40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.10 Alternative emission limitations. (a... alternative emission limitation on the date that the application for renewal of the source's Acid Rain permit... demonstration period by administrative amendment (under § 72.83 of this chapter) to the Acid Rain permit. (v...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.10 Alternative emission limitations. (a... alternative emission limitation on the date that the application for renewal of the source's Acid Rain permit... demonstration period by administrative amendment (under § 72.83 of this chapter) to the Acid Rain permit. (v...

40 CFR 76.10 - Alternative emission limitations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.10 Alternative emission limitations. (a... alternative emission limitation on the date that the application for renewal of the source's Acid Rain permit... demonstration period by administrative amendment (under § 72.83 of this chapter) to the Acid Rain permit. (v...

Market power in auction and efficiency in emission permits allocation.

PubMed

Jiang, Min Xing; Yang, Dong Xiao; Chen, Zi Yue; Nie, Pu Yan

2016-12-01

This paper analyzes how to achieve the cost-effectiveness by initial allocation of CO 2 emission permits when a single dominant firm in production market has market power in auction, and compare two prevalent allocation patterns, mixed allocation and single auction. We show how the firm with market power may manipulate the auction price, thereby this leads to fail to achieve cost-effective solution by auction unless the total permits for allocation equal to the effective emissions cap. Provided that the market power firm receives strictly positive free permits, the effective emissions cap of mixed allocation is larger than that of single auction. The production market share of dominant firm is increasing with the free permits it holds. Finally, we examine the compliance costs and welfare of mixed allocation and single auction, the result show that the former is preferred to the later when policy makers consider economic welfare without welfare cost due to CO 2 emissions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Monitoring Knowledge Base (MKB)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The Monitoring Knowledge Base (MKB) is a compilation of emissions measurement and monitoring techniques associated with air pollution control devices, industrial process descriptions, and permitting techniques, including flexible permit development. Using MKB, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of emissions sources, control devices, and monitoring techniques, enabling one to determine appropriate permit terms and conditions.

A project-based system for including farmers in the EU ETS.

PubMed

Brandt, Urs Steiner; Svendsen, Gert Tinggaard

2011-04-01

Farmers in the EU do not trade greenhouse gases under the Kyoto agreement. This is an empirical puzzle because agriculture is a significant contributor of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the EU and may harvest private net gains from trade. Furthermore, the US has strongly advocated land-use practices as 'the missing link' in past climate negotiations. We argue that farmers have relatively low marginal reduction costs and that consequences in terms of the effect on permit price and technology are overall positive in the EU Emission Trading System (ETS). Thus, we propose a project-based system for including the farming practices in the EU ETS that reduces the uncertainty from measuring emission reduction in this sector. The system encourages GHG reduction either by introducing a new and less polluting practice or by reducing the polluting activity. When doing so, farmers will receive GHG permits corresponding to the amount of reduction which can be stored for later use or sold in the EU ETS. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated standardization technique for an inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometer

USGS Publications Warehouse

Garbarino, John R.; Taylor, Howard E.

1982-01-01

The manifold assembly subsystem described permits real-time computer-controlled standardization and quality control of a commercial inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The manifold assembly consists of a branch-structured glass manifold, a series of microcomputer-controlled solenoid valves, and a reservoir for each standard. Automated standardization involves selective actuation of each solenoid valve that permits a specific mixed standard solution to be pumped to the nebulizer of the spectrometer. Quality control is based on the evaluation of results obtained for a mixed standard containing 17 analytes, that is measured periodically with unknown samples. An inaccurate standard evaluation triggers restandardization of the instrument according to a predetermined protocol. Interaction of the computer-controlled manifold assembly hardware with the spectrometer system is outlined. Evaluation of the automated standardization system with respect to reliability, simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency is compared to the manual procedure. ?? 1982.

40 CFR 62.15160 - What emission limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... modification after June 26, 1987, then you must comply with the dioxins/furans and mercury emission limits... operating permit, if a permit modification is required. Final compliance with the dioxins/furans limits must...

40 CFR 60.1705 - What emission limits must I meet? By when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... modification after June 26, 1987, then you must comply with the dioxins/furans and mercury emission limits... construction or operating permit, if a permit modification is required. Final compliance with the dioxins...

76 FR 44271 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions to Permits by Rule and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-25

..., 1998, revision creates new section 116.116(f) allowing for the use of Discrete Emission Reduction... allows the use of Discrete Emission Reduction Credits (DERCs) to be used to exceed permit allowables and... credits (called discrete emission reduction credits, or DERCs, in the Texas program) by reducing its...

Korea's transition to the IPCC : Introduction of BAT-based Integrated ACT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Daegyun; Yoo, Heungmin; Kim, Younglan

2017-04-01

Recently, environmental pollution concerns have been increased in Korea more than ever before. So, The Ministry of Environment and the National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER) in Korea has forged a policy that can effectively reduce the environmental pollutants emitted from each business sectors. This policy nicknamed the "Integrated Environmental Management Act" will be implemented from January 2017. It is to consolidate the management method of each environment media (such as water/atmosphere, etc.) and discharge facility into single authorization and/or permission system for entire installation. In particular, it is the environmental management system in according to the "Act on Integrated Management of Environmental Pollution Facilities" that encourages active participation of companies, grant customized emission permits by considering the ambient environmental condition as well as best available techniques, and review the permitted items periodically. Throughout this optimal management policy, we expect the minimization of the environmental effect by reducing the production and emission of pollutants. The integrated environmental management system is a scientific and advanced whole new management system and it is also a policy that considers the environment and human health effect in a synthetically, and minimizes the emission of pollutants by applying the best available techniques. In this presentation, we will talk about the Korea's transition stage to IPCC(integrated pollution prevention and control) and introduce the whole new Integrated Environmental Management system of Korea.

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants in Region 7

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) are applicable requirements under the Title V operating permit program. This is a resource for permit writers and reviewers to learn about the rules and explore other helpful tools.

Data Quality Objectives for Regulatory Requirements for Hazardous and Radioactive Air Emissions Sampling and Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

MULKEY, C.H.

1999-07-06

This document describes the results of the data quality objective (DQO) process undertaken to define data needs for state and federal requirements associated with toxic, hazardous, and/or radiological air emissions under the jurisdiction of the River Protection Project (RPP). Hereafter, this document is referred to as the Air DQO. The primary drivers for characterization under this DQO are the regulatory requirements pursuant to Washington State regulations, that may require sampling and analysis. The federal regulations concerning air emissions are incorporated into the Washington State regulations. Data needs exist for nonradioactive and radioactive waste constituents and characteristics as identified through themore » DQO process described in this document. The purpose is to identify current data needs for complying with regulatory drivers for the measurement of air emissions from RPP facilities in support of air permitting. These drivers include best management practices; similar analyses may have more than one regulatory driver. This document should not be used for determining overall compliance with regulations because the regulations are in constant change, and this document may not reflect the latest regulatory requirements. Regulatory requirements are also expected to change as various permits are issued. Data needs require samples for both radionuclides and nonradionuclide analytes of air emissions from tanks and stored waste containers. The collection of data is to support environmental permitting and compliance, not for health and safety issues. This document does not address health or safety regulations or requirements (those of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) or continuous emission monitoring systems. This DQO is applicable to all equipment, facilities, and operations under the jurisdiction of RPP that emit or have the potential to emit regulated air pollutants.« less

Mississippi SIP: Title 11, Part 2, Chapter 2 - Permit Regulations for the Construction and/or Operation of Air Emissions Equipment

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Permit Regulations for the Construction and/or Operation of Air Emissions Equipment involved in ambient air quality standards & regulations in MS + where to obtain copies of referenced federal regulations

Are Emissions From Rocket Launching Fugitive, Mobile Source Emissions, or Nonfugitive Stationary Source Emissions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

40 CFR 70.4 - State program submittals and transition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... determine insignificant activities or emission levels for purposes of determining complete applications... any permit application, compliance plan, permit, and monitoring and compliance, certification report... take final action on an application for a permit, permit renewal, or permit revision within the time...

40 CFR 70.4 - State program submittals and transition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... determine insignificant activities or emission levels for purposes of determining complete applications... any permit application, compliance plan, permit, and monitoring and compliance, certification report... take final action on an application for a permit, permit renewal, or permit revision within the time...

40 CFR 70.4 - State program submittals and transition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... determine insignificant activities or emission levels for purposes of determining complete applications... any permit application, compliance plan, permit, and monitoring and compliance, certification report... take final action on an application for a permit, permit renewal, or permit revision within the time...

40 CFR 52.1233 - Operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS (CONTINUED) Minnesota § 52.1233 Operating permits. Emission limitations and related provisions which are established in Minnesota permits as federally...

40 CFR 52.1233 - Operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS (CONTINUED) Minnesota § 52.1233 Operating permits. (a) Emission limitations and related provisions which are established in Minnesota permits as federally...

40 CFR 52.1233 - Operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS (CONTINUED) Minnesota § 52.1233 Operating permits. (a) Emission limitations and related provisions which are established in Minnesota permits as federally...

40 CFR 52.1233 - Operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS (CONTINUED) Minnesota § 52.1233 Operating permits. (a) Emission limitations and related provisions which are established in Minnesota permits as federally...

40 CFR 52.1233 - Operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS (CONTINUED) Minnesota § 52.1233 Operating permits. (a) Emission limitations and related provisions which are established in Minnesota permits as federally...

Direct and indirect impacts of crop-livestock organization on mixed crop-livestock systems sustainability: a model-based study.

PubMed

Sneessens, I; Veysset, P; Benoit, M; Lamadon, A; Brunschwig, G

2016-11-01

Crop-livestock production is claimed more sustainable than specialized production systems. However, the presence of controversial studies suggests that there must be conditions of mixing crop and livestock productions to allow for higher sustainable performances. Whereas previous studies focused on the impact of crop-livestock interactions on performances, we posit here that crop-livestock organization is a key determinant of farming system sustainability. Crop-livestock organization refers to the percentage of the agricultural area that is dedicated to each production. Our objective is to investigate if crop-livestock organization has both a direct and an indirect impact on mixed crop-livestock (MC-L) sustainability. In that objective, we build a whole-farm model parametrized on representative French sheep and crop farming systems in plain areas (Vienne, France). This model permits simulating contrasted MC-L systems and their subsequent sustainability through the following indicators of performance: farm income, production, N balance, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (/kg product) and MJ consumption (/kg product). Two MC-L systems were simulated with contrasted crop-livestock organizations (MC20-L80: 20% of crops; MC80-L20: 80% of crops). A first scenario - constraining no crop-livestock interactions in both MC-L systems - permits highlighting that crop-livestock organization has a significant direct impact on performances that implies trade-offs between objectives of sustainability. Indeed, the MC80-L20 system is showing higher performances for farm income (+44%), livestock production (+18%) and crop GHG emissions (-14%) whereas the MC20-L80 system has a better N balance (-53%) and a lower livestock MJ consumption (-9%). A second scenario - allowing for crop-livestock interactions in both MC20-L80 and MC80-L20 systems - stated that crop-livestock organization has a significant indirect impact on performances. Indeed, even if crop-livestock interactions permit improving performances, crop-livestock organization influences the capacity of MC-L systems to benefit from crop-livestock interactions. As a consequence, we observed a decreasing performance trade-off between MC-L systems for farm income (-4%) and crop GHG emissions (-10%) whereas the gap increases for nitrogen balance (+23%), livestock production (+6%) - MJ consumption (+16%) - GHG emissions (+5%) and crop MJ consumption (+5%). However, the indirect impact of crop-livestock organization doesn't reverse the trend of trade-offs between objectives of sustainability determined by the direct impact of crop-livestock organization. As a conclusion, crop-livestock organization is a key factor that has to be taken into account when studying the sustainability of mixed crop-livestock systems.

Transportation network policy modeling for congestion and pollution control: A variational inequality approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramanujam, Padma

1999-08-01

Public concern over the state of the environment has grown over the past decade. All indications are that this concern will continue to influence policy making into the foreseeable future. Road transport is seen as the major contributor to environmental degradation. Transportation planners around the world face the question: cleaner air and/or faster commutes? While individual vehicles can be made more environmentally friendly, the sheer scale of growth in world-wide vehicle numbers is projected to cause significant environmental degradation in the longer run, and in the absence of newer and stricter polices. It is a challenge for governments to find policies that ensure congestion-free metropolitan areas while guaranteeing both critical environmental quality levels and a sufficient infrastructure access to all groups involved. The objective of the dissertation is to provide a mathematical framework to study transportation policy models for the purpose of controlling congestion and pollution. Towards this objective. a series of transportation policy models are developed to study travel behavior and to quantity the reductions in congestion and automobile emissions. The dissertation begins with a brief historical overview of some of the pioneering works in urban transportation economics and later presents the theoretical foundation for the transportation policy models developed. The dissertation introduces single modal and multimodal transportation network policy models that accomplish road pricing with the imposition of goal targets on link loads. as well as, integrated traffic equilibrium models with marketable mobile emission permits. Furthermore, equilibrium conditions are derived for each model, and both qualitative analysis and computational procedures are studied. Finally, the dissertation concludes with a comparative study of the relationship between regulatory pricing models and marketable emission permit transportation models and a discussion on key factors that influence implementation of the proposed policy models. The framework of variational inequalities has been utilized in our dissertation, because it is ideal for equilibrium systems. With the addition of pricing policy interventions and the integration of marketable mobile emission permits, traffic equilibrium models become extremely complex. Consequently, the computation of the equilibrium is made more difficult. However, it is shown in the dissertation that in addition to pricing interventions and the integration of a marketable emission permit system that it is possible to incorporate multiple modes of transport and even to handle the issue of noncompliance, using the framework of variational inequalities.

Deterministic radiative coupling of two semiconductor quantum dots to the optical mode of a photonic crystal nanocavity.

PubMed

Calic, M; Jarlov, C; Gallo, P; Dwir, B; Rudra, A; Kapon, E

2017-06-22

A system of two site-controlled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is deterministically integrated with a photonic crystal membrane nano-cavity. The two QDs are identified via their reproducible emission spectral features, and their coupling to the fundamental cavity mode is established by emission co-polarization and cavity feeding features. A theoretical model accounting for phonon interaction and pure dephasing reproduces the observed results and permits extraction of the light-matter coupling constant for this system. The demonstrated approach offers a platform for scaling up the integration of QD systems and nano-photonic elements for integrated quantum photonics applications.

75 FR 34445 - Audit Program for Texas Flexible Permit Holders

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-17

... flexible permit. The third-party auditor would identify for each emission unit regulated under the source's... Technology, State Implementation Plan citation). The auditor will also need to review and assess the adequacy... unit-specific emission limitations. Where deficiencies exist, the auditor will provide recommendations...

40 CFR 75.80 - General provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... compliance is required by an applicable State or Federal Hg mass emission reduction program that incorporates... subject to a State or Federal Hg mass emission reduction program requiring compliance with this subpart... “permitting authority” shall mean the permitting authority under an applicable State or Federal Hg mass...

Environmental Assessment (EA): Proposed Aircraft Power Systems Repair Transformation Facility, Hill Air Force Base, Utah

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-16

and silicon carbide; spent elastic abrasive media; rags and wipes from the NDI process ; and unused scraps of TIG welding wire. Dust from the thermal...used, which would not be expected to produce regulated air emissions. For this process , no air quality permit updates are anticipated. • Welding ...The electron beam welding equipment would not be expected to produce regulated air emissions. The tungsten inert gas ( TIG ) welding equipment would

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

40 CFR 72.43 - Phase I reduced utilization plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.43 Phase I reduced... any Acid Rain emissions limitation or emissions reduction requirements during Phase I; and (ii) Meets... this section shall include in the Acid Rain permit application for the unit a reduced utilization plan...

Municipal solid waste management planning considering greenhouse gas emission trading under fuzzy environment.

PubMed

Zhang, Xiaodong; Huang, Gordon

2014-03-15

Waste management activities can release greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere, intensifying global climate change. Mitigation of the associated GHG emissions is vital and should be considered within integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management planning. In this study, a fuzzy possibilistic integer programming (FPIM) model has been developed for waste management facility expansion and waste flow allocation planning with consideration of GHG emission trading in an MSW management system. It can address the interrelationships between MSW management planning and GHG emission control. The scenario of total system GHG emission control is analyzed for reflecting the feature that GHG emission credits may be tradable. An interactive solution algorithm is used to solve the FPIM model based on the uncertainty-averse preferences of decision makers in terms of p-necessity level, which represents the certainty degree of the imprecise objective. The FPIM model has been applied to a hypothetical MSW planning problem, where optimal decision schemes for facility expansion and waste flow allocation have been achieved with consideration of GHG emission control. The results indicate that GHG emission credit trading can decrease total system cost through re-allocation of GHG emission credits within the entire MSW management system. This will be helpful for decision makers to effectively determine the allowable GHG emission permits in practices. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 76.9 - Permit application and compliance plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.9 Permit application and... complete Acid Rain permit application (or, if the unit is covered by an Acid Rain permit, a complete permit... specify one or more other Acid Rain compliance options for NOX in accordance with the requirements of this...

40 CFR 76.9 - Permit application and compliance plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.9 Permit application and... complete Acid Rain permit application (or, if the unit is covered by an Acid Rain permit, a complete permit... specify one or more other Acid Rain compliance options for NOX in accordance with the requirements of this...

40 CFR 76.9 - Permit application and compliance plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.9 Permit application and... complete Acid Rain permit application (or, if the unit is covered by an Acid Rain permit, a complete permit... or specify one or more other Acid Rain compliance options for NOX in accordance with the requirements...

40 CFR 76.9 - Permit application and compliance plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.9 Permit application and... complete Acid Rain permit application (or, if the unit is covered by an Acid Rain permit, a complete permit... specify one or more other Acid Rain compliance options for NOX in accordance with the requirements of this...

40 CFR 76.9 - Permit application and compliance plans.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.9 Permit application and... complete Acid Rain permit application (or, if the unit is covered by an Acid Rain permit, a complete permit... or specify one or more other Acid Rain compliance options for NOX in accordance with the requirements...

A Search for Some Wide-Range Tunable Dye Laser Systems Working on the ’Exciplex’ Principle.

DTIC Science & Technology

The ’ exciplex ’ mechanism of radiation emission from a dye affords one means of producing a broad fluorescent spectrum without adding to the...emissions from both the dye and the exciplex may appear, thereby permitting an even greater tuning range. Two mechanisms apply: the ’proton exciplex ...8217, which relates to changes in conventional acidity and basicity in the excited state; and the ’molecular exciplex ’, which relates to changes in

JPL Fourier transform ultraviolet spectrometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cageao, R. P.; Friedl, R. R.; Sander, Stanley P.; Yung, Y. L.

1994-01-01

The Fourier Transform Ultraviolet Spectrometer (FTUVS) is a new high resolution interferometric spectrometer for multiple-species detection in the UV, visible and near-IR. As an OH sensor, measurements can be carried out by remote sensing (limb emission and column absorption), or in-situ sensing (long-path absorption or laser-induced fluorescence). As a high resolution detector in a high repetition rate (greater than 10 kHz) LIF system, OH fluorescence can be discriminated against non-resonant background emission and laser scatter, permitting (0, 0) excitation.

40 CFR 49.134 - Rule for forestry and silvicultural burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... burning permits. 49.134 Section 49.134 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS... and silvicultural burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for forestry and silvicultural burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions...

The Clean Air Act: A time to assess impacts and management options

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Goldberg, T.; Repa, E.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 significantly altered the complexion of air emission regulation and for the first time established requirements for comprehensive emission control strategies. None of the provisions of this act will have as great an impact on the waste management industry as will the General Operating Permit Provisions of Title V. Title V establishes a program for issuing operating permits to all major sources (and certain other sources) of air pollutants in the U.S. These permits will collect in one place all applicable requirements, limitations, and conditions governing regulated air emissions. While past air regulations governedmore » specific air emissions sources, as of November 1993 the law requires states and localities to regulate emissions from all major stationary sources that directly emit, or have the potential to emit, 100 tons or more of any pollutant, 10 tons or more of a single hazardous air pollutant, or 25 tons or more of two or more hazardous air pollutants.« less

40 CFR 49.132 - Rule for general open burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rule for general open burning permits... open burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for open burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter and...

40 CFR 49.133 - Rule for agricultural burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Rule for agricultural burning permits... agricultural burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for agricultural burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter...

40 CFR 49.133 - Rule for agricultural burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rule for agricultural burning permits... agricultural burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for agricultural burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter...

40 CFR 49.132 - Rule for general open burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rule for general open burning permits... open burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for open burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter and...

40 CFR 49.132 - Rule for general open burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Rule for general open burning permits... open burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for open burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter and...

40 CFR 49.132 - Rule for general open burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Rule for general open burning permits... open burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for open burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter and...

40 CFR 49.133 - Rule for agricultural burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Rule for agricultural burning permits... agricultural burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for agricultural burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter...

40 CFR 49.133 - Rule for agricultural burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Rule for agricultural burning permits... agricultural burning permits. (a) What is the purpose of this section? This section establishes a permitting program for agricultural burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter...

Emissions model of waste treatment operations at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schindler, R.E.

1995-03-01

An integrated model of the waste treatment systems at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) was developed using a commercially-available process simulation software (ASPEN Plus) to calculate atmospheric emissions of hazardous chemicals for use in an application for an environmental permit to operate (PTO). The processes covered by the model are the Process Equipment Waste evaporator, High Level Liquid Waste evaporator, New Waste Calcining Facility and Liquid Effluent Treatment and Disposal facility. The processes are described along with the model and its assumptions. The model calculates emissions of NO{sub x}, CO, volatile acids, hazardous metals, and organic chemicals. Some calculatedmore » relative emissions are summarized and insights on building simulations are discussed.« less

Reduction of gaseous pollutant emissions from gas turbine combustors using hydrogen-enriched jet fuel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clayton, R. M.

1976-01-01

Recent progress in an evaluation of the applicability of the hydrogen enrichment concept to achieve ultralow gaseous pollutant emission from gas turbine combustion systems is described. The target emission indexes for the program are 1.0 for oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide, and 0.5 for unburned hydrocarbons. The basic concept utilizes premixed molecular hydrogen, conventional jet fuel, and air to depress the lean flammability limit of the mixed fuel. This is shown to permit very lean combustion with its low NOx production while simulataneously providing an increased flame stability margin with which to maintain low CO and HC emission. Experimental emission characteristics and selected analytical results are presented for a cylindrical research combustor designed for operation with inlet-air state conditions typical for a 30:1 compression ratio, high bypass ratio, turbofan commercial engine.

The Pollution Game: A Classroom Game Demonstrating the Relative Effectiveness of Emissions Taxes and Tradable Permits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Corrigan, Jay R.

2011-01-01

This classroom game illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of various regulatory frameworks aimed at internalizing negative externalities from pollution. Specifically, the game divides students into three groups--a government regulatory agency and two polluting firms--and allows them to work through a system of uniform command-and-control…

Variabilities detected by acoustic emission from filament-wound Aramid fiber/epoxy composite pressure vessels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hamstad, M. A.

1978-01-01

Two hundred and fifty Aramid fiber/epoxy pressure vessels were filament-wound over spherical aluminum mandrels under controlled conditions typical for advanced filament-winding. A random set of 30 vessels was proof-tested to 74% of the expected burst pressure; acoustic emission data were obtained during the proof test. A specially designed fixture was used to permit in situ calibration of the acoustic emission system for each vessel by the fracture of a 4-mm length of pencil lead (0.3 mm in diameter) which was in contact with the vessel. Acoustic emission signatures obtained during testing showed larger than expected variabilities in the mechanical damage done during the proof tests. To date, identification of the cause of these variabilities has not been determined.

76 FR 1525 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions to Rules and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-11

... Pollution; Permitting of Grandfathered and Electing Electric Generating Facilities AGENCY: Environmental... permitting procedures for grandfathered electric generating facilities (EGFs). The revisions address a... emissions increases of carbon monoxide (CO) created by the imposition of technology controls to be permitted...

40 CFR 52.2184 - Operating permits for minor sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 5 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Operating permits for minor sources. 52.2184 Section 52.2184 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... permits for minor sources. Emission limitations and related provisions established in South Dakota minor...

40 CFR 52.2184 - Operating permits for minor sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 5 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Operating permits for minor sources. 52.2184 Section 52.2184 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... permits for minor sources. Emission limitations and related provisions established in South Dakota minor...

40 CFR 52.1834 - Minor source permit to operate program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Minor source permit to operate program. 52.1834 Section 52.1834 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Minor source permit to operate program. Emission limitations and related provisions, which, in...

40 CFR 52.1834 - Minor source permit to operate program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Minor source permit to operate program. 52.1834 Section 52.1834 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Minor source permit to operate program. Emission limitations and related provisions, which, in...

40 CFR 52.2184 - Operating permits for minor sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 5 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Operating permits for minor sources. 52.2184 Section 52.2184 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... permits for minor sources. Emission limitations and related provisions established in South Dakota minor...

40 CFR 52.1834 - Minor source permit to operate program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Minor source permit to operate program. 52.1834 Section 52.1834 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR... Minor source permit to operate program. Emission limitations and related provisions, which, in...

40 CFR 52.2184 - Operating permits for minor sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Operating permits for minor sources. 52.2184 Section 52.2184 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... permits for minor sources. Emission limitations and related provisions established in South Dakota minor...

40 CFR 52.2184 - Operating permits for minor sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Operating permits for minor sources. 52.2184 Section 52.2184 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... permits for minor sources. Emission limitations and related provisions established in South Dakota minor...

Resource conservation and recovery act draft hazardous waste facility permit: Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). Attachments: Volume 4 of 4

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-08-01

Volume IV contains the following attachments for Module IV: VOC monitoring plan for bin-room tests (Appendix D12); bin emission control and VOC monitoring system drawings; bin scale test room ventilation drawings; WIPP supplementary roof support system, underground storage area, room 1, panel 1, DOE/WIPP 91-057; and WIPP supplementary roof support system, room 1, panel 1, geotechnical field data analysis bi-annual report, DOE/WIPP 92-024.

40 CFR 85.1515 - Emission standards and test procedures applicable to imported nonconforming motor vehicles and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... vehicle engine. At the option of the ICI, the nonconforming motor vehicle may comply with the emissions... or sell credits as permitted in 40 CFR 86.1860-04 and 40 CFR 86.1861-04. An ICI may not meet higher... other vehicles as permitted in 40 CFR 86.1860-04 and 40 CFR 86.1861-04. (ii) Where an ICI desires to...

40 CFR 85.1515 - Emission standards and test procedures applicable to imported nonconforming motor vehicles and...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... vehicle engine. At the option of the ICI, the nonconforming motor vehicle may comply with the emissions... or sell credits as permitted in 40 CFR 86.1860-04 and 40 CFR 86.1861-04. An ICI may not meet higher... other vehicles as permitted in 40 CFR 86.1860-04 and 40 CFR 86.1861-04. (ii) Where an ICI desires to...

Understanding Excess Emissions from Industrial Facilities: Evidence from Texas.

PubMed

Zirogiannis, Nikolaos; Hollingsworth, Alex J; Konisky, David M

2018-03-06

We analyze excess emissions from industrial facilities in Texas using data from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Emissions are characterized as excess if they are beyond a facility's permitted levels and if they occur during startups, shutdowns, or malfunctions. We provide summary data on both the pollutants most often emitted as excess emissions and the industrial sectors and facilities responsible for those emissions. Excess emissions often represent a substantial share of a facility's routine (or permitted) emissions. We find that while excess emissions events are frequent, the majority of excess emissions are emitted by the largest events. That is, the sum of emissions in the 96-100th percentile is often several orders of magnitude larger than the remaining excess emissions (i.e., the sum of emissions below the 95th percentile). Thus, the majority of events emit a small amount of pollution relative to the total amount emitted. In addition, a small group of high emitting facilities in the most polluting industrial sectors are responsible for the vast majority of excess emissions. Using an integrated assessment model, we estimate that the health damages in Texas from excess emissions are approximately $150 million annually.

IUE observations of circumstellar emission from the late-type variable R AQR (M6 + pec)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hobbs, R. W.; Michalitsianos, A. G.; Kafatos, M.

1981-01-01

The IUE observations of R Aqr (M7 + pec) obtained in low dispersion are discussed with particular reference to circumstellar emission. Strong permitted, semiforbidden, and forbidden emission lines are seen, superimposed on a bright ultraviolet continuum. It is deduced that the strong emission line spectrum that involves C III, C IV, Si III, (0 II) and (0 III) probably arises from a dense compact nebula the size of which is comparable to the orbital radius of the binary system of which R Aqr is the primary star. The low excitation emission lines of Fe II, Mg II, 0 I, and Si II probably a white dwarf, comparable to or somewhat brighter than the Sun, since such a star can produce enough ionizing photons to excite the continuum and emission line spectrum and yet be sufficiently faint as to escape detection by direct observation. The UV continuum is attributed to Balmer recombination from the dense nebula and not to blackbody emission from the hot companion.

40 CFR 52.1834 - Minor source permit to operate program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Minor source permit to operate program... Minor source permit to operate program. Emission limitations and related provisions, which, in accordance with Rule 33-15-14-03, are established as federally enforceable conditions in North Dakota minor...

40 CFR 52.1834 - Minor source permit to operate program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Minor source permit to operate program... Minor source permit to operate program. Emission limitations and related provisions, which, in accordance with Rule 33-15-14-03, are established as federally enforceable conditions in North Dakota minor...

Developing new emission factors for the Texas cotton ginning industry

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) is the regulatory authority that issues air quality permits in Texas. All cotton gins operating in Texas are required to obtain a permit from the TCEQ. The TCEQ is very experienced at permitting cotton gins, having rules in place requiring these p...

Cumulative emission budgets and their implications: the case for SAFE carbon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allen, Myles; Bowerman, Niel; Frame, David; Mason, Charles

2010-05-01

The risk of dangerous long-term climate change due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions is predominantly determined by cumulative emissions over all time, not the rate of emission in any given year or commitment period. This has profound implications for climate mitigation policy: emission targets for specific years such as 2020 or 2050 provide no guarantee of meeting any overall cumulative emission budget. By focusing attention on short-term measures to reduce the flow of emissions, they may even exacerbate the overall long-term stock. Here we consider how climate policies might be designed explicitly to limit cumulative emissions to, for example, one trillion tonnes of carbon, a figure that has been estimated to give a most likely warming of two degrees above pre-industrial, with a likely range of 1.6-2.6 degrees. Three approaches are considered: tradable emission permits with the possibility of indefinite emission banking, carbon taxes explicitly linked to cumulative emissions and mandatory carbon sequestration. Framing mitigation policy around cumulative targets alleviates the apparent tension between climate protection and short-term consumption that bedevils any attempt to forge global agreement. We argue that the simplest and hence potentially the most effective approach might be a mandatory requirement on the fossil fuel industry to ensure that a steadily increasing fraction of fossil carbon extracted from the ground is artificially removed from the active carbon cycle through some form of sequestration. We define Sequestered Adequate Fraction of Extracted (SAFE) carbon as a source in which this sequestered fraction is anchored to cumulative emissions, increasing smoothly to reach 100% before we release the trillionth tonne. While adopting the use of SAFE carbon would increase the cost of fossil energy much as a system of emission permits or carbon taxes would, it could do so with much less explicit government intervention. We contrast this proposal with, for example, the WBGU budget approach which also recognises the importance of cumulative emissions, noting their different implications for global equity and development considerations. The implications of cumulative emissions for the issue of historical responsibility for adaptation costs will also be discussed.

Assessing the Impact of Fires on Air Quality in the Southeastern U.S. with a Unified Prescribed Burning Database

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garcia Menendez, F.; Afrin, S.

2017-12-01

Prescribed fires are used extensively across the Southeastern United States and are a major source of air pollutant emissions in the region. These land management projects can adversely impact local and regional air quality. However, the emissions and air pollution impacts of prescribed fires remain largely uncertain. Satellite data, commonly used to estimate fire emissions, is often unable to detect the low-intensity, short-lived prescribed fires characteristic of the region. Additionally, existing ground-based prescribed burn records are incomplete, inconsistent and scattered. Here we present a new unified database of prescribed fire occurrence and characteristics developed from systemized digital burn permit records collected from public and private land management organizations in the Southeast. This bottom-up fire database is used to analyze the correlation between high PM2.5 concentrations measured by monitoring networks in southern states and prescribed fire occurrence at varying spatial and temporal scales. We show significant associations between ground-based records of prescribed fire activity and the observational air quality record at numerous sites by applying regression analysis and controlling confounding effects of meteorology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the response of measured PM2.5 concentrations to prescribed fire estimates based on burning permits is significantly stronger than their response to satellite fire observations from MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) and geostationary satellites or prescribed fire emissions data in the National Emissions Inventory. These results show the importance of bottom-up smoke emissions estimates and reflect the need for improved ground-based fire data to advance air quality impacts assessments focused on prescribed burning.

Information Regarding Implementation of the Emission Trading Program Pursuant to 45 CSR28, Air Pollutant Emissions Banking and Trading

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Diurnal and seasonal variation of various carbon fluxes from an urban tower platform in Houston, TX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schade, G. W.; Werner, N.; Hale, M. C.

2013-12-01

We measured carbon fluxes (CO2, CO, VOCs) from a tall lattice tower in Houston between 2007 and 2009, and 2011-2013. We present results from various analyses of (i) anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 fluxes using a quadrant segregation technique, (ii) seasonal and multi-year changes of CO fluxes as related to car traffic and industrial sources, and (iii) the accuracy of, and usefulness of a bulk flux footprint model to quantify pentane emissions form a distant source in comparison to permitted emission levels. Segregated and net anthropogenic CO2 fluxes were dominated by car traffic but industrial sources were identified as well. Emissions sank to minimal levels after hurricane Ike had passed over Houston, causing a traffic shutdown and lower population density. Segregated biogenic fluxes showed a clear seasonal variation with photosynthetic activity between April and November, and large effects of the 2011 Texas drought due to negligible irrigation in the study area. Carbon monoxide fluxes, measured via a flux gradient technique, are even stronger dominated by car traffic than CO2 fluxes and serve as a traffic tracer. Our data show a continued drop in emissions over time, seasonal changes with higher emissions during winter, and local influences due to industrial emissions. Lastly, we present the results of a tracer release study and a single point source quantification to test a bulk footprint model in this complex urban area. Known releases of volatile acetone and MEK were compered to measured fluxes using a REA-GC-FID system, and permit emissions of pentane from a foam plastics manufacturing facility were compared to measured pentane fluxes. Both comparisons reveal a surprisingly accurate performance of the footprint model within a factor of 2.

On the nature of the symbiotic binary AX Persei

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mikolajewska, Joanna; Kenyon, Scott J.

1992-01-01

Photometric and spectroscopic observations of the symbiotic binary AX Persei are presented. This system contains a red giant that fills its tidal lobe and transfers material into an accretion disk surrounding a low-mass main-sequence star. The stellar masses - 1 solar mass for the red giant and about 0.4 solar mass for the companion - suggest AX Per is poised to enter a common envelope phase of evolution. The disk luminosity increases from L(disk) about 100 solar luminosity in quiescence to L(disk) about 5700 solar luminosity in outburst for a distance of d = 2.5 kpc. Except for visual maximum, high ionization permitted emission lines - such as He II - imply an EUV luminosity comparable to the disk luminosity. High-energy photons emitted by a hot boundary layer between the disk and central star ionize a surrounding nebula to produce this permitted line emission. High ionization forbidden lines form in an extended, shock-excited region well out of the binary's orbital plane and may be associated with mass loss from the disk.

A Gas Chromatographic Continuous Emissions Monitoring System for the Determination of VOCs and HAPs.

PubMed

Coleman, William M; Gordon, Bert M

1996-01-01

This article describes a new gas chromatography-based emissions monitoring system for measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). The system is composed of a dual-column gas chromatograph equipped with thermal conductivity detectors, in which separation is optimized for fast chromatography. The system has the necessary valving for stream selection, which allows automatic calibration of the system at predetermined times and successive measurement of individual VOCs before and after a control device. Nine different VOCs (two of which are HAPs), plus methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are separated and quantified every two minutes. The accuracy and precision of this system has been demonstrated to be greater than 95%. The system employs a mass flow measurement device and also calculates and displays processed emission data, such as control device efficiency and total weight emitted during given time periods. Two such systems have been operational for one year in two separate gravure printing facilities; minimal upkeep is required, about one hour per month. One of these systems, used before and after a carbon adsorber, has been approved by the pertinent local permitting authority.

75 FR 72719 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Idaho

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-26

..., provisions relating to Tier 1 operating permits, facility emissions cap, standards of performance of certain... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 52 [EPA-R10-OAR-2008-0482; FRL-9231-1] Approval and... Requirements 7/1/2002 for Tier II Operating Permits. 401 Tier II Operating Permit...... 4/6/2005 Except 401.01...

Carbon emissions from U.S. ethylene production under climate change policies.

PubMed

Ruth, Matthias; Amato, Anthony D; Davidsdottir, Brynhildur

2002-01-15

This paper presents the results from a dynamic computer model of U.S. ethylene production, designed to explore implications of alternative climate change policies for the industry's energy use and carbon emissions profiles. The model applies to the aggregate ethylene industry but distinguishes its main cracker types, fuels used as feedstocks and for process energy, as well as the industry's capital vintage structure and vintage-specific efficiencies. Results indicate that policies which increase the cost of carbon of process energy-such as carbon taxes or carbon permit systems-are relatively blunt instruments for cutting carbon emissions from ethylene production. In contrast, policies directly affecting the relative efficiencies of new to old capital-such as R&D stimuli or accelerated depreciation schedules-may be more effective in leveraging the industry's potential for carbon emissions reductions.

