Confinement of holes and electrons in blue organic light-emitting diodes with additional red emissive layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Jin Sung; Yoo, Seung Il; Kim, Jin Wook; Yoon, Geum Jae; Yi, Seungjun; Kim, Woo Young

2016-02-01

We used various emissive layer (EML) structures with ultrathin red EMLs to enhance the charge carrier balance and carrier recombination rate in blue PHOLED devices. These EML materials have different energy gaps between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels. The ultrathin red EMLs, which were inserted in between the blue EMLs, effectively confined the charge carriers in EML, and increased the carrier recombination rate. The thickness of the individual EML was optimized, under 30 nm of the total thickness of EML. The blue PHOLEDs with ultrathin red EMLs achieved a luminous efficiency of 19.24 cd/A, which was 28.7% higher than those without ultrathin red EMLs, and the maximum external quantum efficiency was 11.81% at 500 cd/m2.

Influence of emissive layer thickness on electrical characteristics of polyfluorene copolymer based polymer light emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, D.; Gopikrishna, P.; Singh, A.; Dey, A.; Iyer, P. K.

2016-04-01

Polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) with a device configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PFONPN01 [Poly [2,7-(9,9’-dioctylfluorene)-co-N-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide (99:01)]/LiF/Al have been fabricated by varying the emissive layer (EML) thickness (40/65/80/130 nm) and the influence of EML thickness on the electrical characteristics of PLED has been studied. PLED can be modelled as a simple combination of resistors and capacitors. The impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the devices with different EML thickness had different values of parallel resistance (RP) and the parallel capacitance (CP). The impedance of the devices is found to increase with increasing EML thickness resulting in an increase in the driving voltage. The device with an emissive layer thickness of 80nm, spin coated from a solution of concentration 15 mg/mL is found to give the best device performance with a maximum brightness value of 5226 cd/m2.

Highly efficient solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with double-stacked hole injection layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yuehua; Hao, Lin; Zhang, Xinwen; Zhang, Xiaolin; Liu, Mengjiao; Zhang, Mengke; Wang, Jiong; Lai, Wen-Yong; Huang, Wei

2017-08-01

In this paper, solution-processed nickel oxide (NiOx) is used as hole-injection layers (HILs) in solution-processed phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Serious exciton quenching is verified at the NiOx/emitting layer (EML) interface, resulting in worse device performance. The device performance is significantly improved by inserting a layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) between the EML and NiOx. The solution-processed blue PhOLED with the double-stacked NiOx/PEDOT:PSS HILs shows a maximum current efficiency of 30.5 cd/A, which is 75% and 30% higher than those of the devices with a single NiOx HIL and a PEDOT:PSS HIL, respectively. Improvement of device efficiency can be attributed to reducing exciton quenching of the PEDOT:PSS layer as well as the electron blocking effect of the NiOx layer.

Efficient red organic electroluminescent devices by doping platinum(II) Schiff base emitter into two host materials with stepwise energy levels.

PubMed

Zhou, Liang; Kwok, Chi-Chung; Cheng, Gang; Zhang, Hongjie; Che, Chi-Ming

2013-07-15

In this work, organic electroluminescent (EL) devices with double light-emitting layers (EMLs) having stepwise energy levels were designed to improve the EL performance of a red-light-emitting platinum(II) Schiff base complex. A series of devices with single or double EML(s) were fabricated and characterized. Compared with single-EML devices, double-EML devices showed improved EL efficiency and brightness, attributed to better balance in carriers. In addition, the stepwise distribution in energy levels of host materials is instrumental in broadening the recombination zone, thus delaying the roll-off of EL efficiency. The highest EL current efficiency and power efficiency of 17.36 cd/A and 14.73 lm/W, respectively, were achieved with the optimized double-EML devices. At high brightness of 1000 cd/m², EL efficiency as high as 8.89 cd/A was retained.

Carrier Injection and Transport in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Device with Oxadiazole Host

PubMed Central

Chiu, Tien-Lung; Lee, Pei-Yu

2012-01-01

In this paper, we investigate the carrier injection and transport characteristics in iridium(III)bis[4,6-(di-fluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2′]picolinate (FIrpic) doped phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with oxadiazole (OXD) as the bipolar host material of the emitting layer (EML). When doping Firpic inside the OXD, the driving voltage of OLEDs greatly decreases because FIrpic dopants facilitate electron injection and electron transport from the electron-transporting layer (ETL) into the EML. With increasing dopant concentration, the recombination zone shifts toward the anode side, analyzed with electroluminescence (EL) spectra. Besides, EL redshifts were also observed with increasing driving voltage, which means the electron mobility is more sensitive to the electric field than the hole mobility. To further investigate carrier injection and transport characteristics, FIrpic was intentionally undoped at different positions inside the EML. When FIrpic was undoped close to the ETL, driving voltage increased significantly which proves the dopant-assisted-electron-injection characteristic in this OLED. When the undoped layer is near the electron blocking layer, the driving voltage is only slightly increased, but the current efficiency is greatly reduced because the main recombination zone was undoped. However, non-negligible FIrpic emission is still observed which means the recombination zone penetrates inside the EML due to certain hole-transporting characteristics of the OXD. PMID:22837713

Enhanced performances for top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes by utilizing green phosphor as energy transfer medium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Lingling; Bao, Yiyang; Zhang, Yanan; Peng, Ling; Zhu, Wenjing; Zhao, Yue; Xu, Yewen; Chen, Shufen

2016-06-01

In top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (TWOLEDs), the device performances attribute to the several important factors, such as exciton profile, energy transfer, and microcavity effect. In this paper, a TWOLED containing a heterojunction blue emission layer (EML) and a red EML is reported. A host material with high triplet energy level is employed for the adjacent blue and red EML, while the inefficient red emission reduces the emission efficiency of the TWOLED. In order to enhance the red emission efficiency, mixed-host and co-doping technologies are used in the red EML. By mixing the hole transporting and electron transporting host materials, the exciton recombination zone extends to the red EML to increase the red emission intensity and reduce the efficiency roll-off. And by co-doping a green phosphor into the red EML as the energy transfer medium, the energy transfer rate is enhanced, and then the current efficiency increases. Besides, both the mixed-host and co-doping change the carrier transport and the exciton recombination zone, which further affects the microcavity resonance in the devices. Due to the enhancement on the red emission intensity and the shift of resonant wavelength, the chromaticity of the TWOLED is improved.

Exciplex formation and electroluminescent absorption in ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Hao; Zhang, Xiao-Wen; Xu, Tao; Wei, Bin

2015-02-01

We investigated the formation of exciplex and electroluminescent absorption in ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes (UV OLEDs) using different heterojunction structures. It is found that an energy barrier of over 0.3 eV between the emissive layer (EML) and adjacent transport layer facilitates exciplex formation. The electron blocking layer effectively confines electrons in the EML, which contributes to pure UV emission and enhances efficiency. The change in EML thickness generates tunable UV emission from 376 nm to 406 nm. In addition, the UV emission excites low-energy organic function layers and produces photoluminescent emission. In UV OLED, avoiding the exciplex formation and averting light absorption can effectively improve the purity and efficiency. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.2% with a UV emission peak of 376 nm is realized. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61136003 and 61275041) and the Guangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. 2012GXNSFBA053168).

Investigation of the Charge Balance in Green Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes by Controlling the Mixed Host Emission Layer.

PubMed

Lee, Jeonghyun; Choi, Pyungho; Kim, Minsoo; Lim, Kiwon; Hyeon, Younghwan; Kim, Soonkon; Koo, Kwangjun; Kim, Sangsoo; Choi, Byoungdeog

2018-09-01

In this paper, we investigated the use of a mixed host emission layer (MH-EML) in green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The hole transport type (p-type) material (4,4'-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP)) and electron transport type (N-type) material (2,2',2″-(1,3,5-Benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) (TPBi)) were mixed with different ratios. The electrons were easily injected through the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of TPBi in the mixed host system. Also, holes were confined in the EML because of the deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of TPBi (6.7 eV). These results indicate that excitons were formed effectively and the recombination zone became wider under a high electric field in MH-EML devices. For these reasons, the lifetime of the MH-OLED device was 1.36 times higher than that of a single host emission layer (SH-EML) device and showed a reduction in Joule heating. Finally, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) roll-off ratio from 1 mA/cm2 to 100 mA/cm2 in the optimized device (30.46%) was 18.12%p lower than that of the SH-EML (48.58%).

Effect of trapped electrons on the transient current density and luminance of organic light-emitting diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jiun-Haw; Chen, Chia-Hsun; Lin, Bo-Yen; Shih, Yen-Chen; Lin, King-Fu; Wang, Leeyih; Chiu, Tien-Lung; Lin, Chi-Feng

2018-04-01

Transient current density and luminance from an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) driven by voltage pulses were investigated. Waveforms with different repetition rate, duty cycle, off-period, and on-period were used to study the injection and transport characteristics of electron and holes in an OLED under pulse operation. It was found that trapped electrons inside the emitting layer (EML) and the electron transporting layer (ETL) material, tris(8-hydroxyquinolate)aluminum (Alq3) helped for attracting the holes into the EML/ETL and reducing the driving voltage, which was further confirmed from the analysis of capacitance-voltage and displacement current measurement. The relaxation time and trapped filling time of the trapped electrons in Alq3 layer were ~200 µs and ~600 µs with 6 V pulse operation, respectively.

Unconventional Three-Armed Luminogens Exhibiting Both Aggregation-Induced Emission and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Resulting in High-Performing Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

Park, Seo Yeon; Choi, Suna; Park, Gi Eun; Kim, Hyung Jong; Lee, Chiho; Moon, Ji Su; Kim, Si Woo; Park, Sungnam; Kwon, Jang Hyuk; Cho, Min Ju; Choi, Dong Hoon

2018-05-02

In this work, three-armed luminogens IAcTr-out and IAcTr-in were synthesized and used as emitters bearing triazine and indenoacridine moieties in thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). These molecules could form a uniform thin film via the solution process and also allowed the subsequent deposition of an electron transporting layer either by vacuum deposition or by an all-solution coating method. Intriguingly, the new luminogens displayed aggregation-induced emission (AIE), which is a unique photophysical phenomenon. As a nondoped emitting layer (EML), IAcTr-in showed external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 11.8% for the hybrid-solution processed OLED and 10.9% for the all-solution processed OLED with a low efficiency roll-off. This was evident by the higher photoluminescence quantum yield and higher rate constant of reverse intersystem crossing of IAcTr-in, as compared to IAcTr-out. These AIE luminogens were used as dopants and mixed with the well-known host material 1,3-bis( N-carbazolyl)benzene (mCP) to produce a high-efficiency OLED with a two-component EML. The maximum EQE of 17.5% was obtained when using EML with IAcTr-out doping (25 wt %) into mCP, and the OLED with EML bearing IAcTr-in and mCP showed a higher maximum EQE of 18.4% as in the case of the nondoped EML-based device.

Investigation of mixed-host organic light emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh Yee, Kee

One of the limiting factors to the OLED stability or lifetime is the charge buildup at the bilayer heterojunction (HJ) between the hole transport layer (HTL) and electron transport layer (ETL). In recent years, this abrupt interface has been moderated by mixing HTL and ETL to form a single mixed-host, light emitting layer. For uniformly mixed-host (UM) OLED, the device lifetime and also the efficiency were improved due to the spatial broadening of the recombination zone. Similar device architectures, such as the step-wise graded mixed-host (SGM-OLED) and the continuously graded mixed-host (CGM-OLED) have also been implemented by a number of researchers. In this work, a premix of hole transport material (HTM) and electron transport material (ETM), namely TPD and Alq, is prepared for one-step thermal evaporation of the mixed-host light emitting layer (EML). Depending on the evaporation rate, the CGM-OLEDs with different concentration profiles of HTM and ETM in the EML are obtained, which are inversely proportional to each other.

Fabrication of Transparent CNT Films for OLED Application

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-04

and a HTL, respectively, and the Alq3 layer adjacent to a composite cathode of LiF/Al was a green-emitting EML . Figure 14 shows that the RMS roughness... EML . Internationale de l’Eclairage chromaticity coordinates CIEx,y of the spectra is (0.32, 0.52) that is very similar (or identical) to the color...coordinates of conventional Alq3 OLEDs. Figure 15: Photographs of the OLED with a SWCNT anode and an Alq3 EML in operation and the corresponding

The effect of a charge control layer on the electroluminescent characteristic of blue and white organic light-emitting diodes.

PubMed

Lee, Dong Hyung; Lee, Seok Jae; Koo, Ja-Ryong; Lee, Ho Won; Shin, Hyun Su; Lee, Song Eun; Kim, Woo Young; Lee, Kum Hee; Yoon, Seung Soo; Kim, Young Kwan

2014-08-01

We investigated blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a charge control layer (CCL) to produce high efficiency and improve the half-decay lifetime. Three types of devices (device A, B, and C) were fabricated following the number of CCLs within the emitting layer (EML), maintaining the thickness of whole EML. The CCL and host material, 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene, which has a bipolar property, was able to control the carrier movement with ease inside the EML. Device B demonstrated a maximum luminous efficiency (LE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.19 cd/A and 5.78%, respectively. It also showed that the enhancement of the half-decay lifetime, measured at an initial luminance of 1,000 cd/m2, was 1.5 times longer than that of the conventional structure. A hybrid white OLED (WOLED) was also fabricated using a phosphorescent red emitter, bis(2-phenylquinoline)-acetylacetonate iridium III doped in 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazolyl-biphenyl. The property of the hybrid WOLED with CCL showed a maximum LE and an EQE of 13.46 cd/A and 8.32%, respectively. It also showed white emission with Commission International de L'Éclairage coordinates of (x = 0.41, y = 0.33) at 10 V.

Achieving Extreme Utilization of Excitons by an Efficient Sandwich-Type Emissive Layer Architecture for Reduced Efficiency Roll-Off and Improved Operational Stability in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

Wu, Zhongbin; Sun, Ning; Zhu, Liping; Sun, Hengda; Wang, Jiaxiu; Yang, Dezhi; Qiao, Xianfeng; Chen, Jiangshan; Alshehri, Saad M; Ahamad, Tansir; Ma, Dongge

2016-02-10

It has been demonstrated that the efficiency roll-off is generally caused by the accumulation of excitons or charge carriers, which is intimately related to the emissive layer (EML) architecture in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this article, an efficient sandwich-type EML structure with a mixed-host EML sandwiched between two single-host EMLs was designed to eliminate this accumulation, thus simultaneously achieving high efficiency, low efficiency roll-off and good operational stability in the resulting OLEDs. The devices show excellent electroluminescence performances, realizing a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.6% with a maximum power efficiency of 105.6 lm W(-1) and a maximum current efficiency of 93.5 cd A(-1). At the high brightness of 5,000 cd m(-2), they still remain as high as 23.3%, 71.1 lm W(-1), and 88.3 cd A(-1), respectively. And, the device lifetime is up to 2000 h at initial luminance of 1000 cd m(-2), which is significantly higher than that of compared devices with conventional EML structures. The improvement mechanism is systematically studied by the dependence of the exciton distribution in EML and the exciton quenching processes. It can be seen that the utilization of the efficient sandwich-type EML broadens the recombination zone width, thus greatly reducing the exciton quenching and increasing the probability of the exciton recombination. It is believed that the design concept provides a new avenue for us to achieve high-performance OLEDs.

A numerical study on the charge transport in TPD/Alq3-based organic light emitting diodes.

PubMed

Kim, K S; Hwang, Y W; Lee, H G; Won, T Y

2014-08-01

We report our simulation study on the charge transport characteristic of the multi-layer structure for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). We performed a numerical simulation on a multilayer structure comprising a hole transport layer (HTL), an emission layer (EML), and an electron transport layer (ETL) between both electrodes. The material of the HTL is TPD (N,N'-Bis (3-methylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl) benzidine), and the ETL includes Alq3 (Tris (8-hyroxyquinolinato) aluminium). Here, we investigated the parameters such as recombination rates which influence the efficiency of the charge transport between layers in bilayer OLEDs. We also analyzed a transient response during the turn on/off period and the carrier transport in accordance with the variation of the injection barrier and applied voltage. In addition, our numerical simulation revealed that the insertion of the EML affects the photonic characteristics in bilayer structure and also the efficiency due to the difference in the internal barrier height.

Two stacked tandem white organic light-emitting diodes employing WO3 as a charge generation layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bin, Jong-Kwan; Lee, Na Yeon; Lee, SeungJae; Seo, Bomin; Yang, JoongHwan; Kim, Jinook; Yoon, Soo Young; Kang, InByeong

2016-09-01

Recently, many studies have been conducted to improve the electroluminescence (EL) performance of organic lightemitting diodes (OLEDs) by using appropriate organic or inorganic materials as charge generation layer (CGL) for their application such as full color displays, backlight units, and general lighting source. In a stacked tandem white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs), a few emitting units are electrically interconnected by a CGL, which plays the role of generating charge carriers, and then facilitate the injection of it into adjacent emitting units. In the present study, twostacked WOLEDs were fabricated by using tungsten oxide (WO3) as inorganic charge generation layer and 1,4,5,8,9,11- hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) as organic charge generation layer (P-CGL). Organic P-CGL materials were used due to their ease of use in OLED fabrication as compared to their inorganic counterparts. To obtain high efficiency, we demonstrate two-stacked tandem WOLEDs as follows: ITO/HIL/HTL/HTL'/B-EML/ETL/N-CGL/P-CGL (WO3 or HAT-CN)/HTL″/YG-EML/ETL/LiF/Al. The tandem devices with blue- and yellow-green emitting layers were sensitive to the thickness of an adjacent layer, hole transporting layer for the YG emitting layer. The WOLEDs containing the WO3 as charge generation layer reach a higher power efficiency of 19.1 lm/W and the current efficiency of 51.2 cd/A with the white color coordinate of (0.316, 0.318) than the power efficiency of 13.9 lm/W, and the current efficiency of 43.7 cd/A for organic CGL, HAT-CN at 10 mA/cm2, respectively. This performance with inserting WO3 as CGL exhibited the highest performance with excellent CIE color coordinates in the two-stacked tandem OLEDs.

Low driving voltage blue, green, yellow, red and white organic light-emitting diodes with a simply double light-emitting structure.

PubMed

Zhang, Zhensong; Yue, Shouzhen; Wu, Yukun; Yan, Pingrui; Wu, Qingyang; Qu, Dalong; Liu, Shiyong; Zhao, Yi

2014-01-27

Low driving voltage blue, green, yellow, red and white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a common simply double emitting layer (D-EML) structure are investigated. Our OLEDs without any out-coupling schemes as well as n-doping strategies show low driving voltage, e.g. < 2.4 V for onset and < 3 V for 1000 cd/m2, and high efficiency of 32.5 lm/W (13.3%), 58.8 lm/W (14.3%), 55.1 lm/W (14.6%), 24.9 lm/W (13.7%) and 45.1 lm/W (13.5%) for blue, green, yellow, red and white OLED, respectively. This work demonstrates that the low driving voltages and high efficiencies can be simultaneously realized with a common simply D-EML structure.

Fabrication of a white electroluminescent device based on bilayered yellow and blue quantum dots.

PubMed

Kim, Jong-Hoon; Lee, Ki-Heon; Kang, Hee-Don; Park, Byoungnam; Hwang, Jun Yeon; Jang, Ho Seong; Do, Young Rag; Yang, Heesun

2015-03-12

Until now most work on colloidal quantum dot-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) has been focused on the improvement of the electroluminescent (EL) performance of monochromatic devices, and multi-colored white QLEDs comprising more than one type of QD emitter have been rarely investigated. To demonstrate a white EL as a result of color mixing between blue and yellow, herein a unique combination of two dissimilar QDs of blue- CdZnS/ZnS plus a yellow-emitting Cu-In-S (CIS)/ZnS is used for the formation of the emitting layer (EML) of a multilayered QLED. First, the QLED consisting of a single EML randomly mixed with two QDs is fabricated, however, its EL is dominated by blue emission with the contribution of yellow emission substantially weaker. Thus, another EML configuration is devised in the form of a QD bilayer with two stacking sequences of CdZnS/ZnS//CIS/ZnS QD and vice versa. The QLED with the former stacking sequence shows an overwhelming contribution of blue EL, similar to the mixed QD EML-based device. Upon applying the oppositely stacked QD bilayer of CIS/ZnS//CdZnS/ZnS, however, a bicolored white EL can be successfully achieved by means of the effective extension of the radiative excitonic recombination zone throughout both QD EML regions. Such QD EML configuration-dependent EL results, which are discussed primarily using the proposed device energy level diagram, strongly suggest that the positional design of individual QD emitters is a critical factor for the realization of multicolored, white emissive devices.

Triplet exciton confinement for enhanced fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes using a co-host system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoo, Han Kyu; Lee, Ho Won; Lee, Song Eun; Kim, Young Kwan; Kim, Se Hyun; Yoon, Seung Soo; Park, Jaehoon

2016-05-01

In this work, the co-host system within an emitting layer (EML) consists of the host and triplet managing (TM) host materials. A set of EML structures was fabricated with various concentrations of the TM host (0, 10, 30, 50, and 70%). The TM host triplet energy level is lower than the energy levels of the host and the guest, which leads to a reduction in the triplet exciton density and the singlet-triplet annihilation of the guest. Blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes exhibit a maximum luminous efficiency (LE) and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.74 cd/A and 4.92%, respectively. In addition, the efficiency roll-off ratios of the LE and the EQE are 14.25 and 13.16%, respectively.

Fabrication of a white electroluminescent device based on bilayered yellow and blue quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jong-Hoon; Lee, Ki-Heon; Kang, Hee-Don; Park, Byoungnam; Hwang, Jun Yeon; Jang, Ho Seong; Do, Young Rag; Yang, Heesun

2015-03-01

Until now most work on colloidal quantum dot-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) has been focused on the improvement of the electroluminescent (EL) performance of monochromatic devices, and multi-colored white QLEDs comprising more than one type of QD emitter have been rarely investigated. To demonstrate a white EL as a result of color mixing between blue and yellow, herein a unique combination of two dissimilar QDs of blue- CdZnS/ZnS plus a yellow-emitting Cu-In-S (CIS)/ZnS is used for the formation of the emitting layer (EML) of a multilayered QLED. First, the QLED consisting of a single EML randomly mixed with two QDs is fabricated, however, its EL is dominated by blue emission with the contribution of yellow emission substantially weaker. Thus, another EML configuration is devised in the form of a QD bilayer with two stacking sequences of CdZnS/ZnS//CIS/ZnS QD and vice versa. The QLED with the former stacking sequence shows an overwhelming contribution of blue EL, similar to the mixed QD EML-based device. Upon applying the oppositely stacked QD bilayer of CIS/ZnS//CdZnS/ZnS, however, a bicolored white EL can be successfully achieved by means of the effective extension of the radiative excitonic recombination zone throughout both QD EML regions. Such QD EML configuration-dependent EL results, which are discussed primarily using the proposed device energy level diagram, strongly suggest that the positional design of individual QD emitters is a critical factor for the realization of multicolored, white emissive devices.Until now most work on colloidal quantum dot-light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) has been focused on the improvement of the electroluminescent (EL) performance of monochromatic devices, and multi-colored white QLEDs comprising more than one type of QD emitter have been rarely investigated. To demonstrate a white EL as a result of color mixing between blue and yellow, herein a unique combination of two dissimilar QDs of blue- CdZnS/ZnS plus a yellow-emitting Cu-In-S (CIS)/ZnS is used for the formation of the emitting layer (EML) of a multilayered QLED. First, the QLED consisting of a single EML randomly mixed with two QDs is fabricated, however, its EL is dominated by blue emission with the contribution of yellow emission substantially weaker. Thus, another EML configuration is devised in the form of a QD bilayer with two stacking sequences of CdZnS/ZnS//CIS/ZnS QD and vice versa. The QLED with the former stacking sequence shows an overwhelming contribution of blue EL, similar to the mixed QD EML-based device. Upon applying the oppositely stacked QD bilayer of CIS/ZnS//CdZnS/ZnS, however, a bicolored white EL can be successfully achieved by means of the effective extension of the radiative excitonic recombination zone throughout both QD EML regions. Such QD EML configuration-dependent EL results, which are discussed primarily using the proposed device energy level diagram, strongly suggest that the positional design of individual QD emitters is a critical factor for the realization of multicolored, white emissive devices. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Detailed description of synthesis of CdZnS/ZnS, CIS/ZnS QDs and ZnO NPs; TEM images of CdZnS/ZnS and CIS/ZnS QDs; voltage-dependent luminance (CE variations of blue CdZnS/ZnS and yellow CIS/ZnS monochromatic QLEDs; EL spectra and energy band diagram of bilayered QD EML-based QLED with a stacking sequence of CdZnS/ZnS//CIS/ZnS QD; normalized EL spectra of CIS/ZnS//CdZnS/ZnS QD-bilayered QLEDs; comparison of current density of monochromatic QLEDs and bicolored white QLEDs; and voltage-dependent luminance (CE variations of CIS/ZnS QLED fabricated through 150 °C-EML baking. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00426h

Highly efficient green phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with improved efficiency roll-off

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thangaraju, K.; Lee, Jonghee; Lee, Jeong-Ik; Chu, Hye Yong; Kim, Yun-Hi; Kwon, Soon-Ki

2015-06-01

A 10-nm thick 4,4',4″-tris(carbazole-9-yl)tri-phenylamine (TcTa) interlayer effectively confines triplet excitons within the emissive layer (EML) of phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) based on green-emitting Ir(ppy)3 dopant and improves the charge balance in the EML of the device, resulting the higher device efficiencies of 61.7 cd/A, 19.7 %, and 43.2 lm/W with the maximum luminance of 75,310 cd/m2 and highly improved efficiency roll-off (22.2% at 20 mA/cm2) when compared to those (61.1 cd/A, 19.6 %, and 47.2 lm/W with a maximum luminance of 38,350 cd/m2) of the standard device with efficiency roll-off of 62.3 % at 20 mA/cm2.

Efficient hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes for application of triplet harvesting with simple structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Kyo Min; Lee, Song Eun; Lee, Sungkyu; Yoo, Han Kyu; Baek, Hyun Jung; Kim, Young Kwan; Kim, Jwajin; Yoon, Seung Soo

2016-08-01

In this study, we fabricated hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) based on triplet harvesting with a simple structure. All the hole transporting material and host in the emitting layer (EML) of devices utilized the same material N,N'-di-1-naphthalenyl-N,N'-diphenyl [1,1':4',1″:4″,1‴-quaterphenyl]-4,4‴-diamine (4P-NPD), which is known to be blue fluorescent material. Simple hybrid WOLEDs were fabricated with blue fluorescent, green and red phosphorescent materials. We investigated the effect of triplet harvesting (TH) by an exciton generation zone on simple hybrid WOLEDs. The simple hybrid WOLEDs characteristically had a dominant hole mobility, so an exciton generation zone was expected in the EML. Additionally, the optimal the thickness of the hole transporting layer and electron transporting layer was fabricated a simple hybrid WOLEDs. The simple hybrid WOLED exhibits a maximum luminous efficiency of 29.3 cd/A and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 11.2%. The Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (International Commission on Illumination) coordinates were (0.45, 0.43) at about 10,000 cd/m2.

All-solution-processed, multilayered CuInS₂/ZnS colloidal quantum-dot-based electroluminescent device.

PubMed

Kim, Jong-Hoon; Yang, Heesun

2014-09-01

While significant progress of electroluminescent (EL) quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) that rely exclusively on Cd-containing II-VI quantum dots (QDs) has been reported over the past two decades with respect to device processing and performance, devices based on non-Cd QDs as an active emissive layer (EML) remain at the early stage of development. In this work, utilizing highly luminescent colloidal CuInS2 (CIS)/ZnS QDs, all-solution-processed multilayered QD-LEDs are fabricated by sequentially spin depositing a hole transport layer of poly(9-vinlycarbazole), an EML of CIS/ZnS QDs, and an electron transport layer of ZnO nanoparticles. Our focus in device fabrication is to vary the thickness of the QD EML, which is one of the primary determinants in EL performance but has not been addressed in earlier reports. The device with an optimal EML thickness exhibits a peak luminance of 1564  cd/m2 and current efficiency of 2.52  cd/A. This record value in efficiency is higher by 3-4 times that of CIS QD-LEDs reported previously.

Enhanced device performances of a new inverted top-emitting OLEDs with relatively thick Ag electrode.

PubMed

Park, So-Ra; Suh, Min Chul

2018-02-19

To improve the device performances of top-emitting organic light emitting diodes (TEOLEDs), we developed a new inverted TEOLEDs structure with silver (Ag) metal as a semi-transparent top electrode. Especially, we found that the use of relatively thick Ag electrode without using any carrier injection layer is beneficial to realize highly efficient device performances. Also, we could insert very thick overlying hole transport layer (HTL) on the emitting layer (EML) which could be very helpful to suppress the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) coupling if it is applied to the common bottom-emission OLEDs (BEOLEDs). As a result, we could realize noteworthy high current efficiency of approximately ~188.1 cd/A in our new inverted TEOLEDs with 25 nm thick Ag electrode.

Electroluminescence of organic light-emitting diodes consisting of an undoped (pbi)2Ir(acac) phosphorescent layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lei, Xia; Yu, Junsheng; Zhao, Juan; Jiang, Yadong

2011-11-01

The electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an undoped bis(1,2-dipheny1-1H-benzoimidazole) iridium (acetylacetonate) [(pbi)2Ir(acac)] emissive layer (EML) of various film thicknesses were studied. The results showed that the intensity of green light emission decreased rapidly with the increasing thickness of (pbi)2Ir(acac), which was relevant to the triplet excimer emission. It suggested that the concentration quenching of monomer emission in the undoped (pbi)2Ir(acac) film was mainly due to the formation of triplet excimer and partly due to the triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) and triplet-polaron annihilation (TPA). A green OLED with a maximum luminance of 26,531 cd/m2, a current efficiency of 36.2 cd/A, and a power efficiency of 32.4 lm/W was obtained, when the triplet excimer emission was eliminated. Moreover, the white OLED with low efficiency roll-off was realized due to the broadened recombination zone and reduced quenching effects in the EML when no electron blocking layer was employed.

Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes formed by solution processed red emitters with evaporated blue common layer structure.

PubMed

Cho, Ye Ram; Kim, Hyung Suk; Yu, Young-Jun; Suh, Min Chul

2015-10-30

We prepared highly-efficient solution-processed red phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) with a blue common layer structure that can reasonably confine the triplet excitons inside of the red emission layer (EML) with the assistance of a bipolar exciton blocking layer. The red PHOLEDs containing EML with a 7 : 3 ratio of 11-(4,6-diphenyl-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-12-phenyl-11,12-dihydro-11,12-diaza-indeno[2,1-a]fluorene (n-type host, NH) : 4-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (p-type host, PH) doped with 5% Iridium(III) bis(2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinolinato-N,C2')tetramethylheptadionate (Red Dopant, RD) produced the highest current and power efficiencies at 23.4 cd/A and 13.6 lm/W, with a 19% external quantum efficiency at 1000 cd/m(2). To the best of our knowledge, such efficiency was the best among those that have been obtained from solution-processed small molecular red PHOLEDs. In addition, the host molecules utilized in this study have no flexible spacers, such as an alkyl chain, which normally deteriorate the stability of the device.

Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes formed by solution processed red emitters with evaporated blue common layer structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Ye Ram; Kim, Hyung Suk; Yu, Young-Jun; Suh, Min Chul

2015-10-01

We prepared highly-efficient solution-processed red phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) with a blue common layer structure that can reasonably confine the triplet excitons inside of the red emission layer (EML) with the assistance of a bipolar exciton blocking layer. The red PHOLEDs containing EML with a 7 : 3 ratio of 11-(4,6-diphenyl-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-12-phenyl-11,12-dihydro-11,12-diaza-indeno[2,1-a]fluorene (n-type host, NH) : 4-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (p-type host, PH) doped with 5% Iridium(III) bis(2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinolinato-N,C2’)tetramethylheptadionate (Red Dopant, RD) produced the highest current and power efficiencies at 23.4 cd/A and 13.6 lm/W, with a 19% external quantum efficiency at 1000 cd/m2. To the best of our knowledge, such efficiency was the best among those that have been obtained from solution-processed small molecular red PHOLEDs. In addition, the host molecules utilized in this study have no flexible spacers, such as an alkyl chain, which normally deteriorate the stability of the device.

Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes formed by solution processed red emitters with evaporated blue common layer structure

PubMed Central

Cho, Ye Ram; Kim, Hyung Suk; Yu, Young-Jun; Suh, Min Chul

2015-01-01

We prepared highly-efficient solution-processed red phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) with a blue common layer structure that can reasonably confine the triplet excitons inside of the red emission layer (EML) with the assistance of a bipolar exciton blocking layer. The red PHOLEDs containing EML with a 7 : 3 ratio of 11-(4,6-diphenyl-[1,3,5]triazin-2-yl)-12-phenyl-11,12-dihydro-11,12-diaza-indeno[2,1-a]fluorene (n-type host, NH) : 4-(3-(triphenylen-2-yl)phenyl)dibenzo[b,d]thiophene (p-type host, PH) doped with 5% Iridium(III) bis(2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinolinato-N,C2’)tetramethylheptadionate (Red Dopant, RD) produced the highest current and power efficiencies at 23.4 cd/A and 13.6 lm/W, with a 19% external quantum efficiency at 1000 cd/m2. To the best of our knowledge, such efficiency was the best among those that have been obtained from solution-processed small molecular red PHOLEDs. In addition, the host molecules utilized in this study have no flexible spacers, such as an alkyl chain, which normally deteriorate the stability of the device. PMID:26514274

Low Work Function 2.81 eV Rb2CO3-Doped Polyethylenimine Ethoxylated for Inverted Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

Kim, Jeonggi; Kim, Hyo-Min; Jang, Jin

2018-06-06

We report a low work function (2.81 eV), Rb 2 CO 3 -doped polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE) which is used for highly efficient and long-lifetime, inverted organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Doping Rb 2 CO 3 into PEIE decreases the work function of Li-doped ZnO (LZO) by 1.0 eV and thus significantly improves electron injection ability into the emission layer (EML). The inverted OLED with PEIE:Rb 2 CO 3 interfacial layer (IL) exhibits higher efficiency and longer operation lifetime than those of the device with a PEIE IL. It is found also that Mg-doped ZnO (MZO) can be used instead of LZO as electron transporting layer. Rb 2 CO 3 shows a low work function of 2.81 eV. The OLED with MZO/PEIE:Rb 2 CO 3 exhibits low operating voltage of 5.0 V at 1000 cd m -2 and low efficiency roll-off of 11.8% at high luminance of 10 000 cd m -2 . The results are due to the suppressed exciton quenching at the MZO/organic EML interface.

Pressure-assisted fabrication of organic light emitting diodes with MoO{sub 3} hole-injection layer materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Du, J.; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544; Anye, V. C.

2014-06-21

In this study, pressures of ∼5 to ∼8 MPa were applied to organic light emitting diodes containing either evaporated molybdenum trioxide (MoO{sub 3}) or spin-coated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hole-injection layers (HILs). The threshold voltages for both devices were reduced by about half, after the application of pressure. Furthermore, in an effort to understand the effects of pressure treatment, finite element simulations were used to study the evolution of surface contact between the HIL and emissive layer (EML) under pressure. The blister area due to interfacial impurities was also calculated. This was shown to reduce by about half,more » when the applied pressures were between ∼5 and 8 MPa. The finite element simulations used Young's modulus measurements of MoO{sub 3} that were measured using the nanoindentation technique. They also incorporated measurements of the adhesion energy between the HIL and EML (measured by force microscopy during atomic force microscopy). Within a fracture mechanics framework, the implications of the results are then discussed for the pressure-assisted fabrication of robust organic electronic devices.« less

Exciton enhancement and exciplex quenching by plasmonic effect of Aluminum nanoparticle arrays in a blue organic light emitting diode.

PubMed

Khadir, Samira; Diallo, AmadouThierno; Chakaroun, Mahmoud; Boudrioua, Azzedine

2017-05-01

We report the investigation of plasmonic effect of array of aluminum nanoparticles (Al-NPs) on blue micro-OLED subject to exciplex emission. N,N'-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPB) andcarbazol derivative 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) have been used as the emitting layer (EML) and hole transport layer (HTL), respectively. For the reference µ-OLED without Al-NPs, we observed two emission peaks attributed to CBP emission and exciplex emission formed at the NPB/CBP (EML/HTL) interface. By the incorporation of the Al-NPs array, obtained by e-beam lithography technique on the ITO anode, the exciplex emission has been widely depressed. Moreover, thanks to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), an enhancement of the CBP emission has been achieved indicating an efficient energy coupling between the LSPR of the Al-NPs and the CBP excitons. Thus, an enhancement of about 20% of the efficiency of the µ-OLED with Al-NPs in comparison to the reference device has been obtained.

Influences of wide-angle and multi-beam interference on the chromaticity and efficiency of top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Lingling; Zhou, Hongwei; Chen, Shufen; Shi, Hongying; Liu, Bin; Wang, Lianhui; Huang, Wei

2015-02-01

Wide-angle interference (WI) and multi-beam interference (MI) in microcavity are analyzed separately to improve chromaticity and efficiency of the top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (TWOLEDs). A classic electromagnetic theory is used to calculate the resonance intensities of WI and MI in top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with influence factors (e.g., electrodes and exciton locations) being considered. The role of WI on the performances of TOLEDs is revealed through using δ-doping technology and comparing blue and red EML positions in top-emitting and bottom-emitting devices. The blue light intensity significantly increases and the chromaticity of TWOLEDs is further improved with the use of enhanced WI (the blue emitting layer moving towards the reflective electrode) in the case of a weak MI. In addition, the effect of the thicknesses of light output layer and carrier transport layers on WI and MI are also investigated. Apart from the microcavity effect, other factors, e.g., carrier balance and carrier recombination regions are considered to obtain TWOLEDs with high efficiency and improved chromaticity near white light equal-energy point.

Influences of wide-angle and multi-beam interference on the chromaticity and efficiency of top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deng, Lingling; Zhou, Hongwei; Chen, Shufen, E-mail: iamsfchen@njupt.edu.cn

Wide-angle interference (WI) and multi-beam interference (MI) in microcavity are analyzed separately to improve chromaticity and efficiency of the top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (TWOLEDs). A classic electromagnetic theory is used to calculate the resonance intensities of WI and MI in top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with influence factors (e.g., electrodes and exciton locations) being considered. The role of WI on the performances of TOLEDs is revealed through using δ-doping technology and comparing blue and red EML positions in top-emitting and bottom-emitting devices. The blue light intensity significantly increases and the chromaticity of TWOLEDs is further improved with the usemore » of enhanced WI (the blue emitting layer moving towards the reflective electrode) in the case of a weak MI. In addition, the effect of the thicknesses of light output layer and carrier transport layers on WI and MI are also investigated. Apart from the microcavity effect, other factors, e.g., carrier balance and carrier recombination regions are considered to obtain TWOLEDs with high efficiency and improved chromaticity near white light equal-energy point.« less

High-efficient and brightness white organic light-emitting diodes operated at low bias voltage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Lei; Yu, Junsheng; Yuan, Kai; Jian, Yadong

2010-10-01

White organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) used for display application and lighting need to possess high efficiency, high brightness, and low driving voltage. In this work, white OLEDs consisted of ambipolar 9,10-bis 2-naphthyl anthracene (ADN) as a host of blue light-emitting layer (EML) doped with tetrabutyleperlene (TBPe) and a thin codoped layer consisted of N, N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (NPB) as a host of yellow light-emitting layer doped with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-tert-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidin-4-yl-vinyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) were investigated. With appropriate tuning in the film thickness, position, and dopant concentration of the co-doped layer, a white OLED with a luminance yield of 10.02 cd/A with the CIE coordinates of (0.29, 0.33) has been achieved at a bias voltage of 9 V and a luminance level of over 10,000 cd/m2. By introducing the PIN structure with both HIL and bis(10- hydroxybenzo-quinolinato)-beryllium (BeBq2) ETL, the power efficiency of white OLED was improved.

The excitation mechanism of btp2 Ir(acac) in CBP host.

PubMed

Xiao-Bo, Zhang; Fu-Xiang, Wei

2017-05-01

Whether bis(2-(2'-benzo[4,5-α]thienyl)pyridinato-N,C3')iridium(acetylacetonate) (btp 2 Ir(acac)) emission comes from carrier trapping and/or energy transfer, when doped in the 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl (CBP) host in organic light-emitting devices, is not clear; therefore, the btp 2 Ir(acac) emission in CBP hosts was studied. In the red-doped device, both N,N'-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1.1'-bipheny1-4-4'-diamine (NPB) and (1,1'-biphenyl-4'-oxy)bis(8-hydroxy-2-methylquinolinato)-aluminum (BAlq) emission appeared, which illustrated that CBP excitons cannot be formed at two emissive layer (EML) interfaces in the device. In the co-doped devices, NPB and BAlq emissions disappear and 1,4-bis[2-(3-N-ethylcarbazoryl)vinyl]benzene (BCzVB) emission appears, illustrating the formation of CBP excitons at two EML interfaces in these devices. The reason for this difference was analyzed and it was found that holes in the NPB layer could be made directly into the CBP host in the EML interface of the red-doped device. In contrast, holes were injected into CBP host via the btp 2 Ir(acac)/BCzVB dopants in the co-doped devices, which facilitated hole injection from the NPB layer to the EML, leading to the formation of CBP excitons at two EML interfaces in the co-doped devices. Therefore, btp 2 Ir(acac) emission was caused by carrier trapping in the red-doped device, while, in the co-doped devices, it resulted from both carrier trapping and energy transfer from the CBP. Furthermore, it was revealed that the carrier trapping mechanism is less efficient than the energy transfer mechanism for btp 2 Ir(acac) excitation in co-doped devices. In summary, our results clarified the excitation mechanism of btp 2 Ir(acac) in the CBP host. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pulser Laser Deposition of Transparent Conducting Thin Films on Flexible Substrates

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-01-19

8217-diphenyl-4,4’diamine (TPD), 50, and an electron 9 transport/emitting layer (ETL/EML) 20, of tris (8-hydroxyquinolinolato) aluminum (III) ( Alq3 ), 10...nm 0 nm 300 nm Fig.6(a) r—1 20 nm 300 10 nm 0 nm 150 300 nm Fig. 6(b) MgAg 30 Alq3 (70iim) TPD (50nm) 20 10 ITO PET substrate 40

Highly Efficient and Fully Solution-Processed Inverted Light-Emitting Diodes with Charge Control Interlayers.

