of controlled emissions, mandated use of alternative fuels in specific transportation districts and restrictions on electrical transmission systems. All of these so-called 'environmental externalities' are now recognized as having a real cost that can be quantified, and factored in to calculations to determine the relative economic standing of various technologies. This in turn justifies a premium price for fuel cells hence the renewed interest in the technology by the utility and transportation market segments.

75 FR 56942 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, San Diego County Air Pollution Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-17

... the California State Implementation Plan, San Diego County Air Pollution Control District AGENCY... the San Diego Air Pollution Control District (SDCAPCD) portion of the California State Implementation... to approve a local rule to regulate these emission sources under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990...

40 CFR 63.55 - Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case-by-case determination of equivalent emission... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...

40 CFR 63.55 - Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case-by-case determination of equivalent emission... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...

40 CFR 63.55 - Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 9 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case-by-case determination of equivalent emission... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...

40 CFR 63.55 - Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 10 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for affected sources subject to case-by-case determination of equivalent emission... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...

ELECTRON EMISSION REGULATING MEANS

DOEpatents

Brenholdt, I.R.

1957-11-19

>An electronic regulating system is described for controlling the electron emission of a cathode, for example, the cathode in a mass spectrometer. The system incorporates a transformer having a first secondary winding for the above-mentioned cathode and a second secondary winding for the above-mentioned cathode and a second secondary winding load by grid controlled vacuum tubes. A portion of the electron current emitted by the cathode is passed through a network which develops a feedback signal. The system arrangement is completed by using the feedback signal to control the vacuum tubes in the second secondary winding through a regulator tube. When a change in cathode emission occurs, the feedback signal acts to correct this change by adjusting the load on the transformer.

78 FR 21581 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Antelope Valley Air Quality Management...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-11

...EPA is proposing to approve revisions to the Antelope Valley Air Quality Management District (AVAQMD), Monterey Bay Unified Air Pollution Control District (MBUAPCD) and Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District (SCAPCD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). We are proposing to approve revisions local rules that address emission statements for AVAQMD, rule rescissions that address public records for MBUAPCD, and define terms for SBCAPCD, under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act).

40 CFR 205.55-4 - Labeling-compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT NOISE EMISSION CONTROLS Medium and Heavy Trucks § 205.55-4 Labeling... and Heavy Trucks. The following acts or the causing thereof by any person are prohibited by the Noise...

PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

The report presents estimates of the performance and cost of powdered activated carbon (PAC) injection-based mercury control technologies and projections of costs for future applications. (NOTE: Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the U.S. EPA has to determine whether mer...

78 FR 21545 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Antelope Valley Air Quality Management...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-11

...EPA is taking direct final action to approve revisions to the Antelope Valley Air Quality Management District (AVAQMD) and Monterey Bay Unified Air Pollution Control District (MBUAPCD) and Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District (SBCAPCD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). Under authority of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act), we are approving local rules that address emission statements for AVAQMD, rule rescissions that addresses public records for MBUAPCD, and define terms for SBCAPCD.

75 FR 49947 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-16

... Decree, Premix is required to operate an emission control system (``ECS'') that meets and exceeds... based upon the demonstrated performance of the ECS. Finally, the proposed settlement will also require...

77 FR 13150 - Notice of Lodging of Third Amendment to Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

... adopt facility-wide enhanced benzene waste monitoring and fugitive emission control programs..., $98,500, and $21,000 to resolve alleged Benzene Waste Operations NESHAP (``BWON'') violations at its...

76 FR 2922 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-18

... in emissions through a requirement to retrofit or replace certain high bleed pneumatic controllers with ``low bleed'' components. The Department of Justice will receive for a period of thirty (30) days...

40 CFR 1033.425 - In-use test program reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES In-use Testing § 1033.425 In-use test.... (12) The following signed statement and endorsement by an authorized representative of your company. We submit this report under sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our in-use testing conformed...

40 CFR 1033.425 - In-use test program reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES In-use Testing § 1033.425 In-use test.... (12) The following signed statement and endorsement by an authorized representative of your company. We submit this report under sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our in-use testing conformed...

40 CFR 1033.425 - In-use test program reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES In-use Testing § 1033.425 In-use test.... (12) The following signed statement and endorsement by an authorized representative of your company. We submit this report under sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our in-use testing conformed...

40 CFR 60.2265 - What definitions must I know?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... means an add-on air pollution control device used to capture particulate matter by filtering gas streams... in the air pollution control devices used to comply with the emission limits for the affected CISWI... definitions must I know? Terms used but not defined in this subpart are defined in the Clean Air Act and...

40 CFR 63.1112 - Extension of compliance, and performance test, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting waivers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology... operator of an existing source has installed best available control technology (BACT) (as defined in section 169(3) of the Act) or technology required to meet a lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) (as...

40 CFR 63.1112 - Extension of compliance, and performance test, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting waivers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology... operator of an existing source has installed best available control technology (BACT) (as defined in section 169(3) of the Act) or technology required to meet a lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) (as...

40 CFR 63.1112 - Extension of compliance, and performance test, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting waivers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology... operator of an existing source has installed best available control technology (BACT) (as defined in section 169(3) of the Act) or technology required to meet a lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) (as...

40 CFR 63.1112 - Extension of compliance, and performance test, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting waivers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology... operator of an existing source has installed best available control technology (BACT) (as defined in section 169(3) of the Act) or technology required to meet a lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) (as...

40 CFR 63.1112 - Extension of compliance, and performance test, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting waivers...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology... operator of an existing source has installed best available control technology (BACT) (as defined in section 169(3) of the Act) or technology required to meet a lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) (as...

PROCEEDINGS: 1993 SO2 CONTROL SYMPOSIUM - VOLUME 3. SESSIONS 5B, 6A, AND 6B

EPA Science Inventory

The report documents more than 100 presentations at the 1993 SO2 Control Symposium in Boston, MA, August 24-27, 1993. The presentations covered a wide range of topics: industry's strategies for dealing with Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, including Phase I strategies, the emiss...

PROCEEDINGS: 1993 SO2 CONTROL SYMPOSIUM - VOLUME 1. SESSIONS 1, 2, 3A, AND 3B

EPA Science Inventory

The report documents more than 100 presentations at the 1993 SO2 Control Symposium in Boston, MA, August 24-27, 1993. The presentations covered a wide range of topics: industry's strategies for dealing with Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, including Phase I strategies, the emiss...

PROCEEDINGS: 1993 SO2 CONTROL SYMPOSIUM - VOLUME 2. SESSIONS 4A, 4B, AND 5A

EPA Science Inventory

The report documents more than 100 presentations at the 1993 SO2 Control Symposium in Boston, MA, August 24-27, 1993. The presentations covered a wide range of topics: industry's strategies for dealing with Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, including Phase I strategies, the emiss...

PROCEEDINGS: 1993 SO2 CONTROL SYMPOSIUM - VOLUME 4. SESSIONS 7, 8A, AND 8B

EPA Science Inventory

The report documents more than 100 presentations at the 1993 SO2 Control Symposium in Boston, MA, August 24-27, 1993. The presentations covered a wide range of topics: industry's strategies for dealing with Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, including Phase I strategies, the emiss...

Potential Air Pollutant Emissions and Permitting Classifications for Two Biorefinery Process Designs in the United States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eberle, Annika; Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin

Advanced biofuel production facilities (biorefineries), such as those envisioned by the United States (U.S.) Renewable Fuel Standard and U.S. Department of Energy's research and development programs, often lack historical air pollutant emissions data, which can pose challenges for obtaining air emission permits that are required for construction and operation. To help fill this knowledge gap, we perform a thorough regulatory analysis and use engineering process designs to assess the applicability of federal air regulations and quantify air pollutant emissions for two feasibility-level biorefinery designs. We find that without additional emission-control technologies both biorefineries would likely be required to obtain majormore » source permits under the Clean Air Act's New Source Review program. The permitting classification (so-called 'major' or 'minor') has implications for the time and effort required for permitting and therefore affects the cost of capital and the fuel selling price. Consequently, we explore additional technically feasible emission-control technologies and process modifications that have the potential to reduce emissions to achieve a minor source permitting classification. Finally, our analysis of air pollutant emissions and controls can assist biorefinery developers with the air permitting process and inform regulatory agencies about potential permitting pathways for novel biorefinery designs.« less

Potential Air Pollutant Emissions and Permitting Classifications for Two Biorefinery Process Designs in the United States

DOE PAGES

Eberle, Annika; Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; ...

2017-04-26

Advanced biofuel production facilities (biorefineries), such as those envisioned by the United States (U.S.) Renewable Fuel Standard and U.S. Department of Energy's research and development programs, often lack historical air pollutant emissions data, which can pose challenges for obtaining air emission permits that are required for construction and operation. To help fill this knowledge gap, we perform a thorough regulatory analysis and use engineering process designs to assess the applicability of federal air regulations and quantify air pollutant emissions for two feasibility-level biorefinery designs. We find that without additional emission-control technologies both biorefineries would likely be required to obtain majormore » source permits under the Clean Air Act's New Source Review program. The permitting classification (so-called 'major' or 'minor') has implications for the time and effort required for permitting and therefore affects the cost of capital and the fuel selling price. Consequently, we explore additional technically feasible emission-control technologies and process modifications that have the potential to reduce emissions to achieve a minor source permitting classification. Finally, our analysis of air pollutant emissions and controls can assist biorefinery developers with the air permitting process and inform regulatory agencies about potential permitting pathways for novel biorefinery designs.« less

Potential Air Pollutant Emissions and Permitting Classifications for Two Biorefinery Process Designs in the United States.

PubMed

Eberle, Annika; Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; Heath, Garvin

2017-06-06

Advanced biofuel production facilities (biorefineries), such as those envisioned by the United States (U.S.) Renewable Fuel Standard and U.S. Department of Energy's research and development programs, often lack historical air pollutant emissions data, which can pose challenges for obtaining air emission permits that are required for construction and operation. To help fill this knowledge gap, we perform a thorough regulatory analysis and use engineering process designs to assess the applicability of federal air regulations and quantify air pollutant emissions for two feasibility-level biorefinery designs. We find that without additional emission-control technologies both biorefineries would likely be required to obtain major source permits under the Clean Air Act's New Source Review program. The permitting classification (so-called "major" or "minor") has implications for the time and effort required for permitting and therefore affects the cost of capital and the fuel selling price. Consequently, we explore additional technically feasible emission-control technologies and process modifications that have the potential to reduce emissions to achieve a minor source permitting classification. Our analysis of air pollutant emissions and controls can assist biorefinery developers with the air permitting process and inform regulatory agencies about potential permitting pathways for novel biorefinery designs.

Development and validation of spray models for investigating diesel engine combustion and emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Som, Sibendu

Diesel engines intrinsically generate NOx and particulate matter which need to be reduced significantly in order to comply with the increasingly stringent regulations worldwide. This motivates the diesel engine manufacturers to gain fundamental understanding of the spray and combustion processes so as to optimize these processes and reduce engine emissions. Strategies being investigated to reduce engine's raw emissions include advancements in fuel injection systems, efficient nozzle orifice design, injection and combustion control strategies, exhaust gas recirculation, use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel etc. This thesis explores several of these approaches (such as nozzle orifice design, injection control strategy, and biodiesel use) by performing computer modeling of diesel engine processes. Fuel atomization characteristics are known to have a significant effect on the combustion and emission processes in diesel engines. Primary fuel atomization is induced by aerodynamics in the near nozzle region as well as cavitation and turbulence from the injector nozzle. The breakup models that are currently used in diesel engine simulations generally consider aerodynamically induced breakup using the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability model, but do not account for inner nozzle flow effects. An improved primary breakup (KH-ACT) model incorporating cavitation and turbulence effects along with aerodynamically induced breakup is developed and incorporated in the computational fluid dynamics code CONVERGE. The spray simulations using KH-ACT model are "quasi-dynamically" coupled with inner nozzle flow (using FLUENT) computations. This presents a novel tool to capture the influence of inner nozzle flow effects such as cavitation and turbulence on spray, combustion, and emission processes. Extensive validation is performed against the non-evaporating spray data from Argonne National Laboratory. Performance of the KH and KH-ACT models is compared against the evaporating and combusting data from Sandia National Laboratory. The KH-ACT model is observed to provide better predictions for spray dispersion, axial velocity decay, sauter mean diameter, and liquid and lift-off length interplay which is attributed to the enhanced primary breakup predicted by this model. In addition, experimentally observed trends with changing nozzle conicity could only be captured by the KH-ACT model. Results further indicate that the combustion under diesel engine conditions is characterized by a double-flame structure with a rich premixed reaction zone near the flame stabilization region and a non-premixed reaction zone further downstream. Finally, the differences in inner nozzle flow and spray characteristics of petrodiesel and biodiesel are quantified. The improved modeling capability developed in this work can be used for extensive diesel engine simulations to further optimize injection, spray, combustion, and emission processes.

Replacing Gasoline : Alternative Fuels for Light-Duty Vehicles

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1990-09-01

Among the several major issues that Congress addressed in the process of reauthorizing the Clean Air Act was the future role of alternative highway transportation fuels in reducing urban smog. As vehicular emissions control efficiencies rose past 90 ...

40 CFR 91.702 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Importation of Nonconforming Marine Engines § 91.702... 213 and section 206(a) of the Act. Nonconforming marine engine. A marine SI engine which is not...

78 FR 8583 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-06

... that resulted in exceedances of the national ambient air quality standard for lead, failed to use good air pollution control practices for minimizing lead emissions, and caused a common law nuisance at its...

76 FR 44809 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Placer County Air Pollution Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-27

...EPA is finalizing a limited approval and limited disapproval of permitting rules submitted for the Placer County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) and Feather River Air Quality Management District (FRAQMD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). These revisions were proposed in the Federal Register on May 19, 2011 and concern New Source Review (NSR) permit programs for new and modified major stationary sources of air pollution. We are approving local rules that regulate these emission sources under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act).

Comprehensive assessment of toxic emissions from coal-fired power plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-09-01

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) have two primary goals: pollution prevention and a market-based least-cost approach to emission control. To address air quality issues as well as permitting and enforcement, the 1990 CAAA contain 11 sections or titles. The individual amendment titles are as follows: Title I - National Ambient Air Quality Standards Title II - Mobile Sources Title III - Hazardous Air Pollutants Title IV - Acid Deposition Control Title V - Permits Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection Chemicals Title VII - Enforcement Title VIII - Miscellaneous Provisions Title IX - Clean Air Research Title Xmore » - Disadvantaged Business Concerns Title XI - Clean Air Employment Transition Assistance Titles I, III, IV, and V will change or have the potential to change how operators of coal-fired utility boilers control, monitor, and report emissions. For the purpose of this discussion, Title III is the primary focus.« less

40 CFR 60.731 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the air pollution control equipment used to reduce particulate matter emissions released to the... given them in the Clean Air Act and in subpart A of this part. Calciner means the equipment used to... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF...

40 CFR 60.731 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the air pollution control equipment used to reduce particulate matter emissions released to the... given them in the Clean Air Act and in subpart A of this part. Calciner means the equipment used to... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF...

40 CFR 60.731 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the air pollution control equipment used to reduce particulate matter emissions released to the... given them in the Clean Air Act and in subpart A of this part. Calciner means the equipment used to... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF...

40 CFR 60.731 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the air pollution control equipment used to reduce particulate matter emissions released to the... given them in the Clean Air Act and in subpart A of this part. Calciner means the equipment used to... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF...

40 CFR 60.731 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the air pollution control equipment used to reduce particulate matter emissions released to the... given them in the Clean Air Act and in subpart A of this part. Calciner means the equipment used to... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF...

40 CFR 94.1107 - Warranty provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... were in general use with engines prior to 1999. For diesel engines, this would generally include...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts § 94.1107 Warranty provisions. (a) The manufacturer of each engine must warrant to the...

40 CFR 94.1107 - Warranty provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... were in general use with engines prior to 1999. For diesel engines, this would generally include...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts § 94.1107 Warranty provisions. (a) The manufacturer of each engine must warrant to the...

40 CFR 94.1107 - Warranty provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... were in general use with engines prior to 1999. For diesel engines, this would generally include...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts § 94.1107 Warranty provisions. (a) The manufacturer of each engine must warrant to the...

40 CFR 94.1107 - Warranty provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... were in general use with engines prior to 1999. For diesel engines, this would generally include...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts § 94.1107 Warranty provisions. (a) The manufacturer of each engine must warrant to the...

40 CFR 94.1107 - Warranty provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... were in general use with engines prior to 1999. For diesel engines, this would generally include...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES General Enforcement Provisions and Prohibited Acts § 94.1107 Warranty provisions. (a) The manufacturer of each engine must warrant to the...

Petition to the Environmental Protection Agency to Control Asbestos Emmissions from Spray-On Materials Which Have Been Applied in Public School Buildings for Insulation, Fireproofing, Decorative or Other Purposes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC.

This petition requests the Environmental Protection Agency to promulgate regulations in compliance with section 6 of the Toxic Substances Control Act to control asbestos emissions from spray-on materials containing 1 percent or more asbestos that has been applied in public school buildings for insulation, fireproofing, decorative, or other…

Projects to Improve Air Quality at Ports – 2014 Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Funding Opportunity - Closed Announcement FY 2014

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

OTAQ is soliciting proposals that achieve reductions in diesel emissions produced by diesel engines and diesel emissions exposure, from fleets operating at marine and inland water ports under the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA).

Projects to Improve Air Quality at Ports – 2013 Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Funding Opportunity - Closed Announcement FY 2014

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

OTAQ is soliciting proposals that achieve reductions in diesel emissions produced by diesel engines and diesel emissions exposure, from fleets operating at marine and inland water ports under the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA).

40 CFR 91.1104 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Prohibited Acts and General Enforcement... manufacturer of new marine SI engines and other persons subject to the requirements of this part must establish... the activity. (b) Exemption provision. The Administrator may exempt a new marine engine from...

40 CFR 91.1104 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Prohibited Acts and General Enforcement... manufacturer of new marine SI engines and other persons subject to the requirements of this part must establish... the activity. (b) Exemption provision. The Administrator may exempt a new marine engine from...

40 CFR 91.1104 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Prohibited Acts and General Enforcement... manufacturer of new marine SI engines and other persons subject to the requirements of this part must establish... the activity. (b) Exemption provision. The Administrator may exempt a new marine engine from...

40 CFR 91.1104 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Prohibited Acts and General Enforcement... manufacturer of new marine SI engines and other persons subject to the requirements of this part must establish... the activity. (b) Exemption provision. The Administrator may exempt a new marine engine from...

40 CFR 91.1104 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Prohibited Acts and General Enforcement... manufacturer of new marine SI engines and other persons subject to the requirements of this part must establish... the activity. (b) Exemption provision. The Administrator may exempt a new marine engine from...

AIR SCREENING ASSESSMENT (ASA) - COOK CO., IL/LAKE CO., IN

EPA Science Inventory

ASA Background and Overview - In 1995 the Chcago Legal Clinic and 11 Chicago-area community advocacy groups filed a partition under the Toxics Substances Control Act requesting that the USEPA Administrator prohibit or further regulate the emissions from eight proposed or construc...

40 CFR 61.141 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... control devices, friable asbestos waste material, and bags or other similar packaging contaminated with... in the Act and in subpart A of this part. Active waste disposal site means any disposal site other... release of particulates. If visible emissions are observed coming from asbestos-containing material, then...

RACT (Reasonably Available Control Technology) determination for five industry categories in Florida

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hawks, R.L.; Schlesser, S.P.; Loudin, D.L.

Section 172(b)(2) of the Clean Air Act as amended August 1977, requires that SIP revisions 'provide for the implementation of all reasonably available control measures as expeditiously as practicable.' The use of RACT for stationary sources is defined as the lowest emission limit that a particular source is capable of meeting by the application of control technology that is reasonably available considering technological and economic feasibility. The purpose of this report has been to identify control techniques that best represent RACT for particular emission sources in TSP nonattainment areas in the State of Florida. These sources include phosphate process operations;more » portland cement plants; electric arc furnaces; sweat or pot furnaces; materials handling, sizing, screening, crushing, and grinding operations.« less

76 FR 14839 - Delegation of National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

...Pursuant to section 112(l) of the 1990 Clean Air Act, EPA granted delegation of specific national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) to the Maricopa County Air Quality Department on May 6, 2010, and December 14, 2010, and to the Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District on July 30, 2010. EPA is proposing to revise the Code of Federal Regulations to reflect the current delegation status of NESHAP in Arizona and California.

NOx control techniques for the CPI

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lambert, D.; McGowan, T.F.

1996-06-01

After years of air pollution control innovation, the control of emissions of nitrogen oxide compounds stands out as an area where much work remains to be performed in the chemical process industries (CPI). Federal regulations, ozone non-attainment areas, acid rain provisions of the US Clean Air Act, and corporate goals for emission reductions are all motivators. Primary CPI sources are high-temperature combustion systems, including fired heaters, boilers and Kilns. Nitrogen-based processes such as nitric acid manufacture also contribute. The paper discusses the regulations which define the problem and some solutions. These include fuel switching, low-excess air burners, fluegas recirculation, stagedmore » combustion, out of service burners, and wet scrubbing of flue gas. The paper briefly discusses costs of these options.« less

78 FR 14591 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-06

... pollution control technologies to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate... comment on the consent decree. Comments should be addressed to the Assistant Attorney General, Environment... Section Chief, Environmental Enforcement Section, Environment and Natural Resources Division. [FR Doc...

76 FR 6559 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania; 2002 Base Year...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-07

... Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations... Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania; 2002 Base Year Emissions Inventory, Reasonable... revision. EPA is approving this SIP revision because it satisfies Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements for the...

77 FR 20848 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-06

... labeled marine diesel engines in their respective operations. The Consent Decree requires Settling...-ignition engine manufacturer, and National Steel and Shipbuilding Company, a marine vessel manufacturer... Selective Catalytic Reduction emissions control technology at a marine engine test stand operated at...

Waste-to-energy plants face costly emissions-control upgrades

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McIlvaine, R.W.

1995-06-01

One treatment method of municipal solid waste, incineration, has fallen in and out of public favor. In the 1970s, emerging consciousness of the threat to groundwater posed by leaking landfills made incineration an attractive option. Prompted by disrupted energy supplies and steeply rising prices, more than 100 municipalities began to generate electricity from the heat produced by burning trash. In the 1990s, the pendulum of public enthusiasm has swung away from incineration. Energy prices have declined dramatically, and safety and siting concerns complicate new projects. A recent Supreme Court decision ruled that municipal incinerator ash must be tested as hazardousmore » waste and disposed accordingly if levels of such pollutants as cadmium and lead exceed Resource Conservation and Recovery Act limits. So-called flow control regulations, which allowed municipalities to apportion garbage disposal to ensure steady supplies to incinerators, also have been struck down. EPA is tackling the issue of air emissions from waste-to-energy and non-energy-producing municipal waste combustors. Emissions guidelines for MWCs and new-source performance standards for new units, proposed Sept. 20 under Sec. 129 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, are the culmination of a stalled and litigated initiative dating back to the CAA Amendments of 1977.« less

40 CFR 70.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... section 183(f) of the Act; (11) Any standard or other requirement of the program to control air pollution... emissions which could not reasonably pass through a stack, chimney, vent, or other functionally-equivalent... means any stationary source (or any group of stationary sources that are located on one or more...

77 FR 34066 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-08

... Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry and Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants for Equipment Leaks). The... Defendants to implement an Enhanced Leak Detection and Repair Program to mitigate any potential excess emissions resulting from past CAA violations; implement controls on an API oil/water separator as additional...

40 CFR 90.1004 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AT OR BELOW 19 KILOWATTS Prohibited Acts... collection provisions. (1) Every manufacturer of new nonroad engines and other persons subject to the... nonroad engine from § 90.1003 upon such terms and conditions as the Administrator may find necessary for...

40 CFR 90.1004 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AT OR BELOW 19 KILOWATTS Prohibited Acts... collection provisions. (1) Every manufacturer of new nonroad engines and other persons subject to the... nonroad engine from § 90.1003 upon such terms and conditions as the Administrator may find necessary for...

40 CFR 90.1004 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AT OR BELOW 19 KILOWATTS Prohibited Acts... collection provisions. (1) Every manufacturer of new nonroad engines and other persons subject to the... nonroad engine from § 90.1003 upon such terms and conditions as the Administrator may find necessary for...

40 CFR 90.1004 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AT OR BELOW 19 KILOWATTS Prohibited Acts... collection provisions. (1) Every manufacturer of new nonroad engines and other persons subject to the... nonroad engine from § 90.1003 upon such terms and conditions as the Administrator may find necessary for...

40 CFR 90.1004 - General enforcement provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AT OR BELOW 19 KILOWATTS Prohibited Acts... collection provisions. (1) Every manufacturer of new nonroad engines and other persons subject to the... nonroad engine from § 90.1003 upon such terms and conditions as the Administrator may find necessary for...

TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS AND EXPERIENCE CURVES FOR NITROGEN OXIDES CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

EPA Science Inventory

This paper reviews the regulatory history for nitrogen oxides (NO_X) pollutant emissions from stationary sources, primarily in coal-fired power plants. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is one of the six criteria pollutants regulated by the 1970 Clean Air Act where Nati...

PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES OF PERFORMANCE AND COST OF MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON ELECTRIC UTILITY BOILERS

EPA Science Inventory

Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Environmental Protection Agency has determined that regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants is appropriate and necessary. To aid in this determination, preliminary estimates of the performance and cost of powder...

A LOW COST CATALYTIC FILTER FOR SIMULTANEOUS VOC AND PARTICULATE REMOVAL - PHASE II

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions of VOC's are subject to control by the EPA both because VOC's are regarded as ozone precursors and because many specific VOC's are hazardous air pollutants (HAP's) under the Clean Air Act Amendments. A number of industries generate offgases with both fine particul...

EPA may modify Du Pont waiver for methanol fuel blends

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anderson, E.V.

1985-09-02

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted a Clean Air ACt waiver to DuPont's blendstock of methanol and other cosolvent alcohols for use in unleaded gasoline. The waiver included some stringent fuel volatility requirements to control evaporative emissions that have kept the waiver from becoming the marketing tool for fuel alcohols that everyone expected it to be. EPA seems willing to amend the waiver as long as evaporative emissions controls are kept, but there are some difficult procedural issues to resolve first. To date, only small amounts of alcohol blends have been sold under the DuPont waiver because the blendstock tendsmore » to increase the volatility of gasoline.« less

Does environmental policy affect scaling laws between population and pollution? Evidence from American metropolitan areas

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Modern cities are engines of production, innovation, and growth. However, urbanization also increases both local and global pollution from household consumption and firms’ production. Do emissions change proportionately to city size or does pollution tend to outpace or lag urbanization? Do emissions scale differently with population versus economic growth or are emissions, population, and economic growth inextricably linked? How are the scaling relationships between emissions, population, and economic growth affected by environmental regulation? This paper examines the link between urbanization, economic growth and pollution using data from Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1999 and 2011. We find that the emissions of local air pollution in these MSAs scale according to a ¾ power law with both population size and gross domestic product (GDP). However, the monetary damages from these local emissions scale linearly with both population and GDP. Counties that have previously been out of attainment with the local air quality standards set by the Clean Air Act show an entirely different relationship: local emissions scale according to the square root of population, while the monetary damages from local air pollution follow a 2/3rds power law with population. Counties out of attainment are subject to more stringent emission controls; we argue based on this that enforcement of the Clean Air Act induces sublinear scaling between emissions, damages, and city size. In contrast, we find that metropolitan GDP scales super-linearly with population in all MSAs regardless of attainment status. Summarizing, our findings suggest that environmental policy limits the adverse effects of urbanization without interfering with the productivity benefits that manifest in cities. PMID:28792949

Does environmental policy affect scaling laws between population and pollution? Evidence from American metropolitan areas.

PubMed

Muller, Nicholas Z; Jha, Akshaya

2017-01-01

Modern cities are engines of production, innovation, and growth. However, urbanization also increases both local and global pollution from household consumption and firms' production. Do emissions change proportionately to city size or does pollution tend to outpace or lag urbanization? Do emissions scale differently with population versus economic growth or are emissions, population, and economic growth inextricably linked? How are the scaling relationships between emissions, population, and economic growth affected by environmental regulation? This paper examines the link between urbanization, economic growth and pollution using data from Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1999 and 2011. We find that the emissions of local air pollution in these MSAs scale according to a ¾ power law with both population size and gross domestic product (GDP). However, the monetary damages from these local emissions scale linearly with both population and GDP. Counties that have previously been out of attainment with the local air quality standards set by the Clean Air Act show an entirely different relationship: local emissions scale according to the square root of population, while the monetary damages from local air pollution follow a 2/3rds power law with population. Counties out of attainment are subject to more stringent emission controls; we argue based on this that enforcement of the Clean Air Act induces sublinear scaling between emissions, damages, and city size. In contrast, we find that metropolitan GDP scales super-linearly with population in all MSAs regardless of attainment status. Summarizing, our findings suggest that environmental policy limits the adverse effects of urbanization without interfering with the productivity benefits that manifest in cities.

Improving and monitoring air quality.

PubMed

DuPont, André

2018-05-01

Since the authorization of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the air quality in the USA has significantly improved because of strong public support. The lessons learned over the last 25 years are being shared with the policy analysts, technical professionals, and scientist who endeavor to improve air quality in their communities. This paper will review how the USA has achieved the "high" standard of air quality that was envisioned in the early 1990s. This document will describe SO 2 gas emission reduction technology and highlight operation of emission monitoring technology. This paper describes the basic process operation of an air pollution control scrubber. A technical review of measures required to operate and maintain a large-scale pollution control system will be described. Also, the author explains how quality assurance procedures in performance of continuous emission monitoring plays a significant role in reducing air pollution.

Characteristics of forest fuels, fire and emissions

Treesearch

Charles K. McMahon

1983-01-01

Introduction Forest fires can be divided into two broad classes--wildfires and prescribed fires. Wildfires, whether caused by nature (lightning, etc.) or by the accidental or malicious acts of man, are not planned by forest managers and do not occur under controlled conditions. They can be relatively tame, covering only a few hectares and burning...

EVALUATION OF CONTAINMENT AND CONTROL OPTIONS FOR METHYL BROMIDE IN COMMODITY TREATMENT

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of an investigation of means for methyl bromide (MeBr) recovery, reuse, and destruction to prevent atmospheric emissions if its limited use were still allowed. (NOTE: MeBr is an ozone-depleting chemical scheduled to be phased out by the Clean Air Act by t...

Synthetic fiber production facilities: Background information for proposed standards

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goodwin, D. R.

1982-10-01

Standards of performance to control emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from new, modified, and reconstructed synthetic fiber production facilities are being proposed under section III of the Clean Air Act. This document contains information on the background and authority, regulatory alternatives considered, and environmental and economic impacts of the regulatory alternatives.

40 CFR 52.1384 - Emission control regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... construction permit to override a requirement that has been approved as part of the SIP, are disapproved. We cannot approve these provisions into the SIP, as it would allow the State to change a SIP requirement through the issuance of a permit. Pursuant to section 110 of the Act, to change a requirement of the SIP...

Resolving the interactions between population density and air pollution emissions controls in the San Joaquin Valley, USA.

PubMed

Hixson, Mark; Mahmud, Abdullah; Hu, Jianlin; Kleeman, Michael J

2012-05-01

The effectiveness of emissions control programs designed to reduce concentrations of airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 microm (PM2.5) in California's San Joaquin Valley was studied in the year 2030 under three growth scenarios: low, medium, and high population density. Base-case inventories for each choice of population density were created using a coupled emissions modeling system that simultaneously considered interactions between land use and transportation, area source, and point source emissions. The ambient PM2.5 response to each combination of population density and emissions control was evaluated using a regional chemical transport model over a 3-week winter stagnation episode. Comparisons between scenarios were based on regional average and population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations. In the absence of any emissions control program, population-weighted concentrations of PM2.5 in the future San Joaquin Valley are lowest undergrowth scenarios that emphasize low population density. A complete ban on wood burning and a 90% reduction in emissions from food cooking operations and diesel engines must occur before medium- to high-density growth scenarios result in lower population-weighted concentrations of PM2.5. These trends partly reflect the fact that existing downtown urban cores that naturally act as anchor points for new high-density growth in the San Joaquin Valley are located close to major transportation corridors for goods movement. Adding growth buffers around transportation corridors had little impact in the current analysis, since the 8-km resolution of the chemical transport model already provided an artificial buffer around major emissions sources. Assuming that future emissions controls will greatly reduce or eliminate emissions from residential wood burning, food cooking, and diesel engines, the 2030 growth scenario using "as-planned" (medium) population density achieves the lowest population-weighted average PM2.5 concentration in the future San Joaquin Valley during a severe winter stagnation event. The San Joaquin Valley is one of the most heavily polluted air basins in the United States that are projected to experience strong population growth in the coming decades. The best plan to improve air quality in the region combines medium- or high-density population growth with rigorous emissions controls. In the absences of controls, high-density growth leads to increased population exposure to PM2.5 compared with low-density growth scenarios (urban sprawl).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Blystone, P.G.; Goltz, H.R.; Springer, J. Jr.

The reduction of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions is a significant goal of the 1990 Clean Air Act. Industrial operations relating to surface preparation, surface coating and paint striping operations constitute one of the largest industrial sources of VOC emissions. This paper describes a new emission control system offered by Purus, Inc. which captures and recovers VOCs from paint stripping operations. The system is based on an on-site adsorption-desorption process which utilizes a specialized polymeric resin adsorbent. Adsorbent beds are regenerated through a computer controlled pressure-temperature swing process (PTSA). The adsorbent resin offers significant operational advantages over conventional activated carbonmore » adsorbents with respect to treating air laden with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) vapors. Treatment of MEK with activated carbon can be problematic due to reactivity (degradation) and high heats of adsorption of ketones with carbon. The Purus process was successfully demonstrated at Tinker Air Force Base in or under the EPA`s Waste Reduction Evaluation at Federal Sites program. MEK emissions from a paint stripping booth vent were controlled at greater than 95% reduction levels. The recovered solvent was returned to depainting process and reused with no loss in paint stripping efficiency.« less

Methods proposed to achieve air quality standards for mobile sources and technology surveillance.