Development And Testing Unmanned Aerial Systems To Study And Monitoring Volcanoes: INGV Experience Since 2004

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buongiorno, M. F.; Amici, S.; Doumaz, F.; Diaz, J. A.; Silvestri, M.; Musacchio, M.; Pieri, D. C.; Marotta, E.; Wright, K. C.; Sansivero, F.; Caliro, S.; Falcone, S.; Giulietti, F.

2016-12-01

Monitoring natural hazards such as active volcanoes requires specific instruments to measure many parameters (gas emissions, surface temperatures, surface deformation etc.) to determine the activity level of the volcano. Volcanoes in most cases present difficult and dangerous environment for scientists who need to take in situ measurements but also for manned aircrafts. Remote Sensing systems on board of satellite permit to measure a large number of parameters especially during the eruptive events but still show large limits to monitor volcanic precursors and phenomena at local scale (gas species emitted by fumarole or summit craters degassing plumes and surface thermal changes of few degrees). Since 2004 INGV started the analysis of unmanned Aerial Systems (UAV) to explore the operational aspects of UAV deployments. In 2006, INGV in partnership with department of Aerospace Division at University of Bologna, stared the development of a UAV system named RAVEN-INGV. The project was anticipated by a flight test on 2004. In the last years the large diffusion of smaller UAVS and drones opened new opportunities to perform the monitoring of volcanic areas. INGV teams developed strong collaboration with Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and University of Costa Rica (UCR) to cooperate in testing both UAV and miniaturized instruments to measures gas species and surface temperatures in volcanic environment. Between 2014 and 2015 specific campaigns has been performed in the active volcanoes in Italy (Campi Flegrei and Vulcano Island). The field and airborne acquisitions have also permitted the calibration and validation of Satellite data as ASTER and LANDSAT8 (in collaboration with USGS). We hope that the rapid increasing of technology developments will permit the use UAV systems to integrate geophysical measurements and contribute to the necessary calibration and validation of current and future satellite missions dedicated to the measurements of surface temperatures and gas emissions in volcanic areas.

78 FR 41960 - Notice of Permit Applications Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-12

... with the various excursions are typically air emissions, waste water (urine, grey-water) and solid waste (food waste, human solid waste, and packaging materials). Human waste and grey water would be..., Santa Cruz, CA. Activity for Which Permit Is Requested Waste Permit; A small expedition would use an ice...

Airing Your Dirty Laundry: A Quick Marketable Pollution Permits Game for the Classroom

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caviglia-Harris, Jill L.; Melstrom, Richard T.

2015-01-01

In this article, the authors describe a simple classroom game that demonstrates the advantage of tradable emissions permits in regulating environmental pollution. Students take on the role of polluters who must consider the costs of complying with a uniform reduction and a tradable permits program. The class is divided into high-cost polluters and…

40 CFR 63.5796 - What are the organic HAP emissions factor equations in Table 1 to this subpart, and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Emissions Factors for Open Molding and Centrifugal Casting § 63.5796 What are the organic HAP emissions... factors. Equations are available for each open molding operation and centrifugal casting operation and... incorporated in the facility's air emissions permit and are based on actual facility HAP emissions test data...

40 CFR 63.5796 - What are the organic HAP emissions factor equations in Table 1 to this subpart, and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Emissions Factors for Open Molding and Centrifugal Casting § 63.5796 What are the organic HAP emissions... factors. Equations are available for each open molding operation and centrifugal casting operation and... incorporated in the facility's air emissions permit and are based on actual facility HAP emissions test data...

40 CFR 63.5796 - What are the organic HAP emissions factor equations in Table 1 to this subpart, and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Organic Hap Emissions Factors for Open Molding and Centrifugal Casting § 63.5796 What are the organic HAP... emissions factors. Equations are available for each open molding operation and centrifugal casting operation... incorporated in the facility's air emissions permit and are based on actual facility HAP emissions test data...

40 CFR 63.5796 - What are the organic HAP emissions factor equations in Table 1 to this subpart, and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Organic Hap Emissions Factors for Open Molding and Centrifugal Casting § 63.5796 What are the organic HAP... emissions factors. Equations are available for each open molding operation and centrifugal casting operation... incorporated in the facility's air emissions permit and are based on actual facility HAP emissions test data...

40 CFR 63.5796 - What are the organic HAP emissions factor equations in Table 1 to this subpart, and how are they...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Organic Hap Emissions Factors for Open Molding and Centrifugal Casting § 63.5796 What are the organic HAP... emissions factors. Equations are available for each open molding operation and centrifugal casting operation... incorporated in the facility's air emissions permit and are based on actual facility HAP emissions test data...

Ecological risk assessment for detonation emissions at an Army Depot

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weisberg, M.; Fischer, T.

1999-07-01

Treatment of munitions at an Army Depot located in Nevada required a RCRA Part B Subpart X permit. Part of the permitting requirements were to assess ecological impacts from emissions associated with the detonation (treatment) of the munitions. A multi-media multi-pathway ecological risk assessment was performed to assess these impacts. Food-chain exposure, as well as intake of impacted soil, was considered. Of the eight selected receptor wildlife species, estimated hazard quotients were all below thresholds of concern.

Advanced emissions-speciation methodologies for the auto/oil air-quality improvement research program. 2. Aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols. SAE technical paper series

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Swarin, S.J.; Loo, J.F.; Chladek, E.

1992-01-01

Analytical methods for determining individual aldehyde, ketone, and alcohol emissions from gasoline-, methanol-, and variable-fueled vehicles are described. These methods were used in the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program to provide emission data for comparison of individual reformulated fuels, individual vehicles, and for air modeling studies. The emission samples are collected in impingers which contain either 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution for the aldehydes and ketones or deionized water for the alcohols. Subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography for the aldehydes and ketones and gas chromatography for the alcohols utilized auto injectors and computerized data systems which permit high sample throughput with minimalmore » operator intervention. The quality control procedures developed and interlaboratory comparisons conducted as part of the program are also described. (Copyright (c) 1992 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.)« less

Stationary Source Permit Applicability of Emissions from Automobile Roll-Off Testing

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database.

40 CFR 96.285 - CAIR opt-in permit contents.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) NOX BUDGET TRADING PROGRAM AND CAIR NOX AND SO2 TRADING PROGRAMS FOR STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS CAIR SO2 Opt-in Units § 96.285 CAIR opt-in permit contents. (a) Each CAIR opt-in permit will contain... SO2 emission rate under § 96.284(d); (5) A statement whether the unit is to be allocated CAIR SO2...

Response to Request for Written Confirmation that the 100-Ton per Year Potential Emission Exemption for Graphic Art Systems Applies to Plantwide Emissions, Not to Each Printing Line

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Systems and Methods for Integrated Emissivity and Temperature Measurement of a Surface

DOEpatents

Poulsen, Peter

2005-11-08

A multi-channel spectrometer and a light source are used to measure both the emitted and the reflected light from a surface which is at an elevated temperature relative to its environment. In a first method, the temperature of the surface and emissivity in each wavelength is calculated from a knowledge of the spectrum and the measurement of the incident and reflected light. In the second method, the reflected light is measured from a reference surface having a known reflectivity and the same geometry as the surface of interest and the emitted and the reflected light are measured for the surface of interest. These measurements permit the computation of the emissivity in each channel of the spectrometer and the temperature of the surface of interest.

40 CFR 71.24 - Permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... end of the post-reduction year. (4) If a source test will be the supporting basis for establishing post-reduction emissions for one or more emissions units in the early reductions source, the test... to the appropriate State agency; to the EPA Emission Standards Division, Mail Drop 13, Research...

40 CFR 71.24 - Permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... end of the post-reduction year. (4) If a source test will be the supporting basis for establishing post-reduction emissions for one or more emissions units in the early reductions source, the test... to the appropriate State agency; to the EPA Emission Standards Division, Mail Drop 13, Research...

40 CFR 71.24 - Permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... end of the post-reduction year. (4) If a source test will be the supporting basis for establishing post-reduction emissions for one or more emissions units in the early reductions source, the test... to the appropriate State agency; to the EPA Emission Standards Division, Mail Drop 13, Research...

40 CFR 71.24 - Permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... end of the post-reduction year. (4) If a source test will be the supporting basis for establishing post-reduction emissions for one or more emissions units in the early reductions source, the test... to the appropriate State agency; to the EPA Emission Standards Division, Mail Drop 13, Research...

40 CFR 71.24 - Permit applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... end of the post-reduction year. (4) If a source test will be the supporting basis for establishing post-reduction emissions for one or more emissions units in the early reductions source, the test... to the appropriate State agency; to the EPA Emission Standards Division, Mail Drop 13, Research...

Integrated telemedicine applications and services for oncological positron emission tomography.

PubMed

Kontaxakis, George; Visvikis, Dimitris; Ohl, Roland; Sachpazidis, Ilias; Suarez, Juan Pablo; Selby, Peter; Cheze-Le Rest, Catherine; Santos, Andres; Ortega, Fernando; Diaz, Javier; Pan, Leyun; Strauss, Ludwig; Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss, Antonia; Sakas, Georgios; Pozo, Miguel Angel

2006-01-01

TENPET (Trans European Network for Positron Emission Tomography) aims to evaluate the provision of integrated teleconsultation and intelligent computer supported cooperative work services for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) in Europe at its current stage, as it is a multi-centre project financially supported by the European Commission (Information Society, eTEN Program). It addresses technological challenges by linking PET centres and developing supporting services that permit remote consultation between professionals in the field. The technological platform (CE-marked) runs on Win2000/NT/XP systems and incorporates advanced techniques for image visualization, analysis and fusion, as well as for interactive communication and message handling for off-line communications. Four PET Centres from Spain, France and Germany participate to the pilot system trials. The performance evaluation of the system is carried out via log files and user-filled questionnaires on the frequency of the teleconsultations, their duration and efficacy, quality of the images received, user satisfaction, as well as on privacy, ethical and security issues. TENPET promotes the co-operation and improved communication between PET practitioners that are miles away from their peers or on mobile units, offering options for second opinion and training and permitting physicians to remotely consult patient data if they are away from their centre. It is expected that TENPET will have a significant impact in the development of new skills by PET professionals and will support the establishment of peripheral PET units. To our knowledge, TENPET is the first telemedicine service specifically designed for oncological PET. This report presents the technical innovations incorporated in the TENPET platform and the initial pilot studies at real and diverse clinical environments in the field of oncology.

Optimizing the scale of markets for water quality trading

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Doyle, Martin W.; Patterson, Lauren A.; Chen, Yanyou; Schnier, Kurt E.; Yates, Andrew J.

2014-09-01

Applying market approaches to environmental regulations requires establishing a spatial scale for trading. Spatially large markets usually increase opportunities for abatement cost savings but increase the potential for pollution damages (hot spots), vice versa for spatially small markets. We develop a coupled hydrologic-economic modeling approach for application to point source emissions trading by a large number of sources and apply this approach to the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) within the watershed of the second largest estuary in the U.S. We consider two different administrative structures that govern the trade of emission permits: one-for-one trading (the number of permits required for each unit of emission is the same for every WWTP) and trading ratios (the number of permits required for each unit of emissions varies across WWTP). Results show that water quality regulators should allow trading to occur at the river basin scale as an appropriate first-step policy, as is being done in a limited number of cases via compliance associations. Larger spatial scales may be needed under conditions of increased abatement costs. The optimal scale of the market is generally the same regardless of whether one-for-one trading or trading ratios are employed.

Traffic Congestion Detection System through Connected Vehicles and Big Data

PubMed Central

Cárdenas-Benítez, Néstor; Aquino-Santos, Raúl; Magaña-Espinoza, Pedro; Aguilar-Velazco, José; Edwards-Block, Arthur; Medina Cass, Aldo

2016-01-01

This article discusses the simulation and evaluation of a traffic congestion detection system which combines inter-vehicular communications, fixed roadside infrastructure and infrastructure-to-infrastructure connectivity and big data. The system discussed in this article permits drivers to identify traffic congestion and change their routes accordingly, thus reducing the total emissions of CO2 and decreasing travel time. This system monitors, processes and stores large amounts of data, which can detect traffic congestion in a precise way by means of a series of algorithms that reduces localized vehicular emission by rerouting vehicles. To simulate and evaluate the proposed system, a big data cluster was developed based on Cassandra, which was used in tandem with the OMNeT++ discreet event network simulator, coupled with the SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) traffic simulator and the Veins vehicular network framework. The results validate the efficiency of the traffic detection system and its positive impact in detecting, reporting and rerouting traffic when traffic events occur. PMID:27136548

Traffic Congestion Detection System through Connected Vehicles and Big Data.

PubMed

Cárdenas-Benítez, Néstor; Aquino-Santos, Raúl; Magaña-Espinoza, Pedro; Aguilar-Velazco, José; Edwards-Block, Arthur; Medina Cass, Aldo

2016-04-28

This article discusses the simulation and evaluation of a traffic congestion detection system which combines inter-vehicular communications, fixed roadside infrastructure and infrastructure-to-infrastructure connectivity and big data. The system discussed in this article permits drivers to identify traffic congestion and change their routes accordingly, thus reducing the total emissions of CO₂ and decreasing travel time. This system monitors, processes and stores large amounts of data, which can detect traffic congestion in a precise way by means of a series of algorithms that reduces localized vehicular emission by rerouting vehicles. To simulate and evaluate the proposed system, a big data cluster was developed based on Cassandra, which was used in tandem with the OMNeT++ discreet event network simulator, coupled with the SUMO (Simulation of Urban MObility) traffic simulator and the Veins vehicular network framework. The results validate the efficiency of the traffic detection system and its positive impact in detecting, reporting and rerouting traffic when traffic events occur.

40 CFR 52.2346 - Significant deterioration of air quality.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... use of “Guidelines on Air Quality Models” means that all PSD permit reviews will comply with the use... PM10 in PSD permits. Compliance with emissions limitations for PM, PM2.5 and PM10 issued prior to this...

40 CFR 267.177 - What air emission standards apply?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false What air emission standards apply? 267... PERMIT Use and Management of Containers § 267.177 What air emission standards apply? You must manage all... incinerator, catalytic vapor incinerator, flame, boiler, process heater, condenser, and carbon absorption unit. ...

Is Bohm's Criterion satisfied in a weakly ionized Kr discharge, in the vicinity of a biased grid that permits counter streaming ion flow?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wackerbarth, Eugene; Kang, In-Je; Park, In-Sun; Chung, Kyu-Sun; Hershkowitz, Noah; Severn, Greg

2017-10-01

We consider the problem of the sheath near a negatively biased grid (-100V) that permits ion flow in both directions. We show the first laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements of ion velocity distribution functions (IVDFs) in such a system. We worked with a hot filament discharge at the University of San Diego (length = 64 cm, diameter = 32 cm) in which a Kr discharge was operated with a neutral pressure of 0.1mTorr, ne 3 ×109cm-3 and Te 3.5 eV. Sheath potentials were measured with an emissive probe using the inflection point method in the limit of zero emission. The LIF collection optics were recently upgraded to a 4f system with a spatial resolution smaller than 1mm. IVDFs measured near the grid (80mm diam. 40 lines/cm) indicate ion flow from both sides of the grid. Preliminary analysis of the moments of the IVDFs indicate that Bohm's Criterion is satisfied at the sheath edge. Thanks to DOE Grant No. DE-SC00114226, NSF Grant Nos. 1464741, 1464838, and the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015M1A7A1A01002784).

40 CFR 63.1571 - How and when do I conduct a performance test or other initial compliance demonstration?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... heating value, TOC emission rate, and total organic HAP emission rate expected to yield the highest daily... conditions; (3) You may use maximum flow rate, TOC emission rate, organic HAP emission rate, or organic HAP or TOC concentration specified or implied within a permit limit applicable to the process vent; or (4...

Air emissions due to wind and solar power.

PubMed

Katzenstein, Warren; Apt, Jay

2009-01-15

Renewables portfolio standards (RPS) encourage large-scale deployment of wind and solar electric power. Their power output varies rapidly, even when several sites are added together. In many locations, natural gas generators are the lowest cost resource available to compensate for this variability, and must ramp up and down quickly to keep the grid stable, affecting their emissions of NOx and CO2. We model a wind or solar photovoltaic plus gas system using measured 1-min time-resolved emissions and heat rate data from two types of natural gas generators, and power data from four wind plants and one solar plant. Over a wide range of renewable penetration, we find CO2 emissions achieve approximately 80% of the emissions reductions expected if the power fluctuations caused no additional emissions. Using steam injection, gas generators achieve only 30-50% of expected NOx emissions reductions, and with dry control NOx emissions increase substantially. We quantify the interaction between state RPSs and NOx constraints, finding that states with substantial RPSs could see significant upward pressure on NOx permit prices, if the gas turbines we modeled are representative of the plants used to mitigate wind and solar power variability.

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... least twice during each term of your title V operating permit (at mid-term and renewal). 2. Magnesium...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... least twice during each term of your title V operating permit (at mid-term and renewal). 2. Magnesium...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... least twice during each term of your title V operating permit (at mid-term and renewal). 2. Magnesium...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... least twice during each term of your title V operating permit (at mid-term and renewal). 2. Magnesium...

40 CFR Table 4 to Subpart Ttttt of... - Continuous Compliance With Emission Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... CATEGORIES (CONTINUED) National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Primary Magnesium... least twice during each term of your title V operating permit (at mid-term and renewal). 2. Magnesium...

Spectral identification/elimination of molecular species in spacecraft glow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Green, B. D.; Marinelli, W. J.; Rawlins, W. T.

1985-01-01

Computer models of molecular electronic and vibrational emission intensities were developed. Known radiative emission rates (Einstein coefficients) permit the determination of relative excited state densities from spectral intensities. These codes were applied to the published spectra of glow above shuttle surface and to the Spacelab 1 results of Torr and Torr. The theoretical high-resolution spectra were convolved with the appropriate instrumental slit functions to allow accurate comparison with data. The published spacelab spectrum is complex but N2+ Meinel emission can be clearly identified in the ram spectrum. M2 First Positive emission does not correlate well with observed features, nor does the CN Red System. Spectral overlay comparisons are presented. The spectrum of glow above shuttle surfaces, in contrast to the ISO data, is not highly structured. Diatomic molecular emission was matched to the observed spectral shape. Source excitation mechanisms such as (oxygen atom)-(surface species) reaction product chemiluminescence, surface recombination, or resonance fluorescent re-emission will be discussed for each tentative assignment. These assignments are the necessary first analytical step toward mechanism identification. Different glow mechanisms will occur above surfaces under different orbital conditions.

40 CFR 71.25 - Permit content.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... permit does not convey any property rights of any sort, or any exclusive privilege; and (v) The permittee... enforce the emission trades; and (v) The early reductions source owner or operator provides the... submitted to the Administrator or the Administrator's designated agent; and (v) Such additional requirements...

40 CFR 75.70 - NOX mass emissions provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... subpart to the extent that compliance is required by an applicable State or federal NOX mass emission...) For purposes of this subpart, the term “affected unit” shall mean any unit that is subject to a State...” shall mean the permitting authority under an applicable State or federal NOX mass emission reduction...

40 CFR 52.1679 - EPA-approved New York State regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... approval; no action taken on provisions that may require PSD permits for sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with emissions below the thresholds identified in EPA's final PSD and Title V GHG Tailoring Rule...

Pulse transmission transceiver architecture for low power communications

DOEpatents

Dress, Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.

2003-08-05

Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A method of pulse transmission communications includes: generating a modulated pulse signal waveform; transforming said modulated pulse signal waveform into at least one higher-order derivative waveform; and transmitting said at least one higher-order derivative waveform as an emitted pulse. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.

Mechanisms controlling the dependence of surface warming on cumulative carbon emissions over the next century in a suite of Earth system models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, Richard; Roussenov, Vassil; Goodwin, Philip; Resplandy, Laure; Bopp, Laurent

2017-04-01

Insight into how to avoid dangerous climate may be obtained from Earth system model projections, which reveal a near-linear dependence of global-mean surface warming on cumulative carbon emissions. This dependence of surface warming on carbon emissions is interpreted in terms of a product of three terms: the dependence of surface warming on radiative forcing, the fractional radiative forcing contribution from atmospheric CO2 and the dependence of radiative forcing from atmospheric CO2 on cumulative carbon emissions. Mechanistically each of these dependences varies, respectively, with ocean heat uptake, the CO2 and non-CO2 radiative forcing, and the ocean and terrestrial uptake of carbon. An ensemble of 9 Earth System models forced by up to 4 Representative Concentration Pathways are diagnosed. In all cases, the dependence of surface warming on carbon emissions evolves primarily due to competing effects of heat and carbon uptake over the upper ocean: there is a reduced effect of radiative forcing from CO2 due to ocean carbon uptake, which is partly compensated by enhanced surface warming due to a reduced effect of ocean heat uptake. There is a wide spread in the dependence of surface warming on carbon emissions, undermining the ability to identify the maximum permitted carbon emission to avoid dangerous climate. Our framework reveals how uncertainty in the future warming trend is high over the next few decades due to relatively high uncertainties in ocean heat uptake, non-CO2 radiative forcing and the undersaturation of carbon in the ocean.

A Regional Multi-permit Market for Ecosystem Services

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernknopf, R.; Amos, P.; Zhang, E.

2014-12-01

Regional cap and trade programs have been in operation since the 1970's to reduce environmental externalities (NOx and SOx emissions) and have been shown to be beneficial. Air quality and water quality limits are enforced through numerous Federal and State laws and regulations while local communities are seeking ways to protect regional green infrastructure and their ecosystems services. Why not combine them in a market approach to reduce many environmental externalities simultaneously? In a multi-permit market program reforestation (land offsets) as part of a nutrient or carbon sequestration trading program would provide a means to reduce agrochemical discharges into streams, rivers, and groundwater. Land conversions also improve the quality and quantity of other environmental externalities such as air pollution. Collocated nonmarket ecosystem services have societal benefits that can expand the crediting system into a multi-permit trading program. At a regional scale it is possible to combine regulation of water quality, air emissions and quality, and habitat conservation and restoration into one program. This research is about the economic feasibility of a Philadelphia regional multi-permit (cap and trade) program for ecosystem services. Instead of establishing individual markets for ecosystem services, the assumption of the spatial portfolio approach is that it is based on the interdependence of ecosystem functions so that market credits encompasses a range of ecosystem services. Using an existing example the components of the approach are described in terms of scenarios of land portfolios and the calculation of expected return on investment and risk. An experiment in the Schuylkill Watershed will be described for ecosystem services such as nutrients in water and populations of bird species along with Green House Gases. The Philadelphia regional market includes the urban - nonurban economic and environmental interactions and impacts.

Renewable Operating Permit Program Air Emission Fees

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

AG Dra -- a high density plasma laboratory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Peter

2002-07-01

A STIS observation of the symbiotic star AG Draconis yielding spectra in the range 1150--10 000 Angstrom is requested. AG Dra is a non-eclipsing binary that shows strong, narrow nebular emission lines that originate in the wind of a K giant, photoionized by a hot white dwarf. The density of the nebula is around 10^10 electrons/cm^3 and is the perfect laboratory for testing the plasma modeling codes cloudy and xstar at high densities. These codes are used for a wide range of astrophysical objects including stellar winds, accretion disks, active galactic nuclei and Seyfert galaxies, and calibrating them against high signal-to-noise spectra from comparatively simple systems is essential. AG Dra is the perfect high density laboratory for this work. In addition, many previously undetected emission lines will be found through the high sensitivity of STIS, which will allow new plasma diagnostics to be tested. These twin objectives are particularly pertinent as the high sensitivity of emphHST/COS will will permit similar high resolution spectroscopy to be applied to a whole new regime of extragalactic objects. By combining far-UV data from Ause with complementary data from STIS, we will determine ratios of emission lines from the same ion, or ions of similar ionization level. These will permit a more complete set of diagnostics than are obtainable from one instrument alone.

The role of deep convection and nocturnal low-level jets for dust emission in summertime West Africa: Estimates from convection-permitting simulations

PubMed Central

Heinold, B; Knippertz, P; Marsham, JH; Fiedler, S; Dixon, NS; Schepanski, K; Laurent, B; Tegen, I

2013-01-01

[1] Convective cold pools and the breakdown of nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) are key meteorological drivers of dust emission over summertime West Africa, the world’s largest dust source. This study is the first to quantify their relative contributions and physical interrelations using objective detection algorithms and an off-line dust emission model applied to convection-permitting simulations from the Met Office Unified Model. The study period covers 25 July to 02 September 2006. All estimates may therefore vary on an interannual basis. The main conclusions are as follows: (a) approximately 40% of the dust emissions are from NLLJs, 40% from cold pools, and 20% from unidentified processes (dry convection, land-sea and mountain circulations); (b) more than half of the cold-pool emissions are linked to a newly identified mechanism where aged cold pools form a jet above the nocturnal stable layer; (c) 50% of the dust emissions occur from 1500 to 0200 LT with a minimum around sunrise and after midday, and 60% of the morning-to-noon emissions occur under clear skies, but only 10% of the afternoon-to-nighttime emissions, suggesting large biases in satellite retrievals; (d) considering precipitation and soil moisture effects, cold-pool emissions are reduced by 15%; and (e) models with parameterized convection show substantially less cold-pool emissions but have larger NLLJ contributions. The results are much more sensitive to whether convection is parameterized or explicit than to the choice of the land-surface characterization, which generally is a large source of uncertainty. This study demonstrates the need of realistically representing moist convection and stable nighttime conditions for dust modeling. Citation: Heinold, B., P. Knippertz, J. H. Marsham, S. Fiedler, N. S. Dixon, K. Schepanski, B. Laurent, and I. Tegen (2013), The role of deep convection and nocturnal low-level jets for dust emission in summertime West Africa: Estimates from convection-permitting simulations, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 4385–4400, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50402. PMID:25893153

78 FR 23704 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Tennessee: New Source Review-Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-22

... not replace the PM 10 NAAQS with the NAAQS for PM 2.5 when the PM 2.5 NAAQS were promulgated in 1997...,'' ``PM 2.5 emissions'' and ``PM 10 emissions'' shall include gaseous emissions from a source or activity... establishing emissions limitations for PM, PM 2.5 and PM 10 in permits. See 73 FR 28321, 40 CFR 51.166(b)(49...

76 FR 27898 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Virginia; Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-13

... greenhouse gas (GHG) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) permitting provisions as promulgated on June 3, 2010 in the Tailoring Rule. The SIP revision modifies Virginia's PSD program to [[Page 27899... become subject to Virginia's PSD permitting requirements for their GHG emissions. EPA is approving...

76 FR 15852 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Nebraska: Prevention of Significant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-22

... significant deterioration (PSD) preconstruction permitting program. The first applies to revisions relating to permitting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the PSD program. The second applies to revisions..., includes two significant changes impacting the regulation of GHGs under Nebraska's PSD program. First, the...

78 FR 63929 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Texas; Revisions to Rules and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-25

... for Control of Air Pollution; Permitting of Grandfathered Facilities AGENCY: Environmental Protection... grandfathered facilities obtain specific permits which include emission control methods to achieve mandated... or contact information unless you provide it in the body of your comment. If you send an email...

Acid Rain Data System: Progressive application of information technology for operation of a market-based environmental program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Price, D.A.

1995-12-31

Under the Acid Rain Program, by statute and regulation, affected utility units are allocated annual allowances. Each allowance permits a unit to emit one ton of SO{sub 2} during or after a specified year. At year end, utilities must hold allowances equal to or greater than the cumulative SO{sub 2} emissions throughout the year from their affected units. The program has been developing, on a staged basis, two major computer-based information systems: the Allowance Tracking System (ATS) for tracking creation, transfer, and ultimate use of allowances; and the Emissions Tracking System (ETS) for transmission, receipt, processing, and inventory of continuousmore » emissions monitoring (CEM) data. The systems collectively form a logical Acid Rain Data System (ARDS). ARDS will be the largest information system ever used to operate and evaluate an environmental program. The paper describes the progressive software engineering approach the Acid Rain Program has been using to develop ARDS. Iterative software version releases, keyed to critical program deadlines, add the functionality required to support specific statutory and regulatory provisions. Each software release also incorporates continual improvements for efficiency, user-friendliness, and lower life-cycle costs. The program is migrating the independent ATS and ETS systems into a logically coordinated True-Up processing model, to support the end-of-year reconciliation for balancing allowance holdings against annual emissions and compliance plans for Phase 1 affected utility units. The paper provides specific examples and data to illustrate exciting applications of today`s information technology in ARDS.« less

Detection of H-alpha emission in the hot white dwarf G191-B2B

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reid, Neill; Wegner, Gary

1988-12-01

High-resolution spectra of G191-B2B, the hottest known DA white dwarf were obtained which reveal emission in the core of the H-alpha line. The observations show little variation in the line profile over a period of four days, ruling out line-doubling in a close binary as an explanation. The observed emission cannot be due to a nearby red dwarf companion, while the absence of any spatially extended emission argues against either a planetary nebula remnant or local ionization of the interstellar medium. The determination of the systemic velocity, using the companion red dwarf G191-B2A, is 5 + or - 2 km/s and shows that both the H-alpha emission and the high-excitation species observed in the ultraviolet are redshifted by 19 + or - 3 km/s, suggesting a photospheric origin. The low redshift implies a mass of 0.45 solar mass for this hot white dwarf, although the uncertainties in the effective temperature and parallax permit masses in the range 0.29 to 0.60 solar mass.

Location Modification Factors for Potential Dose Estimation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snyder, Sandra F.; Barnett, J. Matthew

2017-01-01

A Department of Energy facility must comply with the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants for radioactive air emissions. The standard is an effective dose of less than 0.1 mSv yr-1 to the maximum public receptor. Additionally, a lower dose level may be assigned to a specific emission point in a State issued permit. A method to efficiently estimate the expected dose for future emissions is described. This method is most appropriately applied to a research facility with several emission points with generally low emission levels of numerous isotopes.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sondrup, Andrus Jeffrey

The Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office (DOE-ID) is applying for a synthetic minor, Sitewide, air quality permit to construct (PTC) with a facility emission cap (FEC) component from the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) for Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to limit its potential to emit to less than major facility limits for criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) regulated under the Clean Air Act. This document is supplied as an appendix to the application, Idaho National Laboratory Application for a Synthetic Minor Sitewide Air Quality Permit to Construct with a Facility Emissions Cap Component, hereaftermore » referred to as “permit application” (DOE-ID 2015). Air dispersion modeling was performed as part of the permit application process to demonstrate pollutant emissions from the INL will not cause a violation of any ambient air quality standards. This report documents the modeling methodology and results for the air dispersion impact analysis. All CAPs regulated under Section 109 of the Clean Air Act were modeled with the exception of lead (Pb) and ozone, which are not required to be modeled by DEQ. Modeling was not performed for toxic air pollutants (TAPs) as uncontrolled emissions did not exceed screening emission levels for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic TAPs. Modeling for CAPs was performed with the EPA approved AERMOD dispersion modeling system (Version 14134) (EPA 2004a) and five years (2000-2004) of meteorological data. The meteorological data set was produced with the companion AERMET model (Version 14134) (EPA 2004b) using surface data from the Idaho Falls airport, and upper-air data from Boise International Airport supplied by DEQ. Onsite meteorological data from the Grid 3 Mesonet tower located near the center of the INL (north of INTEC) and supplied by the local National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) office was used for surface wind directions and wind speeds. Surface data (i.e., land use data that defines roughness, albedo, Bowen ratio, and other parameters) were processed using the AERSURFACE utility (Version 13016) (EPA 2013). Emission sources were modeled as point sources using actual stack locations and dimensions. Emissions, flow rates and exit temperatures were based on the design operating capacity of each source. All structures close enough to produce an area of wake effect were included for all sources. For multi-tiered structures, the heights of the tiers were included or the entire building height was assumed to be equal to the height of the tallest tier. Concentrations were calculated at 1,352 receptor locations provided by DEQ. All receptors were considered for each pollutant and averaging period. Maximum modeled CAP concentrations summed with average background concentration values were presented and compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The background concentration values used were obtained using the Washington State University’s Laboratory for Atmospheric Research North West Airquest web-based retrieval tool (http://lar.wsu.edu/nw airquest/lookup.html). The air dispersion modeling results show the maximum impacts for CAPs are less than applicable standards and demonstrate the INL will not cause a violation of any ambient air quality standards.« less

Reference-material system for estimating health and environmental risks of selected material cycles and energy systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Crowther, M.A.; Moskowitz, P.D.

1981-07-01

Sample analyses and detailed documentation are presented for a Reference Material System (RMS) to estimate health and environmental risks of different material cycles and energy systems. Data inputs described include: end-use material demands, efficiency coefficients, environmental emission coefficients, fuel demand coefficients, labor productivity estimates, and occupational health and safety coefficients. Application of this model permits analysts to estimate fuel use (e.g., Btu), occupational risk (e.g., fatalities), and environmental emissions (e.g., sulfur oxide) for specific material trajectories or complete energy systems. Model uncertainty is quantitatively defined by presenting a range of estimates for each data input. Systematic uncertainty not quantified relatesmore » to the boundaries chosen for analysis and reference system specification. Although the RMS can be used to analyze material system impacts for many different energy technologies, it was specifically used to examine the health and environmental risks of producing the following four types of photovoltaic devices: silicon n/p single-crystal cells produced by a Czochralski process; silicon metal/insulator/semiconductor (MIS) cells produced by a ribbon-growing process; cadmium sulfide/copper sulfide backwall cells produced by a spray deposition process; and gallium arsenide cells with 500X concentrator produced by a modified Czochralski process. Emission coefficients for particulates, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide; solid waste; total suspended solids in water; and, where applicable, air and solid waste residuals for arsenic, cadmium, gallium, and silicon are examined and presented. Where data are available the coefficients for particulates, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides include both process and on-site fuel-burning emissions.« less

A Techno-Economic Analysis of Emission Controls on Hydrocarbon Biofuel Production

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; Davis, Ryan

Biofuels have the potential to reduce our dependency on petroleum-derived transportation fuels and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although the overall GHG emissions from biofuels are expected to be lower when compared to those of petroleum fuels, the process of converting biomass feedstocks into biofuels emits various air pollutants, which may be subject to federal air quality regulation or emission limits. While prior research has evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of biofuel technologies, gaps still exist in understanding the regulatory issues associated with the biorefineries and their economic implications on biofuel production costs (referred to as minimum fuel sellingmore » price (MFSP) in this study). The aim of our research is to evaluate the economic impact of implementing emission reduction technologies at biorefineries and estimate the cost effectiveness of two primary control technologies that may be required for air permitting purposes. We analyze a lignocellulosic sugars-to-hydrocarbon biofuel production pathway developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and implement air emission controls in Aspen Plus to evaluate how they affect the MFSP. Results from this analysis can help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing, as well as mitigate the risks associated with air permitting.« less

77 FR 46771 - Notice of Permit Application Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-06

... emissions and waste water (urine, grey- water, and human solid waste. All wastes would be packaged and... (NSF) has received a waste management permit application for Quark Expeditions' cruise ships to conduct...-8030. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: NSF's Antarctic Waste Regulation, 45 CFR Part 671, requires all U.S...

76 FR 48182 - Notice of Permit Application Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-08

.... Designated pollutants would be associated with camp operations [typically air emissions and waste water... (NSF) has received a waste management permit application for operation of a field research camp located...: NSF's Antarctic Waste Regulation, 45 CFR part 671, requires all U.S. citizens and entities to obtain a...

76 FR 7116 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Alaska: Prevention of Significant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-09

... revision updates Alaska's Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program to reflect changes to the Federal PSD program relating to the permitting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. DATES: This action is... Federal PSD program as of August 2, 2010 relating to the permitting of GHGs. In the proposal, EPA made the...

76 FR 76713 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collections; Comment Request; Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-08

... review programs for new or modified stationary sources of air pollution. In addition, the provisions of... the emissions from the construction and modification of any stationary source of air pollution to... Flexible Air Permitting Rule also slightly reduced the burden per minor NSR permit. As a result of all...

40 CFR 52.1384 - Emission control regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... construction permit to override a requirement that has been approved as part of the SIP, are disapproved. We cannot approve these provisions into the SIP, as it would allow the State to change a SIP requirement through the issuance of a permit. Pursuant to section 110 of the Act, to change a requirement of the SIP...

40 CFR 49.132 - Rule for general open burning permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Rule for general open burning permits... Rules for Application to Indian Reservations in Epa Region 10 § 49.132 Rule for general open burning... burning within the Indian reservation to control emissions of particulate matter and other noxious fumes...

75 FR 31513 - Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Title V Greenhouse Gas Tailoring Rule

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-03

...EPA is tailoring the applicability criteria that determine which stationary sources and modification projects become subject to permitting requirements for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and title V programs of the Clean Air Act (CAA or Act). This rulemaking is necessary because without it PSD and title V requirements would apply, as of January 2, 2011, at the 100 or 250 tons per year (tpy) levels provided under the CAA, greatly increasing the number of required permits, imposing undue costs on small sources, overwhelming the resources of permitting authorities, and severely impairing the functioning of the programs. EPA is relieving these resource burdens by phasing in the applicability of these programs to GHG sources, starting with the largest GHG emitters. This rule establishes two initial steps of the phase-in. The rule also commits the agency to take certain actions on future steps addressing smaller sources, but excludes certain smaller sources from PSD and title V permitting for GHG emissions until at least April 30, 2016.