PubMed

Fu, Yan; Jiang, Wei; Kim, Daekyoung; Lee, Woosuk; Chae, Heeyeop

2018-05-23

In this work, we developed a charge control sandwich structure around QD layers for the inverted QLEDs, the performance of which is shown to exceed that of the conventional QLEDs in terms of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) and the current efficiency (CE). The QD light-emitting layer (EML) is sandwiched with two ultrathin interfacial layers: one is a poly(9-vinlycarbazole) (PVK) layer to prevent excess electrons, and the other is a polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) layer to reduce the hole injection barrier. The sandwich structure resolves the imbalance between injected holes and electrons and brings the level of balanced charge carriers to a maximum. We demonstrated the highly improved performance of 89.8 cd/A of current efficiency, 22.4% of external quantum efficiency, and 72 814 cd m -2 of maximum brightness with the solution-processed inverted QLED. This sandwich structure (PVK/QD/PEIE), as a framework, can be applied to various QLED devices for enhancing performance.

Nonradiative recombination centers and electrical aging of organic light-emitting diodes: Direct connection between accumulation of trapped charge and luminance loss

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kondakov, D. Y.; Sandifer, J. R.; Tang, C. W.; Young, R. H.

2003-01-01

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are attractive for display applications because of their high brightness, low driving voltage, and tunable color. Their operating lifetimes, hundreds or thousands of hours, are sufficient for only a limited range of applications. The luminance efficiency decreases gradually as the device is operated (electrically aged), for reasons that are poorly understood. A prototypical OLED has the structure anode|HTL|ETL|cathode, where the HTL and ETL are hole- and electron-transporting layers, and the recombination and emission occur at or near the HTL|ETL interface. We find that the decreasing luminance efficiency is linearly correlated with an accumulation of immobile positive charge at the HTL|ETL interface, and the magnitude of the charge is comparable to the total charge at that interface when an unaged device is operated. A natural explanation of the connection between the two phenomena is that electrical aging either generates hole traps (and trapped holes) or drives metal ions into the device, and that either species act as nonradiative recombination centers. To estimate the accumulating immobile charge and determine its location, we use a variant of a recently introduced capacitance versus voltage technique. In the prototypical OLEDs described here, the HTL is a ca. 1000 Å layer of NPB, and the ETL is a 300-1800 Å layer of Alq3. A device with an additional "emission layer" (EML) of an anthracene derivative between the HTL and ETL, in which the electroluminescence spectrum is characteristic of the EML, behaved similarly. We surmise that the phenomena reported here may be common to a wider variety of OLED structures and compositions.

Elastico-mechanoluminescence and crystal-structure relationships in persistent luminescent materials and II-VI semiconductor phosphors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandra, B. P.; Chandra, V. K.; Jha, Piyush

2015-04-01

Elastico-mechanoluminescence (EML) has recently attracted the attention of a large number of researchers because of its potential in different types of mechano-optical devices. For understanding the mechanism of EML the relationships between elastico-mechanoluminescence (EML) and crystal-structure of a large number of persistent luminescent materials and II-VI semiconductor phosphors known to date are investigated. It is found that, although most of the non-centrosymmetric crystals exhibit EML, certain non-centrosymmetric crystals do not show EML. Whereas, many centrosymmetric crystals do not exhibit EML, certain centrosymmetric crystals exhibit EML. Piezoelectric ZnS:Cu,Cl single crystals do not show EML, but piezoelectric ZnS:Cu,Cl microcrystalline phosphors show very intense EML. Piezoelectric single crystals of undoped ZnS do not show EML. It seems that EML is related to local piezoelectrification near the impurities in crystals where piezoelectric constant is high. Suitable piezoelectric field near the local piezoelectric region and stable charge carriers in traps are required for appearance of EML. The EML of persistent luminescent materials and II-VI semiconductor phosphors can be understood on the basis of piezoelectrically-induced trap-depth reduction model of EML. Using suitable dopants both in non-centrosymmetric and centrosymmetric crystals intense elastico-mechanoluminescent materials emitting desired colours can be tailored, which may find applications in several mechano-optical devices.

Elastico-mechanoluminescence in CaZr(PO4)2:Eu2+ with multiple trap levels.

PubMed

Zhang, Jun-Cheng; Xu, Chao-Nan; Long, Yun-Ze

2013-06-03

We report on a novel elastico-mechanoluminescence (EML) phosphor of CaZr(PO4)2:Eu2+ for simultaneous luminescent sensing and imaging to mechanical load by the light-emitting of Eu2+ ions. The EML properties of CaZr(PO4)2:Eu2+ show an intense luminance (above 15 mcd m(-2)), a low load threshold (below 5 N), a broad measurement range for the dynamic load (up to 2000 N), and an accurate linear relationship of EML intensity against the applied load. The excellent EML characteristics are considered to originate from the piezoelectric crystal structure and the multiple trap levels with appropriate depths. An EML mechanism based on the electrons as the main charge carriers is proposed.

On the Properties and Design of Organic Light-Emitting Devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erickson, Nicholas C.

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are attractive for use in next-generation display and lighting technologies. In display applications, OLEDs offer a wide emission color gamut, compatibility with flexible substrates, and high power efficiencies. In lighting applications, OLEDs offer attractive features such as broadband emission, high-performance, and potential compatibility with low-cost manufacturing methods. Despite recent demonstrations of near unity internal quantum efficiencies (photons out per electron in), OLED adoption lags conventional technologies, particularly in large-area displays and general lighting applications. This thesis seeks to understand the optical and electronic properties of OLED materials and device architectures which lead to not only high peak efficiency, but also reduced device complexity, high efficiency under high excitation, and optimal white-light emission. This is accomplished through the careful manipulation of organic thin film compositions fabricated via vacuum thermal evaporation, and the introduction of a novel device architecture, the graded-emissive layer (G-EML). This device architecture offers a unique platform to study the electronic properties of varying compositions of organic semiconductors and the resulting device performance. This thesis also introduces an experimental technique to measure the spatial overlap of electrons and holes within an OLED's emissive layer. This overlap is an important parameter which is affected by the choice of materials and device design, and greatly impacts the operation of the OLED at high excitation densities. Using the G-EML device architecture, OLEDs with improved efficiency characteristics are demonstrated, achieving simultaneously high brightness and high efficiency.

Mechanisms Responsible for the Observed Thermodynamic Structure in a Convective Boundary Layer Over the Hudson Valley of New York State

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freedman, Jeffrey M.; Fitzjarrald, David R.

2017-02-01

We examine cases of a regional elevated mixed layer (EML) observed during the Hudson Valley Ambient Meteorology Study (HVAMS) conducted in New York State, USA in 2003. Previously observed EMLs referred to topographic domains on scales of 105 -106 km2 . Here, we present observational evidence of the mechanisms responsible for the development and maintenance of regional EMLs overlying a valley-based convective boundary layer (CBL) on much smaller spatial scales (<5000 km2) . Using observations from aircraft-based, balloon-based, and surface-based platforms deployed during the HVAMS, we show that cross-valley horizontal advection, along-valley channelling, and fog-induced cold-air pooling are responsible for the formation and maintenance of the EML and valley-CBL coupling over New York State's Hudson Valley. The upper layer stability of the overlying EML constrains growth of the valley CBL, and this has important implications for air dispersion, aviation interests, and fog forecasting.

Organic Light Emitting Devices with Linearly-Graded Mixed Host Architecture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Sang Min

Organic Light Emitting Devices (OLEDs) with a linearly-graded mixed (LGM) host architecture in the emissive layer (EML) were studied by the application of a newly-developed thermal deposition boat. A new thermal deposition boat, featuring indirect deposition control and fast rate response, was developed in order to make an evaporation coater of high space utilization and to achieve a real time linearly-graded rate control during the device fabrication process. A new design of dual-hole boat, based on the reduced wall resistance of the side hole toward the vapor flow, enabled the indirect deposition rate control with sufficient control accuracy by using the feature of the stable ratio of rates from top and side holes. Minimizing the thermal mass of the body and designing a direct heat transfer with a coil placed inside the boat resulted in the realization of the linearly-graded deposition rate within acceptable deviation range. Thanks to the feature of fast rate response, it was possible to control the linearly-graded rate of each host material during the process and to apply the architecture to some of the fluorescent and phosphorescent OLED devices. The reported efficiency improvement of a fluorescent OLED, based on step-graded junction in the literature, was well reproduced in an OLED with a LGM architecture, demonstrating that charge balance in the emissive layer can be further improved using the LGM architecture. By minimizing the internal energy barrier in the LGM device, a higher EL efficiency was well demonstrated over the uniformly-mixed (UM) host device, where residual internal interfaces were present as additional quenching sites in the EML. Similar effects were observed in blue phosphorescent OLED devices, where the mobility of the hole transport material (HTM) was usually much higher than that of the electron transport material (ETM) such that the recombination zone was more localized at the EML/ETL interface. It was found that the main effect of the LGM host was to shift the recombination zone inside of the EML and away from and ETL interface such that luminance quenching near the interface was much lower compared to the UM host, where the main recombination zone was localized near the interface and so more sensitive to the interface quenching.

Interface engineering to enhance the efficiency of conventional polymer solar cells by alcohol-/water-soluble C60 materials doped with alkali carbonates.

PubMed

Lai, Yu-Ying; Shih, Ping-I; Li, Yi-Peng; Tsai, Che-En; Wu, Jhong-Sian; Cheng, Yen-Ju; Hsu, Chain-Shu

2013-06-12

Two new C60-based n-type materials, EGMC-OH and EGMC-COOH, functionalized with hydrophilic triethylene glycol groups (TEGs), have been synthesized and employed in conventional polymer solar cells. With the assistance of the TEG-based surfactant, EGMC-OH and EGMC-COOH can be dissolved in highly polar solvents to implement the polar/nonpolar orthogonal solvent strategy, forming an electron modification layer (EML) without eroding the underlying active layer. Multilayer conventional solar cells on the basis of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM/EML/Ca/Al configuration with the insertion of the EGMC-OH and EGMC-COOH EML between the active layer and the electrode have thus been successfully realized by cost-effective solution processing techniques. Moreover, the electron conductivity of the EML can be improved by incorporating alkali carbonates into the EGMC-COOH EML. Compared to the pristine device with a PCE of 3.61%, the devices modified by the Li2CO3-doped EGMC-COOH EML achieved a highest PCE of 4.29%. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the formation of the EGMC-COOH EML can be utilized as a general approach in the fabrication of highly efficient multilayer conventional devices. With the incorporation of the EGMC-COOH doped with 40 wt % Li2CO3, the PCDCTBT-C8:PC71BM-based device exhibited a superior PCE of 4.51%, which outperformed the corresponding nonmodified device with a PCE of 3.63%.

AlGaInAs EML having high extinction ratios fabricated by identical epitaxial layer technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deng, Qiufang; Guo, Lu; Liang, Song; Sun, Siwei; Xie, Xiao; Zhu, Hongliang; Wang, Wei

2018-04-01

AlGaInAs electroabsorption-modulated lasers (EMLs) fabricated by identical epitaxial layer technique are demonstrated. The EML device shows an infinite characteristic temperature when the temperature ranges from 20 oC to 30 oC. The integrated modulator has static extinction ratios of larger than 20 dB at a reverse bias voltage of - 2 V. The small signal modulation bandwidth of the modulator is larger than 11 GHz. At 10 Gb/s data modulation, the dynamic extinction ratio is about 9.5 dB in a back to back test configuration. Because only a simple fabrication procedure is needed, our EMLs are promising low cost light sources for optical fiber transmission applications.

Synthesis and electroluminescence property of new hexaphenylbenzene derivatives including amine group for blue emitters

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Three new blue-emitting compounds of 5P-VA, 5P-VTPA, and 5P-DVTPA for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) based on hexaphenylbenzene moiety were demonstrated. Physical properties by the change of the substitution groups of the synthesized materials were systematically examined. Photoluminescence spectrum of the synthesized materials showed maximum emitting wavelengths of about 400 to 447 nm in solution state and 451 to 461 nm in film state, indicating deep blue emission color. OLED devices were fabricated by the synthesized compounds using vacuum deposit process as an emitting layer. The device structure was ITO/2-TNATA 60 nm/ NPB 15 nm/ EML 35 nm/ TPBi 20 nm/ LiF 1 nm/ Al 200 nm. External quantum efficiencies and CIE values of 5P-VA, 5P-VTPA, and 5P-DVTPA were 1.89%, 3.59%, 3.34%, and (0.154, 0.196), (0.150, 0.076), (0.148, 0.120), respectively. 5P-VTPA and 5P-DVTPA exhibited superior highly blue quality and thermal property such as high Td of 448°C and 449°C. PMID:24134333

Conductive composites of tapioca based bioplastic and electrochemical-mechanical liquid exfoliation (emle) graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amri, A.; Rahmana, H.; Utami, S. P.; Iriyanti, R. S.; Jiang, Z. T.; Rahman, M. M.

2018-04-01

The conductive composites of tapioca based bioplastic and the electrochemical- mechanical liquid exfoliation (EMLE) graphene have been successfully synthesized via the solution intercalation method for conductive bioplastic applications. The synthesized EMLE graphene quality, the mechanical properties, the functional group interactions and the conductivity of bioplastic composites, respectively, were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, Universal Testing Machine (UTM) via ASTM D882-92, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Multitester via Four Probe Method. Raman spectroscopy analyses revealed that the graphene used is multi layer graphene (~ 3-10 layer) with deffects and minor impurity of graphene oxide (EMLE graphene). The tensile strength and the Young’s modulus increased with the increasing of the EMLE graphene content in the composites, while the elongation decreased. The bioplastic synthesized using the 9% EMLE graphene content and the mixing time of 50 minutes exhibited the best mechanical properties with the tensile strength of 4.116 Mpa, the Young’s modulus of 75.476 Mpa, and the elongation of 5.453%. The FTIR spectra indicated that there was a good interactions of EMLE graphene in the bioplastic matrix due to the hydrophylic properties and the secondary bonds between the EMLE graphene and the starch and glycerol plasticizer. The higher amount of graphene added, the higher conductivity of bioplastic would be, and vice versa for the resistivity. The best electrical properties of 1.57 x10‑1/ohm.cm (conductivity) and 6.34 ohm.cm (resistivity) was reached by the bioplastic synthesized with addition of 9% EMLE graphene and 50 minutes stirring time. EMLE Graphene is the promissing filler for further development of Tapioca based conductive bioplastics.

High performance flexible top-emitting warm-white organic light-emitting devices and chromaticity shift mechanism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shi, Hongying; Deng, Lingling; Chen, Shufen, E-mail: iamsfchen@njupt.edu.cn, E-mail: wei-huang@njupt.edu.cn

2014-04-15

Flexible warm-white top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (TEOLEDs) are fabricated onto PET substrates with a simple semi-transparent cathode Sm/Ag and two-color phosphors respectively doped into a single host material TCTA. By adjusting the relative position of the orange-red EML sandwiched between the blue emitting layers, the optimized device exhibits the highest power/current efficiency of 8.07 lm/W and near 13 cd/A, with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4105 K and a color rendering index (CRI) of 70. In addition, a moderate chromaticity variation of (-0.025, +0.008) around warm white illumination coordinates (0.45, 0.44) is obtained over a large luminance range ofmore » 1000 to 10000 cd/m{sup 2}. The emission mechanism is discussed via delta-doping method and single-carrier device, which is summarized that the carrier trapping, the exciton quenching, the mobility change and the recombination zone alteration are negative to color stability while the energy transfer process and the blue/red/blue sandwiched structure are contributed to the color stability in our flexible white TEOLEDs.« less

Enhancement of external quantum efficiency and reduction of roll-off in blue phosphorescent organic light emitt diodes using TCTA inter-layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Ji Young; Kim, Nam Ho; Kim, Jin Wook; Kang, Jin Sung; Yoon, Ju-An; Yoo, Seung Il; Kim, Woo Young; Cheah, Kok Wai

2014-11-01

The improved external quantum efficiency (EQE) and reduced roll-off properties of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs), were fabricated with structure, ITO/NPB (400 Å)/TCTA (200 Å)/mCP:FIrpic (7%)(300 Å)/TPBi (300 Å)/Liq (20 Å)/Al (800 Å) by incorporating an 4,4‧,4‧‧-tris(carbazol-9-yl)-triphenylamine (TCTA) interlayer. We compared the properties of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) and 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazole-2-yl)benzene (TPBi) as the electron transport layer (ETL) with a typical structure of hole transport layer (HTL)/emissive layer (EML)/ETL in OLEDs and utilized inter-layer in the optimized structure to enhance EQE to 52% at 5.5 V, also stabilize the roll-off of 23%. The use of inter-layer in blue PHOLEDs exhibits a current efficiency of 10.04 cd/A, an EQE of 6.20% at 5.5 V and the highest luminance of 10310 cd/m2 at 9.5 V. We have identified the properties of electroluminescence through the inter-layer in blue PHOLEDs which can be divided into singlet excitons and triplet excitons which emit fluorescence of N,N‧-bis(1-naphthalenyl)-N,N‧-bis-phenyl-(1,1‧-biphenyl)-4,4‧-diamine (NPB) at 420 nm and phosphorescence of Iridium (III) bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C2‧] picolinate (FIrpic) at 470 nm, 494 nm, respectively.

193-nm multilayer imaging systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meador, James D.; Holmes, Doug; DiMenna, William; Nagatkina, Mariya I.; Rich, Michael D.; Flaim, Tony D.; Bennett, Randy; Kobayashi, Ichiro

2003-06-01

This paper highlights the performance of new materials that have been developed for use in 193-nm trilayer microlithography. The products are embedded etch masking layers (EMLs) and bottom antireflective coatings (BARCs). Both coatings are spin applied from organic solvent(s) and then thermoset during a hot plate bake. The EMLs (middle layers) are imaging compatible with JSR, Sumitomo, and TOK 193-nm photoresists. Best-case trilayer film stacks have given 100-nm dense and semi-dense L/S. Plasma etching, selectivities and solution compatibility performance of the EMLs meet or exceed proposed product targets. In addition, the EMLs exhibit both solution and plasma etching properties that should lead to successful rework processes for photoresists. The multiplayer BARCs offer good thick film coating quality and contribute to excellent images when used in trilayer applications. Combining the EMLs, which are nearly optically transparent (k=0.04) at 193-nm, with the new trilayer BARCs results in outstanding Prolith simulated reflectance control. In one modeling example, reflectance is a flat line at 0.5% on five different substrates for BARC thicknesses between 300 and 700-nm.

Threshold pressure for mechanoluminescence of macrocrystals, microcrystals and nanocrystals of doped zinc sulphide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandra, B. P.; Chandra, V. K.; Jha, Piyush; Sonwane, V. D.

2016-06-01

The threshold pressure for elastico-mechanoluminescence (EML) of ZnS:Mn macrocrystals is 20 MPa, and ZnS:Cu,Al macrocrystals do not show ML during elastic deformation. However, the threshold pressure for EML of ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu,Cl microcrystals and nanocrystals is nearly 1 MPa. Thus, it seems that high concentration of defects in microcrystalline and nanocrystalline ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu,Cl produces disorder and distortion in lattice and changes the local crystal-structure near impurities, and consequently, the enhanced piezoelectric constant of local region produces EML for low value of applied pressure. The threshold pressure for the ML of ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Cu,Al single macrocrystals is higher because such crystals possess comparatively less number of defects near the impurities where the phase-transition is not possible and their ML is caused for high value of stress because the bulk piezoelectric constant is less. Thus, size-dependent threshold pressure for ML supports the origin of EML from piezoelectricity in local region of the crystals. The finding of present investigation may be useful in tailoring phosphors emitting intense EML of different colours.

Efficient blue and white polymer light emitting diodes based on a well charge balanced, core modified polyfluorene derivative.

PubMed

Das, Dipjyoti; Gopikrishna, Peddaboodi; Singh, Ashish; Dey, Anamika; Iyer, Parameswar Krishnan

2016-03-14

Fabrication of efficient blue and white polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) using a well charge balanced, core modified polyfluorene derivative, poly[2,7-(9,9'-dioctylfluorene)-co-N-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide (99:01)] (PFONPN01), is presented. The excellent film forming properties as observed from the morphological study and the enhanced electron transport properties due to the inclusion of the NPN unit in the PFO main chain resulted in improved device properties. Bright blue light was observed from single layer PLEDs with PFONPN01 as an emissive layer (EML) as well as from double layer PLEDs using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as an electron transporting layer (ETL) and LiF/Al as a cathode. The effect of ETL thickness on the device performance was studied by varying the Alq3 thickness (5 nm, 10 nm and 20 nm) and the device with an ETL thickness of 20 nm was found to exhibit the maximum brightness value of 11 662 cd m(-2) with a maximum luminous efficiency of 4.87 cd A(-1). Further, by using this highly electroluminescent blue PFONPN01 as a host and a narrow band gap, yellow emitting small molecule, dithiophene benzothiadiazole (DBT), as a guest at three different concentrations (0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%), WPLEDs with the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/emissive layer/Alq3(20 nm)/LiF/Al configuration were fabricated and maximum brightness values of 8025 cd m(-2), 9565 cd m(-2) and 10 180 cd m(-2) were achieved respectively. 0.4% DBT in PFONPN01 was found to give white light with Commission International de l'Echairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.31, 0.38), a maximum luminous efficiency of 6.54 cd A(-1) and a color-rendering index (CRI) value of 70.

[Multiplayer white organic light-emitting diodes with different order and thickness of emission layers].

PubMed

Xu, Wei; Lu, Fu-Han; Cao, Jin; Zhu, Wen-Qing; Jiang, Xue-Yin; Zhang, Zhi-Lin; Xu, Shao-Hong

2008-02-01

In multilayer OLED devices, the order and thickness of the emission layers have great effect on their spectrum. Based on the three basic colours of red, blue and green, a series of white organic light-emitting diodes(WOLEDS)with the structure of ITO/CuPc(12 nm)/NPB(50 nm)/EML/LiF(1 nm)/Al(100 nm) and a variety of emission layer's orders and thicknesses were fabricated. The blue emission material: 2-t-butyl-9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene (TBADN) doped with p-bis(p-N, N-diphenyl-amono-styryl)benzene(DSA-Ph), the green emission material: tris-[8-hydroxyquinoline]aluminum(Alq3) doped with C545, and the red emission material: tris-[8-hydroxyquinoline]aluminum( Alq3) doped with 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1, 1, 7, 7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) were used. By adjusting the order and thickness of each emission layer in the RBG structure, we got a white OLED with current efficiency of 5.60 cd x A(-1) and Commission Internationale De L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0. 34, 0.34) at 200 mA x cm(-2). Its maximum luminance reached 20 700 cd x m(-2) at current density of 400 mA x cm(-2). The results were analyzed on the basis of the theory of excitons' generation and diffusion. According to the theory, an equation was set up which relates EL spectra to the luminance efficiency, the thickness of each layer and the exciton diffusion length. In addition, in RBG structure with different thickness of red layer, the ratio of th e spectral intensity of red to that of blue was calculated. It was found that the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical values.

Tuning charge balance in PHOLEDs with ambipolar host materials to achieve high efficiency

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Padmaperuma, Asanga B.; Koech, Phillip K.; Cosimbescu, Lelia

2009-08-27

The efficiency and stability of blue organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) continue to be a primary roadblock to developing organic solid state white lighting. For OLEDs to meet the high power conversion efficiency goal, they will require both close to 100% internal quantum efficiency and low operating voltage in a white light emitting device.1 It is generally accepted that such high quantum efficiency, can only be achieved with the use of organometallic phosphor doped OLEDs. Blue OLEDs are particularly important for solid state lighting. The simplest (and therefore likely the lowest cost) method of generating white light is to downmore » convert part of the emission from a blue light source with a system of external phosphors.2 A second method of generating white light requires the superposition of the light from red, green and blue OLEDs in the correct ratio. Either of these two methods (and indeed any method of generating white light with a high color rendering index) critically depends on a high efficiency blue light component.3 A simple OLED generally consists of a hole-injecting anode, a preferentially hole transporting organic layer (HTL), an emissive layer that contains the recombination zone and ideally transports both holes and electrons, a preferentially electron-transporting layer (ETL) and an electron-injecting cathode. Color in state-of-the-art OLEDs is generated by an organometallic phosphor incorporated by co-sublimation into the emissive layer (EML).4 New materials functioning as hosts, emitters, charge transporting, and charge blocking layers have been developed along with device architectures leading to electrophosphorescent based OLEDs with high quantum efficiencies near the theoretical limit. However, the layers added to the device architecture to enable high quantum efficiencies lead to higher operating voltages and correspondingly lower power efficiencies. Achievement of target luminance power efficiencies will require new strategies for lowering operating voltages, particularly if this is to be achieved in a device that can be manufactured at low cost. To avoid the efficiency losses associated with phosphorescence quenching by back-energy transfer from the dopant onto the host, the triplet excited states of the host material must be higher in energy than the triplet excited state of the dopant.5 This must be accomplished without sacrificing the charge transporting properties of the composite.6 Similar problems limit the efficiency of OLED-based displays, where blue light emitters are the least efficient and least stable. We previously demonstrated the utility of organic phosphine oxide (PO) materials as electron transporting HMs for FIrpic in blue OLEDs.7 However, the high reluctance of PO materials to oxidation and thus, hole injection limits the ability to balance charge injection and transport in the EML without relying on charge transport by the phosphorescent dopant. PO host materials were engineered to transport both electrons and holes in the EML and still maintain high triplet exciton energy to ensure efficient energy transfer to the dopant (Figure 1). There are examples of combining hole transporting moieties (mainly aromatic amines) with electron transport moieties (e.g., oxadiazoles, triazines, boranes)8 to develop new emitter and host materials for small molecule and polymer9 OLEDs. The challenge is to combine the two moieties without lowering the triplet energy of the target molecule. For example, coupling of a dimesitylphenylboryl moiety with a tertiary aromatic amine (FIAMBOT) results in intramolecular electron transfer from the amine to the boron atom through the bridging phenyl. The mesomeric effect of the dimesitylphenylboryl unit acts to extend conjugation and lowers triplet exciton energies (< 2.8 eV) rendering such systems inadequate as ambipolar hosts for blue phosphors.« less

Numerical simulation of optical and electronic properties for multilayer organic light-emitting diodes and its application in engineering education

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Shu-Hsuan; Chang, Yung-Cheng; Yang, Cheng-Hong; Chen, Jun-Rong; Kuo, Yen-Kuang

2006-02-01

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been extensively developed in the past few years. The OLED displays have advantages over other displays, such as CRT, LCD, and PDP in thickness, weight, brightness, response time, viewing angle, contrast, driving power, flexibility, and capability of self-emission. In this work, the optical and electronic properties of multilayer OLED devices are numerically studied with an APSYS (Advanced Physical Model of Semiconductor Devices) simulation program. Specifically, the emission and absorption spectra of the Alq 3, DCM, PBD, and SA light-emitting layers, and energy band diagrams, electron-hole recombination rates, and current-voltage characteristics of the simulated OLED devices, typically with a multilayer structure of metal/Alq 3/EML/TPD/ITO constructed by Lim et al., are investigated and compared to the experimental results. The physical models utilized in this work are similar to those presented by Ruhstaller et al. and Hoffmann et al. The simulated results indicate that the emission spectra of the Alq 3, DCM, PBD, and SA light-emitting layers obtained in this study are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally by Zugang et al. Optimization of the optical and electronic performance of the multilayer OLED devices are attempted. In order to further promote the research results, the whole numerical simulation process for optimizing the design of OLED devices has been applied to a project-based course of OLED device design to enhance the students' skills in photonics device design at the Graduate Institute of Photonics of National Changhua University of Education in Taiwan. In the meantime, the effectiveness of the course has been proved by various assessments. The application of the results is a useful point of reference for the research on photonics device design and engineering education. Therefore, it proffers a synthetic effect between innovation and practical application.

Long-term type 1 diabetes alters the deposition of collagens and proteoglycans in the early pregnant myometrium of mice.

PubMed

Favaro, Rodolfo R; Raspantini, Priscila R; Salgado, Renato M; Fortes, Zuleica B; Zorn, Telma M T

2015-04-01

We have previously shown that long-term type 1 diabetes affects the structural organization, contractile apparatus and extracellular matrix (ECM) of the myometrium during early pregnancy in mice. This study aimed to identify which myometrial ECM components are affected by diabetes, including fibril-forming collagen types I, III and V, as well as proteoglycans, decorin, lumican, fibromodulin and biglycan. Alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic female mice were divided into subgroups D1 and D2, formed by females that bred 90-100 and 100-110 days after diabetes induction, respectively. The deposition of ECM components in the myometrium was evaluated by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence. The subgroup D1 showed decreased deposition of collagen types I and III in the external muscle layer (EML) and decreased collagen types III and V in the internal muscle layer (IML). Collagen types I and III were decreased in both muscle layers of the subgroup D2. In addition, increased deposition of collagen types I and III and lumican as well as decreased collagen type V were observed in the connective tissue between muscle layers of D2. Lumican was decreased in the EML of the subgroups D1 and D2. Fibromodulin was repressed in the IML and EML of both D1 and D2. In contrast, decorin deposition diminished only in muscle layers of D2. No changes were noticed for biglycan. Subgroups D1 and D2 showed distinct stages of progression of diabetic complications in the myometrium, characterized by both common and specific sets of changes in the ECM composition.

High efficiency blue and white phosphorescent organic light emitting devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eom, Sang-Hyun

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have important applications in full-color flat-panel displays and as solid-state lighting sources. Achieving high efficiency deep-blue phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) is necessary for high performance full-color displays and white light sources with a high color rendering index (CRI); however it is more challenging compared to the longer wavelength light emissions such as green and red due to the higher energy excitations for the deep-blue emitter as well as the weak photopic response of deep-blue emission. This thesis details several effective strategies to enhancing efficiencies of deep-blue PHOLEDs based on iridium(III) bis(4',6'-difluorophenylpyridinato)tetrakis(1-pyrazolyl)borate (FIr6), which are further employed to demonstrate high efficiency white OLEDs by combining the deep-blue emitter with green and red emitters. First, we have employed 1,1-bis-(di-4-tolylaminophenyl) cyclohexane (TAPC) as the hole transporting material to enhance electron and triplet exciton confinement in Fir6-based PHOLEDs, which increased external quantum efficiency up to 18 %. Second, dual-emissive-layer (D-EML) structures consisting of an N,N -dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) layer doped with 4 wt % FIr6 and a p-bis (triphenylsilyly)benzene (UGH2) layer doped with 25 wt % FIr6 was employed to maximize exciton generation in the emissive layer. Combined with the p-i-n device structure, high power efficiencies of (25 +/- 2) lm/W at 100 cd/m2 and (20 +/- 2) lm/W at 1000 cd/m 2 were achieved. Moreover, the peak external quantum efficiency of (20 +/- 1) % was achieved by employing tris[3-(3-pyridyl)mesityl]borane (3TPYMB) as the electron transporting material, which further improves the exciton confinement in the emissive layer. With Cs2CO3 doping in the 3TPYMB layer to greatly increase its electrical conductivity, a peak power efficiency up to (36 +/- 2) lm/W from the deep-blue PHOLED was achieved, which also maintains Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.16, 0.28). High efficiency white PHOLEDs are also demonstrated by incorporating green and red phosphorescent emitters together with the deep-blue emitter FIr6. Similar to the FIr6-only devices, the D-EML structure with high triplet energy charge transport materials leads to a maximum external quantum efficiency of (19 +/- 1) %. Using the p-i-n device structure, a peak power efficiency of (40 +/- 2) lm/W and (36 +/- 2) lm/W at 100 cd/m2 were achieved, and the white PHOLED possesses a CRI of 79 and CIE coordinates of (0.37, 0.40). The limited light extraction from the planar-type OLEDs is also one of the remaining challenges to the OLED efficiency. Here we have developed a simple soft lithography technique to fabricate a transparent, close-packed hemispherical microlens arrays. The application of such microlens arrays to the glass surface of the large-area fluorescent OLEDs enhanced the light extraction efficiency up to (70 +/- 7)%. It is also shown that the light extraction efficiency of the OLEDs is affected by microlens contact angle, OLEDs size, and detailed layer structure of the OLEDs.

Influence of polymeric electron injection layers on the electrical properties of solution-processed multilayered polymer light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Itoh, Eiji; Kurami, Kazuhiko

2016-02-01

In this study, we fabricated multilayered polymer-based light-emitting diodes (pLEDs) with various solution-processed electron-injection layers (EILs), and investigated the influence of the EILs on the electrical properties of pLEDs in indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-(1,4-phenylene((4-sec-butylphenyl)amino)-1,4-phenylene))] (TFB) (HTL)/poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-1,4-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) (EML)/EIL/Al structures. We have used the quaternized ammonium π-conjugated polyelectrolyte derivative (poly[(9,9-di(3,3‧-N,N‧-trimethylammonium)propylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(1,4-phenylene)]diiodide salt) (PF-PDTA), a mixture of PF-PDTA and CS2CO3, and the aliphatic-amine-based polymer poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) as solution-processed EILs, and compared them with LiF as a solvent-free EIL. The EILs enhanced the electron injection and improve the pLED performance. High external quantum efficiencies of nearly 4% were obtained in the pLEDs with the combination of a multilayered structure fabricated by a transfer printing technique and EILs of a PF-PDTA:CS2CO3 mixture and PEI. On the other hand, the device with PF-PDTA exhibited lower efficiency, higher driving voltage, and larger leakage current at lower voltage. The migration of ionic charges was suggested from the abnormal dielectric behaviors, and serious damage on the electrode material occurred when both an acid hole-injection layer (PEDOT:PSS) and PF-PDTA were used. On the other hand, the pLEDs with ultrathin PEI showed high performance and stable device operation in terms of the influence of ionic charges.

Addressing the efficiency roll-off in a fluorescent OLED by facile electron transport layer doping and carrier confinement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soman, Anjaly; M, Manuraj; Unni, K. N. Narayanan

2018-05-01

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) often face the issue of decreasing power efficiency with increasing brightness. Loss of charge carrier balance is one of the factors contributing to the efficiency roll-off. We demonstrate that by using a combination of doped electron transport layer (ETL) and a specially chosen electron blocking layer (EBL) having high hole mobility, this efficiency roll-off can be effectively suppressed. A tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq3) based OLED has been fabricated with 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-1H, 5H,11H-10-(2-benzothiazolyl) quinolizino-[9,9a, 1n gh]coumarin (C545T) as the emissive dopant. Bulk doping of the ETL with lithium fluoride (LiF) was optimized to increase the luminous intensity as well as the current efficiency. An EBL with high hole mobility introduced between the EML and the hole transport layer (HTL) improved the performance drastically, and the device brightness at 9 V got improved by a factor of 2.5 compared to that of the control device. While increasing the brightness from 100 cd/m2 to 1000 cd/m2, the power efficiency drop was 47% for the control device whereas only a drop of 15% was observed for the modified device. The possible mechanisms for the enhanced performance are discussed.

A Multiscale Analysis of Upstream Precursors associated with High Impact Severe Weather Events across the Upper Midwest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metz, N. D.; Cordeira, J. M.

2014-12-01

Between 30 June and 1 July 2011, a heavy-rain-producing mesoscale convective system (MCS) occurred over Lake Michigan. A second MCS subsequently occurred over Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin on 1 July 2011 resulting in more than 200 severe weather reports. The antecedent large-scale flow evolution was strongly influenced by early-season tropical cyclones (TCs) Haima and Meari in the western North Pacific. The recurvature and subsequent interaction of these TCs with the extratropical large-scale flow was associated with Rossby wave train (RWT) amplification on 22-26 June 2011 over the western North Pacific and dispersion across North America on 28-30 June 2011. The RWT dispersion was associated with trough (ridge) development over western (central) North America at the time of MCS development over the Midwestern United States. This evolution of the large-scale flow and attendant meso-synoptic scale forcing for ascent were particularly conducive to heavy rainfall and severe weather as a surface-based mixed layer over the Intermountain Western United States was advected eastward, transitioning to an elevated mixed layer (EML) over the Midwestern United States. These two MCSs serve as motivation for a climatology of EML days and their relationship to severe weather over the Midwestern United States. The climatology illustrates that severe weather reports near Minneapolis, MN during the summer are twice as numerous on EML days as compared to normal. The increase in severe weather reports are primarily driven by more large hail and severe wind, which account for 95% of all severe weather reports on EML days. A time-lagged composite analysis indicates that RWT amplification over the central North Pacific and RWT dispersion across the eastern North Pacific and North American, as occurred prior to the 30 June-1 July period, is a common upstream precursor to EML days over the Midwestern United States. These results suggest that investigations of far upstream precursors to RWT amplification and dispersion over the North Pacific may be particularly useful in better understanding warm-season severe weather outbreaks over North America.

Studies of solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and their materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hellerich, Emily

2013-01-01

A hitherto unexplored approach is presented in which a small molecule is used as a host to polymer guests in solution-processed OLEDs. We find that the small molecule host results in much more efficient devices than the often-used alternative polymer host when used for the guests presented. It is likely that nano- and microstructural differences between the hosts contribute to the improvements, which highlights some interesting characteristics that can help to better understand the nature of these mixtures. A number of the guests used in this study were newly synthesized benzobisoxazole-based copolymers. New organic copolymers are presented that are basedmore » on the chemical structure of benzobisoxazoles, which have been shown in the past to have good electron transporting properties. The novel concept in this publication pertains to a change in the direction of polymerization, also known as the conjugation pathway, which we show increases the emission efficiency. This work highlights a unique and useful property of organic semiconducting materials in that they can be synthesized to create the desired characteristics. Earlier work is described that kick-started in our research group the use of small molecules in solution-processed OLEDs. Originally these devices were to be used in magnetoresistance studies, but the project took a different path when the devices were more efficient than expected. The efficient use of small molecules in solution-processed OLEDs is highlighted, which at the time was not often the case. Also, the important observation of the effect of solvent choice on the resultant film is emphasized, with discussion of the likely cause of these effects. Microcavity OLEDs are introduced in which the transparent anode ITO is replaced with semi-transparent thin silver, which creates an optical cavity within the devices. The goal was to expand a previous work that created an on-chip spectrometer covering wavelengths 493 to 639 nm. In this case, a spin-coated mixed emitting layer (EML) is used, consisting of a polymer and a small molecule that both emit in the near UV and blue. The resulting combined spectra gives a wide band that can be used to create narrow microcavity emission peaks of 373 to 469 nm, depending on the device thickness (i.e. the cavity’s optical length). In the process of this effort, the mixed EML presented interesting complexities that we attempt to explain via simulation and morphology study.« less

Quantitative evaluation of essential medicines lists: the South African case study.

PubMed

Perumal-Pillay, Velisha Ann; Suleman, Fatima

2016-12-12

The South African (SA) health system has employed an Essential Medicines List (EML) with Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) since 1996. To date no studies have reported the changes in SA STG/EMLs. This study describes these changes over time (1996-2013) and compares latest SA STG/EMLs with the latest World Health Organization (WHO) Model EMLs to assess alignment of these lists. A quantitative evaluation of SA STGs/EMLs at 2 levels of healthcare was performed to assess changes in the number and ratio of molecules, dosage forms, and additions and deletions of medicines. The most recent WHO EMLs (18th list, 4th list for children) and 2012 priority life-saving medicines for women and children (PMWC) list were compared to the most recent available SA STG/EMLs (Primary Health Care (PHC 2008), Adult Hospital 2012, and Paediatric Hospital 2013) at the time of the research. The number of molecules over the years increased for PHC STG/EMLs but decreased slightly for Adult and Paediatric hospital STG/EMLs. The most additions and deletions over time occurred in the Adult hospital level STG/EML (27 in 2006 and 44 in 2012). A comparison between the most recent SA STG/EMLs and WHO Model EML (18th list) showed that a total of 112 medicines were absent on all SA STG/EMLs. A comparison of medicines for children between the 2013 SA Paediatric Hospital level STG/EML and PMWC indicated that these lists were somewhat aligned for most conditions as only 3 of 14 medicines and 11 of 20 vaccines were absent from SA STG/EMLs. This is the first study in SA to investigate changes in National EMLs over time in relation to molecules, dosage forms and therapeutic classes. It is also the first to compare the latest SA STG/EMLs to the WHO Model lists. The results therefore provide insight into the trends and SA STG/EML processes over time.

Microtubule association of EML proteins and the EML4-ALK variant 3 oncoprotein require an N-terminal trimerization domain.

PubMed

Richards, Mark W; O'Regan, Laura; Roth, Daniel; Montgomery, Jessica M; Straube, Anne; Fry, Andrew M; Bayliss, Richard

2015-05-01

Proteins of the echinoderm microtubule (MT)-associated protein (EMAP)-like (EML) family contribute to formation of the mitotic spindle and interphase MT network. EML1-4 consist of Trp-Asp 40 (WD40) repeats and an N-terminal region containing a putative coiled-coil. Recurrent gene rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) fuse EML4 to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) causing expression of several oncogenic fusion variants. The fusions have constitutive ALK activity due to self-association through the EML4 coiled-coil. We have determined crystal structures of the coiled-coils from EML2 and EML4, which describe the structural basis of both EML self-association and oncogenic EML4-ALK activation. The structures reveal a trimeric oligomerization state directed by a conserved pattern of hydrophobic residues and salt bridges. We show that the trimerization domain (TD) of EML1 is necessary and sufficient for self-association. The TD is also essential for MT binding; however, this property requires an adjacent basic region. These observations prompted us to investigate MT association of EML4-ALK and EML1-ABL1 (Abelson 1) fusions in which variable portions of the EML component are present. Uniquely, EML4-ALK variant 3, which includes the TD and basic region of EML4 but none of the WD40 repeats, was localized to MTs, both when expressed recombinantly and when expressed in a patient-derived NSCLC cell line (H2228). This raises the question of whether the mislocalization of ALK activity to MTs might influence downstream signalling and malignant properties of cells. Furthermore, the structure of EML4 TD may enable the development of protein-protein interaction inhibitors targeting the trimerization interface, providing a possible avenue towards therapeutic intervention in EML4-ALK NSCLC.