PubMed Central

Piver, W T

1975-01-01

The methods proposed to meet the 1975 Standards of the Clean Air Act for mobile sources are alternative antiknocks, exhaust emission control devices, and alternative engine designs. Technology surveillance analysis applied to this situation is an attempt to anticipate potential public and environmental health problems from these methods, before they happen. Components of this analysis are exhaust emission characterization, environmental transport and transformation, levels of public and environmental exposure, and the influence of economics on the selection of alternative methods. The purpose of this presentation is to show trends as a result of the interaction of these different components. In no manner can these trends be interpreted explicitly as to what will really happen. Such an analysis is necessary so that public and environmental health officials have the opportunity to act on potential problems before they become manifest. PMID:50944

Modeling reactive nitrogen in North America: recent ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Nitrogen is an essential building block of all proteins and thus an essential nutrient for all life. The bulk of nitrogen in the environment is tightly bound as non-reactive N2. Reactive nitrogen, which is naturally produced via enzymatic reactions, forest fires and lightning, is continually recycled and cascades through air, water, and soil media (Galloway et al., 2003). Human activity has perturbed this cycle through the combustion of fossil fuels and synthesis of fertilizers. The anthropogenic contribution to this cycle is now larger than natural sources in the United States and globally (Galloway et al., 2004). Reactive nitrogen enters the biosphere primarily from emissions of oxidized nitrogen to the atmosphere from combustion sources, as inorganic fertilizer applied to crops as reduced nitrogen fixed from atmospheric N2 through the Haber-Bosch process, as organic fertilizers such as manure, and through the cultivation of nitrogen fixing crops (Canfield et al., 2010). Both the United States (US) Clean Air Act and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) have substantially reduced the emissions of oxidized nitrogen in North America through NOx controls on smokestacks and exhaust pipes (Sickles and Shadwick, 2015; AQA, 2015). However, reduced nitrogen emissions have remained constant during the last few decades of emission reductions. The National Exposure Research Laboratory’s Atmospheric Modeling Division (AMAD) c

Remote Sensing of Spatial Distributions of Greenhouse Gases in the Los Angles Basin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fu, Dejian; Pongetti, Thomas J.; Sander, Stanley P.; Cheung, Ross; Stutz, Jochen; Park, Chang Hyoun; Li, Qinbin

2011-01-01

The Los Angeles air basin is a significant anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases and pollutants including CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO, contributing significantly to regional and global climate change. Recent legislation in California, the California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB32), established a statewide cap for greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 based on 1990 emissions. Verifying the effectiveness of regional greenhouse gas emissions controls requires high-precision, regional-scale measurement methods combined with models that capture the principal anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks. We present a novel approach for monitoring the spatial distributions of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles basin using high resolution remote sensing spectroscopy. We participated in the CalNex 2010 campaign to provide greenhouse gas distributions for comparison between top-down and bottom-up emission estimates.

Remote Sensing of Spatial Distributions of Greenhouse Gases in the Los Angeles Basin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fu, Dejian; Sander, Stanley P.; Pongetti, Thomas J.; Cheung, Ross; Stutz, Jochen

2010-01-01

The Los Angeles air basin is a significant anthropogenic source of greenhouse gasses and pollutants including CO2, CH4, N2O, and CO, contributing significantly to regional and global climate change. Recent legislation in California, the California Global Warning Solutions Act (AB32), established a statewide cap for greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 based on 1990 emissions. Verifying the effectiveness of regional greenhouse gas emissions controls requires high-precision, regional-scale measurement methods combined with models that capture the principal anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks. We present a novel approach for monitoring the spatial distribution of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles basin using high resolution remote sensing spectroscopy. We participated in the CalNex 2010 campaign to provide greenhouse gas distributions for comparison between top-down and bottom-up emission estimates.

Korea's transition to the IPCC : Introduction of BAT-based Integrated ACT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Daegyun; Yoo, Heungmin; Kim, Younglan

2017-04-01

Recently, environmental pollution concerns have been increased in Korea more than ever before. So, The Ministry of Environment and the National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER) in Korea has forged a policy that can effectively reduce the environmental pollutants emitted from each business sectors. This policy nicknamed the "Integrated Environmental Management Act" will be implemented from January 2017. It is to consolidate the management method of each environment media (such as water/atmosphere, etc.) and discharge facility into single authorization and/or permission system for entire installation. In particular, it is the environmental management system in according to the "Act on Integrated Management of Environmental Pollution Facilities" that encourages active participation of companies, grant customized emission permits by considering the ambient environmental condition as well as best available techniques, and review the permitted items periodically. Throughout this optimal management policy, we expect the minimization of the environmental effect by reducing the production and emission of pollutants. The integrated environmental management system is a scientific and advanced whole new management system and it is also a policy that considers the environment and human health effect in a synthetically, and minimizes the emission of pollutants by applying the best available techniques. In this presentation, we will talk about the Korea's transition stage to IPCC(integrated pollution prevention and control) and introduce the whole new Integrated Environmental Management system of Korea.

Diesel emission reduction in construction equipment.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-01-01

The state of Rhode Island general law : The Diesel Emission Reduction Act : required a pilot project be undertaken to : gain a better understanding of the : impact of this legislative act. : The Rhode Island Department of : Transportation (RIDO...

40 CFR 59.664 - What are the requirements for importing portable fuel containers into the United States?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS Control of Evaporative Emissions From New and In-Use Portable Fuel Containers Special Compliance Provisions § 59.664 What are the requirements for importing portable... bond to cover any potential compliance or enforcement actions under the Clean Air Act if you cannot...

Dynamic control of moisture during hot pressing of wood composites

Treesearch

Cheng Piao; Todd F. Shupe; Chung Y. Hse

2006-01-01

Hot pressing is an important step in the manufacture of wood composites. In the conventional pressing system, hot press output often acts as a constraint to increased production. Severe drying of the furnish (e.g., particles, flakes, or fibers) required by this process substantially increases the manufacturing cost and creates air-polluting emissions of volatile...

Pesticide Active Ingredient Production Industry: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This action promulgates national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the pesticide active ingredient (PAI) production source category under section 112 of the Clean Air Act as amended (CAA or Act).

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Organic Air Emission Standards for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities and Generators

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document describes the requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) organic air emission standards contained in 40 CFR parts 264/265, subpart CC for hazardous waste treatment

75 FR 22895 - Control of Emissions From New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters per Cylinder

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-30

...EPA is finalizing emission standards for new marine diesel engines with per-cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters (called Category 3 marine diesel engines) installed on U.S. vessels. These emission standards are equivalent to those adopted in the amendments to Annex VI to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL Annex VI). The emission standards apply in two stages--near-term standards for newly built engines will apply beginning in 2011; long-term standards requiring an 80 percent reduction in NOX emissions will begin in 2016. We are also finalizing a change to our diesel fuel program that will allow for the production and sale of 1,000 ppm sulfur fuel for use in Category 3 marine vessels. In addition, the new fuel requirements will generally forbid the production and sale of other fuels above 1,000 ppm sulfur for use in most U.S. waters, unless alternative devices, procedures, or compliance methods are used to achieve equivalent emissions reductions. We are adopting further provisions under the Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, especially to apply the emission standards to engines covered by MARPOL Annex VI that are not covered by the Clean Air Act, and to require that these additional engines use the specified fuels (or equivalents). The final regulations also include technical amendments to our motor vehicle and nonroad engine regulations; many of these changes involve minor adjustments or corrections to our recently finalized rule for new nonroad spark-ignition engines, or adjustment to other regulatory provisions to align with this recent final rule.

Active magneto-optical control of spontaneous emission in graphene

DOE PAGES

Kort-Kamp, W. J. M.; Amorim, B.; Bastos, G.; ...

2015-11-13

In this study, we investigate the spontaneous emission rate of a two-level quantum emitter near a graphene-coated substrate under the influence of an external magnetic field or strain induced pseudomagnetic field. We demonstrate that the application of the magnetic field can substantially increase or decrease the decay rate. We show that a suppression as large as 99% in the Purcell factor is achieved even for moderate magnetic fields. The emitter's lifetime is a discontinuous function of |B|, which is a direct consequence of the occurrence of discrete Landau levels in graphene. We demonstrate that, in the near-field regime, the magneticmore » field enables an unprecedented control of the decay pathways into which the photon/polariton can be emitted. Our findings strongly suggest that a magnetic field could act as an efficient agent for on-demand, active control of light-matter interactions in graphene at the quantum level.« less

California motor vehicle pollution control: emission control system warranty regulations waiver of federal preemption

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1979-10-23

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has decided that the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) regulations on emission control system warranties for motor vehicles and engines sold in the state fall within the scope of previous waivers of federal preemption under the Clean Air Act; that they are neither standards nor enforcement procedures; and that they need not receive a separate waiver of federal preemption for their enforcement. Adopted on 12/14/78, the CARB regulations apply to all California certified 1973 and subsequent model year motorcycles, light-, medium-, and heavy-duty motor vehicles and engines. The decision, which followed a 5/17/79 public hearingmore » in San Francisco, Calif., will affect not only California motor vehicle manufacturers and industries but also those outside the state which sell the subject vehicles in California, thus, making it one of nationwide scope and effect.« less

Modeling Study on Air Quality Improvement due to Mobile Source Emission control Plan in Seoul Metropolitan Area

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Y. J.; Sunwoo, Y.; Hwang, I.; Song, S.; Sin, J.; Kim, D.

2015-12-01

A very high population and corresponding high number of vehicles in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) are aggravating the air quality of this region. The Korean government continues to make concerted efforts to improve air quality. One of the major policies that the Ministry of Environment of Korea enforced is "The Special Act for Improvement of Air Quality in SMA" and "The 1st Air Quality Management Plan of SMA". Mobile Source emission controls are an important part of the policy. Thus, it is timely to evaluate the air quality improvement due to the controls. Therefore, we performed a quantitative analysis of the difference in air quality using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and December, 2011 was set as the target period to capture the impact of the above control plans. We considered four fuel-type vehicle emission scenarios and compared the air quality improvement differences between them. The scenarios are as follows: no-control, gasoline vehicle control only, diesel vehicle control only, and control of both; utilizing the revised mobile source emissions from the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS), which is the national emission inventory reflecting current policy.In order to improve the accuracy of the modeling data, we developed new temporal allocation coefficients based on traffic volume observation data and spatially reallocated the mobile source emissions using vehicle flow survey data. Furthermore, we calculated the PM10 and PM2.5 emissions of gasoline vehicles which is omitted in CAPSS.The results of the air quality modeling shows that vehicle control plans for both gasoline and diesel lead to a decrease of 0.65ppb~8.75ppb and 0.02㎍/㎥~7.09㎍/㎥ in NO2 and PM10 monthly average concentrations, respectively. The large percentage decreases mainly appear near the center of the metropolis. However, the largest NO2 decrease percentages are found in the northeast region of Gyeonggi-do, which is the province that surrounds the capital of Seoul. Comparing the results between the different scenarios, diesel vehicle control impact dominates relative to the impact of gasoline control. The diesel-only reduction plan shows that NO2 and PM10 improved by 2.93ppb and 3.32㎍/㎥, respectively.

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title II

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides an overview of the 1990 amendments to Title II of the Clean Air Act, which were enacted to curb acid rain, urban air pollution and toxic air emissions. The edits to this title deal emissions from mobile sources.

Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Provision in the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document is a memorandum regarding Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Provision in Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) Act, which provides long-term funding certainty for surface transportation infrastructure planning

76 FR 34872 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of California; Regional Haze and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-15

... that they have either received TAS or completed the application process for TAS under the Clean Water.... Similarly, we also do not need to address the Tribes' comment regarding TAS under the Clean Water Act as...-polluting fuels or use advanced control technology to reduce emissions of NO X (CAA section 182(e)(3)). \\14...

Test Rig for Active Turbine Blade Tip Clearance Control Concepts: An Update

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taylor, Shawn; Steinetz, Bruce; Oswald, Jay; DeCastro, Jonathan; Melcher, Kevin

2006-01-01

The objective is to develop and demonstrate a fast-acting active clearance control system to improve turbine engine performance, reduce emissions, and increase service life. System studies have shown the benefits of reducing blade tip clearances in modern turbine engines. Minimizing blade tip clearances throughout the engine will contribute materially to meeting NASA's Ultra-Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) turbine engine project goals. NASA GRC is examining two candidate approaches including rub-avoidance and regeneration which are explained in subsequent slides.

Biofilter application for control of BTEX compounds from glycol dehydrator condenser vent gases at oil and natural gas producing facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stewart, W.C.; Kamarthi, R.S.

1997-12-31

Compliance with 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments will require cost-effective control technologies to reduce air emissions for petroleum industries. EPA has also proposed a new MACT Rule for Oil and Natural Gas Producing Facilities which will require control of emissions from glycol dehydrator vents. Control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) is one of the major concerns for the petroleum industries. Traditional VOC control methods may not be economically feasible to meet the requirements of these regulations. Recent studies have shown that biofilters can cost-effectively remove BTEX compounds with greater than 95%more » efficiency. This paper describes results from field testing a biofilter at an Oil and Natural Gas Producing facility. The biofilter treats a low flow gas stream containing high concentrations of VOCs and carbon dioxide from a glycol dehydrator condenser vent. A modular high-rate vapor phase biofilter developed by BioiReaction Industries was used to investigate the feasibility of this low-cost technology. Due to the high VOC loading (BTEX compounds up to 18,000 ppm; total VOCs 50,000 to 90,000 ppm), three modular biofilters were installed in series.« less

Impact of the Volkswagen emissions control defeat device on US public health

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barrett, Steven R. H.; Speth, Raymond L.; Eastham, Sebastian D.; Dedoussi, Irene C.; Ashok, Akshay; Malina, Robert; Keith, David W.

2015-11-01

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has alleged that Volkswagen Group of America (VW) violated the Clean Air Act (CAA) by developing and installing emissions control system ‘defeat devices’ (software) in model year 2009-2015 vehicles with 2.0 litre diesel engines. VW has admitted the inclusion of defeat devices. On-road emissions testing suggests that in-use NOx emissions for these vehicles are a factor of 10 to 40 above the EPA standard. In this paper we quantify the human health impacts and associated costs of the excess emissions. We propagate uncertainties throughout the analysis. A distribution function for excess emissions is estimated based on available in-use NOx emissions measurements. We then use vehicle sales data and the STEP vehicle fleet model to estimate vehicle distance traveled per year for the fleet. The excess NOx emissions are allocated on a 50 km grid using an EPA estimate of the light duty diesel vehicle NOx emissions distribution. We apply a GEOS-Chem adjoint-based rapid air pollution exposure model to produce estimates of particulate matter and ozone exposure due to the spatially resolved excess NOx emissions. A set of concentration-response functions is applied to estimate mortality and morbidity outcomes. Integrated over the sales period (2008-2015) we estimate that the excess emissions will cause 59 (95% CI: 10 to 150) early deaths in the US. When monetizing premature mortality using EPA-recommended data, we find a social cost of ˜450m over the sales period. For the current fleet, we estimate that a return to compliance for all affected vehicles by the end of 2016 will avert ˜130 early deaths and avoid ˜840m in social costs compared to a counterfactual case without recall.

Overview of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Hazardous Air Pollutant Early Reduction Program.

PubMed

Laznow, J; Daniel, J

1992-01-01

Under provision of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 Title III, the EPA has proposed a regulation (Early Reduction Program) to allow a six-year compliance extension from Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards for sources that voluntarily reduce emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) by 90 percent or more (95 percent or more for particulates) from a base year of 1987 or later. The emission reduction must be made before the applicable MACT standard is proposed for the source category or be subject to an enforceable commitment to achieve the reduction by January 1, 1994 for sources subject to MACT standards prior to 1994. The primary purpose of this program is to encourage reduction of HAPs emissions sooner than otherwise required. Industry would be allowed additional time in evaluating emission reduction options and developing more cost-effective compliance strategies, although, under strict guidelines to ensure actual, significant and verifiable emission reductions occur.

Emission projections for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Section 812 second prospective Clean Air Act cost/benefit analysis.

PubMed

Wilson, James H; Mullen, Maureen A; Bollman, Andrew D; Thesing, Kirstin B; Salhotra, Manish; Divita, Frank; Neumann, James E; Price, Jason C; DeMocker, James

2008-05-01

Section 812 of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to perform periodic, comprehensive analyses of the total costs and total benefits of programs implemented pursuant to the CAAA. The first prospective analysis was completed in 1999. The second prospective analysis was initiated during 2005. The first step in the second prospective analysis was the development of base and projection year emission estimates that will be used to generate benefit estimates of CAAA programs. This paper describes the analysis, methods, and results of the recently completed emission projections. There are several unique features of this analysis. One is the use of consistent economic assumptions from the Department of Energy's Annual Energy Outlook 2005 (AEO 2005) projections as the basis for estimating 2010 and 2020 emissions for all sectors. Another is the analysis of the different emissions paths for both with and without CAAA scenarios. Other features of this analysis include being the first EPA analysis that uses the 2002 National Emission Inventory files as the basis for making 48-state emission projections, incorporating control factor files from the Regional Planning Organizations (RPOs) that had completed emission projections at the time the analysis was performed, and modeling the emission benefits of the expected adoption of measures to meet the 8-hr ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), the Clean Air Visibility Rule, and the PM2.5 NAAQS. This analysis shows that the 1990 CAAA have produced significant reductions in criteria pollutant emissions since 1990 and that these emission reductions are expected to continue through 2020. CAAA provisions have reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by approximately 7 million t/yr by 2000, and are estimated to produce associated VOC emission reductions of 16.7 million t by 2020. Total oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)) emission reductions attributable to the CAAA are 5, 12, and 17 million t in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission benefits during the study period are dominated by electricity-generating unit (EGU) SO2 emission reductions. These EGU emission benefits go from 7.5 million t reduced in 2000 to 15 million t reduced in 2020.

A multi-frequency investigation of the influences of groundwater discharge on hydrocarbon emission and transport in the Baltic Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weidner, E. F.; Jakobsson, M.; Nycander, J.; Mayer, L. A.

2017-12-01

In nearshore coastal regions submarine groundwater discharge is a major component of the hydro-geological cycle: transporting nutrients and pollutants to the ocean, producing up-welling currents through buoyancy effects, and acting as an erosional force at discharge sites. In nearshore regions where biogenic gas production is high, groundwater discharge could potentially act as a control on hydrocarbon emission and transport from the seafloor though the water-column. In the southern Stockholm Archipelago of the Baltic Sea, terraces and semi-circular depressions on shallow (<20 meters) seafloor have been linked to the discharge of ground water, traveling along the permeable layers in glacial clay deposits (Söderberg and Flodén 1995; Jakobsson et al., 2016). Sub-bottom profiles over the same region have identified widespread areas of subsurface blanking, commonly attributed to gas, as well as water-column seep features, both in spatial proximity to the groundwater discharge sites. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles were combined with water-column data sets collected at multiple frequencies (300 kHz, 45-90 kHz, 160-260 kHz) to map the spatial distribution of seeps and investigate their relationship to localized groundwater discharge as determined by seafloor and subsurface morphology. The spatial extent of seep sites appears closely tied to regions of suspected groundwater discharge, suggesting direct or indirect controls on gas emission pathways. Additionally, seep morphology in the broadband data hints at the possibility of groundwater and gas flow mixing.

Controlled preparation of aluminum borate powders for the development of defect-related phosphors for warm white LED lighting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guimarães, Vinicius F.; Salaün, Mathieu; Burner, Pauline; Maia, Lauro J. Q.; Ferrier, Alban; Viana, Bruno; Gautier-Luneau, Isabelle; Ibanez, Alain

2017-03-01

The optimization of the elaboration conditions of a new family of highly emissive white phosphors based on glassy yttrium aluminum borates (g-YAB) compositions is presented. Their preparation from solutions is based on the polymeric precursor method (modified Pechini process), involving non-toxic and low cost precursors. The resulting resins were first dried at moderate temperatures followed by two-step annealing treatments of the obtain powders under controlled atmospheres: a first pyrolysis under nitrogen followed by a calcination under oxygen. This favored the gradual oxidation of organic moieties coming from starting materials, avoiding uncontrolled self-combustion reactions, which generate localized hot spots. This prevented phase segregations and the formation of pyrolytic carbon or carbonates, which are strongly detrimental to the luminescence properties. Thus, coupled chemical analyses and luminescence characterizations showed the high chemical homogeneity of the resulting powders and their intense emissions in the whole visible range. These emissions can be tuned from blue to warm white by adjusting the calcination temperature that is an important advantage for the development of LED devices. We showed that impurities of monovalent and divalent cations act as quenching emission centers for these phosphors. Therefore, by increasing the purity grade, we significantly enhanced the PL emissions leading to high internal quantum yields (80-90%). Finally, cathodoluminescence emissions showed the homogeneous dispersion of emitting centers in the g-YAB matrix.

Coordination Polymer Gels with Modular Nanomorphologies, Tunable Emissions, and Stimuli-Responsive Behavior Based on an Amphiphilic Tripodal Gelator.

PubMed

Sutar, Papri; Maji, Tapas Kumar

2017-08-21

The recent upsurge in research on coordination polymer gels (CPGs) stems from their synthetic modularity, nanoscale processability, and versatile functionalities. Here we report self-assembly of an amphiphilic, tripodal low-molecular weight gelator (L) that consists of 4,4',4-[1,3,5-phenyl-tri(methoxy)]-tris-benzene core and 2,2':6',2″-terpyridyl termini, with different metal ions toward the formation of CPGs that show controllable nanomorphologies, tunable emission, and stimuli-responsive behaviors. L can also act as a selective chemosensor for Zn II with very low limit of detection (0.18 ppm) in aqueous medium. Coordination-driven self-assembly of L with Zn II in H 2 O/MeOH solvent mixture results in a coordination polymer hydrogel (ZnL) that exhibits sheet like morphology and charge-transfer emission. On the other hand, coordination of L with Tb III and Eu III in CHCl 3 /tetrahydrofuran solvent mixture results in green- and red-emissive CPGs, respectively, with nanotubular morphology. Moreover, precise stoichiometric control of L/Eu III /Tb III ratio leads to the formation of bimetallic CPGs that show emissions over a broad spectral range, including white-light-emission. We also explore the multistimuli responsive properties of the white-light-emitting CPG by exploiting the dynamics of Ln III -tpy coordination.

Minimizing the risks created by an emissions inventory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Oppenfeld, R.R. von; Evans, D.M.; Vamos, J.C.

Emissions inventories are required under the federal Clean Air Act ({open_quotes}Act{close_quotes}). Sources must identify emissions points and the types of air pollutants emitted, and quantify by measurement, modeling, or estimation the amount of each pollutant. The emissions inventory is an information gathering tool, providing regulatory agencies and the public with an overview of pollutants that may be emitted. Emission inventories are not reports of precise measurements of emissions and may be misunderstood, misinterpreted or misused. The emissions inventory and the underlying documentation are potential evidence in enforcement actions under the Act and other federal and state environmental laws. Readily availablemore » to the public, emission inventories may also be used in citizen suits, toxic tort actions and other types of civil actions for damages. Practical as well as legal mechanisms allow regulated entities to minimize the possibility that an emissions inventory or its underlying documentation will be a {open_quotes}smoking gun.{close_quotes} Practical tools include use of qualifying or disclaimer language in the final inventory. The inventory effort can be planned and executed to minimize the risk of misuse and to bring the effort within privileges, such as the self-evaluative privilege, statutory audit privileges, the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product privilege.« less

Clean Air Act : historical information on EPA's process for reviewing California waiver requests and making waiver determinations

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-01-01

Emissions from mobile sources, such as automobiles and trucks, contribute to air quality degradation and can threaten public health and the environment. Under the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates these emissions. The...

Clean Air Act : historical information on EPA's process for reviewing California waiver requests and making waiver determinations.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-01-16

Emissions from mobile sources, such as automobiles and trucks, contribute to air : quality degradation and can threaten public health and the environment. Under the : Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates these emissions....

Clean Air Act : historical information on EPA's process for reviewing California waiver requests and making waiver determinations

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-01-16

Emissions from mobile sources, such as automobiles and trucks, contribute to air quality degradation and can threaten public health and the environment. Under the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates these emissions. The...

Field testing of particulate matter continuous emission monitors at the DOE Oak Ridge TSCA incinerator. Toxic Substances Control Act.

PubMed

Dunn, James E; Davis, Wayne T; Calcagno, James A; Allen, Marshall W

2002-01-01

A field study to evaluate the performance of three commercially available particulate matter (PM) continuous emission monitors (CEMs) was conducted in 1999-2000 at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator. This study offers unique features that are believed to enhance the collective US experience with PM CEMs. The TSCA Incinerator is permitted to treat PCB-contaminated RCRA hazardous low-level radioactive wastes. The air pollution control system utilizes MACT control technology and is comprised of a rapid quench, venturi scrubber, packed bed scrubber, and two ionizing wet scrubbers in series, which create a saturated flue gas that must be conditioned by the CEMs prior to measurement. The incinerator routinely treats a wide variety of wastes including high and low BTU organic liquids, aqueous, and solid wastes. The various possible combinations for treating liquid and solid wastes may present a challenge in establishing a single, acceptable correlation relationship for individual CEMs. The effect of low-level radioactive material present in the waste is a unique site-specific factor not evaluated in previous tests. The three systems chosen for evaluation were two beta gauge devices and a light scattering device. The performance of the CEMs was evaluated using the requirements in draft Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Performance Specification 11 (PS11) and Procedure 2. The results of Reference Method 5i stack tests for establishing statistical correlations between the reference method data and the CEMs responses are discussed.

Impact of air pollution control costs on the cost and spatial arrangement of cellulosic biofuel production in the U.S.

PubMed

Murphy, Colin W; Parker, Nathan C

2014-02-18

Air pollution emissions regulation can affect the location, size, and technology choice of potential biofuel production facilities. Difficulty in obtaining air pollutant emission permits and the cost of air pollution control devices have been cited by some fuel producers as barriers to development. This paper expands on the Geospatial Bioenergy Systems Model (GBSM) to evaluate the effect of air pollution control costs on the availability, cost, and distribution of U.S. biofuel production by subjecting potential facility locations within U.S. Clean Air Act nonattainment areas, which exceed thresholds for healthy air quality, to additional costs. This paper compares three scenarios: one with air quality costs included, one without air quality costs, and one in which conversion facilities were prohibited in Clean Air Act nonattainment areas. While air quality regulation may substantially affect local decisions regarding siting or technology choices, their effect on the system as a whole is small. Most biofuel facilities are expected to be sited near to feedstock supplies, which are seldom in nonattainment areas. The average cost per unit of produced energy is less than 1% higher in the scenarios with air quality compliance costs than in scenarios without such costs. When facility construction is prohibited in nonattainment areas, the costs increase by slightly over 1%, due to increases in the distance feedstock is transported to facilities in attainment areas.

Transportation's role in reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, volume 2 : report to Congress, U.S. Department of Transportation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

This study evaluates potentially viable strategies to reduce transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The study was mandated by the Energy Independence and Security Act (P.L. 110-140, December 2007). The Act directed the U.S. Department of Tran...

78 FR 2260 - Proposed Consent Decree, Clean Air Act Citizen Suit

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-10

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [FRL-9769-3] Proposed Consent Decree, Clean Air Act Citizen Suit... public comment period. SUMMARY: On December 7, 2012, in accordance with section 113(g) of the Clean Air... promulgate emission standards for hazardous air pollutant emissions from brick and structural clay products...

Notification: Project Notification Amendment, Evaluation of EPA's Oversight of Clean Air Act Title V Emissions Fees

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Project #OPE-FY12-0009, February 14, 2013. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Inspector General plans to begin the fieldwork phase of an evaluation of EPA’s Oversight of Clean Air Act Title V Emissions Fees.

Transportation's role in reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, volume 1 : report to Congress, U.S. Department of Transportation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

This study evaluates potentially viable strategies to reduce transportation : greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The study was mandated by the Energy : Independence and Security Act (P.L. 110-140, December 2007). The Act directed : the U.S. Department o...

Report: Eleven Years After Agreement, EPA Has Not Developed Reliable Emission Estimation Methods to Determine Whether Animal Feeding Operations Comply With Clean Air Act and Other Statutes

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #17-P-0396, September 19, 2017. Until the EPA develops sound methods to estimate emissions, the agency cannot reliably determine whether animal feeding operations comply with applicable Clean Air Act requirements.

Basic Information about Air Emissions Monitoring

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This site is about types of air emissions monitoring and the Clean Air Act regulations, including Ambient Air Quality Monitoring, Stationary Source Emissions Monitoring, and Continuous Monitoring Systems.

National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants for shipbuilding and ship repair facilities (surface coating). Background information for final standards. Volume 2. Summary of public comments and responses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-08-01

National emission standards for control of HAP emissions from surface coating operations at shipbuilding and ship repair facilities was promulgated under the authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The Standards will reduce air toxics from all major source shipyards (defined as those shipyards that emit 9.1 Mg/yr (10 tons/yr) or greater of any HAP material or 22.7 Mg/yr (25 tons/yr) or greater of any combination of HAP materials). This document provides: (1) the basis for the revisions made to the standards between proposal and promulgation; (2) a summary of the comments submitted and the responses to thesemore » comments; and (3) a summary of the changes made since proposal.« less

Mobile Source Emissions Regulatory Compliance Data

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Engine and Vehicle Compliance Certification and Fuel Economy Inventory contains measured emissions and fuel economy compliance information for all types of vehicles (mobile sources of air pollution) excluding snowmobile, marine (diesel), and heavy duty engines whichsummary data is updated on an annual basis. Data is collected by EPA to certify compliance with the applicable fuel economy provisions of the Clean Air Act, Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) and the Energy Independent Security Act (EISA) of 2007.

Deterministic control of the emission from light sources in 1D nanoporous photonic crystals (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galisteo-López, Juan F.

2017-02-01

Controlling the emission of a light source demands acting on its local photonic environment via the local density of states (LDOS). Approaches to exert such control on large scale samples, commonly relying on self-assembly methods, usually lack from a precise positioning of the emitter within the material. Alternatively expensive and time consuming techniques can be used to produce samples of small dimensions where a deterministic control on emitter position can be achieved. In this work we present a full solution process approach to fabricate photonic architectures containing nano-emitters which position can be controlled with nanometer precision over squared milimiter regions. By a combination of spin and dip coating we fabricate one-dimensional (1D) nanoporous photonic crystals, which potential in different fields such as photovoltaics or sensing has been previously reported, containing monolayers of luminescent polymeric nanospheres. We demonstrate how, by modifying the position of the emitters within the photonic crystal, their emission properties (photoluminescence intensity and angular distribution) can be deterministically modified. Further, the nano-emitters can be used as a probe to study the LDOS distribution within these systems with a spatial resolution of 25 nm (provided by the probe size) carrying out macroscopic measurements over squared milimiter regions. Routes to enhance light-matter interaction in this kind of systems by combining them with metallic surfaces are finally discussed.

Transportation's role in reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, volume 1 and volume 2 : report to Congress, U.S. Department of Transportation

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-04-01

This study evaluates potentially viable strategies to reduce transportation : greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The study was mandated by the Energy : Independence and Security Act (P.L. 110-140, December 2007). The Act directed : the U.S. Department o...

77 FR 25111 - Revisions to the Hawaii State Implementation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-27

... matter (PM) emissions from motor vehicles, water separation, pumps, compressors, waste gas, and open... to regulate these emission sources under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act). DATES... not plan to open a second comment period, so anyone interested in commenting should do so at this time...

Development and Characterization of Laser-Induced Incandescence Towards Nanoparticle (Soot) Detection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanderWal, Randy L.

2000-01-01

The production of particulates, notably soot, during combustion has both positive and negative ramifications. Exhaust from diesel engines under load (for example, shifting gears), flickering candle flames and fireplaces all produce soot leaving a flame. From an efficiency standpoint, emission of soot from engines, furnaces or even a simple flickering candle flame represents a loss of useful energy. The emission of soot from diesel engines, furnaces, power generation facilities, incinerators and even simple flames poses a serious environmental problem and health risk. Yet some industries intentionally produce soot as carbon black for use in inks, copier toner, tires and as pigments. Similarly, the presence of soot within flames can act both positively and negatively. Energy transfer from a combustion process is greatly facilitated by the radiative heat transfer from soot yet radiative heat transfer also facilitates the spread of unwanted fires. To understand soot formation and develop control strategies for soot emission/formation, measurements of soot concentration in both practical devices such as engines and controlled laboratory flames are necessary. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) has been developed and characterized to address this need, as described here.

Low power arcjet system spacecraft impacts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pencil, Eric J.; Sarmiento, Charles J.; Lichtin, D. A.; Palchefsky, J. W.; Bogorad, A. L.

1993-01-01

Application of electrothermal arcjets on communications satellites requires assessment of integration concerns identified by the user community. Perceived risks include plume contamination of spacecraft materials, induced arcing or electrostatic discharges between differentially charged spacecraft surfaces, and conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) for both steady state and transient conditions. A Space Act agreement between Martin Marietta Astro Space, the Rocket Research Company, and NASA's Lewis Research Center was established to experimentally examine these issues. Spacecraft materials were exposed to an arcjet plume for 40 hours, representing 40 weeks of actual spacecraft life, and contamination was characterized by changes in surface properties. With the exception of the change in emittance of one sample, all measurable changes in surface properties resulted in acceptable end of life characteristics. Charged spacecraft samples were benignly and consistently reduced to ground potential during exposure to the powered arcjet plume, suggesting that the arcjet could act as a charge control device on spacecraft. Steady state EMI signatures obtained using two different power processing units were similar to emissions measured in a previous test. Emissions measured in UHF, S, C, Ku and Ka bands obtained a null result which verified previous work in the UHF, S, and C bands. Characteristics of conducted and radiated transient emissions appear within standard spacecraft susceptibility criteria.

Implementation of a solvent management program to control paint shop volatile organic compounds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Floer, M.M.; Hicks, B.H.