Characterization of urban air quality using GIS as a management system.

PubMed

Puliafito, E; Guevara, M; Puliafito, C

2003-01-01

Keeping the air quality acceptable has become an important task for decision makers as well as for non-governmental organizations. Particulate and gaseous emissions of pollutant from industries and auto-exhausts are responsible for rising discomfort, increasing airway diseases, decreasing productivity and the deterioration of artistic and cultural patrimony in urban centers. A model to determine the air quality in urban areas using a geographical information system will be presented here. This system permits the integration, handling, analysis and simulation of spatial and temporal data of the ambient concentration of the main pollutant. It allows the users to characterize and recognize areas with a potential increase or improvement in its air pollution situation. It is also possible to compute past or present conditions by changing basic input information as traffic flow, or stack emission rates. Additionally the model may be used to test the compliance of local standard air quality, to study the environmental impact of new industries or to determine the changes in the conditions when the vehicle circulation is increased.

To trade or not to trade: firm-level analysis of emissions trading in Santiago, Chile.

PubMed

Coria, Jessica; Löfgren, Asa; Sterner, Thomas

2010-11-01

Whether tradable permits are appropriate for use in transition and developing economies--given special social and cultural circumstances, such as the lack of institutions and lack of expertise with market-based policies--is much debated. We conducted interviews and surveyed a sample of firms subject to emissions trading programs in Santiago, Chile, one of the first cities outside the OECD that has implemented such trading. The information gathered allows us to study what factors affect the performance of the trading programs in practice and the challenges and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Acoustic emission beamforming for enhanced damage detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McLaskey, Gregory C.; Glaser, Steven D.; Grosse, Christian U.

2008-03-01

As civil infrastructure ages, the early detection of damage in a structure becomes increasingly important for both life safety and economic reasons. This paper describes the analysis procedures used for beamforming acoustic emission techniques as well as the promising results of preliminary experimental tests on a concrete bridge deck. The method of acoustic emission offers a tool for detecting damage, such as cracking, as it occurs on or in a structure. In order to gain meaningful information from acoustic emission analyses, the damage must be localized. Current acoustic emission systems with localization capabilities are very costly and difficult to install. Sensors must be placed throughout the structure to ensure that the damage is encompassed by the array. Beamforming offers a promising solution to these problems and permits the use of wireless sensor networks for acoustic emission analyses. Using the beamforming technique, the azmuthal direction of the location of the damage may be estimated by the stress waves impinging upon a small diameter array (e.g. 30mm) of acoustic emission sensors. Additional signal discrimination may be gained via array processing techniques such as the VESPA process. The beamforming approach requires no arrival time information and is based on very simple delay and sum beamforming algorithms which can be easily implemented on a wireless sensor or mote.

Fundamental Combustion Processes of Particle-Laden Shear Flows in Solid Fuel Ramjets

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-17

permitted observation of the high- intensity , near- surface flame zone. The intensity of the near-surface flame was so strong that it overpowered the light ... intensity of the 100 watt tungsten-halogen lamp used as the schlieren system light source. Figure 9a shows the burning of a 10/40/50 B/Mg/PTFE...rf five millivo’ts from the photodiode), an aorupt increase in light emission, and maximum light intensity . As the heat flux increases, the time for

Calculation of Cost Effectiveness of Emission Control Systems

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

76 FR 43149 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-20

... of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program to establish appropriate emission thresholds for... Mexico's December 1, 2010, proposed SIP revision establishes appropriate emissions thresholds for... appropriate thresholds for GHG permitting applicability into New Mexico's SIP, then paragraph (d) in Sec. 52...

75 FR 64863 - Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) for Particulate Matter Less Than 2.5 Micrometers...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-20

... permit applicant's burden and streamline the permitting process for de minimis circumstances. These tools... pollutant is de minimis. An emission increase for a particular pollutant that is greater than the SER... construct, is less than the SMC, i.e., de minimis, and may be allowed to forego the preconstruction...

40 CFR 60.2805 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a Title V operating permit for my unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emissions Guidelines and Compliance Times for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units Model... permit for my unit? Yes. Each CISWI unit and air curtain incinerator subject to standards under this...

40 CFR 60.2805 - Am I required to apply for and obtain a Title V operating permit for my unit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emissions Guidelines and Compliance Times for Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units Model... permit for my unit? Yes. Each CISWI unit and air curtain incinerator subject to standards under this...

40 CFR 63.8105 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... permit for any affected source required to obtain such a permit; or (3) Fails to meet any emission limit... (incorporated by reference as specified in § 63.14 of subpart A of this part 63); or (2) As obtained from... monomethyl ether acetate 110496 11. Isophorone 78591 12. Methanol 67561 13. Nitrobenzene 98953 14. Toluidine...

Study of the application of advanced technologies to long-range transport aircraft. Volume 2: Research and development requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lange, R. H.; Sturgeon, R. F.; Adams, W. E.; Bradley, E. S.; Cahill, J. F.; Eudaily, R. R.; Hancock, J. P.; Moore, J. W.

1972-01-01

Investigations were conducted to evaluate the relative benefits attainable through the exploitation of advanced technologies and to identify future research and development efforts required to permit the application of selected technologies to transport aircraft entering commercial operation in 1985. Results show that technology advances, particularly in the areas of composite materials, supercritical aerodynamics, and active control systems, will permit the development of long-range, high-payload commercial transports operating at high-subsonic speeds with direct operating costs lower than those of current aircraft. These advanced transports also achieve lower noise levels and lower engine pollutant emissions than current transports. Research and development efforts, including analytical investigations, laboratory test programs, and flight test programs, are required in essentially all technology areas to achieve the potential technology benefits.

Pulsar timing and general relativity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Backer, D. C.; Hellings, R. W.

1986-01-01

Techniques are described for accounting for relativistic effects in the analysis of pulsar signals. Design features of instrumentation used to achieve millisecond accuracy in the signal measurements are discussed. The accuracy of the data permits modeling the pulsar physical characteristics from the natural glitches in the emissions. Relativistic corrections are defined for adjusting for differences between the pulsar motion in its spacetime coordinate system relative to the terrestrial coordinate system, the earth's motion, and the gravitational potentials of solar system bodies. Modifications of the model to allow for a binary pulsar system are outlined, including treatment of the system as a point mass. Finally, a quadrupole model is presented for gravitational radiation and techniques are defined for using pulsars in the search for gravitational waves.

Source-receptor reconciliation of fine-particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in the southeastern United States

EPA Science Inventory

An extensive collection of speciated PM2.5 measurements including organic tracers permitted a detailed examination of the emissions from residential wood combustion (RWC) in the southeastern United States over an entire year (2007). The Community Multiscale Air Quality model-base...

47 CFR 22.917 - Emission limitations for cellular equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... permitted in all cases to improve measurement accuracy provided the measured power is integrated over the... prospective assignees or transferees and, upon request, to the FCC. (d) Interference caused by out of band... another radio service, the FCC may require a greater attenuation of that emission than specified in this...

76 FR 59334 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Albuquerque/Bernalillo...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-26

... Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program to establish appropriate emission thresholds for... County's PSD permitting requirements for their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to the SIP Narrowing Rule, 75 FR 82536, starting on January 2, 2011, the approved Albuquerque/Bernalillo County SIP's PSD...

75 FR 81863 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Alabama: Prevention of Significant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-29

... Deterioration (PSD) program. Specifically, the SIP revision establishes appropriate emission thresholds for determining which new stationary sources and modification projects become subject to Alabama's PSD permitting requirements for their GHG emissions. The change is necessary because without it, on January 2, 2011, PSD...

TRANSFERABLE DISCHARGE PERMITS FOR CONTROL OF SO2 EMISSIONS FROM ILLINOIS POWER PLANTS (JOURNAL VERSION)

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses the use of a large scale simulation model in evaluating various policy alternatives for reducing SO2 emissions from Illinois electric power plants for a broad range of nuclear power capacity addition scenarios. A dynamic simulation of a transferable discharge ...

Comprehensive assessment of toxic emissions from coal-fired power plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-09-01

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) have two primary goals: pollution prevention and a market-based least-cost approach to emission control. To address air quality issues as well as permitting and enforcement, the 1990 CAAA contain 11 sections or titles. The individual amendment titles are as follows: Title I - National Ambient Air Quality Standards Title II - Mobile Sources Title III - Hazardous Air Pollutants Title IV - Acid Deposition Control Title V - Permits Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection Chemicals Title VII - Enforcement Title VIII - Miscellaneous Provisions Title IX - Clean Air Research Title Xmore » - Disadvantaged Business Concerns Title XI - Clean Air Employment Transition Assistance Titles I, III, IV, and V will change or have the potential to change how operators of coal-fired utility boilers control, monitor, and report emissions. For the purpose of this discussion, Title III is the primary focus.« less

Optical and infrared spectrophotometry of the symbiotic system V1016 Cygni

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rudy, Richard J.; Rossano, George S.; Cohen, Ross D.; Puetter, R. C.

1990-01-01

Spectrophotometry from 0.46 to 1.3 micron of the peculiar emission-line object V1016 Cyg is presented. The optical region displays a weak continuum underlying the rich emission-line spectrum detailed in past studies. The infrared spectrum consists of prominent emission lines of H I, He I, He II, forbidden Ni, O I, and forbidden S III overlying a strong stellar continuum. The latter displays bands at 0.94 micron and 1.13 micron characteristic of a late-type, oxygen-rich giant as well as an absorption at 1.05 micron which is due to VO. The presence of these molecular features indicates a spectral class of M6 or later for the cool secondary. The reddening of the secondary does not appear to be much different from that of the emission lines. Among the infrared emission features is the rarely seen permitted transition of neutral oxygen at 1.1287 micron. Its presence at a strength comparable to O I 8446 A, together with the absence of O I 13164 A, confirms the result of Strafella that the strong O I lines arise primarily from fluorescent excitation by Ly-beta.

SPECTRAL OPTICAL MONITORING OF THE NARROW-LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY Ark 564

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shapovalova, A. I.; Burenkov, A. N.; Popovic, L. C.

2012-09-15

We present the results of a long-term (1999-2010) spectral optical monitoring campaign of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) Ark 564, which shows a strong Fe II line emission in the optical. This AGN is a narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy, a group of AGNs with specific spectral characteristics. We analyze the light curves of the permitted H{alpha}, H{beta}, optical Fe II line fluxes, and the continuum flux in order to search for a time lag between them. Additionally, in order to estimate the contribution of iron lines from different multiplets, we fit the H{beta} and Fe II lines with amore » sum of Gaussian components. We find that during the monitoring period the spectral variation (F{sub max}/F{sub min}) of Ark 564 is between 1.5 for H{alpha} and 1.8 for the Fe II lines. The correlation between the Fe II and H{beta} flux variations is of higher significance than that of H{alpha} and H{beta} (whose correlation is almost absent). The permitted-line profiles are Lorentzian-like and do not change shape during the monitoring period. We investigate, in detail, the optical Fe II emission and find different degrees of correlation between the Fe II emission arising from different spectral multiplets and the continuum flux. The relatively weak and different degrees of correlations between permitted lines and continuum fluxes indicate a rather complex source of ionization of the broad-line emission region.« less

76 FR 4076 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plan and Operating Permits Program; State of Missouri

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-24

... ago. (For example, 10 CSR 10-5.250 required existing sources to comply with emissions limitation no... identified in the approved SIP as 10 CSR 10- 2.150, 4.140, and 5.250, applicable to the Kansas City... to the Operating Permits Program (10 CSR 10-6.110). One revision changes the reporting threshold for...

40 CFR 76.8 - Early election for Group 1, Phase II boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.8 Early election for Group 1... plan and: (i) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at which the unit is located has been... chapter to include the early election plan; or (ii) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at...

40 CFR 76.8 - Early election for Group 1, Phase II boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.8 Early election for Group 1... plan and: (i) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at which the unit is located has been... chapter to include the early election plan; or (ii) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at...

40 CFR 76.8 - Early election for Group 1, Phase II boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.8 Early election for Group 1... plan and: (i) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at which the unit is located has been... chapter to include the early election plan; or (ii) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at...

40 CFR 76.8 - Early election for Group 1, Phase II boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.8 Early election for Group 1... plan and: (i) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at which the unit is located has been... chapter to include the early election plan; or (ii) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at...

40 CFR 76.8 - Early election for Group 1, Phase II boilers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) ACID RAIN NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM § 76.8 Early election for Group 1... plan and: (i) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at which the unit is located has been... chapter to include the early election plan; or (ii) If a Phase I Acid Rain permit governing the source at...

Studies of the brain cannabinoid system using positron emission tomography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gatley, S.J.; Volkow, N.D.

Studies using radiolabeled psychoactive drugs in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) have permitted the imaging of binding sites in the human brain. Similar studies of marijuana have been hampered by the unsuitability of radiolabeled THC for PET studies, and the current unavailability of other in vivo imaging agents for cannabinoid receptors. Recent developments in medicinal chemistry suggest that a PET radiotracer for cannabinoid receptors will soon become available. This chapter briefly reviews these developments, together with the results of PET studies of the effects of marijuana and other abused drugs on brain metabolism. It also reviews PET studies ofmore » cocaine binding sites, to demonstrate the kind of investigations that will be possible when a cannabinoid receptor PET radioligand becomes available.« less

Clarification on Fugitive Emissions Policy

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Consideration of Fugitive Emissions in Major Source Determinations

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Consideration of Fugitive Emissions from Grain Elevators

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Emissions from Landfills

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Consideration of Fugitive Emissions at Oilseed Processing Plants

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Approaches to Creating Federally-Enforceable Emissions Limits

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; Davis, Ryan

The implementation of the US Renewable Fuel Standard is expected to increase the construction and operation of new biofuel facilities. Allowing this industry to grow without adversely affecting air quality is an important sustainability goal sought by multiple stakeholders. However, little is known about how the emission controls potentially required to comply with air quality regulations might impact biorefinery cost and deployment strategies such as siting and sizing. In this study, we use a baseline design for a lignocellulosic hydrocarbon biofuel production process to assess how the integration of emission controls impacts the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of themore » biofuel produced. We evaluate the change in MFSP for two cases as compared to the baseline design by incorporating (i) emission controls that ensure compliance with applicable federal air regulations and (ii) advanced control options that could be used to achieve potential best available control technology (BACT) emission limits. Our results indicate that compliance with federal air regulations can be achieved with minimal impact on biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE -1). However, if air emissions must be further reduced to meet potential BACT emission limits, the cost could increase nontrivially. For example, the MFSP could increase to $5.50 GGE -1 by adopting advanced emission controls to meet potential boiler BACT limits. Finally, given tradeoffs among emission control costs, permitting requirements, and economies of scale, these results could help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing and mitigate risks associated with air permitting.« less

Pulse transmission receiver with higher-order time derivative pulse generator

DOEpatents

Dress, Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.

2003-08-12

Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A pulse transmission receiver includes: a front-end amplification/processing circuit; a synchronization circuit coupled to the front-end amplification/processing circuit; a clock coupled to the synchronization circuit; a trigger signal generator coupled to the clock; and at least one higher-order time derivative pulse generator coupled to the trigger signal generator. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.

Pulse transmission receiver with higher-order time derivative pulse correlator

DOEpatents

Dress, Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.

2003-09-16

Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A pulse transmission receiver includes: a higher-order time derivative pulse correlator; a demodulation decoder coupled to the higher-order time derivative pulse correlator; a clock coupled to the demodulation decoder; and a pseudorandom polynomial generator coupled to both the higher-order time derivative pulse correlator and the clock. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.

Potential Air Emission Impacts of Cellulosic Ethanol Production at Seven Demonstration Refineries in the United States

EPA Science Inventory

This paper reports on the estimated potential air emissions as found in air permits and supporting documentation for seven of the first group of pre-commercial or Ademonstration@ U.S. cellulosic ethanol refineries currently operating or planning to operate in the near future. Th...

76 FR 40248 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-08

... infrastructure elements such as modeling, monitoring, and emissions inventories that are designed to assure...): Air quality modeling/data. 110(a)(2)(L): Permitting fees. 110(a)(2)(M): Consultation/participation by... emissions inventories, monitoring, and modeling to assure attainment and maintenance of the standards.'' \\10...

Calendar Year 2016 Stationary Source Emissions Inventory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Evelo, Stacie

2017-01-01

The City of Albuquerque (COA) Environmental Health Department Air Quality Program has issued stationary source permits and registrations the Department of Energy/Sandia Field Office for operations at the Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico. This emission inventory report meets the annual reporting compliance requirements for calendar year (CY) 2016 as required by the COA.

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 72 - Methodology for Conversion of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Methodology for Conversion of Emissions Limits B Appendix B to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. B Appendix B to Part 72—Methodology for...

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 72 - Methodology for Annualization of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Methodology for Annualization of Emissions Limits A Appendix A to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. A Appendix A to Part 72—Methodology for...

40 CFR Appendix A to Part 72 - Methodology for Annualization of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Methodology for Annualization of Emissions Limits A Appendix A to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. A Appendix A to Part 72—Methodology for...

40 CFR Appendix B to Part 72 - Methodology for Conversion of Emissions Limits

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Methodology for Conversion of Emissions Limits B Appendix B to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. B Appendix B to Part 72—Methodology for...

IUE observations of circumstellar emission from the late type variable R Aquarii /M7 + pec/

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Michalitsianos, A. G.; Hobbs, R. W.; Kafatos, M.

1980-01-01

IUE observations of R Aquarii (M7 + pec) have been obtained in low dispersion in order to study its circumstellar emission. Strong permitted, semiforbidden, and forbidden emission lines are identified that are superposed on a bright ultraviolet continuum. From the analysis it is deduced that the strong emission-line spectrum that involves semiforbidden C III, C IV, semiforbidden Si III, forbidden O II, and forbidden O III probably arises from a dense compact nebula the size of which is comparable to the binary system of which R Aqr is the primary star. Low-excitation emission lines of Fe II, Mg II, O I, and Si II suggest the presence of a warm chromosphere (T less than about 10,000 K) in the primary M7 late type giant. The secondary is identified as a white dwarf, comparable to or somewhat brighter than the sun, since such a star can produce enough ionizing photons to excite the continuum and emission-line spectrum and yet be sufficiently faint to escape detection by direct observation. The UV continuum observed is attributed to Balmer recombination and not to blackbody emission from the hot companion. The general spectral properties of R Aqr between 1200 A and 3200 A are discussed in the context of the model for the circumstellar nebula, the companion, and the mass-loss rate of the primary star.

Design and implementation of a dual-wavelength intrinsic fluorescence camera system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ortega-Martinez, Antonio; Musacchia, Joseph J.; Gutierrez-Herrera, Enoch; Wang, Ying; Franco, Walfre

2017-03-01

Intrinsic UV fluorescence imaging is a technique that permits the observation of spatial differences in emitted fluorescence. It relies on the fluorescence produced by the innate fluorophores in the sample, and thus can be used for marker-less in-vivo assessment of tissue. It has been studied as a tool for the study of the skin, specifically for the classification of lesions, the delimitation of lesion borders and the study of wound healing, among others. In its most basic setup, a sample is excited with a narrow-band UV light source and the resulting fluorescence is imaged with a UV sensitive camera filtered to the emission wavelength of interest. By carefully selecting the excitation/emission pair, we can observe changes in fluorescence associated with physiological processes. One of the main drawbacks of this simple setup is the inability to observe more than a single excitation/emission pair at the same time, as some phenomena are better studied when two or more different pairs are studied simultaneously. In this work, we describe the design and the hardware and software implementation of a dual wavelength portable UV fluorescence imaging system. Its main components are an UV camera, a dual wavelength UV LED illuminator (295 and 345 nm) and two different emission filters (345 and 390 nm) that can be swapped by a mechanical filter wheel. The system is operated using a laptop computer and custom software that performs basic pre-processing to improve the image. The system was designed to allow us to image fluorescent peaks of tryptophan and collagen cross links in order to study wound healing progression.

Response to Request for Guidance Concerning Installation of Nitrogen Oxides Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Design of the 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging instrument for the J-TEXT tokamak.

PubMed

Pan, X M; Yang, Z J; Ma, X D; Zhu, Y L; Luhmann, N C; Domier, C W; Ruan, B W; Zhuang, G

2016-11-01

A new 2D Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostic is being developed for the J-TEXT tokamak. It will provide the 2D electron temperature information with high spatial, temporal, and temperature resolution. The new ECEI instrument is being designed to support fundamental physics investigations on J-TEXT including MHD, disruption prediction, and energy transport. The diagnostic contains two dual dipole antenna arrays corresponding to F band (90-140 GHz) and W band (75-110 GHz), respectively, and comprises a total of 256 channels. The system can observe the same magnetic surface at both the high field side and low field side simultaneously. An advanced optical system has been designed which permits the two arrays to focus on a wide continuous region or two radially separate regions with high imaging spatial resolution. It also incorporates excellent field curvature correction with field curvature adjustment lenses. An overview of the diagnostic and the technical progress including the new remote control technique are presented.

Design of the 2D electron cyclotron emission imaging instrument for the J-TEXT tokamak

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pan, X. M.; Yang, Z. J., E-mail: yangzj@hust.edu.cn; Ma, X. D.

2016-11-15

A new 2D Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging (ECEI) diagnostic is being developed for the J-TEXT tokamak. It will provide the 2D electron temperature information with high spatial, temporal, and temperature resolution. The new ECEI instrument is being designed to support fundamental physics investigations on J-TEXT including MHD, disruption prediction, and energy transport. The diagnostic contains two dual dipole antenna arrays corresponding to F band (90-140 GHz) and W band (75-110 GHz), respectively, and comprises a total of 256 channels. The system can observe the same magnetic surface at both the high field side and low field side simultaneously. An advancedmore » optical system has been designed which permits the two arrays to focus on a wide continuous region or two radially separate regions with high imaging spatial resolution. It also incorporates excellent field curvature correction with field curvature adjustment lenses. An overview of the diagnostic and the technical progress including the new remote control technique are presented.« less

Highly charged ion based time of flight emission microscope

DOEpatents

Barnes, Alan V.; Schenkel, Thomas; Hamza, Alex V.; Schneider, Dieter H.; Doyle, Barney

2001-01-01

A highly charged ion based time-of-flight emission microscope has been designed, which improves the surface sensitivity of static SIMS measurements because of the higher ionization probability of highly charged ions. Slow, highly charged ions are produced in an electron beam ion trap and are directed to the sample surface. The sputtered secondary ions and electrons pass through a specially designed objective lens to a microchannel plate detector. This new instrument permits high surface sensitivity (10.sup.10 atoms/cm.sup.2), high spatial resolution (100 nm), and chemical structural information due to the high molecular ion yields. The high secondary ion yield permits coincidence counting, which can be used to enhance determination of chemical and topological structure and to correlate specific molecular species.

76 FR 67067 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Iowa: Prevention of Significant Deterioration...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-31

... thresholds for GHG emissions in Iowa's PSD and Title V regulations at the same emissions thresholds and in... sources emitting less than these thresholds will not be subject to permitting requirements for GHGs that they emit. The amendments to the SIP clarify the applicable thresholds in the Iowa SIP, address the...

76 FR 79593 - Approval, and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Ohio; Redesignation of the Ohio...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-22

... sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions inventories as satisfying the requirement in section 172(c)(3) for a... and quantification of allowable emissions for major new and modified stationary sources in an area, and section 172(c)(5) requires source permits for the construction and operation of new and modified...

40 CFR Appendix C to Part 72 - Actual 1985 Yearly SO2 Emissions Calculation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Actual 1985 Yearly SO2 Emissions Calculation C Appendix C to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. C Appendix C to Part 72—Actual 1985 Yearly SO2...

40 CFR Appendix C to Part 72 - Actual 1985 Yearly SO2 Emissions Calculation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 17 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Actual 1985 Yearly SO2 Emissions Calculation C Appendix C to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. C Appendix C to Part 72—Actual 1985 Yearly SO2...

40 CFR Appendix C to Part 72 - Actual 1985 Yearly SO2 Emissions Calculation

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Actual 1985 Yearly SO2 Emissions Calculation C Appendix C to Part 72 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) PERMITS REGULATION Pt. 72, App. C Appendix C to Part 72—Actual 1985 Yearly SO2...

47 CFR 27.50 - Power limits and duty cycle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... density for the station of 2000/60 = 33.3 watts EIRP per 100 kHz bandwidth. If a non-uniform emission were.... unfiltered QPSK), the power measured within any 100 kHz resolution bandwidth within the 6 MHz channel occupied by the non-uniform emission cannot exceed the power permitted within any 100 kHz resolution...

47 CFR 27.50 - Power limits and duty cycle.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... density for the station of 2000/60 = 33.3 watts EIRP per 100 kHz bandwidth. If a non-uniform emission were.... unfiltered QPSK), the power measured within any 100 kHz resolution bandwidth within the 6 MHz channel occupied by the non-uniform emission cannot exceed the power permitted within any 100 kHz resolution...

Micro-scale flow system for on-line multielement preconcentration from saliva digests and determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menegário, Amauri A.; Fernanda Giné, Maria

2001-10-01

A micro-scale flow system is proposed for on-line preconcentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb in saliva samples and their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). A small column containing 8 μl of AG50W-X8 resin was inserted into the flow system, assembled with capillary tubes and connected to a micro-concentric nebulizer. The elution of the analytes was performed with 3 mol l -1 HCl at a flow rate of 82 μl min -1. The ICP-OES signal acquisition program permits measurements for 5 s in the concentrated portion of the transient elution peaks. A sample volume of 1 ml was required to obtain enrichment factors of 46, 23, 17, 18 and 44 for Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb, respectively. The relative standard deviations for a 50-μg l -1 multi-analyte solution were ≤6.5%. The recoveries for Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb in digested human saliva samples were between 86 and 111%. The sample throughput was 24 h -1.

Fugitive Emissions From Coal Unloading At Coal Preparation Plant

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Clarification - State Implementation Plans (SIPs): Policy Regarding Excess Emissions During Malfunctions, Startup, and Shutdown

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Determination of Whether Emissions From Seagram and Sons Whiskey Storage Facility are Fugitive

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

State Implementation Plans: Policy Regarding Excess Emissions During Malfunctions, Startup, and Shutdown

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Classification of Emissions from Landfills for NSR Applicability Purposes

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Policy on Excess Emissions During Startup, Shutdown, Maintenance and Malfunctions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Policy on Excess Emissions During Startup, Shutdown, Maintenance, and Malfunctions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Clarification of Guidance for Calculating Actual or Potential Emissions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Interpretation of the Definition of Fugitive Emissions in Parts 70 and 71

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Colombia's discharge fee program: incentives for polluters or regulators?

PubMed

Blackman, Allen

2009-01-01

Colombia's discharge fee system for water effluents is often held up as a model of a well-functioning, economic incentive pollution control program in a developing country. Yet few objective evaluations of the program have appeared. Based on a variety of primary and secondary data, this paper finds that in its first 5 years, the program was beset by a number of serious problems including limited implementation in many regions, widespread noncompliance by municipal sewerage authorities, and a confused relationship between discharge fees and emissions standards. Nevertheless, in some watersheds, pollution loads dropped significantly after the program was introduced. While proponents claim the incentives that discharge fees created for polluters to cut emissions in a cost-effective manner were responsible, this paper argues that the incentives they created for regulatory authorities to improve permitting, monitoring, and enforcement were at least as important.

Permitting program with best management practices for shale gas wells to safeguard public health.

PubMed

Centner, Terence J; Petetin, Ludivine

2015-11-01

The development of shale gas resources in the United States has been controversial as governments have been tardy in devising sufficient safeguards to protect both people and the environment. Alleged health and environmental damages suggest that other countries around the world that decide to develop their shale gas resources can learn from these problems and take further actions to prevent situations resulting in the release of harmful pollutants. Looking at U.S. federal regulations governing large animal operations under the permitting provisions of the Clean Water Act, the idea of a permitting program is proposed to respond to the risks of pollution by shale gas development activities. Governments can require permits before allowing the drilling of a new gas well. Each permit would include fluids and air emissions reduction plans containing best management practices to minimize risks and releases of pollutants. The public availability of permits and permit applications, as occurs for water pollution under various U.S. permitting programs, would assist governments in protecting public health. The permitting proposals provide governments a means for providing further assurances that shale gas development projects will not adversely affect people and the environment. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Economic implications of incorporating emission controls to mitigate air pollutants emitted from a modeled hydrocarbon-fuel biorefinery in the United States

DOE PAGES

Bhatt, Arpit; Zhang, Yimin; Davis, Ryan; ...

2016-07-15

The implementation of the US Renewable Fuel Standard is expected to increase the construction and operation of new biofuel facilities. Allowing this industry to grow without adversely affecting air quality is an important sustainability goal sought by multiple stakeholders. However, little is known about how the emission controls potentially required to comply with air quality regulations might impact biorefinery cost and deployment strategies such as siting and sizing. In this study, we use a baseline design for a lignocellulosic hydrocarbon biofuel production process to assess how the integration of emission controls impacts the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of themore » biofuel produced. We evaluate the change in MFSP for two cases as compared to the baseline design by incorporating (i) emission controls that ensure compliance with applicable federal air regulations and (ii) advanced control options that could be used to achieve potential best available control technology (BACT) emission limits. Our results indicate that compliance with federal air regulations can be achieved with minimal impact on biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE -1). However, if air emissions must be further reduced to meet potential BACT emission limits, the cost could increase nontrivially. For example, the MFSP could increase to $5.50 GGE -1 by adopting advanced emission controls to meet potential boiler BACT limits. Finally, given tradeoffs among emission control costs, permitting requirements, and economies of scale, these results could help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing and mitigate risks associated with air permitting.« less

75 FR 53883 - Action To Ensure Authority To Issue Permits Under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-02

... long-lived and directly emitted GHGs--carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O... carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) but only if the project also significantly increase emissions of at... emissions must be calculated on both a mass basis and, as alluded to above, a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO...

Essays on environmental, energy, and natural resource economics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Fan

My dissertation focuses on examining the interrelationship among the environment, energy and economic development. In the first essay, I explore the effects of increased uncertainty over future output prices, input costs and productivity levels on intertemporal emission permits trading. In a dynamic programming setting, a permit price is a convex function of each of these three sources of uncertainty. Increased uncertainty about future market conditions increases the expected permit price and causes risk-neutral firms to reduce ex ante emissions to smooth marginal abatement costs over time. Empirical analysis shows that increased price volatility induced by electricity market restructuring could explain 8-11% of the allowances banked during Phase I of the U.S. sulfur dioxide trading program. Numerical simulation suggests that high uncertainty may generate substantial initial compliance costs, thereby deterring new entrants and reducing efficiency; sharp emission spikes are also more likely to occur under industry-wide uncertainty shocks. In the second essay, I examine whether electricity restructuring improves the efficiency of U.S. nuclear power generation. Based on the full sample of 73 investor-owned nuclear plants in the United States from 1992 to 1998, I estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal efficiency changes associated with restructuring, at the plant level. Various modeling strategies are presented to deal with the policy endogeneity bias that high cost plants are more likely to be restructured. Overall, I find a strikingly positive relationship between the multiple steps of restructuring and plant operating efficiency. In the third essay, I estimate the economic impact of China's national land conversion program on local farm-dependent economies. The impact of the program on 14 industrial sectors in Gansu provinces are investigated using an input-output model. Due to regulatory restrictions, the agricultural sector cannot automatically expand or shrink its land requirements in direct proportion to output changes. Therefore, I modify a standard input-output model to incorporate supply constraints on cropping activities. A spatially explicit analysis is also implemented in a geographical information system to capture the heterogeneous land productivity. The net cost of the conservation program is estimated to be a land rent of 487.21 per acre per year (1999).

Effect of solvent polarity on the spectroscopic properties of an alkynyl gold(i) gelator. The particular case of water.

PubMed

Gavara, Raquel; Lima, João Carlos; Rodríguez, Laura

2016-05-11

The spectroscopic properties of aggregates obtained from the hydrogelator [Au(4-pyridylethynyl)(PTA)] were studied in solvents of different polarities. Inspection of the absorption and emission spectra of diluted solutions showed that the singlet ground state of the monomeric species is sensitive to polarity and is stabilized in more polar solvents whereas the triplet excited state is rather insensitive to changes in polarity. The study of relatively concentrated solutions revealed the presence of new emission and excitation bands at 77 K that was attributed to the presence of different kinds of aggregates. Particularly interesting behaviour was revealed in water where aggregation is observed to be more efficient. For this, absorption, emission quantum yields and luminescence lifetimes of aqueous solutions at different concentrations were investigated in more detail. These data permitted one to correlate the increase of non-radiative and radiative rate constants of the low lying triplet emissive state with concentration, and therefore with the low limit concentration for aggregation, due to the shortening of the AuAu average distances in the aggregates and consequent enhancement of the spin-orbit coupling in the system.

Practical guide: Tools and methodologies for an oil and gas industry emission inventory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thompson, C.C.; Killian, T.L.

1996-12-31

During the preparation of Title V Permit applications, the quantification and speciation of emission sources from oil and gas facilities were reevaluated to determine the {open_quotes}potential-to-emit.{close_quotes} The existing emissions were primarily based on EPA emission factors such as AP-42, for tanks, combustion sources, and fugitive emissions from component leaks. Emissions from insignificant activities and routine operations that are associated with maintenance, startups and shutdowns, and releases to control devices also required quantification. To reconcile EPA emission factors with test data, process knowledge, and manufacturer`s data, a careful review of other estimation options was performed. This paper represents the results ofmore » this analysis of emission sources at oil and gas facilities, including exploration and production, compressor stations and gas plants.« less

Guidance for State Rules for Optional Federally-Enforceable Emissions Limits Based on Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Use

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Laycock, Silas; Cappallo, Rigel; Oram, Kathleen

We report the discovery of a large amplitude (factor of ∼100) X-ray transient (IC 10 X-2, CXOU J002020.99+591758.6) in the nearby dwarf starburst galaxy IC 10 during our Chandra monitoring project. Based on the X-ray timing and spectral properties, and an optical counterpart observed with Gemini, the system is a high-mass X-ray binary consisting of a luminous blue supergiant and a neutron star. The highest measured luminosity of the source was 1.8 × 10{sup 37} erg s{sup –1}during an outburst in 2003. Observations before, during, and after a second outburst in 2010 constrain the outburst duration to be less thanmore » 3 months (with no lower limit). The X-ray spectrum is a hard power law (Γ = 0.3) with fitted column density (N{sub H} = 6.3 × 10{sup 21} atom cm{sup –2}), consistent with the established absorption to sources in IC 10. The optical spectrum shows hydrogen Balmer lines strongly in emission at the correct blueshift (-340 km s{sup –1}) for IC 10. The N III triplet emission feature is seen, accompanied by He II [4686] weakly in emission. Together these features classify the star as a luminous blue supergiant of the OBN subclass, characterized by enhanced nitrogen abundance. Emission lines of He I are seen, at similar strength to Hβ. A complex of Fe II permitted and forbidden emission lines are seen, as in B[e] stars. The system closely resembles galactic supergiant fast X-ray transients, in terms of its hard spectrum, variability amplitude, and blue supergiant primary.« less

Method of characterizing residual stress in ferromagnetic materials using a pulse histogram of acoustic emission signals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Namkung, Min (Inventor); Yost, William T. (Inventor); Kushnick, Peter W. (Inventor); Grainger, John L. (Inventor)

1992-01-01

The invention is a method and apparatus for characterizing residual uniaxial stress in a ferromagnetic test member by distinguishing between residual stresses resulting from positive (tension) forces and negative (compression) forces by using the distinct and known magnetoacoustic (MAC) and a magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) measurement circuit means. A switch permits the selective operation of the respective circuit means.

Recent advances in multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oliver, Thomas A. A.

2018-01-01

Multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopies are one of the premier tools to investigate condensed phase dynamics of biological, chemical and functional nanomaterial systems. As they reach maturity, the variety of frequency domains that can be explored has vastly increased, with experimental techniques capable of correlating excitation and emission frequencies from the terahertz through to the ultraviolet. Some of the most recent innovations also include extreme cross-peak spectroscopies that directly correlate the dynamics of electronic and vibrational states. This review article summarizes the key technological advances that have permitted these recent advances, and the insights gained from new multidimensional spectroscopic probes.

Recent advances in multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopy

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Multidimensional ultrafast spectroscopies are one of the premier tools to investigate condensed phase dynamics of biological, chemical and functional nanomaterial systems. As they reach maturity, the variety of frequency domains that can be explored has vastly increased, with experimental techniques capable of correlating excitation and emission frequencies from the terahertz through to the ultraviolet. Some of the most recent innovations also include extreme cross-peak spectroscopies that directly correlate the dynamics of electronic and vibrational states. This review article summarizes the key technological advances that have permitted these recent advances, and the insights gained from new multidimensional spectroscopic probes. PMID:29410844

Infrared monitoring of the Space Station environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kostiuk, Theodor; Jennings, Donald E.; Mumma, Michael J.