Arabidopsis Histone Reader EMSY-LIKE 1 Binds H3K36 and Suppresses Geminivirus Infection.

PubMed

Coursey, Tami; Milutinovic, Milica; Regedanz, Elizabeth; Brkljacic, Jelena; Bisaro, David M

2018-06-06

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) impart information that regulates chromatin structure and activity. Their effects are mediated by histone reader proteins that bind specific PTMs to modify chromatin and/or recruit appropriate effectors to alter the chromatin landscape. Despite their crucial juxtaposition between information and functional outcome, relatively few plant histone readers have been identified, and nothing is known about their impact on viral chromatin and pathogenesis. We used the geminivirus Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) as a model to functionally characterize two recently identified reader proteins, EMSY-LIKE 1 and 3 (EML1 and EML3), which contain Tudor-like Agenet domains predictive of histone PTM binding function. Here, we show that mutant Arabidopsis plants exhibit contrasting hypersusceptible ( eml1 ) and tolerant ( eml3 ) responses to CaLCuV infection, and that EML1 deficiency correlates with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) enrichment on viral chromatin and upregulated viral gene expression. Consistent with reader activity, EML1 and EML3 associate with nucleosomes and with CaLCuV chromatin, suggesting a direct impact on pathogenesis. We also demonstrate that EML1 and EML3 bind peptides containing histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36), a PTM usually associated with active gene expression. The interaction encompasses multiple H3K36 PTMs, including methylation and acetylation, suggesting nuanced regulation. Further, EML1 and EML3 associate with similar regions of viral chromatin, implying possible competition between the two readers. Regions of EML1 and EML3 association correlate with sites of trimethylated H3K36 (H3K36me3) enrichment, consistent with regulation of geminivirus chromatin by direct EML targeting. IMPORTANCE Histone PTMs convey information that regulates chromatin compaction and DNA accessibility. Histone reader proteins bind specific PTMs and translate their effects by modifying chromatin and/or by recruiting effectors that alter chromatin structure or activity. In this study, CaLCuV was used to characterize the activities of two Arabidopsis Agenet domain histone readers, EML1 and EML3. We show that eml1 mutants are hypersusceptible to CaLCuV, whereas eml3 plants are more tolerant of infection than wild type plants. We also demonstrate that EML1 and EML3 associate with histones and viral chromatin in planta , and that both proteins bind peptides containing H3K36, a PTM associated with active gene expression. Consistent with antiviral activity, EML1 suppresses CaLCuV gene expression and reduces Pol II access to viral chromatin. By linking EML1 and EML3 to pathogenesis, these studies have expanded our knowledge of histone reader proteins and uncovered an additional level of viral chromatin regulation. Copyright © 2018 American Society for Microbiology.

Relatively between extrication wave of mental load (EML) and emotion.

PubMed

Wei, J H; Pan, R T; Jin, H Y

1993-10-01

This experiment which was divided into three items studied the relativity between normal human emotion and extrication wave of mental load (EML) in a paradigm of combining CNV feedback with EML. Fourteen young persons were taken as subjects. After Fz, Cz, Pz, P3-T5 and P4-T6 were recorded, shorter EML latency and higher EML amplitude were caused by positive emotion in comparison with those caused by negative emotion. EML changes of the five recorded points were consistent under the effects of positive and negative emotions. This experiment also discussed the question of EML brain sources. Under the emotional conditions provided in the present experiment, EML possibly can be regarded as ERP index reflecting its positive and negative attributes.

EML4-ALK induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition consistent with cancer stem cell properties in H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Fuchun; Liu, Xiaoke, E-mail: liuxk57@163.com; Qing, Qin, E-mail: qinqingscu@126.com

2015-04-10

The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4(EML4) – anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene has been identified as a driver mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role of EML4-ALK in malignant transformation is not entirely clear. Here, for the first time, we showed that H1299 NSCLC cells stably expressing EML4-ALK acquire EMT phenotype, associated with enhanced invasive migration and increased expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors. H1299-EML4-ALK cells also displayed cancer stem cell-like properties with a concomitant up-regulation of CD133 and enhanced ability of mammospheres formation. Moreover, we found that inhibition of ERK1/2 reversed EMT induced by EML4-ALK in H1299 cells.more » Taken together, these results suggested that EML4-ALK induced ERK activation is mechanistically associated with EMT phenotype. Thus, inhibition of ERK signaling pathway could be a potential strategy in treatment of NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK translocation. - Highlights: • EML4-ALK induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition in H1299 cells. • Expression of EML4-ALK promotes invasion and migration in vitro. • EML4-ALK enhanced sphere formation and stem cell-like properties in H1299 cells. • Blockage of ERK1/2 reverse Epithelial–Mesenchymal transition induced by EML4-ALK.« less

EML4-ALK translocation is associated with early onset of disease and other clinicopathological features in Chinese female never-smokers with non-small-cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

REN, WEIHONG; ZHANG, BO; MA, JIE; LI, WENCAI; LAN, JIANYUN; MEN, HUI; ZHANG, QINXIAN

2015-01-01

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) translocation is resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including gefitinib and erlotinib, but responds to the ALK-TKI crizotinib. Characterization of EML4-ALK translocation may provide invaluable information to facilitate disease diagnosis and improve the outcome of customized treatment. Although the occurrence of EML4-ALK translocation is likely to be affected by the smoking habits and gender of patients, the translocation has not been characterized extensively in female never-smokers with NSCLC. Therefore, 280 female never-smokers that were diagnosed with NSCLC were enrolled in the present study, and characteristics of EML4-ALK translocation, including the frequency, were determined in these NSCLC patients. EML4-ALK fusion variants were detected using Multiplex one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subsequently confirmed by DNA sequencing and Vysis ALK Break Apart fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. The EML4-ALK fusion variants were detected in 21 carcinoma tissue specimens, accounting for 7.5% of the enrolled patients. Out of these patients with EML4-ALK fusion variants, EML4-ALK fusion variant 1 was identified in 12 patients, indicating that variant 1 is the most common type of EML4-ALK fusion gene in the present cohort of patients. ALK mRNA was aberrantly expressed in all the tissues with EML4-ALK translocation, but not in the carcinoma tissues without EML4-ALK translocation. In addition, the EML4-ALK translocation was more frequently found in younger patients. The median age of patients with EML4-ALK translocation was 50.95±2.29 years, which was significantly younger (P<0.01) than the median age of the patients without EML4-ALK translocation (57.15±0.56). The EML4-ALK translocation was detected exclusively in undifferentiated tumors that were graded as poorly- or moderately-differentiated carcinomas and suspected to be more malignant compared with well-differentiated tumors. In summary, the present study found that 7.5% of patients with NSCLC that are female never-smokers harbor EML4-ALK translocations, which are associated with the aberrant expression of ALK mRNA, early onset of disease and undifferentiated carcinomas. PMID:26788139

EML4-ALK translocation is associated with early onset of disease and other clinicopathological features in Chinese female never-smokers with non-small-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Ren, Weihong; Zhang, B O; Ma, Jie; Li, Wencai; Lan, Jianyun; Men, Hui; Zhang, Qinxian

2015-12-01

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) translocation is resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including gefitinib and erlotinib, but responds to the ALK-TKI crizotinib. Characterization of EML4-ALK translocation may provide invaluable information to facilitate disease diagnosis and improve the outcome of customized treatment. Although the occurrence of EML4-ALK translocation is likely to be affected by the smoking habits and gender of patients, the translocation has not been characterized extensively in female never-smokers with NSCLC. Therefore, 280 female never-smokers that were diagnosed with NSCLC were enrolled in the present study, and characteristics of EML4-ALK translocation, including the frequency, were determined in these NSCLC patients. EML4-ALK fusion variants were detected using Multiplex one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and subsequently confirmed by DNA sequencing and Vysis ALK Break Apart fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. The EML4-ALK fusion variants were detected in 21 carcinoma tissue specimens, accounting for 7.5% of the enrolled patients. Out of these patients with EML4-ALK fusion variants, EML4-ALK fusion variant 1 was identified in 12 patients, indicating that variant 1 is the most common type of EML4-ALK fusion gene in the present cohort of patients. ALK mRNA was aberrantly expressed in all the tissues with EML4-ALK translocation, but not in the carcinoma tissues without EML4-ALK translocation. In addition, the EML4-ALK translocation was more frequently found in younger patients. The median age of patients with EML4-ALK translocation was 50.95±2.29 years, which was significantly younger (P<0.01) than the median age of the patients without EML4-ALK translocation (57.15±0.56). The EML4-ALK translocation was detected exclusively in undifferentiated tumors that were graded as poorly- or moderately-differentiated carcinomas and suspected to be more malignant compared with well-differentiated tumors. In summary, the present study found that 7.5% of patients with NSCLC that are female never-smokers harbor EML4-ALK translocations, which are associated with the aberrant expression of ALK mRNA, early onset of disease and undifferentiated carcinomas.

Is Acute Myeloid Leukemia a Liquid Tumor?

PubMed Central

Ohanian, Maro; Faderl, Stefan; Ravandi, Farhad; Pemmaraju, Naveen; Garcia-Manero, Guillermo; Cortes, Jorge; Estrov, Zeev

2014-01-01

Extramedullary manifestations of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were described as early as the 19th century. However, the incidence, clinical significance, and pathobiology of extramedullary AML remain ill defined. We reviewed case reports, retrospective case series, pilot studies, and imaging studies of extramedullary leukemia (EML) to determine its frequency, characteristics, clinical presentation, and significance. EML precedes or accompanies development of AML and occurs during or following treatment, even during remission. Although imaging studies are rarely conducted and the true incidence of EML has yet to be verified, authors have reported several estimates based on retrospective and autopsy studies. The incidence of EML in patients with AML of all ages is estimated to be about 9% and EML in children with AML was detected in 40% of patients at diagnosis. The combination of positron emission tomography and computed tomography were the most sensitive and reliable techniques of detecting and monitoring EML. Based on our literature review, the frequency of EML is likely underreported. The well-documented nature of EML in AML patients suggests that AML can manifest as a solid tumor. The extent to which EML accompanies AML and whether EML is derived from bone marrow are unknown. Furthermore, questions remain regarding the role of the microenvironment, which may or may not facilitate the survival and proliferation of EML, and the implications of these interactions with regard to minimal residual disease, tumor cell quiescence, and relapse. Therefore, prospective studies of detection and characterization of EML in AML patients are warranted. PMID:23280377

Is acute myeloid leukemia a liquid tumor?

PubMed

Ohanian, Maro; Faderl, Stefan; Ravandi, Farhad; Pemmaraju, Naveen; Garcia-Manero, Guillermo; Cortes, Jorge; Estrov, Zeev

2013-08-01

Extramedullary manifestations of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were described as early as the 19th century. However, the incidence, clinical significance and pathobiology of extramedullary AML remain ill defined. We reviewed case reports, retrospective case series, pilot studies and imaging studies of extramedullary leukemia (EML) to determine its frequency, characteristics, clinical presentation and significance. EML precedes or accompanies development of AML and occurs during or following treatment, even during remission. Although imaging studies are rarely conducted and the true incidence of EML has yet to be verified, authors have reported several estimates based on retrospective and autopsy studies. The incidence of EML in patients with AML of all ages is estimated to be about 9% and EML in children with AML was detected in 40% of patients at diagnosis. The combination of positron emission tomography and computed tomography were the most sensitive and reliable techniques of detecting and monitoring EML. Based on our literature review, the frequency of EML is likely underreported. The well-documented nature of EML in patients with AML suggests that AML can manifest as a solid tumor. The extent to which EML accompanies AML and whether EML is derived from bone marrow are unknown. Furthermore, questions remain regarding the role of the microenvironment, which may or may not facilitate the survival and proliferation of EML, and the implications of these interactions with regard to minimal residual disease, tumor cell quiescence and relapse. Therefore, prospective studies of detection and characterization of EML in patients with AML are warranted. Copyright © 2013 UICC.

The DHS Directorate of Science and Technology: Key Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-22

recently under the authority of the Homeland Security Act. Environmental Measurements Laboratory The Environmental Measurements Laboratory ( EML ) in...Historically, the focus of EML was detection and monitoring of low-level radiation releases. The transfer of EML to the S&T Directorate required a realignment...debated whether EML is most appropriately positioned in 7 EML realignment and related

A causal link from ALK to hexokinase II overexpression and hyperactive glycolysis in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer

PubMed Central

Ma, Yibao; Yu, Chunrong; Mohamed, Esraa M.; Shao, Huanjie; Wang, Li; Sundaresan, Gobalakrishnan; Zweit, Jamal; Idowu, Michael; Fang, Xianjun

2016-01-01

A high rate of aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of malignant transformation. Accumulating evidence suggests that diverse regulatory mechanisms mediate this cancer-associated metabolic change seen in a wide spectrum of cancer. The echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion protein is found in approximately 3-7% of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Molecular evidence and therapeutic effectiveness of FDA-approved ALK inhibitors indicated that EML4-ALK is a driving factor of lung tumorigenesis. A recent clinical study showed that NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK rearrangements displayed higher glucose metabolism compared to EML4-ALK-negative NSCLC. In the current work, we presented evidence that EML4-ALK is coupled to overexpression of hexokinase II (HK2), one of the rate-limiting enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. The link from EML4-ALK to HK2 upregulation is essential for a high rate of glycolysis and proliferation of EML4-ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells. We identified hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) as a key transcription factor to drive HK2 gene expression in normoxia in these cells. EML4-ALK induced hypoxia-independent but glucose-dependent accumulation of HIF1α protein via both transcriptional activation of HIF1α mRNA and the PI3K-AKT pathway to enhance HIF1α protein synthesis. The EML4-ALK-mediated upregulation of HIF1α, HK2 and glycolytic metabolism was also highly active in vivo as demonstrated by FDG-PET imaging of xenografts grown from EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC cells. Our data reveal a novel EML4-ALK-HIF1α-HK2 cascade to enhance glucose metabolism in EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC. PMID:27132509

A causal link from ALK to hexokinase II overexpression and hyperactive glycolysis in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer.

PubMed

Ma, Y; Yu, C; Mohamed, E M; Shao, H; Wang, L; Sundaresan, G; Zweit, J; Idowu, M; Fang, X

2016-11-24

A high rate of aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of malignant transformation. Accumulating evidence suggests that diverse regulatory mechanisms mediate this cancer-associated metabolic change seen in a wide spectrum of cancer. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion protein is found in approximately 3-7% of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Molecular evidence and therapeutic effectiveness of FDA-approved ALK inhibitors indicated that EML4-ALK is a driving factor of lung tumorigenesis. A recent clinical study showed that NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK rearrangements displayed higher glucose metabolism compared with EML4-ALK-negative NSCLC. In the current work, we presented evidence that EML4-ALK is coupled to overexpression of hexokinase II (HK2), one of the rate-limiting enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. The link from EML4-ALK to HK2 upregulation is essential for a high rate of glycolysis and proliferation of EML4-ALK-rearranged NSCLC cells. We identified hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) as a key transcription factor to drive HK2 gene expression in normoxia in these cells. EML4-ALK induced hypoxia-independent but glucose-dependent accumulation of HIF1α protein via both transcriptional activation of HIF1α mRNA and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-AKT pathway to enhance HIF1α protein synthesis. The EML4-ALK-mediated upregulation of HIF1α, HK2 and glycolytic metabolism was also highly active in vivo as demonstrated by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging of xenografts grown from EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC cells. Our data reveal a novel EML4-ALK-HIF1α-HK2 cascade to enhance glucose metabolism in EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC.

Molecular mechanisms that underpin EML4-ALK driven cancers and their response to targeted drugs.

PubMed

Bayliss, Richard; Choi, Jene; Fennell, Dean A; Fry, Andrew M; Richards, Mark W

2016-03-01

A fusion between the EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like) and ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) genes was identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2007 and there has been rapid progress in applying this knowledge to the benefit of patients. However, we have a poor understanding of EML4 and ALK biology and there are many challenges to devising the optimal strategy for treating EML4-ALK NSCLC patients. In this review, we describe the biology of EML4 and ALK, explain the main features of EML4-ALK fusion proteins and outline the therapies that target EML4-ALK. In particular, we highlight the recent advances in our understanding of the structures of EML proteins, describe the molecular mechanisms of resistance to ALK inhibitors and assess current thinking about combinations of ALK drugs with inhibitors that target other kinases or Hsp90.

Isolation and Characterization of Three Unrecorded Zygomycete Fungi in Korea: Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cunninghamella echinulata, and Cunninghamella elegans.

PubMed

Nguyen, Thuong T T; Choi, Young-Joon; Lee, Hyang Burm

2017-12-01

In a survey of undiscovered taxa in Korea, three zygomycete fungal strains-EML-W31, EML-HGD1-1, and EML-RUS1-1-were isolated from freshwater, grasshopper fecal, and soil samples in Korea. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer and 28S rDNA, the isolates of EML-W31, EML-HGD1-1, and EML-RUS1-1 were confirmed to be Cunninghamella bertholletiae , Cunninghamella echinulata , and Cunninghamella elegans , respectively. These species have not been previously described in Korea.

Isolation and Characterization of Three Unrecorded Zygomycete Fungi in Korea: Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cunninghamella echinulata, and Cunninghamella elegans

PubMed Central

Nguyen, Thuong T. T.; Choi, Young-Joon

2017-01-01

In a survey of undiscovered taxa in Korea, three zygomycete fungal strains–EML-W31, EML-HGD1-1, and EML-RUS1-1–were isolated from freshwater, grasshopper fecal, and soil samples in Korea. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer and 28S rDNA, the isolates of EML-W31, EML-HGD1-1, and EML-RUS1-1 were confirmed to be Cunninghamella bertholletiae, Cunninghamella echinulata, and Cunninghamella elegans, respectively. These species have not been previously described in Korea. PMID:29371799

Detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene and features associated with EGFR mutations in Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Wen, Miaomiao; Wang, Xuejiao; Sun, Ying; Xia, Jinghua; Fan, Liangbo; Xing, Hao; Zhang, Zhipei; Li, Xiaofei

2016-01-01

Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) define specific molecular subsets of lung cancer with distinct clinical features. We aimed at revealing the clinical features of EML4-ALK fusion gene and EGFR mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We enrolled 694 Chinese patients with NSCLC for analysis. EML4-ALK fusion gene was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and EGFR mutations were analyzed by amplified refractory mutation system. Among the 694 patients, 60 (8.65%) patients had EML4-ALK fusions. In continuity correction χ (2) test analysis, EML4-ALK fusion gene was correlated with sex, age, smoking status, and histology, but no significant association was observed between EML4-ALK fusion gene and clinical stage. A total of 147 (21.18%) patients had EGFR mutations. In concordance with previous reports, EGFR mutation was correlated with age, smoking status, histology, and clinical stage, whereas patient age was not significantly associated with EGFR mutation. Meanwhile, to our surprise, six (0.86%) patients had coexisting EML4-ALK fusions and EGFR mutations. EML4-ALK fusion gene defines a new molecular subset in patients with NSCLC. Six patients who harbored both EML4-ALK fusion genes and EGFR mutations were identified in our study. The EGFR mutations and the EML4-ALK fusion genes are coexistent.

Detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene and features associated with EGFR mutations in Chinese patients with non-small-cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

Wen, Miaomiao; Wang, Xuejiao; Sun, Ying; Xia, Jinghua; Fan, Liangbo; Xing, Hao; Zhang, Zhipei; Li, Xiaofei

2016-01-01

Purpose Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4–anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) define specific molecular subsets of lung cancer with distinct clinical features. We aimed at revealing the clinical features of EML4-ALK fusion gene and EGFR mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We enrolled 694 Chinese patients with NSCLC for analysis. EML4-ALK fusion gene was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and EGFR mutations were analyzed by amplified refractory mutation system. Results Among the 694 patients, 60 (8.65%) patients had EML4-ALK fusions. In continuity correction χ2 test analysis, EML4-ALK fusion gene was correlated with sex, age, smoking status, and histology, but no significant association was observed between EML4-ALK fusion gene and clinical stage. A total of 147 (21.18%) patients had EGFR mutations. In concordance with previous reports, EGFR mutation was correlated with age, smoking status, histology, and clinical stage, whereas patient age was not significantly associated with EGFR mutation. Meanwhile, to our surprise, six (0.86%) patients had coexisting EML4-ALK fusions and EGFR mutations. Conclusion EML4-ALK fusion gene defines a new molecular subset in patients with NSCLC. Six patients who harbored both EML4-ALK fusion genes and EGFR mutations were identified in our study. The EGFR mutations and the EML4-ALK fusion genes are coexistent. PMID:27103824

Rearranged EML4-ALK fusion transcripts sequester in circulating blood platelets and enable blood-based crizotinib response monitoring in non-small-cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

Nilsson, R. Jonas A.; Karachaliou, Niki; Berenguer, Jordi; Gimenez-Capitan, Ana; Schellen, Pepijn; Teixido, Cristina; Tannous, Jihane; Kuiper, Justine L.; Drees, Esther; Grabowska, Magda; van Keulen, Marte; Heideman, Danielle A.M.; Thunnissen, Erik; Dingemans, Anne-Marie C.; Viteri, Santiago; Tannous, Bakhos A.; Drozdowskyj, Ana; Rosell, Rafael; Smit, Egbert F.; Wurdinger, Thomas

2016-01-01

Purpose: Non-small-cell lung cancers harboring EML4-ALK rearrangements are sensitive to crizotinib. However, despite initial response, most patients will eventually relapse, and monitoring EML4-ALK rearrangements over the course of treatment may help identify these patients. However, challenges associated with serial tumor biopsies have highlighted the need for blood-based assays for the monitoring of biomarkers. Platelets can sequester RNA released by tumor cells and are thus an attractive source for the non-invasive assessment of biomarkers. Methods: EML4-ALK rearrangements were analyzed by RT-PCR in platelets and plasma isolated from blood obtained from 77 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, 38 of whom had EML4-ALK-rearranged tumors. In a subset of 29 patients with EML4-ALK-rearranged tumors who were treated with crizotinib, EML4-ALK rearrangements in platelets were correlated with progression-free and overall survival. Results: RT-PCR demonstrated 65% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements in platelets. In the subset of 29 patients treated with crizotinib, progression-free survival was 3.7 months for patients with EML4-ALK+ platelets and 16 months for those with EML4-ALK− platelets (hazard ratio, 3.5; P = 0.02). Monitoring of EML4-ALK rearrangements in the platelets of one patient over a period of 30 months revealed crizotinib resistance two months prior to radiographic disease progression. Conclusions: Platelets are a valuable source for the non-invasive detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements and may prove useful for predicting and monitoring outcome to crizotinib, thereby improving clinical decisions based on radiographic imaging alone. PMID:26544515

Rearranged EML4-ALK fusion transcripts sequester in circulating blood platelets and enable blood-based crizotinib response monitoring in non-small-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Nilsson, R Jonas A; Karachaliou, Niki; Berenguer, Jordi; Gimenez-Capitan, Ana; Schellen, Pepijn; Teixido, Cristina; Tannous, Jihane; Kuiper, Justine L; Drees, Esther; Grabowska, Magda; van Keulen, Marte; Heideman, Danielle A M; Thunnissen, Erik; Dingemans, Anne-Marie C; Viteri, Santiago; Tannous, Bakhos A; Drozdowskyj, Ana; Rosell, Rafael; Smit, Egbert F; Wurdinger, Thomas

2016-01-05

Non-small-cell lung cancers harboring EML4-ALK rearrangements are sensitive to crizotinib. However, despite initial response, most patients will eventually relapse, and monitoring EML4-ALK rearrangements over the course of treatment may help identify these patients. However, challenges associated with serial tumor biopsies have highlighted the need for blood-based assays for the monitoring of biomarkers. Platelets can sequester RNA released by tumor cells and are thus an attractive source for the non-invasive assessment of biomarkers. EML4-ALK rearrangements were analyzed by RT-PCR in platelets and plasma isolated from blood obtained from 77 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, 38 of whom had EML4-ALK-rearranged tumors. In a subset of 29 patients with EML4-ALK-rearranged tumors who were treated with crizotinib, EML4-ALK rearrangements in platelets were correlated with progression-free and overall survival. RT-PCR demonstrated 65% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements in platelets. In the subset of 29 patients treated with crizotinib, progression-free survival was 3.7 months for patients with EML4-ALK+ platelets and 16 months for those with EML4-ALK- platelets (hazard ratio, 3.5; P = 0.02). Monitoring of EML4-ALK rearrangements in the platelets of one patient over a period of 30 months revealed crizotinib resistance two months prior to radiographic disease progression. Platelets are a valuable source for the non-invasive detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements and may prove useful for predicting and monitoring outcome to crizotinib, thereby improving clinical decisions based on radiographic imaging alone.

Near-zero dispersion flattened, low-loss porous-core waveguide design for terahertz signal transmission

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sultana, Jakeya; Islam, Md. Saiful; Atai, Javid; Islam, Muhammad Rakibul; Abbott, Derek

2017-07-01

We demonstrate a photonic crystal fiber with near-zero flattened dispersion, ultralower effective material loss (EML), and negligible confinement loss for a broad spectrum range. The use of cyclic olefin copolymer Topas with improved core confinement significantly reduces the loss characteristics and the use of higher air filling fraction results in flat dispersion characteristics. The properties such as dispersion, EML, confinement loss, modal effective area, and single-mode operation of the fiber have been investigated using the full-vector finite element method with the perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary conditions. The practical implementation of the proposed fiber is achievable with existing fabrication techniques as only circular-shaped air holes have been used to design the waveguide. Thus, it is expected that the proposed terahertz waveguide can potentially be used for flexible and efficient transmission of terahertz waves.

EML4-ALK induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition consistent with cancer stem cell properties in H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells.

PubMed

Guo, Fuchun; Liu, Xiaoke; Qing, Qin; Sang, Yaxiong; Feng, Chengjun; Li, Xiaoyu; Jiang, Li; Su, Pei; Wang, Yongsheng

2015-04-10

The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4(EML4)--anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene has been identified as a driver mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role of EML4-ALK in malignant transformation is not entirely clear. Here, for the first time, we showed that H1299 NSCLC cells stably expressing EML4-ALK acquire EMT phenotype, associated with enhanced invasive migration and increased expression of EMT-inducing transcription factors. H1299-EML4-ALK cells also displayed cancer stem cell-like properties with a concomitant up-regulation of CD133 and enhanced ability of mammospheres formation. Moreover, we found that inhibition of ERK1/2 reversed EMT induced by EML4-ALK in H1299 cells. Taken together, these results suggested that EML4-ALK induced ERK activation is mechanistically associated with EMT phenotype. Thus, inhibition of ERK signaling pathway could be a potential strategy in treatment of NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK translocation. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Extramedullary leukemia in children with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.

PubMed

Dusenbery, Kathryn E; Howells, William B; Arthur, Diane C; Alonzo, Todd; Lee, Jae Won; Kobrinsky, Nathan; Barnard, Dorothy R; Wells, Robert J; Buckley, Jonathan D; Lange, Beverly J; Woods, William G

2003-10-01

To describe features of patients with acute myeloid leukemia presenting with extramedullary leukemic tumors (EML). Among 1,832 patients entered on Children's Cancer Group's chemotherapy trials with acute myeloid leukemia, 199 patients had EML, defined as any leukemic collection outside the bone marrow cavity. Three patient groups were denoted: group 1 (n=109) with EML involving skin (with or without other sites of EML), group 2 (n=90) with EML in sites other than skin, and group 3 (n=1,633) without EML. The incidence of EML was 10.9%. Group 1 patients tended to be younger, had higher white blood cell counts, were more often CNS positive, had FAB M4 or M5 subtypes, and possessed more abnormalities of chromosome 11 than group 3 patients. Group 2 patients were younger, more often had the FAB M2 subtype, and had a higher incidence of t(8;21)(q22;q22) abnormality than group 3, but had similar white blood cell counts and incidence of CNS positivity at diagnosis. For group 1 the 5-year event-free survival was 26%, significantly worse than for group 3 at 29%. Event-free survival was better for group 2 patients (5-year estimate 46%), which remained a favorable prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. The authors retrospectively determined whether 118 (59%) of the EML patients received localized radiotherapy to the site of EML: 42 did and 76 did not. There were no differences in estimated event-free survival between patients who did and did not receive radiotherapy. Non-skin (group 2) EML appeared to be an independent favorable prognostic factor. Localized radiotherapy to the site of EML at the end of induction chemotherapy did not improve outcome.

Clinicopathological features of younger (aged ≤ 50 years) lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene.

PubMed

Kometani, Takuro; Sugio, Kenji; Osoegawa, Atsushi; Seto, Takashi; Ichinose, Yukito

2018-05-01

The EML4-ALK fusion gene has recently been identified as a driver mutation in a subset of non-small cell lung cancers. In subsequent studies, EML4-ALK has been detected in a low percentage of patients, and was associated with a lack of EGFR or KRAS mutations, younger age, and adenocarcinoma with acinar histology. Cases with the EML4-ALK fusion gene were examined to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of young adenocarcinoma patients. Between December 1998 and May 2009, 85 patients aged ≤ 50 with lung adenocarcinoma were treated at our hospital. We examined 49 samples from adenocarcinoma patients who underwent surgical resection, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy for the EML4-ALK gene. None of the patients received ALK inhibitors because these drugs had not been approved in Japan before 2012. EML4-ALK fusion genes were screened using multiplex reverse-transcription PCR assay, and were confirmed by direct sequencing. The EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in five tumors (10.2%). One patient had stage IB disease, one had stage IIIA, and three had stage IV. Histologically, there was one solid adenocarcinoma, two acinar adenocarcinomas, and two papillary adenocarcinomas. EML4-ALK fusion genes were mutually exclusive to EGFR and KRAS mutations. The five-year survival rate was 59.4% in patients without EML4-ALK fusion and was not reached in patients with EML4-ALK fusion. The EML4-ALK fusion gene may be a strong oncogene in younger patients with lung adenocarcinoma. © 2018 The Authors. Thoracic Cancer published by China Lung Oncology Group and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Clinicopathological features of younger (aged ≤ 50 years) lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring the EML4‐ALK fusion gene

PubMed Central

Sugio, Kenji; Osoegawa, Atsushi; Seto, Takashi; Ichinose, Yukito

2018-01-01

Background The EML4‐ALK fusion gene has recently been identified as a driver mutation in a subset of non‐small cell lung cancers. In subsequent studies, EML4‐ALK has been detected in a low percentage of patients, and was associated with a lack of EGFR or KRAS mutations, younger age, and adenocarcinoma with acinar histology. Cases with the EML4‐ALK fusion gene were examined to clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of young adenocarcinoma patients. Methods Between December 1998 and May 2009, 85 patients aged ≤ 50 with lung adenocarcinoma were treated at our hospital. We examined 49 samples from adenocarcinoma patients who underwent surgical resection, chemotherapy, and/or radiotherapy for the EML4‐ALK gene. None of the patients received ALK inhibitors because these drugs had not been approved in Japan before 2012. EML4‐ALK fusion genes were screened using multiplex reverse‐transcription PCR assay, and were confirmed by direct sequencing. Results The EML4‐ALK fusion gene was detected in five tumors (10.2%). One patient had stage IB disease, one had stage IIIA, and three had stage IV. Histologically, there was one solid adenocarcinoma, two acinar adenocarcinomas, and two papillary adenocarcinomas. EML4‐ALK fusion genes were mutually exclusive to EGFR and KRAS mutations. The five‐year survival rate was 59.4% in patients without EML4‐ALK fusion and was not reached in patients with EML4‐ALK fusion. Conclusion The EML4‐ALK fusion gene may be a strong oncogene in younger patients with lung adenocarcinoma. PMID:29517858

Essential medicines for emergency care in Africa.

PubMed

Broccoli, Morgan C; Pigoga, Jennifer L; Nyirenda, Mulinda; Wallis, Lee; Calvello Hynes, Emilie J

2018-04-07

Essential medicines lists (EMLs) are efficient means to ensure access to safe and effective medications. The WHO has led this initiative, generating a biannual EML since 1977. Nearly all countries have implemented national EMLs based on the WHO EML. Although EMLs have given careful consideration to many public health priorities, they have yet to comprehensively address the importance of medicines for treating acute illness and injury. We undertook a multistep consensus process to establish an EML for emergency care in Africa. After a review of existing literature and international EMLs, we generated a candidate list for emergency care. This list was reviewed by expert clinicians who ranked the medicines for overall inclusion and strength of recommendation. These medications and recommendations were then evaluated by an expert group. Medications that reached consensus in both the online survey and expert review were included in a draft emergency care EML, which underwent a final inperson consensus process. The final emergency care EML included 213 medicines, 25 of which are not in the 2017 WHO EML, but were deemed essential for clinical practice by regional emergency providers. The final EML has associated recommendations of desirable or essential and is subdivided by facility level. Thirty-nine medicines were recommended for basic facilities, an additional 96 for intermediate facilities (eg, district hospitals) and an additional 78 for advanced facilities (eg, tertiary centres). The 25 novel medications not currently on the WHO EML should be considered by planners when making rational formularies for developing emergency care systems. It is our hope that these resource-stratified lists will allow for easier implementation and will be a useful tool for practical expansion of emergency care delivery in Africa. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

T-cell differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic cell line EML in the OP9-DL1 coculture system

PubMed Central

Kutleša, Snježana; Zayas, Jennifer; Valle, Alexandra; Levy, Robert B.; Jurecic, Roland

2011-01-01

Objective Multipotent hematopoietic cell line EML can differentiate into myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and B-lymphoid lineages, but it remained unknown whether EML cells have T-cell developmental potential as well. The goal of this study was to determine whether the coculture with OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (OP9-DL1) could induce differentiation of EML cells into T-cell lineage. Materials and Methods EML cells were cocultured with control OP9 or OP9-DL1 stromal cells in the presence of cytokines (stem cell factor, interleukin-7, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand). Their T-cell lineage differentiation was assessed through flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction expression analysis of cell surface markers and genes characterizing and associated with specific stages of T-cell development. Results The phenotypic, molecular, and functional analysis has revealed that in EML/OP9-DL1 cocultures with cytokines, but not in control EML/OP9 cocultures, EML cell line undergoes T-cell lineage commitment and differentiation. In OP9-DL1 cocultures, EML cell line has differentiated into cells that 1) resembled double-negative, double-positive, and single-positive stages of T-cell development; 2) initiated expression of GATA-3, Pre-Tα, RAG-1, and T-cell receptor – Vβ genes; and 3) produced interferon-γ in response to T-cell receptor stimulation. Conclusions These results support the notion that EML cell line has the capacity for T-cell differentiation. Remarkably, induction of T-lineage gene expression and differentiation of EML cells into distinct stages of T-cell development were very similar to previously described T-cell differentiation of adult hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors in OP9-DL1 cocultures. Thus, EML/OP9-DL1 coculture could be a useful experimental system to study the role of particular genes in T-cell lineage specification, commitment, and differentiation. PMID:19447159

T-cell differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic cell line EML in the OP9-DL1 coculture system.

PubMed

Kutlesa, Snjezana; Zayas, Jennifer; Valle, Alexandra; Levy, Robert B; Jurecic, Roland

2009-08-01

Multipotent hematopoietic cell line EML can differentiate into myeloid, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and B-lymphoid lineages, but it remained unknown whether EML cells have T-cell developmental potential as well. The goal of this study was to determine whether the coculture with OP9 stromal cells expressing Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (OP9-DL1) could induce differentiation of EML cells into T-cell lineage. EML cells were cocultured with control OP9 or OP9-DL1 stromal cells in the presence of cytokines (stem cell factor, interleukin-7, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand). Their T-cell lineage differentiation was assessed through flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction expression analysis of cell surface markers and genes characterizing and associated with specific stages of T-cell development. The phenotypic, molecular, and functional analysis has revealed that in EML/OP9-DL1 cocultures with cytokines, but not in control EML/OP9 cocultures, EML cell line undergoes T-cell lineage commitment and differentiation. In OP9-DL1 cocultures, EML cell line has differentiated into cells that 1) resembled double-negative, double-positive, and single-positive stages of T-cell development; 2) initiated expression of GATA-3, Pre-Talpha, RAG-1, and T-cell receptor-Vbeta genes; and 3) produced interferon-gamma in response to T-cell receptor stimulation. These results support the notion that EML cell line has the capacity for T-cell differentiation. Remarkably, induction of T-lineage gene expression and differentiation of EML cells into distinct stages of T-cell development were very similar to previously described T-cell differentiation of adult hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors in OP9-DL1 cocultures. Thus, EML/OP9-DL1 coculture could be a useful experimental system to study the role of particular genes in T-cell lineage specification, commitment, and differentiation.

Analysis of clinicopathological features of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like-4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene in Chinese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

Liu, Yu-Tao; Shi, Yuan-Kai; Hao, Xue-Zhi; Wang, Lin; Li, Jun-Ling; Han, Xiao-Hong; Li, Dan; Zhou, Yu-Jie; Tang, Le

2014-01-01

Background The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like-4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene defines a novel molecular subset of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the clinicopathological features of patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene have not been defined completely. Methods Clinicopathological data of 200 Chinese patients with advanced NSCLC were analyzed retrospectively to explore their possible correlations with EML4-ALK fusions. Results The EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in 56 (28.0%) of the 200 NSCLC patients, and undetected in 22 (11.0%) patients because of an insufficient amount of pathological tissue. The median age of the patients with positive and negative EML4-ALK was 48 and 55 years, respectively. Patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene were significantly younger (P< 0.001). The detection rate of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in patients who received primary tumor or metastatic lymph node resection was significantly higher than in patients who received fine-needle biopsy (P= 0.003). The detection rate of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in patients with a time lag from obtainment of the pathological tissue to EML4-ALK fusion gene detection ≤48 months was significantly higher than in patients >48 months (P= 0.020). The occurrence of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in patients with wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was significantly higher than in patients with mutant-type EGFR (42.5% [37/87] vs. 6.3% [1/16], P= 0.005). Conclusions Younger age and wild-type EGFR were identified as clinicopathological characteristics of patients with advanced NSCLC who harbored the EML4-ALK fusion gene. The optimal time lag from the obtainment of the pathological tissue to the time of EML4-ALK fusion gene detection is ≤48 months. PMID:26767009

Non-small cell lung cancer with EML4-ALK translocation in Chinese male never-smokers is characterized with early-onset.

PubMed

Guo, Yongjun; Ma, Jie; Lyu, Xiaodong; Liu, Hai; Wei, Bing; Zhao, Jiuzhou; Fu, Shuang; Ding, Lu; Zhang, Jihong

2014-11-18

The translocations of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene with the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene on chromosome 2p have been identified in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) as oncogenic driver mutations. It has been suggested that EML4-ALK fusion is associated with the resistance in NSCLCs to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib. In contrast, ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK TKI) crizotinib has shown superior effects in combating NSCLCs with EML4-ALK. Thus, characterization of EML4-ALK fusion genes and clinical features of resulting carcinomas would be a great benefit to disease diagnosis and designing customized treatment plans. Studies have suggested that EML4-ALK translocation occurs more frequently in never-smokers with NSCLC, especially in female patients. However, it is not clear whether this is the case in male patients, too. In this study, we have determined the frequency of EML4-ALK translocation in male never-smokers with NSCLC in a cohort of Chinese patients. The clinical features associated with EML4-ALK translocation were also investigated. A cohort of 95 Chinese male never-smokers with NSCLC was enrolled in this study. EML4-ALK fusion genes were detected using one-step real time RT-PCR and DNA sequencing. We further determined the expression levels of ALK mRNA by RT-PCR and ALK protein by immunohistochemistry in these specimens. The clinical features of EML4-ALK-positive carcinomas were also determined. We have identified EML4-ALK fusion genes in 8 out of 95 carcinoma cases, accounting for 8.42% in Chinese male never-smokers with NSCLC. It is significantly higher than that in all Chinese male patients (3.44%) regardless smoking habit. It is also significantly higher than that in all Chinese smokers (8/356 or 2.25%) or in smokers worldwide (2.9%) by comparing to published data. Interestingly, EML4-ALK fusion genes are more frequently found in younger patients and associated with less-differentiated carcinomas. The frequency of EML4-ALK translocation is strongly associated with smoking habits in Chinese male patients with higher frequency in male never-smokers. EML4-ALK translocation is associated with early-onset and less-differentiated carcinomas.

Primary calibrations of radionuclide solutions and sources for the EML quality assessment program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisenne, I.M.

1993-12-31

The quality assurance procedures established for the operation of the U.S. Department of Energy`s Environmental Measurements Laboratory (DOE-EML`s) Quality Assessment Program (QAP) are essentially the same as those that are in effect for any EML program involving radiometric measurements. All these programs have at their core the use of radionuclide standards for their instrument calibration. This paper focuses on EML`s approach to the acquisition, calibration and application of a wide range of radionuclide sources that are required to meet its programmatic needs.

WHO and national lists of essential medicines in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean: are they adequate to promote paediatric endocrinology and diabetes care?