1997-12-31

The majority of automobile assembly plant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are generated from painting operations. Typical paint operations generate more than 90 percent of the total plant emissions and, up to, 50 percent can be released by cleaning sources. Plant practices which contribute to the release of VOC emissions include the cleaning of paint lines and equipment, tanks, spray booths, floors and vehicles. Solvents continue to be the largest contributing source of VOC emissions in an automotive paint shop. To reduce overall VOC emissions, environmental regulations and guidelines were introduced under the Clean Air Act; Pollution Prevention and Wastemore » Minimization programs, Control Techniques, and special air permit conditions. The introduction of these regulations and guidelines has driven industry toward continual refinement of their present cleaning methods while pursuing new techniques and technologies. Industry has also shown a proactive approach by introducing new waterborne and powder coating paint technologies to reduce overall emissions. As new paint technologies are developed and introduced, special attention must be given to the types of materials utilized for cleaning. The development and implementation of a solvent management program allows a facility to standardize a program to properly implement materials, equipment, technologies and work practices to reduce volatile organic compound emissions, meet strict cleaning requirements posed by new paint technologies and produce a vehicle which meets the high quality standards of the customer. This paper will assess the effectiveness of a solvent management program by examining pollution prevention initiatives and data from four different painting operations.« less

Economics of pollution trading for SO{sub 2} and NOx

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dallas Burtraw; David A. Evans; Alan Krupnick

2005-03-15

For years economists have urged policymakers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The sulphur dioxide (SO{sub 2}) allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 US Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of NOx emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emission trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This paper provides an overview of the economic rationale for emission trading andmore » a description of the major US programs for SO{sub 2} and nitrogen oxides. These programs are evaluated along measures of performance including cost savings, environmental integrity, and incentives for technological innovation. The authors offer lessons for the design of future programs including, most importantly, those reducing carbon dioxide. 128 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.« less

Co(II)-doped MOF-5 nano/microcrystals: Solvatochromic behaviour, sensing solvent molecules and gas sorption property

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yang, Ji-Min; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005; Liu, Qing

2014-10-15

Co(II)-doped MOF-5 nano/microcrystals with controllable morphology and size were successfully obtained by solvothermal method. The products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), elemental analysis, UV–vis and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The factors influencing the crystal morphology and size were investigated. The gas sorption measurements reveal that highly crystalline particles have large Langmuir surface area. It was found that the Co(II)-doped MOF-5 shows enhanced hydrostability and the sorption profiles of the Co(II)-doped MOF-5 nano/microcrystals are dependent on the morphology and sizemore » of the particles. Porous Co(II)-doped MOF-5 is stable upon the removal of guest molecules and exhibits different colour with accommodating different solvent molecule, which means that it can act as solvatochromic sensing materials for recognition of solvent molecules. - Graphical abstract: Co(II)-doped MOF-5 nano/microcrystals with different shapes and sizes were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method, which not only enhance gas sorption properties and structural stability of MOFs towards moisture, but also act as new sensing materials for sensing small molecules. - Highlights: • Co(II)-doped MOF-5 nano/microcrystals with controllable morphology and size were obtained. • Co(II)-doped MOF-5 nano/microcrystals enhance the structural stability towards moisture. • Co(II)-doped MOF-5 can act as new sensing material for sensing small molecules.« less

Laboratory evaluation of a reactive baffle approach to NOx control. Final technical report, February-April 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nelson, S.G.; Van Stone, D.A.; Little, R.C.

1993-09-01

Vermiculite, vermiculite coated with magnesia, and activated carbon sorbents have successfully removed NOx (and carbon monoxide and particles) from combustion exhausts in a subscale drone jet engine test cell (JETC), but back pressure so generated elevated the temperature of the JETC and of the engine. The objective of this effort was to explore the feasibility of locating the sorbents in the face of the duct or of baffles parallel to the direction of flow within the ducts. Jet engine test cells (JETCs) are stationary sources of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), soot, and unburned or partially oxidized carbon compounds that formmore » as byproducts of imperfect combustion. Regulation of NOx emissions is being considered for implementation under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Several principles have been examined as candidate methods to control NOx emissions from JETCs.« less

Tailoring local density of optical states to control emission intensity and anisotropy of quantum dots in hybrid photonic-plasmonic templates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Indukuri, Chaitanya; Mukherjee, Arnab; Basu, J. K.

2015-03-01

We report results of controlled tuning of the local density of states (LDOS) in versatile, flexible, and hierarchical self assembled plasmonic templates. Using 5 nm diameter gold (Au) spherical nanoantenna within a polymer template randomly dispersed with quantum dots, we show how the photoluminescence intensity and lifetime anisotropy of these dots can be significantly enhanced through LDOS tuning. Finite difference time domain simulations corroborate the experimental observations and extend the regime of enhancement to a wider range of geometric and spectral parameters bringing out the versatility of these functional plasmonic templates. It is also demonstrated how the templates act as plasmonic resonators for effectively engineer giant enhancement of the scattering efficiency of these nano antenna embedded in the templates. Our work provides an alternative method to achieve spontaneous emission intensity and anisotropy enhancement with true nanoscale plasmon resonators.

Tunneling-injection in vertical quasi-2D heterojunctions enabled efficient and adjustable optoelectronic conversion

PubMed Central

Tan, Wei-Chun; Chiang, Chia-Wei; Hofmann, Mario; Chen, Yang-Fang

2016-01-01

The advent of 2D materials integration has enabled novel heterojunctions where carrier transport proceeds thrsough different ultrathin layers. We here demonstrate the potential of such heterojunctions on a graphene/dielectric/semiconductor vertical stack that combines several enabling features for optoelectronic devices. Efficient and stable light emission was achieved through carrier tunneling from the graphene injector into prominent states of a luminescent material. Graphene’s unique properties enable fine control of the band alignment in the heterojunction. This advantage was used to produce vertical tunneling-injection light-emitting transistors (VtiLET) where gating allows adjustment of the light emission intensity independent of applied bias. This device was shown to simultaneously act as a light detecting transistor with a linear and gate tunable sensitivity. The presented development of an electronically controllable multifunctional light emitter, light detector and transistor open up a new route for future optoelectronics. PMID:27507171

Tunneling-injection in vertical quasi-2D heterojunctions enabled efficient and adjustable optoelectronic conversion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tan, Wei-Chun; Chiang, Chia-Wei; Hofmann, Mario; Chen, Yang-Fang

2016-08-01

The advent of 2D materials integration has enabled novel heterojunctions where carrier transport proceeds thrsough different ultrathin layers. We here demonstrate the potential of such heterojunctions on a graphene/dielectric/semiconductor vertical stack that combines several enabling features for optoelectronic devices. Efficient and stable light emission was achieved through carrier tunneling from the graphene injector into prominent states of a luminescent material. Graphene’s unique properties enable fine control of the band alignment in the heterojunction. This advantage was used to produce vertical tunneling-injection light-emitting transistors (VtiLET) where gating allows adjustment of the light emission intensity independent of applied bias. This device was shown to simultaneously act as a light detecting transistor with a linear and gate tunable sensitivity. The presented development of an electronically controllable multifunctional light emitter, light detector and transistor open up a new route for future optoelectronics.

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction requirements...

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction requirements...

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction requirements...

Laboratory simulation of Hg0 emissions from a snowpack.

PubMed

Dommergue, Aurélien; Bahlmann, Enno; Ebinghaus, Ralf; Ferrari, Christophe; Boutron, Claude

2007-05-01

Snow surfaces play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of mercury in high-latitude regions. Snowpacks act both as sources and sinks for gaseous compounds. Surprisingly, the roles of each environmental parameter that can govern the air-surface exchange over snow are not well understood owing to the lack of systematic studies. A laboratory system called the laboratory flux measurement system was used to study the emission of gaseous elemental mercury from a natural snowpack under controlled conditions. The first results from three snowpacks originating from alpine, urban and polar areas are presented. Consistent with observations in the field, we were able to reproduce gaseous mercury emissions and showed that they are mainly driven by solar radiation and especially UV-B radiation. From these laboratory experiments, we derived kinetic constants which show that divalent mercury can have a short natural lifetime of about 4-6 h in snow.

A wood-strand material for wind erosion control: effects on total sediment loss, PM10 vertical flux, and PM10 loss.

PubMed

Copeland, N S; Sharratt, B S; Wu, J Q; Foltz, R B; Dooley, J H

2009-01-01

Fugitive dust from eroding land poses risks to environmental quality and human health, and thus, is regulated nationally based on ambient air quality standards for particulate matter with mean aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10) established in the Clean Air Act. Agricultural straw has been widely used for rainfall-induced erosion control; however, its performance for wind erosion mitigation has been less studied, in part because straw is mobile at moderate wind velocities. A wood-based long-strand material has been developed for rainfall-induced erosion control and has shown operational promise for control of wind-induced erosion and dust emissions from disturbed sites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of both agricultural straw and wood-strand materials in controlling wind erosion and fugitive dust emissions under laboratory conditions. Wind tunnel tests were conducted to compare wood strands of several geometries to agricultural wheat straw and bare soil in terms of total sediment loss, PM10 vertical flux, and PM10 loss. Results indicate that the types of wood strands tested are stable at wind speeds of up to 18 m s(-1), while wheat straw is only stable at speeds of up to 6.5 m s(-1). Wood strands reduced total sediment loss and PM10 emissions by 90% as compared to bare soil across the range of wind speeds tested. Wheat straw did not reduce total sediment loss for the range of speeds tested, but did reduce PM10 emissions by 75% compared to a bare soil at wind speeds of up to 11 m s(-1).

Modeling the effects of changes in new source review on national SO2 and NOx emissions from electricity-generating units.

PubMed

Evans, David A; Hobbs, Benjamin F; Oren, Craig; Palmer, Karen L

2008-01-15

The Clean Air Act establishes New Source Review (NSR) programs that apply to construction or modification of major stationary sources. In 2002 and 2003, EPA revised its rules to narrow NSR's coverage of renovations. Congress mandated a National Research Council study of the revisions' impacts. In that study, we used an electricity-sector model to explore possible effects of the equipment replacement provision (ERP), the principal NSR change directed at power plants. We find that, assuming implementation of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), tight enforcement of the prerevision NSR rules would likely lead to no or limited decreases in national emissions compared to policies such as ERP. However, emissions might shift forward in time because the previous NSR rules would depress allowance prices, discouraging banking and encouraging allowance use. Only under the most aggressive prerevision NSR enforcement scenario, in which essentially all coal capacity is compelled to retrofit controls by 2020, do NOx emissions fall below ERP levels. Even then, total 2007-2020 SO2 emissions are unaffected. Further decreases in national emissions could be accomplished more cheaply by tighter emissions caps than through NSR because caps provide incentives for efficient operating strategies, such as fuel switching, as well as retrofits.

75 FR 74517 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of California; 2008 San Joaquin Valley...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-30

...EPA is proposing to approve in part and disapprove in part state implementation plan (SIP) revisions submitted by California to provide for attainment of the 1997 annual and 24-hour fine particulate matter (PM2.5) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) nonattainment area. The SIP revisions are the SJV 2008 PM2.5 Plan (revised 2010) and portions of the 2007 State Strategy (revised 2009). Specifically, EPA is proposing to approve the emissions inventories as meeting the requirements of the Clean Air Act and EPA's fine particle implementing rule and to approve commitments to implement specific measures and meet specific aggregate emissions reductions by the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District and the California Air Resource Board. In addition, we are proposing to find that volatile organic compounds are a PM2.5 attainment plan precursor in the SJV for which controls should be evaluated. EPA is proposing to disapprove the attainment demonstration. EPA is also proposing to disapprove the reasonably available control measures/reasonably available control technology demonstration, the air quality modeling, the reasonable further progress (RFP) demonstration, the contingency measures, and the attainment and RFP conformity motor vehicle emissions budgets. EPA is also proposing to not grant California's request to extend to April 5, 2015 the deadline for the SJV nonattainment area to attain the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS.

78 FR 15376 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Amendment Under the Clean Air Act; the Clean Water...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-11

... Act; the Clean Water Act; the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; the Emergency Planning and...'') for violations of the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Clean Water Act... Herculaneum Lead Smelter Facility 12-month rolling average limit for SO 2 emissions and the 12-month rolling...

Can you hear me. Noise control regulations for motor vehicles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colvin, J.E.

1976-06-01

Companies should take action to ensure that their trucks and construction equipment conform to noise regulations established by the Environmental Protection Agency under authority of the 1972 Noise Control Act. Noise control regulations are applicable to all motor carriers with a gross vehicle weight rating of over 10,000 lb, regardless of the date of vehicle manufacture. The standards basically provide for five inspection steps to determine the compliance or non-compliance of a vehicle. Noise measurement tests must be carried out in a specific manner. The EPA has also issued regulations establishing noise emission standards for new medium and heavy trucksmore » over 10,000 lb gross vehicle weight rating and designed for street and highway use. The EPA is also looking into noise emissions from construction equipment; the first of these regulations sets a ceiling on noise emissions for new portable air compressors. In addition to the exterior noise-level limits prescribed by the EPA, the in-cab noise levels are federally regulated from the view-point of occupational noise-exposure criteria. Companies should train personnel in the physical properties of sound and the use of sound-measuring devices to ensure that new and existing equipment complies with the regulations.« less

Clean air act and acid precipitation receiving increased attention

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burns, Douglas A.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Murdoch, Peter S.

In 1990 the U.S. Congress passed Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments, which was intended to reduce the adverse effects of acid deposition by reducing emissions of the acid precursors,sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (Nox). Passage of Title IV was a response to the findings of a decade of research performed in large part through the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), which concluded that acid deposition posed a current and future threat to vulnerable forest and aquatic ecosystems [NAPAP, 1991].Now,with reauthorization of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments scheduled for 2000, Congress is considering several bills that would further reduce emissions to ensure the restoration of damaged ecosystems. Title IV requires a 10 million ton per year reduction in SO2 emissions below 1980 levels by 2010 and establishes a national cap of 8.95 million tons per year on utility emissions by 2010. Atmospheric sulfur deposition began to decline in the late 1970s as a result of energy conservation and provisions of the Clean Air Act of 1980. Since implementation of Phase I of Title IV in 1995, SO2 emissions have dropped from more than 20 million tons per year in the early 1990s to 18.3 million tons in 1995 [NAPAP, 1998].Consequently, reductions in atmospheric sulfur deposition have accelerated throughout the United States since 1995.

40 CFR 76.5 - NOX emission limitations for Group 1 boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.5 NOX emission limitations..., the date on which the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emission reduction requirements for SO2, the... subject to section 404(d) of the Act, the date the unit is required to meet Acid Rain emissions reduction...

Generating CO(2)-credits through landfill in situ aeration.

PubMed

Ritzkowski, M; Stegmann, R

2010-04-01

Landfills are some of the major anthropogenic sources of methane emissions worldwide. The installation and operation of gas extraction systems for many landfills in Europe and the US, often including technical installations for energy recovery, significantly reduced these emissions during the last decades. Residual landfill gas, however, is still continuously produced after the energy recovery became economically unattractive, thus resulting in ongoing methane emissions for many years. By landfill in situ aeration these methane emissions can be widely avoided both, during the aeration process as well as in the subsequent aftercare period. Based on model calculations and online monitoring data the amount of avoided CO(2-eq). can be determined. For an in situ aerated landfill in northern Germany, acting as a case study, 83-95% (depending on the kind and quality of top cover) of the greenhouse gas emission potential could be reduced under strictly controlled conditions. Recently the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has approved a new methodology on the "Avoidance of landfill gas emissions by in situ aeration of landfills" (UNFCCC, 2009). Based on this methodology landfill aeration projects might be considered for generation of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) in the course of CDM projects. This paper contributes towards an evaluation of the potential of landfill aeration for methane emissions reduction. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 52387 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Federal Implementation Plan for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-22

...EPA is disapproving a portion of the State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision received from the State of New Mexico on September 17, 2007, for the purpose of addressing the ``good neighbor'' requirements of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act) for the 1997 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS or standards) and the 1997 fine particulate matter (PM2.5) NAAQS. In this action, EPA is disapproving the New Mexico Interstate Transport SIP provisions that address the requirement of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(II) that emissions from New Mexico sources do not interfere with measures required in the SIP of any other state under part C of the CAA to protect visibility. We have found that New Mexico sources, except the San Juan Generating Station, are sufficiently controlled to eliminate interference with the visibility programs of other states. EPA is promulgating a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) to address this deficiency by implementing nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission limits necessary at the San Juan Generating Station (SJGS), to prevent such interference. EPA found in January 2009 that New Mexico had failed to submit a SIP addressing certain regional haze (RH) requirements, including the requirement for best available retrofit technology (BART). The Clean Air Act required EPA to promulgate a FIP to address RH requirements by January 2011. This FIP addresses the RH BART requirement for NOX for SJGS. In addition, EPA is implementing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) hourly emission limits at the SJGS, to minimize the contribution of this compound to visibility impairment. This action is being taken under section 110 and part C of the CAA.

Clean Air Act, TRI drive emission reduction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Heller, K.

1994-06-22

When asked to rank priority environmental engineering projects, many chemical firms put emissions reduction first. The chief motivators are the need to comply with rules governing major sources of hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA), along with the need to reduce the volumes of chemicals on EPA`s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Deep-welling of toxics is getting special attention as the practice adds considerably to TRI numbers. {open_quotes}We want to eliminate our air toxics so that we can get entirely out of the [CAA] Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) requirements,{close_quotes} says Thomas Zosel, manager/pollutionmore » prevention programs for 3M (St. Paul, MN). He estimates that 3M`s 1993 total research expenditures for environmental improvements were at least $200 million, out of an annual research budget of a little more than $1 billion. And, he says, the spending level is not expected to drop. Among its many efforts, 3M is striving to move away from solvents in all of its processes. To help reach that goal, the company developed a {open_quotes}waste measurement metric{close_quotes} that calculates the wastes produced by each of the company`s 50 operating divisions. In the case of Magic Tape, the company eliminated solvent emission by switching to a water-based adhesive that does not require a solvent.« less

The role of ecophysiology in determining monoterpene concentrations and emissions from pinyon pine under drought conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trowbridge, A. M.; Adams, H. D.; Breshears, D. D.; Stoy, P.; Monson, R. K.

2012-12-01

While much research has focused on the primary metabolic mechanisms underlying pinyon pine's sensitivity to severe and abrupt drought conditions, there remains a gap in our knowledge concerning how the resulting shift in carbon allocation toward plant secondary compounds, particularly monoterpenes, affects both atmospheric process and ecological species interactions. Because of the large global emission rate of monoterpenes and their effect on atmospheric chemistry, identifying the primary controls over and sensitivities to environmental change is critical for global emission models. Furthermore, monoterpenes are also known to impact insect behavior and act as defense compounds against herbivores, contributing to fluctuations in the population densities of herbivores either directly through toxicity, or indirectly by influencing an insect's susceptibility to parasitism. While pinyon mortality events are thought to be exacerbated by their susceptibility to herbivores resulting from weakened secondary chemical defenses, the impact of current and predicted drought on the chemical defense status of pinyons and the potential consequences for atmospheric composition and ecological interactions remains unknown. We performed a manipulative field study to untangle the effects of drought on plant carbon assimilation, growth, and defense throughout the year. Transplanting pinyons from their natural habitat into a desert environment, we were able to increase mean annual temperature by ~4 degrees C. Throughout the growing season, we measured pinyon physiology and monoterpene composition and emissions under different water (well-watered, ambient, or drought-stresed) and temperature (natural pinyon habitat or desert transplants) regimes. We hypothesized that increased drought would increase tissue concentrations in accordance with the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis (CNBH). Furthermore, we predicted that higher temperatures and lower water availability together would influence monoterpene emission rates, but only through shifts in tissue concentrations. Our results showed that neither total needle monoterpene concentrations nor emission rates differed between sites, and furthermore, foliar concentrations were not a significant predictor of emissions. Rather, stomatal conductance was significantly and positively correlated with monoterpene emission rates below 1 μg C gDW-1 h-1, explaining 10% of the variation in the data when measured across the growing season, but only in the pinyon pine native habitat. However, we also observed periods of emission rates > 1 μg C gDW-1 h-1at both sites during the month of June, which were not controlled by stomatal conductance or tissue monoterpene concentration. Thus, there appear to be yet-to-be-identified phenological factors that exert control over these extremely high mid-season emission rates. Our results suggest that drought has no significant influence over tissue monoterpene concentrations in this system, which are likely under tight genetic control. However, drought and phenology may exert dominant controls over the emission of monoterpenes through influences on stomatal conductance and other plant processes. Our results demonstrate a greater role than previously recognized for ecophysiological processes in controlling monoterpene fluxes from semi-arid conifer species.

Non-OEM experience with NOx reduction applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Birchett, K.S.; Chung, L.; Caldwell, R.E.

1996-01-01

Heightened global environmental awareness and mandated deadlines for emission compliance required by the Clean Air Act, demand operators to increase controls on boiler emissions. For decades, the utility boiler industry has been dominated by the large OEM`s. In the past, boiler owners would approach the company that originally designed the boiler or burner system to design a burner system to reduce emissions. It was commonly believed that the boiler manufacturer had the greatest expertise in the area of NO{sub x} reduction. Current experience demonstrates that boiler owners are accepting new approaches to reducing NO{sub x} from non-OEM designers and suppliers.more » This paper outlines new approaches being applied by boiler operators to reduce NO{sub x} emissions. Several steps are imperative for a successful NO{sub x} reduction program and each step of this process will be described with examples presented. Concepts that will be examined are: (1) Practical designing concerns of theoretical Low NO{sub x} combustion, (2) Reviewing scope requirements required to reduce emissions, and (3) Teaming with the Customer to facilitate retrofit design and installation. The emphasis of this paper is not directed at the theory of how the components reduce NO{sub x}, but how to effectively apply proven technology that reduced NO{sub x} emissions.« less

CAFE Standards (released in AEO2010)

EIA Publications

2010-01-01

Pursuant to the Presidents announcement of a National Fuel Efficiency Policy, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the EPA have promulgated nationally coordinated standards for tailpipe Carbon Dioxide (CO2)-equivalent emissions and fuel economy for light-duty vehicles (LDVs), which includes both passenger cars and light-duty trucks. In the joint rulemaking, the Environmental Protection Agency is enacting CO2-equivalent emissions standards under the Clean Air Act (CAA), and NHTSA is enacting companion Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.

75 FR 68094 - Partial Grant and Partial Denial of Clean Air Act Waiver Application Submitted by Growth Energy...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-04

... Emissions Both diurnal and running loss evaporative emissions increase as fuel volatility increases. Diurnal... during the day, such as while parked. Running loss evaporative emissions occur while motor vehicles are... E0) should not produce higher diurnal or running loss evaporative emissions than E0. We expect MY2007...

Modeling the effects of changes in new source review on national SO{sub 2} and NOx emissions from electricity-generating units

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

David A. Evans; Benjamin F. Hobbs; Craig Oren

2008-01-15

The Clean Air Act establishes New Source Review (NSR) programs that apply to construction or modification of major stationary sources. In 2002 and 2003, EPA revised its rules to narrow NSR's coverage of renovations. Congress mandated a National Research Council study of the revisions' impacts. In that study, we used an electricity-sector model to explore possible effects of the equipment replacement provision (ERP), the principal NSR change directed at power plants. We find that, assuming implementation of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), tight enforcement of the prerevision NSR rules would likely lead to no or limited decreases in nationalmore » emissions compared to policies such as ERP. However, emissions might shift forward in time because the previous NSR rules would depress allowance prices, discouraging banking and encouraging allowance use. Only under the most aggressive prerevision NSR enforcement scenario, in which essentially all coal capacity is compelled to retrofit controls by 2020, do NOx emissions fall below ERP levels. Even then, total 2007-2020 SO{sub 2} emissions are unaffected. Further decreases in national emissions could be accomplished more cheaply by tighter emissions caps than through NSR because caps provide incentives for efficient operating strategies, such as fuel switching, as well as retrofits. 23 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less

Emission Standards for Particulates

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Walsh, George W.

1974-01-01

Promulgation of standards of performance under Section 111 and national emission standards for hazardous pollutants under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act is the responsibility of the Emission Standards and Engineering Division of the Environmental Protection Agency. The problems encountered and the bases used are examined. (Author/BT)

Effect of irrigation, nitrogen application, and a nitrification inhibitor on nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane emissions from an olive (Olea europaea L.) orchard.

PubMed

Maris, S C; Teira-Esmatges, M R; Arbonés, A; Rufat, J

2015-12-15

Drip irrigation combined with nitrogen (N) fertigation is applied in order to save water and improve nutrient efficiency. Nitrification inhibitors reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A field study was conducted to compare the emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) associated with the application of N fertiliser through fertigation (0 and 50kgNha(-1)), and 50kgNha(-1)+nitrification inhibitor in a high tree density Arbequina olive orchard. Spanish Arbequina is the most suited variety for super intensive olive groves. This system allows reducing production costs and increases crop yield. Moreover its oil has excellent sensorial features. Subsurface drip irrigation markedly reduced N2O and N2O+N2 emissions compared with surface drip irrigation. Fertiliser application significantly increased N2O+N2, but not N2O emissions. Denitrification was the main source of N2O. The N2O losses (calculated as emission factor) ranging from -0.03 to 0.14% of the N applied, were lower than the IPCC (2007) values. The N2O+N2 losses were the largest, equivalent to 1.80% of the N applied, from the 50kgNha(-1)+drip irrigation treatment which resulted in water filled pore space >60% most of the time (high moisture). Nitrogen fertilisation significantly reduced CO2 emissions in 2011, but only for the subsurface drip irrigation strategies in 2012. The olive orchard acted as a net CH4 sink for all the treatments. Applying a nitrification inhibitor (DMPP), the cumulative N2O and N2O+N2 emissions were significantly reduced with respect to the control. The DMPP also inhibited CO2 emissions and significantly increased CH4 oxidation. Considering global warming potential, greenhouse gas intensity, cumulative N2O emissions and oil production, it can be concluded that applying DMPP with 50kgNha(-1)+drip irrigation treatment was the best option combining productivity with keeping greenhouse gas emissions under control. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

76 FR 57105 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-15

...EPA and NHTSA, on behalf of the Department of Transportation, are each finalizing rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road heavy-duty vehicles, responding to the President's directive on May 21, 2010, to take coordinated steps to produce a new generation of clean vehicles. NHTSA's final fuel consumption standards and EPA's final carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions standards are tailored to each of three regulatory categories of heavy-duty vehicles: Combination Tractors; Heavy-duty Pickup Trucks and Vans; and Vocational Vehicles. The rules include separate standards for the engines that power combination tractors and vocational vehicles. Certain rules are exclusive to the EPA program. These include EPA's final hydrofluorocarbon standards to control leakage from air conditioning systems in combination tractors, and pickup trucks and vans. These also include EPA's final nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions standards that apply to all heavy- duty engines, pickup trucks and vans. EPA's final greenhouse gas emission standards under the Clean Air Act will begin with model year 2014. NHTSA's final fuel consumption standards under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 will be voluntary in model years 2014 and 2015, becoming mandatory with model year 2016 for most regulatory categories. Commercial trailers are not regulated in this phase of the Heavy-Duty National Program. The agencies estimate that the combined standards will reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 270 million metric tons and save 530 million barrels of oil over the life of vehicles sold during the 2014 through 2018 model years, providing over $7 billion in net societal benefits, and $49 billion in net societal benefits when private fuel savings are considered. EPA is also finalizing provisions allowing light-duty vehicle manufacturers to use CO2 credits to meet the light-duty vehicle N2O and CH4 standards, technical amendments to the fuel economy provisions for light-duty vehicles, and a technical amendment to the criteria pollutant emissions requirements for certain switch locomotives.

Resource conservation and recovery act draft hazardous waste facility permit: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Attachments: Volume 4 of 4

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-08-01

Volume IV contains the following attachments for Module IV: VOC monitoring plan for bin-room tests (Appendix D12); bin emission control and VOC monitoring system drawings; bin scale test room ventilation drawings; WIPP supplementary roof support system, underground storage area, room 1, panel 1, DOE/WIPP 91-057; and WIPP supplementary roof support system, room 1, panel 1, geotechnical field data analysis bi-annual report, DOE/WIPP 92-024.

Increased InAs quantum dot size and density using bismuth as a surfactant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dasika, Vaishno D.; Krivoy, E. M.; Nair, H. P.; Maddox, S. J.; Park, K. W.; Jung, D.; Lee, M. L.; Yu, E. T.; Bank, S. R.

2014-12-01

We have investigated the growth of self-assembled InAs quantum dots using bismuth as a surfactant to control the dot size and density. We find that the bismuth surfactant increases the quantum dot density, size, and uniformity, enabling the extension of the emission wavelength with increasing InAs deposition without a concomitant reduction in dot density. We show that these effects are due to bismuth acting as a reactive surfactant to kinetically suppress the surface adatom mobility. This mechanism for controlling quantum dot density and size has the potential to extend the operating wavelength and enhance the performance of various optoelectronic devices.

Senate passes clean air bill

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

In an 89 to 11 vote the Senate passed a clean air bill aimed at reducing pollution by the turn of the century by imposing tougher controls on American industry. The bill is the first revision of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in 13 years and calls for new limits on auto pollution to clean up smog in most U.S. cities, decreasing by half emissions by power plants that cause acid rain to protect the ecology, and increasing technological controls on factories to protect against cancer-causing and toxic substances. The bill will add about $20 billion per year to the estimated $33 billion cost of complying with current pollution laws.

The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions.

PubMed

Quinn, P K; Bates, T S

2011-11-30

More than twenty years ago, a biological regulation of climate was proposed whereby emissions of dimethyl sulphide from oceanic phytoplankton resulted in the formation of aerosol particles that acted as cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer. In this hypothesis--referred to as CLAW--the increase in cloud condensation nuclei led to an increase in cloud albedo with the resulting changes in temperature and radiation initiating a climate feedback altering dimethyl sulphide emissions from phytoplankton. Over the past two decades, observations in the marine boundary layer, laboratory studies and modelling efforts have been conducted seeking evidence for the CLAW hypothesis. The results indicate that a dimethyl sulphide biological control over cloud condensation nuclei probably does not exist and that sources of these nuclei to the marine boundary layer and the response of clouds to changes in aerosol are much more complex than was recognized twenty years ago. These results indicate that it is time to retire the CLAW hypothesis.

77 FR 38399 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Arizona; Nogales PM10

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-27

...EPA is proposing to approve a state implementation plan revision submitted by the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality to address the moderate area PM10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to a nominal ten micrometers, planning requirements for the Nogales nonattainment area. Consistent with this proposal, EPA is also proposing to approve the following plan elements as meeting the requirements of the Clean Air Act: the Nogales nonattainment area 2008 and 2011 emission inventories; the demonstration that the Nogales nonattainment area is attaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM10, but for international emissions sources in Nogales, Mexico; the demonstration that reasonably available control measures sufficient to meet the standard have been implemented in the nonattainment area; the reasonable further progress demonstration; the demonstration that implementation of measures beyond those needed for attainment meet the contingency measure requirement; and, the motor vehicle emissions budget for the purposes of determining the conformity of transportation plans, programs, and projects with this PM10 plan.

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORIES FROM THREE MAJOR URBAN AREAS

EPA Science Inventory

The paper reports EPA/AEERL's progress on emissions inventory evaluation and improvement under a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions research program in support of the Urban Area Source Program required under Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). he paper ...

78 FR 18280 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Nevada; Regional Haze Federal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-26

... emission limits applicable to Units 1, 2, and 3 at RGGS by 18 months from January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2016.... Paperwork Reduction Act C. Regulatory Flexibility Act D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act E. Executive Order..., or Use I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions...

Report card on low level ozone in urban areas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Onischak, M.

1994-12-31

It has been four years since the Clean Air Act was amended in November of 1990. Much work has been done in this time, and the country is beginning to see real air quality benefits. Although these changes have not completely licked the urban ozone problem yet, they have made a lot of progress. All of the urban areas which have been required to reduce their ozone levels have done a good job of lowering their emissions. While the urban areas have not all been able to meet every federal deadline, the areas have all been able to achieve themore » control milestones before the mandatory Clean Air Act sanctions have taken effect. Some areas are even ready to declare their ozone problems solved.« less

Allogeneic cell transplant expands bone marrow distribution by colonizing previously abandoned areas: an FDG PET/CT analysis.

PubMed

Fiz, Francesco; Marini, Cecilia; Campi, Cristina; Massone, Anna Maria; Podestà, Marina; Bottoni, Gianluca; Piva, Roberta; Bongioanni, Francesca; Bacigalupo, Andrea; Piana, Michele; Sambuceti, Gianmario; Frassoni, Francesco

2015-06-25

Mechanisms of hematopoietic reconstitution after bone marrow (BM) transplantation remain largely unknown. We applied a computational quantification software application to hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) images to assess activity and distribution of the hematopoietic system throughout the whole skeleton of recently transplanted patients. Thirty-four patients underwent PET/CT 30 days after either adult stem cell transplantation (allogeneic cell transplantation [ACT]; n = 18) or cord blood transplantation (CBT; n = 16). Our software automatically recognized compact bone volume and trabecular bone volume (IBV) in CT slices. Within IBV, coregistered PET data were extracted to identify the active BM (ABM) from the inactive tissue. Patients were compared with 34 matched controls chosen among a published normalcy database. Whole body ABM increased in ACT and CBT when compared with controls (12.4 ± 3 and 12.8 ± 6.8 vs 8.1 ± 2.6 mL/kg of ideal body weight [IBW], P < .001). In long bones, ABM increased three- and sixfold in CBT and ACT, respectively, compared with controls (0.9 ± 0.9 and 1.7 ± 2.5 vs 0.3 ± 0.3 mL/kg IBW, P < .01). These data document an unexpected distribution of transplanted BM into previously abandoned BM sites. © 2015 by The American Society of Hematology.

EMISSION OF ORGANIC HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FROM THE COMBUSION OF PULVERIZED COAL IN A SMALL-SCALE COMBUSTOR

EPA Science Inventory

The emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from the combustion of pulverized coal have become an important issue in light of the requirements of Title I11 of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, which impose emission limits on 189 compounds and compound classes. Although pre...

40 CFR 93.152 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... official charged with direct responsibility for management of an area designated as Class I under the Act... 301(d) of the Act and which implements the relevant requirements of the Act. Areawide air quality... which uses an air quality dispersion model to determine the effects of emissions on air quality. Cause...

DOE regulation of mixed waste. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power and the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation, and Tourism of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session on H. R. 2009 and H. R. 2593, April 10, 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Testimony by representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency, citizen environmental organizations, DOE, and universities on the Mixed Hazardous Waste Amendment Act of 1985 (H.R. 2009) and the Military Radioactive Emissions Control Act of 1985 (H.R. 2593) focused on safety aspects of mixed wastes at DOE facilities from the point of view of the general public and the implications for tourism and recreation in affected areas. H.R. 2593 calls for standards and continuous independent monitoring, while H.R. 2009 ensures that wastes the Solid Waste Management Act covers solid wastes containing radioactive material. The testimony covered definitions and interpretations by byproduct materialmore » and the problems associated with self-regulation. The testimony of the 10 witnesses follows the text of the two bills.« less

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In 1989, President George W. Bush proposed revisions to the Clean Air Act designed to curb acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions. The proposal also called for establishing a national permits program.