1988-01-01

The measurement and monitoring of infrared emission in the environment of the Space Station has a twofold importance - for the study of the phenomena itself and as an aid in planning and interpreting Station based infrared experiments. Spectral measurements of the infrared component of the spacecraft glow will, along with measurements in other spectral regions, provide data necessary to fully understand and model the physical and chemical processes producing these emissions. The monitoring of the intensity of these emissions will provide background limits for Space Station based infrared experiments and permit the determination of optimum instrument placement and pointing direction. Continuous monitoring of temporal changes in the background radiation (glow) will also permit better interpretation of Station-based infrared earth sensing and astronomical observations. The primary processes producing infrared emissions in the Space Station environment are: (1) Gas phase excitations of Station generated molecules ( e.g., CO2, H2O, organics...) by collisions with the ambient flux of mainly O and N2. Molecular excitations and generation of new species by collisions of ambient molecules with Station surfaces. They provide a list of resulting species, transition energies, excitation cross sections and relevant time constants. The modeled spectrum of the excited species occurs primarily at wavelengths shorter than 8 micrometer. Emissions at longer wavelengths may become important during rocket firing or in the presence of dust.

The economics of subnational carbon policy interactions and integration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahman, Fadli

An integrated, nationwide carbon policy is essential to achieve US environmental targets relating to carbon emissions. The carbon policy literature is loaded with qualitative analysis of the implications or mechanisms of an integrated emissions market across the US, but current quantitative studies do not offer solutions regarding the interactions of coexisting US regional emission markets and other policy instruments. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to answer three fundamental concerns about US carbon policy. The second chapter analyzes the welfare implications of different relative stringencies of cap-setting under a proposed integration of two emissions markets, considering the attributes relevant to each market. The third chapter extends this market integration analysis by adding an intertemporal feature to analyze the consequences of integrating existing emission markets in the US (i.e., California and RGGI). The fourth chapter examines the adverse economic implications of adopting several overlapping carbon policy instruments to regulate carbon emissions in a region. The second and third chapters employ a simple structural model with a stochastic variable to account for uncertainties in emissions. The fourth chapter utilizes a static general equilibrium framework based on IMPLAN data for California to comprehensively evaluate the reactions of the state-wide economy to various carbon policy settings. In general, the results show that integrating existing emissions markets could generate both positive and negative effects on economic welfare. The positive effects result from gains from trading permits, while negative results come from perverse second-best interactions. Policymakers are expected to carefully consider the factors and attributes of all regions prior to setting their policy targets and designing an integrated system of carbon reduction.

The Effect of Emissions Trading And Carbon Sequestration on The Cost Of CO2 Emissions Mitigation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mahasenan, Natesan; Scott, Michael J.; Smith, Steven J.

2002-08-05

The deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CC&S) technologies is greatly affected by the marginal cost of controlling carbon emissions (also the value of carbon, when emissions permits are traded). Emissions limits that are more stringent in the near term imply higher near-term carbon values and therefore encourage the local development and deployment of CC&S technologies. In addition, trade in emissions obligations lowers the cost of meeting any regional or global emissions limit and so affects the rate of penetration of CC&S technologies. We examine the effects of the availability of sequestration opportunities and emissions trading (either within select regionsmore » or globally) on the cost of emissions mitigation and compliance with different emissions reduction targets for the IPCC SRES scenarios. For each base scenario and emissions target, we examine the issues outlined above and present quantitative estimates for the impacts of trade and the availability of sequestration opportunities in meeting emissions limitation obligations.« less

Bimodal exciton-plasmon light sources controlled by local charge carrier injection.

PubMed

Merino, Pablo; Rosławska, Anna; Große, Christoph; Leon, Christopher C; Kuhnke, Klaus; Kern, Klaus

2018-05-01

Electrical charges can generate photon emission in nanoscale quantum systems by two independent mechanisms. First, radiative recombination of pairs of oppositely charged carriers generates sharp excitonic lines. Second, coupling between currents and collective charge oscillations results in broad plasmonic bands. Both luminescence modes can be simultaneously generated upon charge carrier injection into thin C 60 crystallites placed in the plasmonic nanocavity of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Using the sharp tip of the STM as a subnanometer-precise local electrode, we show that the two types of electroluminescence are induced by two separate charge transport channels. Holes injected into the valence band promote exciton generation, whereas electrons extracted from the conduction band cause plasmonic luminescence. The different dynamics of the two mechanisms permit controlling their relative contribution in the combined bimodal emission. Exciton recombination prevails for low charge injection rates, whereas plasmon decay outshines for high tunneling currents. The continuous transition between both regimes is described by a rate model characterizing emission dynamics on the nanoscale. Our work provides the basis for developing blended exciton-plasmon light sources with advanced functionalities.

A microwave-assisted solution combustion synthesis to produce europium-doped calcium phosphate nanowhiskers for bioimaging applications.

PubMed

Wagner, Darcy E; Eisenmann, Kathryn M; Nestor-Kalinoski, Andrea L; Bhaduri, Sarit B

2013-09-01

Biocompatible nanoparticles possessing fluorescent properties offer attractive possibilities for multifunctional bioimaging and/or drug and gene delivery applications. Many of the limitations with current imaging systems center on the properties of the optical probes in relation to equipment technical capabilities. Here we introduce a novel high aspect ratio and highly crystalline europium-doped calcium phosphate nanowhisker produced using a simple microwave-assisted solution combustion synthesis method for use as a multifunctional bioimaging probe. X-ray diffraction confirmed the material phase as europium-doped hydroxyapatite. Fluorescence emission and excitation spectra and their corresponding peaks were identified using spectrofluorimetry and validated with fluorescence, confocal and multiphoton microscopy. The nanowhiskers were found to exhibit red and far red wavelength fluorescence under ultraviolet excitation with an optimal peak emission of 696 nm achieved with a 350 nm excitation. Relatively narrow emission bands were observed, which may permit their use in multicolor imaging applications. Confocal and multiphoton microscopy confirmed that the nanoparticles provide sufficient intensity to be utilized in imaging applications. Copyright © 2013 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Economic growth and biodiversity loss in an age of tradable permits.

PubMed

Rosales, Jon

2006-08-01

Tradable permits are increasingly becoming part of environmental policy and conservation programs. The efficacy of tradable permit schemes in addressing the root cause of environmental decline-economic growth--will not be achieved unless the schemes cap economic activity based on ecological thresholds. Lessons can be learned from the largest tradable permit scheme to date, emissions trading now being implemented with the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol caps neither greenhouse gas emissions at a level that will achieve climate stability nor economic growth. If patterned after the Kyoto Protocol, cap-and-trade schemes for conservation will not ameliorate biodiversity loss either because they will not address economic growth. In response to these failures to cap economic growth, professional organizations concerned about biodiversity conservation should release position statements on economic growth and ecological thresholds. The statements can then be used by policy makers to infuse these positions into the local, national, and international environmental science-policy process when these schemes are being developed. Infusing language into the science-policy process that calls for capping economic activity based on ecological thresholds represents sound conservation science. Most importantly, position statements have a greater potential to ameliorate biodiversity loss if they are created and released than if this information remains within professional organizations because there is the potential for these ideas to be enacted into law and policy.

40 CFR 86.1343-88 - Calculations; particulate exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... depressions below atmospheric measured at the inlet to the positive displacement pump (during an idle mode...)(5). (8)(i) Real time flow rate measurement and calculating devices are permitted under these...

40 CFR 86.1343-88 - Calculations; particulate exhaust emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... depressions below atmospheric measured at the inlet to the positive displacement pump (during an idle mode...)(5). (8)(i) Real time flow rate measurement and calculating devices are permitted under these...

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In 1989, President George W. Bush proposed revisions to the Clean Air Act designed to curb acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions. The proposal also called for establishing a national permits program.

49 CFR 325.59 - Measurement procedure; stationary test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) If the motor vehicle's engine radiator fan drive is equipped with a clutch or similar device that... minutes, to permit the engine radiator fan to automatically disengage when the vehicle's noise emissions...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The Voluntary Reporting Program, developed pursuant to Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, permits corporations, government agencies, households, and voluntary organizations to report on their emissions of greenhouse gases, and on actions taken that have reduced or avoided emissions or sequestered carbon, to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). This, the second annual report of the Voluntary Reporting Program, describes information provided by the participating organizations on their aggregate emissions and emissions reductions, as well as their emissions reduction or avoidance projects, through 1995. This information has been compiled into a database that includes reports from 142 organizationsmore » and descriptions of 967 projects that either reduced greenhouse gas emissions or sequestered carbon. Fifty-one reporters also provided estimates of emissions, and emissions reductions achieved, for their entire organizations. The projects described actions taken to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide from energy production and use; to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from energy use, waste management, and agricultural processes; to reduce emissions of halocarbons, such as CFCs and their replacements; and to increase carbon sequestration.« less

The future of solar physics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Parker, E. N.

1985-01-01

Outstanding problems for the future of solar physics and stellar physics are examined. The physics of stellar interiors has been called into serious question by the very low measured neutrino flux from the sun. The Ga-71 neutrino detection experiment is the next step in unravelling this mystery. The new methods of helioseismology, for probing the interior of the sun, have already found the primordial rapid rotation of the central core. The forthcoming worldwide helioseismology observing network will permit fuller exploitation of the method, promising to provide the first direct sounding of the interior of a star, hitherto known to us only through theoretical inference and the discrepant neutrino emission. An essential step in developing the physics of stellar activity will be the Solar Optical Telescope (presently planned by NASA to be launched early in the next decade) to permit a 'microscopic' examination of the surface of the sun to study the source of the action. The activity and X-ray emission of other stars depend on much the same effects, so that the study of the sun is essential to determining the significance of the X-ray emission from other stars.

Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lemen, J. R.; Freeland, S. L.

1997-01-01

Efforts concentrated on development and implementation of the SolarSoft (SSW) data analysis system. From an EIT analysis perspective, this system was designed to facilitate efficient reuse and conversion of software developed for Yohkoh/SXT and to take advantage of a large existing body of software developed by the SDAC, Yohkoh, and SOHO instrument teams. Another strong motivation for this system was to provide an EIT analysis environment which permits coordinated analysis of EIT data in conjunction with data from important supporting instruments, including Yohkoh/SXT and the other SOHO coronal instruments; CDS, SUMER, and LASCO. In addition, the SSW system will support coordinated EIT/TRACE analysis (by design) when TRACE data is available; TRACE launch is currently planned for March 1998. Working with Jeff Newmark, the Chianti software package (K.P. Dere et al) and UV /EUV data base was fully integrated into the SSW system to facilitate EIT temperature and emission analysis.

A ring stabilizer for lean premixed turbulent flames

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, M.R.; Kostiuk, L.W.; Cheng, R.K.

1998-08-01

In previous experiments on conical flame behavior in microgravity, which were conducted in drop-towers and in airplanes, the use of a pilot flame was not an option. To permit combustion of stable lean premixed conical flames without a pilot, a ring stabilizer was developed. Although similar types of bluff-body stabilization have been used in the past, the ring stabilizer is somewhat unique. It is designed to fit inside the burner exit port and has demonstrated to be highly effective in stabilizing flames over a very wide range of conditions (including ultra-lean flames at high flow-rates) without adversely affecting flame emissions.more » Unlike a simple rod stabilizer or a stagnation flame system, the benefit of having the stabilizer conform to the burner port is that there is very little leakage of the unburned fuel. The purpose of this brief communication is to offer this simple and highly useful device to the combustion research community. Presented are highlights of a parametric study that measured the stabilization limits and pollutant emissions of several different rings, and demonstrated their potential for use in practical systems.« less

Positron emission tomography in cardiovascular disease.

PubMed

Beanlands, R

1996-10-01

Positron emission tomography (PET) represents an advanced form of nuclear imaging technology. The use of positron emitting isotopes, such as C-11, O-15, N-13, and F-18 permit radiolabelling of naturally occurring compounds in the body or close analogues. This, combined with technical advantages of PET imaging, allow quantification of physiological processes in humans. PET has become established as the most accurate noninvasive means for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease using myocardial perfusion radiotracers, which include rubidium-82, N-13-amonia, and O-15-water. These approaches have also been applied for long term evaluation of the effects of therapy and for the quantification of myocardial bloodflow. Radiolabelling of metabolic substrates, including C-11 palmitate, C-11 acetate and F-18 flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) have permitted evaluation of myocardial metabolism. F-18 FDG PET imaging has been established as the best means for defining viable myocardium in patients with reduced ventricular function being considered for revascularization. FDG PET can also identify patients being considered for cardiac transplant, who may be candidates for revascularization. In this review, other applications for metabolic, autonomic nervous system and receptor imaging are also discussed. The availability of cardiac PET in Canada is currently limited. However, with the reducing costs of capital and more cost effectiveness data, PET may become more widely available. Cardiac PET imaging is established as a tremendous diagnostic tool for defining viable myocardium, assessment of perfusion and long term evaluation of therapy without invasive procedures. PET is also a vital research tool capable of evaluating flow, metabolism, myocardial receptors, autonomic nervous system and potentially radiolabelled drugs. Cardiac PET imaging will continue to provide important insight, expanding our understanding and treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.

GBT Observations of Radio Recombination Line Emission Associated with Supernova Remnants W28 and W44

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hewitt, John W.; Yusef-Zadeh, F.

2006-06-01

Since the 1970's weak radio recombination line(RRL) emission has been observed toward several supernova remnants. It has remained unclear if this emission is in fact associated with these remnants or due to intervening sources such as extended HII envelopes along the line of sight. To explore the origin of this emitting gas we have recently undertaken Green Bank Telescope (GBT) observations of prominent supernova remnants W28 and W44 which are well-known to be interacting with molecular clouds. Eight alpha and beta RRL transitions were mapped at C-Band (4-6 GHz) with 2.5' resolution. Maps cover 0.5 and 0.25 square degrees of W28 and W44, respectively, permitting comparison with the distribution of X-rays, Radio, and H-alpha emission. Both remnants are observed to have a mixed-morphology: a radio-continuum shell centrally-filled by thermal X-rays. We find the observed velocity of RRL emission is near the systemic velocity of both remnants as traced by OH(1720 MHz) masers. Preliminary results are presented exploring the association of the RRL-emitting gas with these interacting supernova remants and implications for the origins of the hot thermal X-ray plasma that fills their centers. Support for this work was provided by the NSF through The GBT Student Support Program from the NRAO.

Inconsistency in the Calculation of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Rates Using the Results of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods 25 and 25A.

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Counting GHG Fugitive Emissions in Permitting Applicability

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Essays on the comparison of climate change policies: Land use regulations, taxes, and tradable permits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heres Del Valle, David R.

The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 requires year 2020 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the state to be reduced back to 1990 levels. Several mitigation strategies have been explored and are expected to be implemented over the next few years. Among others, land use policies have been advocated as an important means to curb GHG emissions through the reduction of vehicle miles traveled (VMT), while an economy-wide cap and trade system would ensure that a certain level of GHG reductions is achieved although at unknown costs. The first essay of this dissertation aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion over the impact of land use policies by implementing a modified two-part model (M2PM) with instrumental variables (IV), a procedure that respectively takes into account the large mass of observations with zero car travel, and the possibility of residential self-selection, both of which could otherwise bias the estimates. The analysis takes advantage of a large dataset on travel patterns and socio-economic characteristics of more than 7,000 households across the 58 counties in the state of California. Results show that although VMT elasticities with respect to residential density are larger than others found in the recent econometric literature, the actual impact of residential density on VMT would not be as large unless very large increases in residential density occur. On the other hand, recent estimates of the elasticity of VMT with respect to the price of gasoline imply that moderate increases in the price of gasoline would suffice to reduce travel by similar magnitudes. The second essay reconsiders the debate over quantity (e.g., tradable permits) and price (e.g., taxes) controls by introducing uncertainty in the damage from the externality under a controlled environment. Economic theory predicts that quantity and price instruments for the control of externalities will produce identical outcomes as long as certain conditions obtain - namely negligible transaction costs and certainty about marginal control costs. This theoretical prediction explicitly renders irrelevant any uncertainties regarding the marginal damages in determining the market equilibrium outcome. Uncertainty about marginal damages may be important in practice, however, due to citizen participation in the permit market or to behavioral considerations. Through a laboratory experiment the instrument's equivalence is tested under different environments (including uncertainty about the marginal damages) that comply with the mentioned conditions. Results from the comparative analysis of a tax and a tradable permit system in a market composed of individuals with heterogeneous marginal abatement costs lend support to the equivalence of instruments.

Toward observationally constrained high space and time resolution CO2 urban emission inventories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maness, H.; Teige, V. E.; Wooldridge, P. J.; Weichsel, K.; Holstius, D.; Hooker, A.; Fung, I. Y.; Cohen, R. C.

2013-12-01

The spatial patterns of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and sequestration are currently studied primarily by sensor networks and modeling tools that were designed for global and continental scale investigations of sources and sinks. In urban contexts, by design, there has been very limited investment in observing infrastructure, making it difficult to demonstrate that we have an accurate understanding of the mechanism of emissions or the ability to track processes causing changes in those emissions. Over the last few years, our team has built a new high-resolution observing instrument to address urban CO2 emissions, the BErkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observing Network (BEACON). The 20-node network is constructed on a roughly 2 km grid, permitting direct characterization of the internal structure of emissions within the San Francisco East Bay. Here we present a first assessment of BEACON's promise for evaluating the effectiveness of current and upcoming local emissions policy. Within the next several years, a variety of locally important changes are anticipated--including widespread electrification of the motor vehicle fleet and implementation of a new power standard for ships at the port of Oakland. We describe BEACON's expected performance for detecting these changes, based on results from regional forward modeling driven by a suite of projected inventories. We will further describe the network's current change detection capabilities by focusing on known high temporal frequency changes that have already occurred; examples include a week of significant freeway traffic congestion following the temporary shutdown of the local commuter rail (the Bay Area Rapid Transit system).

Asynchronous Processing of a Constellation of Geostationary and Polar-Orbiting Satellites for Fire Detection and Smoke Estimation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hyer, E. J.; Peterson, D. A.; Curtis, C. A.; Schmidt, C. C.; Hoffman, J.; Prins, E. M.

2014-12-01

The Fire Locating and Monitoring of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) system converts satellite observations of thermally anomalous pixels into spatially and temporally continuous estimates of smoke release from open biomass burning. This system currently processes data from a constellation of 5 geostationary and 2 polar-orbiting sensors. Additional sensors, including NPP VIIRS and the imager on the Korea COMS-1 geostationary satellite, will soon be added. This constellation experiences schedule changes and outages of various durations, making the set of available scenes for fire detection highly variable on an hourly and daily basis. Adding to the complexity, the latency of the satellite data is variable between and within sensors. FLAMBE shares with many fire detection systems the goal of detecting as many fires as possible as early as possible, but the FLAMBE system must also produce a consistent estimate of smoke production with minimal artifacts from the changing constellation. To achieve this, NRL has developed a system of asynchronous processing and cross-calibration that permits satellite data to be used as it arrives, while preserving the consistency of the smoke emission estimates. This talk describes the asynchronous data ingest methodology, including latency statistics for the constellation. We also provide an overview and show results from the system we have developed to normalize multi-sensor fire detection for consistency.

Calibration and validation of an activated sludge model for greenhouse gases no. 1 (ASMG1): prediction of temperature-dependent N₂O emission dynamics.

PubMed

Guo, Lisha; Vanrolleghem, Peter A

2014-02-01

An activated sludge model for greenhouse gases no. 1 was calibrated with data from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) without control systems and validated with data from three similar plants equipped with control systems. Special about the calibration/validation approach adopted in this paper is that the data are obtained from simulations with a mathematical model that is widely accepted to describe effluent quality and operating costs of actual WWTPs, the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 2 (BSM2). The calibration also aimed at fitting the model to typical observed nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission data, i.e., a yearly average of 0.5% of the influent total nitrogen load emitted as N₂O-N. Model validation was performed by challenging the model in configurations with different control strategies. The kinetic term describing the dissolved oxygen effect on the denitrification by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was modified into a Haldane term. Both original and Haldane-modified models passed calibration and validation. Even though their yearly averaged values were similar, the two models presented different dynamic N₂O emissions under cold temperature conditions and control. Therefore, data collected in such situations can potentially permit model discrimination. Observed seasonal trends in N₂O emissions are simulated well with both original and Haldane-modified models. A mechanistic explanation based on the temperature-dependent interaction between heterotrophic and autotrophic N₂O pathways was provided. Finally, while adding the AOB denitrification pathway to a model with only heterotrophic N₂O production showed little impact on effluent quality and operating cost criteria, it clearly affected N2O emission productions.

Combining Linear Polarization Measurements of both Forbidden/Permitted Coronal Emission Lines for measuring the Vector Magnetic Field in the Solar Corona

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dima, G. I.; Kuhn, J. R.; Mickey, D.

2014-12-01

Measuring the coronal vector magnetic field is still a major challenge in solar physics. This is due to the intrinsic weakness of the field (~4 G at a height of 0.1 Rsun above an active region) and the large thermal broadening of coronal emission lines. Current methods deduce either the direction of the magnetic field or the magnetic flux density. We propose using concurrent linear polarization measurements in the near IR of forbidden and permitted lines to calculate the coronal vector magnetic field. The effect of the magnetic field on the polarization properties of emitted light is encapsulated in the Hanle effect. In the unsaturated Hanle regime both the direction and strength of the magnetic field affect the linear polarization, while for saturated Hanle the polarization is insensitive to the strength of the field. Coronal forbidden lines are always in the saturated Hanle regime so the linear polarization holds no information on the strength of the field. By pairing measurements of both forbidden and permitted lines we would be able to obtain both the direction and strength of the field. The near-IR region of the spectrum offers the opportunity to study this problem from the ground. The FeXIII 1.075 um and SiX 1.431 um forbidden lines are strongly polarizable and are sufficiently bright over a large field of view (out to 1.5 Rsun). Measurements of both these lines can be paired up with the recently observed coronal HeI 1.083 um permitted line. The first data set used to test this technique was taken during the March 29, 2006 total solar eclipse and consisted of near-IR spectra covering the spectral region 0.9-1.8 um, with a field of view of 3 x 3 Rsun. The data revealed unexpectedly strong SiX emission compared to FeXIII. Using the HAO FORWARD suite of codes we produced simulated emission maps from a global HMD model for the day of the eclipse. Comparing the intensity variation of the measurements and the model we predict that SiX emission is more extended for this day that the model would suggest, further supporting the possible usefulness of SiX polarimetry. The development of this method and associated tools will be critical in interpreting the high spectral, spatial and temporal IR measurements that will be possible when the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) is completed in a few years time.

75 FR 53299 - Issuance of NPDES General Permits for Wastewater Lagoon Systems Located in Indian Country in...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-31

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [FRL-9195-3] Issuance of NPDES General Permits for Wastewater... Elimination System (NPDES) general permits for wastewater lagoon systems that are located in Indian country in... general permit for wastewater lagoon systems that are located in Indian country in the State of Colorado...

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Potential Impact Categories for Radiological Air Emission Monitoring

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ballinger, Marcel Y.; Gervais, Todd L.; Barnett, J. Matthew

2012-06-05

In 2002, the EPA amended 40 CFR 61 Subpart H and 40 CFR 61 Appendix B Method 114 to include requirements from ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999 Sampling and Monitoring Releases of Airborne Radioactive Substances from the Stack and Ducts of Nuclear Facilities for major emission points. Additionally, the WDOH amended the Washington Administrative Code (WAC) 246-247 Radiation protection-air emissions to include ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999 requirements for major and minor emission points when new permitting actions are approved. A result of the amended regulations is the requirement to prepare a written technical basis for the radiological air emission sampling and monitoring program. A keymore » component of the technical basis is the Potential Impact Category (PIC) assigned to an emission point. This paper discusses the PIC assignments for the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Integrated Laboratory emission units; this revision includes five PIC categories.« less

SOURCEBOOK: NOX CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DATA

EPA Science Inventory

The report, a compilation of available information on the control of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from stationary sources, is provided to assist new source permitting activities by regulatory agencies. he sources covered are combustion turbines, internal combustion engines, non...

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy and cavity ring-down (CRD) absorption spectroscopy of oil-contaminated jet fuel using fiber-optic probes.

PubMed

Omrani, Hengameh; Barnes, Jack A; Dudelzak, Alexander E; Loock, Hans-Peter; Waechter, Helen

2012-06-21

Excitation emission matrix (EEM) and cavity ring-down (CRD) spectral signatures have been used to detect and quantitatively assess contamination of jet fuels with aero-turbine lubricating oil. The EEM spectrometer has been fiber-coupled to permit in situ measurements of jet turbine oil contamination of jet fuel. Parallel Factor (PARAFAC) analysis as well as Principal Component Analysis and Regression (PCA/PCR) were used to quantify oil contamination in a range from the limit of detection (10 ppm) to 1000 ppm. Fiber-loop cavity ring-down spectroscopy using a pulsed 355 nm laser was used to quantify the oil contamination in the range of 400 ppm to 100,000 ppm. Both methods in combination therefore permit the detection of oil contamination with a linear dynamic range of about 10,000.

The Anatomy and Morphology of the Adult Bacterial Light Organ of Euprymna scolopes Berry (Cephalopoda:Sepiolidae).

PubMed

McFall-Ngai, M; Montgomery, M K

1990-12-01

The sepiolid squid, Euprymna scolopes, has a bilobed luminous organ in the center of the mantle cavity, associated with the ink sac. Luminous bacterial symbionts (Vibrio fischeri) are housed in narrow channels of host epithelial tissue. The channels of each lobe of the light organ empty into a ciliated duct, which is contiguous with the mantle cavity of the squid. Surrounding the symbiotic bacteria and their supportive host cells are host tissues recruited into the light organ system, including a muscle-derived lens and thick reflector that appear to permit the squid to control the quality of bacterial light emission.

Method for determining the concentration of atomic species in gases and solids

DOEpatents

Loge, Gary W.

1999-01-01

Method for determining the concentration of atomic species in gases and solids. Measurement of at least two emission intensities from a species in a plasma containing the species after a sufficient time period has elapsed after the generation of the plasma and during a second time period, permits an instantaneous temperature to be established within the sample. The concentration of the atomic species to be determined is then derived from the known emission intensity of a predetermined concentration of that species in the sample at the measured temperature, a quantity which is measured prior to the determination of the unknown concentration, and the actual measured emission from the unknown species, or by this latter emission and the emission intensity of a species having known concentration within the sample.

Operation costs and pollutant emissions reduction by definition of new collection scheduling and optimization of MSW collection routes using GIS. The case study of Barreiro, Portugal.

PubMed

Zsigraiova, Zdena; Semiao, Viriato; Beijoco, Filipa

2013-04-01

This work proposes an innovative methodology for the reduction of the operation costs and pollutant emissions involved in the waste collection and transportation. Its innovative feature lies in combining vehicle route optimization with that of waste collection scheduling. The latter uses historical data of the filling rate of each container individually to establish the daily circuits of collection points to be visited, which is more realistic than the usual assumption of a single average fill-up rate common to all the system containers. Moreover, this allows for the ahead planning of the collection scheduling, which permits a better system management. The optimization process of the routes to be travelled makes recourse to Geographical Information Systems (GISs) and uses interchangeably two optimization criteria: total spent time and travelled distance. Furthermore, rather than using average values, the relevant parameters influencing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions, such as vehicle speed in different roads and loading weight, are taken into consideration. The established methodology is applied to the glass-waste collection and transportation system of Amarsul S.A., in Barreiro. Moreover, to isolate the influence of the dynamic load on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions a sensitivity analysis of the vehicle loading process is performed. For that, two hypothetical scenarios are tested: one with the collected volume increasing exponentially along the collection path; the other assuming that the collected volume decreases exponentially along the same path. The results evidence unquestionable beneficial impacts of the optimization on both the operation costs (labor and vehicles maintenance and fuel consumption) and pollutant emissions, regardless the optimization criterion used. Nonetheless, such impact is particularly relevant when optimizing for time yielding substantial improvements to the existing system: potential reductions of 62% for the total spent time, 43% for the fuel consumption and 40% for the emitted pollutants. This results in total cost savings of 57%, labor being the greatest contributor, representing over €11,000 per year for the two vehicles collecting glass-waste. Moreover, it is shown herein that the dynamic loading process of the collection vehicle impacts on both the fuel consumption and on pollutant emissions. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Investigating the Impact of a Metals Foundry on Neighborhood Air Quality through PM2.5 PMF Analysis and Mobile Environmental Odor Diaries App

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Espinoza, D.; Clayton, I.; George, L. A.

2015-12-01

Chapman Elementary School in Portland, OR was identified by USA Today as being in the 2nd percentile of schools in the nation for poor air quality. This ranking was based on the EPA Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model using the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program. The metals foundry identified in the report as the leading contributor to the poor air quality at Chapman currently meets its Title V permit and reports these permitted emissions to the TRI program. However, the poor air quality ranking is based on models that rely on emissions from permits and are not necessarily reflective of actual emissions. Several observational approaches were employed to assess the potential source contributors to air quality at Chapman. Two MiniVol Tactical Air Samplers (TAS) were co-located 1km from the facility at Chapman Elementary to sample according to the EPA six-day monitoring schedule for one year, filters were analyzed for mass and metals via XRF. Ogawa NO2 samplers were placed at various points around the Chapman neighborhood to develop an NO2 high-density measurement campaign to assess pollutant transport. In addition, a novel mobile environmental odor diaries app was developed and deployed to collect and geo-locate resident observation of odors. All observations were analyzed through mapping, dispersion modeling (AERMOD) and positive-matrix-factorization (PMF) analysis. This multi-dimensional analysis is designed to provide a framework for future studies to address increasing citizen concern about neighborhood level pollution.

76 FR 22891 - Modification to 2008 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-25

... Construction Activities AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: EPA Regions 1... System (NPDES) general permits for stormwater discharges associated with construction activity in order... permits will be referred to as ``permit'' or ``2008 construction general permit'' or ``2008 CGP.'' This...

Attributing Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Anthropogenic and Natural Sources Using AVIRIS-NG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thorpe, A. K.; Frankenberg, C.; Thompson, D. R.; Duren, R. M.; Aubrey, A. D.; Bue, B. D.; Green, R. O.; Gerilowski, K.; Krings, T.; Borchardt, J.; Kort, E. A.; Sweeney, C.; Conley, S. A.; Roberts, D. A.; Dennison, P. E.; Ayasse, A.

2016-12-01

Imaging spectrometers like the next generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) can map large regions with the high spatial resolution necessary to resolve methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This capability is aided by real time detection and geolocation of gas plumes, permitting unambiguous identification of individual emission source locations and communication to ground teams for rapid follow up. We present results from AVIRIS-NG flight campaigns in the Four Corners region (Colorado and New Mexico) and the San Joaquin Valley (California). Over three hundred plumes were observed, reflecting emissions from anthropogenic and natural sources. Examples of plumes will be shown for a number of sources, including CH4 from well completions, gas processing plants, tanks, pipeline leaks, natural seeps, and CO2 from power plants. Despite these promising results, an imaging spectrometer built exclusively for quantitative mapping of gas plumes would have improved sensitivity compared to AVIRIS-NG. For example, an instrument providing a 1 nm spectral sampling (2,000-2,400 micron) would permit mapping CH4, CO2, H2O, CO, and N2O from more diffuse sources using both airborne and orbital platforms. The ability to identify emission sources offers the potential to constrain regional greenhouse gas budgets and improve partitioning between anthropogenic and natural emission sources. Because the CH4 lifetime is only about 9 years and CH4 has a Global Warming Potential 86 times that of CO2 for a 20 year time interval, mitigating these emissions is a particularly cost-effective approach to reduce overall atmospheric radiative forcing. Fig. 1. True color image subset with superimposed gas plumes showing concentrations in ppmm. Left: AVIRIS-NG observed CH4 plumes from natural gas processing plant extending over 500 m downwind of multiple emissions sources. Right: Multiple CO2 plumes observed from coal-fired power plant.

40 CFR 62.14107 - Emission limits for air curtain incinerators.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and that combusts a fuel feed stream composed of 100 percent yard waste and no other municipal solid... level of up to 35 percent (6-minute average) is permitted during startup periods during the first 30...

Technical Support Document for Title V Permitting of Printing Facilities

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Stationary source emissions monitoring is required to demonstrate that a source is meeting the requirements in Federal or state rules, including Title V. This document provides the technical support for compliance in the printing and publishing industry.

Tribal Minor NSR Synthetic Minor Limit Application Form in EPA's South Central Region

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This Tribal Minor NSR application form should be used to notify the EPA Region 6 Tribal NSR Permitting Program of requested synthetic minor emission limits associated with a new source general application form.

1990 Clean Air Act Amendment Summary: Title V

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In 1989, President George W. Bush proposed legislation designed to curb three major threats to the environment and public health: acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions. The proposal also called for establishing a national permits program.

Pulse transmission transmitter including a higher order time derivate filter

DOEpatents

Dress, Jr., William B.; Smith, Stephen F.

2003-09-23

Systems and methods for pulse-transmission low-power communication modes are disclosed. A pulse transmission transmitter includes: a clock; a pseudorandom polynomial generator coupled to the clock, the pseudorandom polynomial generator having a polynomial load input; an exclusive-OR gate coupled to the pseudorandom polynomial generator, the exclusive-OR gate having a serial data input; a programmable delay circuit coupled to both the clock and the exclusive-OR gate; a pulse generator coupled to the programmable delay circuit; and a higher order time derivative filter coupled to the pulse generator. The systems and methods significantly reduce lower-frequency emissions from pulse transmission spread-spectrum communication modes, which reduces potentially harmful interference to existing radio frequency services and users and also simultaneously permit transmission of multiple data bits by utilizing specific pulse shapes.

78 FR 25435 - Draft National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for Municipal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-01

... (NPDES) General Permit for Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems in the Middle Rio Grande Watershed in... Elimination System (NPDES) general permit for storm water discharges from municipal separate storm sewer... issued for various categories of storm water discharges. Section 402(p)(2) requires permits for five...

RACT/BACT/LAER Clearninghouse (RBLC)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

OAR's RACT, BACT, LAER Clearinghouse (RBLC) data asset contains summary information on selected air permitting actions from EPA, state, and local permitting agencies across the U.S., as well as a number of international permit records supplied by air pollution control agencies in Mexico and Canada. The acronyms refer to program requirements of the New Source Review (NSR) program: RACT is Reasonably Available Control Technology and applies to existing sources in areas that are not meeting national ambient air quality standards (i.e., non-attainment areas); BACT is Best Available Control Technology and applies to major new or modified sources in clean areas (i.e., attainment areas). LAER, or Lowest Achievable Emission Rate, is required on major new or modified sources in non-attainment areas. As of 2012, RBLC includes approximately 6,500 entries. With the exception of LAER permit determinations, whose inclusion in RBLC is mandatory, participation is voluntary. Coverage is therefore not complete or necessarily representative.Required under Section 108 of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act, RBLC provides users 00e2?? typically permit writers, permit applicants or holders, and the public 00e2?? with references and personal contacts to support ongoing air pollution control activities. Information is detailed enough for users to know whether a permit is applicable to their needs. Users may then contact the appropriate agency to access the permit or discuss it wit

Guidance Determining Applicability of New Major Source Regulations in the Granting of Construction Permits to Sources of Air Emissions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Observations of two peculiar emission objects in the Large Magellanic Cloud

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kafatos, M.; Michalitsianos, A. G.; Allen, D. A.; Stencel, R. E.

1983-01-01

Ultraviolet and visual wavelength spectra were obtained of two peculiar emission objects, Henize S63 and Sanduleak's star in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Previously not observed in the near- or far-ultraviolet, both objects exhibit strong permitted and semiforbidden line emissions. Estimates based on the absolute continuum flux of the hot companion star in Hen S63 indicate that it rivals the luminosity of the carbon star primary. The emission-line profile structure in both objects does not suggest Wolf-Rayet type emission. Carbon in Sanduleak's star (LMC anonymous) is conspicuously absent, while N V, semiforbidden N IV, and semiforbidden N III dominate the UV emission-line spectrum. Nitrogen is overabundant with respect to carbon and oxygen in both objects. The large overabundance of nitrogen in Sanduleak's star suggests evidence for CNO processes material similar to that seen in Nu Car.

The benefits of flue gas recirculation in waste incineration.

PubMed

Liuzzo, Giuseppe; Verdone, Nicola; Bravi, Marco

2007-01-01

Flue gas recirculation in the incinerator combustion chamber is an operative technique that offers substantial benefits in managing waste incineration. The advantages that can be obtained are both economic and environmental and are determined by the low flow rate of fumes actually emitted if compared to the flue gas released when recirculation is not conducted. Simulations of two incineration processes, with and without flue gas recirculation, have been carried out by using a commercial flowsheeting simulator. The results of the simulations demonstrate that, from an economic point of view, the proposed technique permits a greater level of energy recovery (up to +3%) and, at the same time, lower investment costs as far as the equipment and machinery constituting the air pollution control section of the plant are concerned. At equal treatment system efficiencies, the environmental benefits stem from the decrease in the emission of atmospheric pollutants. Throughout the paper reference is made to the EC legislation in the field of environmental protection, thus ensuring the general validity in the EU of the foundations laid and conclusions drawn henceforth. A numerical example concerning mercury emission quantifies the reported considerations and illustrates that flue gas recirculation reduces emission of this pollutant by 50%.

Self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations of fundamental and harmonic radio plasma emission mechanisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsiklauri, D.; Thurgood, J. O.