PubMed Central

Rowlands, Amanda; Acosta-Gualandri, Alejandra; Guevara-Aguirre, Jaime; Chanoine, Jean-Pierre

2016-01-01

Paediatric endocrinology and diabetes is a paediatric specialty with less common conditions and higher cost medicines. Access to medicines for our specialty in low and middle income countries remains limited. We analysed the content of the WHO (children and adults) and of all available national Model Lists of Essential Medicines (EMLs) for Mexico, the Caribbean, Central and South America from a paediatric endocrinology and diabetes standpoint. A master list of medicines deemed necessary in paediatric endocrinology and diabetes was established and compared with the WHO and national EMLs, taking into account the gross national income. The WHO EMLs, which are largely recognised as an international benchmark and drive the content of the national EMLs, included many but not all medicines present on our master list. Interestingly, several national EMLs from richer countries included medicines that were not present in the WHO EMLs. Our analysis suggests that these medicines could be considered by the WHO for inclusion in their EMLs, which may promote the adoption of more medicines by individual countries. We also propose several changes to the WHO and national EMLs that could facilitate access to medicines in our specialty: age cut-off for a child using physical maturity rather than a set age limit; greater standardisation of the formatting of the national EMLs for easier comparison and collaborations between countries; greater emphasis on age-specificity and population-specificity for some medicines; and formatting of the EMLs in a disease-focused manner rather than as individual medicines. PMID:28588968

Organic light emitting device architecture for reducing the number of organic materials

DOEpatents

D'Andrade, Brian [Westampton, NJ; Esler, James [Levittown, PA

2011-10-18

An organic light emitting device is provided. The device includes an anode and a cathode. A first emissive layer is disposed between the anode and the cathode. The first emissive layer includes a first non-emitting organic material, which is an organometallic material present in the first emissive layer in a concentration of at least 50 wt %. The first emissive layer also includes a first emitting organic material. A second emissive layer is disposed between the first emissive layer and the cathode, preferably, in direct contact with the first emissive layer. The second emissive material includes a second non-emitting organic material and a second emitting organic material. The first and second non-emitting materials, and the first and second emitting materials, are all different materials. A first non-emissive layer is disposed between the first emissive layer and the anode, and in direct contact with the first emissive layer. The first non- emissive layer comprises the first non-emissive organic material.

Extramedullary leukemia in children with acute myeloid leukemia: A population-based cohort study from the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (NOPHO).

PubMed

Støve, Heidi Kristine; Sandahl, Julie Damgaard; Abrahamsson, Jonas; Asdahl, Peter H; Forestier, Erik; Ha, Shau-Yin; Jahnukainen, Kirsi; Jónsson, Ólafur G; Lausen, Birgitte; Palle, Josefine; Zeller, Bernward; Hasle, Henrik

2017-12-01

The prognostic significance of extramedullary leukemia (EML) in childhood acute myeloid leukemia is not clarified. This population-based study included 315 children from the NOPHO-AML 2004 trial. At diagnosis, 73 (23%) patients had EML: 39 (12%) had myeloid sarcoma, 22 (7%) had central nervous system disease, and 12 (4%) had both. EML was associated with young age (median age: 2.6 years), a high white blood cell count (median: 40 × 10 9 /l), M5 morphology (40%), and 11q23/MLL (KMT2A) rearrangements (34%). No patient received involved field radiotherapy. Five-year event-free survival did not differ significantly between the EML and the non-EML patients (54% vs. 45%, P = 0.57), whereas 5-year overall survival (OS) was significantly lower in the EML group (64% vs. 73%, P = 0.04). The risk of induction death was significantly higher for EML patients (8% vs. 1%, P = 0.002). There was a trend toward a lower risk of relapse for EML patients (5-year cumulative incidence of relapse 33% vs. 49%, P = 0.16). Traumatic lumbar puncture did not adversely affect survival in this cohort. EML was associated with increased risk of induction death impacting the OS. No patients relapsed at the primary site of the myeloid sarcoma despite management without radiotherapy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Availability of essential medicines: A primary health care perspective

PubMed Central

Dixit, Rohit; Vinay, M.; Jayasree, T.; Ubedulla, Shaikh; Manohar, V. S.; Chandrasekhar, N.

2011-01-01

The present study was undertaken to assess the availability of the essential medicines to the people of Kunijarla, Khammam district, AP. This was done in two steps: 1) Comparison of PHC-EML (primary health care essential medicines list) with AP-EML (Andhra Pradesh essential medicines list) and NEML (National essential medicines list); and 2) Assessment of availability of the listed medicines in adequate quantity to meet the needs of people of kunijarla. Results showed that the PHC-EML is on par with AP-EML and NEML. The hospital has 100% availability of the listed medicines; however, there was a need for certain add-on drugs like phenytoin tablets, valproic acid, and activated charcoal since they were prescribed frequently and were not included in PHC-EML. All the drugs which were listed in PHC-EML were being used and none were considered as non-utility supply. Suggestions were given for the revision of PHC-EML according to the criteria for identifying medicines for inclusion in the revised list which was mentioned in NEML. PMID:22022009

Availability of essential medicines: A primary health care perspective.

PubMed

Dixit, Rohit; Vinay, M; Jayasree, T; Ubedulla, Shaikh; Manohar, V S; Chandrasekhar, N

2011-09-01

The present study was undertaken to assess the availability of the essential medicines to the people of Kunijarla, Khammam district, AP. This was done in two steps: 1) Comparison of PHC-EML (primary health care essential medicines list) with AP-EML (Andhra Pradesh essential medicines list) and NEML (National essential medicines list); and 2) Assessment of availability of the listed medicines in adequate quantity to meet the needs of people of kunijarla. Results showed that the PHC-EML is on par with AP-EML and NEML. The hospital has 100% availability of the listed medicines; however, there was a need for certain add-on drugs like phenytoin tablets, valproic acid, and activated charcoal since they were prescribed frequently and were not included in PHC-EML. All the drugs which were listed in PHC-EML were being used and none were considered as non-utility supply. Suggestions were given for the revision of PHC-EML according to the criteria for identifying medicines for inclusion in the revised list which was mentioned in NEML.

A novel mechanism of EML4-ALK rearrangement mediated by chromothripsis in a patient-derived cell line.

PubMed

Kodama, Tatsushi; Motoi, Noriko; Ninomiya, Hironori; Sakamoto, Hiroshi; Kitada, Kunio; Tsukaguchi, Toshiyuki; Satoh, Yasuko; Nomura, Kimie; Nagano, Hiroko; Ishii, Nobuya; Terui, Yasuhito; Hatake, Kiyohiko; Ishikawa, Yuichi

2014-11-01

EML4-ALK is a driver oncogene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has been developed into a promising molecular target for antitumor agents. Although EML4-ALK is reported to be formed by inversion of chromosome 2, other mechanisms of this gene fusion remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the mechanism of EML4-ALK rearrangement using a novel cell line with the EML4-ALK fusion gene. An EML4-ALK-positive cell line, termed JFCR-LC649, was established from pleomorphic carcinoma, a rare subtype of NSCLC. We investigated the chromosomal aberrations using fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Alectinib/CH5424802, a selective ALK inhibitor, was evaluated in the antitumor activity against JFCR-LC649 in vitro and in vivo xenograft model. We established an EML4-ALK-positive cell line, termed JFCR-LC649, derived from a patient with NSCLC and revealed that the JFCR-LC649 cells harbor variant 3 of the EML4-ALK fusion with twofold copy number gain. Interestingly, comparative genomic hybridization and metaphase-fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that in addition to two normal chromosome 2, JFCR-LC649 cells contained two aberrant chromosome 2 that were fragmented and scattered. These observations provided the first evidence that EML4-ALK fusion in JFCR-LC649 cells was formed in chromosome 2 by a distinct mechanism of genomic rearrangement, termed chromothripsis. Furthermore, a selective ALK inhibitor alectinib/CH5424802 suppressed tumor growth of the JFCR-LC649 cells through inhibition of phospho-ALK in vitro and in vivo in a xenograft model. Our results suggested that chromothripsis may be a mechanism of oncogenic rearrangement of EML4-ALK. In addition, alectinib was effective against EML4-ALK-positive tumors with ALK copy number gain mediated by chromothripsis.

Malignant pleural effusion cell blocks are substitutes for tissue in EML4-ALK rearrangement detection in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Zhong, J; Li, X; Bai, H; Zhao, J; Wang, Z; Duan, J; An, T; Wu, M; Wang, Y; Wang, S; Wang, J

2016-12-01

To evaluate the feasibility of malignant pleural effusions (MPE) as surrogate samples for the detection of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of EML4-ALK in MPE of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). One hundred and nine NSCLC patients were retrospectively analysed. EML4-ALK was identified using paraffin-embedded tumour cells in MPE samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC, Ventana) and confirmed by fluorescence using in situ hybridisation (FISH) and qRT-PCR. The EGFR mutation was determined by MPE, using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). A total of 5 out of 109 (4.58%) patients were identified as EML4-ALK rearrangement in MPE by IHC.; In addition to two metachronous samples, the consistency of MPE and tissue for EML4-ALK detection was 100% (21/21), and the sensitivity and specificity were 100% (2/2) and 100% (19/19), respectively. EML4-ALK rearrangement cases were confirmed by FISH and qRT-PCR; the sensitivity were both 100% (2/2) when compared with tissue, and it was 60% (3/5) and 100% (5/5), respectively, when compared with MPE by IHC. The overall response rate (ORR) was 100% (2/2) for patients with EML4-ALK in MPE. Moreover, the PFS of these patients appeared to be prolonged in chemotherapy (9.27 versus 6.53 and versus 4.67 months, P = 0.122), compared with the EGFR mutation and the EGFR/ALK double negative group, respectively. EML4-ALK rearrangement detection in malignant pleural effusions is a complementary method for EML4-ALK detection. VETANA and qRT-PCR are more appropriate for MPE detection. EML4-ALK rearrangement in pleural effusions has a predictive value for treatment. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Nonsquamous, Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Who Carry a Double Mutation of EGFR, EML4-ALK or KRAS: Frequency, Clinical-Pathological Characteristics, and Response to Therapy.

PubMed

Ulivi, Paola; Chiadini, Elisa; Dazzi, Claudio; Dubini, Alessandra; Costantini, Matteo; Medri, Laura; Puccetti, Maurizio; Capelli, Laura; Calistri, Daniele; Verlicchi, Alberto; Gamboni, Alessandro; Papi, Maximilian; Mariotti, Marita; De Luigi, Nicoletta; Scarpi, Emanuela; Bravaccini, Sara; Turolla, Gian Michele; Amadori, Dino; Crinò, Lucio; Delmonte, Angelo

2016-09-01

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations, and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation are generally considered to be mutually exclusive. However, concomitant mutations are found in a small number of patients and the effect of these on response to targeted therapy is still unknown. We considered 380 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who underwent nonsequential testing for EGFR and EML4-ALK translocation. KRAS mutation analysis was also performed on 282 patients. We found 1.6%, 1.1%, and 2.5% of patients who showed a double mutation comprising EGFR and EML4-ALK, EGFR and KRAS, and EML4-ALK and KRAS, respectively. Twenty-eight patients with EGFR mutation underwent first-line therapy with a tyrosine kinase receptor; a clinical benefit was observed in 81.8% of patients with EGFR mutations only and in 67% of those who also showed an EML4-ALK translocation. Twelve patients with an EML4-ALK translocation received crizotinib and 7 of these had disease progression within 3 months (2 had a concomitant KRAS mutation and 1 had a concomitant EGFR mutation). Two patients showed stable disease, 1 of whom also had a KRAS mutation. Two patients obtained a partial response and 1 had a complete response; all harbored an EML4-ALK translocation only. The median overall survival of patients who carried an EML4-ALK translocation alone or concomitant with a KRAS mutation was 57.1 (range, 10.7-not reached) and 10.7 (range, 4.6-not reached) months, respectively. Concomitant EGFR, EML4-ALK, or KRAS mutations can occur in NSCLC. Concomitant KRAS mutation and EML4-ALK translocation represents the most common double alteration and confers a poor prognosis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Essential Medicines List Implementation Dynamics: A Case Study Using Brazilian Federal Medicines Expenditures.

PubMed

Magarinos-Torres, Rachel; Lynd, Larry David; Luz, Tatiana Chama Borges; Marques, Paulo Eduardo Potyguara Coutinho; Osorio-de-Castro, Claudia Garcia Serpa

2017-09-01

The aim was to analyse the implementation dynamics of the essential medicines list (EML). We used the government expenditures on medicines and Brazil as a case study. Drug purchases were considered as a proxy for utilization. The essential medicines (EMs) expenditures were followed over time by Brazilian National EMLs life-time and defined by broad therapeutic categories and by specific medicines. Brazil increased the number of the medicines during the last four editions of Brazilian National EMLs and the federal government expenditures on them. The EML implementation dynamics changed the distribution of expenditures on EMs. We identified a common set of 404 EMs present in all four editions of the Brazilian National EMLs. There was a proportional decrease in expenditures on anti-infectives for systemic use, blood and blood-forming organs and alimentary tract and metabolism, and increase in expenditures on antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. The expenditures distribution per specific medicines revealed that a small set of EMs was responsible for 50% or more of expenditures considering Brazilian National EML life-time for all four periods. The increase in expenditures on EMs in Brazil was a consequence of the newer medicines incorporated over time in the Brazilian National EMLs. The use of the medicines expenditures as a source of data and the definition of an EML life-time permitted follow-up of the implementation dynamics of different versions of the Brazilian National EMLs. Our results have implications for policymakers and stakeholders to gain a better understanding of the role EMLs play in health system sustainability and in the provision of the most beneficial heath care. © 2017 Nordic Association for the Publication of BCPT (former Nordic Pharmacological Society).

Crystal structure of EML1 reveals the basis for Hsp90 dependence of oncogenic EML4-ALK by disruption of an atypical β-propeller domain

PubMed Central

Richards, Mark W.; Law, Edward W. P.; Rennalls, La’Verne P.; Busacca, Sara; O’Regan, Laura; Fry, Andrew M.; Fennell, Dean A.; Bayliss, Richard

2014-01-01

Proteins of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein (EMAP)-like (EML) family contribute to formation of the mitotic spindle and interphase microtubule network. They contain a unique hydrophobic EML protein (HELP) motif and a variable number of WD40 repeats. Recurrent gene rearrangements in nonsmall cell lung cancer fuse EML4 to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), causing expression of several fusion oncoprotein variants. We have determined a 2.6-Å crystal structure of the representative ∼70-kDa core of EML1, revealing an intimately associated pair of β-propellers, which we term a TAPE (tandem atypical propeller in EMLs) domain. One propeller is highly atypical, having a discontinuous subdomain unrelated to a WD40 motif in place of one of its blades. This unexpected feature shows how a propeller structure can be assembled from subdomains with distinct folds. The HELP motif is not an independent domain but forms part of the hydrophobic core that joins the two β-propellers. The TAPE domain binds α/β-tubulin via its conserved, concave surface, including part of the atypical blade. Mapping the characteristic breakpoints of each EML4-ALK variant onto our structure indicates that the EML4 TAPE domain is truncated in many variants in a manner likely to make the fusion protein structurally unstable. We found that the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor ganetespib induced degradation of these variants whereas others lacking a partial TAPE domain were resistant in both overexpression models and patient-derived cell lines. The Hsp90-sensitive EML4-ALK variants are exceptions to the rule that oncogenic fusion proteins involve breakpoints in disordered regions of both partners. PMID:24706829

Crystal structure of EML1 reveals the basis for Hsp90 dependence of oncogenic EML4-ALK by disruption of an atypical β-propeller domain.

PubMed

Richards, Mark W; Law, Edward W P; Rennalls, La'Verne P; Busacca, Sara; O'Regan, Laura; Fry, Andrew M; Fennell, Dean A; Bayliss, Richard

2014-04-08

Proteins of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein (EMAP)-like (EML) family contribute to formation of the mitotic spindle and interphase microtubule network. They contain a unique hydrophobic EML protein (HELP) motif and a variable number of WD40 repeats. Recurrent gene rearrangements in nonsmall cell lung cancer fuse EML4 to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), causing expression of several fusion oncoprotein variants. We have determined a 2.6-Å crystal structure of the representative ∼70-kDa core of EML1, revealing an intimately associated pair of β-propellers, which we term a TAPE (tandem atypical propeller in EMLs) domain. One propeller is highly atypical, having a discontinuous subdomain unrelated to a WD40 motif in place of one of its blades. This unexpected feature shows how a propeller structure can be assembled from subdomains with distinct folds. The HELP motif is not an independent domain but forms part of the hydrophobic core that joins the two β-propellers. The TAPE domain binds α/β-tubulin via its conserved, concave surface, including part of the atypical blade. Mapping the characteristic breakpoints of each EML4-ALK variant onto our structure indicates that the EML4 TAPE domain is truncated in many variants in a manner likely to make the fusion protein structurally unstable. We found that the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor ganetespib induced degradation of these variants whereas others lacking a partial TAPE domain were resistant in both overexpression models and patient-derived cell lines. The Hsp90-sensitive EML4-ALK variants are exceptions to the rule that oncogenic fusion proteins involve breakpoints in disordered regions of both partners.

Effective enrichment strategy for EML4-ALK fusion gene screening in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Makoto; Sakakibara, Tomohiro; Inoue, Akira; Fukuhara, Tatsuro; Sasano, Hironobu; Ichinose, Masakazu; Nukiwa, Toshihiro

2014-01-01

A novel fusion gene that comprises the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) genes was recently identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in adenocarcinoma. A specific ALK inhibitor has been shown to exert anti-tumor effects in NSCLC with the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Previous reports suggested an EML4-ALK incidence of approximately 5% in a pan-NSCLC population, with an increased frequency in younger patients, but an appropriate strategy for further selecting patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene remains unknown. Patients, 55 years of age or younger, who were diagnosed with NSCLC without typical squamous cell carcinoma features at our institute were retrospectively evaluated. The tumor specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry for the EML4-ALK fusion gene and by polymerase chain reaction for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. Between January 2004 and September 2011, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in 19.6% (9/46) of patients. The fusion gene incidence increased to 31% (9/29) when patients with EGFR mutations were excluded. The EML4-ALK fusion gene was further detected in 2 cases of undifferentiated cell carcinoma. EML4-ALK fusion gene examinations could be more effectively performed by selecting young NSCLC patients without EGFR mutations, whereas selection on the basis of a non-smoking or adenocarcinoma history, as reported in previous studies, may not correctly identify the patient groups with potential EML4-ALK fusion gene. Copyright © 2013 The Japanese Respiratory Society. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Targeting stemness is an effective strategy to control EML4-ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer cells

PubMed Central

Oh, Se Jin; Noh, Kyung Hee; Lee, Young-Ho; Hong, Soon-Oh; Song, Kwon-Ho; Lee, Hyo-Jung; Kim, Soyeon; Kim, Tae Min; Jeon, Ju-Hong; Seo, Jae Hong; Kim, Dong-Wan; Kim, Tae Woo

2015-01-01

The fusion between anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) is a causative factor in a unique subset of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Although the inhibitor crizotinib, as it blocks the kinase activity of the resulting EML4-ALK fusion protein, displays remarkable initial responses, a fraction of NSCLC cases eventually become resistant to crizotinib by acquiring mutations in the ALK domain or activating bypass pathways via EGFR, KIT, or KRAS. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a plausible explanation for acquisition of tumorigenesis and resistance. However, the question as to whether EML4-ALK-driven tumorigenesis is linked with the stem-like property and whether the stemness is an effective target in controlling EML4-ALK+ NSCLC including crizotinib-resistant NSCLC cells has not been addressed. Here, we report that stem-like properties stem from ALK activity in EML4-ALK+ NSCLC cells. Notably, treatment with rapamycin, a CSC targeting agent, attenuates stem-like phenotypes of the EML4-ALK+ cells, which increased capability of tumor formation and higher expression of stemness-associated molecules such as ALDH, NANOG, and OCT4. Importantly, combinational treatment with rapamycin and crizotinib leads to synergistic anti-tumor effects on EML4-ALK+ NSCLC cells as well as on those resistant to crizotinib. Thus, we provide a proof of principle that targeting stemness would be a novel strategy to control intractable EML4-ALK+ NSCLC. PMID:26517679

Targeting stemness is an effective strategy to control EML4-ALK+ non-small cell lung cancer cells.

PubMed

Oh, Se Jin; Noh, Kyung Hee; Lee, Young-Ho; Hong, Soon-Oh; Song, Kwon-Ho; Lee, Hyo-Jung; Kim, Soyeon; Kim, Tae Min; Jeon, Ju-Hong; Seo, Jae Hong; Kim, Dong-Wan; Kim, Tae Woo

2015-11-24

The fusion between anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) is a causative factor in a unique subset of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Although the inhibitor crizotinib, as it blocks the kinase activity of the resulting EML4-ALK fusion protein, displays remarkable initial responses, a fraction of NSCLC cases eventually become resistant to crizotinib by acquiring mutations in the ALK domain or activating bypass pathways via EGFR, KIT, or KRAS. Cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a plausible explanation for acquisition of tumorigenesis and resistance. However, the question as to whether EML4-ALK-driven tumorigenesis is linked with the stem-like property and whether the stemness is an effective target in controlling EML4-ALK+ NSCLC including crizotinib-resistant NSCLC cells has not been addressed. Here, we report that stem-like properties stem from ALK activity in EML4-ALK+ NSCLC cells. Notably, treatment with rapamycin, a CSC targeting agent, attenuates stem-like phenotypes of the EML4-ALK+ cells, which increased capability of tumor formation and higher expression of stemness-associated molecules such as ALDH, NANOG, and OCT4. Importantly, combinational treatment with rapamycin and crizotinib leads to synergistic anti-tumor effects on EML4-ALK+ NSCLC cells as well as on those resistant to crizotinib. Thus, we provide a proof of principle that targeting stemness would be a novel strategy to control intractable EML4-ALK+ NSCLC.

Effect Of Resistance Modification On EML Capacitor Bank Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

EFFECT OF RESISTANCE MODIFICATION ON EML CAPACITOR BANK PERFORMANCE* B. M. Huhman, J. M. Neri, T. L. Lockner1 Plasma Physics Division, Naval...development of an electromagnetic launcher ( EML ) for surface-fire support and other missions [1]. The Naval Research Laboratory has initiated a...develop and test materials for the study of barrel lifetime in electromagnetic launchers ( EML ) for surface-fire support and other missions [3]. The

Self-Consistent Ring Current Modeling with Propagating Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves in the Presence of Heavy Ions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Khazanov, G. V.; Gamayunov, K. V.; Gallagher, D. L.; Kozyra, J. U.; Liemohn, M. W.

2006-01-01

The self-consistent treatment of the RC ion dynamics and EMlC waves, which are thought to exert important influences on the ion dynamical evolution, is an important missing element in our understanding of the storm-and recovery-time ring current evolution. Under certain conditions, relativistic electrons, with energies greater than or equal to 1 MeV, can be removed from the outer radiation belt by EMlC wave scattering during a magnetic storm (Summers and Thorne, 2003; Albert, 2003). That is why the modeling of EMlC waves is critical and timely issue in magnetospheric physics. This study will generalize the self-consistent theoretical description of RC ions and EMlC waves that has been developed by Khazanov et al. [2002, 2003] and include the heavy ions and propagation effects of EMlC waves in the global dynamic of self-consistent RC - EMlC waves coupling. The results of our newly developed model that will be presented at Huntsville 2006 meeting, focusing mainly on the dynamic of EMlC waves and comparison of these results with the previous global RC modeling studies devoted to EMlC waves formation. We also discuss RC ion precipitations and wave induced thermal electron fluxes into the ionosphere.

EML4-ALK rearrangement in squamous cell carcinoma shows significant response to anti-ALK inhibitor drugs crizotinib and alectinib.

PubMed

Huang, Thomas; Engelmann, Brigitte J; Morgan, Rachael M; Absher, Kimberly J; Kolesar, Jill M; Villano, John L

2018-05-01

EML4-ALK alterations are more common in adenocarcinomas and are rarely found in squamous cell histology. In documented cases, the majority of EML4-ALK translocations are identified in squamous cell histology and occur in patients with no or light smoking history. We report an EML4-ALK4 translocation in a 50-year-old patient with squamous cell carcinoma and an 18 pack-year smoking history. The patient had a near complete response in the CNS to alectinib treatment. Our observation suggests that EML4-ALK genomic testing may be clinically useful in patients with heavy smoking history.

A general theory of DC electromagnetic launchers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engel, Thomas G.; Timpson, Erik J.

2015-08-01

The non-linear, transient operation of DC electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) complicates their theoretical understanding and prevents scaling studies and performance comparisons without the aid of detailed numerical models. This paper presents a general theory for DC electromagnetic launchers that has simplified these tasks by identifying critical EML parameters and relationships affecting the EML's voltage, current, and power scaling, as well as its performance and energy conversion efficiency. EML parameters and relationships discussed in this paper include the specific force, the operating mode, the launcher constant, the launcher characteristic velocity, the contact characteristic velocity, the energy conversion efficiency, and the kinetic power and voltage-current scaling relationship. The concepts of the ideal EML, same-scale comparisons, and EML impedance are discussed. This paper defines conditions needed for the EML to operate in the steady-state. A comparison of the general theory with experimental results of several different types of DC (i.e., non-induction) electromagnetic launchers ranging from medium velocity (100's m/s) to high velocity (1000's m/s) is performed. There is good agreement between the general theory and the experimental results.

Proinsulin Promotes Self-Renewal of a Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Line In Vitro.

PubMed

Han, Yuewen; Liu, Tingting; Zou, Yunding; Ji, Ling; Li, Yuanyuan; Li, Jing; Wang, Jing; Chen, Guopin; Chen, Jieping; Chen, Liang; Ye, Zhijia

2017-01-01

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of exogenously expressed proinsulin on the biological characters of a hematopoietic stem cell line (HSC) and erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells and explore new strategies for cell therapy for type I diabetes. EML cells were transduced with lentivirus particles carrying the human proinsulin (proINS) gene. The positive transduced cells were selected based on green fluorescence protein (GFP) positivity and puromycin resistance. Overexpression of proINS was confirmed via real-time PCR and Western blotting. The functional activity of the human proINS secreted by EML cells was elucidated by analyzing the activation of insulin receptor and its downstream signaling. Pro-INS + EML cells were able to prime the phosphorylation of insulin receptor as well as induce the expression of downstream genes of insulin receptor. Furthermore, Wnt3a can significantly promote self-renewal of Pro-INS + EML cells. However, we did not observe significant changes in the proliferation and differentiation of INS + EML cells, compared to the control EML cells. Our results might be useful for developing a new therapy for diabetes mellitus.

The effect of zinc diffusion on extinction ratio of MQW electroabsorption modulator integrated with DFB laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Daibing; Zhang, Ruikang; Wang, Huitao; Wang, Baojun; Bian, Jing; An, Xin; Zhao, Lingjuan; Zhu, Hongliang; Ji, Chen; Wang, Wei

2014-11-01

Monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulated lasers (EML) are widely being used in the optical fiber communication systems, due to their low chip, compact size and good compatible with the current communication systems. In this paper, we investigated the effect of Zinc diffusion on extinction ratio of electroabsorption modulator (EAM) integrated with distributed feedback laser (DFB). EML was fabricated by selective area growth (SAG) technology. The MQW structure of different quantum energy levels was grown on n-type InP buffer layer with 150nm thick SiO2 parallel stripes mask by selective area metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A 35nm photoluminescence wavelength variation was observed between the laser area (λPL=1535nm) and modulator area (λPL=1500nm) by adjusting the dimension of parallel stripes. The grating (λ=1550nm) was fabricated in the selective area. The device was mesa ridge structure, which was constituted of the DFB laser, isolation gap and modulator. The length of every part is 300μm, 50μm, and 150μm respectively. Two samples were fabricated with the same structure and different p-type Zn-doped concentration, the extinction ratio of heavy Zn-doped device is 12.5dB at -6V. In contrast, the extinction ratio of light Zn-doped device is 20dB at -6V, that was improved for approximate 60%. The different Zn diffusion depth into the MQW absorption layer was observed by Secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). The heavy Zn-doped device diffused into absorption layer deeper than the light Zn-doped device, which caused the large non-uniformity of the electric field in the MQW layer. So the extinction ratio characteristics can be improved by optimizing the Zn-doped concentration of p-type layer.

[Vascular effect of extract from mulberry leaves and underlying mechanism].

PubMed

Xia, Man-Li; Gao, Qin; Zhou, Xin-Mei; Qian, Ling-Bo; Shen, Zhong-Hua; Jiang, Hui-di; Xia, Qiang

2007-01-01

To investigate the vascular activity of extract from mulberry leaves (EML) on rat thoracic aorta and the underlying mechanism. Isolated thoracic rings of Sprague-Dawley rats were mounted on the organ bath and the tension of the vessel was recorded. (1) EML produced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of aorta preconstricted by high K(+) (60 mmol/L) or 10(-6) mol/L phenylephrine (PE) in endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded arteries. (2) EML at EC(50) concentration reduced the calcium dose-response curve. (3) After incubation of aorta with verapamil, EML induced vasocontraction of aorta preconstricted by PE, which was abolished by ruthenium red. The vascular effect of EML is biphasic, the vasorelaxation is greater than the vasocontraction. The vasorelaxation induced by EML may be mediated by inhibition of voltage-and receptor-dependent calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, while the vasocontraction is via activation of ryanodine receptor in endoplasmic reticulum.

Analysis of evidence supporting the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina reimbursement medicines lists: role of the WHO Essential Medicines List, Cochrane systematic reviews and technology assessment reports.

PubMed

Mahmić-Kaknjo, Mersiha; Marušić, Ana

2015-07-01

We compared recently introduced Basic Medicines Lists of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) (FBH Basic Lists (FBLs)) with the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Medicines List (EML) and the evidence supporting the inclusion of additional medicines on FBLs. The sources of data included the 18th edition of the EML and the following FBLs: 2013 Hospital List, 2013 A List in Outpatient Setting, and 2012 List financed by the Federal Solidarity Fund. For medicines found on FBLs but not on EML, we searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CSR) and public health technology assessment (HTA) reports for evidence. FBLs had 134 medicines and 17 combinations that were not on EML, as well as 9 medicines deleted and 4 rejected from EML. EML had 82 medicines and 10 combinations of medicines not included in FBLs. Out of 125 medicines on FBLs but not on EML, 52 (42%) had good CSR evidence supporting their inclusion (n = 38) or exclusion (n = 14). For the rest (n = 74), we found 24 favourable HTA reports. For the total of 89 medicines (27%) listed on FBLs, we found no evidence (EML, CSR, HTA reports) good enough to justify their inclusion in FBLs. In circumstances of scarce financial resources, greater reliance on well-established, proven list is crucial. Independent, unbiased, high-quality evidence such as WHO EML, CSR and HTA reports (national or international with local adaptations) should be used when deciding on medicine reimbursement.

Defining linkages between the GSC and NSF's LTER program: How the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) relates to GCDML and other outcomes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Inigo, Gil San; Servilla, Mark; Brunt, James

2008-06-01

The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) invited a representative of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) to its fifth workshop to present the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) metadata standard and its relationship to the Minimum Information about a Genome/Metagenome Sequence (MIGS/MIMS) and its implementation, the Genomic Contextual Data Markup Language (GCDML). The LTER is one of the top National Science Foundation (NSF) programs in biology since 1980, representing diverse ecosystems and creating long-term, interdisciplinary research, synthesis of information, and theory. The adoption of EML as the LTER network standard has been key to build network synthesis architectures based on high-quality standardized metadata.more » EML is the NSF-recognized metadata standard for LTER, and EML is a criteria used to review the LTER program progress. At the workshop, a potential crosswalk between the GCDML and EML was explored. Also, collaboration between the LTER and GSC developers was proposed to join efforts toward a common metadata cataloging designer's tool. The community adoption success of a metadata standard depends, among other factors, on the tools and trainings developed to use the standard. LTER's experience in embracing EML may help GSC to achieve similar success. A possible collaboration between LTER and GSC to provide training opportunities for GCDML and the associated tools is being explored. Finally, LTER is investigating EML enhancements to better accommodate genomics data, possibly integrating the GCDML schema into EML. All these action items have been accepted by the LTER contingent, and further collaboration between the GSC and LTER is expected.« less

Mapping gene expression patterns during myeloid differentiation using the EML hematopoietic progenitor cell line.

PubMed

Du, Yang; Campbell, Janee L; Nalbant, Demet; Youn, Hyewon; Bass, Ann C Hughes; Cobos, Everardo; Tsai, Schickwann; Keller, Jonathan R; Williams, Simon C

2002-07-01

The detailed examination of the molecular events that control the early stages of myeloid differentiation has been hampered by the relative scarcity of hematopoietic stem cells and the lack of suitable cell line models. In this study, we examined the expression of several myeloid and nonmyeloid genes in the murine EML hematopoietic stem cell line. Expression patterns for 19 different genes were examined by Northern blotting and RT-PCR in RNA samples from EML, a variety of other immortalized cell lines, and purified murine hematopoietic stem cells. Representational difference analysis (RDA) was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in EML. Expression patterns of genes encoding transcription factors (four members of the C/EBP family, GATA-1, GATA-2, PU.1, CBFbeta, SCL, and c-myb) in EML were examined and were consistent with the proposed functions of these proteins in hematopoietic differentiation. Expression levels of three markers of terminal myeloid differentiation (neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and Mac-1) were highest in EML cells at the later stages of differentiation. In a search for genes that were differentially expressed in EML cells during myeloid differentiation, six cDNAs were isolated. These included three known genes (lysozyme, histidine decarboxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase) and three novel genes. Expression patterns of known genes in differentiating EML cells accurately reflected their expected expression patterns based on previous studies. The identification of three novel genes, two of which encode proteins that may act as regulators of hematopoietic differentiation, suggests that EML is a useful model system for the molecular analysis of hematopoietic differentiation.

Defining linkages between the GSC and NSF's LTER program: how the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) relates to GCDML and other outcomes.

PubMed

Gil, Inigo San; Sheldon, Wade; Schmidt, Tom; Servilla, Mark; Aguilar, Raul; Gries, Corinna; Gray, Tanya; Field, Dawn; Cole, James; Pan, Jerry Yun; Palanisamy, Giri; Henshaw, Donald; O'Brien, Margaret; Kinkel, Linda; McMahon, Katherine; Kottmann, Renzo; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; Hobbie, John; Goldstein, Philip; Guralnick, Robert P; Brunt, James; Michener, William K

2008-06-01

The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) invited a representative of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) to its fifth workshop to present the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) metadata standard and its relationship to the Minimum Information about a Genome/Metagenome Sequence (MIGS/MIMS) and its implementation, the Genomic Contextual Data Markup Language (GCDML). The LTER is one of the top National Science Foundation (NSF) programs in biology since 1980, representing diverse ecosystems and creating long-term, interdisciplinary research, synthesis of information, and theory. The adoption of EML as the LTER network standard has been key to build network synthesis architectures based on high-quality standardized metadata. EML is the NSF-recognized metadata standard for LTER, and EML is a criteria used to review the LTER program progress. At the workshop, a potential crosswalk between the GCDML and EML was explored. Also, collaboration between the LTER and GSC developers was proposed to join efforts toward a common metadata cataloging designer's tool. The community adoption success of a metadata standard depends, among other factors, on the tools and trainings developed to use the standard. LTER's experience in embracing EML may help GSC to achieve similar success. A possible collaboration between LTER and GSC to provide training opportunities for GCDML and the associated tools is being explored. Finally, LTER is investigating EML enhancements to better accommodate genomics data, possibly integrating the GCDML schema into EML. All these action items have been accepted by the LTER contingent, and further collaboration between the GSC and LTER is expected.

Evaluation of EML4-ALK Fusion Proteins in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Small Molecule Inhibitors12

PubMed Central

Li, Yongjun; Ye, Xiaofen; Liu, Jinfeng; Zha, Jiping; Pei, Lin

2011-01-01

The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene resulting from an inversion within chromosome 2p occurs in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancer and is mutually exclusive with Ras and EGFR mutations. In this study, we have used a potent and selective ALK small molecule inhibitor, NPV-TAE684, to assess the oncogenic role of EML4-ALK in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We show here that TAE684 inhibits proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and tumor regression in two NSCLC models that harbor EML4-ALK fusions. TAE684 inhibits EML4-ALK activation and its downstream signaling including ERK, AKT, and STAT3. We used microarray analysis to carry out targeted pathway studies of gene expression changes in H2228 NSCLC xenograft model after TAE684 treatment and identified a gene signature of EML4-ALK inhibition. The gene signature represents 1210 known human genes, and the top biologic processes represented by these genes are cell cycle, DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and cell death. We also compared the effect of TAE684 with PF2341066, a c-Met and ALK small molecule inhibitor currently in clinical trial in cancers harboring ALK fusions, and demonstrated that TAE684 is a much more potent inhibitor of EML4-ALK. Our data demonstrate that EML4-ALK plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a subset of NSCLC and provides insight into the mechanism of EML4-ALK inhibition by a small molecule inhibitor. PMID:21245935

Defensive Cyber Battle Damage Assessment Through Attack Methodology Modeling

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-25

ASL Creation ............................................................... 68 3.3.4. Evidence Evaluation and EML Creation...90 4.2.3. COA Analysis and ASL Creation ............................................................... 92 4.2.4. Evidence Evaluation and EML ...Evidence Evaluation and EML Creation. .................................................... 70 18. DCBDA Forensic Analysis

Clinical and Radiographic Response of Extramedullary Leukemia in Patients Treated With Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin.

PubMed

McNeil, Michael J; Parisi, Marguerite T; Hijiya, Nobuko; Meshinchi, Soheil; Cooper, Todd; Tarlock, Katherine

2018-05-04

Extramedullary leukemia (EML) is common in pediatric acute leukemia and can present at diagnosis or relapse. CD33 is detected on the surface of myeloid blasts in many patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and is the target of the antibody drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO). Here we present 2 patients with CD33 EML treated with GO. They achieved significant response, with reduction of EML on both clinical and radiographic exams, specifically fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, demonstrating potential for targeted therapy with GO as a means of treating EML in patients with CD33 leukemia and the utility of fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography monitoring in EML.

Strong mechanoluminescence of Zn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)O4:Mn with weak persistent luminescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Haifeng; Wang, Xusheng; Li, Jun; Li, Yanxia; Yao, Xi

2016-01-01

A novel elastic mechanoluminescence (EML) material Zn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)O4:Mn is reported to exhibit weak persistent luminescence (PL), a dynamic compressive load in the 300-2800 N range, and a nearly perfect linear response. The PL and EML spectra indicate that the EML and PL emissions originate from the 4T1 → 6A1 transition of Mn2+. The thermoluminescence properties reveal the existence of three types of traps. The shallowest trap responsible for a fast decay afterglow may contribute little to the EML. On the other hand, the other two, deeper, trap types, underlie EML.

Improvement of modulation bandwidth in electroabsorption-modulated laser by utilizing the resonance property in bonding wire.

PubMed

Kwon, Oh Kee; Han, Young Tak; Baek, Yong Soon; Chung, Yun C

2012-05-21

We present and demonstrate a simple and cost-effective technique for improving the modulation bandwidth of electroabsorption-modulated laser (EML). This technique utilizes the RF resonance caused by the EML chip (i.e., junction capacitance) and bonding wire (i.e, wire inductance). We analyze the effects of the lengths of the bonding wires on the frequency responses of EML by using an equivalent circuit model. To verify this analysis, we package a lumped EML chip on the sub-mount and measure its frequency responses. The results show that, by using the proposed technique, we can increase the modulation bandwidth of EML from ~16 GHz to ~28 GHz.

A novel EML4-ALK variant: exon 6 of EML4 fused to exon 19 of ALK.

PubMed

Penzel, Roland; Schirmacher, Peter; Warth, Arne

2012-07-01

Cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for most patients with advanced disease. Recently, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression as a major target for successful treatment with ALK inhibitors was detected in a subset of non-small-cell lung carcinomas, usually as a result of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK rearrangements. Although the chromosomal breakpoint within the EML4 gene varied, the breakpoint within ALK was most frequently reported within intron 19 or rarely in exon 20. Therefore, the different EML4-ALK variants so far contain the same 3' portion of ALK starting with exon 20. Here, we report a novel EML4-ALK variant detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Subsequent sequencing revealed an EML4-ALK fusion variant in which exon 6 of EML4 was fused to exon 19 of ALK. It occurred in a predominant solid pulmonary adenocarcinoma of a 65-year-old woman with a clear split signal of ALK in fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and a weakly homogeneous ALK expression in immunohistochemical staining. Because of the growing number of fusion variants a primary reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based screening for ALK-positive non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients may not be sufficient for predictive diagnostics but transcript-based approaches and sequencing of ALK fusion variants might finally contribute to an optimized selection of patients.

Clinicopathologic features of patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene: a meta-analysis.

PubMed

Wang, Ying; Wang, Shumin; Xu, Shiguang; Qu, Jiaqi; Liu, Bo

2014-01-01

The frequencies of EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with different clinicopathologic features described by previous studies are inconsistent. The key demographic and pathologic features associated with EML4-ALK fusion gene have not been definitively established. This meta-analysis was conducted to compare the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in patients with different clinicopathologic features and to identify an enriched population of patients with NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK fusion gene. The Pubmed and Embase databases for all studies on EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC patients were searched up to July 2014. A criteria list and exclusion criteria were established to screen the studies. The frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene and the clinicopathologic features, including smoking status, pathologic type, gender, and EGFR status were abstracted. Seventeen articles consisting of 4511 NSCLC cases were included in this meta-analysis. A significant lower EML4-ALK fusion gene positive rate was associated with smokers (pooled OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.30-0.54, P<0.00001). A significantly higher EML4-ALK fusion gene positivity rate was associated with adenocarcinomas (pooled OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.66-3.86, P<0.0001) and female (pooled OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.41-0.90, P = 0.01). We found that a significantly lower EML4-ALK fusion gene positivity rate was associated with EGFR mutation (pooled OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.03-0.19, P<0.00001). No publication bias was observed in any meta-analysis (all P value of Egger's test >0.05); however, because of the small sample size, no results were in the meta-analysis regarding EGFR gene status. This meta-analysis revealed that the EML4-ALK fusion gene is highly correlated with a never/light smoking history, female and the pathologic type of adenocarcinoma, and is largely mutually exclusive of EGFR.