Excellent Field Emission Properties of Short Conical Carbon Nanotubes Prepared by Microwave Plasma Enhanced CVD Process

PubMed Central

2008-01-01

Randomly oriented short and low density conical carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were prepared on Si substrates by tubular microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process at relatively low temperature (350–550 °C) by judiciously controlling the microwave power and growth time in C2H2 + NH3gas composition and Fe catalyst. Both length as well as density of the CNTs increased with increasing microwave power. CNTs consisted of regular conical compartments stacked in such a way that their outer diameter remained constant. Majority of the nanotubes had a sharp conical tip (5–20 nm) while its other side was either open or had a cone/pear-shaped catalyst particle. The CNTs were highly crystalline and had many open edges on the outer surface, particularly near the joints of the two compartments. These films showed excellent field emission characteristics. The best emission was observed for a medium density film with the lowest turn-on and threshold fields of 1.0 and 2.10 V/μm, respectively. It is suggested that not only CNT tip but open edges on the body also act as active emission sites in the randomly oriented geometry of such periodic structures.

Further emissions cuts needed for speedier acid rain recovery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Showstack, Randy

Some people may have thought that the problem of acid deposition, commonly referred to as acid rain, had been solved in the United States with the passage of the Acid Deposition Control Program under Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA).Although that legislation has helped to dramatically limit emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide—gases that can react in the atmosphere and form acidic compounds, including fine particles of sulfates and nitrates— much steeper cuts are needed for a quicker recovery from acid rain in the north-eastern United States, according to a new scientific appraisal of the effectiveness of measures called for in that law. The appraisal was issued on March 26 and is entitled “Acidic Deposition in the Northeastern United States: Sources and Inputs, Ecosystem Effects, and Management Strategies.”

Deposition and cycling of sulfur controls mercury accumulation in Isle Royale fish

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paul E. Drevnick; Donald E. Canfield; Patrick R. Gorski

2007-11-01

Mercury contamination of fish is a global problem. Consumption of contaminated fish is the primary route of methylmercury exposure in humans and is detrimental to health. Newly mandated reductions in anthropogenic mercury emissions aim to reduce atmospheric mercury deposition and thus mercury concentrations in fish. However, factors other than mercury deposition are important for mercury bioaccumulation in fish. In the lakes of Isle Royale, U.S.A., reduced rates of sulfate deposition since the Clean Air Act of 1970 have caused mercury concentrations in fish to decline to levels that are safe for human consumption, even without a discernible decrease in mercurymore » deposition. Therefore, reductions in anthropogenic sulfur emissions may provide a synergistic solution to the mercury problem in sulfate-limited freshwaters. 71 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less

Modeling the effects of changes in New Source Review on national SO{sub 2} and NOx emissions from electricity-generating units

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

David A. Evans; Benjamin F. Hobbs; Craig Oren

2007-03-15

The Clean Air Act establishes New Source Review (NSR) programs that apply to the construction or modification of major stationary emissions sources. In 2002 and 2003, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency revised its rules to narrow the applicability of NSR to facility renovations. Congress then mandated a National Research Council study of the effects of the rules. An electricity-sector model - the Integrated Planning Model (IPM) - was used to explore the possible effects of the equipment replacement provision (ERP), the principal NSR change that was to affect the power-generation industry. The studies focused in particular on coal-fired electricity generatingmore » units, EGUs, for two reasons. First, coal-fired EGUs are important contributors of these pollutants, accounting for approximately 70 and 20% of nations SO{sub 2} and NOx emissions in 2004, respectively. Second, the shares of total capacity of large coal-fired EGUs that lack flue-gas desulfurization to control SO{sub 2} and selective catalytic reduction to reduce NOx emissions are 62 and 63% respectively. Although the analysis cannot predict effects on local emissions, assuming that the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) is implemented, we find that stringent enforcement of the previous NSR rules would likely lead to no or limited decreases in national emissions compared to policies such as ERP. Our results indicate that tighter emissions caps could achieve further decreases in national emissions more cost-effectively than NSR programs. 15 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less

Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2008

EIA Publications

2011-01-01

The Energy Policy Act of 1992 required the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) to prepare an inventory of aggregate U.S. national emissions of greenhouse gases for the period 1987-1990, with annual updates thereafter. This report documents the methodology for the seventeenth annual inventory, covering national emissions over the period 1990-2008.

Trace gas emissions from nursery crop production using different fertilizer methods

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Increased trace gas emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are widely believed to be a primary cause of global warming. Agriculture is a large contributor to these emissions; however, its role in climate change is unique in that it can act as a source of trace gas ...

40 CFR 1054.255 - What decisions may EPA make regarding my certificate of conformity?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT Certifying Emission Families § 1054.255 What decisions may EPA make... emission family meets all the requirements of this part and the Clean Air Act, we will issue a certificate of conformity for your emission family for that model year. We may make the approval subject to...

Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers and Toxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver after Inhalation Exposure to 100% Biodiesel or Petroleum Diesel Emissions

EPA Science Inventory

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, biodiesel (BD) has become a first alternative energy source that is economically viable and meets requirements of the Clean Air Act. Due to lower mass emissions and reduced hazardous compounds compared to diesel combustion emissions (CE), BD expo...

A methodology to estimate vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fractions as an input to the mobile emission model.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-01-01

Air quality has been an issue of growing importance to the transportation sector since the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century in 1998. According to these acts, states and local gov...

77 FR 14830 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-13

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act Notice is hereby... Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. 7413(b). Defendant processes aluminum scrap and dross to produce various secondary aluminum products, a process that results in emissions of regulated air pollutants, including...

Report: EPA Needs to Better Document Project Delays for Recovery Act Diesel Emission Reduction Act Grants

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #11-R-0179, March 28, 2011. While DERA project officers were aware of Recovery Act grant project delays, they did not always document delays in EPA’s grants management system or, in some cases, take action to reduce the impact of project delays.

Resonance fluorescence revival in a voltage-controlled semiconductor quantum dot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reigue, Antoine; Lemaître, Aristide; Gomez Carbonell, Carmen; Ulysse, Christian; Merghem, Kamel; Guilet, Stéphane; Hostein, Richard; Voliotis, Valia

2018-02-01

We demonstrate systematic resonance fluorescence recovery with near-unity emission efficiency in single quantum dots embedded in a charge-tunable device in a wave-guiding geometry. The quantum dot charge state is controlled by a gate voltage, through carrier tunneling from a close-lying Fermi sea, stabilizing the resonantly photocreated electron-hole pair. The electric field cancels out the charging/discharging mechanisms from nearby traps toward the quantum dots, responsible for the usually observed inhibition of the resonant fluorescence. Fourier transform spectroscopy as a function of the applied voltage shows a strong increase in the coherence time though not reaching the radiative limit. These charge controlled quantum dots can act as quasi-perfect deterministic single-photon emitters, with one laser pulse converted into one emitted single photon.

Does Juncus effusus enhance methane emissions from grazed pastures on peat?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henneberg, A.; Elsgaard, L.; Sorrell, B. K.; Brix, H.; Petersen, S. O.

2015-06-01

Methane (CH4) emissions from drained organic soils are generally low, but internal gas transport in aerenchymatous plants may result in local emission hotspots. In a paired-sample field study at three different sites we measured fluxes of CH4 with static chambers from adjacent sampling quadrats with and without Juncus effusus during four field campaigns. At all three sites, CH4 was observed in the soil at all sampling depths (5-100 cm), and in most cases both above and below the groundwater table. During spring, local maxima suggested methanogenesis took place above the water table at all three sites. We found significant CH4 emissions at all three sites, but emission controls were clearly different. Across the three sites, average emission rates (±1 SE) for sampling quadrats with and without J. effusus were 1.47 ± 0.28 and 1.37 ± 0.33 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 respectively, with no overall effect of J. effusus on CH4 emissions, but a significant effect at one of the three sites. At this site, local CH4 maxima were closer to the soil surface than at the other sites, and the upper soil layers were dryer. This could have affected both root CH4 accessibility and CH4 oxidation respectively, and together with limited gas diffusivity in the soil column, cause elevated CH4 emissions from J. effusus. We conclude that aerenchymatous plants has the potential to act as point sources of CH4 from drained peatlands, but more studies on the specific conditions under which there is an effect, are needed before the results can be used in modelling of CH4 emissions.

Does uncus effusus enhance methane emissions from grazed pastures on peat?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Henneberg, A.; Elsgaard, L.; Sorrell, B. K.; Brix, H.; Petersen, S. O.

2015-10-01

Methane (CH4) emissions from drained organic soils are generally low, but internal gas transport in aerenchymatous plants may result in local emission hotspots. In a paired-sample field study at three different sites we measured fluxes of CH4 with static chambers from adjacent sampling quadrats with and without Juncus effusus during four field campaigns. At all three sites, CH4 was observed in the soil at all sampling depths (5 to 100 cm), and in most cases both above and below the groundwater table. During spring, local maxima suggested methanogenesis also took place above the water table at all three sites. We found significant CH4 emissions at all three sites, but emission controls were clearly different. Across the three sites, average emission rates (±1 SE) for sampling quadrats with and without J. effusus were 1.47 ± 0.28 and 1.37 ± 0.33 mg CH4 m-2 h-1, respectively, with no overall effect of J. effusus on CH4 emissions. However, a significant effect of J. effusus was seen at one of the three sites. At this site, local CH4 maxima were closer to the soil surface than at the other sites, and the upper soil layers were dryer. This could have affected both root CH4 accessibility and CH4 oxidation respectively, and together with limited gas diffusivity in the soil column, cause elevated CH4 emissions from J. effusus. We conclude that J. effusus has the potential to act as point sources of CH4 from drained peatlands, but more studies on the specific conditions under which there is an effect, are needed before the results can be used in modelling of CH4 emissions.

Environmental management system for transportation maintenance operations.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

The New Jersey's Global Warming Response Act, enacted in 2007, mandates reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) : emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, approximately a 20 percent reduction, followed by a further reduction of emissions to : 80% below 2006 leve...

40 CFR 61.04 - Address.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION...-107), Seattle, WA 98101. (b) Section 112(d) of the Act directs the Administrator to delegate to each State, when appropriate, the authority to implement and enforce national emission standards for...

40 CFR 61.04 - Address.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION...-107), Seattle, WA 98101. (b) Section 112(d) of the Act directs the Administrator to delegate to each State, when appropriate, the authority to implement and enforce national emission standards for...

Clean Air Act Vehicle and Engine Enforcement Case Resolutions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Clean Air Act requires new engines and equipment sold or distributed in the United States to be certified to meet EPA-established emissions requirements to protect public health and the environment from air pollution.

Concentration and photochemistry of PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs and toxicity of PM2.5 during the Beijing Olympic Games.

PubMed

Wang, Wentao; Jariyasopit, Narumol; Schrlau, Jill; Jia, Yuling; Tao, Shu; Yu, Tian-Wei; Dashwood, Roderick H; Zhang, Wei; Wang, Xuejun; Simonich, Staci L Massey

2011-08-15

Atmospheric particulate matter with diameter <2.5 um (PM(2.5)) was collected at Peking University (PKU) in Beijing, China before, during, and after the 2008 Olympics and analyzed for black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), lower molecular weight (MW < 300) and MW302 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). In addition, the direct and indirect acting mutagenicity of the PM(2.5) and the potential for DNA damage to human lung cells were also measured. Significant reductions in BC (45%), OC (31%), MW< 300 PAH (26-73%), MW 302 PAH (22-77%), NPAH (15-68%), and OPAH (25-53%) concentrations were measured during the source control and Olympic periods. However, the mutagenicity of the PM(2.5) was significantly reduced only during the Olympic period. The PAH, NPAH, and OPAH composition of the PM(2.5) was similar throughout the study, suggesting similar sources during the different periods. During the source control period, the parent PAH concentrations were correlated with NO, CO, and SO(2) concentrations, indicating that these PAHs were associated with both local and regional emissions. However, the NPAH and OPAH concentrations were only correlated with the NO concentrations, indicating that the NPAH and OPAH were primarily associated with local emissions. The relatively high 2-nitrofluoranthene/1-nitropyrene ratio (25-46) and 2-nitrofluoranthene/2-nitropyrene ratio (3.4-4.8), suggested a predominance of photochemical formation of NPAHs through OH-radical-initiated reactions in the atmosphere. On average, the ∑NPAH and ∑OPAH concentrations were 8% of the parent PAH concentrations, while the direct-acting mutagenicity (due to the NPAH and OPAH) was 200% higher than the indirect-acting mutagenicity (due to the PAH). This suggests that NPAH and OPAH make up a significant portion of the overall mutagenicity of PM(2.5) in Beijing.

Effects of fertilizer placement on trace gas emissions from container-grown plant production

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Increased trace gas emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are widely believed to be a primary cause of global warming. Agriculture is a large contributor to these emissions; however, its role in climate change is unique in that it can act as a source of trace gas ...

Effects of fertilizer placement on trace gas emissions from nursery container production

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Increased trace gas emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are widely believed to be a primary cause of global warming. Agriculture is a large contributor to these emissions; however, its role in climate change is unique in that it can act as a source of trace gas ...

A prescribed fire emission factors database for land management and air quality applications

Treesearch

E. Lincoln; WeiMin Hao; S. Baker; R. J. Yokelson; I. R. Burling; Shawn Urbanski; W. Miller; D. R. Weise; T. J. Johnson

2010-01-01

Prescribed fire is a significant emissions source in the U.S. and that needs to be adequately characterized in atmospheric transport/chemistry models. In addition, the Clean Air Act, its amendments, and air quality regulations require that prescribed fire managers estimate the quantity of emissions that a prescribed fire will produce. Several published papers contain a...

75 FR 42030 - Amendments to National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Area Source Standards for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-20

.... National Technology Transfer Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address..., or use of energy. I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) directs...

76 FR 35806 - Amendments to National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Area Sources: Plating...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-20

..., or Use I. National Technology Transfer Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To... action under Executive Order 12866. I. National Technology Transfer Advancement Act Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-113, section 12(d), 15 U.S.C...

Incorporating Voluntary Mobile Source Emission Reduction Programs in State Implementation Plans (SIPs)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This EPA memorandum provides guidance and sets forth policy and interpretation regarding the granting of explicit State Implementation Plan (SIP) credit for Voluntary Mobile Source Emission Reduction Programs (VMEPs) under section 110 of the Clean Air Act.

Estimating criteria pollutant emissions using the California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model v1.0

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zapata, Christina B.; Yang, Chris; Yeh, Sonia; Ogden, Joan; Kleeman, Michael J.

2018-04-01

The California Regional Multisector Air Quality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model is developed to predict changes to criteria pollutant emissions inventories in California in response to sophisticated emissions control programs implemented to achieve deep greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. Two scenarios for the year 2050 act as the starting point for calculations: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and an 80 % GHG reduction (GHG-Step) scenario. Each of these scenarios was developed with an energy economic model to optimize costs across the entire California economy and so they include changes in activity, fuels, and technology across economic sectors. Separate algorithms are developed to estimate emissions of criteria pollutants (or their precursors) that are consistent with the future GHG scenarios for the following economic sectors: (i) on-road, (ii) rail and off-road, (iii) marine and aviation, (iv) residential and commercial, (v) electricity generation, and (vi) biorefineries. Properly accounting for new technologies involving electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen plays a central role in these calculations. Critically, criteria pollutant emissions do not decrease uniformly across all sectors of the economy. Emissions of certain criteria pollutants (or their precursors) increase in some sectors as part of the overall optimization within each of the scenarios. This produces nonuniform changes to criteria pollutant emissions in close proximity to heavily populated regions when viewed at 4 km spatial resolution with implications for exposure to air pollution for those populations. As a further complication, changing fuels and technology also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. This is most notably apparent through a comparison of emissions reductions for different size fractions of primary particulate matter. Primary PM2.5 emissions decrease by 4 % in the GHG-Step scenario vs. the BAU scenario while corresponding primary PM0.1 emissions decrease by 36 %. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) are an emerging pollutant of concern expected to impact public health in future scenarios. The complexity of this situation illustrates the need for realistic treatment of criteria pollutant emissions inventories linked to GHG emissions policies designed for fully developed countries and states with strict existing environmental regulations.

Describing current and potential markets for alternative-fuel vehicles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-03-26

Motor vehicles are a major source of greenhouse gases, and the rising numbers of motor vehicles and miles driven could lead to more harmful emissions that may ultimately affect the world`s climate. One approach to curtailing such emissions is to use, instead of gasoline, alternative fuels: LPG, compressed natural gas, or alcohol fuels. In addition to the greenhouse gases, pollutants can be harmful to human health: ozone, CO. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 authorized EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards to control this. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT) was the first new law tomore » emphasize strengthened energy security and decreased reliance on foreign oil since the oil shortages of the 1970`s. EPACT emphasized increasing the number of alternative-fuel vehicles (AFV`s) by mandating their incremental increase of use by Federal, state, and alternative fuel provider fleets over the new few years. Its goals are far from being met; alternative fuels` share remains trivial, about 0.3%, despite gains. This report describes current and potential markets for AFV`s; it begins by assessing the total vehicle stock, and then it focuses on current use of AFV`s in alternative fuel provider fleets and the potential for use of AFV`s in US households.« less

Degradation of polyfluorene-type polymers: interface and bulk-related defects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gamerith, Stefan; Gadermaier, Christoph; Nothofer, Heinz G.; Scherf, Ullrich; List, Emil J.

2004-09-01

The origin of a broad low-energy photo-luminescence (PL) and electro-luminescence (EL) band emerging upon oxidative degradation of hihgly emissive polyfluorenes (PFs) has recently been identified as the emission from on-chain keto defects acting as exciton and/or charge traps. In this work we compare several polyfluorenes with respect to their stability upon thermal degradation, and their stability upon fabrication and operation of PF-based polymer light emitting devices (PLEDs). We show that in addition to the keto emission a second type of defect emission, which is related to the deposition of the metal electrode, can also affect the color purity of PF-PLEDs. Investigated materials are a poly(9,9 dialkylfluorene) with hexahydrofarnesyl sidechains (PF111/12) a poly(9,9 dialkylfluorene) with ethyl-hexyl sidechains (PF 2/6) and two different slightly branched spiro-PFs with and without triphenylamine endcappers, respetively. We find significant differences in the spectral stability of the polymers which may on the one hand be explained by a difference of the chemical stability of the polymers but to some extent must be explained withiin the picture of excited energy migration. Regarding a comparison of the polymers, the end-capped spiro-type PF shows an overall improved performance compared to the other investigated polymers provided that the evaporation process of the metal cathode of an PLED is well controlled to avoid the formation of emissive defects at the interface.

Ferry Engine Repower to Provide Benefits for Air and Water

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA’s Diesel Emission Reduction Act grant to the Delaware River and Bay Authority is bringing new clean air technology to the Cape May-Lewes Ferry, thereby reducing air pollution emissions and contributing to cleaner water in the Chesapeake Bay.

The role of fire in the boreal carbon budget

USGS Publications Warehouse

Harden, J.W.; Trumbore, S.E.; Stocks, B.J.; Hirsch, A.; Gower, S.T.; O'Neill, K. P.; Kasischke, E.S.

2000-01-01

To reconcile observations of decomposition rates, carbon inventories, and net primary production (NPP), we estimated long-term averages for C exchange in boreal forests near Thompson, Manitoba. Soil drainage as defined by water table, moss cover, and permafrost dynamics, is the dominant control on direct fire emissions. In upland forests, an average of about 10-30% of annual NPP was likely consumed by fire over the past 6500 years since these landforms and ecosystems were established. This long-term, average fire emission is much larger than has been accounted for in global C cycle models and may forecast an increase in fire activity for this region. While over decadal to century times these boreal forests may be acting as slight net sinks for C from the atmosphere to land, periods of drought and severe fire activity may result in net sources of C from these systems.

Shaping the spatial and spectral emissivity at the diffraction limit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makhsiyan, Mathilde; MiNaO, Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures; Bouchon, Patrick, E-mail: patrick.bouchon@onera.fr

Metasurfaces have attracted a growing interest for their ability to artificially tailor an electromagnetic response on various spectral ranges. In particular, thermal sources with unprecedented abilities, such as directionality or monochromaticity, have been achieved. However, these metasurfaces exhibit homogeneous optical properties whereas the spatial modulation of the emissivity up to the wavelength scale is at the crux of the design of original emitters. In this letter, we study an inhomogeneous metasurface made of a nonperiodic set of optical nano-antennas that spatially and spectrally control the emitted light up to the diffraction limit. Each antenna acts as an independent deep subwavelengthmore » emitter for given polarization and wavelength. Their juxtaposition at the subwavelength scale encodes far field multispectral and polarized images. This opens up promising breakthroughs for applications such as optical storage, anti-counterfeit devices, and multispectral emitters for biochemical sensing.« less

Static magnetic field (SMF) sensing of the P(723)/P(689) photosynthetic complex.

PubMed

Bhattacharya, Abhishek; Chakraborty, Madhurima; Raja, Sufi O; Ghosh, Avijit; Dasgupta, Maitrayee; Dasgupta, Anjan Kr

2014-12-01

Moderate intensity SMF have been shown to act as a controller of the protic potential in the coherent milieu of the thylakoid membranes. SMF of the order of 60-500 mT induces memory-like effect in photosystem I (PSI, P723) emission with a correlated oscillation of photosystem II (PSII, P689) fluorescence emission at a temperature of 77 K. The observed magnetic perturbation that affects the thylakoid photon capture circuitry was also found to be associated with the bio-energetic machinery of the thylakoid membranes. At normal pH, SMF causes an enhancement of PSI fluorescence emission intensity (P723/P689 > 1), followed by a slow relaxation on the removal of SMF. The enhancement of the PSI fluorescence intensity also occurs under no-field condition, if either the pH of the medium is lowered, or protonophores, such as carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazine or nigericin are added (P723/P689≥ 2). If SMF was applied under such a low pH condition or in the presence of protonophore, a reverse effect, particularly, a reduction of the enhanced PSI emission was observed. Because SMF is essentially equivalent to a spin perturbation, the observed effects can be explained in terms of spin re-organization, illustrating a memory effect via membrane re-alignment and assembly. The mimicry of conventional uncouplers by SMF is also notable; the essential difference being the reversibility and manoeuvrability of the latter (SMF). Finally, the effect implies numerous possibilities of externally regulating the photon capture and proton circulation in the thylakoid membranes using controlled SMF.

40 CFR 85.1510 - Maintenance instructions, warranties, emission labeling and fuel economy requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the Energy Tax Act of 1978, 15 U.S.C. 4064. (f) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE). (1) Certificate holders shall comply with any applicable CAFE requirements of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, 15 U...

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title III

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides an overview of the 1990 amendments to Title III of the Clean Air Act, which were enacted to curb acid rain, urban air pollution and toxic air emissions. The edits to this title deal with toxic air pollutants.

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title VII

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides an overview of the 1990 amendments to Title VII of the Clean Air Act, which were enacted to curb acid rain, urban air pollution and toxic air emissions. The edits to this title deal with enforcement provisions.

Assessment of long-term WRF–CMAQ simulations for ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Long-term simulations with the coupled WRF–CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting–Community Multi-scale Air Quality) model have been conducted to systematically investigate the changes in anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx over the past 16 years (1995–2010) across the United States (US), their impacts on anthropogenic aerosol loading over North America, and subsequent impacts on regional radiation budgets. In particular, this study attempts to determine the consequences of the changes in tropospheric aerosol burden arising from substantial reductions in emissions of SO2 and NOx associated with control measures under the Clean Air Act (CAA) especially on trends in solar radiation. Extensive analyses conducted by Gan et al. (2014a) utilizing observations (e.g., SURFRAD, CASTNET, IMPROVE, and ARM) over the past 16 years (1995–2010) indicate a shortwave (SW) radiation (both all-sky and clear-sky) "brightening" in the US. The relationship of the radiation brightening trend with decreases in the aerosol burden is less apparent in the western US. One of the main reasons for this is that the emission controls under the CAA were aimed primarily at reducing pollutants in areas violating national air quality standards, most of which were located in the eastern US, while the relatively less populated areas in the western US were less polluted at the beginning of this study period. Comparisons of model results with observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD), aer

75 FR 25323 - Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-07

...EPA and NHTSA are issuing this joint Final Rule to establish a National Program consisting of new standards for light-duty vehicles that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy. This joint Final Rule is consistent with the National Fuel Efficiency Policy announced by President Obama on May 19, 2009, responding to the country's critical need to address global climate change and to reduce oil consumption. EPA is finalizing greenhouse gas emissions standards under the Clean Air Act, and NHTSA is finalizing Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended. These standards apply to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles, covering model years 2012 through 2016, and represent a harmonized and consistent National Program. Under the National Program, automobile manufacturers will be able to build a single light-duty national fleet that satisfies all requirements under both programs while ensuring that consumers still have a full range of vehicle choices. NHTSA's final rule also constitutes the agency's Record of Decision for purposes of its National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis.

Society of the plastic industry process emission initiatives

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcdermott, Joseph

1994-01-01

At first view, plastics process emissions research may not seem to have much bearing on outgassing considerations relative to advanced composite materials; however, several parallel issues and cross currents are of mutual interest. The following topics are discussed: relevance of plastics industry research to aerospace composites; impact of clean air act amendment requirements; scope of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. activities in thermoplastic process emissions and reinforced plastics/composites process emissions; and utility of SPI research for advanced polymer composites audiences.

75 FR 53908 - Method 16C for the Determination of Total Reduced Sulfur Emissions From Stationary Sources

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-02

...: Regulatory Planning and Review B. Paperwork Reduction Act C. Regulatory Flexibility Act D. Unfunded Mandates... disulfide. As described in Method 16A, the sample is collected from the source through a heated probe and..., October 4, 1993) and is therefore not subject to review under the EO. B. Paperwork Reduction Act This...

76 FR 2860 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From the Portland Cement Manufacturing...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-18

... action under Executive Order 12866. I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113 (15 U.S.C... of section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272) do...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hurlbut, D. J.; Haase, S.; Brinkman, G.

Pursuant to the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced in 2009 its intent to issue rules for controlling emissions from Navajo Generating Station that could affect visibility at the Grand Canyon and at several other national parks and wilderness areas. The final rule will conform to what EPA determines is the best available retrofit technology (BART) for the control of haze-causing air pollutants, especially nitrogen oxides. While EPA is ultimately responsible for setting Navajo Generating Station's BART standards in its final rule, it will be the U.S. Department of the Interior's responsibility to manage compliance andmore » the related impacts. This study aims to assist both Interior and EPA by providing an objective assessment of issues relating to the power sector.« less

Deep brain stimulation of nucleus accumbens region in alcoholism affects reward processing.

PubMed

Heldmann, Marcus; Berding, Georg; Voges, Jürgen; Bogerts, Bernhard; Galazky, Imke; Müller, Ulf; Baillot, Gunther; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Münte, Thomas F

2012-01-01

The influence of bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus nucleus (NAcc) on the processing of reward in a gambling paradigm was investigated using H(2)[(15)O]-PET (positron emission tomography) in a 38-year-old man treated for severe alcohol addiction. Behavioral data analysis revealed a less risky, more careful choice behavior under active DBS compared to DBS switched off. PET showed win- and loss-related activations in the paracingulate cortex, temporal poles, precuneus and hippocampus under active DBS, brain areas that have been implicated in action monitoring and behavioral control. Except for the temporal pole these activations were not seen when DBS was deactivated. These findings suggest that DBS of the NAcc may act partially by improving behavioral control.

USER'S GUIDE: EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES AND EMISSION FACTORS FOR UNPAVED ROAD FUGITIVE EMISSIONS

EPA Science Inventory

This document assists control agency personnel in evaluating unpaved road fugitive emissions control plans and helps industry personnel develop effective control strategies for unpaved roads. he brochure describes control techniques for reducing unpaved road emissions and methods...

40 CFR 86.1803-01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... Auxiliary Emission Control Device (AECD) means any element of design which senses temperature, vehicle speed.... Critical emission-related components are those components which are designed primarily for emission control... control system is a unique group of emission control devices, auxiliary emission control devices, engine...

Comparative Study of Different Methods for Soot Sensing and Filter Monitoring in Diesel Exhausts.

PubMed

Feulner, Markus; Hagen, Gunter; Hottner, Kathrin; Redel, Sabrina; Müller, Andreas; Moos, Ralf

2017-02-18

Due to increasingly tighter emission limits for diesel and gasoline engines, especially concerning particulate matter emissions, particulate filters are becoming indispensable devices for exhaust gas after treatment. Thereby, for an efficient engine and filter control strategy and a cost-efficient filter design, reliable technologies to determine the soot load of the filters and to measure particulate matter concentrations in the exhaust gas during vehicle operation are highly needed. In this study, different approaches for soot sensing are compared. Measurements were conducted on a dynamometer diesel engine test bench with a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The DPF was monitored by a relatively new microwave-based approach. Simultaneously, a resistive type soot sensor and a Pegasor soot sensing device as a reference system measured the soot concentration exhaust upstream of the DPF. By changing engine parameters, different engine out soot emission rates were set. It was found that the microwave-based signal may not only indicate directly the filter loading, but by a time derivative, the engine out soot emission rate can be deduced. Furthermore, by integrating the measured particulate mass in the exhaust, the soot load of the filter can be determined. In summary, all systems coincide well within certain boundaries and the filter itself can act as a soot sensor.

Comparative Study of Different Methods for Soot Sensing and Filter Monitoring in Diesel Exhausts

PubMed Central

Feulner, Markus; Hagen, Gunter; Hottner, Kathrin; Redel, Sabrina; Müller, Andreas; Moos, Ralf

2017-01-01

Due to increasingly tighter emission limits for diesel and gasoline engines, especially concerning particulate matter emissions, particulate filters are becoming indispensable devices for exhaust gas after treatment. Thereby, for an efficient engine and filter control strategy and a cost-efficient filter design, reliable technologies to determine the soot load of the filters and to measure particulate matter concentrations in the exhaust gas during vehicle operation are highly needed. In this study, different approaches for soot sensing are compared. Measurements were conducted on a dynamometer diesel engine test bench with a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The DPF was monitored by a relatively new microwave-based approach. Simultaneously, a resistive type soot sensor and a Pegasor soot sensing device as a reference system measured the soot concentration exhaust upstream of the DPF. By changing engine parameters, different engine out soot emission rates were set. It was found that the microwave-based signal may not only indicate directly the filter loading, but by a time derivative, the engine out soot emission rate can be deduced. Furthermore, by integrating the measured particulate mass in the exhaust, the soot load of the filter can be determined. In summary, all systems coincide well within certain boundaries and the filter itself can act as a soot sensor. PMID:28218700

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program, required by Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, records the results of voluntary measures to reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. In 1998, 156 US companies and other organizations reported to the Energy information Administration that, during 1997, they had achieved greenhouse gas emission reductions and carbon sequestration equivalent to 166 million tons of carbon dioxide, or about 2.5% of total US emissions for the year. For the 1,229 emission reduction projects reported, reductions usually were measured by comparing an estimate of actual emissions with an estimate of whatmore » emissions would have been had the project not been implemented.« less

40 CFR 71.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... commits a company to achieving before January 1, 1994 sufficient reductions in hazardous air pollutants... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL... this chapter. Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq. Actual emissions means...

40 CFR 71.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... commits a company to achieving before January 1, 1994 sufficient reductions in hazardous air pollutants... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL... this chapter. Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq. Actual emissions means...

40 CFR 71.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... commits a company to achieving before January 1, 1994 sufficient reductions in hazardous air pollutants... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL... this chapter. Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq. Actual emissions means...

40 CFR 71.22 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... commits a company to achieving before January 1, 1994 sufficient reductions in hazardous air pollutants... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) FEDERAL... this chapter. Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq. Actual emissions means...

Liquid crystal emulsion micro-droplet WGM resonators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ježek, Jan; Pilát, Zdeněk.; Brzobohatý, Oto; Jonáš, Alexandr; Aas, Mehdi; Kiraz, Alper; Zemánek, Pavel

2014-12-01

We introduce tunable optofluidic microlasers based on optically stretched or thermally modified, dye-doped emulsion droplets of liquid crystals (LC) confined in a dual-beam optical trap. Droplets were created in microfluidic chips or by shaking. Optically trapped microdroplets emulsified in water and stained with fluorescent dye act as an active ultrahigh-Q optical resonant cavity hosting whispering gallery modes (WGMs). Tuning of the laser emission wavelength was achieved by a controlled deformation of the droplet shape using light-induced forces generated by dual-beam optical trap and by thermal changing of the order in the LC.

Health and air quality benefits of policies to reduce coal-fired power plant emissions: a case study in North Carolina.

PubMed

Li, Ya-Ru; Gibson, Jacqueline MacDonald

2014-09-02

We analyzed sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions and fine particulate sulfate (PM2.5 sulfate) concentrations in the southeastern United States during 2002-2012, in order to evaluate the health impacts in North Carolina (NC) of the NC Clean Smokestacks Act of 2002. This state law required progressive reductions (beyond those mandated by federal rules) in pollutant emissions from NC's coal-fired power plants. Although coal-fired power plants remain NC's leading SO2 source, a trend analysis shows significant declines in SO2 emissions (-20.3%/year) and PM2.5 sulfate concentrations (-8.7%/year) since passage of the act. Emissions reductions were significantly greater in NC than in neighboring states, and emissions and PM2.5 sulfate concentration reductions were highest in NC's piedmont region, where 9 of the state's 14 major coal-fired power plants are located. Our risk model estimates that these air quality improvements decreased the risk of premature death attributable to PM2.5 sulfate in NC by about 63%, resulting in an estimated 1700 (95% CI: 1500, 1800) deaths prevented in 2012. These findings lend support to recent studies predicting that implementing the proposed federal Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (recently upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court) could substantially decrease U.S. premature deaths attributable to coal-fired power plant emissions.

Alternative Fuels Data Center

Science.gov Websites

) provides U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) funding for projects that reduce diesel emissions in New Hampshire. Funding for between 25% and 100% of eligible project , or adding idle reduction equipment. For more information, including funding amounts and how to apply

Characterization of Air Toxics from an Oil-Fired Firetube Boiler.

PubMed

Miller, C Andrew; Ryan, Jeffrey V; Lombardo, Tony

1996-08-01

Tests were conducted on a commercially available firetube package boiler running on #2 through #6 oils to determine the emissions levels of hazardous air pollutants from the combustion of four fuel oils (a #2 oil, a #5 oil, a low sulfur #6 oil, and a high sulfur #6 oil). Measurements of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide stack gas concentrations were made for each oil. Flue gases were also sampled to determine levels of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds and of metals. Analytical procedures were used to provide more detailed information regarding the emissions rates for carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in addition to the standard analyses for volatile and semivolatile organics. Metals emissions were greater than organic emissions for all oils tested, by an order of magnitude. Carbonyls dominated the organic emissions, with emission rates more than double the remaining organics for all four oils tested. Formaldehyde made up the largest percentage of carbonyls, at roughly 50% of these emissions for three of the four oils, and approximately 30% of the carbonyl emissions from the low sulfur #6 oil. Naphthalene was found to be the largest part of the PAH emissions for three of the four oils, with phenanthrene being greatest for the #2 fuel oil. The flue gases were also sampled for polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans; however, inconsistent levels were found between repeat tests. For the boiler tested, no single hazardous air pollutant (HAP) was emitted at a rate which would require control under Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The fuel emitting the largest amount of HAPs was the high sulfur #6 oil, which had a total HAP emission rate of less than 100 lb (45 kg)/year, based on operation for a full year at a firing rate of 1.25 x 106 Btu/hr (50% load of the unit tested).