2015-12-01

first co-author Jonathan O. Thurgood (QMUL) The simulation of three-wave interaction based plasma emission, an underlying mechanism for type III solar radio bursts, is a challenging task requiring fully-kinetic, multi-dimensional models. This paper aims to resolve a contradiction in past attempts, whereby some authors report that no such processes occur and others draw conflicting conclusions, by using 2D, fully kinetic, particle-in-cell simulations of relaxing electron beams. Here we present the results of particle-in-cell simulations which for different physical parameters permit or prohibit the plasma emission. We show that the possibility of plasma emission is contingent upon the frequency of the initial electrostatic waves generated by the bump-in-tail instability, and that these waves may be prohibited from participating in the necessary three-wave interactions due to the frequency beat requirements. We caution against simulating astrophysical radio bursts using unrealistically dense beams (a common approach which reduces run time), as the resulting non-Langmuir characteristics of the initial wave modes significantly suppresses the emission. Comparison of our results indicates that, contrary to the suggestions of previous authors, a plasma emission mechanism based on two counter-propagating beams is unnecessary in astrophysical context. Finally, we also consider the action of the Weibel instability, which generates an electromagnetic beam mode. As this provides a stronger contribution to electromagnetic energy than the emission, we stress that evidence of plasma emission in simulations must disentangle the two contributions and not simply interpret changes in total electromagnetic energy as the evidence of plasma emission. In summary, we present the first self-consistent demonstration of fundamental and harmonic plasma emission from a single-beam system via fully kinetic numerical simulation. Pre-print can be found at http://astro.qmul.ac.uk/~tsiklauri/jtdt1.pdf

The far-ultraviolet /1180-1950 A/ emission spectrum of Arcturus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mckinney, W. R.; Giles, J. W.; Moos, H. W.

1976-01-01

The far-ultraviolet (1180-1950 A) emission spectrum of the K2 IIIp star, Arcturus, has been obtained with a rocket-borne multichannel spectrometer. The use of multiple detectors gave an increase in effective observing time and permitted an improvement in spectral resolution over two previous rocket measurements. H I at 1216-A and O I at 1304 A are the only identified emissions, and the observed H I 1216-A flux is low compared with previous observations. A third unidentified feature was observed at 1511 A. The absence of many lines found in emission from the sun is striking. The absence of certain features implies that the coronal temperature must be either below 50,000 K or above 350,000 K.

78 FR 69998 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Rescission of Federal...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-22

... application of the PSD permitting requirements to biogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from bioenergy and... rule does not change the balance of power between Wyoming and EPA as provided for in the CAA. Thus...

Assessing the environmental sustainability of ethanol from integrated biorefineries.

PubMed

Falano, Temitope; Jeswani, Harish K; Azapagic, Adisa

2014-06-01

This paper considers the life cycle environmental sustainability of ethanol produced in integrated biorefineries together with chemicals and energy. Four types of second-generation feedstocks are considered: wheat straw, forest residue, poplar, and miscanthus. Seven out of 11 environmental impacts from ethanol are negative, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, when the system is credited for the co-products, indicating environmental savings. Ethanol from poplar is the best and straw the worst option for most impacts. Land use change from forest to miscanthus increases the GHG emissions several-fold. For poplar, the effect is opposite: converting grassland to forest reduces the emissions by three-fold. Compared to fossil and first-generation ethanol, ethanol from integrated biorefineries is more sustainable for most impacts, with the exception of wheat straw. Pure ethanol saves up to 87% of GHG emissions compared to petrol per MJ of fuel. However, for the current 5% ethanol-petrol blends, the savings are much smaller (<3%). Therefore, unless much higher blends become widespread, the contribution of ethanol from integrated biorefineries to the reduction of GHG emissions will be insignificant. Yet, higher ethanol blends would lead to an increase in some impacts, notably terrestrial and freshwater toxicity as well as eutrophication for some feedstocks. © 2014 The Authors. Biotechnology Journal published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Mapping methane emissions using the airborne imaging spectrometer AVIRIS-NG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thorpe, A. K.; Frankenberg, C.; Thompson, D. R.; Duren, R. M.; Bue, B. D.; Green, R. O.

2017-12-01

The next generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) has been used to survey large regions and map methane plumes with unambiguous identification of emission source locations. This capability is aided by real time detection and geolocation of gas plumes, permitting adaptive surveys and communication to ground teams for rapid follow up. We present results from AVIRIS-NG flight campaigns in Colorado, New Mexico, and California. Hundreds of plumes were observed, reflecting emissions from the energy sector that include hydraulic fracturing, gas processing plants, tanks, pumpjacks, and pipeline leaks. In some cases, plumes observed by AVIRIS-NG resulted in mitigation. Additional examples will be shown for methane from dairy lagoons, landfills, natural emissions, as well as carbon dioxide from power plants and refineries. We describe the unique capabilities of airborne imaging spectrometers to augment other measurement techniques by efficiently surveying key regions for methane point sources and supporting timely assessment and mitigation. We summarize the outlook for near- and longer-term monitoring capabilities including future satellite systems. Figure caption. AVIRIS-NG true color image subset with superimposed methane plume showing retrieved gas concentrations. Plume extends 200 m downwind of the southern edge of the well pad. Google Earth imagery with finer spatial resolution is also included (red box), indicating that tanks in the inset scene as the source of emissions. Five wells are located at the center of this well pad and all use horizontal drilling to produce mostly natural gas.

Control of odor and VOC emissions at wastewater treatment plants: Boston Harbor case study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Getter, R.; Breen, C.; Laquidara, M.

1994-12-31

Siting of the new wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) in Boston was based on an assumption of mitigation of total reduced sulfur (TRS) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Collection and treatment of exhaust streams from potential emission sources was recommended. Best Available Control Technology (BACT) for VOC control was conservatively suggested to consist of wet by carbon adsorption based on initial sampling performed in 1988 during facilities planning, which estimated uncontrolled VOC emissions in excess of 1,000 tons per year. This concept was carried forward to the design phase in 1990, concurrent withmore » an extensive air emissions testing and pilot treatment program at the NMRA`s existing primary treatment plant. Results of the pilot program, however, indicated source VOC concentrations well below what was expected as a result of the initial sampling study. Use of the 1990 pilot data in a top-down BACT analysis led to a recommendation to reconsider VOC control with carbon adsorption on the basis of prohibitive cost. This paper summarizes the background and permitting approach for five new odor control facilities on Deer Island for the Boston Harbor Project, with emphasis on the new primary treatment facilities. The paper also presents results from the 1990 emissions characterization and pilot program, providing generally applicable ideas for solving the difficulties of characterizing and estimating emissions for WWTPS. Results from operation of the pilot facilities illustrate the effectiveness of met scrubbing and carbon adsorption in removing TRS and VOCs from wastewater treatment exhaust air streams. In addition, pilot program results indicate the importance of flexibility in design of odor control systems to accommodate variations in concentrations of TRS and VOCS.« less

Emissions markets, power markets and market power: A study of the interactions between contemporary emissions markets and deregulated electricity markets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dormady, Noah Christopher

Chapter 1: A Monte Carlo Approach. The use of auctions to distribute tradeable property rights to firms in already heavily concentrated markets may further exacerbate the problems of market power that exist within those markets. This chapter provides a model of a two-stage emissions market modeled after a contemporary regional permit trading market in the United States, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Inc. (RGGI). It then introduces Oligopsony 1.0, a C# software package constructed in the .NET environment that simulates uniform-price auctions using stochastic Monte Carlo simulation for modeling market power in tradeable property rights auctions. Monte Carlo methods add a probabilistic element to standard auction theoretic equilibria. The results of these simulations indicate that there can be significant non-linearities between profit and market power as exercised through strategic demand reduction. This analysis finds the optimum point of strategic demand reduction that enables the firm to exploit these non-linearities, and it determines the probability distributions of these optima using kernel density analysis. Chapter 2: An Experimental Approach. How will emerging auction-based emissions markets function within the context of today's deregulated auction-based electricity markets? This chapter provides an experimental analysis of a joint energy-emissions market. The impact of market power and collusion among dominant firms is evaluated to determine the extent to which an auction-based tradeable permit market influences performance in an adjacent electricity market. The experimental treatment design controls for a variety of real-world institutional features, including variable demand, permit banking, inter-temporal (multi-round) dynamics, a tightening cap, and resale. Results suggest that the exercise of market power significantly increases electricity auction clearing prices, without significantly increasing emissions auction clearing prices, and in some cases, even significantly suppresses them. The institution of auction-based carbon markets in the already-concentrated energy sector can further strengthen the market position of dominant firms who can leverage energy-emissions market linkages to their operational advantage. Chapter 3: Regulatory Mechanisms and Policy Approaches. Contemporary deregulated electricity markets are defined by a complex array of multi-settlement markets, with additional market-based mechanisms designed, to a large extent, to limit the exercise of market power by dominant firms. On top of the already complex nature of these markets, policymakers are also adding market-based mechanisms to curtail greenhouse gases. Key linkages exist between electricity and emissions markets that may be utilized by dominant firms. This chapter provides an analysis of three specific policy mechanisms that are utilized in contemporary markets to effectively reduce the incentive of dominant firms to exercise market power. These include convergence bidding, consignment auctions and multilevel holding accounts.

Method for determining the concentration of atomic species in gases and solids

DOEpatents

Loge, Gary W.

1998-01-01

Method for determining the concentration of atomic species in gases and solids. Measurement of at least two emission intensities from a species in a sample that is excited by incident laser radiation. Which generates a plasma therein after a sufficient time period has elapsed and during a second time period, permits an instantaneous temperature to be established within the sample. The concentration of the atomic species to be determined is then derived from the known emission intensity of a predetermined concentration of that species in the sample at the measured temperature, a quantity which is measured prior to the determination of the unknown concentration, and the actual measured emission from the unknown species, or by this latter emission and the emission intensity of a species having known concentration within the sample such as nitrogen for gaseous air samples.

Relationship between cardiovascular system response and adrenocortical glucocorticoid function on exposure to diffuse, low-intensity helium-neon laser emission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ushkova, I. N.; Pokrovskaya, L. A.; Stepanov, G. S.; Suvorov, I. M.; Kogan, M. Y.; Grishina, Y. F.

1984-06-01

The effect of light from a low intensity helium neon laser on the formation of a series of adaptive processes in the body is investigated. The study is carried out on 32 chinchilla rabbits, weighing from two to two point five kilograms. The right eyes of the creatures were subjected to diffuse laser radiation, for 30 days, 14 minutes per day, under conditions of low illumination. Controls are rabbits under the same conditions, but not exposed to laser radiation. In order to isolate the early glucocorticoid response to the treatment, the hydrocortisone content of the blood is determined which permitted judgment on presence of a functional cumulation effect. The body developed an adaptive/compensatory reaction to the laser radiation so that hydrocortisone levels and the system's hemodynamics and nervous system returned to normal.

Infrared Sensor-Based Temperature Control for Domestic Induction Cooktops

PubMed Central

Lasobras, Javier; Alonso, Rafael; Carretero, Claudio; Carretero, Enrique; Imaz, Eduardo

2014-01-01

In this paper, a precise real-time temperature control system based on infrared (IR) thermometry for domestic induction cooking is presented. The temperature in the vessel constitutes the control variable of the closed-loop power control system implemented in a commercial induction cooker. A proportional-integral controller is applied to establish the output power level in order to reach the target temperature. An optical system and a signal conditioning circuit have been implemented. For the signal processing a microprocessor with 12-bit ADC and a sampling rate of 1 Ksps has been used. The analysis of the contributions to the infrared radiation permits the definition of a procedure to estimate the temperature of the vessel with a maximum temperature error of 5 °C in the range between 60 and 250 °C for a known cookware emissivity. A simple and necessary calibration procedure with a black-body sample is presented. PMID:24638125

Infrared sensor-based temperature control for domestic induction cooktops.

PubMed

Lasobras, Javier; Alonso, Rafael; Carretero, Claudio; Carretero, Enrique; Imaz, Eduardo

2014-03-14

In this paper, a precise real-time temperature control system based on infrared (IR) thermometry for domestic induction cooking is presented. The temperature in the vessel constitutes the control variable of the closed-loop power control system implemented in a commercial induction cooker. A proportional-integral controller is applied to establish the output power level in order to reach the target temperature. An optical system and a signal conditioning circuit have been implemented. For the signal processing a microprocessor with 12-bit ADC and a sampling rate of 1 Ksps has been used. The analysis of the contributions to the infrared radiation permits the definition of a procedure to estimate the temperature of the vessel with a maximum temperature error of 5 °C in the range between 60 and 250 °C for a known cookware emissivity. A simple and necessary calibration procedure with a black-body sample is presented.

High resolution remote sensing of densely urbanised regions: a case study of Hong Kong.

PubMed

Nichol, Janet E; Wong, Man Sing

2009-01-01

Data on the urban environment such as climate or air quality is usually collected at a few point monitoring stations distributed over a city. However, the synoptic viewpoint of satellites where a whole city is visible on a single image permits the collection of spatially comprehensive data at city-wide scale. In spite of rapid developments in remote sensing systems, deficiencies in image resolution and algorithm development still exist for applications such as air quality monitoring and urban heat island analysis. This paper describes state-of-the-art techniques for enhancing and maximising the spatial detail available from satellite images, and demonstrates their applications to the densely urbanised environment of Hong Kong. An Emissivity Modulation technique for spatial enhancement of thermal satellite images permits modelling of urban microclimate in combination with other urban structural parameters at local scale. For air quality monitoring, a Minimum Reflectance Technique (MRT) has been developed for MODIS 500 m images. The techniques described can promote the routine utilization of remotely sensed images for environmental monitoring in cities of the 21(st) century.

High Resolution Remote Sensing of Densely Urbanised Regions: a Case Study of Hong Kong

PubMed Central

Nichol, Janet E.; Wong, Man Sing

2009-01-01

Data on the urban environment such as climate or air quality is usually collected at a few point monitoring stations distributed over a city. However, the synoptic viewpoint of satellites where a whole city is visible on a single image permits the collection of spatially comprehensive data at city-wide scale. In spite of rapid developments in remote sensing systems, deficiencies in image resolution and algorithm development still exist for applications such as air quality monitoring and urban heat island analysis. This paper describes state-of-the-art techniques for enhancing and maximising the spatial detail available from satellite images, and demonstrates their applications to the densely urbanised environment of Hong Kong. An Emissivity Modulation technique for spatial enhancement of thermal satellite images permits modelling of urban microclimate in combination with other urban structural parameters at local scale. For air quality monitoring, a Minimum Reflectance Technique (MRT) has been developed for MODIS 500 m images. The techniques described can promote the routine utilization of remotely sensed images for environmental monitoring in cities of the 21st century. PMID:22408549

Opacity meter for monitoring exhaust emissions from non-stationary sources

DOEpatents

Dec, John Edward

2000-01-01

Method and apparatus for determining the opacity of exhaust plumes from moving emissions sources. In operation, a light source is activated at a time prior to the arrival of a diesel locomotive at a measurement point, by means of a track trigger switch or the Automatic Equipment Identification system, such that the opacity measurement is synchronized with the passage of an exhaust plume past the measurement point. A beam of light from the light source passes through the exhaust plume of the locomotive and is detected by a suitable detector, preferably a high-rate photodiode. The light beam is well-collimated and is preferably monochromatic, permitting the use of a narrowband pass filter to discriminate against background light. In order to span a double railroad track and provide a beam which is substantially stronger than background, the light source, preferably a diode laser, must provide a locally intense beam. A high intensity light source is also desirable in order to increase accuracy at the high sampling rates required. Also included is a computer control system useful for data acquisition, manipulation, storage and transmission of opacity data and the identification of the associated diesel engine to a central data collection center.

VCSELs in short-pulse operation for time-of-flight applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moench, Holger; Gronenborn, Stephan; Gu, Xi; Gudde, Ralph; Herper, Markus; Kolb, Johanna; Miller, Michael; Smeets, Michael; Weigl, Alexander

2018-02-01

VCSEL arrays are the ideal light source for 3D imaging applications. The narrow emission spectrum and the ability for short pulses make them superior to LEDs. Combined with fast photodiodes or special camera chips spatial information can be obtained which is needed in diverse applications like camera autofocus, indoor navigation, 3D-object recognition, augmented reality or autonomously driving vehicles. Pulse operation at the ns scale and at low duty cycle can work with significantly higher current than traditionally used for VCSELs in continuous wave operation. With reduced thermal limitations at low average heat dissipation very high currents become feasible and tens of Watts output power have been realized with small VCSEL chips. The optical emission pattern of VCSELs can be tailored to the desired field of view using beam shaping elements. Such optical elements also enable laser safe class 1 products. A detailed analysis of the complete system and the operation mode is required to calculate the maximum permitted power for a safe system. The good VCSEL properties like robustness, stability over temperature and the potential for integrated solutions open a huge potential for VCSELs in new mass applications in the consumer and automotive markets.

Dynamic optimal strategies in transboundary pollution game under learning by doing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Shuhua; Qin, Weihua; Wang, Xinyu

2018-01-01

In this paper, we present a transboundary pollution game, in which emission permits trading and pollution abatement costs under learning by doing are considered. In this model, the abatement cost mainly depends on the level of pollution abatement and the experience of using pollution abatement technology. We use optimal control theory to investigate the optimal emission paths and the optimal pollution abatement strategies under cooperative and noncooperative games, respectively. Additionally, the effects of parameters on the results have been examined.

NASA Puffin Electric Tailsitter VTOL Concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, Mark D.

2010-01-01

Electric propulsion offers dramatic new vehicle mission capabilities, not possible with turbine or reciprocating engines; including high reliability and efficiency, low engine weight and maintenance, low cooling drag and volume required, very low noise and vibration, and zero emissions. The only penalizing characteristic of electric propulsion is the current energy storage technology level, which is set to triple over the next 5-10 years through huge new investments in this field. Most importantly, electric propulsion offers incredible new degrees of freedom in aircraft system integration to achieve unprecedented levels of aerodynamic, propulsive, control, and structural synergistic coupling. A unique characteristic of electric propulsion is that the technology is nearly scale-free, permitting small motors to be parallelized for fail-safe redundancy, or distributed across the airframe for tightly coupled interdisciplinary functionality without significant impacts in motor-controller efficiency or specific weight. Maximizing the potential benefit of electric propulsion is dependent on applying this technology to synergistic mission concepts. The vehicle missions with the most benefit include those which constrain environmental impact (or limit noise, exhaust, or emission signatures) are short range, or where large differences exist in the propulsion system sizing between takeoff and cruise conditions. Electric propulsion offers the following unique capabilities that other propulsion systems can t provide for short range Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) aircraft; elimination of engine noise and emissions, drastic reduction in engine cooling and radiated heat, drastic reduction in vehicle vibration levels, drastic improvement in reliability and operating costs, variable speed output at full power, for improved cruise efficiency at low tip-speed, elimination of high/hot sizing penalty, and reduction of engine-out penalties.

Development of optics with micro-LED arrays for improved opto-electronic neural stimulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaudet, Lionel; Neil, Mark; Degenaar, Patrick; Mehran, Kamyar; Berlinguer-Palmini, Rolando; Corbet, Brian; Maaskant, Pleun; Rogerson, David; Lanigan, Peter; Bamberg, Ernst; Roska, Botond

2013-03-01

The breakthrough discovery of a nanoscale optically gated ion channel protein, Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2), and its combination with a genetically expressed ion pump, Halorhodopsin, allowed the direct stimulation and inhibition of individual action potentials with light alone. This work reports developments of ultra-bright elec­ tronically controlled optical array sources with enhanced light gated ion channels and pumps for use in systems to further our understanding of both brain and visual function. This work is undertaken as part of the European project, OptoNeuro. Micro-LED arrays permit spatio-temporal control of neuron stimulation on sub-millisecond timescales. However they are disadvantaged by their broad spatial light emission distribution and low fill factor. We present the design and implementation of a projection and micro-optics system for use with a micro-LED array consisting of a 16x16 matrix of 25 μm diameter micro-LEDs with 150 μm centre-to-centre spacing and an emission spectrum centred at 470 nm overlapping the peak sensitivity of ChR2 and its testing on biological samples. The projection system images the micro-LED array onto micro-optics to improve the fill-factor from ~2% to more than 78% by capturing a larger fraction of the LED emission and directing it correctly to the sample plane. This approach allows low fill factor arrays to be used effectively, which in turn has benefits in terms of thermal management and electrical drive from CMOS backplane electronics. The entire projection system is integrated into a microscope prototype to provide stimulation spots at the same size as the neuron cell body (μ10 pm).

42 CFR 414.68 - Imaging accreditation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) Computed tomography. (iii) Nuclear medicine. (iv) Positron emission tomography. CMS-approved accreditation... if CMS takes an adverse action based on accreditation findings. (vi) Notify CMS, in writing... organization must permit its surveyors to serve as witnesses if CMS takes an adverse action based on...

42 CFR 414.68 - Imaging accreditation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...) Computed tomography. (iii) Nuclear medicine. (iv) Positron emission tomography. CMS-approved accreditation... if CMS takes an adverse action based on accreditation findings. (vi) Notify CMS, in writing... organization must permit its surveyors to serve as witnesses if CMS takes an adverse action based on...

42 CFR 414.68 - Imaging accreditation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Computed tomography. (iii) Nuclear medicine. (iv) Positron emission tomography. CMS-approved accreditation... if CMS takes an adverse action based on accreditation findings. (vi) Notify CMS, in writing... organization must permit its surveyors to serve as witnesses if CMS takes an adverse action based on...

Effect of low-density polyethylene on smoke emissions from burning of simulated debris piles.

PubMed

Hosseini, Seyedehsan; Shrivastava, Manish; Qi, Li; Weise, David R; Cocker, David R; Miller, John W; Jung, Heejung S

2014-06-01

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic is used to keep piled debris from silvicultural activities--activities associated with development and care of forests--dry to enable efficient disposal by burning. The effects of inclusion of LDPE in this manner on smoke emissions are not well known. In a combustion laboratory experiment, 2-kg mixtures of LDPE and manzanita (Arctostaphylos sp.) wood containing 0, 0.25, and 2.5% LDPE by mass were burned. Gaseous and particulate emissions were sampled in real time during the entire flaming, mixed combustion phase--when the flaming and smoldering phases are present at the same time--and during a portion of the smoldering phase. Analysis of variance was used to test significance of modified combustion efficiency (MCE)--the ratio of concentrations of fire-integrated excess CO2 to CO2 plus CO--and LDPE content on measured individual compounds. MCE ranged between 0.983 and 0.993, indicating that combustion was primarily flaming; MCE was seldom significant as a covariate. Of the 195 compounds identified in the smoke emissions, only the emission factor (EF) of 3M-octane showed an increase with increasing LDPE content. Inclusion of LDPE had an effect on EFs of pyrene and fluoranthene, but no statistical evidence of a linear trend was found. Particulate emission factors showed a marginally significant linear relationship with MCE (0.05 < P-value < 0.10). Based on the results of the current and previous studies and literature reviews, the inclusion of small mass proportions of LDPE in piled silvicultural debris does not appear to change the emissions produced when low-moisture-content wood is burned. In general, combustion of wet piles results in lower MCEs and consequently higher levels of emissions. Current air quality regulations permit the use of burning to dispose of silvicultural piles; however, inclusion of low-density polyethyelene (LDPE) plastic in silvicultural piles can result in a designation of the pile as waste. Waste burning is not permitted in many areas, and there is also concern that inclusion of LDPE leads to toxic air emissions.

Environmental trends

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Levin, M.; Smith, K.W.

1990-05-01

This article discusses Superfund's Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986; specifically, the provisions for release from liability for cleanup of contaminated property. These provisions are based on proof of innocence of prior knowledge before acquisition of the property. However, it appears that there are real problems in the determination of the level of inquiry necessary in good-faith site audits. Criminal penalties for knowing violations of permits or knowing releases of certain air emissions in the pending Clean Air Act may discourage sources from acquiring corrective knowledge through environmental audits. EPA's developing Enforcement for the 1990's project may seek to makemore » the absence of audit systems evidence of bad faith for general penalty purposes under the Agency's statutes.« less

Radiation source with shaped emission

DOEpatents

Kubiak, Glenn D.; Sweatt, William C.

2003-05-13

Employing a source of radiation, such as an electric discharge source, that is equipped with a capillary region configured into some predetermined shape, such as an arc or slit, can significantly improve the amount of flux delivered to the lithographic wafers while maintaining high efficiency. The source is particularly suited for photolithography systems that employs a ringfield camera. The invention permits the condenser which delivers critical illumination to the reticle to be simplified from five or more reflective elements to a total of three or four reflective elements thereby increasing condenser efficiency. It maximizes the flux delivered and maintains a high coupling efficiency. This architecture couples EUV radiation from the discharge source into a ring field lithography camera.

High Speed Mobility Through On-Demand Aviation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, Mark D.; Goodrich, Ken; Viken, Jeff; Smith, Jeremy; Fredericks, Bill; Trani, Toni; Barraclough, Jonathan; German, Brian; Patterson, Michael

2013-01-01

Game changing advances come about by the introduction of new technologies at a time when societal needs create the opportunity for new market solutions. A unique opportunity exists for NASA to bring about such a mobility revolution in General Aviation, extendable to other aviation markets, to maintain leadership in aviation by the United States. This report outlines the research carried out so far under NASA's leadership towards developing a new mobility choice, called Zip Aviation1,2,3. The feasibility, technology and system gaps that need to be addressed, and pathways for successful implementation have been investigated to guide future investment. The past decade indicates exciting trends in transportation technologies, which are quickly evolving. Automobiles are embracing automation to ease driver tasks as well as to completely control the vehicle with added safety (Figure 1). Electric propulsion is providing zero tail-pipe emission vehicles with dramatically lower energy and maintenance costs. These technologies have not yet been applied to aviation, yet offer compelling potential benefits across all aviation markets, and in particular to General Aviation (GA) as an early adopter market. The benefits of such an adoption are applicable in the following areas: ?? Safety: The GA market experiences accident rates that are substantially higher than automobiles or commercial airlines, with 7.5 fatal accidents per 100 million vehicle miles compared to 1.3 for automobiles and.068 for airlines. Approximately 80% of these accidents are caused by some form of pilot error, with another 13% caused by single point propulsion system failure. ?? Emissions: Environmental constraints are pushing for the elimination of 100Low Lead (LL) fuel used in most GA aircraft, with aviation fuel the #1 source of lead emissions into the environment. Aircraft also have no emission control systems (i.e. no catalytic converters etc.), so they are gross hydrocarbon polluters compared to automobiles. ?? Community Noise: Hub and smaller GA airports are facing increasing noise restrictions, and while commercial airliners have dramatically decreased their community noise footprint over the past 30 years, GA aircraft noise has essentially remained same, and moreover, is located in closer proximity to neighborhoods and businesses. ?? Operating Costs: GA operating costs have risen dramatically due to average fuel costs of over $6 per gallon, which has constrained the market over the past decade and resulted in more than 50% lower sales and 35% less yearly operations. Infusion of autonomy and electric propulsion technologies can accomplish not only a transformation of the GA market, but also provide a technology enablement bridge for both larger aircraft and the emerging civil Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) markets. The NASA Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) project successfully used a similar approach to enable the introduction of primary composite structures and flat panel displays in the 1990s, establishing both the technology and certification standardization to permit quick adoption through partnerships with industry, academia, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Regional and airliner markets are experiencing constant pressure to achieve decreasing levels of community emissions and noise, while lowering operating costs and improving safety. But to what degree can these new technology frontiers impact aircraft safety, the environment, operations, cost, and performance? Are the benefits transformational enough to fundamentally alter aircraft competiveness and productivity to permit much greater aviation use for high speed and On-Demand Mobility (ODM)? These questions were asked in a Zip aviation system study named after the Zip Car, an emerging car-sharing business model. Zip Aviation investigates the potential to enable new emergent markets for aviation that offer "more flexibility than the existing transportation solutions." These studies indicate that autonomy and electric propulsion technology infusions offer a unique opportunity to provide breakthrough capabilities for new high speed, on-demand travel alternatives that can leapfrog the need for future expensive ground-based infrastructure investment. At the same time, such investments offer a method of laying the foundation for these technologies to be incubated for commercial aviation at lower cost, and with lower initial certification thresholds due to the relatively poor capabilities of GA aircraft to permit early adoption and private market capitalization by rapid technology accelerations, as depicted in Figure 2.

77 FR 6112 - Notice of Final National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-07

... Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for Discharges From Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs... permit for discharges from eligible owners/operators of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs... of the final permit, animal feeding operations that are defined as CAFOs or designated as CAFOs by...

75 FR 4554 - Modification to 2008 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-28

... Construction Activities AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: EPA Regions 1... System (NPDES) general permits for stormwater discharges associated with construction activity in order... will be referred to as ``permit'' or ``2008 construction general permit'' or ``2008 CGP.'' The 2008 CGP...

BATMAN beam properties characterization by the beam emission spectroscopy diagnostic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bonomo, F.; Ruf, B.; Barbisan, M.; Cristofaro, S.; Schiesko, L.; Fantz, U.; Franzen, P.; Pasqualotto, R.; Riedl, R.; Serianni, G.; Wünderlich, D.

2015-04-01

The ITER neutral beam heating systems are based on the production and acceleration of negative ions (H/D) up to 1 MV. The requirements for the beam properties are strict: a low core beam divergence (< 0.4 °) together with a low source pressure (≤ 0.3 Pa) would permit to reduce the ion losses along the beamline, keeping the stripping particle losses below 30%. However, the attainment of such beam properties is not straightforward. At IPP, the negative ion source testbed BATMAN (BAvarian Test MAchine for Negative ions) allows for deepening the knowledge of the determination of the beam properties. One of the diagnostics routinely used to this purpose is the Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES): the Hα light emitted in the beam is detected and the corresponding spectra are evaluated to estimate the beam divergence and the stripping losses. The BES number of lines of sight in BATMAN has been recently increased: five horizontal lines of sight providing a vertical profile of the beam permit to characterize the negative ion beam properties in relation to the source parameters. Different methods of Hα spectra analysis are here taken into account and compared for the estimation of the beam divergence and the amount of stripping. In particular, to thoroughly study the effect of the space charge compensation on the beam divergence, an additional hydrogen injection line has been added in the tank, which allows for setting different background pressure values (one order of magnitude, from about 0.04 Pa up to the source pressure) in the beam drift region.

Federal NOx Budget Trading Program and CAIR NOx and SO2 Trading Programs (40 CFR Part 97)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This part establishes general provisions and the applicability, permitting, allowance, excess emissions, monitoring, and opt-in provisions for the federal NOx Budget Trading Program as a means of mitigating interstate transport of ozone and nitrogen oxides

78 FR 69296 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Montana; Revisions to the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-19

....8.1603, 17.8.1604, 17.8.1605, and 17.8.1606, pertaining to the regulation of oil and gas well... Coordination with Montana Air Quality Permit Rules; 17.8.1603, Emission Control Requirements; 17.8.1604...

EMISSIONS VARIABILITY IN TRADABLE PERMIT MARKETS WITH IMPERFECT ENFORCEMENT AND BANKING. (R829609)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

40 CFR 94.805 - Prohibited acts; penalties.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Importation of Nonconforming Engines § 94.805 Prohibited acts; penalties. (a) The importation of an engine (including an engine... otherwise permitted by this subpart, during a period of conditional admission, the importer of an engine may...

40 CFR 63.1654 - Operational and work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... according to a written fugitive dust control plan must be incorporated in the operating permit for the... standards. 63.1654 Section 63.1654 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES...

40 CFR 63.1654 - Operational and work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... according to a written fugitive dust control plan must be incorporated in the operating permit for the... standards. 63.1654 Section 63.1654 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES...

40 CFR 88.202-94 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 1992 model year. Averaging for clean-fuel vehicles means the sale of clean-fuel vehicles that meet more... emissions credits, for use in future model-year certification as permitted by regulation. Sales means vehicles that are produced, sold, and distributed (in accordance with normal business practices and...

47 CFR 95.637 - Modulation standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... amplitude modulation and frequency or phase modulation of a transmitter are not permitted. (d) When emission... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Modulation standards. 95.637 Section 95.637... SERVICES Technical Regulations Technical Standards § 95.637 Modulation standards. (a) A GMRS transmitter...

Iofetamine hydrochloride I 123: a new radiopharmaceutical for cerebral perfusion imaging

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Druckenbrod, R.W.; Williams, C.C.; Gelfand, M.J.

1989-01-01

Iofetamine hydrochloride I-123 permits cerebral blood perfusion imaging with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). SPECT is more widely available than positron emission tomography, and complements anatomic visualization with X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging. Iofetamine is an amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs, then redistributed principally to the liver and brain. The precise mechanism of localization has not been determined, but is believed to result from nonspecific receptor binding. Brain uptake peaks at 30 minutes postinjection and remains relatively constant through 60 minutes. The drug is metabolized and excreted in the urine, withmore » negligible activity remaining at 48 hours. When compared with CT in stroke patients, visualization may be performed sooner after symptom onset and a larger zone of involvement may be evident with iofetamine. Localization of seizure foci and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease may also be possible. As CT has revolutionized noninvasive imaging of brain anatomy, SPECT with iofetamine permits routine cerebral blood flow imaging. 36 references.« less

The recovery of waste and off-gas in Large Combustion Plants subject to IPPC National Permit in Italy.

PubMed

Di Marco, Giuseppe; Manuzzi, Raffaella

2018-03-01

The recovery of off-gas, waste, and biomass in Large Combustion Plants for energy production gives the opportunity to recycle waste and by-products and to recover materials produced in agricultural and industrial activities. The paper illustrates the Italian situation regarding the production of energy from off-gas, biomass, and waste in Large Combustion Plants subject to Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) National Permit. Moreover, it focuses on the 4 Italian Large Combustion Plants producing energy from biomass and waste. For these ones it illustrates the specific issues related to and provides a description of the solutions adopted in the 4 Italian plants. Given that air emission performance is the most relevant aspect of this kind of plants, the paper specifically focuses and reports results about this subject. In particular, in Italy among 113 LCPs subject to IPPC National Permit we have found that 4 plants use as fuel waste (i.e. solid or liquid biomasses and Solid Recovered Fuels), or a mixture of waste and traditional fuels (co-combustion of Solid Recovered Fuels and coal), and that 11 plants use as fuel off-gases listed in Annex X (i.e. Refinery Fuel Gas, Syngas, and gases produced in iron and steel industries). Moreover, there are 2 IPPC chemical plants that recovery energy from different off-gases not listed in Annex X. Regarding the 4 LCPs that produce energy from waste combustion or co-combustion, we find that they take into account all the specific issues related to this kind of plants (i.e. detailed waste characterization, waste acceptance procedures, waste handling and storage, waste pretreatment and emissions to air), and adopt solutions that are best available techniques to prevent pollution. Moreover for one of these plants, the only one for which we have a significant set of monitoring data because it obtained the IPPC National Permit in 2008, we find that energy efficiency and air emissions of the principal pollutants are in good compliance with European coal- and lignite-fired combustion plants co-incinerating waste and with BAT-AELs reported in the BREF document. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

76 FR 44809 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, Placer County Air Pollution Control...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-27

...EPA is finalizing a limited approval and limited disapproval of permitting rules submitted for the Placer County Air Pollution Control District (PCAPCD) and Feather River Air Quality Management District (FRAQMD) portions of the California State Implementation Plan (SIP). These revisions were proposed in the Federal Register on May 19, 2011 and concern New Source Review (NSR) permit programs for new and modified major stationary sources of air pollution. We are approving local rules that regulate these emission sources under the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA or the Act).

Method for determining the concentration of atomic species in gases and solids

DOEpatents

Loge, G.W.

1998-02-03

Method is described for determining the concentration of atomic species in gases and solids. The method involves measurement of at least two emission intensities from a species in a sample that is excited by incident laser radiation. This generates a plasma therein after a sufficient time period has elapsed and during a second time period, permits an instantaneous temperature to be established within the sample. The concentration of the atomic species to be determined is then derived from the known emission intensity of a predetermined concentration of that species in the sample at the measured temperature, a quantity which is measured prior to the determination of the unknown concentration, and the actual measured emission from the unknown species, or by this latter emission and the emission intensity of a species having known concentration within the sample such as nitrogen for gaseous air samples. 4 figs.

Optical diagnostics in gas turbine combustors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Woodruff, Steven D.

1999-01-01

Deregulation of the power industry and increasingly tight emission controls are pushing gas turbine manufacturers to develop engines operating at high pressure for efficiency and lean fuel mixtures to control NOx. This combination also gives rise to combustion instabilities which threaten engine integrity through acoustic pressure oscillations and flashback. High speed imaging and OH emission sensors have been demonstrated to be invaluable tools in characterizing and monitoring unstable combustion processes. Asynchronous imaging technique permit detailed viewing of cyclic flame structure in an acoustic environment which may be modeled or utilized in burner design . The response of the flame front to the acoustic pressure cycle may be tracked with an OH emission monitor using a sapphire light pipe for optical access. The OH optical emission can be correlated to pressure sensor data for better understanding of the acoustical coupling of the flame. Active control f the combustion cycle can be implemented using an OH emission sensor for feedback.

Non-equilibrium thermionic electron emission for metals at high temperatures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Domenech-Garret, J. L.; Tierno, S. P.; Conde, L.

2015-08-01

Stationary thermionic electron emission currents from heated metals are compared against an analytical expression derived using a non-equilibrium quantum kappa energy distribution for the electrons. The latter depends on the temperature decreasing parameter κ ( T ) , which decreases with increasing temperature and can be estimated from raw experimental data and characterizes the departure of the electron energy spectrum from equilibrium Fermi-Dirac statistics. The calculations accurately predict the measured thermionic emission currents for both high and moderate temperature ranges. The Richardson-Dushman law governs electron emission for large values of kappa or equivalently, moderate metal temperatures. The high energy tail in the electron energy distribution function that develops at higher temperatures or lower kappa values increases the emission currents well over the predictions of the classical expression. This also permits the quantitative estimation of the departure of the metal electrons from the equilibrium Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model.