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Who Harbor EML4-ALK Fusion Gene: A Meta-Analysis

PubMed Central

Zhao, Fengzhi; Xu, Meng; Lei, Honcho; Zhou, Ziqi; Wang, Liang; Li, Ping; Zhao, Jianfu; Hu, Penghui

2015-01-01

Background A novel fusion gene of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been recently identified in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene demonstrate unique clinicopathological and physiological characteristics. Here we present a meta-analysis of large-scale studies to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Methods Both English and Chinese databases were systematically used to search the materials of the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with NSCLC harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated with the fixed or random effect model. Publication bias and chi-square test were also calculated. Results 27 retrospective studies were included in our meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 6950 patients. The incidence rate of EML4-ALK fusion in NSCLC patients was found to be 6.8% (472/6950). The correlation of the EML4-ALK fusion gene and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients demonstrated a significant difference in smoking status, histological types, stage, and ethnic characteristics. The positive rate of the EML4-ALK fusion gene expression in females were slightly higher than that in males, but not significantly (P = 0.52). In addition, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was mutually exclusive of the EGFR and KRAS mutation genes (P = 0.00). Conclusion Our pooled analysis revealed that the EML4-ALK fusion gene was observed predominantly in adenocarcinoma, non-smoking and NSCLC patients, especially those diagnosed in the advanced clinical stage of NSCLC. Additionally, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was exclusive of the EGFR and KRAS mutation genes. We surmise that IHC assay is a valuable tool for the prescreening of patients with ALK fusion gene in clinical practice, and FISH assay can be performed as a confirmation method. These insights might be helpful in guiding the appropriate molecular target therapy for NSCLC. PMID:25706305

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who harbor EML4-ALK fusion gene: a meta-analysis.

PubMed

Zhao, Fengzhi; Xu, Meng; Lei, Honcho; Zhou, Ziqi; Wang, Liang; Li, Ping; Zhao, Jianfu; Hu, Penghui

2015-01-01

A novel fusion gene of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been recently identified in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene demonstrate unique clinicopathological and physiological characteristics. Here we present a meta-analysis of large-scale studies to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Both English and Chinese databases were systematically used to search the materials of the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with NSCLC harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Pooled relative risk (RR) estimates and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated with the fixed or random effect model. Publication bias and chi-square test were also calculated. 27 retrospective studies were included in our meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 6950 patients. The incidence rate of EML4-ALK fusion in NSCLC patients was found to be 6.8% (472/6950). The correlation of the EML4-ALK fusion gene and clinicopathological characteristics of NSCLC patients demonstrated a significant difference in smoking status, histological types, stage, and ethnic characteristics. The positive rate of the EML4-ALK fusion gene expression in females were slightly higher than that in males, but not significantly (P = 0.52). In addition, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was mutually exclusive of the EGFR and KRAS mutation genes (P = 0.00). Our pooled analysis revealed that the EML4-ALK fusion gene was observed predominantly in adenocarcinoma, non-smoking and NSCLC patients, especially those diagnosed in the advanced clinical stage of NSCLC. Additionally, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was exclusive of the EGFR and KRAS mutation genes. We surmise that IHC assay is a valuable tool for the prescreening of patients with ALK fusion gene in clinical practice, and FISH assay can be performed as a confirmation method. These insights might be helpful in guiding the appropriate molecular target therapy for NSCLC.

Clinicopathologic Features of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring the EML4-ALK Fusion Gene: A Meta-Analysis

PubMed Central

Wang, Shumin; Xu, Shiguang; Qu, Jiaqi

2014-01-01

Background The frequencies of EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with different clinicopathologic features described by previous studies are inconsistent. The key demographic and pathologic features associated with EML4-ALK fusion gene have not been definitively established. This meta-analysis was conducted to compare the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in patients with different clinicopathologic features and to identify an enriched population of patients with NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK fusion gene. Methods The Pubmed and Embase databases for all studies on EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC patients were searched up to July 2014. A criteria list and exclusion criteria were established to screen the studies. The frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene and the clinicopathologic features, including smoking status, pathologic type, gender, and EGFR status were abstracted. Results Seventeen articles consisting of 4511 NSCLC cases were included in this meta-analysis. A significant lower EML4-ALK fusion gene positive rate was associated with smokers (pooled OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.30–0.54, P<0.00001). A significantly higher EML4-ALK fusion gene positivity rate was associated with adenocarcinomas (pooled OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.66–3.86, P<0.0001) and female (pooled OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.41–0.90, P = 0.01). We found that a significantly lower EML4-ALK fusion gene positivity rate was associated with EGFR mutation (pooled OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.03–0.19, P<0.00001). No publication bias was observed in any meta-analysis (all P value of Egger's test >0.05); however, because of the small sample size, no results were in the meta-analysis regarding EGFR gene status. Conclusion This meta-analysis revealed that the EML4-ALK fusion gene is highly correlated with a never/light smoking history, female and the pathologic type of adenocarcinoma, and is largely mutually exclusive of EGFR. PMID:25360721

Environmental barrier material for organic light emitting device and method of making

DOEpatents

Graff, Gordon L [West Richland, WA; Gross, Mark E [Pasco, WA; Affinito, John D [Kennewick, WA; Shi, Ming-Kun [Richland, WA; Hall, Michael [West Richland, WA; Mast, Eric [Richland, WA

2003-02-18

An encapsulated organic light emitting device. The device includes a first barrier stack comprising at least one first barrier layer and at least one first polymer layer. There is an organic light emitting layer stack adjacent to the first barrier stack. A second barrier stack is adjacent to the organic light emitting layer stack. The second barrier stack has at least one second barrier layer and at least one second polymer layer. A method of making the encapsulated organic light emitting device is also provided.

Proinsulin Promotes Self-Renewal of a Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Line In Vitro

PubMed Central

Han, Yuewen; Liu, Tingting; Ji, Ling; Li, Yuanyuan; Wang, Jing; Chen, Guopin; Chen, Jieping; Chen, Liang

2017-01-01

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of exogenously expressed proinsulin on the biological characters of a hematopoietic stem cell line (HSC) and erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells and explore new strategies for cell therapy for type I diabetes. EML cells were transduced with lentivirus particles carrying the human proinsulin (proINS) gene. The positive transduced cells were selected based on green fluorescence protein (GFP) positivity and puromycin resistance. Overexpression of proINS was confirmed via real-time PCR and Western blotting. The functional activity of the human proINS secreted by EML cells was elucidated by analyzing the activation of insulin receptor and its downstream signaling. Pro-INS + EML cells were able to prime the phosphorylation of insulin receptor as well as induce the expression of downstream genes of insulin receptor. Furthermore, Wnt3a can significantly promote self-renewal of Pro-INS + EML cells. However, we did not observe significant changes in the proliferation and differentiation of INS + EML cells, compared to the control EML cells. Our results might be useful for developing a new therapy for diabetes mellitus. PMID:28758130

Association between EML4-ALK fusion gene and thymidylate synthase mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissues

PubMed Central

XU, CHUN-WEI; WANG, GANG; WANG, WU-LONG; GAO, WEN-BIN; HAN, CHUAN-JUN; GAO, JING-SHAN; ZHANG, LI-YING; LI, YANG; WANG, LIN; ZHANG, YU-PING; TIAN, YU-WANG; QI, DONG-DONG

2015-01-01

This study aimed to investigate the association of the mRNA expression of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene with that of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of EML4-ALK fusion gene and TYMS mRNA in 257 cases of NSCLC. The positive rate of EML4-ALK fusion gene was 4.28% in the NSCLC tissues (11/257), and was higher in nonsmokers than in smokers (P<0.05); TYMS mRNA expression was detected in 63.42% (163/257) of cases. An association of the EML4-ALK fusion gene with TYMS expression was detected; a low expression level of TYMS mRNA was observed more frequently when the EML4-ALK fusion gene was present than when it was not detected (P<0.05). In conclusion, patients positive for the EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC tissues are likely to have a low expression level of TYMS, and may benefit from the first-line chemotherapy drug pemetrexed. PMID:26136951

Association between EML4-ALK fusion gene and thymidylate synthase mRNA expression in non-small cell lung cancer tissues.

PubMed

Xu, Chun-Wei; Wang, Gang; Wang, Wu-Long; Gao, Wen-Bin; Han, Chuan-Jun; Gao, Jing-Shan; Zhang, Li-Ying; Li, Yang; Wang, Lin; Zhang, Yu-Ping; Tian, Yu-Wang; Qi, Dong-Dong

2015-06-01

This study aimed to investigate the association of the mRNA expression of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene with that of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of EML4-ALK fusion gene and TYMS mRNA in 257 cases of NSCLC. The positive rate of EML4-ALK fusion gene was 4.28% in the NSCLC tissues (11/257), and was higher in nonsmokers than in smokers (P<0.05); TYMS mRNA expression was detected in 63.42% (163/257) of cases. An association of the EML4-ALK fusion gene with TYMS expression was detected; a low expression level of TYMS mRNA was observed more frequently when the EML4-ALK fusion gene was present than when it was not detected (P<0.05). In conclusion, patients positive for the EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC tissues are likely to have a low expression level of TYMS, and may benefit from the first-line chemotherapy drug pemetrexed.

Evidence that the lung Adenocarcinoma EML4-ALK fusion gene is not caused by exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke during childhood.

PubMed

Ryan, Bríd M; Wang, Yi; Jen, Jin; Yi, Eunhee S; Olivo-Marston, Susan; Yang, Ping; Harris, Curtis C

2014-07-01

The EML4-ALK fusion gene is more frequently found in younger, never smoking patients with lung cancer. Meanwhile, never smokers exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) during childhood are diagnosed at a younger age compared with never smoking patients with lung cancer who are not exposed. We, therefore, hypothesized that SHS, which can induce DNA damage, is associated with the EML4-ALK fusion gene. We compared the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene among 197 never smoker patients with lung cancer with and without a history of exposure to SHS during childhood at Mayo Clinic. The EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected in 33% of cases from never smokers with a history of SHS exposure during childhood, whereas 47% of never smoking lung cancer cases without a history of childhood SHS exposure tested positive for the fusion gene. The EML4-ALK fusion gene is not enriched in tumors from individuals exposed to SHS during childhood. These data suggest that childhood exposure to SHS is not a significant etiologic cause of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in lung cancer. ©2014 American Association for Cancer Research.

The TEL-AML1 fusion protein of acute lymphoblastic leukemia modulates IRF3 activity during early B-cell differentiation.

PubMed

de Laurentiis, A; Hiscott, J; Alcalay, M

2015-12-03

The t(12;21) translocation is the most common genetic rearrangement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and gives rise to the TEL-AML1 fusion gene. Many studies on TEL-AML1 describe specific properties of the fusion protein, but a thorough understanding of its function is lacking. We exploited a pluripotent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell line, EML1, and generated a cell line (EML-TA) stably expressing the TEL-AML1 fusion protein. EML1 cells differentiate to mature B-cells following treatment with IL7; whereas EML-TA display an impaired differentiation capacity and remain blocked at an early stage of maturation. Global gene expression profiling of EML1 cells at different stages of B-lymphoid differentiation, compared with EML-TA, identified the interferon (IFN)α/β pathway as a primary target of repression by TEL-AML1. In particular, expression and phosphorylation of interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) was decreased in EML-TA cells; strikingly, stable expression of IRF3 restored the capacity of EML-TA cells to differentiate into mature B-cells. Similarly, IRF3 silencing in EML1 cells by siRNA was sufficient to block B-lymphoid differentiation. The ability of TEL-AML1 to block B-cell differentiation and downregulate the IRF3-IFNα/β pathway was confirmed in mouse and human primary hematopoietic precursor cells (Lin- and CD34+ cells, respectively), and in a patient-derived cell line expressing TEL-AML1 (REH). Furthermore, treatment of TEL-AML1 expressing cells with IFNα/β was sufficient to overcome the maturation block. Our data provide new insight on TEL-AML1 function and may offer a new therapeutic opportunity for B-ALL.

Intercomparison of active, passive and continuous instruments for radon and radon progeny measurements in the EML chamber and test facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scarpitta, S.C.; Tu, K.W.; Fisenne, I.M.

1996-10-01

Results are presented from the Fifth Intercomparison of Active, Passive and Continuous Instruments for Radon and Radon Progeny Measurements conducted in the EML radon exposure and test facility in May 1996. In total, thirty-four government, private and academic facilities participated in the exercise with over 170 passive and electronic devices exposed in the EML test chamber. During the first week of the exercise, passive and continuous measuring devices were exposed (usually in quadruplicate) to about 1,280 Bq m{sup {minus}3} {sup 222}Rn for 1--7 days. Radon progeny measurements were made during the second week of the exercise. The results indicate thatmore » all of the tested devices that measure radon gas performed well and fulfill their intended purpose. The grand mean (GM) ratio of the participants` reported values to the EML values, for all four radon device categories, was 0.99 {plus_minus} 0.08. Eighty-five percent of all the radon measuring devices that were exposed in the EML radon test chamber were within {plus_minus}1 standard deviation (SD) of the EML reference values. For the most part, radon progeny measurements were also quite good as compared to the EML values. The GM ratio for the 10 continuous PAEC instruments was 0.90 {plus_minus} 0.12 with 75% of the devices within 1 SD of the EML reference values. Most of the continuous and integrating electronic instruments used for measuring the PAEC underestimated the EML values by about 10--15% probably because the concentration of particles onto which the radon progeny were attached was low (1,200--3,800 particles cm{sup {minus}3}). The equilibrium factor at that particle concentration level was 0.10--0.22.« less

Nano-encapsulation of Dietary Phytoconstituent Capsaicin on Emulsome: Evaluation of Anticancer Activity Through the Measurement of Liver Oxidative Stress in Rats.

PubMed

Giri, Tapan K; Pramanik, Kaustav; Barman, Tapan K; Maity, Subhasis

2017-01-01

Excessive reactive species derived from oxygen and nitrogen leads to oxidative damage to tissue and organs. Capsaicin (CAP), a pungent component found in red pepper can prevent oxidative stress. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the protective effects of CAP loaded nano-emulsomes (EML) against the oxidative stress of rat livers induced through sodium fluoride (NaF). EML was prepared by thin film hydration method that is development of thin lipid film followed by hydration and sonication. EML was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. EML was evaluated for drug entrapment, in vitro drug release, and in vivo study. In vitro drug release study of optimized formulation showed that 50% of CAP was released within 50.21 min while 85% CAP was released in 227.4 min. Single oral dose of free CAP and CAP loaded EML were given to rats 2 hour after NaF administration. Membrane of hepatic cells was damaged by NaF and it was judged by the estimation of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and catalase activity. The administration of CAP loaded EML 2 hr after NAF consumption showed significant decrease in ROS level compared to free CAP. EML containing CAP was more effective in comparison to free CAP in controlling the lipid peroxidation that is thiobarbituric acid substance augmentation in liver by the treatment of NaF. The administration of CAP loaded EML showed significant increase in catalase activity compared to free CAP administration. The results clearly demonstrated that CAP loaded EML may be accepted as an effective therapeutic formulation in preventing oxidative damage. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

[Methylation Status of the SOCS3 Gene Promoter in H2228 Cells and 
EML4-ALK-positive Lung Cancer Tissues].

PubMed

Liu, Chunlai; Li, Yongwen; Dong, Yunlong; Zhang, Hongbing; Li, Ying; Liu, Hongyu; Chen, Jun

2016-09-20

The EML4-ALK fusion gene is a newly discovered driver gene of non-small cell lung cancer and exhibits special clinical and pathological features. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway, an important downstream signaling pathway of EML4-ALK, is aberrantly sustained and activated in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer cells fusion gene, but the underlying reason remains unknown. The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) is a negative regulatory factor that mainly inhibits the proliferation, differentiation, and induction of apoptotic cells by inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The aberrant methylation of the SOCS gene leads to inactivation of tumors and abnormal activation of the JAK2-STAT signaling pathway. The aim of this study is to investigate the methylation status of the SOCS3 promoter in EML4-ALK-positive H2228 cells and lung cancer tissues. The methylation status of the SOCS3 promoter in EML4-ALK-positive H2228 lung cancer cells and lung cancer tissues was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis and verified by DNA sequencing. The expression levels of SOCS3 in H2228 cells were detected by Western blot and Real-time PCR analyses after treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5'-Aza-dC. MSP and DNA sequencing assay results indicated the presence of SOCS3 promoter methylation in H2228 cells as well as in three cases of seven EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer tissues. The expression level of SOCS3 significantly increased in H2228 cells after 5'-Aza-dC treatment. The aerrant methylation of the SOCS3 promoter region in EML4-ALK (+) H2228 cells and lung cancer tissues may be significantly involved in the pathogenesis of EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer.

Identification and characterization of ALK kinase splicing isoforms in non-small-cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

de Figueiredo-Pontes, Lorena Lobo; Wong, Daisy Wing-Sze; Tin, Vick Pui-Chi; Chung, Lap-Ping; Yasuda, Hiroyuki; Yamaguchi, Norihiro; Nakayama, Sohei; Jänne, Pasi Antero; Wong, Maria Pik; Kobayashi, Susumu Soeda; Costa, Daniel Botelho

2014-01-01

Purpose: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are present in an important subset of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and predict for response to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib. In this study, we evaluated the yet unknown frequency and functional role of ALK splicing isoforms in NSCLC. Experimental Design: We analyzed 270 cases of NSCLC for ALK kinase domain splicing aberrations, and in addition generated constructs with full length EML4-ALK (E13;A20) and a splicing isoform. Results: Splicing isoforms of the kinase domain of ALK - including complete skipping of exon 23 (ALKdel23, ALK p.I1171fs*42) and exon 27 (ALKdel27, ALK p.T1312fs*0) - were identified in 11.1% (30/270 cases) of NSCLC, and these changes co-existed with ALK rearrangements, KRAS mutations and EGFR mutations. ALK splicing isoforms were observed with full length EML4-ALK in crizotinib-naïve and treated NSCLCs. ALK T1312fs*0 was unable to render cells solely dependent on ALK signaling. Unlike EML4-ALK and EML4-ALK p.L1196M, EML4-ALK T1312fs*0 did not autophosphorylate ALK or other phospho-tyrosine sites. Co-expression of equal amounts of EML4-ALK T1312fs*0 and EML4-ALK did not result in resistance to crizotinib, while co-expression of EML4-ALK L1196M with EML4-ALK resulted in resistance to inhibition of ALK by crizotinib. Conclusions: ALK kinase splicing isoforms were present in NSCLC and even if translated seemed to be non-functional variants of ALK. PMID:24419423

Preliminary analysis of space mission applications for electromagnetic launchers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, L. A.; Rice, E. E.; Earhart, R. W.; Conlon, R. J.

1984-01-01

The technical and economic feasibility of using electromagnetically launched EML payloads propelled from the Earth's surface to LEO, GEO, lunar orbit, or to interplanetary space was assessed. Analyses of the designs of rail accelerators and coaxial magnetic accelerators show that each is capable of launching to space payloads of 800 KG or more. A hybrid launcher in which EML is used for the first 2 KM/sec followed by chemical rocket stages was also tested. A cost estimates study shows that one to two EML launches per day are needed to break even, compared to a four-stage rocket. Development models are discussed for: (1) Earth orbital missions; (2) lunar base supply mission; (3) solar system escape mission; (4) Earth escape missions; (5) suborbital missions; (6) electromagnetic boost missions; and (7) space-based missions. Safety factors, environmental impacts, and EML systems analysis are discussed. Alternate systems examined include electrothermal thrustors, an EML rocket gun; an EML theta gun, and Soviet electromagnetic accelerators.

Recombination zone in white organic light emitting diodes with blue and orange emitting layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuboi, Taiju; Kishimoto, Tadashi; Wako, Kazuhiro; Matsuda, Kuniharu; Iguchi, Hirofumi

2012-10-01

White fluorescent OLED devices with a 10 nm thick blue-emitting layer and a 31 nm thick orange-emitting layer have been fabricated, where the blue-emitting layer is stacked on a hole transport layer. An interlayer was inserted between the two emitting layers. The thickness of the interlayer was changed among 0.3, 0.4, and 1.0 nm. White emission with CIE coordinates close to (0.33, 0.33) was observed from all the OLEDs. OLED with 0.3 nm thick interlayer gives the highest maximum luminous efficiency (11 cd/A), power efficiency (9 lm/W), and external quantum efficiency (5.02%). The external quantum efficiency becomes low with increasing the interlayer thickness from 0 nm to 1.0 nm. When the location of the blue- and orange-emitting layers is reversed, white emission was not obtained because of too weak blue emission. It is suggested that the electron-hole recombination zone decreases nearly exponentially with a distance from the hole transport layer.

Does the type of lithotripter affect outcomes in children with upper tract urolithiasis?

PubMed

Raza, Syed Johar; Ather, M Hammad

2009-02-01

To compare the treatment outcome and short-term safety of electrohydraulic and electromagnetic lithotripters in children. Comparative analysis of children undergoing shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) with a Dornier MPL 9000 electrohydraulic lithotripter (EHL) and a Siemens Modularis electromagnetic lithotripter (EML) was performed. All SWL treatments were performed by a single operator under the supervision of an admitting urologist. The demographic features, stone, and treatment-related parameters, including complications, were analyzed for both groups. Stone-free (SF) rates, re-treatment rate, and efficiency quotient (EQ) were calculated and compared for the two groups. Ninety-eight children had SWL for renal and proximal ureteral stones. There were 58 children in the EHL group and 40 in the EML group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of age, sex, type of anesthesia, diagnostic modality, site, side, and size of the stones. Number of shockwaves used with EML was greater than with EHL (P < 0.00). SF rate was 95% and 77% for EHL and EML, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.00). The re-treatment rate was equal in either group. The complication rate was higher with the EHL compared with the EML, although it did not reach statistical significance. Steinstrasse was the most common complication noted. EQ was 66% for the EHL, in comparison with 53% for the EML. The EHL has a better SF and EQ than the EML; however, short-term safety is marginally better with the EML.

EML pulse ionization chamber systems for /sup 222/Rn measurements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisenne, I M; Keller, H W

1985-03-01

Radon measurements have been performed with pulse ionization chambers at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) for over 35 years. This report describes the evolution of radon measurement systems, with emphasis on the continuous quality control efforts at EML. 38 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

EML4-ALK fusions: propelling cancer but creating exploitable chaperone dependence.

PubMed

Workman, Paul; van Montfort, Rob

2014-06-01

The crystal structure of a conserved tubulin-binding region of the EML1 protein reveals a highly atypical fold in one of its β-propeller domains. Disruption of the EML1 core region domain in many of the oncogenic EML4-ALK fusion protein variants that drive non-small cell lung cancer explains their dependence on the HSP90 molecular chaperone, provides a basis to allow more precise patient stratification for therapy, and suggests a more general model for other oncogenic fusion proteins. ©2014 American Association for Cancer Research.

Modification of the Electromagnetic Levitator (EML) Hardware

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frost, R. T.

1985-01-01

The goals of this project are: (1) to study the upgrade requirements and approaches needed for incorporation of an Electromagnetic Levitator (EML) into the shuttle orbiter, (2) to work with members of the Electromagnetic Containerless Processing science working group (SWG) to define future experiments for the EML, and (3) to assist these investigators in further development of ground-based experiment techniques to the limits possible in the terrestrial gravitational environment. Present work is directed toward: (1) upgrading the EML flight apparatus to meet requirements of safety and integration interfaces with the MSL orbiter carrier, (2) development of new experiment components required to carry out approved experiments in undercooled solidification and associated fluid flow studies directed by MIT, and (3) construction, test, qualification and integration assistance for the EML MSL flight package.

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Klusek, C.S.

1993-01-04

This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976. real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s results and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 3 days after the reporting deadlinemore » via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer. This is the 42nd report of this program.« less

RAS-MAPK dependence underlies a rational polytherapy strategy in EML4-ALK–positive lung cancer

PubMed Central

Hrustanovic, Gorjan; Olivas, Victor; Pazarentzos, Evangelos; Tulpule, Asmin; Asthana, Saurabh; Blakely, Collin M; Okimoto, Ross A; Lin, Luping; Neel, Dana S; Sabnis, Amit; Flanagan, Jennifer; Chan, Elton; Varella-Garcia, Marileila; Aisner, Dara L; Vaishnavi, Aria; Ou, Sai-Hong I; Collisson, Eric A; Ichihara, Eiki; Mack, Philip C; Lovly, Christine M; Karachaliou, Niki; Rosell, Rafael; Riess, Jonathan W; Doebele, Robert C; Bivona, Trever G

2016-01-01

One strategy for combating cancer-drug resistance is to deploy rational polytherapy up front that suppresses the survival and emergence of resistant tumor cells. Here we demonstrate in models of lung adenocarcinoma harboring the oncogenic fusion of ALK and EML4 that the GTPase RAS–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but not other known ALK effectors, is required for tumor-cell survival. EML4-ALK activated RAS-MAPK signaling by engaging all three major RAS isoforms through the HELP domain of EML4. Reactivation of the MAPK pathway via either a gain in the number of copies of the gene encoding wild-type K-RAS (KRASWT) or decreased expression of the MAPK phosphatase DUSP6 promoted resistance to ALK inhibitors in vitro, and each was associated with resistance to ALK inhibitors in individuals with EML4-ALK–positive lung adenocarcinoma. Upfront inhibition of both ALK and the kinase MEK enhanced both the magnitude and duration of the initial response in preclinical models of EML4-ALK lung adenocarcinoma. Our findings identify RAS-MAPK dependence as a hallmark of EML4-ALK lung adenocarcinoma and provide a rationale for the upfront inhibition of both ALK and MEK to forestall resistance and improve patient outcomes. PMID:26301689

RAS-MAPK dependence underlies a rational polytherapy strategy in EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer.

PubMed

Hrustanovic, Gorjan; Olivas, Victor; Pazarentzos, Evangelos; Tulpule, Asmin; Asthana, Saurabh; Blakely, Collin M; Okimoto, Ross A; Lin, Luping; Neel, Dana S; Sabnis, Amit; Flanagan, Jennifer; Chan, Elton; Varella-Garcia, Marileila; Aisner, Dara L; Vaishnavi, Aria; Ou, Sai-Hong I; Collisson, Eric A; Ichihara, Eiki; Mack, Philip C; Lovly, Christine M; Karachaliou, Niki; Rosell, Rafael; Riess, Jonathan W; Doebele, Robert C; Bivona, Trever G

2015-09-01

One strategy for combating cancer-drug resistance is to deploy rational polytherapy up front that suppresses the survival and emergence of resistant tumor cells. Here we demonstrate in models of lung adenocarcinoma harboring the oncogenic fusion of ALK and EML4 that the GTPase RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but not other known ALK effectors, is required for tumor-cell survival. EML4-ALK activated RAS-MAPK signaling by engaging all three major RAS isoforms through the HELP domain of EML4. Reactivation of the MAPK pathway via either a gain in the number of copies of the gene encoding wild-type K-RAS (KRAS(WT)) or decreased expression of the MAPK phosphatase DUSP6 promoted resistance to ALK inhibitors in vitro, and each was associated with resistance to ALK inhibitors in individuals with EML4-ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma. Upfront inhibition of both ALK and the kinase MEK enhanced both the magnitude and duration of the initial response in preclinical models of EML4-ALK lung adenocarcinoma. Our findings identify RAS-MAPK dependence as a hallmark of EML4-ALK lung adenocarcinoma and provide a rationale for the upfront inhibition of both ALK and MEK to forestall resistance and improve patient outcomes.

Improving the light-emitting properties of single-layered polyfluorene light-emitting devices by simple ionic liquid blending

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horike, Shohei; Nagaki, Hiroto; Misaki, Masahiro; Koshiba, Yasuko; Morimoto, Masahiro; Fukushima, Tatsuya; Ishida, Kenji

2018-03-01

This paper describes an evaluation of ionic liquids (ILs) as potential electrolytes for single-layered light-emitting devices with good emission performance. As optoelectronic devices continue to grow in abundance, high-performance light-emitting devices with a single emission layer are becoming increasingly important for low-cost production. We show that a simple technique of osmosing IL into the polymer layer can result in high luminous efficiency and good response times of single-layered light-emitting polymers, even without the additional stacking of charge carrier injection and transport layers. The IL contributions to the light-emission of the polymer are discussed from the perspectives of energy diagrams and of the electric double layers on the electrodes. Our findings enable a faster, cheaper, and lower-in-waste production of light-emitting devices.

Clinical and epidemiological study of EGFR mutations and EML4-ALK fusion genes among Indian patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung.

PubMed

Doval, Dc; Prabhash, K; Patil, S; Chaturvedi, H; Goswami, C; Vaid, Ak; Desai, S; Dutt, S; Veldore, Vh; Jambhekar, N; Mehta, A; Hazarika, D; Azam, S; Gawande, S; Gupta, S

2015-01-01

Mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a common feature observed in lung adenocarcinoma. A fusion gene between echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and the intracellular domain of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), named EML4-ALK, has been identified in a subset of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of EGFR mutations and EML4-ALK fusions in Indian patients with NSCLC (adenocarcinoma) as well as evaluate their clinical characteristics. Patients with NSCLC, adenocarcinoma histology, whose tumors had been tested for EGFR mutational status, were considered for this study. ALK gene rearrangement was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using the Vysis ALK Break Apart Rearrangement Probe Kit. ALK mutation was tested in samples that were negative for EGFR mutation. A total of 500 NSCLC adenocarcinoma patients were enrolled across six centers. There were 337 (67.4%) men and 163 (32.6%) women with a median age of 58 years. One hundred and sixty-four (32.8%) blocks were positive for EGFR mutations, whereas 336 (67.2%) were EGFR wild-type. Of the 336 EGFR-negative blocks, EML4-ALK fusion gene was present in 15 (4.5%) patients, whereas 321 (95.5%) tumors were EML4-ALK negative. The overall incidence of EML4-ALK fusion gene was 3% (15/500). The incidence of EGFR mutations (33%) in this Indian population is close to the reported incidence in Asian patients. EML4-ALK gene fusions are present in lung adenocarcinomas from Indian patients, and the 3% incidence of EML4-ALK gene fusion in EGFR mutation-negative cases is similar to what has been observed in other Western and Asian populations. The mutual exclusivity of EML4-ALK and EGFR mutations suggests implementation of biomarker testing for tumors harboring ALK rearrangements in order to identify patients that can benefit from newer targeted therapies.

Sensitive detection of EML4-ALK fusion oncoprotein of lung cancer by in situ proximity ligation assay.

PubMed

Rho, Jin Kyung; Lee, Hyangsin; Park, Chan-Sik; Choi, Chang-Min; Lee, Jae Cheol

2013-09-01

EML4-ALK fusion oncogene has emerged as a novel molecular target in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although break-apart fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is the standard method for diagnosis, it is expensive, not readily available and sometimes difficult to interpret. In addition, ALK immunohistochemistry (IHC) may miss the diagnosis because of relatively low level of ALK transcription. In situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) originally developed for precise detection and quantification of proteins by dual recognition and amplification process was used for sensitive detection of EML4-ALK fusion oncoprotein in NSCLC cell lines (ALK negative cell: PC-9 and H460, ALK positive cell: H3122 and H2228). EML4-ALK oncogene and protein in lung cancer cells were confirmed by multiplex RT-PCR and Western blots. We detected 117 kDa variant 1 of EML4-ALK in H3122 and 90 kDa variant 3 of EML4-ALK in H2228. These cells were more sensitive to crizotinib, an ALK inhibitor compared with PC-9 and H460 cells without EML4-ALK rearrangement. After fixing on glass slides by cytospin centrifuge, in situ PLA test was performed. Among four cell lines, distinct, tiny spots were visible only in H3122 and H2228 cell lines with ALK rearrangement. The same results were also obtained when paraffin-embedded cell blocks were used. Highly specific and sensitive detection of EML4-ALK fusion oncoprotein is possible by in situ PLA method suggesting its clinical application.

Mutations of the EGFR, K-ras, EML4-ALK, and BRAF genes in resected pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma.

PubMed

Ohba, Taro; Toyokawa, Gouji; Osoegawa, Atsushi; Hirai, Fumihiko; Yamaguchi, Masafumi; Taguchi, Ken-Ichi; Seto, Takashi; Takenoyama, Mitsuhiro; Ichinose, Yukito; Sugio, Kenji

2016-09-01

The EGFR, K-ras, EML4-ALK, and BRAF genes are oncogenic drivers of lung adenocarcinoma. We conducted this study to analyze the mutations of these genes in stage I adenocarcinoma. The subjects of this retrospective study were 256 patients with resected stage I lung adenocarcinoma. We analyzed mutations of the EGFR, K-ras, and BRAF genes, and the EML4-ALK fusion gene. We also assessed disease-free survival (DFS) to evaluate the prognostic value and overall survival (OS) to evaluate the predictive value of treatment after recurrence. Mutations of the EGFR, K-ras, EML4-ALK, and BRAF genes were detected in 120 (46.8 %), 14 (5.5 %), 6 (2.3 %), and 2 (0.8 %) of the 256 tumors. Two tumors had double mutations (0.8 %). The incidence of EGFR mutations was significantly higher in women than in men. The EML4-ALK fusion gene was detected only in younger patients. The DFS and OS of the K-ras mutant group were significantly worse than those of the EGFR mutant group, the EML4-ALK fusion gene group, and the wild-type group. Six of the seven patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene are still alive without recurrent disease. In patients with stage I adenocarcinoma, mutation of the K-ras gene was a poor prognostic factor for recurrence. The presence of a mutation of the EGFR or EML4-ALK gene was not a prognostic factor.

A User-Centered Educational Modeling Language Improving the Controllability of Learning Design Quality

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zendi, Asma; Bouhadada, Tahar; Bousbia, Nabila

2016-01-01

Semiformal EMLs are developed to facilitate the adoption of educational modeling languages (EMLs) and to address practitioners' learning design concerns, such as reusability and readability. In this article, SDLD (Structure Dialogue Learning Design) is presented, which is a semiformal EML that aims to improve controllability of learning design…

Design and Simulation of a Nano-Satellite Attitude Determination System

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

SimTime); 119 2. Attitude Matrix %# eml function att = ATT( quat ) %% Making Attitude Matrix att = transpose(XI(quat)) * PSI(quat); return...3. XI %# eml function xi = XI( quat ) %% Making Xi Matrix xi = [ quat(4...eye(3) + SKEW(quat(1:3,1)) ; - quat(1:3,1)’ ]; return %---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. PSI %# eml

The EML4-ALK oncogene: targeting an essential growth driver in human cancer.

PubMed

Mano, Hiroyuki

2015-01-01

Targeting of essential growth drivers represents an ideal approach to cancer treatment. To identify such molecules in clinical specimens, we developed a highly sensitive functional screening system based on the preparation of retroviral cDNA expression libraries. By screening such a library of lung adenocarcinoma with a focus formation assay, we discovered the EML4-ALK fusion-type oncogene. A small chromosomal inversion thus leads to fusion of the amino-terminal portion of the microtubule-associated protein EML4 to the intracellular kinase domain of ALK, a receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase. Constitutive dimerization of EML4-ALK mediated by a dimerization motif of EML4 results in kinase activation. Specific inhibitors of the kinase activity of ALK have been developed as therapeutic drugs for EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer, three of which (crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib) have already been approved for clinical use. An overall clinical response rate of 93.5% for alectinib has shown that agents that target essential growth drivers can become magic bullets for cancer treatment.

The EML4-ALK oncogene: targeting an essential growth driver in human cancer

PubMed Central

MANO, Hiroyuki

2015-01-01

Targeting of essential growth drivers represents an ideal approach to cancer treatment. To identify such molecules in clinical specimens, we developed a highly sensitive functional screening system based on the preparation of retroviral cDNA expression libraries. By screening such a library of lung adenocarcinoma with a focus formation assay, we discovered the EML4-ALK fusion-type oncogene. A small chromosomal inversion thus leads to fusion of the amino-terminal portion of the microtubule-associated protein EML4 to the intracellular kinase domain of ALK, a receptor-type protein tyrosine kinase. Constitutive dimerization of EML4-ALK mediated by a dimerization motif of EML4 results in kinase activation. Specific inhibitors of the kinase activity of ALK have been developed as therapeutic drugs for EML4-ALK–positive lung cancer, three of which (crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib) have already been approved for clinical use. An overall clinical response rate of 93.5% for alectinib has shown that agents that target essential growth drivers can become magic bullets for cancer treatment. PMID:25971657

An extremely rare case of small-cell lung cancer harboring variant 2 of the EML4-ALK fusion gene.

PubMed

Toyokawa, Gouji; Takenoyama, Mitsuhiro; Taguchi, Kenichi; Toyozawa, Ryo; Inamasu, Eiko; Kojo, Miyako; Shiraishi, Yoshimasa; Morodomi, Yosuke; Takenaka, Tomoyoshi; Hirai, Fumihiko; Yamaguchi, Masafumi; Seto, Takashi; Shimokawa, Mototsugu; Ichinose, Yukito

2013-09-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fuses echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) to acquire a transforming activity in lung adenocarcinomas. However, the presence of an EML4-ALK fusion gene in other lung cancer histologies is an extremely rare phenomenon. A 43-year-old female was referred to our department due to dyspnea on effort and left back pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed a large mass in the upper lobe of the left lung and a massive left pleural effusion, while a CT-guided needle biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Surprisingly, the tumor was genetically considered to harbor the EML4-ALK fusion gene (variant 2). Although the patient underwent two regimens of cytotoxic chemotherapy for SCLC, she died approximately seven months after the administration of first-line chemotherapy. Our analysis of 30 consecutive patients with SCLC for EML4-ALK revealed that two patients, including the current patient and a patient we previously reported, harbored the EML4-ALK fusion gene. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Identification of atypical ATRNL1 insertion to EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC.

PubMed

Robesova, Blanka; Bajerova, Monika; Hausnerova, Jitka; Skrickova, Jana; Tomiskova, Marcela; Dvorakova, Dana

2015-03-01

We herein present a rare case of an EML4-ALK positive patient. A 61-year-old man was diagnosed with locoregional non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). No EGFR mutations were detected, and therefore the ALK rearrangement was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) method for EML4-ALK. All methods showed a positive result and, therefore, the patient was treated with crizotinib with a good therapeutic response. However, a detailed RT-PCR analysis and sequencing revealed an unexpected 138 bp insertion of attractin-like 1 (ATRNL1) gene into the EML4-ALK fusion gene. In our case, the positive therapeutic response suggests that ATRNL1 insertion does not affect EML4-ALK's sensitivity to crizotinib. This case shows great EML4-ALK heterogeneity and also that basic detection methods (IHC, FISH) cannot fully specify ALK rearrangement but in many cases a full specification seems to be important for an effective TKI indication, and sequencing ALK variants might contribute to optimized patient selection. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

1989 Intercomparison of radon progeny measurement methods and equipment in North America

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scofield, P.; George, A.; Tu, Keng.

1990-03-01

At the 1989 {sup 222}Rn progeny intercomparison held at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML), July 10--14, 1989, grab sampling and integrating/continuous {sup 222}Rn progeny methods were evaluated. Sixteen facilities participated in this intercomparison. Twelve facilities used {sup 222}Rn progeny grab sampling methods, and nine facilities used integrating/continuous instruments. Eighty-eight percent of the participants reported grab sample {sup 222}Rn progeny concentrations that were within 20% of the EML reference values. Good agreement between participant and EML grab-sample potential alpha energy concentrations (PAECs) was observed; 92% of the participants had PAECs within 20% of the EML values. For the integrating/continuous PAEC valuesmore » determined with integrating/continuous monitors, 89% of the participants were within 20% of the EML reference values. 9 refs., 3 figs., 4 tabs.« less

Differential effects of c-fms and c-kit ligands on the lineage development of the lymphohematopoietic cell line EML C1.

PubMed

Tsai, S

1996-01-01

The lymphohematopoietic progenitors represent < 0.01% of nucleated marrow cells. We have shown that murine lymphohematopoietic progenitors can be immortalized by a recombinant retroviral vector harboring a dominant-negative retinoic acid (RA) receptor. The immortalized progenitors proliferate as a stem-cell factor-dependent clonal line designated EML C1. The EML C1 cell line spontaneously generates prepro-B-lymphocytes and erythroid and myeloid progenitors. Upon stimulation with interleukin 7 and marrow stromal cells, the prepro-B-lymphocytes express recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and undergo D-J rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. With erythropoietin, the erythroid progenitors proliferate and differentiate into red cells. Generation of the common progenitors for neutrophils and macrophages [colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM)] is suppressed in EML C1 cells but is inducible by high concentrations of RA. An additional block in neutrophil differentiation occurs at the promyelocyte stage, but this can also be overcome by high concentrations of RA. Although c-fms is homologous to c-kit, which encodes the receptor for stem-cell factor (SCF), EML C1 cells neither express c-fms nor respond to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), the ligand for c-fms. Transduction and expression of c-fms cDNA in EML C1 cells confers responsiveness to M-CSF. This finding indicates that c-kit and c-fms share substantially overlapping signal-transduction pathways. However, c-fms-transduced EML C1 cells (EML C1/c-fms cells) exhibit different development patterns when stimulated by SCF alone or by M-CSF alone. When stimulated by SCF alone, EML C1/c-fms cells show mostly erythroid and B-lymphoid development. When stimulated by M-CSF alone, development switches to mostly myeloid (neutrophil and macrophage) development. This observation suggests that c-kit and c-fms must have unique signal-transduction pathways in addition to the common ones.

Large-scale screening and molecular characterization of EML4-ALK fusion variants in archival non-small-cell lung cancer tumor specimens using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays.