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title I

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides an overview of the 1990 amendments to Title I of the Clean Air Act, which were enacted to curb acid rain, urban air pollution and toxic air emissions. The edits to this title deal with the national ambient air quality standards.

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title VI

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This page provides an overview of the 1990 amendments to Title VI of the Clean Air Act, which were enacted to curb acid rain, urban air pollution and toxic air emissions. The edits to this title deal with stratospheric ozone and global climate protection.

Effect of climate, intra and inter-annual variability, on nutrients emission (C,N, P) in stream water: lessons from an agricultural long term observatory of the temperate zone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gascuel-Odoux, Chantal; Remi, Dupas; Patrick, Durand; Ophélie, Fovet; Gerard, Gruau; Anne, Jaffrezic; Guillaume, Humbert; Philippe, Merot; Gu, Sen

2016-04-01

Agriculture greatly contributes to modify C, N and P cycles, particularly in animal breeding regions due to high inputs. Climatic conditions, intra and inter-annual variabilities, modify nutrient stream water emissions, acting in time on transfer and transformation, accumulation and mobilization processes, connecting and disconnecting in time different compartments (soil, riparian areas, groundwater). In agricultural catchments, nutrient perturbations are dominated by agricultural land use, and decoupling human activities and climate effects is far from easy. Climate change generally appears as a secondary driver compared to land use. If studied, generally only one nutrient is considered. Only long term, high frequency and multiple element data series can decouple these two drivers. The Kervidy-Naizin watershed belongs to the AgrHyS environmental research observatory (http://www6.inra.fr/ore_agrhys_eng), itself included in RBV (French catchment network of the CZO). On this catchment, 6 years of daily data on DOC, NO3, SRP, TP concentrations allow us to analyze the effect of seasonal and inter-annual climatic variabilities on water quality (C, N, P). Different papers have been published on the effect of climate on nitrate (Molenat et al, 2008), SRP and TP (Dupas et al, 2015) and DOC (Humbert et al, 2015). We will present first results comparing the effect of climate on these three major solute forms of C, N and P. While C and P dynamics are very close and controlled by fluctuation of water table downslope, i.e. in riparian areas, mobilizing C and P in time, nitrate dynamics is controlled by GW dynamics upslope acting as the major N reservoir. As example, the dryness conditions in summer appears a key factor of the C and P emissions in autumn. All the three solute forms interact when anoxic conditions are observed in riparian zones. These basic processes explain how climatic variability can influence and explain interactions between C, N and P emissions in stream water. These results underline three major lack in most of our observatories: high frequency data as flood event are important for C and P emissions; multiple element approach, as very few observatories have currently C, N and P, their solute and particulate forms; climate but also soil wetness, GW fluctuations explaining biotransformation and connection between reservoirs on catchments, so that linking hydrological and biogeochimical condition is necessary to explain export. These lacks of observations is a barrier to develop process based models assessing and predicting the effect of climate on water quality. References Dupas R., Gruau G., Sen Gu, Humbert G., Jaffrezic A., Gascuel-Odoux C., 2015. Groundwater control of biogeochemical processes causing phosphorus release from riparian wetlands. Water Research 84, 307-314 Humbert G., Jaffrezic A., Fovet O., Gruau G., Durand P., 2015. Dry-season length and runoff control annual variability in stream DOC dynamics in a small, shallow groundwater-dominated agricultural watershed. Water Resources Research. Molenat J., Gascuel-Odoux C., Ruiz L., Gruau G., 2008. Role of water table dynamics on stream nitrate export and concentration in agricultural headwater. Journal of Hydrology 348, 363- 378.

Synthesis and effect of Ce and Mn co-doping on photoluminescence characteristics of Ca6AlP5O20:Eu novel phosphors.

PubMed

Shinde, K N; Dhoble, S J

2013-01-01

A series of Ca6AlP5O20 doped with rare earths (Eu and Ce) and co-doped (Eu, Ce and Eu,Mn) were prepared by combustion synthesis. Under Hg-free excitation, Ca6AlP5O20:Eu exhibited Eu(2+) (486 nm) emission in the blue region of the spectrum and under near Hg excitation (245 nm), Ca6AlP5O20:Ce phosphor exhibited Ce(3+) emission (357 nm) in the UV range. Photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity increased in Ca6AlP5O20:Eu,Ce and Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Mn phosphors due to co-activators of Ce(3+) and Mn(2+) ions. As a result, these ions played an important role in PL emission in the present matrix. Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Ce and Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Mn phosphors provided energy transfer mechanisms via Ce(3+) → Eu(2+) and Eu(2+) → Mn(2+), respectively. Eu ions acted as activators and Ce ions acted as sensitizers. Ce emission energy was well matched with Eu excitation energy in the case of Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Ce and Eu ions acted as activators and Mn ions acted as sensitizers in Ca6AlP5O20:Eu, Mn. This study included synthesis of new and efficient phosphate phosphors. The impact of doping and co-doping on photoluminescence properties and energy transfer mechanisms were investigated and we propose a feasible interpretation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Biomass Burning Emissions – The Importance of Reducing Uncertainties for Improved Regulatory Decision; an EPA Perspective

EPA Science Inventory

Biomass burning emissions from wildland and prescribed fires can have far reaching impacts in several of EPA’s regulatory programs under the Clean Air Act, ultimately affecting decisions on actions taken under State Implementation Plans (SIPs), and programs such as Visibility and...

40 CFR 86.082-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES General Provisions for Emission Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year New Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks and Heavy-Duty Engines, and for... not defined herein shall have the meaning given them in the Act: Accuracy means the difference between...

AN EMPIRICAL MODEL TO PREDICT STYRENE EMISSIONS FROM FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTICS FABRICATION PROCESSES

EPA Science Inventory

Styrene is a designated hazardous air pollutant, per the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. It is also a tropospheric ozone precursor. Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) fabrication is the primary source of anthropogenic styrene emissions in the United States. This paper describes an em...

78 FR 44089 - Formaldehyde Emissions Standards for Composite Wood Products; Extension of Comment Period

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-23

... Formaldehyde Emissions Standards for Composite Wood Products; Extension of Comment Period AGENCY: Environmental... composite wood products. This document extends the comment period from August 9, 2013, to September 9, 2013... requirements, Toxic substances, Wood. Dated: July 17, 2013. James Jones, Acting Assistant Administrator, Office...

Taxing sulfur dioxide emission allowances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nelson, G.L.

1993-09-15

The acid rain control program authorized by Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) was designed to reduce the adverse effects of acid rain by limiting emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO[sub 2]) into the atmosphere. The program is a complex scheme involving the issuance, consumption, holding, and trading of emission allowances for SO[sub 2]. Not surprisingly, electric utilities will face federal income tax issues in connection with the program. Under the emission allowance program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will issue emission allowance to owners or operators of certain utility power plants at no costmore » to the recipients. An emission allowance is an authorization to emit one ton of SO[sub 2] during or after the calendar year for which it is issued. If a utility power plant subject to the program emits SO[sub 2] in excess of its allowances, the owner or operator will be subject to a penalty of $2,000 a ton, and must offset the excess emissions with allowances in the subsequent year. Allowances may be bought and sold. Phase I of the program begins January 1, 1995, and will apply to 110 utility generating units. Phase II takes effect January 1, 2000, and will include most electric utility generating units. EPA will withhold a specified number of allowances for direct sale and auction. The resulting proceeds will be paid to the utilities from which the allowances were withheld. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has provided somewhat limited guidance on several tax issues raised by the program. Significant tax issues and the positions articulated by the IRS (if any) are discussed in this article.« less

Report on the First APCA Government Affairs Seminar "The Clean Air Act."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beery, Williamina, T.

1973-01-01

A summary of 18 speeches and sessions from the Government Affairs Seminar is given. Topics featured were emission standards for mobile sources, implementation strategies for stationary sources, non-degradation of air quality standards, and technology assessment and the National Environmental Policy Act. (BL)

Report: Audits on EPA Recovery Act-Funded Diesel Emission Reduction Act Assistance Agreements Reported Programmatic and Management Challenges

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Report #14-R-0355, September 15, 2014. EPA should consider the issues identified in our prior reports as it takes actions directed by the Office of Management and Budget to assess risk inherent in its programs.

Improvement of carbon nanotube field emission properties by ultrasonic nanowelding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Bo; Yadian, Boluo; Chen, Da; Xu, Dong; Zhang, Yafei

2008-12-01

Ultrasonic nanowelding was used to improve the field emission properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes. The CNTs were deposited on the Ti-coated glass substrate by electrophoretic deposition. By pressing CNTs against metal (Ti) substrate under a vibrating force at ultrasonic frequency, a reliable and low resistance contact was obtained between CNTs and Ti. The scanning electron microscopy results show that CNTs are embedded into the metal substrate and act as stable field emitters. The welded cathode demonstrates an excellent field emission with high emission current density and good current stability.

Photonic Crystals-Inhibited Spontaneous Emission: Optical Antennas-Enhanced Spontaneous Emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yablonovitch, Eli

Photonic crystals are also part of everyday technological life in opto-electronic telecommunication devices that provide us with internet, cloud storage, and email. But photonic crystals have also been identified in nature, in the coloration of peacocks, parrots, chameleons, butterflies and many other species.In spite of its broad applicability, the original motivation of photonic crystals was to create a ``bandgap'' in which the spontaneous emission of light would be inhibited. Conversely, the opposite is now possible. The ``optical antenna'' can accelerate spontaneous emission. Over 100 years after the radio antenna, we finally have tiny ``optical antennas'' which can act on molecules and quantum dots. Employing optical antennas, spontaneous light emission can become faster than stimulated emission.

Red:far-red light conditions affect the emission of volatile organic compounds from barley (Hordeum vulgare), leading to altered biomass allocation in neighbouring plants

PubMed Central

Kegge, Wouter; Ninkovic, Velemir; Glinwood, Robert; Welschen, Rob A. M.; Voesenek, Laurentius A. C. J.; Pierik, Ronald

2015-01-01

Background and Aims Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play various roles in plant–plant interactions, and constitutively produced VOCs might act as a cue to sense neighbouring plants. Previous studies have shown that VOCs emitted from the barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar ‘Alva’ cause changes in biomass allocation in plants of the cultivar ‘Kara’. Other studies have shown that shading and the low red:far-red (R:FR) conditions that prevail at high plant densities can reduce the quantity and alter the composition of the VOCs emitted by Arabidopsis thaliana, but whether this affects plant–plant signalling remains unknown. This study therefore examines the effects of far-red light enrichment on VOC emissions and plant–plant signalling between ‘Alva’ and ‘Kara’. Methods The proximity of neighbouring plants was mimicked by supplemental far-red light treatment of VOC emitter plants of barley grown in growth chambers. Volatiles emitted by ‘Alva’ under control and far-red light-enriched conditions were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ‘Kara’ plants were exposed to the VOC blend emitted by the ‘Alva’ plants that were subjected to either of the light treatments. Dry matter partitioning, leaf area, stem and total root length were determined for ‘Kara’ plants exposed to ‘Alva’ VOCs, and also for ‘Alva’ plants exposed to either control or far-red-enriched light treatments. Key Results Total VOC emissions by ‘Alva’ were reduced under low R:FR conditions compared with control light conditions, although individual volatile compounds were found to be either suppressed, induced or not affected by R:FR. The altered composition of the VOC blend emitted by ‘Alva’ plants exposed to low R:FR was found to affect carbon allocation in receiver plants of ‘Kara’. Conclusions The results indicate that changes in R:FR light conditions influence the emissions of VOCs in barley, and that these altered emissions affect VOC-mediated plant–plant interactions. PMID:25851141

Red:far-red light conditions affect the emission of volatile organic compounds from barley (Hordeum vulgare), leading to altered biomass allocation in neighbouring plants.

PubMed

Kegge, Wouter; Ninkovic, Velemir; Glinwood, Robert; Welschen, Rob A M; Voesenek, Laurentius A C J; Pierik, Ronald

2015-05-01

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play various roles in plant-plant interactions, and constitutively produced VOCs might act as a cue to sense neighbouring plants. Previous studies have shown that VOCs emitted from the barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar 'Alva' cause changes in biomass allocation in plants of the cultivar 'Kara'. Other studies have shown that shading and the low red:far-red (R:FR) conditions that prevail at high plant densities can reduce the quantity and alter the composition of the VOCs emitted by Arabidopsis thaliana, but whether this affects plant-plant signalling remains unknown. This study therefore examines the effects of far-red light enrichment on VOC emissions and plant-plant signalling between 'Alva' and 'Kara'. The proximity of neighbouring plants was mimicked by supplemental far-red light treatment of VOC emitter plants of barley grown in growth chambers. Volatiles emitted by 'Alva' under control and far-red light-enriched conditions were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 'Kara' plants were exposed to the VOC blend emitted by the 'Alva' plants that were subjected to either of the light treatments. Dry matter partitioning, leaf area, stem and total root length were determined for 'Kara' plants exposed to 'Alva' VOCs, and also for 'Alva' plants exposed to either control or far-red-enriched light treatments. Total VOC emissions by 'Alva' were reduced under low R:FR conditions compared with control light conditions, although individual volatile compounds were found to be either suppressed, induced or not affected by R:FR. The altered composition of the VOC blend emitted by 'Alva' plants exposed to low R:FR was found to affect carbon allocation in receiver plants of 'Kara'. The results indicate that changes in R:FR light conditions influence the emissions of VOCs in barley, and that these altered emissions affect VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Multi-species constraint of anthropogenic and biogenic processes over North America during ACT-America summer 2016 and winter 2017 aircraft campaigns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parazoo, N.; Bowman, K. W.; Kuai, L.; Liu, J.; Lee, M.; Baker, I. T.; Berry, J. A.; Davis, K. J.; Lauvaux, T.; DiGangi, J. P.; Sweeney, C.

2017-12-01

Multi-species measurements of CO, OCS, and SIF have the potential to attribute CO2 variability to productivity and anthropogenic emissions. ACT-America aircraft campaigns in summer 2016 and winter 2017 collected vertical profiles of these key species close to their sources, providing important constraints on CO2 sources across 3 unique regions in eastern North America. The CMS-Flux carbon cycle assimilation system uses satellite measurements of CO (MOPITT), CO2 (OCO-2), SIF (OCO-2), and OCS (TES) to determine regional CO2 sources due to fossil fuel emissions, biomass burning, and net biome exchange, providing independent flux constraints, and which can be propagated back to the atmosphere for direct comparison to aircraft data. Here, we evaluate tracer-tracer correlations between CO2, CO, and OCS from ACT-America aircraft data during fall and winter campaigns, and compare to posterior signals from CMS-Flux over the same period. To predict atmospheric OCS signals, we leverage mechanistic representations of OCS plant uptake and GPP in the SiB land surface model to determine OCS-GPP linear relationships, then use SIF optimized estimates of GPP to infer OCS fluxes. Our objectives in this study are 3 fold: (1) Determine consistency of regional source attributions from CMS-Flux with aircraft data from ACT-America; (2) Analyze observed (ACT-America) and predicted (CMS-Flux) tracer-tracer correlations across multiple seasons and regions to identify key biogenic and anthropogenic drivers; (3) Determine to what extent SIF and OCS are valid linear predictors of GPP spatial variability. Summertime evaluation of these tracers shows good correlation between OCS/CO2 and OCS/CO in the midwest but poorer correlation in the northeast possibly reflecting biogenic controls on CO2. Comparisons of observed and predicted CO and CO2 in the PBL with CMF-Flux data indicate positively correlated biases that reflect both transport and flux errors. These results are compared with the winter campaign data to better inform biogenic vs anthropogenic sources, and provide ensemble predictions of OCS from SiB and multi-satellite SIF constraints for more robust analysis of GPP variability.

The lantern shark's light switch: turning shallow water crypsis into midwater camouflage

PubMed Central

Claes, Julien M.; Mallefet, Jérôme

2010-01-01

Bioluminescence is a common feature in the permanent darkness of the deep-sea. In fishes, light is emitted by organs containing either photogenic cells (intrinsic photophores), which are under direct nervous control, or symbiotic luminous bacteria (symbiotic photophores), whose light is controlled by secondary means such as mechanical occlusion or physiological suppression. The intrinsic photophores of the lantern shark Etmopterus spinax were recently shown as an exception to this rule since they appear to be under hormonal control. Here, we show that hormones operate what amounts to a unique light switch, by acting on a chromatophore iris, which regulates light emission by pigment translocation. This result strongly suggests that this shark's luminescence control originates from the mechanism for physiological colour change found in shallow water sharks that also involves hormonally controlled chromatophores: the lantern shark would have turned the initial shallow water crypsis mechanism into a midwater luminous camouflage, more efficient in the deep-sea environment. PMID:20410033

40 CFR 63.652 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... emissions average. This must include any Group 1 emission points to which the reference control technology... controls for a Group 1 emission point, the pollution prevention measure alone does not have to reduce... in control after November 15, 1990; (2) Group 1 emission points that are controlled by a reference...

40 CFR 63.652 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emissions average. This must include any Group 1 emission points to which the reference control technology... controls for a Group 1 emission point, the pollution prevention measure alone does not have to reduce... in control after November 15, 1990; (2) Group 1 emission points that are controlled by a reference...

Retrospective analysis of the response of soil and stream chemistry of a northern forest ecosystem to atmospheric emission controls from the 1970 and 1990 Amendments of the Clean Air Act.

PubMed

Gbondo-Tugbawa, Solomon S; Driscoll, Charles T

2002-11-15

The 1970 and 1990 Amendments of the Clean Air Act (CAAA) have resulted in a decline in acidic deposition in the northeastern United States. Results from the application of a biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire suggest that, without the implementation of the CAAAs, soil base saturation and soil solution molar Ca/Al ratio would decrease to values below 6% and 1.0, respectively, while S would continue to accumulate in organic matter and adsorbed pools at rates of 2 and 3 kg of S ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively. This scenario of conditions without the CAAAs was projected to result in higher stream concentrations of SO4(2-), NO3-, and Ca2+; monomeric Al; pH below 4.8; and acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) less than -15 microequiv L(-1). The implementation of the CAAAs has led to a slight improvement in the soil base saturation, while recovery of soil solution Ca/Al cannot be fully assessed because of variability in observed values. Our evaluation of the relative benefits of the 1970 and 1990 CAAAs indicate that although the magnitude of the cumulative decrease in strong acid deposition was greater following the 1970 CAAA as compared to the 1990 CAAA, the extent of ecosystem recovery relative to the changes in acidic deposition suggests that the 1990 CAAA was also beneficial. The slow recovery rates might be the result of a legacy of chemical effects of acidic deposition for the last 150 years and suggests that additional controls in emissions might be required to show significant changes.

Optimizing the Electron-Withdrawing Character on Benzenesulfonyl Moiety Attached to a Glyco-Conjugate to Impart Sensitive and Selective Sensing of Cyanide in HEPES Buffer and on Cellulose Paper and Silica Gel Strips.

PubMed

Areti, Sivaiah; Bandaru, Sateesh; Yarramala, Deepthi S; Rao, Chebrolu Pulla

2015-12-15

Dansyl-derivatized, triazole-linked, glucopyranosyl conjugates, (5F)LOH, (2F)LOH, (1F)LOH, and (0F)LOH were synthesized and characterized. While the (5F)LOH acts as a molecular probe for CN(-), (2F)LOH, (1F)LOH, and (0F)LOH acts as control molecules. The reactivity of CN(-) toward (5F)LOH has been elicited through the changes observed in NMR, ESI MS, emission, and absorption spectroscopy. The conjugate (5F)LOH releases a fluorescent product upon reaction by CN(-) in aqueous acetonitrile medium by exhibiting an ∼125-fold fluorescence enhancement even in the presence of other anions. Fluorescence switch-on behavior has been clearly demonstrated on the basis of the nucleophilic substitution reaction of CN(-) on (5F)LOH. A minimum detection limit of (2.3 ± 0.3) × 10(-7) M (6 ± 1 ppb) was shown by (5F)LOH for CN(-) in solution. All the other anions studied showed no change in the fluorescence emission. The utility of (5F)LOH has been demonstrated by showing its reactivity toward CN(-) on a thin layer of silica gel as well as on Whatman No. 1 cellulose filter paper strips. The role of glucose moiety and the penta-fluorobenzenesulfonyl reactive center present in (5F)LOH in the selectivity of CN(-) over other anions has been demonstrated by fluorescence, absorption and thermodynamics study. Similar studies carried out with the control molecules showed no selectivity for CN(-). The mechanistic aspects of the reactivity of CN(-) toward (5F)LOH were supported by DFT computational study.

Ultrafast dynamics induced by the interaction of molecules with electromagnetic fields: Several quantum, semiclassical, and classical approaches.

PubMed

Antipov, Sergey V; Bhattacharyya, Swarnendu; El Hage, Krystel; Xu, Zhen-Hao; Meuwly, Markus; Rothlisberger, Ursula; Vaníček, Jiří

2017-11-01

Several strategies for simulating the ultrafast dynamics of molecules induced by interactions with electromagnetic fields are presented. After a brief overview of the theory of molecule-field interaction, we present several representative examples of quantum, semiclassical, and classical approaches to describe the ultrafast molecular dynamics, including the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method, Bohmian dynamics, local control theory, semiclassical thawed Gaussian approximation, phase averaging, dephasing representation, molecular mechanics with proton transfer, and multipolar force fields. In addition to the general overview, some focus is given to the description of nuclear quantum effects and to the direct dynamics, in which the ab initio energies and forces acting on the nuclei are evaluated on the fly. Several practical applications, performed within the framework of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research "Molecular Ultrafast Science and Technology," are presented: These include Bohmian dynamics description of the collision of H with H 2 , local control theory applied to the photoinduced ultrafast intramolecular proton transfer, semiclassical evaluation of vibrationally resolved electronic absorption, emission, photoelectron, and time-resolved stimulated emission spectra, infrared spectroscopy of H-bonding systems, and multipolar force fields applications in the condensed phase.

Ultrafast dynamics induced by the interaction of molecules with electromagnetic fields: Several quantum, semiclassical, and classical approaches

PubMed Central

Antipov, Sergey V.; Bhattacharyya, Swarnendu; El Hage, Krystel; Xu, Zhen-Hao; Meuwly, Markus; Rothlisberger, Ursula; Vaníček, Jiří

2018-01-01

Several strategies for simulating the ultrafast dynamics of molecules induced by interactions with electromagnetic fields are presented. After a brief overview of the theory of molecule-field interaction, we present several representative examples of quantum, semiclassical, and classical approaches to describe the ultrafast molecular dynamics, including the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method, Bohmian dynamics, local control theory, semiclassical thawed Gaussian approximation, phase averaging, dephasing representation, molecular mechanics with proton transfer, and multipolar force fields. In addition to the general overview, some focus is given to the description of nuclear quantum effects and to the direct dynamics, in which the ab initio energies and forces acting on the nuclei are evaluated on the fly. Several practical applications, performed within the framework of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research “Molecular Ultrafast Science and Technology,” are presented: These include Bohmian dynamics description of the collision of H with H2, local control theory applied to the photoinduced ultrafast intramolecular proton transfer, semiclassical evaluation of vibrationally resolved electronic absorption, emission, photoelectron, and time-resolved stimulated emission spectra, infrared spectroscopy of H-bonding systems, and multipolar force fields applications in the condensed phase. PMID:29376107

Effects of neutral gas release on current collection during the CHARGE-2 rocket experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilchrist, B. E.; Banks, P. M.; Neubert, T.; Williamson, P. R.; Myers, Neil B.; Raitt, W. John; Sasaki, S.

1990-01-01

Observations of current collection enhancements due to cold nitrogen gas control jet emissions from a highly charged rocket payload in the ionosphere are reported. These observations were made during the second cooperative high altitude rocket gun experiment (CHARGE-2) which was an electrically tethered mother/daughter payload system. The current collection enhancement was observed at the daughter payload located 100 to 400 m away from the mother which was firing an energetic electron beam. The authors interpret these results in terms of an electrical discharge forming in close proximity to the daughter during the short periods of gas emission. The results indicate that it is possible to enhance the electron current collection capability of positively charged vehicles by means of deliberate neutral gas releases into an otherwise undisturbed space plasma. These results can also be compared with recent laboratory observations of hollow cathode plasma contactors operating in the ignited mode. Experimental observations of current collection enhancements due to cold nitrogen gas control jet emissions from a highly charged, isolated daughter payload in the nighttime ionosphere were made. These observations were derived from the second cooperative high altitude rocket gun experiment (CHARGE-2) which was an electrically tethered mother-daughter payload system. The rocket flew from White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) in December, 1985. The rocket achieved an altitude of 261 km and carried a 1 keV electron beam emitting up to 48 mA of current (Myers, et al., 1989a). The mother payload, carried the electron beam source, while the daughter acted as a remote current collection and observation platform and reached a distance of 426 m away from the main payload. Gas emissions at the daughter were due to periodic thruster jet firings to maintain separation velocity between the two payloads.

Diverse origins of Arctic and Subarctic methane point source emissions identified with multiply-substituted isotopologues

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Douglas, P. M. J.; Stolper, D. A.; Smith, D. A.; Walter Anthony, K. M.; Paull, C. K.; Dallimore, S.; Wik, M.; Crill, P. M.; Winterdahl, M.; Eiler, J. M.; Sessions, A. L.

2016-09-01

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, and there are concerns that its natural emissions from the Arctic could act as a substantial positive feedback to anthropogenic global warming. Determining the sources of methane emissions and the biogeochemical processes controlling them is important for understanding present and future Arctic contributions to atmospheric methane budgets. Here we apply measurements of multiply-substituted isotopologues, or clumped isotopes, of methane as a new tool to identify the origins of ebullitive fluxes in Alaska, Sweden and the Arctic Ocean. When methane forms in isotopic equilibrium, clumped isotope measurements indicate the formation temperature. In some microbial methane, however, non-equilibrium isotope effects, probably related to the kinetics of methanogenesis, lead to low clumped isotope values. We identify four categories of emissions in the studied samples: thermogenic methane, deep subsurface or marine microbial methane formed in isotopic equilibrium, freshwater microbial methane with non-equilibrium clumped isotope values, and mixtures of deep and shallow methane (i.e., combinations of the first three end members). Mixing between deep and shallow methane sources produces a non-linear variation in clumped isotope values with mixing proportion that provides new constraints for the formation environment of the mixing end-members. Analyses of microbial methane emitted from lakes, as well as a methanol-consuming methanogen pure culture, support the hypothesis that non-equilibrium clumped isotope values are controlled, in part, by kinetic isotope effects induced during enzymatic reactions involved in methanogenesis. Our results indicate that these kinetic isotope effects vary widely in microbial methane produced in Arctic lake sediments, with non-equilibrium Δ18 values spanning a range of more than 5‰.

38 CFR 200.4 - Implementation of NEPA and related authorities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... action reveals that air emissions exceed de minimis levels or otherwise that a formal Clean Air Act... RETIREMENT HOME COMPLIANCE WITH THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT § 200.4 Implementation of NEPA and... aquifers (potential sources of drinking water); National Wildlife Refuges; National Parks; areas of...

Calculation of lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions for the renewable fuel standard

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-06-25

The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA, P.L. 110-140), significantly expanded the renewable fuel standard (RFS) established in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005, P.L.109-58). The RFS requires the use of 9.0 billion gallons of ...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal Legislation Supports and Advances

Science.gov Websites

the Act addressed mobile source pollution and set forth limitations intended to reduce emissions. The Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 further regulated mobile sources through the implementation of and alternative fuel infrastructure. For additional information about these and other relevant federal

Fuel Economy Label and CAFE Data

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Engine and Vehicle Compliance Certification and Fuel Economy Inventory contains measured emissions and fuel economy compliance information for light duty vehicles. Data is collected by EPA to certify compliance with the applicable fuel economy provisions of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) and The Energy Independent Security Act of 2007

Screening Methodologies to Support Risk and Technology Reviews (RTR): A Case Study Analysis

EPA Science Inventory

The Clean Air Act establishes a two-stage regulatory process for addressing emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from stationary sources. In the first stage, the Act requires the EPA to develop technology-based standards for categories of industrial sources. We have lar...

78 FR 45135 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Ohio; Redesignation of the Dayton...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-26

...EPA is proposing to approve the State of Ohio's request to redesignate the Dayton-Springfield nonattainment area (Dayton) to attainment for the 1997 annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS or standard) for fine particulate matter (PM2.5). EPA is also proposing to approve the related elements including emissions inventories, maintenance plans, and the accompanying motor vehicle budgets. EPA is proposing to approve a comprehensive emissions inventory that meets the Clean Air Act (CAA) requirement. EPA is proposing that the inventories for nitrogen oxides (NOX), direct PM2.5, sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) meet the CAA emissions inventory requirement. In the course of proposing to approve Ohio's request to redesignate the Dayton area, EPA addresses a number of additional issues, including the effects of two decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C. Circuit or Court): (1) The Court's August 21, 2012, decision to vacate and remand to EPA the Cross-State Air Pollution Control Rule (CSAPR) and (2) the Court's January 4, 2013, decision to remand to EPA two final rules implementing the 1997 PM2.5 standard.

Applications for waiver of effective date of the 1981 model year carbon monoxide (CO) emission standard for light-duty motor vehicles. second consolidated decision of the administrator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1979-12-03

Under the amended Clean Air Act of 1978, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has granted a waiver of the 3.4 g/mi CO emission standard to Toyo Kogyo Co. Ltd.'s 91 and 120 CID (cubic inch displacement) 1981 model year light-duty motor vehicles and has established an interim standard of 7.0 g/mi, because these models will be unable to incorporate an effective CO control technology to meet the statutory standard by 1981 and because the public health will not be unduly threatened by non-attainment of the 3.4 g/mi standard. This decision should enable Toyo Kogyo to market two of its enginesmore » without catalyst changes. CO emission standard waivers were denied to Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd., Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., and Renault for their respective 1981 light-duty motor vehicles, and to Toyo Kogyo for two 1982 vehicles and a rotary engine, mainly because these vehicles are thought able to meet the statutory standard for 1981 and 1982 even if costs, drivability, and fuel economy are considered.« less

78 FR 28551 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Ohio; Canton-Massillon 1997 8-Hour...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-15

... Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Ohio; Canton-Massillon 1997 8-Hour Ozone Maintenance Plan..., Ohio, 1997 8-hour ozone maintenance air quality State Implementation Plan (SIP) under the Clean Air Act... Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) emissions model. Ohio submitted the SIP revision request to...

19 CFR 12.73 - Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal antipollution emission requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal... Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Engines and Nonroad Engines Under the Clean Air Act, As Amended § 12.73 Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal antipollution emission requirements. (a) Applicability of EPA...

19 CFR 12.73 - Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal antipollution emission requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal... Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Engines and Nonroad Engines Under the Clean Air Act, As Amended § 12.73 Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal antipollution emission requirements. (a) Applicability of EPA...

19 CFR 12.73 - Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal antipollution emission requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal... Vehicles, Motor Vehicle Engines and Nonroad Engines Under the Clean Air Act, As Amended § 12.73 Motor vehicle and engine compliance with Federal antipollution emission requirements. (a) Applicability of EPA...

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Pollutants and Health

Science.gov Websites

in the Clean Air Act. Scientists have documented negative effects of these emissions pollutants and temperature. Most TOGs in vehicle emissions are hydrocarbons except for those containing nonhydrogen or carbon adverse health effects. EPA's Mobile Source Air Toxics Web page is a good source of information on these

Day One Sustainability

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orr, John; Ibell, Timothy; Evernden, Mark; Darby, Antony

2015-01-01

Emissions reductions targets for the UK set out in the Climate Change Act for the period to 2050 will only be achieved with significant changes to the built environment, which is currently estimated to account for 50% of the UK's carbon emissions. The socio-technological nature of Civil Engineering means that this field is uniquely placed to lead…

Managing the nitrogen cycle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from crop production and biofuel expansion

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The United States Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2) established under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 requires greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to be lower for biofuels relative to fossil fuel combustion. However, there is an extensive debate in the literature about the potential to red...

75 FR 8046 - National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Draft Guidance, “Consideration of the Effects of Climate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-23

..., ``Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions.'' AGENCY: Council On Environmental Quality. ACTION: Notice of Availability, Draft Guidance, ``Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change... Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions'' should be submitted electronically to GCC...

75 FR 45112 - Call for Information: Information on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated With Bioenergy and Other...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-02

... information and viewpoints from interested parties on approaches to accounting for greenhouse gas emissions... (BACT) review process under PSD? In addition, the first full sentence of the third bulleted item in... is: ``The Clean Air Act (CAA) provisions typically apply at the unit, process, or facility scale...

75 FR 78733 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-16

... alleges that U.S. Oil violated the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Benzene Waste Operations (the ``Benzene NESHAP''), 40 CFR part 61, Subpart FF, the National Emission Standards... Benzene NESHAP compliance program; and (4) implement measures, in addition to compliance with the LDAR...

75 FR 24945 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-06

... Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Mineral Wool Production (40 CFR part 63... wool production plants are required to install fabric filter bag leak detection systems and then... Air Act. The required information consists of emissions data and other information that have been...

Enhanced Spontaneous Emission of Bloch Oscillation Radiation from a Single Energy Band

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-30

ignore interband tunneling , spon- taneous photon emission occurs as the Bloch electron inter- acts with the quantum radiation field; the emission occurs... interband coupling 17 and electron intraband scattering are ignored. Therefore, the quantum dynamics is described by the time-dependent Schrödinger...single band “n0” of a periodic crystal with energy n0K; the ef- fects of interband coupling15 and electron intraband scatter- ing are ignored

Development of a laser ablation-hollow cathode glow discharge emission source and the application to the analysis of steel samples.