PubMed

Andersen, Lykke E; Doyle, Anna Sophia; del Granado, Susana; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Medinaceli, Agnes; Valdivia, Montserrat; Weinhold, Diana

2016-01-01

Accurate estimates of global carbon emissions are critical for understanding global warming. This paper estimates net carbon emissions from land use change in Bolivia during the periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 using a model that takes into account deforestation, forest degradation, forest regrowth, gradual carbon decomposition and accumulation, as well as heterogeneity in both above ground and below ground carbon contents at the 10 by 10 km grid level. The approach permits detailed maps of net emissions by region and type of land cover. We estimate that net CO2 emissions from land use change in Bolivia increased from about 65 million tons per year during 1990-2000 to about 93 million tons per year during 2000-2010, while CO2 emissions per capita and per unit of GDP have remained fairly stable over the sample period. If we allow for estimated biomass increases in mature forests, net CO2 emissions drop to close to zero. Finally, we find these results are robust to alternative methods of calculating emissions.

Net Carbon Emissions from Deforestation in Bolivia during 1990-2000 and 2000-2010: Results from a Carbon Bookkeeping Model

PubMed Central

Andersen, Lykke E.; Doyle, Anna Sophia; del Granado, Susana; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Medinaceli, Agnes; Valdivia, Montserrat; Weinhold, Diana

2016-01-01

Accurate estimates of global carbon emissions are critical for understanding global warming. This paper estimates net carbon emissions from land use change in Bolivia during the periods 1990–2000 and 2000–2010 using a model that takes into account deforestation, forest degradation, forest regrowth, gradual carbon decomposition and accumulation, as well as heterogeneity in both above ground and below ground carbon contents at the 10 by 10 km grid level. The approach permits detailed maps of net emissions by region and type of land cover. We estimate that net CO2 emissions from land use change in Bolivia increased from about 65 million tons per year during 1990–2000 to about 93 million tons per year during 2000–2010, while CO2 emissions per capita and per unit of GDP have remained fairly stable over the sample period. If we allow for estimated biomass increases in mature forests, net CO2 emissions drop to close to zero. Finally, we find these results are robust to alternative methods of calculating emissions. PMID:26990865

Maryland's efforts to develop regulations creating an air emissions offset trading program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guy, D.M.; Zaw-Mon, M.

1999-07-01

Under the federal Clean Air Act's New Source Review program, many companies located in or planning to locate in areas that do not meet federal air quality standards or in the Northeast Ozone Transport Region (northern Virginia to Maine) must obtain emission reductions (called offsets) of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides that are greater than the new emissions that will be released. This offset requirement allows growth in industry while protecting air quality against deterioration. Despite the federal offset requirement, a formal banking and trading program is not mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Still, amore » mechanism is needed to ensure that emission reduction credits (ERCs) are available for sources to use to meet the offset requirement. Currently, Maryland does not have regulations covering the sale or transfer of ERCs from one facility to another. Maryland works with industry on a case-by-case basis to identify potential sources of ERCs and to assist in obtaining them. Then, the offset requirement and the ERCs used to meet the offsets are incorporated into individual permits using various permitting mechanisms. Desiring certainty and stability in the banking and trading process, Maryland's business community has pressed for regulations to formalize Maryland's procedures. Working over several years through a stakeholder process, Maryland has developed concepts for a trading program and a draft regulation. This paper describes Maryland's current case-by-case banking and trading procedure and traces efforts to develop a regulation to formalize the process. The paper discusses complex policy issues related to establishing a banking and trading program, describes the principal elements of Maryland's draft regulation, and summarizes elements of other states' emissions banking and trading programs.« less

A review of low-level air pollution and adverse effects on human health: implications for epidemiological studies and public policy

PubMed Central

Olmo, Neide Regina Simões; do Nascimento Saldiva, Paulo Hilário; Braga, Alfésio Luís Ferreira; Lin, Chin An; de Paula Santos, Ubiratan; Pereira, Luiz Alberto Amador

2011-01-01

The aim of this study was to review original scientific articles describing the relationship between atmospheric pollution and damage to human health. We also aimed to determine which of these studies mentioned public policy issues. Original articles relating to atmospheric pollution and human health published between 1995 and 2009 were retrieved from the PubMed database and analyzed. This study included only articles dealing with atmospheric pollutants resulting primarily from vehicle emissions. Three researchers were involved in the final selection of the studies, and the chosen articles were approved by at least two of the three researchers. Of the 84 non-Brazilian studies analyzed, 80 showed an association between atmospheric pollution and adverse effects on human health. Moreover, 66 showed evidence of adverse effects on human health, even at levels below the permitted emission standards. Three studies mentioned public policies aimed at changing emission standards. Similarly, the 29 selected Brazilian studies reported adverse associations with human health, and 27 showed evidence of adverse effects even at levels below the legally permitted emission standards. Of these studies, 16 mentioned public policies aimed at changing emission standards. Based on the Brazilian and non-Brazilian scientific studies that have been conducted, it can be concluded that, even under conditions that are compliant with Brazilian air quality standards, the concentration of atmospheric pollutants in Brazil can negatively affect human health. However, as little discussion of this topic has been generated, this finding demonstrates the need to incorporate epidemiological evidence into decisions regarding legal regulations and to discuss the public policy implications in epidemiological studies. PMID:21655765

40 CFR 49.139 - Rule for non-Title V operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., the Tribal governing body, and the Tribal, State, and local air pollution authorities having... limitation. (C) A description of the production processes and a related flow chart. (D) Identification of...; (ii) Mass balance calculations; (iii) Published, verifiable emission factors that are applicable to...

77 FR 35326 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Minor New Source Review (NSR...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-13

... for Cotton Gins AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: EPA is... regulation related to minor NSR preconstruction permitting for particulate matter emissions from cotton ginning facilities. The submitted Cotton Gin regulation provides an alternative preconstruction process...

40 CFR 63.1654 - Operational and work practice standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... according to a written fugitive dust control plan must be incorporated in the operating permit for the... 40 Protection of Environment 13 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Operational and work practice standards... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES...

40 CFR 72.40 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.40 General. (a) For each affected unit included in an Acid Rain permit application, a complete compliance plan shall: (1) For sulfur dioxide... of the Acid Rain compliance options. (2) For nitrogen oxides emissions, certify that the unit will...

40 CFR 72.40 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.40 General. (a) For each affected unit included in an Acid Rain permit application, a complete compliance plan shall: (1) For sulfur dioxide... of the Acid Rain compliance options. (2) For nitrogen oxides emissions, certify that the unit will...

40 CFR 72.40 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.40 General. (a) For each affected unit included in an Acid Rain permit application, a complete compliance plan shall: (1) For sulfur dioxide... of the Acid Rain compliance options. (2) For nitrogen oxides emissions, certify that the unit will...

40 CFR 72.40 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.40 General. (a) For each affected unit included in an Acid Rain permit application, a complete compliance plan shall: (1) For sulfur dioxide... of the Acid Rain compliance options. (2) For nitrogen oxides emissions, certify that the unit will...

40 CFR 72.40 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... REGULATION Acid Rain Compliance Plan and Compliance Options § 72.40 General. (a) For each affected unit included in an Acid Rain permit application, a complete compliance plan shall: (1) For sulfur dioxide... of the Acid Rain compliance options. (2) For nitrogen oxides emissions, certify that the unit will...

Photochemical Conversion of Surrogate Emissions for Use in Toxicological Studies: Role of Particulate- and Gas-Phase Products

EPA Science Inventory

The production of photochemical atmospheres under controlled conditions in an irradiated chamber permits the manipulation of a variety of parameters that influences resulting air pollutant chemistry and potential biological effects. To date no studies have examined how contrastin...

Online Systems for Oversize and Overweight Freight Permitting and Motor Carrier Credentialing : Transportation Research Synthesis.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2017-09-01

MnDOT uses two online systems implemented in the 1990s to issue and manage permits for oversize/overweight (OS/OW) freight and motor carrier credentials: - RouteBuilder, an OS/OW permitting system with a routing component. - Motor Carrier Information...

Estimating PM2.5-associated mortality increase in California due to the Volkswagen emission control defeat device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Tianyang; Jerrett, Michael; Sinsheimer, Peter; Zhu, Yifang

2016-11-01

The Volkswagen Group of America (VW) was found by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to have installed "defeat devices" and emit more oxides of nitrogen (NOx) than permitted under current EPA standards. In this paper, we quantify the hidden NOx emissions from this so-called VW scandal and the resulting public health impacts in California. The NOx emissions are calculated based on VW road test data and the CARB Emission Factors (EMFAC) model. Cumulative hidden NOx emissions from 2009 to 2015 were estimated to be over 3500 tons. Adult mortality changes were estimated based on ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) change due to secondary nitrate formation and the related concentration-response functions. We estimated that hidden NOx emissions from 2009 to 2015 have resulted in a total of 12 PM2.5-associated adult mortality increases in California. Most of the mortality increase happened in metropolitan areas, due to their high population and vehicle density.

Arecibo Optical Laboratory Upgrade: imaging FPI first results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noto, J.; Kerr, R. B.; Migliozzi, M. A.; Tepley, C. A.; Friedman, J.; Garcia, R.; Robles, E.; Waldrop, L. S.

2006-05-01

The Optical Laboratory at the Arecibo Observatory is being upgraded to permit remote operation, to improve Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) sensitivity, and to permit FPI response in the near infrared. Integration of a 2048 x 2048 Andor CCD array into the existing low-resolution Fabry Perot Interferometer is complete. Remote operation and data acquisition for this FPI is accomplished by transition from the obsolete PDP-11 data acquisition system to PC-based, internet aware control. Another upgrade stage, adding a near-infrared focal plane array to a second FPI is scheduled for the fall of this year. Configured with a spectral resolution of 0.0086 nm at 656.3 nm, the low resolution FPI sampled the geocoronal Balmer-alpha emission during three new moon periods in November and December, 2005, and January, 2006. The latter two observation campaigns were conducted using the new remote control capability. The single etalon FPI produces three orders at the CCD plane corresponding to a full field-of-view of 0.92 degrees. The FPI Hadinger ring pattern is summed annularly, and the three orders are subsequently summed, producing an instrument sensitivity that is 43 times better than the previous single channel photomultiplier detection system. Raw detector response is corrected using both linear (chip bias) and non-linear techniques (flat-field) prior to ring-summing. A frequency stabilized HeNe laser at 632.8 nm is remotely operated to establish the FPI response function. Effective exospheric temperature and line profile asymmetries are determined after decomposition of the instrument response function from the measured airglow emission. Identification and climatological characterization of non-Maxwellian H distributions, with simultaneous quantification of H+ abundance and flow in the topside ionosphere by the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar, are measurements central to our goal of improved understanding of H on H+ charge exchange escape of H.

AN INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CLIMATE IMPACT OF SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOLS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Donnell, D.; Feichter, J.

2009-12-01

Atmospheric aerosols influence the Earth’s climate by absorbing and scattering solar radiation (the direct effect) and by altering the properties of clouds (indirect effects). Measurements have shown that a substantial fraction of the tropospheric aerosol burden consists of organic compounds. Hundreds of different organic species have been identified. While progress has been made in the understanding of the role of certain aerosol types in the climate system, that of organic aerosols remains poorly understood and the climate influences resulting from their presence poorly constrained. Organic aerosols are emitted directly from the surface (primary organic aerosols, POA) and are also formed in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors by oxidation reactions (secondary organic aerosols, SOA). Both biogenic and anthropogenic precursors have been identified. Biogenic emissions of aerosol precursors are known to be climate-dependent. Thus, a bi-directional dependency exists between the biosphere and the atmosphere, whereby aerosols of biogenic origin influence the climate system, which in turn affects biogenic aerosol precursor production. This study builds upon the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5/HAM and adds techniques to model SOA as well as the necessary global emission inventories. Emission of biogenic precursors is calculated online. Formation of SOA is modeled by the well-known two-product model of SOA formation. SOA is subject to the same aerosol microphysics and sink processes as other modeled species (sulphate, black carbon, primary organic carbon, sea salt and dust). The aerosol radiative effects are calculated on a size resolved basis, and the aerosol scheme is coupled to the model cloud microphysics, permitting estimation of both direct and indirect aerosol effects. The following results will be discussed: (i) Estimation of the direct and indirect effects of biogenic and anthropogenic SOA, (ii) Estimation of the sign and magnitude of the biospheric feedback (through biogenic aerosol precursor emission) on the climate system, and (iii) Identification of physical processes and aerosol physical properties that need further experimental investigation in order to improve our understanding of the climate impact of SOA

78 FR 57654 - Proposed Information Collection; Research Permit and Reporting System Applications and Reports

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-19

...: Individuals; businesses; academic and research institutions; and Federal, State, local, and tribal governments....NM0000] Proposed Information Collection; Research Permit and Reporting System Applications and Reports... 2.5 provide for taking of scientific research specimens in parks. We use a permit system to manage...

Requirements for a Global Greenhouse Gas Information System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duren, R.; Boland, S.; Lempert, R.; Miller, C.

2008-12-01

A global greenhouse gas information system will prove a critical component of any successful effort to mitigate climate change which relies on limiting the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. The system will provide the situational awareness necessary to actively reduce emissions, influence land use change, and sequester carbon. The information from such a system will be subject to intense scrutiny. Therefore, an effective system must openly and transparently produce data of unassailable quality. A global greenhouse gas information system will likely require a combination of space-and air-based remote- sensing assets, ground-based measurements, carbon cycle modeling and self-reporting. The specific requirements on such a system will be shaped by the degree of international cooperation it enjoys and the needs of the policy regime it aims to support, which might range from verifying treaty obligations, to certifying the tradable permits and offsets underlying a market in greenhouse gas emission reductions, to providing a comprehensive inventory of high and low emitters that could be used by non-governmental organizations and other international actors. While some technical studies have examined particular system components in single scenarios, there remains a need for a comprehensive survey of the range of potential requirements, options, and strategies for the overall system. We have initiated such a survey and recently hosted a workshop which engaged a diverse community of stakeholders to begin synthesizing requirements for such a system, with an initial focus on carbon dioxide. In this paper we describe our plan for completing the definition of the requirements, options, and strategies for a global greenhouse gas monitoring system. We discuss our overall approach and provide a status on the initial requirements synthesis activity.

The 20-year history of the evolution of air pollution control legislation in the U.S.A.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schulze, Richard H.

Over the past 20 years, the U.S. Congress has passed four acts relating to clean air. The 1970 act set out a comprehensive plan for federal-state partnership to require all areas in the country to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In 1977, the act was amended and expanded, both to address many of the problems encountered in the 1970 act and to reorient the law to limit significantly emissions of any sort, even if there were no currently identified health-related reasons. In 1986, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act was passed, as an amendment to a solid waste law, in response to the desire to prevent chemical release tragedies. After 10 years of effort, Congress finally passed the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments which require a number of new programs aimed at curbing urban ozone, rural acid rain, stratospheric ozone, toxic air pollutant emissions and vehicle emissions, and establishing a new, uniform national permit system. This paper discusses some of the consequences of the various acts and suggests ways that others might learn from our 20 years of experience. Certain programs have worked quite well, while some alternatives could have improved other programs.

30 CFR 778.17 - Permit term.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS PERMIT APPLICATIONS-MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR LEGAL, FINANCIAL, COMPLIANCE, AND RELATED INFORMATION § 778.17 Permit...

78 FR 13497 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Maryland; Deferral for CO2

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-28

... defers until July 21, 2014 the application of the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD... Other Biogenic Sources Under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration Program AGENCY: Environmental... July 21, 2014 the application of PSD permitting requirements to biogenic CO 2 emissions from bioenergy...

40 CFR 205.160-8 - Prohibition of distribution in commerce; manufacturer's remedy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Prohibition of distribution in commerce... Prohibition of distribution in commerce; manufacturer's remedy. (a) The Administrator will permit the... emission tests conducted pursuant to appendix I may not be distributed in commerce until necessary...

40 CFR 63.1357 - Temporary, conditioned exemption from particulate matter and opacity standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry Other § 63.1357 Temporary, conditioned exemption from... applicable to cement kilns and clinker coolers. (2) Any permit or other emissions or operating parameter or other limitation on workplace practices that are applicable to cement kilns and clinker coolers to...

40 CFR 63.1357 - Temporary, conditioned exemption from particulate matter and opacity standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the Portland Cement Manufacturing Industry Other § 63.1357 Temporary, conditioned exemption from... applicable to cement kilns and clinker coolers. (2) Any permit or other emissions or operating parameter or other limitation on workplace practices that are applicable to cement kilns and clinker coolers to...

75 FR 81874 - Action To Ensure Authority To Issue Permits Under the Prevention of Significant Deterioration...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-29

... Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Finding of Failure To Submit State Implementation Plan Revisions Required for Greenhouse Gases AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: The EPA is... Deterioration (PSD) requirements to greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting sources. By notice dated December 13, 2010...

40 CFR 49.139 - Rule for non-Title V operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the air pollution source, the Tribal governing body, and the Tribal, State, and local air pollution... limitation. (C) A description of the production processes and a related flow chart. (D) Identification of...; (ii) Mass balance calculations; (iii) Published, verifiable emission factors that are applicable to...

40 CFR 49.139 - Rule for non-Title V operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the air pollution source, the Tribal governing body, and the Tribal, State, and local air pollution... limitation. (C) A description of the production processes and a related flow chart. (D) Identification of...; (ii) Mass balance calculations; (iii) Published, verifiable emission factors that are applicable to...

40 CFR 49.139 - Rule for non-Title V operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the air pollution source, the Tribal governing body, and the Tribal, State, and local air pollution... limitation. (C) A description of the production processes and a related flow chart. (D) Identification of...; (ii) Mass balance calculations; (iii) Published, verifiable emission factors that are applicable to...

40 CFR 49.139 - Rule for non-Title V operating permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the air pollution source, the Tribal governing body, and the Tribal, State, and local air pollution... limitation. (C) A description of the production processes and a related flow chart. (D) Identification of...; (ii) Mass balance calculations; (iii) Published, verifiable emission factors that are applicable to...

40 CFR 52.2081 - EPA-approved EPA Rhode Island State regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... approved, 9.12 Emission Banking approved. 2/13/84 7/6/84 49 FR 27749 (c)(22) PSD fully approved, 9.2.3(b...) Addition of PSD NO2 increments. Air Pollution Control Permits 3/4/93 2/6/96 61 FR 4356 (c)(41) Addition of...

40 CFR 52.2081 - EPA-approved EPA Rhode Island State regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... approved, 9.12 Emission Banking approved. 2/13/84 7/6/84 49 FR 27749 (c)(22) PSD fully approved, 9.2.3(b...) Addition of PSD NO2 increments. Air Pollution Control Permits 3/4/93 2/6/96 61 FR 4356 (c)(41) Addition of...

40 CFR 52.2081 - EPA-approved EPA Rhode Island State regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... approved, 9.12 Emission Banking approved. 2/13/84 7/6/84 49 FR 27749 (c)(22) PSD fully approved, 9.2.3(b...) Addition of PSD NO2 increments. Air Pollution Control Permits 3/4/93 2/6/96 61 FR 4356 (c)(41) Addition of...

76 FR 81836 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Albuquerque/Bernalillo...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-29

... Significant Deterioration (PSD) program to establish appropriate emission thresholds for determining which new stationary sources and modification projects become subject to Albuquerque/Bernalillo County's PSD permitting..., New Mexico December 15, 2010 PSD SIP revision because the Agency has determined that this PSD SIP...

77 FR 11744 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Tennessee: Prevention of Significant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-28

... New Source Review (NSR) Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program. Specifically, the SIP... modification projects become subject to Tennessee's PSD permitting requirements for GHG emissions. This rule... thresholds in the Tennessee SIP for GHG PSD requirements. EPA is approving Tennessee's January 11, 2012, SIP...

40 CFR 52.2081 - EPA-approved EPA Rhode Island State regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... approved, 9.12 Emission Banking approved. 2/13/84 7/6/84 49 FR 27749 (c)(22) PSD fully approved, 9.2.3(b...) Addition of PSD NO2 increments. Air Pollution Control Permits 3/4/93 2/6/96 61 FR 4356 (c)(41) Addition of...

40 CFR 63.1312 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Group IV Polymers and Resins § 63.1312 Definitions. (a) The following....111) Owner or operator (§ 63.2) Performance evaluation (§ 63.2) Performance test (§ 63.2) Permitting...-up, shutdown, and malfunction plan (§ 63.101) State (§ 63.2) Stationary Source (§ 63.2) Surge control...

76 FR 72700 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collections; Comment Request; Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-25

... review programs for new or modified stationary sources of air pollution. In addition, the provisions of... the emissions from the construction and modification of any stationary source of air pollution to.... Partially counteracting these increases, the Flexible Air Permitting Rule had the effect of reducing the...

40 CFR 63.1367 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... operator must keep records of the DOT certification required by § 63.1362(c)(6)(ii) and the pressure relief... permit authority, greater risk to human health or the environment than if the emission points were... guidance that the Administrator makes available for use or any other technically sound information or...

40 CFR 63.1259 - Recordkeeping requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... operator must keep records of the DOT certification required by § 63.1253(f)(2) and the pressure relief... option of the operating permit authority, greater risk to human health or the environment than if the... for use or any other technically sound information or methods. (ii) An emissions averaging plan that...

40 CFR 63.3400 - What notifications and reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Paper and Other Web Coating Notifications... under § 63.9(b), provided the same information is contained in the permit application as required by... compliance report must contain the information in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section: (i...

40 CFR 63.3400 - What notifications and reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Paper and Other Web Coating... under § 63.9(b), provided the same information is contained in the permit application as required by... compliance report must contain the information in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section: (i...

40 CFR 63.3400 - What notifications and reports must I submit?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Paper and Other Web Coating... under § 63.9(b), provided the same information is contained in the permit application as required by... compliance report must contain the information in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (vi) of this section: (i...

40 CFR 49.10406 - Contents of implementation plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... permits. (m) Section 49.135Rule for emissions detrimental to public health or welfare. (n) Section 49.137Rule for air pollution episodes. (o) Section 49.138Rule for the registration of air pollution sources... FEDERAL ASSISTANCE TRIBAL CLEAN AIR ACT AUTHORITY Implementation Plans for Tribes-Region X Implementation...

40 CFR 63.9375 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... malfunction, regardless or whether or not such failure is permitted by this subpart. Engine means any internal.... Malfunction means any sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failure of air pollution control... potential to cause, the emission limitations in an applicable standard to be exceeded. Failures that are...

40 CFR 63.9375 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... malfunction, regardless or whether or not such failure is permitted by this subpart. Engine means any internal.... Malfunction means any sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failure of air pollution control... potential to cause, the emission limitations in an applicable standard to be exceeded. Failures that are...

40 CFR 63.9375 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... malfunction, regardless or whether or not such failure is permitted by this subpart. Engine means any internal.... Malfunction means any sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failure of air pollution control... potential to cause, the emission limitations in an applicable standard to be exceeded. Failures that are...

40 CFR 63.9375 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... malfunction, regardless or whether or not such failure is permitted by this subpart. Engine means any internal.... Malfunction means any sudden, infrequent, and not reasonably preventable failure of air pollution control... potential to cause, the emission limitations in an applicable standard to be exceeded. Failures that are...

Development and application of a regional-scale atmospheric mercury model based on WRF/Chem: a Mediterranean area investigation.

PubMed

Gencarelli, Christian Natale; De Simone, Francesco; Hedgecock, Ian Michael; Sprovieri, Francesca; Pirrone, Nicola

2014-03-01

The emission, transport, deposition and eventual fate of mercury (Hg) in the Mediterranean area has been studied using a modified version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). This model version has been developed specifically with the aim to simulate the atmospheric processes determining atmospheric Hg emissions, concentrations and deposition online at high spatial resolution. For this purpose, the gas phase chemistry of Hg and a parametrised representation of atmospheric Hg aqueous chemistry have been added to the regional acid deposition model version 2 chemical mechanism in WRF/Chem. Anthropogenic mercury emissions from the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme included in the emissions preprocessor, mercury evasion from the sea surface and Hg released from biomass burning have also been included. Dry and wet deposition processes for Hg have been implemented. The model has been tested for the whole of 2009 using measurements of total gaseous mercury from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme monitoring network. Speciated measurement data of atmospheric elemental Hg, gaseous oxidised Hg and Hg associated with particulate matter, from a Mediterranean oceanographic campaign (June 2009), has permitted the model's ability to simulate the atmospheric redox chemistry of Hg to be assessed. The model results highlight the importance of both the boundary conditions employed and the accuracy of the mercury speciation in the emission database. The model has permitted the reevaluation of the deposition to, and the emission from, the Mediterranean Sea. In light of the well-known high concentrations of methylmercury in a number of Mediterranean fish species, this information is important in establishing the mass balance of Hg for the Mediterranean Sea. The model results support the idea that the Mediterranean Sea is a net source of Hg to the atmosphere and suggest that the net flux is ≈30 Mg year(-1) of elemental Hg.

76 FR 19975 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Survey of Building and Zoning Permit Systems

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-11

... local building permit officials needed for updating the universe of permit-issuing places. The questions... issued. The universe of permit-issuing places is the sampling frame for the Building Permits Survey (BPS...

Ultra Clean 1.1MW High Efficiency Natural Gas Engine Powered System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zurlo, James; Lueck, Steve

Dresser, Inc. (GE Energy, Waukesha gas engines) will develop, test, demonstrate, and commercialize a 1.1 Megawatt (MW) natural gas fueled combined heat and power reciprocating engine powered package. This package will feature a total efficiency > 75% and ultra low CARB permitting emissions. Our modular design will cover the 1 – 6 MW size range, and this scalable technology can be used in both smaller and larger engine powered CHP packages. To further advance one of the key advantages of reciprocating engines, the engine, generator and CHP package will be optimized for low initial and operating costs. Dresser, Inc. willmore » leverage the knowledge gained in the DOE - ARES program. Dresser, Inc. will work with commercial, regulatory, and government entities to help break down barriers to wider deployment of CHP. The outcome of this project will be a commercially successful 1.1 MW CHP package with high electrical and total efficiency that will significantly reduce emissions compared to the current central power plant paradigm. Principal objectives by phases for Budget Period 1 include: • Phase 1 – market study to determine optimum system performance, target first cost, lifecycle cost, and creation of a detailed product specification. • Phase 2 – Refinement of the Waukesha CHP system design concepts, identification of critical characteristics, initial evaluation of technical solutions, and risk mitigation plans. Background« less

Multimodal system for the planning and guidance of bronchoscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Higgins, William E.; Cheirsilp, Ronnarit; Zang, Xiaonan; Byrnes, Patrick

2015-03-01

Many technical innovations in multimodal radiologic imaging and bronchoscopy have emerged recently in the effort against lung cancer. Modern X-ray computed-tomography (CT) scanners provide three-dimensional (3D) high-resolution chest images, positron emission tomography (PET) scanners give complementary molecular imaging data, and new integrated PET/CT scanners combine the strengths of both modalities. State-of-the-art bronchoscopes permit minimally invasive tissue sampling, with vivid endobronchial video enabling navigation deep into the airway-tree periphery, while complementary endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) reveals local views of anatomical structures outside the airways. In addition, image-guided intervention (IGI) systems have proven their utility for CT-based planning and guidance of bronchoscopy. Unfortunately, no IGI system exists that integrates all sources effectively through the complete lung-cancer staging work flow. This paper presents a prototype of a computer-based multimodal IGI system that strives to fill this need. The system combines a wide range of automatic and semi-automatic image-processing tools for multimodal data fusion and procedure planning. It also provides a flexible graphical user interface for follow-on guidance of bronchoscopy/EBUS. Human-study results demonstrate the system's potential.

Status of maglev: Opportunities in cryogenics and superconductivity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Coffey, H.T.

1994-12-31

A program to develop a prototype of a magnetically levitated (maglev) high-speed-ground-transportation system has been announced by the U.S. administration. This paper reviews the development of maglev and steel-wheel-on-steel-rail trains and examines the unique right-of-way requirements for these systems. The basic principles of maglev are discussed, highlighting U.S. efforts in this field. Japanese and German maglev systems and four recently designed U.S. systems are discussed. Five of these systems use superconducting magnets. The trend in the demand for intercity transportation capacity is reviewed, and the need for maglev to supplement or replace short-haul aircraft is discussed in terms of itsmore » competitiveness in travel time, capacity to transport large numbers of passengers, and environmental considerations, including energy, emissions, land use, and noise. The unusual consideration that the superconducting magnets should be sacrificed, if necessary, to permit the vehicle to stop safely is discussed, and various design and development issues related to the cryogenics and superconductivity in the system are listed.« less

76 FR 59660 - Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Permitting, Vessel Identification, and Vessel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-27

... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; Permitting, Vessel Identification, and Vessel Monitoring System Requirements for... satellite- based vessel monitoring system (VMS). This collection of information is needed for permit...

PIXE analysis on Maya blue in Prehispanic and colonial mural paintings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez del Río, M.; Martinetto, P.; Solís, C.; Reyes-Valerio, C.

2006-08-01

Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) experiments have been carried out at the AGLAE facility (Paris) on several mural samples containing Maya blue from different Prehispanic archaeological sites (Cacaxtla, El Tajín, Tamuin, Santa Cecilia Acatitlán) and from several colonial convents in the Mexican plateau (Jiutepec, Totimehuacán, Tezontepec and Cuauhtinchán). The analysis of the concentration of several elements permitted to extract some information on the technique used for painting the mural, usually fresco. Principal component analysis permitted to classify the samples into groups. This grouping is discussed in relation to geographic and historic data.

Concentration, size, and excitation power effects on fluorescence from microdroplets and microparticles containing tryptophan and bacteria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fell, Nicholas F., Jr.; Pinnick, Ronald G.; Hill, Steven C.; Videen, Gorden W.; Niles, Stanley; Chang, Richard K.; Holler, Stephen; Pan, Yongle; Bottiger, Jerold R.; Bronk, Burt V.

1999-01-01

Our group has been developing a system for single-particle fluorescence detection of aerosolized agents. This paper describes the most recent steps in the evolution of this system. The effects of fluorophore concentrations, droplet size, and excitation power have also been investigated with microdroplets containing tryptophan in water to determine the effects of these parameters on our previous results. The vibrating orifice droplet generator was chosen for this study base don its ability to generate particles of well- known and reproducible size. The power levels required to reach saturation and photodegradation were determined. In addition, the collection of fluorescence emission was optimized through the use of a UV achromatic photographic lens. This arrangement permitted collection of images of the droplet stream. Finally, the use of a dual-beam, conditional firing scheme facilitated the collection of improved signal- to-noise single-shot spectra from individual biological particles.

AGIS -- the Advanced Gamma-ray Imaging System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krennrich, Frank

2009-05-01

The Advanced Gamma-ray Imaging System, AGIS, is envisioned to become the follow-up mission of the current generation of very high energy gamma-ray telescopes, namely, H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS. These instruments have provided a glimpse of the TeV gamma-ray sky, showing more than 70 sources while their detailed studies constrain a wealth of physics and astrophysics. The particle acceleration, emission and absorption processes in these sources permit the study of extreme physical conditions found in galactic and extragalactic TeV sources. AGIS will dramatically improve the sensitivity and angular resolution of TeV gamma-ray observations and therefore provide unique prospects for particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. This talk will provide an overview of the science drivers, scientific capabilities and the novel technical approaches that are pursued to maximize the performance of the large array concept of AGIS.

Technical aspects of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in radiotherapy treatment planning.

PubMed

Scripes, Paola G; Yaparpalvi, Ravindra

2012-09-01

The usage of functional data in radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning (RTP) process is currently the focus of significant technical, scientific, and clinical development. Positron emission tomography (PET) using ((18)F) fluorodeoxyglucose is being increasingly used in RT planning in recent years. Fluorodeoxyglucose is the most commonly used radiotracer for diagnosis, staging, recurrent disease detection, and monitoring of tumor response to therapy (Lung Cancer 2012;76:344-349; Lung Cancer 2009;64:301-307; J Nucl Med 2008;49:532-540; J Nucl Med 2007;48:58S-67S). All the efforts to improve both PET and computed tomography (CT) image quality and, consequently, lesion detectability have a common objective to increase the accuracy in functional imaging and thus of coregistration into RT planning systems. In radiotherapy, improvement in target localization permits reduction of tumor margins, consequently reducing volume of normal tissue irradiated. Furthermore, smaller treated target volumes create the possibility of dose escalation, leading to increased chances of tumor cure and control. This article focuses on the technical aspects of PET/CT image acquisition, fusion, usage, and impact on the physics of RTP. The authors review the basic elements of RTP, modern radiation delivery, and the technical parameters of coregistration of PET/CT into RT computerized planning systems. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Carbon nanotube nanoradios: The field emission and transistor configurations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vincent, Pascal; Ayari, Anthony; Poncharal, Philippe; Barois, Thomas; Perisanu, Sorin; Gouttenoire, V.; Purcell, Stephen T.

2012-06-01

In this article, we explore and compare two distinct configurations of the "nanoradio" concept where individual carbon nanotube resonators are the central electromechanical element permitting signal demodulation. The two configurations of singly-clamped field emitters and doubly-clamped field effect transistors are examined which at first glance are quite different, but in fact involve quite similar physical concepts. Amplitude, frequency and digital demodulation are demonstrated and the analytical formulae describing the demodulation are derived as functions of the system parameters. The crucial role played by the mechanical resonance in demodulation is clearly demonstrated. For the field emission configuration we particularly concentrate on how the demodulation depends on the variation of the field amplification factor during resonance and show that amplitude demodulation results in the best transmitted signal. For the transistor configuration the important aspect is the variation of the nanotube conductance as a function of its distance to the gate. In this case frequency demodulation is much more effective and digital signal processing was achieved. The respective strengths and weaknesses of each configuration are discussed throughout the article.

Integrated Emissivity And Temperature Measurement

DOEpatents

Poulsen, Peter

2005-11-08

A multi-channel spectrometer and a light source are used to measure both the emitted and the reflected light from a surface which is at an elevated temperature relative to its environment. In a first method, the temperature of the surface and emissivity in each wavelength is calculated from a knowledge of the spectrum and the measurement of the incident and reflected light. In the second method, the reflected light is measured from a reference surface having a known reflectivity and the same geometry as the surface of interest and the emitted and the reflected light are measured for the surface of interest. These measurements permit the computation of the emissivity in each channel of the spectrometer and the temperature of the surface of interest.

Exposure to electromagnetic fields aboard high-speed electric multiple unit trains.

PubMed

Niu, D; Zhu, F; Qiu, R; Niu, Q

2016-01-01

High-speed electric multiple unit (EMU) trains generate high-frequency electric fields, low-frequency magnetic fields, and high-frequency wideband electromagnetic emissions when running. Potential human health concerns arise because the electromagnetic disturbances are transmitted mainly into the car body from windows, and from there to passengers and train staff. The transmission amount and amplitude distribution characteristics that dominate electromagnetic field emission need to be studied, and the exposure level of electromagnetic field emission to humans should be measured. We conducted a series of tests of the on board electromagnetic field distribution on several high-speed railway lines. While results showed that exposure was within permitted levels, the possibility of long-term health effects should be investigated.

X-Ray Emission from Ultraviolet Luminous Galaxies and Lyman Break Galaxies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hornschemeier, Ann; Ptak, A. F.; Salim, S.; Heckman, T. P.; Overzier, R.; Mallery, R.; Rich, M.; Strickland, D.; Grimes, J.

2009-01-01

We present results from an XMM mini-survey of GALEX-selected Ultraviolet-Luminous Galaxies (UVLGs) that appear to include an interesting subset that are analogs to the distant (3

Positron emission tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamamoto, Y. Lucas; Thompson, Christopher J.; Diksic, Mirko; Meyer, Ernest; Feindel, William H.

One of the most exciting new technologies introduced in the last 10 yr is positron emission tomography (PET). PET provides quantitative, three-dimensional images for the study of specific biochemical and physiological processes in the human body. This approach is analogous to quantitative in-vivo autoradiography but has the added advantage of permitting non-invasive in vivo studies. PET scanning requires a small cyclotron to produce short-lived positron emitting isotopes such as oxygen-15, carbon-11, nitrogen-13 and fluorine-18. Proper radiochemical facilities and advanced computer equipment are also needed. Most important, PET requires a multidisciplinary scientific team of physicists, radiochemists, mathematicians, biochemists and physicians. This review analyzes the most recent trends in the imaging technology, radiochemistry, methodology and clinical applications of positron emission tomography.

NPDES Permit for Air Force Academy Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System in Colorado

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Under NPDES permit CO-R042007, the U.S. Air Force Academy is authorized to discharge from all municipal separate storm sewer system outfalls to the receiving waters specified in the permit in El Paso County, Colorado.

40 CFR 455.41 - Special definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... system being used contains the appropriate pollution control technologies (or equivalent systems... the appropriate permitting authority, e.g., the local Control Authority (the POTW) or NPDES permit... Control Authority (the POTW) or NPDES permit writer, which states that the P2 Alternative is being...

40 CFR 455.41 - Special definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... system being used contains the appropriate pollution control technologies (or equivalent systems... the appropriate permitting authority, e.g., the local Control Authority (the POTW) or NPDES permit... Control Authority (the POTW) or NPDES permit writer, which states that the P2 Alternative is being...

40 CFR 455.41 - Special definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... system being used contains the appropriate pollution control technologies (or equivalent systems... the appropriate permitting authority, e.g., the local Control Authority (the POTW) or NPDES permit... Control Authority (the POTW) or NPDES permit writer, which states that the P2 Alternative is being...