PubMed

Li, Tianhong; Maus, Martin K H; Desai, Sonal J; Beckett, Laurel A; Stephens, Craig; Huang, Eric; Hsiang, Jack; Zeger, Gary; Danenberg, Kathleen D; Astrow, Stephanie H; Gandara, David R

2014-01-01

The objective of this study was to identify and characterize echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion (EML4-ALK+) cancers by variant-specific, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays in a large cohort of North American non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We developed a panel of single and multiplex RT-PCR assays suitable for rapid and accurate detection of the eight most common EML4-ALK+ variants and ALK gene expression in archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NSCLC specimens. EGFR and KRAS genotyping and thymidylate synthase RNA level by RT-PCR assays were available in a subset of patients. Between December 2009 and September 2012, 7344 NSCLC specimens were tested. An EML4-ALK+ transcript was detected in 200 cases (2.7%), including 109 V1 (54.5%), 20 V2 (10.0%), 68 V3 (34.0%), and three V5a (1.5%) variants. Median age was 54.5 years (range, 23-89), and 104 patients (52.0%) were women. The great majority (n=188, 94.0%) of EML4-ALK+ NSCLC tumors had adenocarcinoma histology. ALK expression level varied significantly among different EML4-ALK+ variants and individual tumors. Only one case each of concurrent EGFR or KRAS mutation was detected. The median thymidylate synthase RNA level from 85 EML4-ALK+ cancers was significantly lower compared with that of EML4-ALK-negative lung adenocarcinomas (2.02 versus 3.29, respectively, p<0.001). This panel of variant-specific, quantitative RT-PCR assays detects common EML4-ALK+ variants as well as ALK gene expression level in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded NSCLC specimens. These RT-PCR assays may be useful as an adjunct to the standard fluorescence in situ hybridization assay to better understand biologic variability and response patterns to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors.

Serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels before initial treatment are associated with EGFR mutations and EML4- ALK fusion gene in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

PubMed

Wang, Wen-Tao; Li, Yin; Ma, Jie; Chen, Xiao-Bing; Qin, Jian-Jun

2014-01-01

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) define specific molecular subsets of lung adenocarcinomas with distinct clinical features. Our purpose was to analyze clinical features and prognostic value of EGFR gene mutations and the EML4-ALK fusion gene in lung adenocarcinoma. EGFR gene mutations and the EML4-ALK fusion gene were detected in 92 lung adenocarcinoma patients in China. Tumor marker levels before first treatment were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. EGFR mutations were found in 40.2% (37/92) of lung adenocarcinoma patients, being identified at high frequencies in never-smokers (48.3% vs. 26.5% in smokers; P=0.040) and in patients with abnormal serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels before the initial treatment (58.3% vs. 28.6%, P=0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed that a higher serum CEA level before the initial treatment was independently associated with EGFR gene mutations (95%CI: 1.476~11.343, P=0.007). We also identified 8 patients who harbored the EML4-ALK fusion gene (8.7%, 8/92). In concordance with previous reports, younger age was a clinical feature for these (P=0.008). Seven of the positive cases were never smokers, and no coexistence with EGFR mutation was discovered. In addition, the frequency of the EML4-ALK fusion gene among patients with a serum CEA concentration below 5 ng/ml seemed to be higher than patients with a concentration over 5 ng/ml (P=0.021). No significant difference was observed for time to progression and overall survival between EML4-ALK-positive group and EML4-ALK-negative group or between patients with and without an EGFR mutation. The serum CEA level before the initial treatment may be helpful in screening population for EGFR mutations or EML4-ALK fusion gene presence in lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Stacked white OLED having separate red, green and blue sub-elements

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen; Qi, Xiangfei; Slootsky, Michael

2014-07-01

The present invention relates to efficient organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices employ three emissive sub-elements, typically emitting red, green and blue, to sufficiently cover the visible spectrum. Thus, the devices may be white-emitting OLEDs, or WOLEDs. Each sub-element comprises at least one organic layer which is an emissive layer--i.e., the layer is capable of emitting light when a voltage is applied across the stacked device. The sub-elements are vertically stacked and are separated by charge generating layers. The charge-generating layers are layers that inject charge carriers into the adjacent layer(s) but do not have a direct external connection.

Polymer and small molecule based hybrid light source

DOEpatents

Choong, Vi-En; Choulis, Stelios; Krummacher, Benjamin Claus; Mathai, Mathew; So, Franky

2010-03-16

An organic electroluminescent device, includes: a substrate; a hole-injecting electrode (anode) coated over the substrate; a hole injection layer coated over the anode; a hole transporting layer coated over the hole injection layer; a polymer based light emitting layer, coated over the hole transporting layer; a small molecule based light emitting layer, thermally evaporated over the polymer based light emitting layer; and an electron-injecting electrode (cathode) deposited over the electroluminescent polymer layer.

In vivo imaging models of bone and brain metastases and pleural carcinomatosis with a novel human EML4-ALK lung cancer cell line

PubMed Central

Nanjo, Shigeki; Nakagawa, Takayuki; Takeuchi, Shinji; Kita, Kenji; Fukuda, Koji; Nakada, Mitsutoshi; Uehara, Hisanori; Nishihara, Hiroshi; Hara, Eiji; Uramoto, Hidetaka; Tanaka, Fumihiro; Yano, Seiji

2015-01-01

EML4-ALK lung cancer accounts for approximately 3–7% of non-small-cell lung cancer cases. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying tumor progression and targeted drug sensitivity/resistance in EML4-ALK lung cancer, clinically relevant animal models are indispensable. In this study, we found that the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A925L expresses an EML4-ALK gene fusion (variant 5a, E2:A20) and is sensitive to the ALK inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. We further established highly tumorigenic A925LPE3 cells, which also have the EML4-ALK gene fusion (variant 5a) and are sensitive to ALK inhibitors. By using A925LPE3 cells with luciferase gene transfection, we established in vivo imaging models for pleural carcinomatosis, bone metastasis, and brain metastasis, all of which are significant clinical concerns of advanced EML4-ALK lung cancer. Interestingly, crizotinib caused tumors to shrink in the pleural carcinomatosis model, but not in bone and brain metastasis models, whereas alectinib showed remarkable efficacy in all three models, indicative of the clinical efficacy of these ALK inhibitors. Our in vivo imaging models of multiple organ sites may provide useful resources to analyze further the pathogenesis of EML4-ALK lung cancer and its response and resistance to ALK inhibitors in various organ microenvironments. PMID:25581823

Comparison of EML 105 and advantage analysers measuring capillary versus venous whole blood glucose in neonates.

PubMed

McNamara, P J; Sharief, N

2001-09-01

Near-patient blood glucose monitoring is an essential component of neonatal intensive care but the analysers currently used are unreliable and inaccurate. The aim of this study was to compare a new glucose electrode-based analyser (EML 105) and a non-wipe reflectance photometry method (Advantage) as opposed to a recognized laboratory reference method (Hexokinase). We also investigated the effect of sample route and haematocrit on the accuracy of the glucose readings obtained by each method of analysis. Whole blood glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 3.5 mmol/l were carefully prepared in a laboratory setting and blood samples from each respective solution were then measured by EML 105 and Advantage analysers. The results obtained were then compared with the corresponding plasma glucose reading obtained by the Hexokinase method, using linear regression analysis. An in vivo study was subsequently performed on 103 neonates, over a 1-y period, using capillary and venous whole blood samples. Whole blood glucose concentration was estimated from each sample using both analysers and compared with the corresponding plasma glucose concentration estimated by the Hexokinase method. Venous blood was centrifuged and haematocrit was estimated using standardized curves. The effect of haematocrit on the agreement between whole blood and plasma glucose was investigated, estimating the degree of correlation on a scatterplot of the results and linear regression analysis. Both the EML 105 and Hexokinase methods were highly accurate, in vitro, with small proportional biases of 2% and 5%, respectively. However, in vivo, both study analysers overestimated neonatal plasma glucose, ranging from at best 0.45 mmol/l (EML 105 venous) to 0.69 mmol/l (EML capillary). There was no significant difference in the agreement of capillary (GD = 0.12, 95% CI, [-0.32,0.08], p = 0.2) or venous samples (GD = 0.05, 95% CI. [0.09, 0.19], p = 0.49) with plasma glucose when analysed by either study method (GD = glucose difference between study analyser and reference method) However, the venous samples analysed by EML 105 estimated plasma glucose significantly better than capillary samples using the same method of analysis (GD = 0.24, 95% CI. [0.09,0.38], p < 0.01). The relationship between haematocrit and the resultant glucose differences was non-linear with correlation coefficients of r = -0.057 (EML 105 capillary), r = 0.145 (EML 105 venous), r = -0.127 (Advantage capillary) and r = -0.275 (Advantage venous). There was no significant difference in the effect of haematocrit on the performance of EML 105 versus Advantage, regardless of the sample route. Both EML 105 and Advantage overestimated plasma glucose, with no significant difference in the performance of either analyser, regardless of the route of analysis. Agreement with plasma glucose was better for venous samples but this was only statistically significant when EML 105 capillary and venous results were compared. Haematocrit is not a significant confounding factor towards the performance of either EML 105 or Advantage in neonates, regardless of the route of sampling. The margin of overestimation of blood glucose prohibits the recommendation of both EML 105 and Advantage for routine neonatal glucose screening. The consequences include failure accurately to diagnose hypoglycaemia and delays in the instigation of therapeutic measures, both of which may potentially result in an adverse, long-term, neurodevelopmental outcome.

Induction of PD-L1 Expression by the EML4-ALK Oncoprotein and Downstream Signaling Pathways in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PubMed

Ota, Keiichi; Azuma, Koichi; Kawahara, Akihiko; Hattori, Satoshi; Iwama, Eiji; Tanizaki, Junko; Harada, Taishi; Matsumoto, Koichiro; Takayama, Koichi; Takamori, Shinzo; Kage, Masayoshi; Hoshino, Tomoaki; Nakanishi, Yoichi; Okamoto, Isamu

2015-09-01

Therapies targeted to the immune checkpoint mediated by PD-1 and PD-L1 show antitumor activity in a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have now examined PD-L1 expression and its regulation in NSCLC positive for the EML4-ALK fusion gene. The expression of PD-L1 at the protein and mRNA levels in NSCLC cell lines was examined by flow cytometry and by reverse transcription and real-time PCR analysis, respectively. The expression of PD-L1 in 134 surgically resected NSCLC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. The PD-L1 expression level was higher in NSCLC cell lines positive for EML4-ALK than in those negative for the fusion gene. Forced expression of EML4-ALK in Ba/F3 cells markedly increased PD-L1 expression, whereas endogenous PD-L1 expression in EML4-ALK-positive NSCLC cells was attenuated by treatment with the specific ALK inhibitor alectinib or by RNAi with ALK siRNAs. Furthermore, expression of PD-L1 was downregulated by inhibitors of the MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways in NSCLC cells positive for either EML4-ALK or activating mutations of the EGFR. Finally, the expression level of PD-L1 was positively associated with the presence of EML4-ALK in NSCLC specimens. Our findings that both EML4-ALK and mutant EGFR upregulate PD-L1 by activating PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK signaling pathways in NSCLC reveal a direct link between oncogenic drivers and PD-L1 expression. ©2015 American Association for Cancer Research.

Receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor transduces a signal decreasing erythroid potential in the multipotent hematopoietic EML cell line.

PubMed

Pawlak, G; Grasset, M F; Arnaud, S; Blanchet, J P; Mouchiroud, G

2000-10-01

To test the hypothesis that hematopoietic growth factors may influence lineage choice in pluripotent progenitor cells, we investigated the effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on erythroid and myeloid potentials of multipotent EML cells ectopically expressing M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR). EML cells are stem cell factor (SCF)-dependent murine cells that give rise spontaneously to pre-B cells, burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E), and colony-forming unit granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM). We determined BFU-E and CFU-GM frequencies among EML cells transduced with murine M-CSFR, human M-CSFR, or chimeric receptors, and cultivated in the presence of SCF, M-CSF, or both growth factors. Effects of specific inhibitors of signaling molecules were investigated. EML cells transduced with murine M-CSFR proliferated in response to M-CSF but also exhibited a sharp and rapid decrease in BFU-E frequency associated with an increase in CFU-GM frequency. In contrast, EML cells expressing human M-CSFR proliferated in response to M-CSF without any changes in erythroid or myeloid potential. Using chimeric receptors between human and murine M-CSFR, we showed that the effects of M-CSF on EML cell differentiation potential are mediated by a large region in the intracellular domain of murine M-CSFR. Furthermore, phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 interfered with the negative effects of ligand-activated murine M-CSFR on EML cell erythroid potential. We propose that signaling pathways activated by tyrosine kinase receptors may regulate erythroid potential and commitment decisions in multipotent progenitor cells and that PLC may play a key role in this process.

CRISPR/Cas9 Technology-Based Xenograft Tumors as Candidate Reference Materials for Multiple EML4-ALK Rearrangements Testing.

PubMed

Peng, Rongxue; Zhang, Rui; Lin, Guigao; Yang, Xin; Li, Ziyang; Zhang, Kuo; Zhang, Jiawei; Li, Jinming

2017-09-01

The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase (EML4-ALK) rearrangement is an important biomarker that plays a pivotal role in therapeutic decision making for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Ensuring accuracy and reproducibility of EML4-ALK testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing requires reliable reference materials for monitoring assay sensitivity and specificity. Herein, we developed novel reference materials for various kinds of EML4-ALK testing. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to edit various NSCLC cell lines containing EML4-ALK rearrangement variants 1, 2, and 3a/b. After s.c. inoculation, the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from xenografts were prepared and tested for suitability as candidate reference materials by fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing. Sample validation and commutability assessments showed that all types of FFPE samples derived from xenograft tumors have typical histological structures, and EML4-ALK testing results were similar to the clinical ALK-positive NSCLC specimens. Among the four methods for EML4-ALK detection, the validation test showed 100% concordance. Furthermore, these novel FFPE reference materials showed good stability and homogeneity. Without limitations on variant types and production, our novel FFPE samples based on CRISPR/Cas9 editing and xenografts are suitable as candidate reference materials for the validation, verification, internal quality control, and proficiency testing of EML4-ALK detection. Copyright © 2017 American Society for Investigative Pathology and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Containerless Processing on ISS: Ground Support Program for EML

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Diefenbach, Angelika; Schneider, Stephan; Willnecker, Rainer

2012-01-01

EML is an electromagnetic levitation facility planned for the ISS aiming at processing and investigating liquid metals or semiconductors by using electromagnetic levitation technique under microgravity with reduced electromagnetic fields and convection conditions. Its diagnostics and processing methods allow to measure thermophysical properties in the liquid state over an extended temperature range and to investigate solidification phenomena in undercooled melts. The EML project is a common effort of The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Space Agency DLR. The Microgravity User Support Centre MUSC at Cologne, Germany, has been assigned the responsibility for EML operations. For the EML experiment preparation an extensive scientific ground support program is established at MUSC, providing scientific and technical services in the preparation, performance and evaluation of the experiments. Its final output is the transcription of the scientific goals and requirements into validated facility control parameters for the experiment execution onboard the ISS.

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Scarpitta, S.C.

1992-01-02

This report presents the results from the analysis of the 35th set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP XXXV) that were received on or before December 5, 1991. This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s resultsmore » and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 3 days after the reporting deadline via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer.« less

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Scarpitta, S.C.

1992-07-01

This report presents the results from the analysis of the 36th set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP 36) that were received on or before January 2, 1992. This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are complied with EML`s resultsmore » and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 3 days after the reporting deadline via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer.« less

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Greenlaw, P.

1996-02-01

This report presents the results from the analysis of the 43rd set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP XLIII) that were received on or before December 1, 1995. This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s resultsmore » and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 2 days after the reporting deadline via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer.« less

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Greenlaw, P.; Pan, V.

1995-07-03

This report presents the results from the analysis of the 42st set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP XLII) that were received on or before June 1, 1995. This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s resultsmore » and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 2 days after the reporting deadline via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer.« less

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenlaw, P.D.

1998-01-01

This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s results and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 4 days after the reporting deadlinemore » via the Internet at www.eml.doe.gov. This report presents the results from the analysis of the 47th set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP XLVII) that were received on or before December 1, 1997.« less

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Klusek, C.S.

1993-07-01

This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s results and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 3 days after the reporting deadlinemore » via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer. This report presents the results from the analysis of the 38th set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP XXXVIII) that were received on or before June 2, 1993.« less

International Space Station-Based Electromagnetic Launcher for Space Science Payloads

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Ross M.

2013-01-01

A method was developed of lowering the cost of planetary exploration missions by using an electromagnetic propulsion/launcher, rather than a chemical-fueled rocket for propulsion. An electromagnetic launcher (EML) based at the International Space Station (ISS) would be used to launch small science payloads to the Moon and near Earth asteroids (NEAs) for the science and exploration missions. An ISS-based electromagnetic launcher could also inject science payloads into orbits around the Earth and perhaps to Mars. The EML would replace rocket technology for certain missions. The EML is a high-energy system that uses electricity rather than propellant to accelerate payloads to high velocities. The most common type of EML is the rail gun. Other types are possible, e.g., a coil gun, also known as a Gauss gun or mass driver. The EML could also "drop" science payloads into the Earth's upper

Light emitting ceramic device

DOEpatents

Valentine, Paul; Edwards, Doreen D.; Walker, Jr., William John; Slack, Lyle H.; Brown, Wayne Douglas; Osborne, Cathy; Norton, Michael; Begley, Richard

2010-05-18

A light-emitting ceramic based panel, hereafter termed "electroceramescent" panel, is herein claimed. The electroceramescent panel is formed on a substrate providing mechanical support as well as serving as the base electrode for the device. One or more semiconductive ceramic layers directly overlay the substrate, and electrical conductivity and ionic diffusion are controlled. Light emitting regions overlay the semiconductive ceramic layers, and said regions consist sequentially of a layer of a ceramic insulation layer and an electroluminescent layer, comprised of doped phosphors or the equivalent. One or more conductive top electrode layers having optically transmissive areas overlay the light emitting regions, and a multi-layered top barrier cover comprising one or more optically transmissive non-combustible insulation layers overlay said top electrode regions.

Procedures, Requirements and Challenges Associated with Analysis of Environmental Samples for Chemical Warfare Material (CWM)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-29

DOD Environmental Monitoring Data Quality (EMDQ) Workshop John Schwarz, Laboratory Manager; Environmental Monitoring Laboratory ( EML ) March 29, 2012...Center (ECBC),Environmental Monitoring Laboratory ( EML ),5183 Blackhawk RD,Aberdeen Proving Ground,MD,21010-5424 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT...Biological Applications and Risk Reduction (CBARR) Environmental Monitoring Laboratory ( EML ) Approved for Public Release Environmental Monitoring

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environment, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Scarpitta, S.C.

1991-07-01

This report presents the results from the analysis of the 34th set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP 34) that were received on or before June 10, 1991. This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML's resultsmore » and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 3 days after the reporting deadline via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer. The EML value'' listed in the tables to which the contractors' results are compared is the mean of replicate determination for each nuclide. The EML uncertainty is the standard error of the mean. All other uncertainties are as reported by the participants.« less

Dynamic equilibrium of heterogeneous and interconvertible multipotent hematopoietic cell subsets

PubMed Central

Weston, Wendy; Zayas, Jennifer; Perez, Ruben; George, John; Jurecic, Roland

2014-01-01

Populations of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors are quite heterogeneous and consist of multiple cell subsets with distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics. Some of these subsets also appear to be interconvertible and oscillate between functionally distinct states. The multipotent hematopoietic cell line EML has emerged as a unique model to study the heterogeneity and interconvertibility of multipotent hematopoietic cells. Here we describe extensive phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of EML cells which stems from the coexistence of multiple cell subsets. Each of these subsets is phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous, and displays distinct multilineage differentiation potential, cell cycle profile, proliferation kinetics, and expression pattern of HSC markers and some of the key lineage-associated transcription factors. Analysis of their maintenance revealed that on a population level all EML cell subsets exhibit cell-autonomous interconvertible properties, with the capacity to generate all other subsets and re-establish complete parental EML cell population. Moreover, all EML cell subsets generated during multiple cell generations maintain their distinct phenotypic and functional signatures and interconvertible properties. The model of EML cell line suggests that interconvertible multipotent hematopoietic cell subsets coexist in a homeostatically maintained dynamic equilibrium which is regulated by currently unknown cell-intrinsic mechanisms. PMID:24903657

Dynamic equilibrium of heterogeneous and interconvertible multipotent hematopoietic cell subsets.

PubMed

Weston, Wendy; Zayas, Jennifer; Perez, Ruben; George, John; Jurecic, Roland

2014-06-06

Populations of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors are quite heterogeneous and consist of multiple cell subsets with distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics. Some of these subsets also appear to be interconvertible and oscillate between functionally distinct states. The multipotent hematopoietic cell line EML has emerged as a unique model to study the heterogeneity and interconvertibility of multipotent hematopoietic cells. Here we describe extensive phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of EML cells which stems from the coexistence of multiple cell subsets. Each of these subsets is phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous, and displays distinct multilineage differentiation potential, cell cycle profile, proliferation kinetics, and expression pattern of HSC markers and some of the key lineage-associated transcription factors. Analysis of their maintenance revealed that on a population level all EML cell subsets exhibit cell-autonomous interconvertible properties, with the capacity to generate all other subsets and re-establish complete parental EML cell population. Moreover, all EML cell subsets generated during multiple cell generations maintain their distinct phenotypic and functional signatures and interconvertible properties. The model of EML cell line suggests that interconvertible multipotent hematopoietic cell subsets coexist in a homeostatically maintained dynamic equilibrium which is regulated by currently unknown cell-intrinsic mechanisms.

A Yellow-Emitting Homoleptic Iridium(III) Complex Constructed from a Multifunctional Spiro Ligand for Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

Ren, Bao-Yi; Guo, Run-Da; Zhong, Dao-Kun; Ou, Chang-Jin; Xiong, Gang; Zhao, Xiang-Hua; Sun, Ya-Guang; Jurow, Matthew; Kang, Jun; Zhao, Yi; Li, Sheng-Biao; You, Li-Xin; Wang, Lin-Wang; Liu, Yi; Huang, Wei

2017-07-17

To suppress concentration quenching and to improve charge-carrier injection/transport in the emission layer (EML) of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs), a facial homoleptic iridium(III) complex emitter with amorphous characteristics was designed and prepared in one step from a multifunctional spiro ligand containing spiro[fluorene-9,9'-xanthene] (SFX) unit. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the resulting fac-Ir(SFXpy) 3 complex revealed an enlarged Ir···Ir distance and negligible intermolecular π-π interactions between the spiro ligands. The emitter exhibits yellow emission and almost equal energy levels compared to the commercial phosphor iridium(III) bis(4-phenylthieno[3,2-c]pyridinato-N,C 2 ')acetylacetonate (PO-01). Dry-processed devices using a common host, 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl, and the fac-Ir(SFXpy) 3 emitter at a doping concentration of 15 wt % exhibited a peak performance of 46.2 cd A -1 , 36.3 lm W -1 , and 12.1% for the current efficiency (CE), power efficiency (PE), and external quantum efficiency (EQE), respectively. Compared to control devices using PO-01 as the dopant, the fac-Ir(SFXpy) 3 -based devices remained superior in the doping range between 8 and 15 wt %. The current densities went up with increasing doping concentration at the same driving voltage, while the roll-offs remain relatively low even at high doping levels. The superior performance of the new emitter-based devices was ascribed to key roles of the spiro ligand for suppressing aggregation and assisting charge-carrier injection/transport. Benefiting from the amorphous stability of the emitter, the wet-processed device also exhibited respectful CE, PE, and EQE of 32.2 cd A -1 , 22.1 lm W -1 , and 11.3%, respectively, while the EQE roll-off was as low as 1.7% at the luminance of 1000 cd m -2 . The three-dimensional geometry and binary-conjugation features render SFX the ideal multifunctional module for suppressing concentration quenching, facilitating charge-carrier injection/transport, and improving the amorphous stability of iridium(III)-based phosphorescent emitters.

Piezoelectrically-induced trap-depth reduction model of elastico-mechanoluminescent materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandra, B. P.; Chandra, V. K.; Jha, Piyush

2015-03-01

Considering the detrapping of charge carriers due to reduction in trap-depth caused by piezoelectric field produced by applied pressure, an expression is derived for the detrapping rate of electrons. Then, an expression is obtained for the rate of generation of excited ions produced during capture of detrapped electrons by Eu3+ ions in persistent luminescent materials or by the energy released during electron-hole recombination in ZnS:Mn crystals. Finally, an expression is explored for the elastico-mechanoluminescence (EML) intensity, which is able to explain satisfactorily the characteristics of EML for the application of static pressure as well as for impact pressure. The total number of detrapped electrons and the total EML intensity are found to increase linearly with the electrostatic energy of the crystals in piezoelectric field. It is shown that the EML intensity should increase with the EML efficiency, number of crystallites (volume of sample), concentration of local piezoelectric regions in crystallites, piezoelectric constant of local piezoelectric regions, average length of the local piezoelectric regions, total number of electron traps, pressing rate, and applied pressure, and it should be higher for the materials having low value of threshold pressure and low value of trap-depth in unstressed condition. On the basis of the piezoelectrically-induced trap-depth reduction model of EML reported in the present investigation novel intense elastico mechanoluminescent materials having repetitive EML with undiminished intensity for successive loadings can be tailored which may find applications in sensing, imaging, lighting, colored displays, and other mechano-optical devices.

Detection of EML4-ALK in Lung Adenocarcinoma Using Pleural Effusion with FISH, IHC, and RT-PCR Methods

PubMed Central

Zhou, Xiaodie; Song, Yong; Zhou, Xiaojun; Yu, Like; Wang, Jiandong

2015-01-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene rearrangements occur in approximately 5% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), leading to the overexpression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase and predicting a response to the targeted inhibitor, crizotinib. Malignant pleural effusion occurs in most patients with advanced lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, and tissue samples are not always available from these patients. We attempted to clarify the feasibility of detecting the EML4-ALK fusion gene in pleural effusion cells using different methods. We obtained 66 samples of pleural effusion from NSCLC patients. The pleural effusion fluid was centrifuged, and the cellular components obtained were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. The EML4-ALK fusion gene status was determined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription—polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). EML4-ALK was detected in three of 66 patient samples (4.5%) with RT-PCR. When the RT-PCR data were used as the standard, one false positive and one false negative samples were identified with IHC; and one false negative sample was identified with FISH. These results suggest that a block of pleural effusion cells can be used to detect the EML4-ALK fusion gene. IHC had good sensitivity, but low specificity. FISH had low sensitivity, but high specificity. RT-PCR is a good candidate method for detecting EML4-ALK in blocks of pleural effusion cells from lung cancer patients. PMID:25785456

Detection of EML4-ALK in lung adenocarcinoma using pleural effusion with FISH, IHC, and RT-PCR methods.

PubMed

Liu, Leilei; Zhan, Ping; Zhou, Xiaodie; Song, Yong; Zhou, Xiaojun; Yu, Like; Wang, Jiandong

2015-01-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene rearrangements occur in approximately 5% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), leading to the overexpression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase and predicting a response to the targeted inhibitor, crizotinib. Malignant pleural effusion occurs in most patients with advanced lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma, and tissue samples are not always available from these patients. We attempted to clarify the feasibility of detecting the EML4-ALK fusion gene in pleural effusion cells using different methods. We obtained 66 samples of pleural effusion from NSCLC patients. The pleural effusion fluid was centrifuged, and the cellular components obtained were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. The EML4-ALK fusion gene status was determined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). EML4-ALK was detected in three of 66 patient samples (4.5%) with RT-PCR. When the RT-PCR data were used as the standard, one false positive and one false negative samples were identified with IHC; and one false negative sample was identified with FISH. These results suggest that a block of pleural effusion cells can be used to detect the EML4-ALK fusion gene. IHC had good sensitivity, but low specificity. FISH had low sensitivity, but high specificity. RT-PCR is a good candidate method for detecting EML4-ALK in blocks of pleural effusion cells from lung cancer patients.

In vivo imaging models of bone and brain metastases and pleural carcinomatosis with a novel human EML4-ALK lung cancer cell line.

PubMed

Nanjo, Shigeki; Nakagawa, Takayuki; Takeuchi, Shinji; Kita, Kenji; Fukuda, Koji; Nakada, Mitsutoshi; Uehara, Hisanori; Nishihara, Hiroshi; Hara, Eiji; Uramoto, Hidetaka; Tanaka, Fumihiro; Yano, Seiji

2015-03-01

EML4-ALK lung cancer accounts for approximately 3-7% of non-small-cell lung cancer cases. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying tumor progression and targeted drug sensitivity/resistance in EML4-ALK lung cancer, clinically relevant animal models are indispensable. In this study, we found that the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A925L expresses an EML4-ALK gene fusion (variant 5a, E2:A20) and is sensitive to the ALK inhibitors crizotinib and alectinib. We further established highly tumorigenic A925LPE3 cells, which also have the EML4-ALK gene fusion (variant 5a) and are sensitive to ALK inhibitors. By using A925LPE3 cells with luciferase gene transfection, we established in vivo imaging models for pleural carcinomatosis, bone metastasis, and brain metastasis, all of which are significant clinical concerns of advanced EML4-ALK lung cancer. Interestingly, crizotinib caused tumors to shrink in the pleural carcinomatosis model, but not in bone and brain metastasis models, whereas alectinib showed remarkable efficacy in all three models, indicative of the clinical efficacy of these ALK inhibitors. Our in vivo imaging models of multiple organ sites may provide useful resources to analyze further the pathogenesis of EML4-ALK lung cancer and its response and resistance to ALK inhibitors in various organ microenvironments. © 2015 The Authors. Cancer Science published by Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

[Analysis of EML4-ALK gene fusion mutation in patients 
with non-small cell lung cancer].

PubMed

Wang, Xuzhou; Chen, Weisheng; Yu, Yinghao

2015-02-01

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the main type of lung cancer, and the related locus mutation detection research has become a hot direction of molecular targeted therapy, studying on gene mutation status of echinodem microtubule associated protein like 4-Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), detecting the sensitivity of EML4-ALK gene fusion and gene mutation of EGFR. EML4-ALK gene fusion in 85 cases of paraffin embedded tumor tissue and adjacent lung tissue was detected with the application of immunohistochemistry (IHC), Scorpions amplification refractory mutation system (Scorpions ARMS) fluorescence quantitative PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology, and EGFR gene in 18, 19, 20 and 21 exon mutation status was detected with the application of ARMS method. In 115 cases of NSCLC, IHC showed 32 cases with ALK (D5F3) expression, the expression rate was 27.8%; ARMS showed 27 cases with EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation, the mutation detection rate was 23.5%; 53 cases were detected with EGFR mutation, the mutation rate was 46%. While FISH showed 23 cases with EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation, the detection rate was 20%, slightly lower than the ARMS detection results, suggesting that ARMS more sensitive. The application of IHC, ARMS fluorescence quantitative PCR and FISH technology can make a rapid and accurate evaluation of EML4-ALK gene fusion.

EML Chester - 1982. Annual report of the Regional Baseline Station at Chester, New Jersey

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Volchok, H.L.

1982-11-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) has maintained a regional baseline station at Chester, New Jersey since 1976. The site provides EML with a remote, rural facility for carrying out regional baseline research and for testing field equipment. This report updates the various programs underway at the Chester site. Separate abstracts have been prepared for the included papers. (ACR)

Establishment of a Conditional Transgenic Mouse Model Recapitulating EML4-ALK-Positive Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PubMed

Pyo, Kyoung Ho; Lim, Sun Min; Kim, Hye Ryun; Sung, Young Hoon; Yun, Mi Ran; Kim, Sung-Moo; Kim, Hwan; Kang, Han Na; Lee, Ji Min; Kim, Sang Gyun; Park, Chae Won; Chang, Hyun; Shim, Hyo Sup; Lee, Han-Woong; Cho, Byoung Chul

2017-03-01

Anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK) fusion is a distinct molecular subclassification of NSCLC that is targeted by anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors. We established a transgenic mouse model that expresses tumors highly resembling human NSCLC harboring echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 gene (EML)-ALK fusion. We aimed to test an EML4-ALK transgenic mouse model as a platform for assessing the efficacy of ALK inhibitors and examining mechanisms of acquired resistance to ALK inhibitors. Transgenic mouse lines harboring LoxP-STOP-LoxP-FLAGS-tagged human EML4-ALK (variant 1) transgene was established by using C57BL/6N mice. The transgenic mouse model with highly lung-specific, inducible expression of echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4-ALK fusion protein was established by crossing the EML4-ALK transgenic mice with mice expressing Cre-estrogen receptor fusion protein under the control of surfactant protein C gene (SPC). Expression of EML4-ALK transgene was induced by intraperitoneally injecting mice with tamoxifen. When the lung tumor of the mice treated with the ALK inhibitor crizotinib for 2 weeks was measured, tumor shrinkage was observed. EML4-ALK tumor developed after 1 week of tamoxifen treatment. Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4-ALK was strongly expressed in the lung but not in other organs. ALK and FLAGS expressions were observed by immunohistochemistry. Treatment of EML4-ALK tumor-bearing mice with crizotinib for 2 weeks induced dramatic shrinkage of tumors with no signs of toxicity. Furthermore, prolonged treatment with crizotinib led to acquired resistance in tumors, resulting in regrowth and disease progression. The resistant tumor nodules revealed acquired ALK G1202R mutations. An EML4-ALK transgenic mouse model for study of drug resistance was successfully established with short duration of tumorigenesis. This model should be a strong preclinical model for testing efficacy of ALK TKIs, providing a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms of acquired resistance and pursuing novel treatment strategies in ALK-positive lung cancer. Copyright © 2016 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sensitive and specific detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens by multiplex amplicon RNA massive parallel sequencing.

PubMed

Moskalev, Evgeny A; Frohnauer, Judith; Merkelbach-Bruse, Sabine; Schildhaus, Hans-Ulrich; Dimmler, Arno; Schubert, Thomas; Boltze, Carsten; König, Helmut; Fuchs, Florian; Sirbu, Horia; Rieker, Ralf J; Agaimy, Abbas; Hartmann, Arndt; Haller, Florian

2014-06-01

Recurrent gene fusions of anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) have been recently identified in ∼5% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) and are targets for selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors. While fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is the current gold standard for detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements, several limitations exist including high costs, time-consuming evaluation and somewhat equivocal interpretation of results. In contrast, targeted massive parallel sequencing has been introduced as a powerful method for simultaneous and sensitive detection of multiple somatic mutations even in limited biopsies, and is currently evolving as the method of choice for molecular diagnostic work-up of NSCLCs. We developed a novel approach for indirect detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements based on 454 massive parallel sequencing after reverse transcription and subsequent multiplex amplification (multiplex ALK RNA-seq) which takes advantage of unbalanced expression of the 5' and 3' ALK mRNA regions. Two lung cancer cell lines and a selected series of 32 NSCLC samples including 11 cases with EML4-ALK rearrangement were analyzed with this novel approach in comparison to ALK FISH, ALK qRT-PCR and EML4-ALK RT-PCR. The H2228 cell line with known EML4-ALK rearrangement showed 171 and 729 reads for 5' and 3' ALK regions, respectively, demonstrating a clearly unbalanced expression pattern. In contrast, the H1299 cell line with ALK wildtype status displayed no reads for both ALK regions. Considering a threshold of 100 reads for 3' ALK region as indirect indicator of EML4-ALK rearrangement, there was 100% concordance between the novel multiplex ALK RNA-seq approach and ALK FISH among all 32 NSCLC samples. Multiplex ALK RNA-seq is a sensitive and specific method for indirect detection of EML4-ALK rearrangements, and can be easily implemented in panel based molecular diagnostic work-up of NSCLCs by massive parallel sequencing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Clinical Significance of EML4-ALK Fusion Gene and Association with EGFR and KRAS Gene Mutations in 208 Chinese Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

PubMed Central

Wei, Sen; Wang, Jing; Wang, Min; Wang, Yuli; Zhou, Qinghua; Liu, Hongyu; Chen, Jun

2013-01-01

The EML4-ALK fusion gene has been recently identified in a small subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who respond positively to ALK inhibitors. The characteristics of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in Chinese patients with NSCLC are poorly understood. Here, we report on the prevalence of EML4-ALK, EGFR status and KRAS mutations in 208 Chinese patients with NSCLC. EGFR mutations were found in 24.5% (51/208) of patients. In concordance with previous reports, these mutations were identified at high frequencies in females (47.5% vs 15.0% in males; P<0.05); never-smokers (42.3% vs 13.9% in smokers; P<0.05), and adenocarcinoma patients (44.2% vs 8.0% in non-adenocarcinoma patients; P<0.05). There were only 2.88% (6/208) patients with KRAS mutations in our study group. We identified 7 patients who harbored the EML4-ALK fusion gene (3.37%, 7/208), including 4 cases with variant 3 (57.1%), 2 with variant 1, and 1 with variant 2. All positive cases corresponded to female patients (11.5%, 7/61). Six of the positive cases were non-smokers (7.69%, 6/78). The incidence of EML4-ALK translocation in female, non-smoking adenocarcinoma patients was as high as 15.2% (5/33). No EGFR/KRAS mutations were detected among the EML4-ALK positive patients. Pathological analysis showed no difference between solid signet-ring cell pattern (4/7) and mucinous cribriform pattern (3/7) in ALK-positive patients. Immunostaining showed intratumor heterogeneity of ALK rearrangement in primary carcinomas and 50% (3/6) of metastatic tumors with ALK-negative staining. Meta-analysis demonstrated that EML4-ALK translocation occurred in 4.84% (125/2580) of unselected patients with NSCLC, and was also predominant in non-smoking patients with adenocarcinoma. Taken together, EML4-ALK translocations were infrequent in the entire NSCLC patient population, but were frequent in the NSCLC subgroup of female, non-smoker, adenocarcinoma patients. There was intratumor heterogeneity of ALK rearrangement in primary carcinomas and at metastatic sites. PMID:23341890

Enhancement of efficiencies for tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with a p-type charge generation layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yoo, Byung Soo; Jeon, Young Pyo; Lee, Dae Uk

2014-10-15

The operating voltage of the tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting device with a 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile layer was improved by 3% over that of the organic light-emitting device with a molybdenum trioxide layer. The maximum brightness of the tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting device at 21.9 V was 26,540 cd/m{sup 2}. The dominant peak of the electroluminescence spectra for the devices was related to the fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium emission. - Highlights: • Tandem OLEDs with CGL were fabricated to enhance their efficiency. • The operating voltage of the tandem OLED with a HAT-CN layer was improved by 3%. • The efficiency and brightnessmore » of the tandem OLED were 13.9 cd/A and 26,540 cd/m{sup 2}. • Efficiency of the OLED with a HAT-CN layer was lower than that with a MoO{sub 3} layer. - Abstract: Tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices with a 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile or a molybdenum trioxide charge generation layer were fabricated to enhance their efficiency. Current density–voltage curves showed that the operating voltage of the tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting device with a 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile layer was improved by 3% over that of the corresponding organic light-emitting device with a molybdenum trioxide layer. The efficiency and the brightness of the tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting device were 13.9 cd/A and 26,540 cd/m{sup 2}, respectively. The current efficiency of the tandem green phosphorescent organic light-emitting device with a 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile layer was lower by 1.1 times compared to that of the corresponding organic light-emitting device with molybdenum trioxide layer due to the decreased charge generation and transport in the 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile layer resulting from triplet–triplet exciton annihilation.« less

A 10-Gbit/s EML link using detuned narrowband optical filtering.

PubMed

Ebrahimi, P; Jones, R; Wang, Y; Yan, L; Mader, T; Paniccia, M; Willner, A E; Paraschis, L

2007-08-20

In this paper, the effects of asymmetric narrowband optical filtering are investigated in a 10-Gbit/s optical communication link using integrated electro-absorption modulated lasers (EML). We investigate the effect of EML chirp on link performance as well as the optimal filter bandwidth and wavelength detuning. We show that both the phase response and the spectral narrowing of the filter will enable a longer distance transmission by interacting with the EML transient chirp and compensating for the fiber chromatic dispersion. Experimentally, an 8.75-GHz filter is shown to improve the link distance by 40 km from 65 to 105 km, when transmitting over standard single mode fiber.

DOE-OES-EML quality assurance program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.

1980-01-01

Contractor laboratories handling radioactive materials for the US Department of Energy (DOE) are required to monitor the environmental exposure and publish annual reports for the Division of Operational and Environmental Safety (OES). In order to determine the validity of the data contained in these reports the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) was requested to develop, coordinate, and conduct an Environmental Quality Assurance Program (QAP). There are four major phases to the DOE-OES-EML Quality Assurance Program: sample collection and preparation, sample analyses at EML, quarterly sample distribution, and reporting the data returned by the participants. The various phases of the QAP andmore » the data reported during the first year of the program are discussed.« less

Tricolor microcavity OLEDs based on P-nc-Si:H films as the complex anodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Li; Xingyuan, Liu; Chunya, Wu; Zhiguo, Meng; Yi, Wang; Shaozhen, Xiong

2009-06-01

A P+-nc-Si:H film (boron-doped nc-Si:H thin film) was used as a complex anode of an OLED. As an ideal candidate for the composite anode, the P+-nc-Si:H thin film has a good conductivity with a high work function (~ 5.7 eV) and outstanding optical properties of high reflectivity, transmission, and a very low absorption. As a result, the combination of the relatively high reflectivity of a P+-nc-Si:H film/ITO complex anode with the very high reflectivity of an Al cathode could form a micro-cavity structure with a certain Q to improve the efficiency of the OLED fabricated on it. An RGB pixel generated by microcavity OLEDs is beneficial for both the reduction of the light loss and the improvement of the color purity and the efficiency. The small molecule Alq would be useful for the emitting light layer (EML) of the MOLED, and the P+-nc-Si film would be used as a complex anode of the MOLED, whose configuration can be constructed as Glass/LTO/P+-nc-Si:H/ITO/MoO3/NPB/Alq/LiF/Al. By adjusting the thickness of the organic layer NPB/Alq, the optical length of the microcavity and the REB colors of the device can be obtained. The peak wavelengths of an OLED are located at 486, 550, and 608 nm, respectively. The CIE coordinates are (0.21, 0.45), (0.33, 0.63), and (0.54, 0.54), and the full widths at half maximum (FWHM) are 35, 32, and 39 nm for red, green, and blue, respectively.

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, Quality Assessment Program. QAP 49 summary of evaluations of 3217 reported analyses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenlaw, P.D.