PubMed

Naeem, Tariq M; Matsuta, Hideyuki; Wagatsuma, Kazuaki

2004-12-01

A novel atomic emission spectrometry comprising laser ablation as a sampling source and hollow cathode plasma for the excitation of ablated sample atoms is proposed. In this arrangement, a conventional Grimm-type discharge lamp is employed, but the polarity of the power supply is reversed so that the cylindrical hollow tube acts as a cathode and the glow discharge plasma is produced within this tube. A laser is irradiated to introduce sample atoms into the discharge plasma. Ablated atoms are excited by collisions with electrons and gas species, and emit characteristic radiation upon de-excitation. The experiments were conducted only in an atmosphere of helium gas so as to avoid a rapid erosion of the cathode hollow tube. Phase-sensitive detection with a lock-in amplifier was utilized to reject the continuous background emission of the plasma gas and emissions of sputtered atoms from the tube material. The unique feature of this technique is that the sampling and excitation processes can be controlled independently. The proposed technique was employed for the determination of Cr, Mn, and Ni in low-alloyed steel samples. The obtained concentrations are in good agreement with the reported values. The relative standard deviation (RSD), a measure of the analytical precision, was estimated to be 2-9% for Cr, 3-4% for Mn, and 4-11% for Ni determination.

40 CFR 63.325 - Determination of equivalent emission control technology.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... control technology. 63.325 Section 63.325 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Determination of equivalent emission control technology. (a) Any person requesting that the use of certain... equivalent emission reductions: (1) Diagrams, as appropriate, illustrating the emission control technology...

78 FR 57501 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Wisconsin; Amendments to Vehicle...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-19

...EPA is approving a state implementation plan (SIP) revision submitted by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources on June 7, 2012, concerning the state's vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) program in southeast Wisconsin. The revision amends I/M program requirements in the active control measures portion of the ozone SIP to reflect changes that have been implemented at the state level since EPA fully approved the I/M program on August 16, 2001. The submittal also includes a demonstration under section 110(l) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) addressing lost emission reductions associated with the program changes.

Interactions between energy efficiency and emission trading under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hillsman, E.L.; Alvic, D.R.

1994-08-01

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments affect electric utilities in numerous ways. The feature that probably has received the greatest attention is the provision to let utilities trade emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO{sub 2}), while at the same time requiring them to reduce S0{sub 2} emissions in 2000 by an aggregate 43%. The emission trading system was welcomed by many as a way of reducing the cost of reducing emissions, by providing greater flexibility than past approaches. This report examines some of the potential interactions between trading emissions and increasing end-use energy efficiency. The analysis focuses on emission trading inmore » the second phase of the trading program, which begins in 2000. The aggregate effects, calculated by an emission compliance and trading model, turn out to be rather small. Aggressive improvement of end-use efficiency by all utilities might reduce allowance prices by $22/ton (1990 dollars), which is small compared to the reduction that has occurred in the estimates of future allowance prices and when compared to the roughly $400/ton price we estimate as a base case. However, the changes in the allowance market that result are large enough to affect some compliance decisions. If utilities in only a few states improve end-use efficiency aggressively, their actions may not have a large effect on the price of an allowance, but they could alter the demand for allowances and thereby the compliance decisions of utilities in other states. The analysis shows how improving electricity end-use efficiency in some states can cause smaller emission reductions in other states, relative to what would have happened without the improvements. Such a result, while not surprising given the theory behind the emission trading system, is upsetting to people who view emissions, environmental protection, and energy efficiency in moral rather than strictly economic terms.« less

Quantum vacuum emission from a moving refractive index front

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jacquet, M.; König, F.

2015-09-01

We investigate the spontaneous emission of light from the quantum vacuum in a dispersive dielectric at a moving Refractive Index Front (RIF). Our aim is to develop further an existing analytical model to fully characterize the emission and calculate its spectrum in different configurations. We show in which conditions the RIF acts as a point of non-return, an artificial black hole event horizon, for modes of the field. We calculate the spectrum of this emission and the number of photons emitted from the vacuum in the unique escaping mode as a function of the RIF height and velocity in the medium.

75 FR 41991 - Amendments to National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Area Source Standards for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-20

... Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act... confidential business information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not... Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use I. National Technology...

78 FR 18849 - Disapproval of Implementation Plan Revisions; State of California; South Coast VMT Emissions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-28

... significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866. I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act Section 12 of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act (NTTAA) of 1995 requires Federal... business hours with the contact listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section below. FOR FURTHER...

78 FR 50446 - Notice of Lodging of Proposed Consent Decree Under the Clean Air Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-19

... Blanchard Refining Company LLC (hereinafter ``Blanchard''), a wholly owned subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Company LP. The proposed Ninth Amendment also resolves alleged violations by BP Products at the Texas City Refinery of the Clean Air Act's Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources: VOC Emissions for...

Impact of Clean Air Act Regulations on Nitrogen Fate and Transport in Neuse River Basin

EPA Science Inventory

This study investigated impacts of Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) NOx emissions regulations on the fate and transport of nitrogen for two watersheds in the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina, USA from 1990 to 2020. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Community Multi-...

Energy Market and Economic Impacts of S.2191, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2007

EIA Publications

2008-01-01

This report responds to a request from Senators Lieberman and Warner for an analysis of S.2191, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2007. S.2191 is a complex bill regulating emissions of greenhouse gases through market- based mechanisms, energy efficiency programs, and economic incentives.

Energy Market and Economic Impacts of the American Power Act of 2010

EIA Publications

2010-01-01

This report responds to a request from Senators Kerry, Graham, and Lieberman for an analysis of the American Power Act of 2010 (APA). APA, as released by Senators Kerry and Lieberman on May 12, 2010, regulates emissions of greenhouse gases through market-based mechanisms, efficiency programs, and other economic incentives.

HAVE U.S. SURFACE WATERS RESPONDED TO THE 1990 CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS?

EPA Science Inventory

Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) set target reductions for sulfur and nitrogen emissions from industrial sources as a means of reducing the acidity in deposition. One of the intended effects of the reductions was to decrease the acidity of low alkalinity wate...

78 FR 33839 - Access by United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Contractors to Information Claimed...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-05

... health and the environment by regulating air pollution from motor vehicles, engines, and the fuels used... (CBI) Submitted under Clean Air Act (CAA), Title I, Programs and Activities Air, and Title II Emission Standards for Moving Sources, and Act To Prevent Pollution From Ships (APPS) AGENCY: Environmental...

40 CFR 1045.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature, motive speed, engine RPM... of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITION PROPULSION MARINE ENGINES AND VESSELS...

40 CFR 1045.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature, motive speed, engine RPM... of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITION PROPULSION MARINE ENGINES AND VESSELS...

40 CFR 1045.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature, motive speed, engine RPM... of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITION PROPULSION MARINE ENGINES AND VESSELS...

40 CFR 1045.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature, motive speed, engine RPM... of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITION PROPULSION MARINE ENGINES AND VESSELS...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The Voluntary Reporting Program, developed pursuant to Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, permits corporations, government agencies, households, and voluntary organizations to report on their emissions of greenhouse gases, and on actions taken that have reduced or avoided emissions or sequestered carbon, to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). This, the second annual report of the Voluntary Reporting Program, describes information provided by the participating organizations on their aggregate emissions and emissions reductions, as well as their emissions reduction or avoidance projects, through 1995. This information has been compiled into a database that includes reports from 142 organizationsmore » and descriptions of 967 projects that either reduced greenhouse gas emissions or sequestered carbon. Fifty-one reporters also provided estimates of emissions, and emissions reductions achieved, for their entire organizations. The projects described actions taken to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide from energy production and use; to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from energy use, waste management, and agricultural processes; to reduce emissions of halocarbons, such as CFCs and their replacements; and to increase carbon sequestration.« less

The photo-oxidation of automobile emissions: measurements of the transformation products and their mutagenic activity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleindienst, Tadeusz E.; Smith, David F.; Hudgens, Edward E.; Snow, Richard F.; Perry, Erica; Claxton, Larry D.; Bufalini, Joseph J.; Black, Francis M.; Cupitt, Larry T.

Dilute mixtures of automobile emissions (comprising 50% exhaust and 50% surrogate evaporative emissions) were irradiated in a 22.7 m 3 smog chamber and tested for mutagenic activity by using a variant of the Ames test. The exhaust was taken from a single vehicle, a 1977 Ford Mustang equipped with a catalytic converter. Irradiated and nonirradiated gas-phase emissions were used in exposures of the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA100 and TA98. A single set of vehicular operating conditions was used to perform multiple exposures. The mutagenic activities of extracts from the particulate phase were also measured with the standard plate incorporation assay. (In most experiments only direct-acting mutagenic compounds were measured.) The gas-phase data for TA100 and TA98 showed increased activity for the irradiated emissions when compared to the nonirradiated mixture, which exhibited negligible activity with respect to the control values. The particulate phase for both the irradiated and nonirradiated mixtures showed negligible activity when results were compared to the control values for both strains. However, the experimental conditions limited the amount of extractable mass which could be collected in the particulate phase. The measured activities from the gas phase and particulate phase were converted to the number of revertants per cubic meter of effluent (i.e. the mutagenic density) to compare the contributions of each of these phases to the total mutagenic activity for each strain. Under the experimental conditions of this study, the mutagenic density of the gas-phase component of the irradiated mixture contributed approximately two orders of magnitude more of the total TA100 activity than did the particulate phase. For TA98 the gas-phase component contributed approximately one order of magnitude more. However, caution must be exercised in extrapolating these results to urban atmospheres heavily impacted by automotive emissions, because the bacterial mutagenicity assay was used as a screening method, and additional assays using mammalian systems have not yet been conducted. In addition, only limited number of conditions were able to be tested. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.

Controlled enhancement of spin-current emission by three-magnon splitting.

PubMed

Kurebayashi, Hidekazu; Dzyapko, Oleksandr; Demidov, Vladislav E; Fang, Dong; Ferguson, A J; Demokritov, Sergej O

2011-07-03

Spin currents--the flow of angular momentum without the simultaneous transfer of electrical charge--play an enabling role in the field of spintronics. Unlike the charge current, the spin current is not a conservative quantity within the conduction carrier system. This is due to the presence of the spin-orbit interaction that couples the spin of the carriers to angular momentum in the lattice. This spin-lattice coupling acts also as the source of damping in magnetic materials, where the precessing magnetic moment experiences a torque towards its equilibrium orientation; the excess angular momentum in the magnetic subsystem flows into the lattice. Here we show that this flow can be reversed by the three-magnon splitting process and experimentally achieve the enhancement of the spin current emitted by the interacting spin waves. This mechanism triggers angular momentum transfer from the lattice to the magnetic subsystem and modifies the spin-current emission. The finding illustrates the importance of magnon-magnon interactions for developing spin-current based electronics.

Terahertz control of nanotip photoemission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wimmer, L.; Herink, G.; Solli, D. R.; Yalunin, S. V.; Echternkamp, K. E.; Ropers, C.

2014-06-01

The active control of matter by strong electromagnetic fields is of growing importance, with applications all across the optical spectrum from the extreme-ultraviolet to the far-infrared. In recent years, phase-stable terahertz fields have shown tremendous potential for observing and manipulating elementary excitations in solids. In the gas phase, on the other hand, driving free charges with terahertz transients provides insight into ultrafast ionization dynamics. Developing such approaches for locally enhanced terahertz fields in nanostructures will create new means to govern electron currents on the nanoscale. Here, we use single-cycle terahertz transients to demonstrate extensive control over nanotip photoelectron emission. The terahertz near-field is shown to either enhance or suppress photocurrents, with the tip acting as an ultrafast rectifying diode. We record phase-resolved sub-cycle dynamics and find spectral compression and expansion arising from electron propagation within the terahertz near-field. These interactions produce rich spectro-temporal features and offer unprecedented control over ultrashort free electron pulses for imaging and diffraction.

40 CFR 1060.230 - How do I select emission families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) Emission control strategy and design. (2... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT... emission characteristics throughout their useful life. (b) Group fuel lines into the same emission family...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...; and (ii) The installed NOX emission control system has been designed to meet the applicable emission... that the unit and NOX emission control system were operated in accordance with the bid and design specifications on which the design of the NOX emission control system was based; and (C) Unit operating data as...

40 CFR 1060.230 - How do I select emission families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) Emission control strategy and design. (2... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT... emission characteristics throughout their useful life. (b) Group fuel lines into the same emission family...

40 CFR 1060.230 - How do I select emission families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) Emission control strategy and design. (2... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT... emission characteristics throughout their useful life. (b) Group fuel lines into the same emission family...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...; and (ii) The installed NOX emission control system has been designed to meet the applicable emission... that the unit and NOX emission control system were operated in accordance with the bid and design specifications on which the design of the NOX emission control system was based; and (C) Unit operating data as...

40 CFR 1060.230 - How do I select emission families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) Emission control strategy and design. (2... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT... emission characteristics throughout their useful life. (b) Group fuel lines into the same emission family...

40 CFR 1060.230 - How do I select emission families?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... family if they are the same in all the following aspects: (1) Emission control strategy and design. (2... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT... emission characteristics throughout their useful life. (b) Group fuel lines into the same emission family...

40 CFR 1060.101 - What evaporative emission requirements apply under this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (c) Section 1060.104 describes running loss emission control requirements for fuel systems. (d... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD... related requirements as follows: (a) Section 1060.102 describes permeation emission control requirements...

Australian net (1950s-1990) soil organic carbon erosion: implications for CO2 emission and land-atmosphere modelling

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The debate remains unresolved about soil erosion substantially offsetting fossil fuel emissions and acting as an important source or sink of CO2. There is little historical land use and management context to this debate, which is central to Australia's recent past of European settlement, agricultura...

49 CFR Appendix B to Part 238 - Test Methods and Performance Criteria for the Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., etc.) shall be designed against acting as passageways for fire and smoke and representative... structural flooring assembly to perform as a barrier against under-vehicle fires. The fire resistance period... Flammability and Smoke Emission Characteristics of Materials Used in Passenger Cars and Locomotive Cabs B...

Final Rule for Finding That Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Aircraft Cause or Contribute to Air Pollution That May Reasonably Be Anticipated To Endanger Public Health and Welfare

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA finalized findings that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from certain classes of engines used in aircraft contribute to the air pollution that causes climate change endangering public health and welfare under section 231(a) of the Clean Air Act.

75 FR 16032 - Approval and Promulgation of State Implementation Plans; State of Colorado; Interstate Transport...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-31

... requirement of section 110(a)(2)(D)(i)(I) prohibiting a state's emissions from contributing significantly to any other state's nonattainment of the NAAQS. EPA will act at a later date on the Colorado Interstate Transport SIP sections that address the requirement prohibiting a state's emissions from interfering with...

76 FR 76259 - National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-06

... Clean Air Act. If finalized, these proposed amendments would address previously unregulated emissions (i... instructions for submitting comments. Email: a-and-r[email protected] , Attention Docket ID Number EPA-HQ-OAR...://www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access'' system, which means the EPA will not know your...

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRICAL GENERATING UNITS IN THE U.S. AND METEOROLOGY

EPA Science Inventory

Nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions from electrical generating units (EGUs) in the northeast US have declined dramatically during the past few years as a result of a series of air quality rules (RACT rule, Clean Air Act Amendments Title IV, and the NO_x SIP call)....

Demonstration of Diesel Engine Air Emissions Reduction Technologies

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

16 Figure 5. Plots of Cheyenne Mountain Operating Cycle and Reference CBD Driving...Air Act CARB California Air Resources Board CBD Central Business District CCR California Code of Regulations CES Cummins Emissions Solutions CFR...matter ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million PuriNOx Proprietary Water / Diesel Emulsified Fuel RPF robust particulate filter THC total

An Estimation of Mobile Emissions Reduction from Using Electronic Toll Collection in the Baltimore Metropolitan Area: A Case Study of the Fort McHenry Tunnel Toll Plaza

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-03-01

The Baltimore Metropolitan Area is classified as a severe nonattainment area under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Consequently, it operates on a stringent emissions budget and is mandated to embark on mitigation measures. The area has been agg...

40 CFR 1039.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... operation in water. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature... element of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Definitions...

40 CFR 1039.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... operation in water. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature... element of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Definitions...

40 CFR 1039.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operation in water. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature... element of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine. Emission... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Definitions...

40 CFR 1060.103 - What permeation emission control requirements apply for fuel tanks?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What permeation emission control... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Emission Standards and Related Requirements § 1060.103 What permeation...

Spontaneous light emission in complex nanostructures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blanco, L. A.; García de Abajo, F. J.

2004-05-01

The spontaneous emission of an excited atom surrounded by different materials is studied in the framework of a semiclassical approach, where the transition dipole moment acts as the source of the emission field. The emission in the presence of semiinfinite media, metallic nanorings, spheres, gratings, and other complex geometries is investigated. Strong emission enhancement effects are obtained in some of these geometries associated to the excitation of plasmons (e.g., in nanorings or spheres). Furthermore, the emission is shown to take place only along narrow angular distributions when the atom is located inside a low-index dielectric and near its planar surface, or when metallic nanogratings are employed at certain resonant wave lengths. In particular, axially symmetric gratings made of real silver metal are considered, and both emission rate enhancement and focused far-field emission are achieved simultaneously when the grating is decorated with further nanostructures.

Adoption of Emissions Abating Technologies by U.S. Electricity Producing Firms Under the SO2 Emission Allowance Market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Creamer, Gregorio Bernardo

The objective of this research is to determine the adaptation strategies that coal-based, electricity producing firms in the United States utilize to comply with the emission control regulations imposed by the SO2 Emissions Allowance Market created by the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, and the effect of market conditions on the decision making process. In particular, I take into consideration (1) the existence of carbon contracts for the provision of coal that may a affect coal prices at the plant level, and (2) local and geographical conditions, as well as political arrangements that may encourage firms to adopt strategies that appear socially less efficient. As the electricity producing sector is a regulated sector, firms do not necessarily behave in a way that maximizes the welfare of society when reacting to environmental regulations. In other words, profit maximization actions taken by the firm do not necessarily translate into utility maximization for society. Therefore, the environmental regulator has to direct firms into adopting strategies that are socially efficient, i.e., that maximize utility. The SO 2 permit market is an instrument that allows each firm to reduce marginal emissions abatement costs according to their own production conditions and abatement costs. Companies will be driven to opt for a cost-minimizing emissions abatement strategy or a combination of abatement strategies when adapting to new environmental regulations or markets. Firms may adopt one or more of the following strategies to reduce abatement costs while meeting the emission constraints imposed by the SO2 Emissions Allowance Market: (1) continue with business as usual on the production site while buying SO2 permits to comply with environmental regulations, (2) switch to higher quality, lower sulfur coal inputs that will generate less SO2 emissions, or (3) adopting new emissions abating technologies. A utility optimization condition is that the marginal value of each input should be equal to the product generated by using it and to the activities that are required by new regulations. The comparative technological and scale efficiency factors of coal-based electricity producing plants are calculated using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework, and used as proxies to test this condition. In the empirical analysis, econometric models of the response of firms to emissions control are analyzed around the following aspects: (1) characterization of the behavior of firms and their efficiency, (2) relevant variables that trigger the adoption of technology, that is, the acquisition of scrubbers , and (3) the influence of exogenous variables, such as the existence of contracts, distance from mine to plant, and local conditions of the region where plants are located.

Characterization of in-use light-duty gasoline vehicle emissions by remote sensing in Beijing: impact of recent control measures.

PubMed

Zhou, Yu; Fu, Lixin; Cheng, Linglin

2007-09-01

China's national government and Beijing city authorities have adopted additional control measures to reduce the negative impact of vehicle emissions on Beijing's air quality. An evaluation of the effectiveness of these measures may provide guidance for future vehicle emission control strategy development. In-use emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) were investigated at five sites in Beijing with remote sensing instrumentation. Distance-based mass emission factors were derived with fuel consumption modeled on real world data. The results show that the recently implemented aggressive control strategies are significantly reducing the emissions of on-road vehicles. Older vehicles are contributing substantially to the total fleet emissions. An earlier program to retrofit pre-Euro cars with three-way catalysts produced little emission reduction. The impact of model year and driving conditions on the average mass emission factors indicates that the durability of vehicles emission controls may be inadequate in Beijing.

Boiler MACT Technical Assistance (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2012-03-01

Fact sheet describing the changes to Environmental Protection Act process standards. The DOE will offer technical assistance to ensure that major sources burning coal and oil have information on cost-effective, clean energy strategies for compliance, and to promote cleaner, more efficient boiler burning to cut harmful pollution and reduce operational costs. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is expected to finalize the reconsideration process for its Clean Air Act pollution standards National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Major Sources: Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers and Process Heaters (known as Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)), in Spring 2012.more » This rule applies to large and small boilers in a wide range of industrial facilities and institutions. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will offer technical assistance to ensure that major sources burning coal or oil have information on cost-effective clean energy strategies for compliance, including combined heat and power, and to promote cleaner, more efficient boilers to cut harmful pollution and reduce operational costs.« less

76 FR 45741 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania; Diesel-Powered Motor...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-01

...EPA proposes to approve the State Implementation Plan (SIP) revision submitted by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for the purpose of incorporating the Commonwealth's Diesel-Powered Motor Vehicle Idling Act (Act 124 of 2008, or simply Act 124) into the Pennsylvania SIP. Act 124, passed by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and signed into state law by Governor Rendell in October 2008 (and effective at the state level in February 2009), reduces the allowable time that heavy-duty, commercial highway diesel vehicles of over 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight can idle their main propulsion engines. The law restricts idling of these commercial diesel vehicles (mostly heavy trucks and buses) to a period of 5 minutes per continuous 60 minute period (with certain allowable exemptions and exclusions). Act 124 applies statewide in the Commonwealth, and is estimated by Pennsylvania to significantly reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fine particulate matter (PM). While idle time emissions limits are not mandatory under the Clean Air Act (CAA), incorporation of Act 124 into the SIP does strengthen the SIP, makes the state law federally enforceable by EPA, and allows the Commonwealth to take credit for emissions benefits from the rule as part of future Pennsylvania SIP revisions to demonstrate compliance with CAA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). This action is being taken under the CAA. In the Final Rules section of this Federal Register, EPA is approving the Commonwealth's SIP submittal as a direct final rule without prior proposal because EPA views this as a noncontroversial submittal and anticipates no adverse comments. A detailed rationale for the approval is set forth in the direct final rule. If no adverse comments are received in response to this action, no further activity is contemplated. If EPA receives adverse comments, the direct final rule will be withdrawn and all public comments received will be addressed in a subsequent final rule based on this proposed rule. EPA will not institute a second comment period. Any parties interested in commenting on this action should do so at this time.

Radon Pollution Control Act of 1987. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, First Session, April 23, 1987

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

Ten witnesses from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), state and local environmental agencies, teachers, health providers, and others testified on the risks and possible control measures of radon gas emissions in homes. Home tests are finding as many as 40% to have unacceptable levels, but EPA and other government agencies have waited for the media to alert the population. The witnesses were asked to suggest ways in which EPA can initiate assistance in this area in order to protect public health. EPA spokesmen reviewed their programs, including the Radon Action Program, which began operating in 1985. Material submitted for themore » record by EPA follows the testimony.« less

Organically treated biochar increases plant production and reduces N2O emissions: mechanistic insights by 15N tracing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kammann, Claudia; Messerschmidt, Nicole; Clough, Tim; Schmidt, Hans-Peter; Marhan, Sven; Koyro, Hans-Werner; Steffens, Diedrich; Müller, Christoph

2014-05-01

Pyrogenic carbon (biochar) offers considerable potential for carbon capture and soil storage (CCSS) compared to other, less recalcitrant soil-C additives. Recent meta-analysis demonstrated that it can significantly reduce agricultural N2O emissions. Freshly produced biochars, however, do not always have yield-improving effects, i.e. there is no immediate economic incentive for using it. Hence, combining biochar with organic nutrient-rich amendments may be a promising agricultural strategy to accelerate CCSS, but it is unclear if biochar still reduces N2O emissions, in particular when it may act as nutrient carrier. We explored the potential of biochar to improve the GHG-cost/yield ratio and thereby its socio-economic value as soil amendment in two subsequent studies under controlled conditions: (1) A proof-of-concept study where the effects of untreated biochar were compared to those of co-composted biochar combined with stepwise improved nutritional regimes (+/- compost; +/- mineral-N application), and (2) a 15N-labeling-tracing study to unravel N exchange on biochar particles and N2O production and reduction mechanisms. Both studies were carried out in nutrient-poor sandy soils, the most likely initial target soils for biochar-CCSS strategies. While the untreated biochar reduced plant growth under N-limiting conditions, or at best did not reduce it, the co-composted biochar always significantly stimulated plant growth. The relative stimulation was largest with the lowest nutrient additions (305% versus 61% of control with untreated biochar). Electro-ultra-filtration analyses revealed that the co-composted but not the untreated biochar carried considerable amounts of easily extractable as well as more strongly sorbed plant nutrients, in particular nitrate and phosphorus. The subsequent 15N labelling-tracing study revealed that the co-composted biochar still (i) acted as a mineral-N exchange site for nitrate and ammonium despite its N-preloading, (ii) reduced N2O emissions significantly, although it carried dissolved organic carbon and nitrate as prerequisites for denitrification; and that it thus (iii) significantly improved the GHG-cost/yield ratio of plant production. Our results therefore encourage further investigations on strategies where nutrient-rich agricultural waste streams are combined with biochar post-treatment. Cascading use of biochar in agriculture may have the potential to evolve into a key CCSS technology to turn agriculture from being part of the problem into being part of the solution.

75 FR 37794 - Science Advisory Board Staff Office; Notification of a Public Teleconference of the Air Quality...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-30

... the Second Section 812 Prospective Benefit-Cost Study of the Clean Air Act. DATES: The AQMS will... particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) emissions and air quality changes for the Second Section 812 Benefit-Cost... Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), EPA conducts periodic studies to assess benefits and costs of programs...

75 FR 74151 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-30

...EPA and NHTSA, on behalf of the Department of Transportation, are each proposing rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase fuel efficiency for on-road heavy-duty vehicles, responding to the President's directive on May 21, 2010, to take coordinated steps to produce a new generation of clean vehicles. NHTSA's proposed fuel consumption standards and EPA's proposed carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions standards would be tailored to each of three regulatory categories of heavy-duty vehicles: Combination Tractors; Heavy-Duty Pickup Trucks and Vans; and Vocational Vehicles, as well as gasoline and diesel heavy-duty engines. EPA's proposed hydrofluorocarbon emissions standards would apply to air conditioning systems in tractors, pickup trucks, and vans, and EPA's proposed nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions standards would apply to all heavy-duty engines, pickup trucks, and vans. EPA is also requesting comment on possible alternative CO2-equivalent approaches for model year 2012-14 light-duty vehicles. EPA's proposed greenhouse gas emission standards under the Clean Air Act would begin with model year 2014. NHTSA's proposed fuel consumption standards under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 would be voluntary in model years 2014 and 2015, becoming mandatory with model year 2016 for most regulatory categories. Commercial trailers would not be regulated in this phase of the Heavy- Duty National Program, although there is a discussion of the possibility of future action for trailers.

The blue skies in Beijing during APEC 2014: A quantitative assessment of emission control efficiency and meteorological influence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Hongli; He, Jing; Guo, Jianping; Miao, Yucong; Yin, Jinfang; Wang, Yuan; Xu, Hui; Liu, Huan; Yan, Yan; Li, Yuan; Zhai, Panmao

2017-10-01

Most previous studies attributed the alleviation of aerosol pollution to either emission control measures or favorable meteorological conditions. However, our understanding of their quantitative contribution is far from complete. In this study, based on model simulation using the CMA (China Meteorological Administration) Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment for aerosols (CUACE/Aero), in combination with simultaneous ground-based hourly PM2.5 observations, we aim to quantify the relative contributions of the emission control measures and meteorology to the blue-skies seen in Beijing during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit held in November of 2014. A series of model simulations have been performed over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region by implementing nine different emission control schemes. To investigate the relative contributions of the emission control measures and meteorology, the study period has been divided into five episodes. Overall, the CUACE/Aero model can reasonably well reproduce the temporal and spatial evolution of PM2.5 during APEC 2014, although the model performance varies by different time periods and regions of interest. Model results show the emission control measures on average reduced the PM2.5 concentration by 41.3% in urban areas of Beijing and 39.7% in Huairou district, respectively, indicating emission control plays a significant role for the blue skies observed. Among all the emission control measures under investigation, local emission control in Beijing contributed the largest to the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations with a reduction of 35.5% in urban area of Beijing and 34.8% in Huairou, in contrast with the vehicle emission control in Hebei that contributed the least with a reduction of less than 1%. The emission control efficiency in five episodes has been assessed quantitatively, which falls in the range of 36.2%-41.2% in urban area of Beijing and 34.9%-40.7% in Huairou, indicative of no significant episode and geographic dependence in the emission control efficiency. The emission control measures and meteorology, however, alternated to dominate the absolute reduction of PM2.5 concentrations. When the weather conditions are unfavorable, emission control measures outperformed meteorology with a reduction of 55.3-59.4 μg/m3 in urban area of Beijing and 32.5-33 μg/m3 in Huairou. Conversely, when the northwesterly winds prevailed, meteorology tends to outweigh the role of emission control in accounting for the drop of PM2.5. The atmospheric dilution conditions are determined through the model calculation of the mass inflow of PM2.5 per unit volume near the surface. Our findings have significant implications for effective planning and implementation of emission control measures.

SOA formation potential of emissions from soil and leaf litter.

PubMed

Faiola, Celia L; Vanderschelden, Graham S; Wen, Miao; Elloy, Farah C; Cobos, Douglas R; Watts, Richard J; Jobson, B Thomas; Vanreken, Timothy M

2014-01-21

Soil and leaf litter are significant global sources of small oxidized volatile organic compounds, VOCs (e.g., methanol and acetaldehyde). They may also be significant sources of larger VOCs that could act as precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. To investigate this, soil and leaf litter samples were collected from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest and transported to the laboratory. There, the VOC emissions were characterized and used to drive SOA formation via dark, ozone-initiated reactions. Monoterpenes dominated the emission profile with emission rates as high as 228 μg-C m(-2) h(-1). The composition of the SOA produced was similar to biogenic SOA formed from oxidation of ponderosa pine emissions and α-pinene. Measured soil and litter monoterpene emission rates were compared with modeled canopy emissions. Results suggest surface soil and litter monoterpene emissions could range from 12 to 136% of canopy emissions in spring and fall. Thus, emissions from leaf litter may potentially extend the biogenic emissions season, contributing to significant organic aerosol formation in the spring and fall when reduced solar radiation and temperatures reduce emissions from living vegetation.

A borane-bithiophene-BODIPY triad: intriguing tricolor emission and selective fluorescence response towards fluoride ions.

PubMed

Sarkar, Samir Kumar; Thilagar, Pakkirisamy

2013-10-04

The structure and photophysical properties of a new triad (borane–bithiophene–BODIPY) 1 have been investigated. Triad 1 exhibits unprecedented tricolour emission when excited at the borane centred high energy absorption band and also acts as a selective fluorescent and colorimetric sensor for fluoride ions with ratiometric response. The experimental results are supported by computational studies.

40 CFR 51.915 - What emissions inventory requirements apply under the 8-hour NAAQS?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... nonattainment area subject only to title I, part D, subpart 1 of the Act in accordance with § 51.902(b), the... emissions inventories for these areas, the ozone-relevant data element requirements under 40 CFR part 51... apply under the 8-hour NAAQS? 51.915 Section 51.915 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 51.915 - What emissions inventory requirements apply under the 8-hour NAAQS?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... nonattainment area subject only to title I, part D, subpart 1 of the Act in accordance with § 51.902(b), the... emissions inventories for these areas, the ozone-relevant data element requirements under 40 CFR part 51... apply under the 8-hour NAAQS? 51.915 Section 51.915 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 51.915 - What emissions inventory requirements apply under the 8-hour NAAQS?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... nonattainment area subject only to title I, part D, subpart 1 of the Act in accordance with § 51.902(b), the... emissions inventories for these areas, the ozone-relevant data element requirements under 40 CFR part 51... apply under the 8-hour NAAQS? 51.915 Section 51.915 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 51.915 - What emissions inventory requirements apply under the 8-hour NAAQS?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... nonattainment area subject only to title I, part D, subpart 1 of the Act in accordance with § 51.902(b), the... emissions inventories for these areas, the ozone-relevant data element requirements under 40 CFR part 51... apply under the 8-hour NAAQS? 51.915 Section 51.915 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR 51.915 - What emissions inventory requirements apply under the 8-hour NAAQS?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... nonattainment area subject only to title I, part D, subpart 1 of the Act in accordance with § 51.902(b), the... emissions inventories for these areas, the ozone-relevant data element requirements under 40 CFR part 51... apply under the 8-hour NAAQS? 51.915 Section 51.915 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart C of... - Alternative Testing Methods Approved for Analyses Under the Safe Drinking Water Act

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (AVICP-AES) 200.5, Revision 4.2. 2 Arsenic Atomic Absorption... inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (AVICP-AES) 200.5, Revision 4.2. 2 Barium Inductively Coupled Plasma 3120 B Atomic Absorption; Direct 3111 D Atomic Absorption; Furnace 3113 B 3113 B-04 Axially...

40 CFR Appendix A to Subpart C of... - Alternative Testing Methods Approved for Analyses Under the Safe Drinking Water Act

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (AVICP-AES) 200.5, Revision 4.2. 2 Arsenic Atomic Absorption... inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (AVICP-AES) 200.5, Revision 4.2. 2 Barium Inductively Coupled Plasma 3120 B Atomic Absorption; Direct 3111 D Atomic Absorption; Furnace 3113 B 3113 B-04 Axially...

76 FR 15703 - Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-21

...This action promulgates EPA's final response to the 2001 voluntary remand of the December 1, 2000, new source performance standards and emission guidelines for commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units and the vacatur and remand of several definitions by the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals in 2007. In addition, this action includes the 5-year technology review of the new source performance standards and emission guidelines required under section 129 of the Clean Air Act. This action also promulgates other amendments that EPA believes are necessary to address air emissions from commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units.

40 CFR 270.27 - Specific Part B information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. 270.27 Section 270.27... information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. (a) Except... containers that use air emission controls in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart CC...

40 CFR 270.27 - Specific Part B information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. 270.27 Section 270.27... information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. (a) Except... containers that use air emission controls in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart CC...

40 CFR 270.27 - Specific Part B information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. 270.27 Section 270.27... information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. (a) Except... containers that use air emission controls in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart CC...

40 CFR 270.27 - Specific Part B information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. 270.27 Section 270.27... information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. (a) Except... containers that use air emission controls in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart CC...

40 CFR 270.27 - Specific Part B information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. 270.27 Section 270.27... information requirements for air emission controls for tanks, surface impoundments, and containers. (a) Except... containers that use air emission controls in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart CC...