A Proposed Community Network For Monitoring Volcanic Emissions In Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joseph, E. P.; Beckles, D. M.; Robertson, R. E.; Latchman, J. L.; Edwards, S.

2013-12-01

Systematic geochemical monitoring of volcanic systems in the English-speaking islands of the Lesser Antilles was initiated by the UWI Seismic Research Centre (SRC) in 2000, as part of its volcanic surveillance programme for the English-speaking islands of the Lesser Antilles. This programme provided the first time-series observations used for the purpose of volcano monitoring in Dominica and Saint Lucia, permitted the characterization of the geothermal fluids associated with them, and established baseline studies for understanding of the hydrothermal systems during periods of quiescence (Joseph et al., 2011; Joseph et al., 2013). As part of efforts to improve and expand the capacity of SRC to provide volcanic surveillance through its geothermal monitoring programme, it is necessary to develop economically sustainable options for the monitoring of volcanic emissions/pollutants. Towards this effort we intend to work in collaboration with local authorities in Saint Lucia, to develop a monitoring network for quantifying the background exposure levels of ambient concentrations of volcanic pollutants, SO2 in air and As in waters (as health significant marker elements in the geothermal emissions) that would serve as a model for the emissions monitoring network for other volcanic islands. This programme would facilitate the building of local capacity and training to monitor the hazardous exposure, through the application and transfer of a regionally available low-cost and low-technology SO2 measurement/detection system in Saint Lucia. Existing monitoring technologies to inform evidence based health practices are too costly for small island Caribbean states, and no government policies or health services measures currently exist to address/mitigate these influences. Gases, aerosols and toxic elements from eruptive and non-eruptive volcanic activity are known to adversely affect human health and the environment (Baxter, 2000; Zhang et al., 2008). Investigations into the impact of volcanic emissions on health have been almost exclusively focused on acute responses, or the effects of one-off eruptions (Horwell and Baxter, 2006). However, little attention has been paid to any long-term impacts on human health in the population centers around volcanoes as a result of exposure to passive emissions from active geothermal systems. The role of volcano tourism is also recognized as an important contributor to the economy of volcanic islands in the Lesser Antilles. However, if it is to be promoted as a sustainable sector of the tourism industry tourists, tour guides, and vendors must be made aware of the potential health hazards facing them in volcanic environments.

40 CFR 122.43 - Establishing permit conditions (applicable to State programs, see § 123.25).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM Permit Conditions § 122.43 Establishing permit conditions (applicable to State...

40 CFR 122.43 - Establishing permit conditions (applicable to State programs, see § 123.25).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM Permit Conditions § 122.43 Establishing permit conditions (applicable to State...

NPDES Permit for Denver VA Hospital Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System in Colorado

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Under NPDES permit CO-R042008, the Veterans Administration (Medical Center, Denver Campus) is authorized to discharge from all municipal separate storm sewer system outfalls to the receiving waters specified in the permit in the City of Denver, Colorado.

40 CFR 63.9350 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Engine Test Cells/Stands... reconstructed engine test cell/stand that is subject to permitting regulations pursuant to 40 CFR part 70 or 71... reconstructed engine test cell/stand during the reporting period. (3) A summary of the total duration of the...

40 CFR 63.9350 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Engine Test Cells/Stands... reconstructed engine test cell/stand that is subject to permitting regulations pursuant to 40 CFR part 70 or 71... reconstructed engine test cell/stand during the reporting period. (3) A summary of the total duration of the...

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION: TEST REPORT OF MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES--PUREM NORTH AMERICA LLC, PMF GREENTEC 1004205.00.0 DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. EPA has created the Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) program to provide high quality, peer reviewed data on technology performance to those involved in the design, distribution, financing, permitting, purchase, and use of environmental technologies. The Air Po...

DETERMINING PARTICLE EMISSION SOURCE STRENGTHS FOR COMMON RESIDENTIAL INDOOR SOURCES USING REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTS AND PIECEWISE-CONTINUOUS SOLUTIONS TO THE MASS BALANCE EQUATION

EPA Science Inventory

A variety of common activities in the home, such as smoking and cooking, generate indoor particle concentrations. Mathematical indoor air quality models permit predictions of indoor pollutant concentrations in homes, provided that parameter values such as source strengths and ...

77 FR 44560 - Revisions to the Nevada State Implementation Plan, Washoe County Air Quality District

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-30

... emissions of criteria pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (NO X ), and... to, mass balance types of analysis, be made by the operator. Section 030.970A, Part 70 Permit... relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone, Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Volatile...

40 CFR 63.43 - Maximum achievable control technology (MACT) determinations for constructed and reconstructed...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... determinations for alternative operating scenarios. Approval of such determinations satisfies the requirements of section 112(g) of each such scenario. (4) Regardless of the review process, the MACT emission limitation... determined by the permitting authority. (2) Based upon available information, as defined in this subpart, the...

40 CFR 63.1357 - Temporary, conditioned exemption from particulate matter and opacity standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cement Manufacturing Industry Other § 63.1357 Temporary, conditioned exemption from particulate matter... chapter that are applicable to cement kilns and in-line kiln/raw mills. (2) Any permit or other emissions or operating parameter or other limitation on workplace practices that are applicable to cement kilns...

76 FR 2294 - Revision to the South Coast Portion of the California State Implementation Plan, CPV Sentinel...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-13

... precursors, sulfur oxides (SO X ), to the CPV Sentinel Energy Project. The District's SIP approved NSR... Management District shall transfer sulfur oxides and particulate emission credits from the CPV Sentinel... needed to issue permits to construct and to meet requirements for sulfur oxides and particulate matter...

40 CFR 52.1323 - Approval status.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... to the work practice manual, pursuant to this rule, must be submitted to EPA for approval as an... previous January. New source review permits issued pursuant to section 173 of the Clean Air Act will not be deemed valid by EPA unless the provisions of Section V of the emission offset interpretive rule published...

76 FR 20907 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-14

... revision modifies New Mexico's Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program to establish... subject to New Mexico's PSD permitting requirements for their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to the SIP Narrowing Rule, 75 FR 82536, starting on January 2, 2011, the approved New Mexico SIP's PSD...

40 CFR 63.9350 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Engine Test Cells/Stands... reconstructed engine test cell/stand that is subject to permitting regulations pursuant to 40 CFR part 70 or 71... reconstructed engine test cell/stand during the reporting period. (3) A summary of the total duration of the...

77 FR 35273 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; New Mexico; Minor New Source Review (NSR...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-06-13

... Permitting Rule for Cotton Gins AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Direct final rule... particulate matter emissions from cotton ginning facilities. The submitted Cotton Gin regulation provides an alternative preconstruction process for cotton ginning facilities that will emit no more than 50 tons per year...

40 CFR 52.1977 - Content of approved State submitted implementation plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Division 28—Stationary Source Air Pollution Control and Permitting Procedures Excess Emissions and... Requirements (11/4/93) 28-1450Enforcement Action Criteria (9/24/93) Division 200—General Air Pollution... Designations (10/14/99) 204-0090Oxygenated Gasoline Control Areas (3/27/01) Division 206—Air Pollution...

40 CFR 52.1977 - Content of approved State submitted implementation plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Division 28—Stationary Source Air Pollution Control and Permitting Procedures Excess Emissions and... Requirements (11/4/93) 28-1450Enforcement Action Criteria (9/24/93) Division 200—General Air Pollution... Designations (10/14/99) 204-0090Oxygenated Gasoline Control Areas (3/27/01) Division 206—Air Pollution...

75 FR 78602 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Minnesota

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-16

... Treatment Plant, considering all permit limitations, are reduced from 184.9 tpy to 47.8 tpy. Air Quality... 10 emissions, MCES Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant provided an air quality analysis to... used five years of surface meteorological data from the Minneapolis/St. Paul airport and upper air data...

40 CFR 52.1977 - Content of approved State submitted implementation plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Division 28—Stationary Source Air Pollution Control and Permitting Procedures Excess Emissions and... Requirements (11/4/93) 28-1450Enforcement Action Criteria (9/24/93) Division 200—General Air Pollution... Designations (10/14/99) 204-0090Oxygenated Gasoline Control Areas (3/27/01) Division 206—Air Pollution...

40 CFR 52.1977 - Content of approved State submitted implementation plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Division 28—Stationary Source Air Pollution Control and Permitting Procedures Excess Emissions and... Requirements (11/4/93) 28-1450Enforcement Action Criteria (9/24/93) Division 200—General Air Pollution... Designations (10/14/99) 204-0090Oxygenated Gasoline Control Areas (3/27/01) Division 206—Air Pollution...

40 CFR 86.316-79 - Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analyzer specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND...) The use of linearizing circuits is permitted. (c) The minimum water rejection ratio (maximum CO 2...) The minimum CO 2 rejection ratio (maximum CO 2 interference) as measured by § 86.322 for CO analyzers...

40 CFR 63.9350 - What reports must I submit and when?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Engine Test Cells/Stands... reconstructed engine test cell/stand that is subject to permitting regulations pursuant to 40 CFR part 70 or 71... reconstructed engine test cell/stand during the reporting period. (3) A summary of the total duration of the...

78 FR 72579 - Revisions to the Arizona State Implementation Plan, Maricopa County Area

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-03

....01 Leaf Blower Use Restrictions 07/02/07 05/25/12 and Training; Leaf Blowers Equipment Sellers... recommend stronger control of emissions from leaf blowers, expanding leaf blowers requirements beyond county employees, control of leaf blowers in vacuum mode, control of leaf blowers on permitted sites, and greater...

75 FR 60623 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan, San Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-10-01

... fuels, such as coal) satisfy Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) requirements. As explained... technology, and fuel type are the same, achievable emission levels may differ significantly from boiler to... limit representing the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) \\7\\ in its District-issued permit, and...

40 CFR 63.1357 - Temporary, conditioned exemption from particulate matter and opacity standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Cement Manufacturing Industry Other § 63.1357 Temporary, conditioned exemption from particulate matter... chapter that are applicable to cement kilns and in-line kiln/raw mills. (2) Any permit or other emissions or operating parameter or other limitation on workplace practices that are applicable to cement kilns...

Spatial variability of oceanic phycoerythrin spectral types derived from airborne laser-induced fluorescence emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoge, Frank E.; Wright, C. Wayne; Kana, Todd M.; Swift, Robert N.; Yungel, James K.

1998-07-01

We report spatial variability of oceanic phycoerythrin spectral types detected by means of a blue spectral shift in airborne laser-induced fluorescence emission. The blue shift of the phycoerythrobilin fluorescence is known from laboratory studies to be induced by phycourobilin chromophore substitution at phycoerythrobilin chromophore sites in some strains of phycoerythrin-containing marine cyanobacteria. The airborne 532-nm laser-induced phycoerythrin fluorescence of the upper oceanic volume showed distinct segregation of cyanobacterial chromophore types in a flight transect from coastal water to the Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic. High phycourobilin levels were restricted to the oceanic (oligotrophic) end of the flight transect, in agreement with historical ship findings. These remotely observed phycoerythrin spectral fluorescence shifts have the potential to permit rapid, wide-area studies of the spatial variability of spectrally distinct cyanobacteria, especially across interfacial regions of coastal and oceanic water masses. Airborne laser-induced phytoplankton spectral fluorescence observations also further the development of satellite algorithms for passive detection of phytoplankton pigments. Optical modifications to the NASA Airborne Oceanographic Lidar are briefly described that permitted observation of the fluorescence spectral shifts.

The TeV supernova remnant shell HESS J1731-347 and its surroundings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capasso, M.; Condon, B.; Coffaro, M.; Cui, Y.; Gottschall, D.; Klochkov, D.; Marandon, V.; Maxted, N.; Pühlhofer, G.; Rowell, G.; H.E.S.S. Collaboration

2017-01-01

HESS J1731-347 is a shell-type supernova remnant emitting both TeV gamma rays and non-thermal X-ray photons, spatially coincident with the radio SNR G353.6-0.7. Hadronic and leptonic scenarios (or a blend of both) are discussed in the literature to explain the TeV emission from the object. In 2011, a γ-ray excess was also found in the neighborhood of the source (HESS J1729-345). Here we present results of an updated analysis obtained with the meanwhile available additional H.E.S.S. data. Beyond HESS J1731-347, the analysis reveals the morphology of the emission of the adjacent TeV source HESS J1729-345 and the emission in between the two sources in greater detail. The results permit us to correlate the TeV emission outside of the SNR with molecular gas tracers, and to confront the data with scenarios in which the TeV emission outside the SNR is produced by escaping cosmic rays.

76 FR 22444 - Privacy Act; System of Records: State-52, Parking Permit and Car Pool Records

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-21

... and Car Pool Records Summary: Notice is hereby given that the Department of State proposes to amend an existing system of records, Parking Permit and Car Pool Records, State-52, pursuant to the provisions of... 29, 2011. It is proposed that the current system will retain the name ``Parking Permit and Car Pool...

36 CFR 222.3 - Issuance of grazing and livestock use permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... be authorized without written permit. (F) Paid or free permits for horses, mules, or burros to...) Free permits for horses, mules, or burros to cooperators who clearly need National Forest System land...

36 CFR 222.3 - Issuance of grazing and livestock use permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... be authorized without written permit. (F) Paid or free permits for horses, mules, or burros to...) Free permits for horses, mules, or burros to cooperators who clearly need National Forest System land...

36 CFR 222.3 - Issuance of grazing and livestock use permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... be authorized without written permit. (F) Paid or free permits for horses, mules, or burros to...) Free permits for horses, mules, or burros to cooperators who clearly need National Forest System land...

Comparison of the gaseous and particulate matter emissions from the combustion of agricultural and forest biomasses.

PubMed

Brassard, Patrick; Palacios, Joahnn H; Godbout, Stéphane; Bussières, Denis; Lagacé, Robert; Larouche, Jean-Pierre; Pelletier, Frédéric

2014-03-01

The aim of this study was to compare gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions from the combustion of agricultural (switchgrass, fast-growing willow and the dried solid fraction of pig manure) and forest (wood mixture of Black Spruce and Jack Pine) biomasses in a small-scale unit (17.58kW). Concentrations of CO2, CO, CH4, NO2, NH3, N2O, SO2, HCl, and H2O were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and converted into emission rates. Opacity was also evaluated and particulates were sampled. Results showed significantly higher emissions of SO2, NO2 and PM with the combustion of agricultural biomass compared to the forest biomass. However, further studies should be carried out so regulations can be adapted in order to permit the combustion of agricultural biomass in small-scale combustion units. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isolation of Coherent Synchrotron Emission During Relativistic Laser Plasma Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dromey, B.; Rykovanov, S. G.; Lewis, C. L. S.; Zepf, M.

Coherent Synchrotron Emission (CSE) from relativistic laser plasmas (Pukhov et al., Plas Phys Control Fusion 52:124039, 2010; Dromey et al., Nat Phys 8:804-808, 2012; Dromey et al., New J Phys 15:015025, 2013) has recently been identified as a unique platform for the generation of coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-Ray radiation with clear potential for bright attosecond pulse production. Exploiting this potential requires careful selection of interaction geometry, spectral wavelength range and target characteristics to allow the generation of high fidelity single attosecond pulses. In the laboratory the first step on this road is to study the individual mechanisms driving the emission of coherent extreme ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation during laser solid interactions in isolation. Here we show how interactions can be tailored to permit the unambiguous observation of coherent synchrotron emission (CSE) and the implications of this geometry for the resulting harmonic spectrum over the duration of the interaction.

Performance, emissions, and physical characteristics of a rotating combustion aircraft engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berkowitz, M.; Hermes, W. L.; Mount, R. E.; Myers, D.

1976-01-01

The RC2-75, a liquid cooled two chamber rotary combustion engine (Wankel type), designed for aircraft use, was tested and representative baseline (212 KW, 285 BHP) performance and emissions characteristics established. The testing included running fuel/air mixture control curves and varied ignition timing to permit selection of desirable and practical settings for running wide open throttle curves, propeller load curves, variable manifold pressure curves covering cruise conditions, and EPA cycle operating points. Performance and emissions data were recorded for all of the points run. In addition to the test data, information required to characterize the engine and evaluate its performance in aircraft use is provided over a range from one half to twice its present power. The exhaust emissions results are compared to the 1980 EPA requirements. Standard day take-off brake specific fuel consumption is 356 g/KW-HR (.585 lb/BHP-HR) for the configuration tested.

Use of multiple in situ instruments and remote sensed satellite data for calibration tests at Solfatara (Campi Flegrei volcanic area)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silvestri, Malvina; Musacchio, Massimo; Fabrizia Buongiorno, Maria; Doumaz, Fawzi; Andres Diaz, Jorge

2017-04-01

Monitoring natural hazards such as active volcanoes requires specific instruments to measure many parameters (gas emissions, surface temperatures, surface deformation etc.) to determine the activity level of a volcano. Volcanoes in most cases present difficult and dangerous environment for scientists who need to take in situ measurements. Remote Sensing systems on board of satellite permit to measure a large number of parameters especially during the eruptive events but still show large limits to monitor volcanic precursors and phenomena at local scale (gas species emitted by fumarole or summit craters degassing plumes and surface thermal changes of few degrees) for their specific risk. For such reason unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) mounting a variety of multigas sensors instruments (such as miniature mass spectrometer) or single specie sensors (such as electrochemical and IR sensors) allow a safe monitoring of volcanic activities. With this technology, it is possible to perform monitoring measurements of volcanic activity without risking the lives of scientists and personnel performing analysis during the field campaigns in areas of high volcanic activity and supporting the calibration and validation of satellite data measurements. These systems allowed the acquisition of real-time information such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, SO2, H2S, CO2 contained in degassing plume and fumaroles, with GPS geolocation. The acquired data are both stored in the sensor and transmitted to a computer for real time viewing information. Information in the form of 3D concentration maps can be returned. The equipment used during the campaigns at Solfatara Volcano (in 2014, 2015 and 2016) was miniaturized instruments allowed measurements conducted either by flying drones over the fumarolic sites and by hand carrying into the fumaroles. We present the results of the field campaign held in different years at the Solfatara of Pozzuoli, near Naples, concerning measurements of CO2, H2S and SO2. The campaigns were carried out in collaboration with the University of Costa Rica and Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology (Pasadena, California) and has allowed the acquisition of a number of measures through scientific miniaturized multi-gas, thermal cameras and spectro-radiometer. The acquired measurements have also permitted the calibration and validation of satellite data as ASTER and LANDSAT8 (in collaboration with USGS). We believe that the rapid increasing of technology developments will permit the use UAS to integrate geophysical measurements and contribute to the necessary calibration and validation of current and future satellite missions dedicated to the measurements of surface temperatures and gas emissions in volcanic areas.

76 FR 40355 - Modification to 2008 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-08

... Construction Activities AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: EPA Regions 1... (NPDES) general permits for stormwater discharges associated with construction activity in order to... permits will be referred to as ``permit'' or ``2008 construction general permit'' or ``2008 CGP.'' This...

Reduction of zinc emissions from buildings; the policy of Amsterdam.

PubMed

Gouman, E

2004-01-01

In Amsterdam zinc coming from the roofs and gutters of the buildings accounts for about 50% of the zinc emissions into the surface water (i.e. canals and rivers). This causes water and sediment pollution. Dumping strongly polluted sediment costs ten times more then dumping less polluted mud. Therefore the City of Amsterdam has developed a policy for reducing the zinc emissions from buildings based on the current environmental legislation and the current national targets for surface water quality. Zinc roofs on new and renovated buildings are not permitted. Run off water from zinc roofs of existing buildings is allowed to contain a maximum of 200 microg/l zinc. For the zinc gutters of houses, Amsterdam will promote measures to reduce zinc emissions. To investigate the feasibility of measures, research has been carried out on the zinc emissions of gutters and the effect of covering gutters with an impermeable foil. This research shows clearly that covering zinc gutters with EPDM foil reduces the zinc emissions by 90% from 8.5 to 0.88 gram per square metre per year including the atmospheric deposition.

Design and use of a servo-controlled high pressure window bomb in spectroscopic studies of solid propellant combustion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goetz, F.; Mann, D. M.

1980-01-01

The feasibility of using a high pressure window bomb as a laboratory scale model of actual motor conditions. The design and operation of a modified high pressure window bomb is discussed. An optical servocontrol mechanism has been designed to hold the burning surface of a propellant strand at a fixed position within the bomb chamber. This mechanism permits the recording of visible and infrared emission spectra from various propellants. Preliminary visible emission spectra of a nonmetalized and metalized propellant are compared with spectra recorded using the modified bomb.

Ingress observations of the 1980 eclipse of the symbiotic star CI Cyngni

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stencel, R. E.; Michalitsianos, A. G.; Kafatos, M.; Boyarchuk, A. A.

1981-01-01

One of the major results from the IUE may prove to be the knowledge gained by studies of the ultraviolet spectra of symbiotic stars. Symbiotics combine spectral features of a cool M giant like photosphere with strong high excitation emission lines of nebular origin, superposed. The UV spectra are dominated by intense permitted and semiforbidden emission lines and weak continua indicative of hot compact objects and accretion disks. Two symbiotics, AR Pav and CI Cyg are thought to be eclipsing binaries and IUE observations during the 1980 eclipse of CI Cygni are discussed.

40 CFR 122.46 - Duration of permits (applicable to State programs, see § 123.25).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM Permit Conditions § 122.46 Duration of permits (applicable to State programs, see § 123.25...

NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM PERMITS FOR NORTH CAROLINA PORTION OF ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO ESTUARY

EPA Science Inventory

Excel spreadsheet of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits as of 4/2000 for the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary watershed. Permitted flow is in millions of gallons per day. Discharge codes are:
1 Domestic - Municipal
2 Domestic - Industrial/Commercial

76 FR 48184 - Notice of Permit Applications Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-08

... developed regulations for the establishment of a permit system for various activities in Antarctica and... establish such a permit system to designate Antarctic Specially Protected Areas. The applications received... established in 1986 studying the foraging ecology, population dynamics, census and reproductive success and...

36 CFR 222.4 - Changes in grazing permits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... RANGE MANAGEMENT Grazing and Livestock Use on the National Forest System § 222.4 Changes in grazing... use permits in whole or in part as follows: (1) Cancel permits where lands grazed under the permit are... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Changes in grazing permits...

Scenarios for Deep Carbon Emission Reductions from Electricity by 2050 in Western North America using the Switch Electric Power Sector Planning Model: California's Carbon Challenge Phase II, Volume II

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nelson, James; Mileva, Ana; Johnston, Josiah

2014-01-01

This study used a state-of-the-art planning model called SWITCH for the electric power system to investigate the evolution of the power systems of California and western North America from present-day to 2050 in the context of deep decarbonization of the economy. Researchers concluded that drastic power system carbon emission reductions were feasible by 2050 under a wide range of possible futures. The average cost of power in 2050 would range between $149 to $232 per megawatt hour across scenarios, a 21 to 88 percent increase relative to a business-as-usual scenario, and a 38 to 115 percent increase relative to themore » present-day cost of power. The power system would need to undergo sweeping change to rapidly decarbonize. Between present-day and 2030 the evolution of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council power system was dominated by implementing aggressive energy efficiency measures, installing renewable energy and gas-fired generation facilities and retiring coal-fired generation. Deploying wind, solar and geothermal power in the 2040 timeframe reduced power system emissions by displacing gas-fired generation. This trend continued for wind and solar in the 2050 timeframe but was accompanied by large amounts of new storage and long-distance high-voltage transmission capacity. Electricity storage was used primarily to move solar energy from the daytime into the night to charge electric vehicles and meet demand from electrified heating. Transmission capacity over the California border increased by 40 - 220 percent by 2050, implying that transmission siting, permitting, and regional cooperation will become increasingly important. California remained a net electricity importer in all scenarios investigated. Wind and solar power were key elements in power system decarbonization in 2050 if no new nuclear capacity was built. The amount of installed gas capacity remained relatively constant between present-day and 2050, although carbon capture and sequestration was installed on some gas plants by 2050.« less

Learner Performance Accounting: A Tri-Cycle Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Thomas C.; McCleary, Lloyd E.

1973-01-01

The Tri-Cycle Process described in the model permits for the first time an integrated system for designing an individualized instructional system that would permit a rational, diagnosis-prescription-evaluation system keyed to an accounting system. (Author)

NPDES (National Pollution Discharge & Elimination System) Minor Dischargers

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. The NPDES permit program regulates direct discharges from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities that discharge directly into surface waters. The NPDES permit program is part of the Permit Compliance System (PCS) which issues, records, tracks, and regulates point source discharge facilities. Individual homes that are connected to a municipal system, use a septic system, or do not have a surface discharge do not need an NPDES permit. Facilities in PCS are identified as either major or minor. Within the major/minor classification, facilities are grouped into municipals or non-municipals. In many cases, non-municipals are industrial facilities. This data layer contains Minor dischargers. Major municipal dischargers include all facilities with design flows of greater than one million gallons per day; minor dischargers are less that one million gallons per day. Essentially, a minor discharger does not meet the discharge criteria for a major. Since its introduction in 1972, the NPDES permit program is responsible for significant improvements to our Nation's water quality.

Streamline, Organizational, Legislative and Administrative Response to Permitting, PV Market Share, and Solar Energy Costs (Broward Go SOLAR)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Halsey, Jeffery D.

2013-08-28

Broward County and its partners (the Go SOLAR Team), operating under a Department of Energy Rooftop Solar Challenge Agreement, designed, developed and implemented an online permitting system for rooftop solar PV systems. This is a single web based system with a single permit fee that will issue a permit, with a set of design plans preapproved by partner building officials, within one hour. The system is currently available at gosolar.broward.org for use within any of the partner Authorities Having [permitting] Jurisdiction (AHJ). Additionally, the Go SOLAR Team researched, developed and to the extent feasible, implemented three best management practices tomore » make a fertile environment for the new online permit system. These included Net Metering and Interconnection Standards, Solar-Friendly Financing, and Planning and Zoning Ordinances. Finally, the team implemented a substantial outreach effort to advocate for the development of solar in Broward County, with an emphasis on Solar Rights, concluding with a Go SOLAR Fest day and a half conference with over 1,200 attendees and 50 exhibitors. The Go SOLAR project was completed on time, under DOE’s budgeted amount, and all project objectives were met or exceeded.« less

Strategic effects of future environmental policy commitments: climate change, solar radiation management and correlated air pollutants.

PubMed

Qu, Jingwen; Silva, Emilson Caputo Delfino

2015-03-15

We study the effects of environmental policy commitments in a futuristic world in which solar radiation management (SRM) can be utilized to reduce climate change damages. Carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions (correlated pollutants) can be reduced through tradable permits. We show that if nations simultaneously commit to carbon permit policies, national SRM levels rise with carbon quotas. Alternatively, if they simultaneously commit to SRM policies, the global temperature falls with each unit increase in the global SRM level. A nation always wishes to be a leader in policymaking, but prefers carbon to SRM policymaking. The globe prefers SRM policy commitments. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application of the SEM to the measurement of solar cell parameters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weizer, V. G.; Andrews, C. W.

1977-01-01

Techniques are described which make use of the SEM to measure the minority carrier diffusion length and the metallurgical junction depth in silicon solar cells. The former technique permits the measurement of the true bulk diffusion length through the application of highly doped field layers to the back surfaces of the cells being investigated. It is shown that the secondary emission contrast observed in the SEM on a reverse-biased diode can depict the location of the metallurgical junction if the diode has been prepared with the proper beveled geometry. The SEM provides the required contrast and the option of high magnification, permitting the measurement of extremely shallow junction depths.

Direct observation of iron-induced conformational changes of mitochondrial DNA by high-resolution field-emission in-lens scanning electron microscopy.

PubMed Central

Yaffee, M; Walter, P; Richter, C; Müller, M

1996-01-01

When respiring rat liver mitochondria are incubated in the presence of Fe(III) gluconate, their DNA (mtDNA) relaxes from the supercoiled to the open circular form dependent on the iron dose. Anaerobiosis or antioxidants fail to completely inhibit the unwinding. High-resolution field-emission in-lens scanning electron microscopy imaging, in concert with backscattered electron detection, pinpoints nanometer-range iron colloids bound to mtDNA isolated from iron-exposed mitochondria. High-resolution field-emission in-lens scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron detection imaging permits simultaneous detailed visual analysis of DNA topology, iron dose-dependent mtDNA unwinding, and assessment of iron colloid formation on mtDNA strands. Images Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 PMID:8643576

Fluidized combustion of coal. [to limit SO2 and NOx emissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pope, M.

1978-01-01

A combustion technology that permits the burning of low quality coal, and other fuels, while maintaining stack emissions within State and Federal EPA limits is discussed. Low quality fuels can be burned directly in fluidized beds while taking advantage of low furnace temperatures and chemical activity within the bed to limit SO2 and NOx emissions. The excellent heat transfer characteristics of the fluidized beds also result in a reduction of total heat transfer surface requirements. Tests on beds operating at pressures of one to ten atmospheres, at temperatures as high as 1600 F, and with gas velocities in the vicinity of four to twelve feet per second, have proven the concept. The progress that has been made in the development of fluidized bed combustion technology and work currently underway are discussed.

Integrating pro-environmental behavior with transportation network modeling: User and system level strategies, implementation, and evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aziz, H. M. Abdul

Personal transport is a leading contributor to fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse (GHG) emissions in the U.S. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reports that light-duty vehicles (LDV) are responsible for 61% of all transportation related energy consumption in 2012, which is equivalent to 8.4 million barrels of oil (fossil fuel) per day. The carbon content in fossil fuels is the primary source of GHG emissions that links to the challenge associated with climate change. Evidently, it is high time to develop actionable and innovative strategies to reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions from the road transportation networks. This dissertation integrates the broader goal of minimizing energy and emissions into the transportation planning process using novel systems modeling approaches. This research aims to find, investigate, and evaluate strategies that minimize carbon-based fuel consumption and emissions for a transportation network. We propose user and system level strategies that can influence travel decisions and can reinforce pro-environmental attitudes of road users. Further, we develop strategies that system operators can implement to optimize traffic operations with emissions minimization goal. To complete the framework we develop an integrated traffic-emissions (EPA-MOVES) simulation framework that can assess the effectiveness of the strategies with computational efficiency and reasonable accuracy. The dissertation begins with exploring the trade-off between emissions and travel time in context of daily travel decisions and its heterogeneous nature. Data are collected from a web-based survey and the trade-off values indicating the average additional travel minutes a person is willing to consider for reducing a lb. of GHG emissions are estimated from random parameter models. Results indicate that different trade-off values for male and female groups. Further, participants from high-income households are found to have higher trade-off values compared with other groups. Next, we propose personal mobility carbon allowance (PMCA) scheme to reduce emissions from personal travel. PMCA is a market-based scheme that allocates carbon credits to users at no cost based on the emissions reduction goal of the system. Users can spend carbon credits for travel and a market place exists where users can buy or sell credits. This dissertation addresses two primary dimensions: the change in travel behavior of the users and the impact at network level in terms of travel time and emissions when PMCA is implemented. To understand this process, a real-time experimental game tool is developed where players are asked to make travel decisions within the carbon budget set by PMCA and they are allowed to trade carbon credits in a market modeled as a double auction game. Random parameter models are estimated to examine the impact of PMCA on short-term travel decisions. Further, to assess the impact at system level, a multi-class dynamic user equilibrium model is formulated that captures the travel behavior under PMCA scheme. The equivalent variational inequality problem is solved using projection method. Results indicate that PMCA scheme is able to reduce GHG emissions from transportation networks. Individuals with high value of travel time (VOTT) are less sensitive to PMCA scheme in context of work trips. High and medium income users are more likely to have non-work trips with lower carbon cost (higher travel time) to save carbon credits for work trips. Next, we focus on the strategies from the perspectives of system operators in transportation networks. Learning based signal control schemes are developed that can reduce emissions from signalized urban networks. The algorithms are implemented and tested in VISSIM micro simulator. Finally, an integrated emissions-traffic simulator framework is outlined that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies. The integrated framework uses MOVES2010b as the emissions simulator. To estimate the emissions efficiently we propose a hierarchical clustering technique with dynamic time warping similarity measures (HC-DTW) to find the link driving schedules for MOVES2010b. Test results using the data from a five-intersection corridor show that HC-DTW technique can significantly reduce emissions estimation time without compromising the accuracy. The benefits are found to be most significant when the level of congestion variation is high. In addition to finding novel strategies for reducing emissions from transportation networks, this dissertation has broader impacts on behavior based energy policy design and transportation network modeling research. The trade-off values can be a useful indicator to identify which policies are most effective to reinforce pro-environmental travel choices. For instance, the model can estimate the distribution of trade-off between emissions and travel time, and provide insights on the effectiveness of policies for New York City if we are able to collect data to construct a representative sample. The probability of route choice decisions vary across population groups and trip contexts. The probability as a function of travel and demographic attributes can be used as behavior rules for agents in an agent-based traffic simulation. Finally, the dynamic user equilibrium based network model provides a general framework for energy policies such carbon tax, tradable permit, and emissions credits system.

78 FR 70075 - Notice of Permit Applications Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 (Public Law...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-22

... establishment of a permit system for various activities in Antarctica and designation of certain animals and certain geographic areas a requiring special protection. The regulations establish such a permit system to..., stable isotope analysis, and DNA extraction. Data would be used to reconstruct seal population dynamics...

77 FR 28897 - Notice of Lodging of Consent Decree Under the Clean Water Act

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-16

...'s violation of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Permit (``NPDES Permit'') for its... its wastewater treatment system that will enable it to comply with the permit, which include upgrading... Department of Justice Web site: http://www.usdoj.gov/enrd/Consent_Decrees.html . A copy of the Consent Decree...

Acoustic emission and sorptive deformation induced in coals of various rank by the sorption-desorption of gas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Majewska, Zofia; Ziętek, Jerzy

2007-09-01

Simultaneous measurements of acoustic emission (AE) and expansion/contraction of coal samples subjected to gas sorption-desorption processes were conducted on high-and medium-rank coal. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the coal rank and type of sorbate on measured AE and strain characteristics. The experimental equipment employed in this study consisted of a pressure vessel and associated pressurisation and monitoring units. The arrangement of pressure-vacuum valves permitted the coal sample to be pressurised and depressurised. Carbon-dioxide and methane were used as sorbats. Acoustic emission and strains were recorded continuously for a period of 50 hours during sorption and for at least 12 hours during the desorption process. Tests were conducted on cylindrical coal samples at 298 K. The experimental data were presented as plots of AE basic parameters versus time and in strain diagrams. These studies lead to the following conclusions: 1. There are significant differences in AE and strain characteristics for the two systems (coal-CO2 and coal-CH4); 2. There is a direct influence of rank and type of coal on its behaviour during the sorption-desorption of gas. An attempt has been made to interpret the results obtained on the grounds of the copolymer model of coal structure. More research is needed into this topic in order to get a quantitative description of the observed facts.

Light-emitting Ga-oxide nanocrystals in glass: a new paradigm for low-cost and robust UV-to-visible solar-blind converters and UV emitters.

PubMed

Sigaev, Vladimir N; Golubev, Nikita V; Ignat'eva, Elena S; Paleari, Alberto; Lorenzi, Roberto

2014-01-01

Wide-bandgap nanocrystals are an inexhaustible source of tuneable functions potentially addressing most of the demand for new light emitting systems. However, the implementation of nanocrystal properties in real devices is not straightforward if a robust and stable optical component is required as a final result. The achievement of efficient light emission from dense dispersions of Ga-oxide nanocrystals in UV-grade glass can be a breakthrough in this regard. Such a result would permit the fabrication of low cost UV-to-visible converters for monitoring UV-emitting events on a large-scale - from invisible hydrogen flames to corona dispersions. From this perspective, γ-Ga₂O₃ nanocrystals are developed by phase separation in Ga-alkali-germanosilicate glasses, obtaining optical materials based on a UV transparent matrix. Band-to-band UV-excitation of light emission from donor-acceptor pair (DAP) recombination is investigated for the first time in embedded γ-Ga₂O₃. The analysis of the decay kinetics gives unprecedented evidence that nanosized confinement of DAP recombination can force a nanophase to the efficient response of exactly balanced DAPs. The results, including a proof of concept of UV-to-visible viewer, definitely demonstrate the feasibility of workable glass-based fully inorganic nanostructured materials with emission properties borrowed from Ga₂O₃ single-crystals and tailored by the nanocrystal size.

77 FR 22500 - Approval and Promulgation of State Implementation Plans; Missouri: Prevention of Significant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-16

... NSR revisions are to the Construction Permits Required Rule and the Emissions Banking and Trading Rule... at the Air Planning and Development Branch, Air and Waste Management Division, U.S. Environmental... inspection. The Regional Office's official hours of business are Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m...

78 FR 16449 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; West Virginia; Prevention of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-15

...'s August 31, 2011 SIP revision does not adequately account for condensable emissions within the... submitting comments. B. Email: cox[email protected] . C. Mail: EPA-R03-OAR-2013-0113, Kathleen Cox, Associate Director, Office of Permits and Air Toxics, Mailcode 3AP10, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region...

78 FR 19294 - Notice of Availability of the Clear Creek Management Area Proposed Resource Management Plan and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-29

... plan decisions were adopted. For example, the EPA's CCMA Asbestos Exposure and Human Health Risk... to asbestos by reducing airborne emissions of asbestos. For example, the CCMA Proposed RMP designates... asbestos; and use would be limited to highway-licensed vehicles by permit only. Under the Proposed RMP, the...