1998-12-01

This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s results and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 4 days after the reporting deadlinemore » via the Internet at www.eml.doe.gov. This report presents the results from the analysis of the 49th set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP XLIX) that were received on or before December 1, 1998.« less

Flattened optical frequency-locked multi-carrier generation by cascading one EML and one phase modulator driven by different RF clocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xinying; Xiao, Jiangnan

2015-06-01

We propose a novel scheme for optical frequency-locked multi-carrier generation based on one electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) and one phase modulator (PM) in cascade driven by different sinusoidal radio-frequency (RF) clocks. The optimal operating zone for the cascaded EML and PM is found out based on theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. We experimentally demonstrate 25 optical subcarriers with frequency spacing of 12.5 GHz and power difference less than 5 dB can be generated based on the cascaded EML and PM operating in the optimal zone, which agrees well with the numerical simulation. We also experimentally demonstrate 28-Gbaud polarization division multiplexing quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK) modulated coherent optical transmission based on the cascaded EML and PM. The bit error ratio (BER) can be below the pre-forward-error-correction (pre-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3 after 80-km single-mode fiber-28 (SMF-28) transmission.

Early-, middle-, and late-developing sounds in monolingual and bilingual children: an exploratory investigation.

PubMed

Fabiano-Smith, Leah; Goldstein, Brian A

2010-02-01

To examine the accuracy of early-, middle-, and late-developing (EML) sounds in Spanish-English bilingual children and their monolingual peers. Twenty-four typically developing children, age 3-4 years, were included in this study: 8 bilingual Spanish-English-speaking children, 8 monolingual Spanish speakers, and 8 monolingual English speakers. Single-word speech samples were obtained to examine (a) differences on the accuracy of EML sounds between Spanish-English bilingual children and monolingual Spanish and monolingual English children and (b) the developmental trend on the accuracy of EML sounds within languages for Spanish-English bilingual children and monolingual Spanish and monolingual English children. Findings support those of Shriberg (1993) for English-speaking children and suggest possible EML categories for monolingual Spanish-speaking children and bilingual Spanish-English-speaking children. These exploratory findings indicate the need for longitudinal examination of EML categories with a larger cohort of children to observe similarities and differences between monolingual and bilingual development.

Analysis of Marine Biota for Chemical Warfare Materials by Means of a Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer System

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

All of the samples were analyzed in SIM. By comparing the EIC’s (See Appendix) of the MS (for sample EML 091524) and Sample EML091524 it can be...of detection. 25 Blank 26 ACRONYMS amu BFB BME CCV CTC CTF CVAA CVAO CWM DoD ECBC EIC EICP EML EPA GC HD HUMMA IB ICV IOP L

Training Manpower Development Work Supervisors in the Use of Behavior Modification Techniques to Teach Job-Required Skills. Special Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Neiswender, Lenore

The paper describes a current research project now being conducted by the Experimental Manpower Laboratory at Mobilization for Youth (MFY-EML) in New York City. The overall objective of the MFY-EML is to develop and test new methods of teaching vocational skills to hard-to-employ youth. The MFY-EML is involved in developing a program to teach…

The Supply of Pharmaceuticals in Humanitarian Assistance Missions: Implications for Military Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

essential medicines list ( EML ), which provides information The Supply of Pharmaceuticals in Humanitarian Assistance Missions: Implications for...Health Organization (WHO) introduced the concept of the EML to encourage health systems at the country level to focus on a limited number of carefully...be used as a global standard to guide country authorities develop their own national EMLs . 5 In many developing countries, national formularies

Light emitting ceramic device and method for fabricating the same

DOEpatents

Valentine, Paul; Edwards, Doreen D.; Walker Jr., William John; Slack, Lyle H.; Brown, Wayne Douglas; Osborne, Cathy; Norton, Michael; Begley, Richard

2004-11-30

A light-emitting ceramic based panel, hereafter termed "electroceramescent" panel, and alternative methods of fabrication for the same are claimed. The electroceramescent panel is formed on a substrate providing mechanical support as well as serving as the base electrode for the device. One or more semiconductive ceramic layers directly overlay the substrate, and electrical conductivity and ionic diffusion are controlled. Light emitting regions overlay the semiconductive ceramic layers, and said regions consist sequentially of a layer of a ceramic insulation layer and an electroluminescent layer, comprised of doped phosphors or the equivalent. One or more conductive top electrode layers having optically transmissive areas overlay the light emitting regions, and a multi-layered top barrier cover comprising one or more optically transmissive non-combustible insulation layers overlay said top electrode regions.

A major component of vitamin E, α-tocopherol inhibits the anti-tumor activity of crizotinib against cells transformed by EML4-ALK.

PubMed

Uchihara, Yuki; Kidokoro, Takayuki; Tago, Kenji; Mashino, Tadahiko; Tamura, Hiroomi; Funakoshi-Tago, Megumi

2018-04-15

Crizotinib is an inhibitor of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and is of significant therapeutic benefit to patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. In the present study, we demonstrated that α-tocopherol, a major component of vitamin E, attenuated the effects of crizotinib independently of its anti-oxidant properties. α-Tocopherol significantly inhibited crizotinib-induced apoptosis in cells transformed by EML4-ALK. It also effectively attenuated the crizotinib-induced inhibition of EML4-ALK and its downstream molecules, STAT3 and ERK, and suppressed the inhibitory effects of crizotinib on EML4-ALK-mediated transformation in the focus formation assay. On the other hand, other members of the vitamin E family, namely, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and α-tocotrienol, and a water-soluble analog of vitamin E, Trolox had no effects on the anti-tumor activity of crizotinib in cells transformed by EML4-ALK. Collectively, these results revealed the risk of the anti-tumor activity of crizotinib being attenuated when it is administrated in combination with vitamin E supplements containing α-tocopherol as a major component. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Response to crizotinib in a non-small-cell lung cancer patient harboring an EML4-ALK fusion with an atypical LTBP1 insertion.

PubMed

Aguado, Cristina; Gil, Maria-de-Los-Llanos; Yeste, Zaira; Giménez-Capitán, Ana; Teixidó, Cristina; Karachaliou, Niki; Viteri, Santiago; Rosell, Rafael; Molina-Vila, Miguel A

2018-01-01

Fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene ( ALK ) with the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein 4 gene ( EML4 ) is the second most common actionable alteration in non-small-cell lung cancer, with a frequency of 5%. Here, we present a case of an EML4-ALK-positive patient with an atypical in-frame insertion from the LTBP1 gene in the canonical junction of variant 1 . The patient was a 39-year-old never-smoker female diagnosed with Stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. A core biopsy was negative for EGFR and KRAS mutations but positive for ALK immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. When submitted to nCounter, the sample showed a 3'/5' imbalance indicative of an ALK rearrangement, but failed to give a positive signal for any of the variants tested. Finally, a band with a molecular weight higher than expected appeared after reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. When Sanger sequencing was performed, the band revealed an atypical EML4-ALK fusion gene with an in-frame 129 bp insertion. A 115 bp segment of the insertion corresponded to an intronic region of LTBP1 , a gene located in the short arm of chromosome 2, between ALK and EML4 . The patient received crizotinib and showed a good therapeutic response that is still ongoing after 12 months. Our result suggests that short in-frame insertions of other genes in the EML4-ALK junction do not affect the sensitivity of the EML4-ALK fusion protein to crizotinib.

A new human lung adenocarcinoma cell line harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene.

PubMed

Isozaki, Hideko; Yasugi, Masayuki; Takigawa, Nagio; Hotta, Katsuyuki; Ichihara, Eiki; Taniguchi, Akihiko; Toyooka, Shinichi; Hashida, Shinsuke; Sendo, Toshiaki; Tanimoto, Mitsune; Kiura, Katsuyuki

2014-10-01

The echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene was identified in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. To the best of our knowledge, there are only three cell lines harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene, which have contributed to the development of therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we tried to establish a new lung cancer cell line harboring EML4-ALK. A 61-year-old Japanese female presented with chest discomfort. She was diagnosed with left lung adenocarcinoma with T4N3M1 Stage IV. Although she was treated with chemotherapy, her disease progressed with massive pleural effusion. Because the EML4-ALK rearrangement was found in a biopsied specimen using fluorescence in situ hybridization, she was treated with crizotinib. She did well for 3 months. Tumor cells were obtained from the malignant pleural effusion before treatment with crizotinib. Cells continued to proliferate substantially for several weeks. The cell line was designated ABC-11. The EML4-ALK fusion protein and genes were identified in ABC-11 cells using fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. ABC-11 cells were sensitive to crizotinib and next-generation ALK inhibitors (ceritinib and AP26113), as determined by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Phosphorylated ALK protein and its downstream signaling were suppressed by treatment with crizotinib in western blotting. Furthermore, we could transplant ABC-11 cells subcutaneously into BALB/c nu/nu mice. We successfully established a new lung adenocarcinoma cell line harboring the EML4-ALK fusion gene. This cell line could contribute to future research of EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer both in vivo and in vitro. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Move Affords Many Advantages to EML | Poster

Cancer.gov

By Nancy Parrish, Staff Writer Ulrich Baxa, Ph.D., director of the Electron Microscopy Laboratory (EML), enjoys finally having his staff all in one place. “Our lab is now all in one location, as compared to our previous situation, with two different locations,” he said. “This will make daily work much easier, in particular for me since I am able to have an office next to the other EML staff.”

A Solution to Metadata: Using XML Transformations to Automate Metadata

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

developed their own metadata standards—Directory Interchange Format (DIF), Ecological Metadata Language ( EML ), and International Organization for...mented all their data using the EML standard. However, when later attempting to publish to a data clearinghouse— such as the Geospatial One-Stop (GOS...construct calls to its transform(s) method by providing the type of the incoming content (e.g., eml ), the type of the resulting content (e.g., fgdc) and

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Management, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greenlaw, P.D.; Minick, S.K.

This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML`s results and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. This report presents the results from the analysis of the 48th set of environmental quality assessment samplesmore » (QAP XLVIII) that were received on or before June 1, 1998.« less

White organic light-emitting devices with high color purity and stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Yajie; Liu, Su; Li, Hairong; Liu, Chunjuan; Wang, Jinshun; Chang, Jinxian

2014-04-01

A white organic light-emitting device (WOLED) with dual-emitting layers was presented, in which the blue fluorescent dye 2,5,8,11-terta-tertbutylperylene (TBPe) was doped in 2-methyl-9, 10-di(2-naphthyl)-anthracene (MADN) as a blue-emitting layer, while 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene, Rb) was doped in the above-mentioned materials as a yellow-emitting layer. The fabricated monochromatic devices using the blue- and yellow-emitting layer have demonstrated that the direct charge trapping mechanism is the dominant emission mechanism in the yellow OLED. Studies on the WOLEDs with dual-emitting layers have shown that the performances of these devices are strongly susceptible to the thickness of the emitting layer and the stack order of two emitting layers. Structure of ITO(160 nm)/NPB(30 nm)/MADN: 5 wt%TBPe: 3 wt%Rb(10 nm)/MADN: 5 wt%TBPe(20 nm)/BCP (10 nm)/Alq3(20 nm)/Al(100 nm) was determined to be the most favorable WOLED. The maximum luminance of 16 000 cd cm-2 at the applied voltage of 13.4 V and Commission International de 1‧Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.3263, 0.3437) which is closer to the standard white light (CIE (0.33, 0.33)) than the most recent reported WOLEDs were obtained. Moreover, there is just slight variation of CIE coordinates (ΔCIEx, y = 0.0171, 0.0167; corresponding Δu‧v‧ = 0.0119) when the current density increases from 10 to 100 mA cm-2. It reveals that the emissive dopant Rb acts as charge traps to improve electron-hole balance, provides sites for electron-hole recombination and thus makes carriers distribute more evenly in the dual-emitting layers which broaden the recombination zone and improve the stability of the CIE coordinates.

[Value of Immunohistochemical Methods in Detecting EML4-ALK Fusion Mutations: A Meta-analysis].

PubMed

Liu, Chang; Cai, Lu; Zhong, Diansheng; Wang, Jing

2016-01-01

The fusion between echinoderm microtubule-associated protein 4 (EML4) and anaplastic lymphatic tumor kinase (ALK) rearrangement is present in approximately 5% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. It has been regarded as another new target gene after epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and K-ras. Figures showed that the disease control rate could reach up to 80% in NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK fusion gene after treated with ALK inhibitors. Thus, exploring an accurate and rapid detecting method is the key in screening NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK expressions. The aim of this study is to analyze the specificity and sensitivity of IHC in detecting EML4-ALK fusion mutations. To evaluate the accuracy and clinical value of this method, and then provide basis for individual molecular therapy of NSCLC patients. Using Pubmed database to search all documents required. The deadline of retrieval was February 25, 2015. Then further screening the articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Using diagnostic test meta-analysis methods to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the immunohistochemistry (IHC) method compared with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Eleven literatures were added into the meta analysis, there were 3,234 of total cases. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 1,135.00 (95%CI: 337.10-3,821.46); the area under curve (AUC) of summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) curve was 0.992,3 (SEAUC=0.003,2), the Q* was 0.964,4 (SEQ*=0.008,7). Immunohistochemical detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation with specific antibody is feasible. It has high sensitivity and specificity. IHC can be a simple and rapid way in screening EML4-ALK fusion gene mutation and exhibits important clinical values.

Identification of a novel HLA-A*02:01-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope derived from the EML4-ALK fusion gene

PubMed Central

YOSHIMURA, MAYUKO; TADA, YOSHITAKA; OFUZI, KAZUYA; YAMAMOTO, MASAKAZU; NAKATSURA, TETSUYA

2014-01-01

Cancer immunotherapy is a promising new approach to cancer treatment. It has been demonstrated that a high number of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is associated with increased disease-specific survival in lung cancer patients. Identification of superior CTL epitopes from tumor antigens is essential for the development of immunotherapy for malignant tumors. The EML4-ALK fusion gene was recently identified in a subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). In this study we searched for HLA-A*02:01- and HLA-A*24:02-restricted epitopes derived from EML4-ALK by screening predicted EML4-ALK-derived candidate peptides for the induction of tumor-reactive CTLs. Nine EML4-ALK-derived peptides were selected by a computer algorithm based on a permissive HLA-A*02:01 or HLA-A*24:02 binding motif. One of the nine peptides induced peptide-specific CTLs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We were able to generate a peptide-specific CTL clone. This CTL clone specifically recognized peptide-pulsed T2 cells and H2228 cells expressing HLA-A*02:01 and EML4-ALK that had been treated with IFN-γ 48 h prior to examination. CTL activity was inhibited by an anti-HLA-class I monoclonal antibody (W6/32), consistent with a class I-restricted mechanism of cytotoxicity. These results suggest that this peptide (RLSALESRV) is a novel HLA-A*02:01-restricted CTL epitope and that it may be a new target for antigen-specific immunotherapy against EML4-ALK-positive cancers. PMID:24842630

Response to erlotinib in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harbouring the EML4-ALK translocation: A case report.

PubMed

Alì, Greta; Chella, Antonio; Lupi, Cristiana; Proietti, Agnese; Niccoli, Cristina; Boldrini, Laura; Davini, Federico; Mussi, Alfredo; Fontanini, Gabriella

2015-04-01

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, and the mainstay of treatment remains to be personalised therapy. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TKIs) have been reported to exert a significant impact in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly in patients harbouring mutations in the EGFR gene. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( EML4-ALK ) gene translocation has been described in a subset of patients with NSCLC and possesses potent oncogenic activity. This translocation represents one of the most novel molecular targets in the treatment of NSCLC. Patients who harbour the EML4-ALK rearrangement possess lung tumours that lack EGFR or K-ras mutations. The present study reports the case of a patient possessing the EML4-ALK rearrangement that was initially treated with erlotinib and achieved a lasting clinical response. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first report of a clinical response to EGFR-TKI in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma harbouring the EML4-ALK fusion gene, but no EGFR mutations. However, as the disease progressed, the ALK gene status of the tumour was investigated, and based upon a positive result, the patient was treated with crizotinib and achieved a complete response. In conclusion, the present study suggests that the EML4-ALK rearrangement is not always associated with resistance to EGFR-TKIs. Further studies are required to clarify the biological features of these tumours and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs when the EML4-ALK rearrangement is present.

Identification of a novel HLA-A 02:01-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope derived from the EML4-ALK fusion gene.

PubMed

Yoshimura, Mayuko; Tada, Yoshitaka; Ofuzi, Kazuya; Yamamoto, Masakazu; Nakatsura, Tetsuya

2014-07-01

Cancer immunotherapy is a promising new approach to cancer treatment. It has been demonstrated that a high number of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is associated with increased disease-specific survival in lung cancer patients. Identification of superior CTL epitopes from tumor antigens is essential for the development of immunotherapy for malignant tumors. The EML4-ALK fusion gene was recently identified in a subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). In this study we searched for HLA-A 02:01- and HLA-A 24:02‑restricted epitopes derived from EML4-ALK by screening predicted EML4-ALK‑derived candidate peptides for the induction of tumor‑reactive CTLs. Nine EML4-ALK‑derived peptides were selected by a computer algorithm based on a permissive HLA-A 02:01 or HLA-A 24:02 binding motif. One of the nine peptides induced peptide-specific CTLs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We were able to generate a peptide‑specific CTL clone. This CTL clone specifically recognized peptide‑pulsed T2 cells and H2228 cells expressing HLA-A 02:01 and EML4-ALK that had been treated with IFN-γ 48 h prior to examination. CTL activity was inhibited by an anti-HLA‑class I monoclonal antibody (W6/32), consistent with a class I-restricted mechanism of cytotoxicity. These results suggest that this peptide (RLSALESRV) is a novel HLA-A 02:01-restricted CTL epitope and that it may be a new target for antigen-specific immunotherapy against EML4‑ALK-positive cancers.

High-Performance Clock Synchronization Algorithms for Distributed Wireless Airborne Computer Networks with Applications to Localization and Tracking of Targets

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

GMKPF represents a better and more flexible alternative to the Gaussian Maximum Likelihood (GML), and Exponential Maximum Likelihood ( EML ...accurate results relative to GML and EML when the network delays are modeled in terms of a single non-Gaussian/non-exponential distribution or as a...to the Gaussian Maximum Likelihood (GML), and Exponential Maximum Likelihood ( EML ) estimators for clock offset estimation in non-Gaussian or non

Downstream targets of HOXB4 in a cell line model of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells.

PubMed

Lee, Han M; Zhang, Hui; Schulz, Vincent; Tuck, David P; Forget, Bernard G

2010-08-05

Enforced expression of the homeobox transcription factor HOXB4 has been shown to enhance hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and expansion ex vivo and in vivo. To investigate the downstream targets of HOXB4 in hematopoietic progenitor cells, HOXB4 was constitutively overexpressed in the primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell line EML. Two genome-wide analytical techniques were used: RNA expression profiling using microarrays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip. RNA expression profiling revealed that 465 gene transcripts were differentially expressed in KLS (c-Kit(+), Lin(-), Sca-1(+))-EML cells that overexpressed HOXB4 (KLS-EML-HOXB4) compared with control KLS-EML cells that were transduced with vector alone. In particular, erythroid-specific gene transcripts were observed to be highly down-regulated in KLS-EML-HOXB4 cells. ChIP-chip analysis revealed that the promoter region for 1910 genes, such as CD34, Sox4, and B220, were occupied by HOXB4 in KLS-EML-HOXB4 cells. Side-by-side comparison of the ChIP-chip and RNA expression profiling datasets provided correlative information and identified Gp49a and Laptm4b as candidate "stemness-related" genes. Both genes were highly ranked in both dataset lists and have been previously shown to be preferentially expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and down-regulated in mature hematopoietic cells, thus making them attractive candidates for future functional studies in hematopoietic cells.

Organic light emitting diode with surface modification layer

DOEpatents

Basil, John D.; Bhandari, Abhinav; Buhay, Harry; Arbab, Mehran; Marietti, Gary J.

2017-09-12

An organic light emitting diode (10) includes a substrate (12) having a first surface (14) and a second surface (16), a first electrode (32), and a second electrode (38). An emissive layer (36) is located between the first electrode (32) and the second electrode (38). The organic light emitting diode (10) further includes a surface modification layer (18). The surface modification layer (18) includes a non-planar surface (30, 52).

Preparation and validation of gross alpha/beta samples used in EML`s quality assessment program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scarpitta, S.C.

1997-10-01

A set of water and filter samples have been incorporated into the existing Environmental Measurements Laboratory`s (EML) Quality Assessment Program (QAP) for gross alpha/beta determinations by participating DOE laboratories. The participating laboratories are evaluated by comparing their results with the EML value. The preferred EML method for measuring water and filter samples, described in this report, uses gas flow proportional counters with 2 in. detectors. Procedures for sample preparation, quality control and instrument calibration are presented. Liquid scintillation (LS) counting is an alternative technique that is suitable for quantifying both the alpha ({sup 241}Am, {sup 230}Th and {sup 238}Pu) andmore » beta ({sup 90}Sr/{sup 90}Y) activity concentrations in the solutions used to prepare the QAP water and air filter samples. Three LS counting techniques (Cerenkov, dual dpm and full spectrum analysis) are compared. These techniques may be used to validate the activity concentrations of each component in the alpha/beta solution before the QAP samples are actually prepared.« less

A Pooled Analysis on Crizotinib in Treating Chinese Patients with EML4-ALK Positive Non-small-cell Lung Cancer.

PubMed

Li, Yang; Huang, Xin-En

2015-01-01

This analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of crizotinib based regimens in treating Chinese patients with EML4-ALK positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Clinical studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of crizotinib based regimens on response and safety for Chinese patients with EML4-ALK positive non-small-cell lung cancer were identified by using a predefined search strategy. Pooled response rate (RR) of treatment were calculated. In crizotinib based regimens, 3 clinical studies which including 128 Chinese patients with EML4-ALK positive non-small-cell lung cancer and treated with crizotinib based regimen were considered eligible for inclusion. Pooled analysis suggested that, in all patients, the pooled RR was 59.3% (76/128) in crizotinib based regimens. ALT/AST mild visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting were the main side effects. No treatment related death occurred in these crizotinib based treatments. This pooled analysis suggests that crizotinib based regimens are associated with good response rate and accepted toxicities in treating Chinese patients with EML4-ALK positive non-small-cell lung cancer.

EML1 (CNG-Modulin) Controls Light Sensitivity in Darkness and under Continuous Illumination in Zebrafish Retinal Cone Photoreceptors

PubMed Central

Mehta, Milap; Tserentsoodol, Nomingerel; Postlethwait, John H.; Rebrik, Tatiana I.

2013-01-01

The ligand sensitivity of cGMP-gated (CNG) ion channels in cone photoreceptors is modulated by CNG-modulin, a Ca2+-binding protein. We investigated the functional role of CNG-modulin in phototransduction in vivo in morpholino-mediated gene knockdown zebrafish. Through comparative genomic analysis, we identified the orthologue gene of CNG-modulin in zebrafish, eml1, an ancient gene present in the genome of all vertebrates sequenced to date. We compare the photoresponses of wild-type cones with those of cones that do not express the EML1 protein. In the absence of EML1, dark-adapted cones are ∼5.3-fold more light sensitive than wild-type cones. Previous qualitative studies in several nonmammalian species have shown that immediately after the onset of continuous illumination, cones are less light sensitive than in darkness, but sensitivity then recovers over the following 15–20 s. We characterize light sensitivity recovery in continuously illuminated wild-type zebrafish cones and demonstrate that sensitivity recovery does not occur in the absence of EML1. PMID:24198367

EML1 (CNG-modulin) controls light sensitivity in darkness and under continuous illumination in zebrafish retinal cone photoreceptors.

PubMed

Korenbrot, Juan I; Mehta, Milap; Tserentsoodol, Nomingerel; Postlethwait, John H; Rebrik, Tatiana I

2013-11-06

The ligand sensitivity of cGMP-gated (CNG) ion channels in cone photoreceptors is modulated by CNG-modulin, a Ca(2+)-binding protein. We investigated the functional role of CNG-modulin in phototransduction in vivo in morpholino-mediated gene knockdown zebrafish. Through comparative genomic analysis, we identified the orthologue gene of CNG-modulin in zebrafish, eml1, an ancient gene present in the genome of all vertebrates sequenced to date. We compare the photoresponses of wild-type cones with those of cones that do not express the EML1 protein. In the absence of EML1, dark-adapted cones are ∼5.3-fold more light sensitive than wild-type cones. Previous qualitative studies in several nonmammalian species have shown that immediately after the onset of continuous illumination, cones are less light sensitive than in darkness, but sensitivity then recovers over the following 15-20 s. We characterize light sensitivity recovery in continuously illuminated wild-type zebrafish cones and demonstrate that sensitivity recovery does not occur in the absence of EML1.

Characterization of Two New Records of Zygomycete Species Belonging to Undiscovered Taxa in Korea.

PubMed

Nguyen, Thi Thuong Thuong; Lee, Seo Hee; Bae, Sarah; Jeon, Sun Jeong; Mun, Hye Yeon; Lee, Hyang Burm

2016-03-01

During a biodiversity survey of undiscovered taxa in Korea, two zygomycetous fungal strains were isolated. The first strain, EML-FSDY6-1 was isolated from a soil sample collected at Dokdo Island in the East Sea of Korea in 2013, and the second strain, EML-DG-NH3-1 was isolated from a rat dung sample collected at Chonnam National University garden, Gwangju, Korea in 2014. Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer, 18S and 28S rDNA, actin and translation elongation factor-1α genes. EML-FSDY6-1 and EML-DG-NH3-1 isolates were confirmed as zygomycete species, Absidia pseudocylindrospora and Absidia glauca, respectively. Neither species has previously been described in Korea.

Characterization of Two New Records of Zygomycete Species Belonging to Undiscovered Taxa in Korea

PubMed Central

Nguyen, Thi Thuong Thuong; Lee, Seo Hee; Bae, Sarah; Jeon, Sun Jeong; Mun, Hye Yeon

2016-01-01

During a biodiversity survey of undiscovered taxa in Korea, two zygomycetous fungal strains were isolated. The first strain, EML-FSDY6-1 was isolated from a soil sample collected at Dokdo Island in the East Sea of Korea in 2013, and the second strain, EML-DG-NH3-1 was isolated from a rat dung sample collected at Chonnam National University garden, Gwangju, Korea in 2014. Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer, 18S and 28S rDNA, actin and translation elongation factor-1α genes. EML-FSDY6-1 and EML-DG-NH3-1 isolates were confirmed as zygomycete species, Absidia pseudocylindrospora and Absidia glauca, respectively. Neither species has previously been described in Korea. PMID:27103852

Effective masking levels for 500 and 2000 Hz bone conduction auditory steady state responses in infants and adults with normal hearing.

PubMed

Small, Susan A; Smyth, Aisling; Leon, Griselle

2014-01-01

Few studies have investigated effective masking levels (EMLs) needed to isolate the test ear for bone conduction assessments in infants. The objective of this study was to determine EMLs for 500 and 2000 Hz bone conduction auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) to amplitude (AM)/frequency-modulated (FM) stimuli for infants and adults with normal hearing. Maturational factors that contribute to infant-adult differences in EMLs will also be investigated. The present study and previously published 1000 and 4000 Hz EML data will be compared to investigate EML across four frequencies. These findings will provide a starting point for implementing clinical masking for infant bone conduction testing using physiological measures. Participants were 15 infants (7 to 35 weeks) and 15 adults (21 to 56 years) with normal hearing. Bone-conducted single ASSR stimuli (research MASTER) were 100% AM and 25% FM at 85 and 101 Hz for 500 and 2000 Hz carrier frequencies, respectively. They were presented at 25 and 35 dB HL for 500 Hz and at 35 and 45 dB HL for 2000 Hz for both infants and adults (approximately 10 and 20 dB SL at each frequency for infants). Air-conducted narrowband maskers were presented to both ears simultaneously. Real-ear to coupler differences were measured to account for differences in the sound pressure developed in infant and adult ear canals as a result of ear-canal size. Data analyses were conducted for mean EMLs across frequency (500 to 4000 Hz) and between age groups. Masked and unmasked ASSR amplitudes were compared for 500 and 2000 Hz. Both infants and adults required much more masking (25 to 33 dB) to eliminate responses at 500 compared with 2000 Hz. On average, infants required 16 dB more masking at 500 Hz and similar amounts of masking at 2000 Hz compared with adults. When adjusted for ear-canal size and bone conduction sensitivity, the pattern of results did not change. Across all four frequencies, infants showed a systematic decrease in mean EMLs with an increase in frequency; all pair-wise comparisons were significant except 2000 versus 4000 Hz. Adults showed smaller frequency-dependent changes in EML (only significantly greater for 500 versus 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz). When ear-canal size and bone conduction sensitivity were taken into account, only 500 Hz required more masking than other frequencies in infants; there were no significant frequency-dependent trends for adults, although the greater EMLs at 1000 versus 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz approached significance. Unmasked and masked amplitudes tended to be larger for 2000 Hz but not for 500 Hz when comparing infants with adults. EMLs appropriate for infants for bone conduction ASSRs elicited to AM/FM stimuli are considerably higher at 500 compared with 2000 Hz. Infants also need more masking at 500 Hz compared with adults but the same amount of masking at 2000 Hz. Comparisons across four frequencies reveal a systematic decrease in EML with an increase in frequency in infants, which is not apparent in adults. Recommended EMLs for AM/FM bone-conducted ASSR stimuli presented at 35 dB HL for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively, are: (1) infants: 81, 68, 59, and 45 dB SPL, and (2) adults: 66, 63, 59, and 55 dB SPL.

Compatibility and Decontamination of High-Density Polyethylene Exposed to Sulfur Mustard

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

HD in accordance with (IAW) the Environmental Monitoring Laboratory ([ EML ) Internal Operating Procedure (IOP) MT-60.1...60 oC. h. After 1 h, MEA was decanted into another 40 mL VOA vial. i. The MEA neutralent was extracted and analyzed for HD IAW EML IOP MT-60.1 j...procedures found in EML IOP MT-60.1 n. The coupon was vapor washed in a sample bottle with nitrogen for 15 min and placed in a 10 × 10 in. plastic bag

Environmental Measurements Laboratory fiscal year 1998: Accomplishments and technical activities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erickson, M.D.

1999-01-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) is government-owned, government-operated, and programmatically under the DOE Office of Environmental Management. The Laboratory is administered by the Chicago Operations Office. EML provides program management, technical assistance and data quality assurance for measurements of radiation and radioactivity relating to environmental restoration, global nuclear nonproliferation, and other priority issues for the Department of Energy, as well as for other government, national, and international organizations. This report presents the technical activities and accomplishments of EML for Fiscal Year 1998.

Novel Tissue Protective Agents for the Treatment of Acute Radiation-induced BMF

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

induced apoptosis in the following hematopoietic cell lines: HL-60, NB-4 cells, 32Dc13 and EML cell line. Experimental design and methods: HL-60, a...et al., 1999). EML Cell line (ATCC CRL-11691), a bone marrow cell line obtained by immortalizing bone marrow cells from male BDF1 mice with a...Membrane preparations were made from HL-60, NB-4, 32Dc13 and EML cells attempts were made to co-immunoprecipitate the CD131 molecule with EPOR in

Efficient and bright organic light-emitting diodes on single-layer graphene electrodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Ning; Oida, Satoshi; Tulevski, George S.; Han, Shu-Jen; Hannon, James B.; Sadana, Devendra K.; Chen, Tze-Chiang

2013-08-01

Organic light-emitting diodes are emerging as leading technologies for both high quality display and lighting. However, the transparent conductive electrode used in the current organic light-emitting diode technologies increases the overall cost and has limited bendability for future flexible applications. Here we use single-layer graphene as an alternative flexible transparent conductor, yielding white organic light-emitting diodes with brightness and efficiency sufficient for general lighting. The performance improvement is attributed to the device structure, which allows direct hole injection from the single-layer graphene anode into the light-emitting layers, reducing carrier trapping induced efficiency roll-off. By employing a light out-coupling structure, phosphorescent green organic light-emitting diodes exhibit external quantum efficiency >60%, while phosphorescent white organic light-emitting diodes exhibit external quantum efficiency >45% at 10,000 cd m-2 with colour rendering index of 85. The power efficiency of white organic light-emitting diodes reaches 80 lm W-1 at 3,000 cd m-2, comparable to the most efficient lighting technologies.

White OLED in Hybrid Structure for Enhancing Color Purity.

PubMed

Kim, Dong-Eun; Kang, Min-Jae; Park, Gwang-Ryeol; Lee, Burm-Jong; Kwon, Young-Soo; Shin, Hoon-Kyu

2016-06-01

We synthesized the red emission material, bis(1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)phenyl) iridium(picolate) [Ir-complexes] and the blue emission material, bis (2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazolate)zinc [Zn(HPB)2]. White Organic Light Emitting Diodes were fabricated by using Zn(HPB)2 for a blue emitting layer, Ir-complexes for a red emitting layer and a tris (8-hydroxy quinoline)aluminum [Alq3] for a green emitting layer. The important experimental results obtained, white OLED was fabricated by using double emitting layers of Zn(HPB)2 and Alq3:Ir-complexes, and hole blocking layer of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline[BCP]. We also varied the thickness of BCP. When the thickness of BCP layer was 5 nm, white emission was achieved. We obtained a maximum luminance of 5400 cd/m2 at a current density of 650 mA/cm2. The CIE coordinates was (0.339, 0.323) at voltage of 10 V.

The use of ionic salt dyes as amorphous, thermally stable emitting layers in organic light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chondroudis, Konstantinos; Mitzi, David B.

2000-01-01

The conversion of two neutral dye molecules (D) to ionic salts (H2N-D-NH2ṡ2HX) and their utilization as emitting layers in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is described. The dye salts, AEQTṡ2HCl and APTṡ2HCl, can be deposited as amorphous films using conventional evaporation techniques. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis, coupled with thermal annealing studies, demonstrate the resistance of the films to crystallization. This stability is attributed to strong ionic forces between the relatively rigid molecules. OLEDs incorporating such salts for emitting layers exhibit better thermal stability compared with devices made from the corresponding neutral dyes (H2N-D-NH2). These results suggest that ionic salts may more generally enable the formation of thermally stable, amorphous emitting, and charge transporting layers.

The role of immunohistochemical analysis in the evaluation of EML4-ALK gene rearrangement in lung cancer.

PubMed

Sullivan, Harold C; Fisher, Kevin E; Hoffa, Anne L; Wang, Jason; Saxe, Debra; Siddiqui, Momin T; Cohen, Cynthia

2015-04-01

Among the mutations described in non-small cell lung carcinoma is a rearrangement resulting from an inversion within chromosome 2p leading to the formation of a fusion gene, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is the gold standard for the detection of ALK gene rearrangements. However, molecular methods are not readily available in all pathology laboratories. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using an antibody directed against the EML4-ALK fusion protein provides a widely available alternative method of detection. We assessed whether IHC is a comparable and cost-effective alternative to FISH analysis for the detection of ALK gene rearrangements. A total of 110 non-small cell lung carcinoma cases (63 surgical/biopsy and 47 cytology specimens), previously tested for ALK gene rearrangements by FISH [7 (6.4%) positive for the rearrangement], were probed for the EML4-ALK fusion protein using a monoclonal EML4-ALK antibody, clone 5A4. Cells were considered to stain positive for ALK if >5% of cells showed cytoplasmic staining of at least grade 1 intensity (scale: 0 to 3). A cost analysis was performed using ALK IHC as a screening test. The sensitivity and specificity of the EML4-ALK IHC stain compared with ALK FISH analysis were 100% and 96%, respectively. All 7 FISH-positive cases stained positive by IHC, whereas 4 FISH-negative cases demonstrated positive staining. One of the 4 FISH-negative, IHC-positive cases harbored an EML4-ALK rearrangement by RT-PCR yielding 3 false-positive results overall. The κ agreement between IHC and FISH methods is 0.76 (substantial/excellent). The potential savings of implementing the ALK IHC as a screening method would be $10,418.21. Sensitivity of the EML4-ALK IHC stain is excellent (100%) but due to its suboptimal specificity, IHC cannot reliably supplant FISH analysis for the detection of ALK gene rearrangements. IHC shows promise as a screening tool to prevent unnecessary costly FISH analysis.

Optical Properties of Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Thin Film Encapsulation Layers for Flexible Top-Emission Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

PubMed

An, Jae Seok; Jang, Ha Jun; Park, Cheol Young; Youn, Hongseok; Lee, Jong Ho; Heo, Gi-Seok; Choi, Bum Ho; Lee, Choong Hun

2015-10-01

Inorganic/organic hybrid thin film encapsulation layers consist of a thin Al2O3 layer together with polymer material. We have investigated optical properties of thin film encapsulation layers for top-emission flexible organic light-emitting diodes. The transmittance of hybrid thin film encapsulation layers and the electroluminescent spectrum of organic light-emitting diodes that were passivated by hybrid organic/inorganic thin film encapsulation layers were also examined as a function of the thickness of inorganic Al203 and monomer layers. The number of interference peaks, their intensity, and their positions in the visible range can be controlled by varying the thickness of inorganic Al2O3 layer. On the other hand, changing the thickness of monomer layer had a negligible effect on the optical properties. We also verified that there is a trade-off between transparency in the visible range and the permeation of water vapor in hybrid thin film encapsulation layers. As the number of dyads decreased, optical transparency improved while the water vapor permeation barrier was degraded. Our study suggests that, in top-emission organic light-emitting diodes, the thickness of each thin film encapsulation layer, in particular that of the inorganic layer, and the number of dyads should be controlled for highly efficient top-emission flexible organic light-emitting diodes.

Efficient double-emitting layer inverted organic light-emitting devices with different spacer layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nie, Qu-yang; Zhang, Fang-hui

2017-09-01

Double-emitting layer inverted organic light-emitting devices (IOLEDs) with different spacer layers were investigated, where 2,20,7,70-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-9,9-spirobifluorene (CBP), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen) and 4,40,400-tris(N-carbazolyl)-triphenylamine (TCTA) were used as spacer layers, respectively, and GIr1 and R-4b were used as green and red guest phosphorescent materials, respectively. The results show that the device with BCP spacer layer has the best performance. The maximum current efficiency of the BCP spacer layer device reaches up to 24.15 cd·A-1 when the current density is 3.99 mA·cm-2, which is 1.23 times bigger than that of the CBP spacer layer device. The performance is better than that of corresponding conventional device observably. The color coordinate of the device with BCP spacer layer only changes from (0.625 1, 0.368 0) to (0.599 5, 0.392 8) when the driving voltage increases from 6 V to 10 V, so it shows good stability in color coordinate, which is due to the adoption of the co-doping evaporation method for cladding luminous layer and the effective restriction of spacer layer to carriers in emitting layer.

Method of making organic light emitting devices

DOEpatents

Shiang, Joseph John [Niskayuna, NY; Janora, Kevin Henry [Schenectady, NY; Parthasarathy, Gautam [Saratoga Springs, NY; Cella, James Anthony [Clifton Park, NY; Chichak, Kelly Scott [Clifton Park, NY

2011-03-22

The present invention provides a method for the preparation of organic light-emitting devices comprising a bilayer structure made by forming a first film layer comprising an electroactive material and an INP precursor material, and exposing the first film layer to a radiation source under an inert atmosphere to generate an interpenetrating network polymer composition comprising the electroactive material. At least one additional layer is disposed on the reacted first film layer to complete the bilayer structure. The bilayer structure is comprised within an organic light-emitting device comprising standard features such as electrodes and optionally one or more additional layers serving as a bipolar emission layer, a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole transport layer, exciton-hole transporting layer, exciton-electron transporting layer, a hole transporting emission layer, or an electron transporting emission layer.

Infrared emitting device and method

DOEpatents

Kurtz, Steven R.; Biefeld, Robert M.; Dawson, L. Ralph; Howard, Arnold J.; Baucom, Kevin C.

1997-01-01

An infrared emitting device and method. The infrared emitting device comprises a III-V compound semiconductor substrate upon which are grown a quantum-well active region having a plurality of quantum-well layers formed of a ternary alloy comprising InAsSb sandwiched between barrier layers formed of a ternary alloy having a smaller lattice constant and a larger energy bandgap than the quantum-well layers. The quantum-well layers are preferably compressively strained to increase the threshold energy for Auger recombination; and a method is provided for determining the preferred thickness for the quantum-well layers. Embodiments of the present invention are described having at least one cladding layer to increase the optical and carrier confinement in the active region, and to provide for waveguiding of the light generated within the active region. Examples have been set forth showing embodiments of the present invention as surface- and edge-emitting light emitting diodes (LEDs), an optically-pumped semiconductor laser, and an electrically-injected semiconductor diode laser. The light emission from each of the infrared emitting devices of the present invention is in the midwave infrared region of the spectrum from about 2 to 6 microns.

[Detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small cell lung cancer and its clinicopathologic correlation].

PubMed

Zhong, Shan; Zhang, Hai-ping; Zheng, Jie; Bai, Dong-yu; Fu, Li; Chen, Pei-qiong

2013-04-01

To investigate the frequency of EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, and its correlation with clinicopathologic features. Real-time PCR was used to detect the presence of EML4-ALK fusion gene in 268 cases of NSCLCs using paraffin-embedded tissue samples(among which 164 samples were re-validated by Sanger sequencing). Related clinicopathological correlation was analyzed. EML4-ALK fusion gene was found in 4.1% (11/268) of the cases. One hundred and sixty four samples were verified by Sanger sequencing, and the overall coincidence of the results of two methods (Sanger sequencing and Real-time PCR) was 100%. Female patients (5.9%, 5/85), ≤ 60 years of age (4.3%, 6/140), non-smokers (6.8%, 8/118) and adenocarcinomas (7.6%, 10/132) had a higher mutation rate than that in male patients (3.3%, 6/183), > 60 years of age (4.0%, 5/124), smokers (1.6%, 2/132) and squamous cell carcinomas (1.3%, 1/79), although no statistical significance in age (P = 0.918), gender (P = 0.503), smoking history (P = 0.092) and histological type (P = 0.094). Chinese NSCLC patients have a 4.1% detection rate of EML4-ALK fusion gene in the tumor tissues. Female, non-smoker and adenocarcinoma histological subtype tend to be associated with a higher rate of EML4-ALK gene fusion.

Normal neutrophil differentiation and secondary granule gene expression in the EML and MPRO cell lines.