76 FR 74853 - 2017 and Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-01

...EPA and NHTSA, on behalf of the Department of Transportation, are issuing this joint proposal to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve fuel economy for light-duty vehicles for model years 2017-2025. This proposal extends the National Program beyond the greenhouse gas and corporate average fuel economy standards set for model years 2012-2016. On May 21, 2010, President Obama issued a Presidential Memorandum requesting that NHTSA and EPA develop through notice and comment rulemaking a coordinated National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of light-duty vehicles for model years 2017- 2025. This proposal, consistent with the President's request, responds to the country's critical need to address global climate change and to reduce oil consumption. NHTSA is proposing Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards under the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, as amended by the Energy Independence and Security Act, and EPA is proposing greenhouse gas emissions standards under the Clean Air Act. These standards apply to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium- duty passenger vehicles, and represent a continued harmonized and consistent National Program. Under the National Program for model years 2017-2025, automobile manufacturers would be able to continue building a single light-duty national fleet that satisfies all requirements under both programs while ensuring that consumers still have a full range of vehicle choices. EPA is also proposing a minor change to the regulations applicable to MY 2012-2016, with respect to air conditioner performance and measurement of nitrous oxides.

Sector-specific issues and reporting methodologies supporting the General Guidelines for the voluntary reporting of greenhouse gases under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Volume 2: Part 4, Transportation sector; Part 5, Forestry sector; Part 6, Agricultural sector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

This volume, the second of two such volumes, contains sector-specific guidance in support of the General Guidelines for the voluntary reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration. This voluntary reporting program was authorized by Congress in Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The General Guidelines, bound separately from this volume, provide the overall rationale for the program, discuss in general how to analyze emissions and emission reduction/carbon sequestration projects, and address programmatic issues such as minimum reporting requirements, time parameters, international projects, confidentiality, and certification. Together, the General Guidelines and the guidance in these supporting documentsmore » will provide concepts and approaches needed to prepare the reporting forms. This second volume of sector-specific guidance covers the transportation sector, the forestry sector, and the agricultural sector.« less

Quantifying methane emissions from coal and natural gas sources along the northwestern Appalachian

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barkley, Z.; Lauvaux, T.; Davis, K. J.; Fried, A.

2017-12-01

According to the EPA's 2012 gridded inventory (Maasakkers et al., 2016), more than 10% of all CH4 emissions in the U.S. are located along the western edge of the Appalachian with the majority of these emissions coming from natural gas infrastructure and coal mines. However, top-down studies of unconventional wells in southwestern Pennsylvania have found emission rates to be much higher than EPA estimates (Caulton et al., 2014, Ren et al., 2017). Furthermore, although 9 of the 10 largest sources of CH4 in the EPA Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program are coal mines located in this region, no top down studies have been performed to assess the accuracy of these enormous point sources. This study uses aircraft data from the ACT-America flight campaign in conjunction with techniques previously used to solve for CH4 emissions from the northeastern Marcellus (Barkley et al., 2017) to quantify the total CH4 flux from the western Pennsylvania/West Virginia region and constrain emissions from natural gas and coal with an upper limit for each source. We use the WRF-Chem mesoscale model at 3 km resolution to simulate CH4 enhancements from a customized emissions inventory and compare the modelled enhancements to observations from 7 flights that were downwind of coal and gas sources. Coal and natural gas emissions are adjusted in the model to minimize a cost function that accounts for the difference between the modelled and observed CH4 values, and a range of likely combinations for natural gas and coal emission rates are obtained for each flight. We then overlap this range of likely emission rates across all flights to further limit the range of possible emission rates. Influence functions created using a lagrangian particle dispersion model for segments of each flight provide information on what area emissions are being optimized for. Preliminary results find that CH4 emissions from gas and coal along the northwestern Appalachian are lower than EPA estimates by 20-50%. In particular, upper limits on CH4 emissions from unconventional natural gas are less than 1% of total production, significantly lower than previous top-down estimates in the region. Future work will use ethane data to better distinguish between coal and natural gas emissions, and expand these analyses to other study regions explored in the ACT-America aircraft campaign.

40 CFR 86.1803-01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which are designed primarily for emission control, or whose failure may result in a significant increase... waiver of emission data submission requirements under § 86.1829-01. Element of design means any control... a motor vehicle or motor vehicle engine. Emission control system is a unique group of emission...

40 CFR 94.211 - Emission-related maintenance instructions for purchasers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES..., replacement, or repair of the emission control devices and systems may be performed by any engine repair... and necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the engine's emission control systems. If the...

40 CFR 94.211 - Emission-related maintenance instructions for purchasers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES..., replacement, or repair of the emission control devices and systems may be performed by any engine repair... and necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the engine's emission control systems. If the...

40 CFR 94.211 - Emission-related maintenance instructions for purchasers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES..., replacement, or repair of the emission control devices and systems may be performed by any engine repair... and necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the engine's emission control systems. If the...

Noseleaf furrows in a horseshoe bat act as resonance cavities shaping the biosonar beam.

PubMed

Zhuang, Qiao; Müller, Rolf

2006-11-24

Horseshoe bats emit their ultrasonic biosonar pulses through nostrils surrounded by intricately shaped protuberances (noseleaves). While these noseleaves have been hypothesized to affect the sonar beam, their physical function has never been analyzed. Using numerical methods, we show that conspicuous furrows in the noseleaf act as resonance cavities shaping the sonar beam. This demonstrates that (a) animals can use resonances in external, half-open cavities to direct sound emissions, (b) structural detail in the faces of bats can have acoustic effects even if it is not adjacent to the emission sites, and (c) specializations in the biosonar system of horseshoe bats allow for differential processing of subbands of the pulse in the acoustic domain.

(Limiting the greenhouse effect)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rayner, S.

1991-01-07

Traveler attended the Dahlem Research Conference organized by the Freien Universitat, Berlin. The subject of the conference was Limiting the Greenhouse Effect: Options for Controlling Atmospheric CO{sub 2} Accumulation. Like all Dahlem workshops, this was a meeting of scientific experts, although the disciplines represented were broader than usual, ranging across anthropology, economics, international relations, forestry, engineering, and atmospheric chemistry. Participation by scientists from developing countries was limited. The conference was divided into four multidisciplinary working groups. Traveler acted as moderator for Group 3 which examined the question What knowledge is required to tackle the principal social and institutional barriers tomore » reducing CO{sub 2} emissions'' The working rapporteur was Jesse Ausubel of Rockefeller University. Other working groups examined the economic costs, benefits, and technical feasibility of options to reduce emissions per unit of energy service; the options for reducing energy use per unit of GNP; and the significant of linkage between strategies to reduce CO{sub 2} emissions and other goals. Draft reports of the working groups are appended. Overall, the conference identified a number of important research needs in all four areas. It may prove particularly important in bringing the social and institutional research needs relevant to climate change closer to the forefront of the scientific and policy communities than hitherto.« less

Capturing PM2.5 Emissions from 3D Printing via Nanofiber-based Air Filter.

PubMed

Rao, Chengchen; Gu, Fu; Zhao, Peng; Sharmin, Nusrat; Gu, Haibing; Fu, Jianzhong

2017-09-04

This study investigated the feasibility of using polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber-based air filters to capture PM2.5 particles emitted from fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. Generation and aggregation of emitted particles were investigated under different testing environments. The results show that: (1) the PCL nanofiber membranes are capable of capturing particle emissions from 3D printing, (2) relative humidity plays a signification role in aggregation of the captured particles, (3) generation and aggregation of particles from 3D printing can be divided into four stages: the PM2.5 concentration and particles size increase slowly (first stage), small particles are continuously generated and their concentration increases rapidly (second stage), small particles aggregate into more large particles and the growth of concentration slows down (third stage), the PM2.5 concentration and particle aggregation sizes increase rapidly (fourth stage), and (4) the ultrafine particles denoted as "building unit" act as the fundamentals of the aggregated particles. This work has tremendous implications in providing measures for controlling the particle emissions from 3D printing, which would facilitate the extensive application of 3D printing. In addition, this study provides a potential application scenario for nanofiber-based air filters other than laboratory theoretical investigation.

.pi.-conjugated heavy-metal polymers for organic white-light-emitting diodes

DOEpatents

Vardeny, Zeev Valentine; Wojcik, Leonard; Drori, Tomer

2016-09-13

A polymer mixture emits a broad spectrum of visible light that appears white or near-white in the aggregate. The polymer mixture comprises two (or more) components in the active layer. A heavy atom, such as platinum and/or iridium, present in the backbone of the mixture acts via a spin-orbit coupling mechanism to cause the ratio of fluorescent to phosphorescent light emission bands to be of approximately equal strength. These two broad emissions overlap, resulting in an emission spectrum that appears to the eye to be white.

VLF emissions in the Venus foreshock - Comparison with terrestrial observations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crawford, G. K.; Strangeway, R. J.; Russell, C. T.

1993-01-01

An examination is conducted of ELF/VLF emissions observed in the solar wind upstream of the Venus shock, for the 100 Hz-30 kHz range, using data from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter's electric field detector and magnetometer instruments. Detailed comparisons are made with terrestrial measurements for both the electron and ion foreshocks. The results obtained support the Crawford et al. (1990) identification of the Venus electron foreshock emissions as electron plasma oscillations, whose waves are generated in situ and act to isotropize the electron distributions.

Reports related to Emissions Control Areas for Marine Vessels

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Reports related to Marine Emissions Control Areas including Global Trade and Fuels Assessment, Modeling Sulfur Oxides Emissions Transport From Ships at Sea, Commercial Marine Emission Inventory Development

40 CFR 63.3555 - How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control device emission destruction or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true How do I determine the outlet THC.../outlet Concentration Option § 63.3555 How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control... section to determine either the outlet THC emissions or add-on control device emission destruction or...

40 CFR 63.3555 - How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control device emission destruction or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true How do I determine the outlet THC... Control Efficiency/outlet Concentration Option § 63.3555 How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and... methods in this section to determine either the outlet THC emissions or add-on control device emission...

40 CFR 63.3555 - How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control device emission destruction or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false How do I determine the outlet THC... Control Efficiency/outlet Concentration Option § 63.3555 How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and... methods in this section to determine either the outlet THC emissions or add-on control device emission...

40 CFR 63.3555 - How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control device emission destruction or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 12 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true How do I determine the outlet THC.../outlet Concentration Option § 63.3555 How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control... section to determine either the outlet THC emissions or add-on control device emission destruction or...

40 CFR 63.3555 - How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and add-on control device emission destruction or...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false How do I determine the outlet THC... Control Efficiency/outlet Concentration Option § 63.3555 How do I determine the outlet THC emissions and... methods in this section to determine either the outlet THC emissions or add-on control device emission...

40 CFR 75.19 - Optional SO2, NOX, and CO2 emissions calculation for low mass emissions (LME) units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (or group of identical units) equipped with SCR (or SNCR) and uses dry low-NOX technology to control... with add-on NOX emission controls, and for units that use dry low-NOX technology, the owner or operator... mass emissions unit that uses dry low-NOX premix technology to control NOX emissions, proper operation...

77 FR 45337 - U.S. Environmental Solutions Toolkit

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-31

... services relevant to (a) groundwater remediation; (b) mercury emissions control from power plants; (c...) Groundwater remediation (b) Mercury emissions control from power plants (c) Emissions control from large...

Urban Heat Islands and Their Mitigation vs. Local Impacts of Climate Change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taha, H.

2007-12-01

Urban heat islands and their mitigation take on added significance, both negative and positive, when viewed from a climate-change perspective. In negative terms, urban heat islands can act as local exacerbating factors, or magnifying lenses, to the effects of regional and large-scale climate perturbations and change. They can locally impact meteorology, energy/electricity generation and use, thermal environment (comfort and heat waves), emissions of air pollutants, photochemistry, and air quality. In positive terms, on the other hand, mitigation of urban heat islands (via urban surface modifications and control of man-made heat, for example) can potentially have a beneficial effect of mitigating the local negative impacts of climate change. In addition, mitigation of urban heat islands can, in itself, contribute to preventing regional and global climate change, even if modestly, by helping reduce CO2 emissions from power plants and other sources as a result of decreased energy use for cooling (both direct and indirect) and reducing the rates of meteorology-dependent emissions of air pollutants. This presentation will highlight aspects and characteristics of heat islands, their mitigation, their modeling and quantification techniques, and recent advances in meso-urban modeling of California (funded by the California Energy Commission). In particular, the presentation will focus on results from quantitative, modeling-based analyses of the potential benefits of heat island mitigation in 1) reducing point- and area-source emissions of CO2, NOx, and VOC as a result of reduced cooling energy demand and ambient/surface temperatures, 2) reducing evaporative and fugitive hydrocarbon emissions as a result of lowered temperatures, 3) reducing biogenic hydrocarbon emissions from existing vegetative cover, 4) slowing the rates of tropospheric/ground-level ozone formation and/or accumulation in the urban boundary layer, and 5) helping improve air quality. Quantitative estimates of the above will be presented based on recent and earlier meteorological, energy, thermal environmental, emissions, and photochemical modeling studies for California and Texas.

Evaluating emissions of HCHO, HONO, NO2, and SO2 from point sources using portable Imaging DOAS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pikelnaya, O.; Tsai, C.; Herndon, S. C.; Wood, E. C.; Fu, D.; Lefer, B. L.; Flynn, J. H.; Stutz, J.

2011-12-01

Our ability to quantitatively describe urban air pollution to a large extent depends on an accurate understanding of anthropogenic emissions. In areas with a high density of individual point sources of pollution, such as petrochemical facilities with multiple flares or regions with active commercial ship traffic, this is particularly challenging as access to facilities and ships is often restricted. Direct formaldehyde emissions from flares may play an important role for ozone chemistry, acting as an initial radical precursor and enhancing the degradation of co-emitted hydrocarbons. HONO is also recognized as an important OH source throughout the day. However, very little is known about direct HCHO and HONO emissions. Imaging Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (I-DOAS), a relatively new remote sensing technique, provides an opportunity to investigate emissions from these sources from a distance, making this technique attractive for fence-line monitoring. In this presentation, we will describe I-DOAS measurements during the FLAIR campaign in the spring/summer of 2009. We performed measurements outside of various industrial facilities in the larger Houston area as well as in the Houston Ship Channel to visualize and quantify the emissions of HCHO, NO2, HONO, and SO2 from flares of petrochemical facilities and ship smoke stacks. We will present the column density images of pollutant plumes as well as fluxes from individual flares calculated from I-DOAS observations. Fluxes from individual flares and smoke stacks determined from the I-DOAS measurements vary widely in time and by the emission sources. We will also present HONO/NOx ratios in ship smoke stacks derived from the combination of I-DOAS and in-situ measurements, and discuss other trace gas ratios in plumes derived from the I-DOAS observations. Finally, we will show images of HCHO, NO2 and SO2 plumes from control burn forest fires observed in November of 2009 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Santa Maria, CA.

Prospects for future climate change and the reasons for early action

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MacCracken, Michael C.

2008-06-15

Combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas, and to a lesser extent deforestation, land-cover change, and emissions of halocarbons and other greenhouse gases, are rapidly increasing the atmospheric concentrations of climate-warming gases. The global average temperature is already approximately 0.8{sup o}C above its preindustrial level, and present atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases will contribute to further warming of 0.5-1{sup o}C as equilibrium is re-established. Warming has been and will be greater in mid and high latitudes compared with low latitudes, over land compared with oceans, and at night compared with day. As emissions continue to increase, both warming and themore » commitment to future warming are presently increasing at a rate of approximately 0.2{sup o}C per decade, with projections that the rate of warming will further increase if emission controls are not put in place. Such warming and the associated changes are likely to result in severe impacts on key societal and environmental support systems. Present estimates are that limiting the increase in global average surface temperature to no more than 2-2.5{sup o}C above its 1750 value of approximately 15{sup o}C will be required to avoid the most catastrophic, but certainly not all, consequences of climate change. Accomplishing this will require reducing emissions sharply by 2050 and to near zero by 2100. This can only be achieved if: (1) developed nations move rapidly to demonstrate that a modem society can function without reliance on technologies that release carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) and other non-CO{sub 2} greenhouse gases to the atmosphere; and (2) if developing nations act in the near-term to sharply limit their non-CO{sub 2} emissions while minimizing growth in CO{sub 2} emissions, and then in the long-term join with the developed nations to reduce all emissions as cost-effective technologies are developed. 183 refs., 13 figs., 5 tabs.« less

40 CFR 1054.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... emission family's specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the fuel type on which your engines are designed to operate (for example, all-season gasoline... emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls and show how your design will...

40 CFR 1054.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emission family's specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the fuel type on which your engines are designed to operate (for example, all-season gasoline... emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls and show how your design will...

40 CFR 1054.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission family's specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the fuel type on which your engines are designed to operate (for example, all-season gasoline... emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls and show how your design will...

40 CFR 1054.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... emission family's specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the fuel type on which your engines are designed to operate (for example, all-season gasoline... emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls and show how your design will...

40 CFR 1054.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... emission family's specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the fuel type on which your engines are designed to operate (for example, all-season gasoline... emission control systems operate. Describe the evaporative emission controls and show how your design will...

40 CFR 63.1332 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... other controls for a Group 1 storage vessel, batch process vent, aggregate batch vent stream, continuous... in control after November 15, 1990. (2) Group 1 emission points, identified in paragraph (c)(3) of... applicable reference control technology or standard and the emissions allowed for the Group 1 emission point...

40 CFR 63.1332 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... other controls for a Group 1 storage vessel, batch process vent, aggregate batch vent stream, continuous... in control after November 15, 1990. (2) Group 1 emission points, identified in paragraph (c)(3) of... reference control technology or standard and the emissions allowed for the Group 1 emission point. Said...

40 CFR 1060.104 - What running loss emission control requirements apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What running loss emission control... STATIONARY EQUIPMENT Emission Standards and Related Requirements § 1060.104 What running loss emission control requirements apply? (a) Engines and equipment must meet running loss requirements as follows: (1...

40 CFR 1060.525 - How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... fuel tanks, and volume-compensating air bags. (b) You may subtract your fuel tank's permeation...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY... diurnal emission standard. (8) For emission control technologies that rely on a sealed fuel system, you...

40 CFR 1060.525 - How do I test fuel systems for diurnal emissions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... fuel tanks, and volume-compensating air bags. (b) You may subtract your fuel tank's permeation...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD AND STATIONARY... diurnal emission standard. (8) For emission control technologies that rely on a sealed fuel system, you...

76 FR 76646 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; South Dakota; Regional Haze State...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-08

... mandatory Class I areas caused by emissions of air pollutants from numerous sources located over a wide... http://www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access'' system, which means EPA will not know... as follows: (i) The words or initials Act or CAA mean or refer to the Clean Air Act, unless the...

Agricultural peat lands; towards a greenhouse gas sink - a synthesis of a Dutch landscape study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schrier-Uijl, A. P.; Kroon, P. S.; Hendriks, D. M. D.; Hensen, A.; Van Huissteden, J. C.; Leffelaar, P. A.; Berendse, F.; Veenendaal, E. M.

2013-06-01

It is generally known that managed, drained peatlands act as carbon sources. In this study we examined how mitigation through the reduction of management and through rewetting may affect the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and the carbon balance of intensively managed, drained, agricultural peatlands. Carbon and GHG balances were determined for three peatlands in the western part of the Netherlands from 2005 to 2008 by considering spatial and temporal variability of emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O). One area (Oukoop) is an intensively managed grass-on-peatland, including a dairy farm, with the ground water level at an average annual depth of 0.55 m below the soil surface. The second area (Stein) is an extensively managed grass-on-peatland, formerly intensively managed, with a dynamic ground water level at an average annual depth of 0.45 m below the soil surface. The third area is an (since 1998) rewetted former agricultural peatland (Horstermeer), close to Oukoop and Stein, with the average annual ground water level at a depth of 0.2 m below the soil surface. During the measurement campaigns we found that both agriculturally managed sites acted as carbon and GHG sources but the rewetted agricultural peatland acted as a carbon and GHG sink. The terrestrial GHG source strength was 1.4 kg CO2-eq m-2 yr-1 for the intensively managed area and 1.0 kg CO2-eq m-2 yr-1 for the extensively managed area; the unmanaged area acted as a GHG sink of 0.7 kg CO2-eq m-2 yr-1. Water bodies contributed significantly to the terrestrial GHG balance because of a high release of CH4 and the loss of DOC only played a minor role. Adding the farm-based CO2 and CH4 emissions increased the source strength for the managed sites to 2.7 kg CO2-eq m-2 yr-1 for Oukoop and 2.1 kg CO2-eq m-2 yr-1 for Stein. Shifting from intensively managed to extensively managed grass-on-peat reduced GHG emissions mainly because N2O emission and farm-based CH4 emissions decreased. Overall, this study suggests that managed peatlands are large sources of GHG and carbon, but, if appropriate measures are taken they can be turned back into GHG and carbon sinks within 15 yr of abandonment and rewetting.

40 CFR 1039.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... operation in water. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature... suppression operations. Emission-control system means any device, system, or element of design that controls... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE NONROAD COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Definitions...

Internal photoluminescence in ZnSe homoepitaxy and application in blue green orange mixed-color light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wenisch, H.; Fehrer, M.; Klude, M.; Ohkawa, K.; Hommel, D.

2000-06-01

We discuss the controllable color-range in ZnSe-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) realized by ZnSe homoepitaxy and internal photoluminescence. ZnSe-based LED structures were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) on mostly conductive ZnSe substrates, which exhibit under short wavelength light excitation at room temperature strong orange emission around 600 nm. This fact is exploited to fabricate integrated mixed-color LED chips, where light from the active layer sandwiched in a p-n-junction acts as internal excitation source. We named this effect recently "Internal Photoluminescence" (Wenisch et al., J. Appl. Phys. 82 (1997) 4690). It leads to electroluminescence spectra with two distinct emission peaks originated from the active layer and from the ZnSe substrate, respectively. In view of color impression, just by varying the Cd xZn 1- xSe quantum-well composition and the radiant recombination rate in the substrate by it's choice, as much as two thirds of the visible color space is covered. Under conditions, when only the substrate emission is present, Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates for orange color LEDs of (0.54, 0.45, 0.01) for the red, green and blue color, respectively, were determined. 490-nm quantum-well-emitting LEDs were found to be best suited in reaching the technologically important balanced white emission ("White Point") and a value of (0.31, 0.39, 0.30) for the color coordinates close to it was experimentally achieved.

Environmental risk assessment of steel-making slags and the potential use of LD slag in mitigating methane emissions and the grain arsenic level in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

PubMed

Gwon, Hyo Suk; Khan, Muhammad Israr; Alam, Muhammad Ashraful; Das, Suvendu; Kim, Pil Joo

2018-04-13

Over the past decades, with increasing steel manufacturing, the huge amount of by-products (slags) generated need to be reused in an efficient way not only to reduce landfill slag sites but also for sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture. Our preliminary laboratory study revealed that compared to blast furnace slag, electric arc furnace slag and ladle furnace slag, the Linz-Donawitz converter (LD) slag markedly decreased CH 4 production rate and increased microbial activity. In the greenhouse experiment, the LD slag amendment (2.0 Mg ha -1 ) significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yield by 10.3-15.2%, reduced CH 4 emissions by 17.8-24.0%, and decreased inorganic As concentrations in grain by 18.3-19.6%, compared to the unamended control. The increase in yield is attributed to the increased photosynthetic rates and increased availability of nutrients to the rice plant. Whereas, the decrease in CH 4 emissions could be due to the higher Fe availability in the slag amended soil, which acted as an alternate electron acceptor, thereby, suppressed CH 4 emissions. The more Fe-plaque formation which could adsorb more As and the competitive inhibition of As uptake with higher availability of Si could be the reason for the decrease in As uptake by rice cultivated with LD slag amendment. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Catalysts for cleaner combustion of coal, wood and briquettes sulfur dioxide reduction options for low emission sources

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, P.V.

1995-12-31

Coal fired, low emission sources are a major factor in the air quality problems facing eastern European cities. These sources include: stoker-fired boilers which feed district heating systems and also meet local industrial steam demand, hand-fired boilers which provide heat for one building or a small group of buildings, and masonary tile stoves which heat individual rooms. Global Environmental Systems is marketing through Global Environmental Systems of Polane, Inc. catalysts to improve the combustion of coal, wood or fuel oils in these combustion systems. PCCL-II Combustion Catalysts promotes more complete combustion, reduces or eliminates slag formations, soot, corrosion and somemore » air pollution emissions and is especially effective on high sulfur-high vanadium residual oils. Glo-Klen is a semi-dry powder continuous acting catalyst that is injected directly into the furnace of boilers by operating personnel. It is a multi-purpose catalyst that is a furnace combustion catalyst that saves fuel by increasing combustion efficiency, a cleaner of heat transfer surfaces that saves additional fuel by increasing the absorption of heat, a corrosion-inhibiting catalyst that reduces costly corrosion damage and an air pollution reducing catalyst that reduces air pollution type stack emissions. The reduction of sulfur dioxides from coal or oil-fired boilers of the hand fired stoker design and larger, can be controlled by the induction of the Glo-Klen combustion catalyst and either hydrated lime or pulverized limestone.« less

23 CFR 633.211 - Implementation of the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Water Pollution Control Act. 633.211 Section 633.211 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Pollution Control Act. Pursuant to regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR part 15) implementing requirements with respect to the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act are...

23 CFR 633.211 - Implementation of the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Water Pollution Control Act. 633.211 Section 633.211 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Pollution Control Act. Pursuant to regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR part 15) implementing requirements with respect to the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act are...

23 CFR 633.211 - Implementation of the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Water Pollution Control Act. 633.211 Section 633.211 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Pollution Control Act. Pursuant to regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR part 15) implementing requirements with respect to the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act are...

23 CFR 633.211 - Implementation of the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Water Pollution Control Act. 633.211 Section 633.211 Highways FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Pollution Control Act. Pursuant to regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (40 CFR part 15) implementing requirements with respect to the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act are...

Transition from nonresonant to resonant random lasers by the geometrical confinement of disorder.

PubMed

Ghofraniha, N; Viola, I; Zacheo, A; Arima, V; Gigli, G; Conti, C

2013-12-01

We report on a transition in random lasers that is induced by the geometrical confinement of the emitting material. Different dye doped paper devices with controlled geometry are fabricated by soft lithography and show two distinguished behaviors in the stimulated emission: in the absence of boundary constraints, the energy threshold decreases for larger laser volumes showing the typical trend of diffusive nonresonant random lasers, while when the same material is lithographed into channels, the walls act as cavity and the resonant behavior typical of standard lasers is observed. The experimental results are consistent with the general theories of random and standard lasers and a clear phase diagram of the transition is reported.

Pulverized coal burner

DOEpatents

Sivy, J.L.; Rodgers, L.W.; Koslosy, J.V.; LaRue, A.D.; Kaufman, K.C.; Sarv, H.

1998-11-03

A burner is described having lower emissions and lower unburned fuel losses by implementing a transition zone in a low NO{sub x} burner. The improved burner includes a pulverized fuel transport nozzle surrounded by the transition zone which shields the central oxygen-lean fuel devolatilization zone from the swirling secondary combustion air. The transition zone acts as a buffer between the primary and the secondary air streams to improve the control of near-burner mixing and flame stability by providing limited recirculation regions between primary and secondary air streams. These limited recirculation regions transport evolved NO{sub x} back towards the oxygen-lean fuel pyrolysis zone for reduction to molecular nitrogen. Alternate embodiments include natural gas and fuel oil firing. 8 figs.

Pulverized coal burner

DOEpatents

Sivy, Jennifer L.; Rodgers, Larry W.; Koslosy, John V.; LaRue, Albert D.; Kaufman, Keith C.; Sarv, Hamid

1998-01-01

A burner having lower emissions and lower unburned fuel losses by implementing a transition zone in a low NO.sub.x burner. The improved burner includes a pulverized fuel transport nozzle surrounded by the transition zone which shields the central oxygen-lean fuel devolatilization zone from the swirling secondary combustion air. The transition zone acts as a buffer between the primary and the secondary air streams to improve the control of near-burner mixing and flame stability by providing limited recirculation regions between primary and secondary air streams. These limited recirculation regions transport evolved NO.sub.x back towards the oxygen-lean fuel pyrolysis zone for reduction to molecular nitrogen. Alternate embodiments include natural gas and fuel oil firing.

Are Bacterial Volatile Compounds Poisonous Odors to a Fungal Pathogen Botrytis cinerea, Alarm Signals to Arabidopsis Seedlings for Eliciting Induced Resistance, or Both?

PubMed Central

Sharifi, Rouhallah; Ryu, Choong-Min

2016-01-01

Biological control (biocontrol) agents act on plants via numerous mechanisms, and can be used to protect plants from pathogens. Biocontrol agents can act directly as pathogen antagonists or competitors or indirectly to promote plant induced systemic resistance (ISR). Whether a biocontrol agent acts directly or indirectly depends on the specific strain and the pathosystem type. We reported previously that bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are determinants for eliciting plant ISR. Emerging data suggest that bacterial VOCs also can directly inhibit fungal and plant growth. The aim of the current study was to differentiate direct and indirect mechanisms of bacterial VOC effects against Botrytis cinerea infection of Arabidopsis. Volatile emissions from Bacillus subtilis GB03 successfully protected Arabidopsis seedlings against B. cinerea. First, we investigated the direct effects of bacterial VOCs on symptom development and different phenological stages of B. cinerea including spore germination, mycelial attachment to the leaf surface, mycelial growth, and sporulation in vitro and in planta. Volatile emissions inhibited hyphal growth in a dose-dependent manner in vitro, and interfered with fungal attachment on the hydrophobic leaf surface. Second, the optimized bacterial concentration that did not directly inhibit fungal growth successfully protected Arabidopsis from fungal infection, which indicates that bacterial VOC-elicited plant ISR has a more important role in biocontrol than direct inhibition of fungal growth on Arabidopsis. We performed qRT-PCR to investigate the priming of the defense-related genes PR1, PDF1.2, and ChiB at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h post-infection and 14 days after the start of plant exposure to bacterial VOCs. The results indicate that bacterial VOCs potentiate expression of PR1 and PDF1.2 but not ChiB, which stimulates SA- and JA-dependent signaling pathways in plant ISR and protects plants against pathogen colonization. This study provides new evidence for bacterial VOC-elicited plant ISR that protects Arabidopsis plants from infection by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea. Our work reveals that bacterial VOCs primarily act via an indirect mechanism to elicit plant ISR, and have a major role in biocontrol against fungal pathogens. PMID:26941721

The effect of warming and enhanced ultraviolet radiation on gender-specific emissions of volatile organic compounds from European aspen.

PubMed

Maja, Mengistu M; Kasurinen, Anne; Holopainen, Toini; Julkunen-Tiitto, Riitta; Holopainen, Jarmo K

2016-03-15

Different environmental stress factors often occur together but their combined effects on plant secondary metabolism are seldom considered. We studied the effect of enhanced ultraviolet (UV-B) (31% increase) radiation and temperature (ambient +2 °C) singly and in combination on gender-specific emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 2-year-old clones of European aspen (Populus tremula L.). Plants grew in 36 experimental plots (6 replicates for Control, UV-A, UV-B, T, UV-A+T and UV-B+T treatments), in an experimental field. VOCs emitted from shoots were sampled from two (1 male and 1 female) randomly selected saplings (total of 72 saplings), per plot on two sampling occasions (June and July) in 2014. There was a significant UV-B×temperature interaction effect on emission rates of different VOCs. Isoprene emission rate was increased due to warming, but warming also modified VOC responses to both UV-A and UV-B radiation. Thus, UV-A increased isoprene emissions without warming, whereas UV-B increased emissions only in combination with warming. Warming-modified UV-A and UV-B responses were also seen in monoterpenes (MTs), sesquiterpenes (SQTs) and green leaf volatiles (GLVs). MTs showed also a UV × gender interaction effect as females had higher emission rates under UV-A and UV-B than males. UV × gender and T × gender interactions caused significant differences in VOC blend as there was more variation (more GLVs and trans-β-caryophyllene) in VOCs from female saplings compared to male saplings. VOCs from the rhizosphere were also collected from each plot in two exposure seasons, but no significant treatment effects were observed. Our results suggest that simultaneous warming and elevated-UV-radiation increase the emission of VOCs from aspen. Thus the contribution of combined environmental factors on VOC emissions may have a greater impact to the photochemical reactions in the atmosphere compared to the impact of individual factors acting alone. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Factors influencing CO2 and CH4 emissions from coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olsson, L.; Ye, S.; Yu, X.; Wei, M.; Krauss, K. W.; Brix, H.

2015-08-01

Many factors are known to influence greenhouse gas emissions from coastal wetlands, but it is still unclear which factors are most important under field conditions when they are all acting simultaneously. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of water table, salinity, soil temperature and vegetation on CH4 emissions and ecosystem respiration (Reco) from five coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China: two Phragmites australis (common reed) wetlands, two Suaeda salsa (sea blite) marshes and a rice (Oryza sativa) paddy. Throughout the growing season, the Suaeda wetlands were net CH4 sinks whereas the Phragmites wetlands and the rice paddy were net CH4 sources emitting 1.2-6.1 g CH4 m-2 yr-1. The Phragmites wetlands emitted the most CH4 per unit area and the most CH4 relative to CO2. The main controlling factors for the CH4 emissions were water table, temperature, soil organic carbon and salinity. The CH4 emission was accelerated at high and constant (or managed) water tables and decreased at water tables below the soil surface. High temperatures enhanced CH4 emissions, and emission rates were consistently low (< 1 mg CH4 m-2 h-1) at soil temperatures < 18 °C. At salinity levels > 18 ppt, the CH4 emission rates were always low (< 1 mg CH4 m-2 h-1) probably because methanogens were out-competed by sulphate-reducing bacteria. Saline Phragmites wetlands can, however, emit significant amounts of CH4 as CH4 produced in deep soil layers are transported through the air-space tissue of the plants to the atmosphere. The CH4 emission from coastal wetlands can be reduced by creating fluctuating water tables, including water tables below the soil surface, as well as by occasional flooding by high-salinity water. The effects of water management schemes on the biological communities in the wetlands must, however, be carefully studied prior to the management in order to avoid undesirable effects on the wetland communities.

Factors influencing CO2 and CH4 emissions from coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, Northeast China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olsson, L.; Ye, S.; Yu, X.; Wei, M.; Krauss, K. W.; Brix, H.