Low-Cost In-Fill Installation for High-Energy-Saving, Dynamic Windows

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-07-01

greenhouse gas, HVAC, low emissivity, military construction, photovoltaic, physical vapor deposition, solar heat gain coefficient... Physical vapor deposition ROICC Resident Officer In Charge of Construction SHGC Solar heat gain coefficient S/RM Sustainment, Restoration, and...PERMITS AND REGULATIONS Regulations - The demonstration project planning and implementation followed US Army Corps of Engineers Safety and Health

77 FR 44481 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Tennessee: Prevention of Significant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-30

... diameter) (PM 10 ) grandfather policy; and (5) require states to account for gases that condense to form particles (condensables) in PM 2.5 and PM 10 emission limits in PSD or nonattainment NSR permits.... PM 10 Surrogate and Grandfathering Policy In the NSR PM 2.5 Rule, EPA required that major stationary...

77 FR 73575 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; West Virginia; Redesignation of...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-11

...) and Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR or the Transport Rule) On May 12, 2005, EPA published CAIR...) for the purpose of reducing SO 2 and NO X emissions. The monitoring data used to demonstrate the Area... Source Review (NSR) permit programs; Provisions for air pollution modeling; and Provisions for public and...

Environmental Law Deskbook

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-01

Agency FFA Federal Facilities Agreement FFCA Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement FGD Flue Gas Desulfurization FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide...carrying out response. If none, state why. EXAMPLE: Gas barriers used to control and contain vapor emissions. Runoff contained by excavating ditch...NPDES PERMITS 20-2 2006 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 20-2 2007 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 20-3 2008 TECHNOLOGY VARIANCE AND MODIFICATIONS 20-4 2009

47 CFR 15.240 - Operation in the band 433.5-434.5 MHz.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... duration of each transmission shall not be greater than 60 seconds and be only permitted to reinitiate an interrogation in the case of a transmission error. Absent such a transmission error, the silent period between transmissions shall not be less than 10 seconds. (c) The field strength of emissions radiated on any frequency...

The Impact of City-level Permitting Processes on Residential Photovoltaic Installation Prices and Development Times: An Empirical Analysis of Solar Systems in California Cities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wiser, Ryan; Dong, Changgui

Business process or “soft” costs account for well over 50% of the installed price of residential photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States, so understanding these costs is crucial for identifying PV cost-reduction opportunities. Among these costs are those imposed by city-level permitting processes, which may add both expense and time to the PV development process. Building on previous research, this study evaluates the effect of city-level permitting processes on the installed price of residential PV systems and on the time required to develop and install those systems. The study uses a unique dataset from the U.S. Department of Energy’smore » Rooftop Solar Challenge Program, which includes city-level permitting process “scores,” plus data from the California Solar Initiative and the U.S. Census. Econometric methods are used to quantify the price and development-time effects of city-level permitting processes on more than 3,000 PV installations across 44 California cities in 2011. Results indicate that city-level permitting processes have a substantial and statistically significant effect on average installation prices and project development times. The results suggest that cities with the most favorable (i.e., highest-scoring) permitting practices can reduce average residential PV prices by $0.27–$0.77/W (4%–12% of median PV prices in California) compared with cities with the most onerous (i.e., lowest-scoring) permitting practices, depending on the regression model used. Though the empirical models for development times are less robust, results suggest that the most streamlined permitting practices may shorten development times by around 24 days on average (25% of the median development time). These findings illustrate the potential price and development-time benefits of streamlining local permitting procedures for PV systems.« less

Nuclear medicine imaging system

DOEpatents

Bennett, Gerald W.; Brill, A. Bertrand; Bizais, Yves J.; Rowe, R. Wanda; Zubal, I. George

1986-01-07

A nuclear medicine imaging system having two large field of view scintillation cameras mounted on a rotatable gantry and being movable diametrically toward or away from each other is disclosed. In addition, each camera may be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the diameter of the gantry. The movement of the cameras allows the system to be used for a variety of studies, including positron annihilation, and conventional single photon emission, as well as static orthogonal dual multi-pinhole tomography. In orthogonal dual multi-pinhole tomography, each camera is fitted with a seven pinhole collimator to provide seven views from slightly different perspectives. By using two cameras at an angle to each other, improved sensitivity and depth resolution is achieved. The computer system and interface acquires and stores a broad range of information in list mode, including patient physiological data, energy data over the full range detected by the cameras, and the camera position. The list mode acquisition permits the study of attenuation as a result of Compton scatter, as well as studies involving the isolation and correlation of energy with a range of physiological conditions.

Nuclear medicine imaging system

DOEpatents

Bennett, Gerald W.; Brill, A. Bertrand; Bizais, Yves J. C.; Rowe, R. Wanda; Zubal, I. George

1986-01-01

A nuclear medicine imaging system having two large field of view scintillation cameras mounted on a rotatable gantry and being movable diametrically toward or away from each other is disclosed. In addition, each camera may be rotated about an axis perpendicular to the diameter of the gantry. The movement of the cameras allows the system to be used for a variety of studies, including positron annihilation, and conventional single photon emission, as well as static orthogonal dual multi-pinhole tomography. In orthogonal dual multi-pinhole tomography, each camera is fitted with a seven pinhole collimator to provide seven views from slightly different perspectives. By using two cameras at an angle to each other, improved sensitivity and depth resolution is achieved. The computer system and interface acquires and stores a broad range of information in list mode, including patient physiological data, energy data over the full range detected by the cameras, and the camera position. The list mode acquisition permits the study of attenuation as a result of Compton scatter, as well as studies involving the isolation and correlation of energy with a range of physiological conditions.

Development of Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment System for Tier II Emissions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, R. C.; Cole, A. S., Stroia, B. J.; Huang, S. C.

2002-06-01

Due to their excellent fuel efficiency, reliability, and durability, compression ignition direct injection (CIDI) engines have been used extensively to power almost all highway trucks, urban buses, off-road vehicles, marine carriers, and industrial equipment. CIDI engines burn 35 to 50% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, and they emit far less greenhouse gases (Carbon Dioxides), which have been implicated in global warming. Although the emissions of CIDI engines have been reduced significantly over the last decade, there remains concern with the Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) and Particulate Matter (PM) emission levels. In 2000, the US EPA proposed very stringentmore » emissions standards to be introduced in 2007 along with low sulfur (< 15ppm) diesel fuel. The California Air Resource Board (CARB) has also established the principle that future diesel fueled vehicles should meet the same emissions standards as gasoline fueled vehicles and the EPA followed suit with its Tier II emissions regulations. Meeting the Tier II standards requires NOX and PM emissions to be reduced dramatically. Achieving such low emissions while minimizing fuel economy penalty cannot be done through engine development and fuel reformulation alone, and requires application of NOX and PM aftertreatment control devices. A joint effort was made between Cummins Inc. and the Department of Energy to develop the generic aftertreatment subsystem technologies applicable for Light-Duty Vehicle (LDV) and Light-Duty Truck (LDT) engines. This paper provides an update on the progress of this joint development program. Three NOX reduction technologies including plasmaassisted catalytic NOX reduction (PACR), active lean NOX catalyst (LNC), and adsorber catalyst (AC) technology using intermittent rich conditions for NOX reduction were investigated in parallel in an attempt to select the best NOX control approach for light-duty aftertreatment subsystem integration and development. Investigations included system design and analysis, critical lab/engine experiments, and ranking then selection of NOX control technologies against reliability, up-front cost, fuel economy, service interval/serviceability, and size/weight. The results of the investigations indicate that the best NOX control approach for LDV and LDT applications is a NOX adsorber system. A greater than 83% NOX reduction efficiency is required to achieve 0.07g/mile NOX Tier II vehicle-out emissions. Both active lean NOX and PACR technology are currently not capable of achieving the high conversion efficiency required for Tier II, Bin 5 emissions standards. In this paper, the NOX technology assessment and selection is first reviewed and discussed. Development of the selected NOX technology (NOX adsorber) and PM control are then discussed in more detail. Discussion includes exhaust sulfur management, further adsorber formulation development, reductant screening, diesel particulate filter development & active regeneration, and preliminary test results on the selected integrated SOX trap, NOX adsorber, and diesel particulate filter system over an FTP-75 emissions cycle, and its impact on fuel economy. Finally, the direction of future work for continued advanced aftertreatment technology development is discussed. (SAE Paper SAE-2002-01-1867 © 2002 SAE International. This paper is published on this website with permission from SAE International. As a user of this website, you are permitted to view this paper on-line, download this pdf file and print one copy of this paper at no cost for your use only. The downloaded pdf file and printout of this SAE paper may not be copied, distributed or forwarded to others or for the use of others.)« less

Study of a water-soluble fluorescent sensor based on the Eu(III) pefloxacin complex.

PubMed

Wen, Chaohao; Yang, Jinglian; Zeng, Zhi; Gao, Jinwei; Zheng, Yuhui

2017-05-01

The antibiotic type organic structure pefloxacin binds well with europium (III) ions as a useful scaffold for assembling optical probes and allows energy transfer from ligand to metal ions through coordination linkages. This water-soluble chemosensor demonstrated significant 'off-on (red)' changes from an alkaline to a neutral environment (pH 14-8). The emission changed from red to blue under acidic conditions (pH 7-2). The whole process was completely reversible and effective within the pH range 2 to 14. Moreover, this probe system exhibited distinct luminescence quenching upon the addition of Cu 2+ or Fe 3 + . This general modular route will permit easy detection and the concept can be extended to a variety of quinolones for sensing purposes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development of techniques and associated instrumentation for high temperature emissivity measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cunnington, G. R.; Funai, A. I.

1972-01-01

The progress during the sixth quarterly period is reported on construction and assembly of a test facility to determine the high temperature emittance properties of candidate thermal protection system materials for the space shuttle. This facility will provide simulation of such reentry environment parameters as temperature, pressure, and gas flow rate to permit studies of the effects of these parameters on the emittance stability of the materials. Also reported are the completed results for emittance tests on a set of eight Rene 41 samples and one anodized titanium alloy sample which were tested at temperatures up to 1600 F in vacuum. The data includes calorimetric determinations of total hemispherical emittance, radiometric determinations of total and spectral normal emittance, and pre- and post-test room temperature reflectance measurements.

A rocket observation of the far-ultraviolet spectrum of Saturn

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weiser, H.; Moos, H. W.

1978-01-01

Far-ultraviolet (1160-1750 A) spectra of the Saturnian disk and the ring system have been obtained by using a very sensitive rocket-borne spectrograph with a microchannel plate detector. The use of two apertures of different diameter in the telescope focal plane permitted the separation of the contribution of the planetary disk from that of the rings. H I lambda 1216 was the only atomic spectral line emission detected in the planet and the rings. A weak signal from the disk between 1300 A and 1500 A was observed. Geometric disk albedos, averaged over 50 A, were determined from 1500 A to 1700 A. Measurements of the ring reflectivity longward of 1650 A are compatible with H2O frost but not NH3 frost.

30 CFR 778.12 - Providing permit history information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... INTERIOR SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS PERMIT APPLICATIONS-MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR LEGAL, FINANCIAL, COMPLIANCE, AND RELATED...

Cool Star Binaries with ALEXIS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stern, Robert A.

1998-01-01

We proposed to search for high-temperature, flare-produced Fe XXIII line emission from active cool star binary systems using the ALEXIS all-sky survey. Previous X-ray transient searches with ARIEL V and HEAO-1, and subsequent shorter duration monitoring with the GINGA and EXOSAT satellites demonstrated that active binaries can produce large (EM approximately equals 10(exp 55-56/cu cm) X-ray flares lasting several hours or longer. Hot plasma from these flares at temperatures of 10(exp 7)K or more should produce Fe XXIII line emission at lambda = 132.8 A, very near the peak response of ALEXIS telescopes 1A and 2A. Our primary goals were to estimate flare frequency for the largest flares in the active binary systems, and, if the data permitted, to derive a distribution of flare energy vs. frequency for the sample as a whole. After a long delay due to the initial problems with the ALEXIS attitude control, the heroic efforts on the part of the ALEXIS satellite team enabled us to carry out this survey. However, the combination of the higher than expected and variable background in the ALEXIS detectors, and the lower throughput of the ALEXIS telescopes resulted in no convincing detections of large flares from the active binary systems. In addition, vignetting-corrected effective exposure times from the ALEXIS aspect solution were not available prior to the end of this contract; therefore, we were unable to convert upper limits measured in ALEXIS counts to the equivalent L(sub EUV).

Greenidge Multi-Pollutant Control Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Connell, Daniel

2008-10-18

The Greenidge Multi-Pollutant Control Project was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Power Plant Improvement Initiative to demonstrate an innovative combination of air pollution control technologies that can cost-effectively reduce emissions of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x}, Hg, acid gases (SO{sub 3}, HCl, and HF), and particulate matter from smaller coal-fired electric generating units (EGUs). There are about 400 units in the United States with capacities of 50-300 MW that currently are not equipped with selective catalytic reduction (SCR), flue gas desulfurization (FGD), or mercury control systems. Many of these units, which collectively represent more than 55 GWmore » of installed capacity, are difficult to retrofit for deep emission reductions because of space constraints and unfavorable economies of scale, making them increasingly vulnerable to retirement or fuel switching in the face of progressively more stringent environmental regulations. The Greenidge Project sought to confirm the commercial readiness of an emissions control system that is specifically designed to meet the environmental compliance requirements of these smaller coal-fired EGUs by offering a combination of deep emission reductions, low capital costs, small space requirements, applicability to high-sulfur coals, mechanical simplicity, and operational flexibility. The multi-pollutant control system includes a NO{sub x}OUT CASCADE{reg_sign} hybrid selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)/in-duct SCR system for NO{sub x} control and a Turbosorp{reg_sign} circulating fluidized bed dry scrubbing system (with a new baghouse) for SO{sub 2}, SO{sub 3}, HCl, HF, and particulate matter control. Mercury removal is provided as a co-benefit of the in-duct SCR, dry scrubber, and baghouse, and by injection of activated carbon upstream of the scrubber, if required. The multi-pollutant control system was installed and tested on the 107-MW{sub e}, 1953-vintage AES Greenidge Unit 4 by a team including CONSOL Energy Inc. as prime contractor, AES Greenidge LLC as host site owner, and Babcock Power Environmental Inc. as engineering, procurement, and construction contractor. About 44% of the funding for the project was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, through its National Energy Technology Laboratory, and the remaining 56% was provided by AES Greenidge. Project goals included reducing high-load NO{sub x} emissions to {le} 0.10 lb/mmBtu; reducing SO{sub 2}, SO{sub 3}, HCl, and HF emissions by at least 95%; and reducing Hg emissions by at least 90% while the unit fired 2-4% sulfur eastern U.S. bituminous coal and co-fired up to 10% biomass. This report details the final results from the project. The multi-pollutant control system was constructed in 2006, with a total plant cost of $349/kW and a footprint of 0.4 acre - both substantially less than would have been required to retrofit AES Greenidge Unit 4 with a conventional SCR and wet scrubber. Start-up of the multi-pollutant control system was completed in March 2007, and the performance of the system was then evaluated over an approximately 18-month period of commercial operation. Guarantee tests conducted in March-June 2007 demonstrated attainment of all of the emission reduction goals listed above. Additional tests completed throughout the performance evaluation period showed 96% SO{sub 2} removal, 98% mercury removal (with no activated carbon injection), 95% SO{sub 3} removal, and 97% HCl removal during longer-term operation. Greater than 95% SO{sub 2} removal efficiency was observed even when the unit fired high-sulfur coals containing up to 4.8 lb SO{sub 2}/mmBtu. Particulate matter emissions were reduced by more than 98% relative to the emission rate observed prior to installation of the technology. The performance of the hybrid SNCR/SCR system was affected by problems with large particle ash, ammonia slip, and nonideal combustion characteristics, and high-load NO{sub x} emissions averaged 0.14 lb/mmBtu during long-term operation. Nevertheless, the system has reduced the unit's overall NO{sub x} emissions by 52% on a lb/mmBtu basis. The commercial viability of the multi-pollutant control system was demonstrated at AES Greenidge Unit 4. The system, which remains in service after the conclusion of the project, has enabled the unit to satisfy its permit requirements while continuing to operate profitably. As a result of the success at AES Greenidge Unit 4, three additional deployments of the Turbosorp{reg_sign} technology had been announced by the end of the project.« less

Wilderness Management... A Computerized System for Summarizing Permit Information

Treesearch

Gary H. Elsner

1972-01-01

Permits were first needed for visits to wilderness areas in California during summer 1971. A computerized system for analyzing these permits and summarizing information from them has been developed. It produces four types of summary tables: point-of-origin of visitors; daily variation in total number of persons present; variations in group size; and variations in...

75 FR 57299 - Notice of Permit Applications Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-541)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-20

... Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-541), as amended by the Antarctic Science, Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996, has developed regulations for the establishment of a permit system for various... protection. The regulations establish such a permit system to designate Antarctic Specially Protected Areas...

76 FR 61117 - Notice of Permit Applications Received Under the Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-541)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-03

... Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978 (Pub. L. 95-541), as amended by the Antarctic Science, Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996, has developed regulations for the establishment of a permit system for various... protection. The regulations establish such a permit system to designate Antarctic Specially Protected Areas...

Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Seyfert 1 and Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodríguez-Ardila, Alberto; Pastoriza, Miriani G.; Donzelli, Carlos J.

2000-01-01

This paper studies the continuum and emission-line properties of a sample composed of 16 normal Seyfert 1 and seven narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxies using optical and near-IR CCD spectroscopy. The continuum emission of the galaxies can be described in terms of a combination of stellar population, a nonstellar continuum of power-law form, and Fe II emission. A significative difference in the optical spectral index between NLS1's and normal Seyfert 1's is observed; the latter is steeper. Most NLS1's show Fe II/Hβ ratios larger than those observed in the other Seyfert 1's. In the IRAS band, both groups of galaxies have very similar properties. We have searched for the presence of optically thin gas in the broad-line region (BLR) of the galaxies by comparing the broad O I λ8446 and Hα emission-line profiles. Our analysis show that in the NLS1's, both profiles are similar in shape and width. This result contradicts the hypothesis of thin gas emission in the high-velocity part of the BLR to explain the ``narrowness'' of broad optical permitted lines in these objects. Evidence of narrow O I λ8446 emission is found in six galaxies of our sample, implying that this line is not restricted to a pure BLR phenomenon. In the narrow-line region, we find similar luminosities in the permitted and high-ionization lines of NLS1's and normal Seyfert 1's. However, low-ionization lines such as [O I] λ6300, [O II] λ3727, and [S II] λλ6717, 6731 are intrinsically less luminous in NLS1's. Physical properties derived from density- and temperature-sensitive line ratios suggest that the [O II] and [S II] emitting zones are overlapping in normal Seyfert 1's and separated in NLS1's. Based on observations made at CASLEO. Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito (CASLEO) is operated under agreement between the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y técnicas de la República Argentina and the National Universities of La Plata, Córdoba and San Juán.

Adoption of Emissions Abating Technologies by U.S. Electricity Producing Firms Under the SO2 Emission Allowance Market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Creamer, Gregorio Bernardo

The objective of this research is to determine the adaptation strategies that coal-based, electricity producing firms in the United States utilize to comply with the emission control regulations imposed by the SO2 Emissions Allowance Market created by the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990, and the effect of market conditions on the decision making process. In particular, I take into consideration (1) the existence of carbon contracts for the provision of coal that may a affect coal prices at the plant level, and (2) local and geographical conditions, as well as political arrangements that may encourage firms to adopt strategies that appear socially less efficient. As the electricity producing sector is a regulated sector, firms do not necessarily behave in a way that maximizes the welfare of society when reacting to environmental regulations. In other words, profit maximization actions taken by the firm do not necessarily translate into utility maximization for society. Therefore, the environmental regulator has to direct firms into adopting strategies that are socially efficient, i.e., that maximize utility. The SO 2 permit market is an instrument that allows each firm to reduce marginal emissions abatement costs according to their own production conditions and abatement costs. Companies will be driven to opt for a cost-minimizing emissions abatement strategy or a combination of abatement strategies when adapting to new environmental regulations or markets. Firms may adopt one or more of the following strategies to reduce abatement costs while meeting the emission constraints imposed by the SO2 Emissions Allowance Market: (1) continue with business as usual on the production site while buying SO2 permits to comply with environmental regulations, (2) switch to higher quality, lower sulfur coal inputs that will generate less SO2 emissions, or (3) adopting new emissions abating technologies. A utility optimization condition is that the marginal value of each input should be equal to the product generated by using it and to the activities that are required by new regulations. The comparative technological and scale efficiency factors of coal-based electricity producing plants are calculated using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework, and used as proxies to test this condition. In the empirical analysis, econometric models of the response of firms to emissions control are analyzed around the following aspects: (1) characterization of the behavior of firms and their efficiency, (2) relevant variables that trigger the adoption of technology, that is, the acquisition of scrubbers , and (3) the influence of exogenous variables, such as the existence of contracts, distance from mine to plant, and local conditions of the region where plants are located.

40 CFR 122.46 - Duration of permits (applicable to State programs, see § 123.25).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Duration of permits (applicable to... ELIMINATION SYSTEM Permit Conditions § 122.46 Duration of permits (applicable to State programs, see § 123.25... in § 122.6, the term of a permit shall not be extended by modification beyond the maximum duration...

Systems planning for automated commercial vehicle licensing and permitting systems : national ITS/CVO program requirements

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-07-01

This report describes the work of the study, Systems Planning for Automated Commercial Vehicle Licensing and Permitting Systems. The objective of this study is to define the market, organization, and resource requirements for a national program...

Temporalization of Electric Generation Emissions for Improved Representation of Peak Air Quality Episodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farkas, C. M.; Moeller, M.; Carlton, A. G.

2013-12-01

Photochemical transport models routinely under predict peak air quality events. This deficiency may be due, in part, to inadequate temporalization of emissions from the electric generating sector. The National Emissions Inventory (NEI) reports emissions from Electric Generating Units (EGUs) by either Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs) that report hourly values or as an annual total. The Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions preprocessor (SMOKE), used to prepare emissions data for modeling with the CMAQ air quality model, allocates annual emission totals throughout the year using specific monthly, weekly, and hourly weights according to standard classification code (SCC) and location. This approach represents average diurnal and seasonal patterns of electricity generation but does not capture spikes in emissions due to episodic use as with peaking units or due to extreme weather events. In this project we use a combination of state air quality permits, CEM data, and EPA emission factors to more accurately temporalize emissions of NOx, SO2 and particulate matter (PM) during the extensive heat wave of July and August 2006. Two CMAQ simulations are conducted; the first with the base NEI emissions and the second with improved temporalization, more representative of actual emissions during the heat wave. Predictions from both simulations are evaluated with O3 and PM measurement data from EPA's National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) and State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) during the heat wave, for which ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants were often above NAAQS. During periods of increased photochemistry and high pollutant concentrations, it is critical that emissions are most accurately represented in air quality models.

40 CFR 70.8 - Permit review by EPA and affected States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... compatible with EPA's national database management system. (2) The Administrator may waive the requirements...) Transmission of information to the Administrator. (1) The permit program shall require that the permitting authority provide to the Administrator a copy of each permit application (including any application for...

40 CFR 70.8 - Permit review by EPA and affected States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... compatible with EPA's national database management system. (2) The Administrator may waive the requirements...) Transmission of information to the Administrator. (1) The permit program shall require that the permitting authority provide to the Administrator a copy of each permit application (including any application for...

40 CFR 70.8 - Permit review by EPA and affected States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... compatible with EPA's national database management system. (2) The Administrator may waive the requirements...) Transmission of information to the Administrator. (1) The permit program shall require that the permitting authority provide to the Administrator a copy of each permit application (including any application for...

40 CFR 70.8 - Permit review by EPA and affected States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... compatible with EPA's national database management system. (2) The Administrator may waive the requirements...) Transmission of information to the Administrator. (1) The permit program shall require that the permitting authority provide to the Administrator a copy of each permit application (including any application for...

40 CFR 70.8 - Permit review by EPA and affected States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... compatible with EPA's national database management system. (2) The Administrator may waive the requirements...) Transmission of information to the Administrator. (1) The permit program shall require that the permitting authority provide to the Administrator a copy of each permit application (including any application for...

40 CFR 122.45 - Calculating NPDES permit conditions (applicable to State NPDES programs, see § 123.25).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS EPA ADMINISTERED PERMIT PROGRAMS: THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM Permit Conditions § 122.45 Calculating NPDES permit conditions..., and prohibitions, including those necessary to achieve water quality standards, shall unless...

The Kinematics of the Permitted C II λ6578 Line in a Large Sample of Planetary Nebulae

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richer, Michael G.; Suárez, Genaro; López, José Alberto; García Díaz, María Teresa

2017-03-01

We present spectroscopic observations of the C II λ6578 permitted line for 83 lines of sight in 76 planetary nebulae at high spectral resolution, most of them obtained with the Manchester Echelle Spectrograph on the 2.1 m telescope at the Observatorio Astronómico Nacional on the Sierra San Pedro Mártir. We study the kinematics of the C II λ6578 permitted line with respect to other permitted and collisionally excited lines. Statistically, we find that the kinematics of the C II λ6578 line are not those expected if this line arises from the recombination of C2+ ions or the fluorescence of C+ ions in ionization equilibrium in a chemically homogeneous nebular plasma, but instead its kinematics are those appropriate for a volume more internal than expected. The planetary nebulae in this sample have well-defined morphology and are restricted to a limited range in Hα line widths (no large values) compared to their counterparts in the Milky Way bulge; both these features could be interpreted as the result of young nebular shells, an inference that is also supported by nebular modeling. Concerning the long-standing discrepancy between chemical abundances inferred from permitted and collisionally excited emission lines in photoionized nebulae, our results imply that multiple plasma components occur commonly in planetary nebulae.

Critical levels and loads and the regulation of industrial emissions in northwest British Columbia, Canada

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williston, P.; Aherne, J.; Watmough, S.; Marmorek, D.; Hall, A.; de la Cueva Bueno, P.; Murray, C.; Henolson, A.; Laurence, J. A.

2016-12-01

Northwest British Columbia, Canada, a sparsely populated and largely pristine region, is targeted for rapid industrial growth owing to the modernization of an aluminum smelter and multiple proposed liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. Consequently, air quality in this region is expected to undergo considerable changes within the next decade. In concert, the increase in LNG capacity driven by gas production from shale resources across North America has prompted environmental concerns and highlighted the need for science-based management decisions regarding the permitting of air emissions. In this study, an effects-based approach widely-used to support transboundary emissions policy negotiations was used to assess industrial air emissions in the Kitimat and Prince Rupert airsheds under permitted and future potential industrial emissions. Critical levels for vegetation of SO2 and NO2 and critical loads of acidity and nutrient nitrogen for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were estimated for both regions and compared with modelled concentration and deposition estimates to identify the potential extent and magnitude of ecosystem impacts. The critical level for SO2 was predicted to be exceeded in an area ranging from 81 to 251 km2 in the Kitimat airshed owing to emissions from an existing smelter, compared with <1 km2 in Prince Rupert under the lowest to highest emissions scenarios. In contrast, the NO2 critical level was not exceeded in Kitimat, and ranged from 4.5 to 6 km2 in Prince Rupert owing to proposed LNG related emissions. Predicted areal exceedance of the critical load of acidity for soil ranged from 1 to 28 km2 in Kitimat and 4-10 km2 in Prince Rupert, while the areal exceedance of empirical critical load for nutrient N was predicted to be greater in the Prince Rupert airshed (20-94 km2) than in the Kitimat airshed (1-31 km2). The number of lakes that exceeded the critical load of acidity did not vary greatly across emissions scenarios in the Kitimat (21-23 out of 80 sampled lakes) and Prince Rupert (0 out of 35 sampled lakes) airsheds. While critical loads have been widely used to underpin international emissions reductions of transboundary pollutants, it is clear that they can also play an important role in managing regional air emissions. In the current study, exceedance of critical levels and loads suggests that industrial emissions from the nascent LNG export sector may require careful regulation to avoid environmental impacts. Emissions management from LNG export facilities in other regions should consider critical levels and loads analyses to ensure industrial development is synergistic with ecosystem protection. While recognizing uncertainties in dispersion modelling, critical load estimates, and subsequent effects, the critical levels and loads approach is being used to inform regulatory decisions in British Columbia to prevent impacts that have been well documented in other regions.

EPA's Draft 2017 Construction General Permit (CGP)

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA is preparing to reissue the Construction General Permit (CGP). The general permit, issued under the Clean Water Act's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, authorizes stormwater discharges from construction activities.

Simultaneous in vivo positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

PubMed

Catana, Ciprian; Procissi, Daniel; Wu, Yibao; Judenhofer, Martin S; Qi, Jinyi; Pichler, Bernd J; Jacobs, Russell E; Cherry, Simon R

2008-03-11

Positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used in vivo imaging technologies with both clinical and biomedical research applications. The strengths of MRI include high-resolution, high-contrast morphologic imaging of soft tissues; the ability to image physiologic parameters such as diffusion and changes in oxygenation level resulting from neuronal stimulation; and the measurement of metabolites using chemical shift imaging. PET images the distribution of biologically targeted radiotracers with high sensitivity, but images generally lack anatomic context and are of lower spatial resolution. Integration of these technologies permits the acquisition of temporally correlated data showing the distribution of PET radiotracers and MRI contrast agents or MR-detectable metabolites, with registration to the underlying anatomy. An MRI-compatible PET scanner has been built for biomedical research applications that allows data from both modalities to be acquired simultaneously. Experiments demonstrate no effect of the MRI system on the spatial resolution of the PET system and <10% reduction in the fraction of radioactive decay events detected by the PET scanner inside the MRI. The signal-to-noise ratio and uniformity of the MR images, with the exception of one particular pulse sequence, were little affected by the presence of the PET scanner. In vivo simultaneous PET and MRI studies were performed in mice. Proof-of-principle in vivo MR spectroscopy and functional MRI experiments were also demonstrated with the combined scanner.

Impact of air pollution control costs on the cost and spatial arrangement of cellulosic biofuel production in the U.S.

PubMed

Murphy, Colin W; Parker, Nathan C

2014-02-18

Air pollution emissions regulation can affect the location, size, and technology choice of potential biofuel production facilities. Difficulty in obtaining air pollutant emission permits and the cost of air pollution control devices have been cited by some fuel producers as barriers to development. This paper expands on the Geospatial Bioenergy Systems Model (GBSM) to evaluate the effect of air pollution control costs on the availability, cost, and distribution of U.S. biofuel production by subjecting potential facility locations within U.S. Clean Air Act nonattainment areas, which exceed thresholds for healthy air quality, to additional costs. This paper compares three scenarios: one with air quality costs included, one without air quality costs, and one in which conversion facilities were prohibited in Clean Air Act nonattainment areas. While air quality regulation may substantially affect local decisions regarding siting or technology choices, their effect on the system as a whole is small. Most biofuel facilities are expected to be sited near to feedstock supplies, which are seldom in nonattainment areas. The average cost per unit of produced energy is less than 1% higher in the scenarios with air quality compliance costs than in scenarios without such costs. When facility construction is prohibited in nonattainment areas, the costs increase by slightly over 1%, due to increases in the distance feedstock is transported to facilities in attainment areas.

30 CFR 780.37 - Road systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Road systems. 780.37 Section 780.37 Mineral... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS SURFACE MINING PERMIT APPLICATIONS-MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR RECLAMATION AND OPERATION PLAN § 780.37 Road systems...

30 CFR 784.24 - Road systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Road systems. 784.24 Section 784.24 Mineral... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS... systems. (a) Plans and drawings. Each applicant for an underground coal mining and reclamation permit...

30 CFR 780.37 - Road systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Road systems. 780.37 Section 780.37 Mineral... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS SURFACE MINING PERMIT APPLICATIONS-MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR RECLAMATION AND OPERATION PLAN § 780.37 Road systems...

30 CFR 784.24 - Road systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Road systems. 784.24 Section 784.24 Mineral... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS... systems. (a) Plans and drawings. Each applicant for an underground coal mining and reclamation permit...

30 CFR 780.37 - Road systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Road systems. 780.37 Section 780.37 Mineral... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS SURFACE MINING PERMIT APPLICATIONS-MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR RECLAMATION AND OPERATION PLAN § 780.37 Road systems...

30 CFR 784.24 - Road systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Road systems. 784.24 Section 784.24 Mineral... MINING AND RECLAMATION OPERATIONS PERMITS AND COAL EXPLORATION SYSTEMS UNDER REGULATORY PROGRAMS... systems. (a) Plans and drawings. Each applicant for an underground coal mining and reclamation permit...

36 CFR 13.934 - How will the superintendent manage the permit program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... manage the permit program? 13.934 Section 13.934 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Denali National Park and Preserve Motor Vehicle Permits § 13.934 How will the superintendent manage the permit...

36 CFR 13.934 - How will the superintendent manage the permit program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... manage the permit program? 13.934 Section 13.934 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Denali National Park and Preserve Motor Vehicle Permits § 13.934 How will the superintendent manage the permit...

36 CFR 13.934 - How will the superintendent manage the permit program?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... manage the permit program? 13.934 Section 13.934 Parks, Forests, and Public Property NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM UNITS IN ALASKA Special Regulations-Denali National Park and Preserve Motor Vehicle Permits § 13.934 How will the superintendent manage the permit...

Two-dimensionally grown single-crystal silicon nanosheets with tunable visible-light emissions.

PubMed

Kim, Sung Wook; Lee, Jaejun; Sung, Ji Ho; Seo, Dong-jae; Kim, Ilsoo; Jo, Moon-Ho; Kwon, Byoung Wook; Choi, Won Kook; Choi, Heon-Jin

2014-07-22

Since the discovery of graphene, growth of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials has greatly attracted attention. However, spontaneous growth of atomic two-dimensional (2D) materials is limitedly permitted for several layered-structure crystals, such as graphene, MoS2, and h-BN, and otherwise it is notoriously difficult. Here we report the gas-phase 2D growth of silicon (Si), that is cubic in symmetry, via dendritic growth and an interdendritic filling mechanism and to form Si nanosheets (SiNSs) of 1 to 13 nm in thickness. Thin SiNSs show strong thickness-dependent photoluminescence in visible range including red, green, and blue (RGB) emissions with the associated band gap energies ranging from 1.6 to 3.2 eV; these emission energies were greater than those from Si quantum dots (SiQDs) of the similar sizes. We also demonstrated that electrically driven white, as well as blue, emission in a conventional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) geometry with the SiNS assembly as the active emitting layers. Tunable light emissions in visible range in our observations suggest practical implications for novel 2D Si nanophotonics.

Quantification of Methane and Ammonia Emissions in a Naturally Ventilated Barn by Using Defined Criteria to Calculate Emission Rates.

PubMed

Schmithausen, Alexander J; Schiefler, Inga; Trimborn, Manfred; Gerlach, Katrin; Südekum, Karl-Heinz; Pries, Martin; Büscher, Wolfgang

2018-05-16

Extensive experimentation on individual animals in respiration chambers has already been carried out to evaluate the potential of dietary changes and opportunities to mitigate CH₄ emissions from ruminants. Although it is difficult to determine the air exchange rate of open barn spaces, measurements at the herd level should provide similarly reliable and robust results. The primary objective of this study was (1) to define a validity range (data classification criteria (DCC)) for the variables of wind velocity and wind direction during long-term measurements at barn level; and (2) to apply this validity range to a feeding trial in a naturally cross-flow ventilated dairy barn. The application of the DCC permitted quantification of CH₄ and NH₃ emissions during a feeding trial consisting of four periods. Differences between the control group (no supplement) and the experimental group fed a ration supplemented with condensed Acacia mearnsii tannins (CT) became apparent. Notably, CT concentrations of 1% and 3% of ration dry matter did not reduce CH₄ emissions. In contrast, NH₃ emissions decreased 34.5% when 3% CT was supplemented. The data confirm that quantification of trace gases in a naturally ventilated barn at the herd level is possible.

77 FR 59100 - Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Alabama: General and Transportation Conformity...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-26

... PM 10 surrogate program; and (5) require states to account for gases that condense to form particles (condensables) in PM 2.5 and PM 10 emission limits in PSD NNSR permits. Additionally, the NSR PM 2.5 Rule... PSD portion of the State's May 2, 2011, SIP revision. 1. PM 10 Surrogate and Grandfathering Policy In...

76 FR 59512 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Indiana; Redesignation of the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-27

... inventories for primary PM 2.5 ,\\1\\ NO X , and Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ),\\2\\ documented in Indiana's May 31, 2011... quantification of allowable emissions for major new and modified stationary sources in an area, and section 172(c)(5) requires source permits for the construction and operation of new and modified major stationary...

75 FR 3617 - Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations Update To Include New Jersey State Requirements

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-22

... requirements, Sulfur oxides. Dated: December 30, 2009. Judith A. Enck, Regional Administrator, Region 2. 0.... Emissions tests N.J.A.C. 7:27-6.5. Variances N.J.A.C. 7:27-6.7. Exceptions Chapter 27 Subchapter 7--Sulfur... from sulfur compounds Chapter 27 Subchapter 8--Permits and Certificates for Minor Facilities (and Major...

Observations of the Io plasma torus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lane, A. L.; Moos, H. W.; Clarke, J. T.; Atreya, S. K.

1981-01-01

The short wavelength spectrography on the IUE satellite was used to obtain spectra of the plasma torus near the orbit of Io about Jupiter. Three exposures of about 8 hours each taken in March and May 1979 show emission features due to SII, SIII, and OIII. The absence of features at other wavelengths permits upper limits to be other species in the torus.