2015-02-01

Many factors are known to influence greenhouse gas emissions from coastal wetlands, but it is still unclear which factors are most important under field conditions when they are all acting simultaneously. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of water table, salinity, soil temperature and vegetation on CH4 emissions and ecosystem respiration (Reco) from five coastal wetlands in the Liaohe Delta, northeast China: two Phragmites australis (common reed) wetlands, two Suaeda salsa (sea blite) marshes and a rice (Oryza sativa) paddy. Throughout the growing season, the Suaeda wetlands were net CH4 sinks whereas the Phragmites wetlands and the rice paddy were net CH4 sources emitting 1.2-6.1 g CH4 m-2 y-1. The Phragmites wetlands emitted the most CH4 per unit area and the most CH4 relative to CO2. The main controlling factors for the CH4 emissions were water table, temperature and salinity. The CH4 emission was accelerated at high and constant (or managed) water tables and decreased at water tables below the soil surface. High temperatures enhanced CH4 emissions, and emission rates were consistently low (< 1 mg CH4 m-2 h) at soil temperatures <18 °C. At salinity levels > 18 ppt, the CH4 emission rates were always low (< 1 mg CH4 m-2 h-1) probably because methanogens were outcompeted by sulphate reducing bacteria. Saline Phragmites wetlands can, however, emit significant amounts of CH4 as CH4 produced in deep soil layers are transported through the air-space tissue of the plants to the atmosphere. The CH4 emission from coastal wetlands can be reduced by creating fluctuating water tables, including water tables below the soil surface, as well as by occasional flooding by high-salinity water. The effects of water management schemes on the biological communities in the wetlands must, however, be carefully studied prior to the management in order to avoid undesirable effects on the wetland communities.

Leaning and Greening the Supply Chain: A Teaching Case Study for Engineering Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grantham, Katie; Cudney, Elizabeth

2011-01-01

A version of the American Clean Energy and Security Act, passed by the House of Representatives in June 2009, mandates a 17% cut in emissions by 2020 and upwards of an 80% cut by 2050, based on emissions from 2005. This impending legislation is a challenge to companies already trying to survive in an economic downturn. It is critical that the…

40 CFR 1045.120 - What emission-related warranty requirements apply to me?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SPARK-IGNITION PROPULSION MARINE ENGINES AND... purchaser that the new engine, including all parts of its emission control system, meets two conditions: (1... generous than we require. The emission-related warranty for an engine may not be shorter than any published...

40 CFR 86.1803-01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operator prior to procurement. Auxiliary Emission Control Device (AECD) means any element of design which... components are those components which are designed primarily for emission control, or whose failure may... of design means any control system (i.e., computer software, electronic control system, emission...

40 CFR 86.1803-01 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... prior to procurement. Auxiliary Emission Control Device (AECD) means any element of design which senses... components are those components which are designed primarily for emission control, or whose failure may... of design means any control system (i.e., computer software, electronic control system, emission...

Volkswagen Violations

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This site provides information on EPA's issued notice of violation (NOV) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to Volkswagen. The NOV alleges software that circumvents EPA emissions standards for certain air pollutants.

Control strategies for nitrous oxide emissions reduction on wastewater treatment plants operation.

PubMed

Santín, I; Barbu, M; Pedret, C; Vilanova, R

2017-11-15

The present paper focused on reducing greenhouse gases emissions in wastewater treatment plants operation by application of suitable control strategies. Specifically, the objective is to reduce nitrous oxide emissions during the nitrification process. Incomplete nitrification in the aerobic tanks can lead to an accumulation of nitrite that triggers the nitrous oxide emissions. In order to avoid the peaks of nitrous oxide emissions, this paper proposes a cascade control configuration by manipulating the dissolved oxygen set-points in the aerobic tanks. This control strategy is combined with ammonia cascade control already applied in the literature. This is performed with the objective to take also into account effluent pollutants and operational costs. In addition, other greenhouse gases emissions sources are also evaluated. Results have been obtained by simulation, using a modified version of Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2, which takes into account greenhouse gases emissions. This is called Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 Gas. The results show that the proposed control strategies are able to reduce by 29.86% of nitrous oxide emissions compared to the default control strategy, while maintaining a satisfactory trade-off between water quality and costs. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impact of regulation on indoor volatile organic compounds in new unoccupied apartment in Korea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, Soogil; Lee, Kiyoung; Seo, Sooyun; Jang, Seongki

2011-02-01

The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Control in Public Use Facilities Act in Korea, which came into effect on January 1, 2006, set standards of indoor environmental concentrations for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, styrene, and formaldehyde. This study aimed to determine the impact of the Act on levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to identify factors associated with indoor VOCs levels. VOCs and formaldehyde levels were measured in 228 new, unoccupied apartments from 2005 to 2007. In 2005, the mean total VOC (TVOC) concentration in 108 unoccupied apartments was 1606 μg m -3. After 2006, mean TVOC concentration in 120 unoccupied apartments was 645 μg m -3, significantly lower than the 2005 level. In 2005, the percentages of apartments exceeding standards were 14% for xylenes, 5% for ethylbenzene, 3% for toluene, and 1% for formaldehyde. After 2006, no apartment exceeded standards. When other building characteristics were controlled, the concentrations of TVOC, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and formaldehyde after 2006 were significantly lower than 2005 levels. However, benzene and styrene levels did not change. The reduction in VOCs levels was significantly associated with flooring materials, adhesive, and paint. These findings demonstrate that regulation can reduce VOC concentrations in new apartments through the use of low-emission building materials.

OEM Emergency Prevention and Mitigation Information

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Office of Emergency Management maintains information relevant to preventing emergencies before they occur, and/or mitigating the effects of emergency when they do occur. A principal element of this data asset is the information managed by the System for Risk Management Plans (SRMP), which compiles risk management plans submitted by facilities in accordance with the Clean Air Act, Section 112(r). Affected facilities are to develop risk management programs which will prevent and minimize consequences of accidental releases of certain hazardous chemicals that could harm public health and the environment.Another component of this data asset are the results generated by the Priority Assessment Model (PAM), which analyzes information concerning low-level chronic emissions from facilities and sets priorities (low, medium, high) for proactive controls on releases that do not necessarily pose imminent threats, but which may under adverse circumstances create unacceptable health or ecological risks.Also included are inspection records compiled by the Oil Inspection Program. Under the Clean Water Act Section 311, EPA regulates oil storage that meets a specific regulatory threshold. Facilities that store oil and meet the regulatory threshold need to prepare and implement a Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) Plan which needs to be reviewed and approved by a professional engineer. Additionally, facilities with larger oil storage capacity may have to pre

US Steel Gary Works land based pushing emissions control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Randolph, R.A.; Price, C.A.

1983-01-01

To meet air quality standards at its Gary Works Coke Plant in Gary, Indiana, US Steel Corporation has installed pushing emission control systems for its five (77) oven, three meter coke batteries. The pushing emission control system consists of a hooded coke guide, single spot catch car, stationary emission capture ducts and remote gas cleaning baghouse with precoat capabilities. The system is providing effective emission control. In addition, there are corollary benefits. The operation of the single spot catch cars is easier and safer and coke moisture variables have been reduced.

14 CFR 1274.926 - Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts...-Water Pollution Control Acts. Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts July 2002 If this cooperative... 91-604) and section 308 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq...

14 CFR 1274.926 - Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts...-Water Pollution Control Acts. Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts July 2002 If this cooperative... 91-604) and section 308 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq...

14 CFR § 1274.926 - Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts. Â...-Water Pollution Control Acts. Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts July 2002 If this cooperative... 91-604) and section 308 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq...

14 CFR 1274.926 - Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 5 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts...-Water Pollution Control Acts. Clean Air-Water Pollution Control Acts July 2002 If this cooperative... 91-604) and section 308 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq...

40 CFR 1033.720 - Trading emission credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Trading emission credits. 1033.720... CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification § 1033.720 Trading emission credits. (a) Trading is the exchange of emission credits between certificate holders. You...

40 CFR 63.1332 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... if pollution prevention measures are used to control five or more of the emission points included in... additional emission points if pollution prevention measures are used to control five or more of the emission... which emissions are reduced by pollution prevention measures shall be determined using the procedures...

40 CFR 63.1332 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... if pollution prevention measures are used to control five or more of the emission points included in... additional emission points if pollution prevention measures are used to control five or more of the emission... which emissions are reduced by pollution prevention measures shall be determined using the procedures...

40 CFR 63.1332 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... if pollution prevention measures are used to control five or more of the emission points included in... additional emission points if pollution prevention measures are used to control five or more of the emission... which emissions are reduced by pollution prevention measures shall be determined using the procedures...

40 CFR 1033.720 - Trading emission credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Trading emission credits. 1033.720... CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification § 1033.720 Trading emission credits. (a) Trading is the exchange of emission credits between certificate holders. You...

40 CFR 1033.720 - Trading emission credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Trading emission credits. 1033.720... CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification § 1033.720 Trading emission credits. (a) Trading is the exchange of emission credits between certificate holders. You...

40 CFR 1033.720 - Trading emission credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Trading emission credits. 1033.720... CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification § 1033.720 Trading emission credits. (a) Trading is the exchange of emission credits between certificate holders. You...

40 CFR 1033.720 - Trading emission credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Trading emission credits. 1033.720... CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM LOCOMOTIVES Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification § 1033.720 Trading emission credits. (a) Trading is the exchange of emission credits between certificate holders. You...

On-road vehicle emission control in Beijing: past, present, and future.

PubMed

Wu, Ye; Wang, Renjie; Zhou, Yu; Lin, Bohong; Fu, Lixin; He, Kebin; Hao, Jiming

2011-01-01

Beijing, the capital of China, has experienced rapid motorization since 1990; a trend that is likely to continue. The growth in vehicles and the corresponding emissions create challenges to improving the urban air quality. In an effort to reduce the impact of vehicle emissions on urban air quality, Beijing has adopted a number of vehicle emission control strategies and policies since the mid 1990 s. These are classified into seven categories: (1) emission control on new vehicles; (2) emission control on in-use vehicles; (3) fuel quality improvements; (4) alternative-fuel and advanced vehicles; (5) economic policies; (6) public transport; and (7) temporal traffic control measures. Many have proven to be successful, such as the Euro emission standards, unleaded gasoline and low sulfur fuel, temporal traffic control measures during the Beijing Olympic Games, etc. Some, however, have been failures, such as the gasoline-to-LPG taxi retrofit program. Thanks to the emission standards for new vehicles as well as other controls, the fleet-average emission rates of CO, HC, NO(X), and PM(10) by each major vehicle category are decreasing over time. For example, gasoline cars decreased fleet-average emission factors by 12.5% for CO, 10.0% for HC, 5.8% for NO(X), and 13.0% for PM(10) annually since 1995, and such a trend is likely to continue. Total emissions for Beijing's vehicle fleet increased from 1995 to 1998. However, they show a clear and steady decrease between 1999 and 2009. In 2009, total emissions of CO, HC, NO(X), and PM(10) were 845,000 t, 121,000 t, 84,000 t, and 3700 t, respectively; with reductions of 47%, 49%, 47%, and 42%, relative to 1998. Beijing has been considered a pioneer in controlling vehicle emissions within China, similar to the role of California to the U.S. The continued rapid growth of vehicles, however, is challenging Beijing's policy-makers.

INEEL AIR MODELING PROTOCOL ext

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

C. S. Staley; M. L. Abbott; P. D. Ritter

2004-12-01

Various laws stemming from the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 require air emissions modeling. Modeling is used to ensure that air emissions from new projects and from modifications to existing facilities do not exceed certain standards. For radionuclides, any new airborne release must be modeled to show that downwind receptors do not receive exposures exceeding the dose limits and to determine the requirements for emissions monitoring. For criteria and toxic pollutants, emissions usually must first exceed threshold values before modeling of downwind concentrations is required. This document was prepared to provide guidancemore » for performing environmental compliance-driven air modeling of emissions from Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory facilities. This document assumes that the user has experience in air modeling and dose and risk assessment. It is not intended to be a "cookbook," nor should all recommendations herein be construed as requirements. However, there are certain procedures that are required by law, and these are pointed out. It is also important to understand that air emissions modeling is a constantly evolving process. This document should, therefore, be reviewed periodically and revised as needed. The document is divided into two parts. Part A is the protocol for radiological assessments, and Part B is for nonradiological assessments. This document is an update of and supersedes document INEEL/INT-98-00236, Rev. 0, INEEL Air Modeling Protocol. This updated document incorporates changes in some of the rules, procedures, and air modeling codes that have occurred since the protocol was first published in 1998.« less

BVOC emission in Norway spruce: the effect of stand structure, high temperature and ozone levels.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pallozzi, Emanuele; Guidolotti, Gabriele; Večeřová, Kristýna; Esposito, Raffaela; Lusini, Ilaria; Juráň, Stanislav; Urban, Otmar; Calfapietra, Carlo

2015-04-01

Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) is a widely distributed conifer species in the boreal zone and mountain areas of central Europe and is a moderate emitter of volatile organic compounds (BVOC). Although the vaporization and diffusion processes from resin ducts were generally considered to be the main processes for monoterpene emissions in conifers, recently it has been showed that a significant portion (up to one third) of monoterpene emissions of Norway spruce can originate from novel biosynthesis, thus depending on photosynthetic processes. For this reason, both biosynthesis and emission are strongly influenced by the environment and the stand structure. They increase with both increasing light and temperature during the warmer periods, although those are the periods with the higher ozone concentration that usually act as an inhibitor of both assimilation and isoprenoids synthesis and emission. On the other hand, stand structure can play an important role, because the photosynthetic capacity is influenced by temperature and light conditions through the canopy. In order to assess the effects of stand structure, temperature and ozone on isoprenoids emission of Norway spruce we carried out field and laboratory experiments. In the experimental field campaigns we measured: assimilation and BVOC emission from needles of sun and shade layers within the canopy of the spruce forest present at the Bily Kriz experimental research site (Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains, 49° 33' N, 18° 32' E, NE of Czech Republic, 908 m a.s.l.). Moreover in the same layers we measured continuously concentration of BVOCs in the air using a PTR-TOF-MS. In laboratory we analyzed the effects of short-term exposure to high temperature and high ozone concentrations on branches of spruce trees collected at the Bily Kriz experimental research site. Preliminary results show that in Norway spruce both stand structure and environmental conditions influenced the gas exchange and BVOC emission rates. The exposure to high temperature and the position of the needles at the sun layer positively affect the BVOC emission, while the short-term exposure to high ozone concentration did not significantly affect BVOC emissions. The study contributes to increase our understanding about the environmental and structural controls of BVOC emission in response to both tropospheric ozone and global changes.

SOA formation potential of emissions from soil and leaf litter

DOE PAGES

Faiola, Celia L.; VanderSchelden, Graham S.; Wen, Miao; ...

2013-12-13

Soil and leaf litter are significant global sources of small oxidized volatile organic compounds, VOCs (e.g., methanol and acetaldehyde). They may also be significant sources of larger VOCs that could act as precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. To investigate this, soil and leaf litter samples were collected from the University of Idaho Experimental Forest and transported to the laboratory. There, the VOC emissions were characterized and used to drive SOA formation via dark, ozone-initiated reactions. Monoterpenes dominated the emission profile with emission rates as high as 228 μg-C m –2 h –1. The composition of the SOA producedmore » was similar to biogenic SOA formed from oxidation of ponderosa pine emissions and α-pinene. Measured soil and litter monoterpene emission rates were compared with modeled canopy emissions. Results suggest surface soil and litter monoterpene emissions could range from 12 to 136% of canopy emissions in spring and fall. Furthermore, emissions from leaf litter may potentially extend the biogenic emissions season, contributing to significant organic aerosol formation in the spring and fall when reduced solar radiation and temperatures reduce emissions from living vegetation.« less

40 CFR 1054.105 - What exhaust emission standards must my nonhandheld engines meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission family are designed to operate. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK...

40 CFR 1054.103 - What exhaust emission standards must my handheld engines meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emission family are designed to operate. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK...

Eco-efficiency evaluation of a smart window prototype.

PubMed

Syrrakou, E; Papaefthimiou, S; Yianoulis, P

2006-04-15

An eco-efficiency analysis was conducted using indicators suitably defined to evaluate the performance of an electrochromic window acting as an energy saving component in buildings. Combining the indicators for various parameters (control scenario, expected lifetime, climatic type, purchase cost) significant conclusions are drawn for the development and the potential applications of the device compared to other commercial fenestration products. The reduction of the purchase cost (to 200 euros/m2) and the increase of the lifetime (above 15 years) are the two main targets for achieving both cost and environmental efficiency. An electrochromic device, implemented in cooling dominated areas and operated with an optimum control strategy for the maximum expected lifetime (25 years), can reduce the building energy requirements by 52%. Furthermore, the total energy savings provided will be 33 times more than the energy required for its production while the emission of 615 kg CO2 equivalent per electrochromic glazing unit can be avoided.

Dissipation induced asymmetric steering of distant atomic ensembles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Guangling; Tan, Huatang; Chen, Aixi

2018-04-01

The asymmetric steering effects of separated atomic ensembles denoted by the effective bosonic modes have been explored by the means of quantum reservoir engineering in the setting of the cascaded cavities, in each of which an atomic ensemble is involved. It is shown that the steady-state asymmetric steering of the mesoscopic objects is unconditionally achieved via the dissipation of the cavities, by which the nonlocal interaction occurs between two atomic ensembles, and the direction of steering could be easily controlled through variation of certain tunable system parameters. One advantage of the present scheme is that it could be rather robust against parameter fluctuations, and does not require the accurate control of evolution time and the original state of the system. Furthermore, the double-channel Raman transitions between the long-lived atomic ground states are used and the atomic ensembles act as the quantum network nodes, which makes our scheme insensitive to the collective spontaneous emission of atoms.

78 FR 58460 - Revision of Air Quality Implementation Plan; California; Placer County Air Pollution Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-24

...EPA is finalizing a limited approval and limited disapproval of two permitting rules submitted by California as a revision to the Placer County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) and Feather River Air Quality Management District (FRAQMD) portion of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). These revisions were proposed in the Federal Register on February 22, 2013 and concern construction and modification of stationary sources of air pollution within each District. We are approving local rules that regulate these emission sources under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA). Final approval of these rules makes the rules federally enforceable and corrects program deficiencies identified in a previous EPA rulemaking (76 FR 44809, July 27, 2011). EPA is also making a technical amendment to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) to reflect this previous rulemaking, which removed an obsolete provision from the California SIP.

Field testing results for the R-BTEX{sup {trademark}} process for controlling glycol dehydrator emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gamez, J.P.; Rueter, C.O.; Beitler, C.M.

1995-12-01

lncreasing regulatory pressure has made emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (collectively known as BTEX) and total volatile organic compounds (VOC) from glycol dehydration units a major concern for the natural gas industry since there are over 40,000 of these units in operation. The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 have been the impetus for air toxics regulations, and the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) standards for the oil and gas industry will be proposed in June, 1995, and will include glycol dehydrators. In addition, several states are regulating or considering regulation of these units. The most commonmore » control systems that have been applied to glycol dehydrators are combustion or condensation systems. Combustion systems suffer from high operating costs since they do not recover the hydrocarbon for sale and require supplemental fuel. Many of the condensation systems may not achieve sufficiently low condenser temperatures to meet regulatory control limits. The R-BTEX{sup TM} process addresses this shortcoming by recovering the steam from the glycol dehydrator and converting it to cooling water; this allows R-BTEX to achieve the lowest condenser temperature possible without refrigeration. The Gas Research Institute (GRI) is conducting a field test program to demonstrate the process under a variety of conditions. Under this program, testing has been completed at one site in south Texas and at another site in western Colorado. Startup of a third unit at a Gulf Coast site in Texas should occur in late 1994. This paper presents the testing results for the first two sites and includes a side-by-side comparison of the R-BTEX process with other available control technologies.« less

Photoluminescence quenching by OH in Er- and Pr-doped glasses for 1.5 and 1.3 μm optical amplifiers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faber, Anne J.; Simons, Dennis R.; Yan, Yingchao; de Waal, Henk

1994-09-01

In this paper we report on the effect of hydroxyl (OH) groups on the photoluminescence in the near IR (1.5 and 1.3 micrometers ) in rare earth (Er, Pr)-doped glasses. The 1.5 micrometers emission of Er-doped phosphate glasses was studied, before and after a special heat treatment. The luminescent lifetime of the 1.5 micrometers emission increases substantially, typically from 3 ms up to 7.2 ms for a 2 mole% Er2O3-doped phosphate glass, due to the controlled heat treatment. The increase in lifetime is ascribed to a decrease in OH- concentration, which is confirmed by IR-absorption spectroscopy. The quenching by OH is described by a simplified quenching model, which predicts the 1.5 micrometers emission lifetime as a function of Er- concentration with the OH-concentration as parameter. It appears that the larger part of the OH groups is coupled to Er ions and thus acts as quenching center. Photoluminescence quenching by OH groups is also reported for the 1.3 micrometers emission of Pr in GeS2-glasses: In pure OH-free GeS2 glass the 1.3 micrometers emission lifetime is as high as 350 microsecond(s) , for a 400 ppm dopant level. In GeS2 glasses containing only small amounts of OH (approximately 100 ppm), this lifetime is less than 200 microsecond(s) . Both examples demonstrate that for the fabrication of efficient glass optical amplifiers at the telecommunication windows 1.3 and 1.5 micrometers , the OH-impurity level of the host glass must be kept as low as possible.

78 FR 20856 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; Redesignation of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-08

...EPA is issuing a supplement to its proposed approval of the State of Indiana's request to redesignate the Indianapolis area to attainment for the 1997 annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS or standard) for fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This supplemental proposal revises and expands the basis for proposing approval of the state's request, in light of developments since EPA issued its initial proposal on September 27, 2011. This supplemental proposal addresses four issues, including the effects of two decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C. Circuit or Court): the Court's August 21, 2012 decision to vacate and remand to EPA the Cross- State Air Pollution Control Rule (CSAPR) and the Court's January 4, 2013 decision to remand to EPA two final rules implementing the 1997 PM2.5 standard. In this supplemental proposal, EPA is also proposing to approve a supplement to the emission inventories previously submitted by the state. EPA is proposing that the inventories for ammonia and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), in conjunction with the inventories for nitrogen oxides (NOX), direct PM2.5, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) that EPA previously proposed to approve, meet the comprehensive emissions inventory requirement of the Clean Air Act (CAA). Finally, this supplemental proposal solicits comment on the state's January 17, 2013 submission of Motor Vehicle Emissions Budgets (MVEBs) developed using EPA's Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) 2010a emissions model to replace the MOBILE6.2 based MVEBs previously submitted as part of the PM2.5 maintenance plan for the Indianapolis area. EPA is seeking comment only on the issues raised in its supplemental proposal, and is not re-opening for comment other issues raised in its prior proposal.

How light, temperature, and measurement and growth [CO2] interactively control isoprene emission in hybrid aspen

PubMed Central

Niinemets, Ülo; Sun, Zhihong

2015-01-01

Plant isoprene emissions have been modelled assuming independent controls by light, temperature and atmospheric [CO2]. However, the isoprene emission rate is ultimately controlled by the pool size of its immediate substrate, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), and isoprene synthase activity, implying that the environmental controls might interact. In addition, acclimation to growth [CO2] can shift the share of the control by DMADP pool size and isoprene synthase activity, and thereby alter the environmental sensitivity. Environmental controls of isoprene emission were studied in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) saplings acclimated either to ambient [CO2] of 380 μmol mol–1 or elevated [CO2] of 780 μmol mol–1. The data demonstrated strong interactive effects of environmental drivers and growth [CO2] on isoprene emissions. Light enhancement of isoprene emission was the greatest at intermediate temperatures and was greater in elevated-[CO2]-grown plants, indicating greater enhancement of the DMADP supply. The optimum temperature for isoprene emission was higher at lower light, suggesting activation of alternative DMADP sinks at higher light. In addition, [CO2] inhibition of isoprene emission was lost at a higher temperature with particularly strong effects in elevated-[CO2]-grown plants. Nevertheless, DMADP pool size was still predicted to more strongly control isoprene emission at higher temperatures in elevated-[CO2]-grown plants. We argue that interactive environmental controls and acclimation to growth [CO2] should be incorporated in future isoprene emission models at the level of DMADP pool size. PMID:25399006

78 FR 5303 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of Missouri; Control of Sulfur Emissions...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-25

... Promulgation of Implementation Plans; State of Missouri; Control of Sulfur Emissions From Stationary Boilers.... Louis nonattainment area by limiting sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions (a precursor pollutant to PM 2.5... stringency of the SIP. Missouri's revision adds 10 CSR 10- 5.570 Control of Sulfur Emissions from Stationary...

40 CFR 1054.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... of this part. Auxiliary emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature... continuous mixture of those fuels. Emission control system means any device, system, or element of design... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT...

40 CFR 1054.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... of this part. Auxiliary emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature... continuous mixture of those fuels. Emission control system means any device, system, or element of design... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT...

40 CFR 1054.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... of this part. Auxiliary emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature... continuous mixture of those fuels. Emission control system means any device, system, or element of design... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT...

40 CFR 1054.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... of this part. Auxiliary emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature... continuous mixture of those fuels. Emission control system means any device, system, or element of design... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT...

40 CFR 1054.801 - What definitions apply to this part?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... of this part. Auxiliary emission control device means any element of design that senses temperature... continuous mixture of those fuels. Emission control system means any device, system, or element of design... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, SMALL NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES AND EQUIPMENT...

40 CFR 1048.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Certifying Engine...'s specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the... each distinguishable engine configuration in the engine family. (b) Explain how the emission control...

40 CFR 1048.205 - What must I include in my application?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... POLLUTION CONTROLS CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW, LARGE NONROAD SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Certifying Engine...'s specifications and other basic parameters of the engine's design and emission controls. List the... each distinguishable engine configuration in the engine family. (b) Explain how the emission control...

City-specific vehicle emission control strategies to achieve stringent emission reduction targets in China's Yangtze River Delta region.

PubMed

Zhang, Shaojun; Wu, Ye; Zhao, Bin; Wu, Xiaomeng; Shu, Jiawei; Hao, Jiming

2017-01-01

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is one of the most prosperous and densely populated regions in China and is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate vehicle emissions and improve air quality. Our assessment has revealed that mitigating vehicle emissions of NOx would be more difficult than reducing the emissions of other major vehicular pollutants (e.g., CO, HC and PM 2.5 ) in the YRD region. Even in Shanghai, where the emission control implemented are more stringent than in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, we observed little to no reduction in NOx emissions from 2000 to 2010. Emission-reduction targets for HC, NOx and PM 2.5 are determined using a response surface modeling tool for better air quality. We design city-specific emission control strategies for three vehicle-populated cities in the YRD region: Shanghai and Nanjing and Wuxi in Jiangsu. Our results indicate that even if stringent emission control consisting of the Euro 6/VI standards, the limitation of vehicle population and usage, and the scrappage of older vehicles is applied, Nanjing and Wuxi will not be able to meet the NOx emissions target by 2020. Therefore, additional control measures are proposed for Nanjing and Wuxi to further mitigate NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier B.V.

PM, NOx and butane emissions from on-road vehicle fleets in Hong Kong and their implications on emission control policy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ning, Zhi; Wubulihairen, Maimaitireyimu; Yang, Fenhuan

2012-12-01

Vehicular emissions are the major sources of air pollution in urban areas. For metropolitan cities with large population working and living in environments with direct traffic impact, emission control is of great significance to protect public health. Implementation of more stringent emission standards, retrofitting fleet with emission control devices and switching to clearer fuel has been commonly practiced in different cities including Hong Kong. The present study employed a new plume chasing method for effective and quick evaluation of on-road fleet emission factors of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and butane from heavy duty diesel trucks, diesel buses and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles. The results showed distinct profiles of the emissions from different fleets with excessive butane emissions from LPG fleet and contrasting PM and NOx emissions from diesel trucks and buses fleets. A cross comparison was also made with emission data from other cities and from historic local studies. The implications of the observed difference on the effectiveness of emission control measures and policy are discussed with recommendations of direction for future research and policy making.

Evaluation of diesel fleet emissions and control policies from plume chasing measurements of on-road vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lau, Chui Fong; Rakowska, Agata; Townsend, Thomas; Brimblecombe, Peter; Chan, Tat Leung; Yam, Yat Shing; Močnik, Griša; Ning, Zhi

2015-12-01

Vehicle emissions are an important source of urban air pollution. Diesel fuelled vehicles, although constituting a relatively small fraction of fleet population in many cities, are significant contributors to the emission inventory due to their often long mileage for goods and public transport. Recent classification of diesel exhaust as carcinogenic by the World Health Organization also raises attention to more stringent control of diesel emissions to protect public health. Although various mandatory and voluntary based emission control measures have been implemented in Hong Kong, there have been few investigations to evaluate if the fleet emission characteristics have met desired emission reduction objectives and if adoption of an Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) programme has been effective in achieving these objectives. The limitations are partially due to the lack of cost-effective approaches for the large scale characterisation of fleet based emissions to assess the effectiveness of control measures and policy. This study has used a plume chasing method to collect a large amount of on-road vehicle emission data of Hong Kong highways and a detailed analysis was carried out to provide a quantitative evaluation of the emission characteristics in terms of the role of high and super-emitters in total emission reduction, impact of after-treatment on the multi-pollutants reduction strategy and the trend of NO2 emissions with newer emission standards. The study revealed that not all the high-emitters are from those vehicles of older Euro emission standards. Meanwhile, there is clear evidence that high-emitters for one pollutant may not be a high-emitter for another pollutant. Multi-pollutant control strategy needs to be considered in the enactment of the emission control policy which requires more comprehensive retrofitting technological solutions and matching I/M programme to ensure the proper maintenance of fleets. The plume chasing approach used in this study also shows to be a useful approach for assessing city wide vehicle emission characteristics.

40 CFR 82.169 - Suspension and revocation procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Recycling and Emissions Reduction § 82.169... to act as a recovery/recycling equipment testing organization (under § 82.160), or reclaimer...

40 CFR 82.169 - Suspension and revocation procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Recycling and Emissions Reduction § 82.169... to act as a recovery/recycling equipment testing organization (under § 82.160), or reclaimer...

40 CFR 82.169 - Suspension and revocation procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Recycling and Emissions Reduction § 82.169... to act as a recovery/recycling equipment testing organization (under § 82.160), or reclaimer...

40 CFR 82.169 - Suspension and revocation procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Recycling and Emissions Reduction § 82.169... to act as a recovery/recycling equipment testing organization (under § 82.160), or reclaimer...

40 CFR 82.169 - Suspension and revocation procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PROTECTION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE Recycling and Emissions Reduction § 82.169... to act as a recovery/recycling equipment testing organization (under § 82.160), or reclaimer...

Ace in the Hole: Fischer-Tropsch Fuels and National Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-24

German might.”9 As the Allies’ strategic bombing campaign destroyed German refineries and choked imports from Rumanian refineries , Germany relied more...hydrocarbon structure.53 The 16 synthetic fuel contains no impurities, providing a superior aviation fuel with no sulfur emissions or particulates, and... emissions , Congress effectively killed CTL fuel development in the United States with an amendment to the Energy Independence and Security Act so that

Monoterpenes Support Systemic Acquired Resistance within and between Plants

PubMed Central

Ghirardo, Andrea; Knappe, Claudia; Koch, Kerstin; Dey, Sanjukta; Parker, Jane E.

2017-01-01

This study investigates the role of volatile organic compounds in systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a salicylic acid (SA)-associated, broad-spectrum immune response in systemic, healthy tissues of locally infected plants. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses of SAR-related emissions of wild-type and non-SAR-signal-producing mutant plants associated SAR with monoterpene emissions. Headspace exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to a mixture of the bicyclic monoterpenes α-pinene and β-pinene induced defense, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and expression of SA- and SAR-related genes, including the SAR regulatory AZELAIC ACID INDUCED1 (AZI1) gene and three of its paralogs. Pinene-induced resistance was dependent on SA biosynthesis and signaling and on AZI1. Arabidopsis geranylgeranyl reductase1 mutants with reduced monoterpene biosynthesis were SAR-defective but mounted normal local resistance and methyl salicylate-induced defense responses, suggesting that monoterpenes act in parallel with SA. The volatile emissions from SAR signal-emitting plants induced defense in neighboring plants, and this was associated with the presence of α-pinene, β-pinene, and camphene in the emissions of the “sender” plants. Our data suggest that monoterpenes, particularly pinenes, promote SAR, acting through ROS and AZI1, and likely function as infochemicals in plant-to-plant signaling, thus allowing defense signal propagation between neighboring plants. PMID:28536145

An analysis of candidates for addition to the Clean Air Act list of hazardous air pollutants.

PubMed

Lunder, Sonya; Woodruff, Tracey J; Axelrad, Daniel A

2004-02-01

There are 188 air toxics listed as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the Clean Air Act (CAA), based on their potential to adversely impact public health. This paper presents several analyses performed to screen potential candidates for addition to the HAPs list. We analyzed 1086 HAPs and potential HAPs, including chemicals regulated by the state of California or with emissions reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). HAPs and potential HAPs were ranked by their emissions to air, and by toxicity-weighted (tox-wtd) emissions for cancer and noncancer, using emissions information from the TRI and toxicity information from state and federal agencies. Separate consideration was given for persistent, bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs), reproductive or developmental toxins, and chemicals under evaluation for regulation as toxic air contaminants in California. Forty-four pollutants were identified as candidate HAPs based on three ranking analyses and whether they were a PBT or a reproductive or developmental toxin. Of these, nine qualified in two or three different rankings (ammonia [NH3], copper [Cu], Cu compounds, nitric acid [HNO3], N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, sulfuric acid [H2SO4], vanadium [V] compounds, zinc [Zn], and Zn compounds). This analysis suggests further evaluation of several pollutants for possible addition to the CAA list of HAPs.

40 CFR 63.503 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... used in conjunction with other controls for a Group 1 storage vessel, batch front-end process vent... will be allowed only for the increase in control after November 15, 1990. (2) Group 1 emission points... Group 1 emission points that are controlled to a level less stringent than the reference control...

40 CFR 63.503 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... used in conjunction with other controls for a Group 1 storage vessel, batch front-end process vent... will be allowed only for the increase in control after November 15, 1990. (2) Group 1 emission points... Group 1 emission points that are controlled to a level less stringent than the reference control...

40 CFR 63.503 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... used in conjunction with other controls for a Group 1 storage vessel, batch front-end process vent... will be allowed only for the increase in control after November 15, 1990. (2) Group 1 emission points... Group 1 emission points that are controlled to a level less stringent than the reference control...

40 CFR 63.503 - Emissions averaging provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... used in conjunction with other controls for a Group 1 storage vessel, batch front-end process vent... will be allowed only for the increase in control after November 15, 1990. (2) Group 1 emission points... Group 1 emission points that are controlled to a level less stringent than the reference control...