PubMed

Lawson, N D; Krause, D S; Berliner, N

1998-11-01

The EML and MPRO cell lines express a dominant negative retinoic acid receptor alpha that causes a block at specific stages of myelopoiesis. The EML cell line is multipotent and gives rise to erythroid, lymphoid, and myeloid lineages depending on the presence of appropriate cytokines. The MPRO cell line is promyelocytic and undergoes neutrophilic differentiation when induced with all-trans retinoic acid in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Previous studies have shown that both of these cell lines undergo morphological differentiation into neutrophils. In this study, we show that unlike other models of neutrophil differentiation such as NB4 and HL60, both EML and MPRO cell lines undergo complete, normal granulocytic differentiation programs. Similar to HL60, MPRO and EML induce expression of CD11b/CD18 and also exhibit downregulation of CD34 on differentiation. In contrast to HL60 and NB4, EML and MPRO cell lines coordinately upregulate secondary granule transcripts for lactoferrin and neutrophil gelatinase. Furthermore, we have confirmed previous observations that serum can induce a low level of differentiation in MPRO cells and that it is possible to grow these cells in serum-free medium, thereby eliminating this effect. Based on these studies, it appears that these lines can serve as a model for normal retinoic acid-induced neutrophil differentiation and provide insight into the role of the retinoic acid-responsive pathway in normal and leukemic myelopoiesis.

Mechanical and optical behavior of a tunable liquid lens using a variable cross section membrane: modeling results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flores-Bustamante, Mario C.; Rosete-Aguilar, Martha; Calixto, Sergio

2016-03-01

A lens containing a liquid medium and having at least one elastic membrane as one of its components is known as an elastic membrane lens (EML). The elastic membrane may have a constant or variable thickness. The optical properties of the EML change by modifying the profile of its elastic membrane(s). The EML formed of elastic constant thickness membrane(s) have been studied extensively. However, EML information using elastic membrane of variable thickness is limited. In this work, we present simulation results of the mechanical and optical behavior of two EML with variable thickness membranes (convex-plane membranes). The profile of its surfaces were modified by liquid medium volume increases. The model of the convex-plane membranes, as well as the simulation of its mechanical behavior, were performed using Solidworks® software; and surface's points of the deformed elastic lens were obtained. Experimental stress-strain data, obtained from a silicone rubber simple tensile test, according to ASTM D638 norm, were used in the simulation. Algebraic expressions, (Schwarzschild formula, up to four deformation coefficients, in a cylindrical coordinate system (r, z)), of the meridional profiles of the first and second surfaces of the deformed convex-plane membranes, were obtained using the results from Solidworks® and a program in the software Mathematica®. The optical performance of the EML was obtained by simulation using the software OSLO® and the algebraic expressions obtained in Mathematica®.

Differential protein stability and clinical responses of EML4-ALK fusion variants to various ALK inhibitors in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Woo, C G; Seo, S; Kim, S W; Jang, S J; Park, K S; Song, J Y; Lee, B; Richards, M W; Bayliss, R; Lee, D H; Choi, J

2017-04-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibition using crizotinib has become the standard of care in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the treatment outcomes and duration of response vary widely. Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK is the most common translocation, and the fusion variants show different sensitivity to crizotinib in vitro. However, there are only limited data on the specific EML4-ALK variants and clinical responses of patients to various ALK inhibitors. By multiplex reverse-transcriptase PCR, which detects 12 variants of known EML4-ALK rearrangements, we retrospectively determined ALK fusion variants in 54 advanced ALK rearrangement-positive NSCLCs. We subdivided the patients into two groups (variants 1/2/others and variants 3a/b) by protein stability and evaluated correlations of the variant status with clinical responses to crizotinib, alectinib, or ceritinib. Moreover, we established the EML4-ALK variant-expressing system and analyzed patterns of sensitivity of the variants to ALK inhibitors. Of the 54 tumors analyzed, EML4-ALK variants 3a/b (44.4%) was the most common type, followed by variants 1 (33.3%) and 2 (11.1%). The 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 76.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 56.8-100] in group EML4-ALK variants 1/2/others versus 26.4% (95% CI 10.5-66.6) in group variants 3a/b (P = 0.034) among crizotinib-treated patients. Meanwhile, the 2-year PFS rate was 69.0% (95% CI 49.9-95.4) in group variants 1/2/others versus 32.7% (95% CI 15.6-68.4) in group variants 3a/b (P = 0.108) among all crizotinib-, alectinib-, and ceritinib-treated patients. Variant 3a- or 5a-harboring cells were resistant to ALK inhibitors with >10-fold higher half maximal inhibitory concentration in vitro. Our findings show that group EML4-ALK variants 3a/b may be a major source of ALK inhibitor resistance in the clinic. The variant-specific genotype of the EML4-ALK fusion allows for more precise stratification of patients with advanced NSCLC. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Cost-analysis of the WHO Essential Medicines List in A Resource-Limited Setting: Experience from A District Hospital in India.

PubMed

Alvarez-Uria, Gerardo; Thomas, Dixon; Zachariah, Seeba; Byram, Rajarajeshwari; Kannan, Shanmugamari

2014-05-01

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been publishing the essential medicines list (EML) since 1977. The EML includes the most efficacious, safe and cost-effective drugs for the most relevant public health conditions worldwide. The WHO performs a cost-effectiveness analysis within each therapeutic group, but very little is known about which therapeutic groups are costliest for hospitals that adopt the WHO EML concept. In this study, we have described the annual consumption of medicines in a district hospital in India, that limited the list of available drugs according to the WHO EML concept. Only 21 drugs constituted 50% of the hospital spending. Anti-infective medicines accounted for 41% of drug spending, especially antiretrovirals which were used to treat HIV infection. Among other therapeutic groups, insulin had the highest impact on the hospital budget. We identified medicines used in perinatal care, which included anti-D immunoglobulin and lung surfactants, that were used rarely, but bore a relatively high cost burden. The results of this study indicate that, in district that adopt the WHO EML, antiretrovirals and antibiotics were the top therapeutic groups for the drug hospital budgets.

Gerst works with the EML hardware in the Columbus Module

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-09-11

ISS041-E-000184 (11 Sept. 2014) --- European Space Agency astronaut Alexander Gerst, Expedition 41 flight engineer, works with Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) hardware in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

Gerst works with the EML hardware in the Columbus Module

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-09-11

ISS041-E-000173 (11 Sept. 2014) --- European Space Agency astronaut Alexander Gerst, Expedition 41 flight engineer, works with Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) hardware in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

Dimensionless Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) of Metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Lei; Shi, Zhe; Li, Donghui; Yang, Yindong; Zhang, Guifang; McLean, Alexander; Chattopadhyay, Kinnor

2016-02-01

Electromagnetic levitation (EML), a contactless metal melting method, can be used to produce ultra-pure metals and alloys. In the EML process, the levitation force exerted on the droplet is of paramount importance and is affected by many parameters. In this paper, the relationship between levitation force and parameters affecting the levitation process were investigated by dimensionless analysis. The general formula developed by dimensionless analysis was tested and evaluated by numerical modeling. This technique can be employed to design levitation systems for a variety of materials.

Analysis and Comparison of Extended and Unscented Kalman Filtering Methods for Spacecraft Attitude Determination

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

3)+m*l^2); fncC.m %# eml function y = fncC(x) Bo=0.5; alf=30*pi/180; y=Bo*sin(x(1,1)+alf); 75 Unscented Kalman Filter – Embedded...Matlab Block %# eml function [x_k1,Pxx_k1] = UKF(x_k,Pxx_k,Y_meas,ts,Q,R,kappa) % This block supports the Embedded MATLAB subset. % See the...torque2omegadot.m EML function Wdot = torque2omegadot(T, J, W) % This function takes input of applied torque (T) in component % elements, current angular

Color stable white phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with red emissive electron transport layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wook Kim, Jin; Yoo, Seung Il; Sung Kang, Jin

2015-06-28

We analyzed the performance of multi-emissive white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) in relation to various red emitting sites of hole and electron transport layers (HTL and ETL). The shift of the recombination zone producing stable white emission in PHOLEDs was utilized as luminance was increased with red emission in its electron transport layer. Multi-emissive white PHOLEDs including the red light emitting electron transport layer yielded maximum external quantum efficiency of 17.4% with CIE color coordinates (−0.030, +0.001) shifting only from 1000 to 10 000 cd/m{sup 2}. Additionally, we observed a reduction of energy loss in the white PHOLED via Ir(piq){submore » 3} as phosphorescent red dopant in electron transport layer.« less

Hybrid Structure White Organic Light Emitting Diode for Enhanced Efficiency by Varied Doping Rate.

PubMed

Kim, Dong-Eun; Kang, Min-Jae; Park, Gwang-Ryeol; Kim, Nam-Kyu; Lee, Burm-Jong; Kwon, Young-Soo; Shin, Hoon-Kyu

2016-03-01

Novel materials based on Zn(HPB)2 and Ir-complexes were synthesized as blue or red emitters, respectively. White organic light emitting diodes were fabricated using the Zn(HPB)2 as a blue emitting layer, Ir-complexes as a red emitting layer and Alq3 as a green emitting layer. The obtained experimental results, were based on white OLEDs fabricated using double emission layers of Zn(HPB)2 and Alq3:Ir-complexes. The doping rate of the Ir-complexes was varied at 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0%. When the doping rate of the Alq3:Ir-complexes was 0.6%, a white emission was achieved. The Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of the device's white emission were (0.316, 0.331) at an applied voltage of 10.75 V.

Surface oscillation of levitated liquid droplets under microgravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Watanabe, Masahito; Hibiya, Taketoshi; Ozawa, Shumpei; Mizuno, Akitoshi

2012-07-01

Microgravity conditions have advantages of measurement of surface tension and viscosity of metallic liquids by the oscillating drop method with an electromagnetic levitation (EML) device. Thus, we are now planning the thermophysical properties, the surface tension, viscosity, density and etc., measurements of liquid alloys using the electromagnetic levitator named MSL-EML (Materials Science Laboratory Electromagnetic Levitator), which ahs been developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), installed in the International Space Station (ISS). The surface tension and the viscosity of liquid samples by the oscillating drop method are obtained from the surface oscillation frequency and damping time of surface oscillation respectively. However, analysis of oscillating drop method in EML must be improved even in the microgravity conditions, because on the EML conditions the electromagnetic force (EMF) cannot generate the surface oscillation with discretely oscillation mode. Since under microgravity the levitated droplet shape is completely spherical, the surface oscillation frequency with different oscillation modes degenerates into the single frequency. Therefore, surface tension will be not affected the EML condition under microgravity, but viscosity will be affected on the different oscillation mode of surface oscillations. Because dumping time of surface oscillation of liquid droplets depends on the oscillation modes, the case of surface oscillation including multi oscillation modes the viscosity values obtained from dumping time will be modified from the correct viscosity. Therefore, we investigate the dumping time of surface oscillation of levitated droplets with different oscillation modes and also with including multi oscillation modes using the electrostatic levitation (ESL) on ground and EML under microgravity conditions by the parabolic flight of airplane. The ESL can discretely generate the surface oscillation with different oscillation modes by the change of generation frequency of surface oscillation, so we can obtain dumping time of surface oscillation with discrete oscillation mode. We repot the results of the damping time of the surface oscillation of levitated liquid droplet by ESL and EML experiment with numerical simulation of the damped oscillation model.

TaqMan based real time PCR assay targeting EML4-ALK fusion transcripts in NSCLC.

PubMed

Robesova, Blanka; Bajerova, Monika; Liskova, Kvetoslava; Skrickova, Jana; Tomiskova, Marcela; Pospisilova, Sarka; Mayer, Jiri; Dvorakova, Dana

2014-07-01

Lung cancer with the ALK rearrangement constitutes only a small fraction of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, in the era of molecular-targeted therapy, efficient patient selection is crucial for successful treatment. In this context, an effective method for EML4-ALK detection is necessary. We developed a new highly sensitive variant specific TaqMan based real time PCR assay applicable to RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE). This assay was used to analyze the EML4-ALK gene in 96 non-selected NSCLC specimens and compared with two other methods (end-point PCR and break-apart FISH). EML4-ALK was detected in 33/96 (34%) specimens using variant specific real time PCR, whereas in only 23/96 (24%) using end-point PCR. All real time PCR positive samples were confirmed with direct sequencing. A total of 46 specimens were subsequently analyzed by all three detection methods. Using variant specific real time PCR we identified EML4-ALK transcript in 17/46 (37%) specimens, using end-point PCR in 13/46 (28%) specimens and positive ALK rearrangement by FISH was detected in 8/46 (17.4%) specimens. Moreover, using variant specific real time PCR, 5 specimens showed more than one EML4-ALK variant simultaneously (in 2 cases the variants 1+3a+3b, in 2 specimens the variants 1+3a and in 1 specimen the variant 1+3b). In one case of 96 EML4-ALK fusion gene and EGFR mutation were detected. All simultaneous genetic variants were confirmed using end-point PCR and direct sequencing. Our variant specific real time PCR assay is highly sensitive, fast, financially acceptable, applicable to FFPE and seems to be a valuable tool for the rapid prescreening of NSCLC patients in clinical practice, so, that most patients able to benefit from targeted therapy could be identified. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Selection of essential medicines for South Africa - an analysis of in-depth interviews with national essential medicines list committee members.

PubMed

Perumal-Pillay, Velisha Ann; Suleman, Fatima

2017-01-07

The South African (SA) public health system has employed an Essential Medicines List (EML) with Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) in the public sector since 1996. To date no studies have reported on the process of selection of essential medicines for SA EMLs and how this may have changed over time. This study reports on the decision making process for the selection of essential medicines for SA EMLs, over the years, as described by various members of the National Essential Medicines List Committee (NEMLC) and their task teams. Qualitative in-depth interviews, guided by an interview questionnaire, were conducted with 11 members of the SA NEMLC and their task teams (both past and present members) during the period January - April 2015. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were then coded by the first author and verified by the second author before being reconciled and input into NVIVO, a qualitative software, to facilitate analysis of the data. The interviews conducted suggest that the NEMLC process of medicine selection has been refined over the years. This together with the EML review process is now essentially predominantly an evidence based process where quality, safety and efficacy of a medicine is considered first followed by cost considerations which includes pharmacoeconomic evaluations, and pricing of medicines. This is the first study in SA to report on how decisions are taken to include or exclude medicines on SA national EMLs and provides insight into the SA EML medicine selection, review and monitoring processes over time. The results show that the NEMLC has undergone tremendous transformation over the years. Whilst the membership of the committee largely remains unchanged, the committee has developed its policies and processes over the years. However there is still a need to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation aspects of the SA EML policy process.

Infrared emitting device and method

DOEpatents

Kurtz, S.R.; Biefeld, R.M.; Dawson, L.R.; Howard, A.J.; Baucom, K.C.

1997-04-29

The infrared emitting device comprises a III-V compound semiconductor substrate upon which are grown a quantum-well active region having a plurality of quantum-well layers formed of a ternary alloy comprising InAsSb sandwiched between barrier layers formed of a ternary alloy having a smaller lattice constant and a larger energy bandgap than the quantum-well layers. The quantum-well layers are preferably compressively strained to increase the threshold energy for Auger recombination; and a method is provided for determining the preferred thickness for the quantum-well layers. Embodiments of the present invention are described having at least one cladding layer to increase the optical and carrier confinement in the active region, and to provide for waveguiding of the light generated within the active region. Examples have been set forth showing embodiments of the present invention as surface- and edge-emitting light emitting diodes (LEDs), an optically-pumped semiconductor laser, and an electrically-injected semiconductor diode laser. The light emission from each of the infrared emitting devices of the present invention is in the midwave infrared region of the spectrum from about 2 to 6 microns. 8 figs.

1.55 µm high speed low chirp electroabsorption modulated laser arrays based on SAG scheme.

PubMed

Cheng, Yuanbing; Wang, Qi Jie; Pan, Jiaoqing

2014-12-15

We demonstrate a cost-effective 1.55 µm low chirp 4 × 25 Gbit/s electroabsorption modulated laser (EML) array with 0.8 nm channel spacing by varying ridge width of the lasers and using selective area growth (SAG) integration scheme. The devices for all the 4 channels within the EML array show uniform threshold currents around 18 mA and high SMSRs over 45 dB. The output optical power of each channel is about 9 mW at an injection current of 100 mA. The typical chirp value of single EML measured by a fiber resonance method varied from 2.2 to -4 as the bias voltage was increased from 0 V to 2.5 V. These results show that the EML array is a suitable light source for 100 Gbit/s optical transmissions.

Design of the aerosol sampling manifold for the Southern Great Plains site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leifer, R.; Knuth, R.H.; Guggenheim, S.F.

1995-04-01

To meet the needs of the ARM program, the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) has the responsibility to establish a surface aerosol measurements program at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in Lamont, OK. At the present time, EML has scheduled installation of five instruments at SGP: a single wavelength nephelometer, an optical particle counter (OPC), a condensation particle counter (CPC), an optical absorption monitor (OAM), and an ozone monitor. ARM`s operating protocol requires that all the observational data be placed online and sent to the main computer facility in real time. EML currently maintains a computer file containing back trajectorymore » (BT) analyses for the SGP site. These trajectories are used to characterize air mass types as they pass over the site. EML is continuing to calculate and store the resulting trajectory analyses for future use by the ARM science team.« less

Detection of human pathogenic Ehrlichia muris-like agent in Peromyscus leucopus.

PubMed

Castillo, Caroline G; Eremeeva, Marina E; Paskewitz, Susan M; Sloan, Lynne M; Lee, Xia; Irwin, William E; Tonsberg, Stefan; Pritt, Bobbi S

2015-03-01

An Ehrlichia muris-like (EML) bacterium was recently detected in humans and Ixodes scapularis ticks in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The reservoir for this agent is unknown. To investigate the occurrence of the EML agent, groEL PCR testing and sequencing was performed on blood from small mammals and white-tailed deer that were collected in areas where human and tick infections were previously demonstrated. DNA of the EML agent was detected in two Peromyscus leucopus of 146 small mammals (1.4%); while 181 O. virginianus tested negative. This report provides the first evidence that DNA from the EML agent is found in P. leucopus, the same animal that is a reservoir for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in this region. The role of white-tailed deer remains inconclusive. Further sampling is warranted to understand the spatial and temporal distribution, transmission and maintenance of this pathogen. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A cost-effective 25-Gb/s EML TOSA using all-in-one FPCB wiring and metal optical bench.

PubMed

Han, Young-Tak; Kwon, Oh-Kee; Lee, Dong-Hun; Lee, Chul-Wook; Leem, Young-Ahn; Shin, Jang-Uk; Park, Sang-Ho; Baek, Yongsoon

2013-11-04

We present a cost-effective 25-Gb/s electro-absorption modulator integrated laser (EML) transmitter optical sub-assembly (TOSA) using all-in-one flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) wiring and a metal optical bench (MOB). For a low cost and high bandwidth TOSA, internal and external wirings and feed-through of the TOSA to transmit radio-frequency (RF) signal are configured all-in-one using the FPCB. The FPCB is extended from an exterior of the TOSA package up to an EML chip inside the package through the slit formed on a rear sidewall of the package and die-bonded on the MOB. The EML TOSA shows a modulated output power of more than 3.5 dBm and a clear eye pattern with a dynamic extinction ratio of ~8.4 dB at a data rate of 25.78 Gb/s.

Expanding medicines for neurologic disorders on the WHO Model List.

PubMed

Rimmer, Kathryn; Shah, Hiral; Thakur, Kiran

2017-03-07

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines is a recommended formulary for high-priority diseases based on public health trends and epidemiology patterns. The biennial publication serves as a guide for countries, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries, to develop their own national essential medicines list (EML), and many nongovernmental organizations base their medication supplies on the WHO EML. Over the last 40 years, WHO has expanded the EML in response to treatment gaps for infectious diseases, pediatrics, palliative care, and cancer. In contrast, neurotherapeutics are poorly represented on the Model List despite the global burden of neurologic disorders, which have continued to increase in the last decade. It is imperative that the neurology community advocate for more evidence-based neurologic medicines on the WHO EML. Equitable access to essential neurologic medicines is a crucial step toward reducing the treatment gap for high-burden neurologic disorders worldwide. © 2017 American Academy of Neurology.

The April 1994 and October 1994 radon intercomparisons at EML

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisenne, I.M.; George, A.C.; Perry, P.M.

1995-10-01

Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) are the backbone of many commercial and research processes and programs. QA/QC research tests the state of a functioning system, be it the production of manufactured goods or the ability to make accurate and precise measurements. The quality of the radon measurements in the US have been tested under controlled conditions in semi-annual radon gas intercomparison exercises sponsored by the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) since 1981. The two Calendar Year 1994 radon gas intercomparison exercises were conducted in the EML exposure chamber. Thirty-two groups including US Federal facilities, USDOE contractors, national and state laboratories, universities andmore » foreign institutions participated in these exercises. The majority of the participant`s results were within {+-}10% of the EML value at radon concentrations of 570 and 945 Bq m{sup {minus}3}.« less

[A case report: an EML4-ALK positive lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed 
with lymphoma previously].

PubMed

Liu, Li; Heng, Wei

2015-02-01

In recent years, with the deepening of the research of molecular biology, targeted therapy has become one of the trend of lung cancer treatment. The individualized treatment of lung cancer is attached great importance at present. Echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) as a new biological marker is a hot topic in the field of lung cancer treatment. Meanwhile, with the improvement of anticancer treatment and survival, the incidence of multiple primary carcinomas (MPC) has become increasingly. But the report that malignant lymphoma complicated with lung adenocarcinoma harboring EML4-ALK fusion gene in one individual is rare. Here, we report an EML4-ALK positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in a patient previously diagnosed with T cell lymphoma and review literature on metachronous lung cancer complicating with lymphoma.

A novel Zeonex based oligoporous-core photonic crystal fiber for polarization preserving terahertz applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Islam, Md. Saiful; Sultana, Jakeya; Dinovitser, Alex; Ng, Brian W.-H.; Abbott, Derek

2018-04-01

A novel waveguide consisting of oligo-porous core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a kagome lattice cladding has been designed for highly birefringent and near zero dispersion flattened applications of terahertz waves. The wave guiding properties of the designed PCF including birefringence, dispersion, effective material loss (EML), core power fraction, confinement loss, and modal effective area are investigated using a full vector Finite Element Method (FEM) with Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition. Simulation results demonstrate that an ultra-high birefringence of 0.079, low EML of 0.05 cm-1, higher core power fraction of 44% and negligible confinement loss of 7 . 24 × 10-7 cm-1 can be achieved at 1 THz. Furthermore, for the y-polarization mode a near zero flattened dispersion of 0 . 49 ± 0 . 05 ps/THz/cm is achieved within a broad frequency range of 0.8-1.7 THz. The fabrication of the proposed fiber is feasible using the existing fabrication technology. Due to favorable wave-guiding properties, the proposed fiber has potential for terahertz imaging, sensing and polarization maintaining applications in the terahertz frequency range.

Semi-annual report of the Department of Energy, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environment, Quality Assessment Program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanderson, C.G.; Scarpitta, S.C.

1991-01-02

This report presents the results from the analysis of the 33rd set of environmental quality assessment samples (QAP 33) that were received on or before December 4, 1990. This Quality Assessment Program (QAP) is designed to test the quality of the environmental measurements being reported to the Department of Energy by its contractors. Since 1976, real or synthetic environmental samples that have been prepared and thoroughly analyzed at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) have been distributed at first quarterly and then semi-annually to these contractors. Their results, which are returned to EML within 90 days, are compiled with EML's resultsmore » and are reported back to the participating contractors 30 days later. A summary of the reported results is available to the participants 3 days after the reporting deadline via a modem-telephone connection to the EML computer. The data for the different kinds of samples are given in the following units: air filters in Bq/filter; soil in Bq kg{sup {minus}1}; tissue in Bq kg{sup {minus}1}; vegetation in Bq kg{sup {minus}1}; and water in Bq L{sup {minus}1}. The values for elemental uranium are reported in {mu}g/filter, g, or mL. The EML value' listed in the tables to which the contractors' results are compared is the mean of replicate demonstrations for each nuclide. The EML uncertainty is the standard error of the mean. All other uncertainties are as reported by the participants.« less

Microstructural Quantification of Rapidly Solidified Undercooled D2 Tool Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valloton, J.; Herlach, D. M.; Henein, H.; Sediako, D.

2017-10-01

Rapid solidification of D2 tool steel is investigated experimentally using electromagnetic levitation (EML) under terrestrial and reduced gravity conditions and impulse atomization (IA), a drop tube type of apparatus. IA produces powders 300 to 1400 μm in size. This allows the investigation of a large range of cooling rates ( 100 to 10,000 K/s) with a single experiment. On the other hand, EML allows direct measurements of the thermal history, including primary and eutectic nucleation undercoolings, for samples 6 to 7 mm in diameter. The final microstructures at room temperature consist of retained supersaturated austenite surrounded by eutectic of austenite and M7C3 carbides. Rapid solidification effectively suppresses the formation of ferrite in IA, while a small amount of ferrite is detected in EML samples. High primary phase undercoolings and high cooling rates tend to refine the microstructure, which results in a better dispersion of the eutectic carbides. Evaluation of the cell spacing in EML and IA samples shows that the scale of the final microstructure is mainly governed by coarsening. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis of IA samples reveals that IA powders are polycrystalline, regardless of the solidification conditions. EBSD on EML samples reveals strong differences between the microstructure of droplets solidified on the ground and in microgravity conditions. While the former ones are polycrystalline with many different grains, the EML sample solidified in microgravity shows a strong texture with few much larger grains having twinning relationships. This indicates that fluid flow has a strong influence on grain refinement in this system.

Highly efficient organic electroluminescent diodes realized by efficient charge balance with optimized electron and hole transport layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khan, M. A.; Xu, Wei; Wei, Fuxiang; Bai, Yu; Jiang, X. Y.; Zhang, Z. L.; Zhu, W. Q.

2007-11-01

Highly efficient organic electroluminescent devices (OLEDs) were developed based on 4,7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (BPhen) as the electron transport layer (ETL), tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3) as the emission layer (EML) and N,Ń-bis-[1-naphthy(-N,Ńdiphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine)] (NPB) as the hole transport layer (HTL). The typical device structure was glass substrate/ ITO/ NPB/ Alq 3/ BPhen/ LiF/ Al. Since BPhen possesses a considerable high electron mobility of 5×10 -4 cm 2 V -1 s -1, devices with BPhen as ETL can realize an extremely high luminous efficiency. By optimizing the thickness of both HTL and ETL, we obtained a highly efficient OLED with a current efficiency of 6.80 cd/A and luminance of 1361 cd/m 2 at a current density of 20 mA/cm 2. This dramatic improvement in the current efficiency has been explained on the principle of charge balance.

Fabrication of White Organic Light Emitting Diode Using Two Types of Zn-Complexes as an Emitting Layer.

PubMed

Kim, Dong-Eun; Kwon, Young-Soo; Shin, Hoon-Kyu

2015-01-01

We have studied white OLED using two types of Zn-complexes as an emitting layer. We synthesized brand new two emissive materials, Zn(HPQ)2 as a yellow emitting material and Zn(HPB)2 as a blue emitting material. The Zn-complexes are low-molecular compounds and stable thermally. The fundamental structures of the fabricated OLED was ITO/NPB (40 nm)/Zn(HPB)2 (30 nm)/Zn(HPQ)2/LiF/Al. We varied the thickness of the Zn(HPQ)2 layer by 20, 30, and 40 nm. When the thickness of the Zn(HPQ)2 layer was 20 nm, the white emission was achieved. The maximum luminance was 12,000 cd/m2 at a current density of 800 mA/cm2. The CIE coordinates of the white emission were (0.319, 0.338) at an applied voltage of 10 V.

Electroluminescent device having improved light output

DOEpatents

Tyan,; Yuan-Sheng, [Webster, NY; Preuss, Donald R [Rochester, NY; Farruggia, Giuseppe [Webster, NY; Kesel, Raymond A [Avon, NY; Cushman, Thomas R [Rochester, NY

2011-03-22

An OLED device including a transparent substrate having a first surface and a second surface, a transparent electrode layer disposed over the first surface of the substrate, a short reduction layer disposed over the transparent electrode layer, an organic light-emitting element disposed over the short reduction layer and including at least one light-emitting layer and a charge injection layer disposed over the light emitting layer, a reflective electrode layer disposed over the charge injection layer and a light extraction enhancement structure disposed over the first or second surface of the substrate; wherein the short reduction layer is a transparent film having a through-thickness resistivity of 10.sup.-9 to 10.sup.2 ohm-cm.sup.2; wherein the reflective electrode layer includes Ag or Ag alloy containing more than 80% of Ag; and the total device size is larger than 10 times the substrate thickness.

Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with high efficiency and brightness

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen R; Zhang, Yifan

2015-11-12

An organic light emitting device including a) an anode; b) a cathode; and c) an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, the emissive layer comprising an organic host compound and a phosphorescent compound exhibiting a Stokes Shift overlap greater than 0.3 eV. The organic light emitting device may further include a hole transport layer disposed between the emissive layer and the anode; and an electron transport layer disposed between the emissive layer and the cathode. In some embodiments, the phosphorescent compound exhibits a phosphorescent lifetime of less than 10 .mu.s. In some embodiments, the concentration of the phosphorescent compound ranges from 0.5 wt. % to 10 wt. %.

1985-86 biennial report of the EML regional baseline station at Chester, New Jersey

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chieco, N.

1988-10-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) has maintained a field station at Chester, NJ since 1976. Located 64 kilometers west of EML, the site is on the property of Bell Communications Research and is a little more than 900 square meters in area. The Chester site is a rural facility which provides us with an opportunity to carry out ''regional baseline'' research and to test field instruments. This report updates the various programs underway at Chester and presents data that have become available since the last report. Individual reports are processed separately for the data base.

Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis for brain tissue identification.

PubMed

Samsuwan, Jarunya; Muangsub, Tachapol; Yanatatsaneejit, Pattamawadee; Mutirangura, Apiwat; Kitkumthorn, Nakarin

2018-05-01

According to the tissue-specific methylation database (doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.060), methylation at CpG locus cg03096975 in EML2 has been preliminarily proven to be specific to brain tissue. In this study, we enlarged sample size and developed a technique for identifying brain tissue in aged samples. Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis-for EML2 (COBRA-EML2) technique was established and validated in various organ samples obtained from 108 autopsies. In addition, this technique was also tested for its reliability, minimal DNA concentration detected, and use in aged samples and in samples obtained from specific brain compartments and spinal cord. COBRA-EML2 displayed 100% sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing brain tissue from other tissues, showed high reliability, was capable of detecting minimal DNA concentration (0.015ng/μl), could be used for identifying brain tissue in aged samples. In summary, COBRA-EML2 is a technique to identify brain tissue. This analysis is useful in criminal cases since it can identify the vital organ tissues from small samples acquired from criminal scenes. The results from this analysis can be counted as a medical and forensic marker supporting criminal investigations, and as one of the evidences in court rulings. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Blocking the PI3K pathway enhances the efficacy of ALK-targeted therapy in EML4-ALK-positive nonsmall-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Yang, Lin; Li, Guangchao; Zhao, Likun; Pan, Fei; Qiang, Jiankun; Han, Siqi

2014-10-01

Targeted therapy based on ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ALK-TKIs) has made significant achievements in individuals with EML4-ALK (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 gene and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene) fusion positive nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a high fraction of patients receive inferior clinical response to such treatment in the initial therapy, and the exact mechanisms underlying this process need to be further investigated. In this study, we revealed a persistently activated PI3K/AKT signaling that mediates the drug ineffectiveness. We found that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ALK markedly abrogated phosphorylated STAT3 and ERK, but it failed to suppress AKT activity or induce apoptosis, in EML4-ALK-positive H2228 cells. Furthermore, targeted RNA interference of PI3K pathway components restored sensitivity to TAE684 treatment at least partially due to increased apoptosis. Combined TAE684 with PI3K inhibitor synergistically inhibited the proliferation of EML4-ALK-positive cells in vitro and significantly suppressed the growth of H2228 xenografts in vivo, suggesting the potential clinical application of such combinatorial therapy regimens in patients with EML4-ALK positive lung cancer.

EML4-ALK translocation in both metachronous second primary lung sarcomatoid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma: a case report.

PubMed

Alì, Greta; Proietti, Agnese; Niccoli, Cristina; Pelliccioni, Serena; Borrelli, Nicla; Giannini, Riccardo; Lupi, Cristiana; Valetto, Angelo; Bertini, Veronica; Lucchi, Marco; Mussi, Alfredo; Fontanini, Gabriella

2013-08-01

The EML4-ALK gene translocation was described in a non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subset, with a potent oncogenic activity. It represents one of the newest molecular targets in NSCLC. We report on the case of a metachronous second primary lung sarcomatoid carcinoma after resection of lung adenocarcinoma both with ALK translocation, in a non-smoking patient. EML4-ALK rearrangement was detected with immunohistochemistry and confirmed with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). To assess the clonal relationship between the two tumors, both adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). We observed different genomic profiles suggesting that the tumors arose independently and were thus multiple primaries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the presence of the EML4-ALK fusion gene in a sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Crizotinib, the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is highly effective in ALK-rearranged NSCLC; therefore, it may be imperative to identify all NSCLC that harbor ALK translocations in the near future. Starting from our evidence, tumors with sarcomatoid histology may need to be screened for the presence of EML4-ALK rearrangement. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

In vivo engineering of oncogenic chromosomal rearrangements with the CRISPR/Cas9 system

PubMed Central

Maddalo, Danilo; Manchado, Eusebio; Concepcion, Carla P.; Bonetti, Ciro; Vidigal, Joana A.; Han, Yoon-Chi; Ogrodowski, Paul; Crippa, Alessandra; Rekhtman, Natasha; de Stanchina, Elisa; Lowe, Scott W.; Ventura, Andrea

2014-01-01

Chromosomal rearrangements play a central role in the pathogenesis of human cancers and often result in the expression of therapeutically actionable gene fusions1. A recently discovered example is a fusion between the Echinoderm Microtubule-associated Protein-like 4 (EML4) and the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) genes, generated by an inversion on the short arm of chromosome 2: inv(2)(p21p23). The EML4-ALK oncogene is detected in a subset of human non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC)2 and is clinically relevant because it confers sensitivity to ALK inhibitors3. Despite their importance, modeling such genetic events in mice has proven challenging and requires complex manipulation of the germline. Here we describe an efficient method to induce specific chromosomal rearrangements in vivo using viral-mediated delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to somatic cells of adult animals. We apply it to generate a mouse model of Eml4-Alk-driven lung cancer. The resulting tumors invariably harbor the Eml4-Alkinversion, express the Eml4-Alk fusion gene, display histo-pathologic and molecular features typical of ALK+ human NSCLCs, and respond to treatment with ALK-inhibitors. The general strategy described here substantially expands our ability to model human cancers in mice and potentially in other organisms. PMID:25337876

Phosphor-free, white-light LED under alternating-current operation.

PubMed

Yao, Yu-Feng; Chen, Hao-Tsung; Su, Chia-Ying; Hsieh, Chieh; Lin, Chun-Han; Kiang, Yean-Woei; Yang, C C

2014-11-15

A light-emitting diode structure, consisting of a p-GaN layer, a CdZnO/ZnO quantum-well (QW) structure, a high-temperature-grown ZnO layer, and a GaZnO layer, is fabricated. Under forward bias, the device effectively emits green-yellow light, from the QW structure, at the rim of device mesa. Under reverse bias, electrons in the valence band of the p-GaN layer move into the conduction band of the GaZnO layer, through a QW-state-assisted tunneling process, to recombine with the injected holes in the GaZnO layer, for emitting yellow-red and shallow ultraviolet light over the entire mesa area. Also, carrier recombination in the p-GaN layer produces blue light. By properly designing the thickness of the high-temperature grown ZnO layer, the emission intensity under forward bias can be controlled such that, under alternating-current operation at 60 Hz, the spatial and spectral mixtures of the emitted lights of complementary colors, under forward and reverse biases, result in white light generation based on persistence of vision.

Organic light-emitting device with a phosphor-sensitized fluorescent emission layer

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen [Ann Arbor, MI; Kanno, Hiroshi [Osaka, JP

2009-08-25

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), and more specifically to OLEDS that emit light using a combination of fluorescent emitters and phosphorescent emitters. The emissive region of the devices of the present invention comprise at least one phosphor-sensitized layer which has a combined emission from a phosphorescent emitter and a fluorescent emitter. In preferred embodiments, the invention relates to white-emitting OLEDS (WOLEDs).

Torsional Split Hopkinson Bar Optimization

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-10

EML 4905 Senior Design Project A B.S. THESIS PREPARED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF...fulfillment of the requirements in EML 4511. The contents represent the opinion of the authors and not the Department of Mechanical and Materials

Broadband light-emitting diode

DOEpatents

Fritz, Ian J.; Klem, John F.; Hafich, Michael J.

1998-01-01

A broadband light-emitting diode. The broadband light-emitting diode (LED) comprises a plurality of III-V compound semiconductor layers grown on a semiconductor substrate, with the semiconductor layers including a pair of cladding layers sandwiched about a strained-quantum-well active region having a plurality of different energy bandgaps for generating light in a wavelength range of about 1.3-2 .mu.m. In one embodiment of the present invention, the active region may comprise a first-grown quantum-well layer and a last-grown quantum-well layer that are oppositely strained; whereas in another embodiment of the invention, the active region is formed from a short-period superlattice structure (i.e. a pseudo alloy) comprising alternating thin layers of InGaAs and InGaAlAs. The use a short-period superlattice structure for the active region allows different layers within the active region to be simply and accurately grown by repetitively opening and closing one or more shutters in an MBE growth apparatus to repetitively switch between different growth states therein. The broadband LED may be formed as either a surface-emitting LED or as an edge-emitting LED for use in applications such as chemical sensing, fiber optic gyroscopes, wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) fiber-optic data links, and WDM fiber-optic sensor networks for automobiles and aircraft.

Broadband light-emitting diode

DOEpatents

Fritz, I.J.; Klem, J.F.; Hafich, M.J.

1998-07-14

A broadband light-emitting diode is disclosed. The broadband light-emitting diode (LED) comprises a plurality of III-V compound semiconductor layers grown on a semiconductor substrate, with the semiconductor layers including a pair of cladding layers sandwiched about a strained-quantum-well active region having a plurality of different energy bandgaps for generating light in a wavelength range of about 1.3--2 {micro}m. In one embodiment of the present invention, the active region may comprise a first-grown quantum-well layer and a last-grown quantum-well layer that are oppositely strained; whereas in another embodiment of the invention, the active region is formed from a short-period superlattice structure (i.e. a pseudo alloy) comprising alternating thin layers of InGaAs and InGaAlAs. The use a short-period superlattice structure for the active region allows different layers within the active region to be simply and accurately grown by repetitively opening and closing one or more shutters in an MBE growth apparatus to repetitively switch between different growth states therein. The broadband LED may be formed as either a surface-emitting LED or as an edge-emitting LED for use in applications such as chemical sensing, fiber optic gyroscopes, wavelength-divisionmultiplexed (WDM) fiber-optic data links, and WDM fiber-optic sensor networks for automobiles and aircraft. 10 figs.

Organic light emitting diode with light extracting electrode

DOEpatents

Bhandari, Abhinav; Buhay, Harry

2017-04-18

An organic light emitting diode (10) includes a substrate (20), a first electrode (12), an emissive active stack (14), and a second electrode (18). At least one of the first and second electrodes (12, 18) is a light extracting electrode (26) having a metallic layer (28). The metallic layer (28) includes light scattering features (29) on and/or in the metallic layer (28). The light extracting features (29) increase light extraction from the organic light emitting diode (10).

InGaAlAs RW-based electro-absorption-modulated DFB-lasers for high-speed applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moehrle, Martin; Klein, Holger; Bornholdt, Carsten; Przyrembel, Georges; Sigmund, Ariane; Molzow, Wolf-Dietrich; Troppenz, Ute; Bach, Heinz-Gunter

2014-05-01

Electro-absorption modulated 10G and 25G DFB lasers (EML) are key components in transmission systems for long reach (up to 10 km) and extended reach (up to 80 km) applications. The next generation Ethernet will most likely be 400 Gb/s which will require components with even higher bandwidth. Commercially available EMLs are regarded as high-cost components due to their separate epitaxial butt-coupling growth process to separately optimize the DFB laser and the electro-absorption modulator (EAM). Alternatively the selective area growth (SAG) technique is used to achieve different MQW bandgaps in the DFB and EAM section of an EML. However for a lot of applications an emission wavelength within a narrow wavelength window is required enforcing a temperature controlled operation. All these applications can be covered with the developed EML devices that use a single InGaAlAs MQW waveguide for both the DFB and the EAM enabling a low-cost fabrication process similar to a conventional DFB laser diode. It will be shown that such devices can be used for 25Gb/s and 40Gb/s applications with excellent performance. By an additional monolithic integration of an impedance matching circuit the module fabrication costs can be reduced but also the modulation bandwidth of the devices can be further enhanced. Up to 70Gb/s modulation with excellent eye openings can be achieved. This novel approach opens the possibility for 100Gb/s NRZ EMLs and thus 4x100Gb/s NRZ EML-based transmitters in future. Also even higher bitrates seem feasible using more complex modulation formats such as e.g. DMT and PAM.

Activation of HER family signaling as a mechanism of acquired resistance to ALK inhibitors in EML4-ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Tanizaki, Junko; Okamoto, Isamu; Okabe, Takafumi; Sakai, Kazuko; Tanaka, Kaoru; Hayashi, Hidetoshi; Kaneda, Hiroyasu; Takezawa, Ken; Kuwata, Kiyoko; Yamaguchi, Haruka; Hatashita, Erina; Nishio, Kazuto; Nakagawa, Kazuhiko

2012-11-15

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as crizotinib show marked efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer positive for the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-ALK fusion protein. However, acquired resistance to these agents has already been described in treated patients, and the mechanisms of such resistance remain largely unknown. We established lines of EML4-ALK-positive H3122 lung cancer cells that are resistant to the ALK inhibitor TAE684 (H3122/TR cells) and investigated their resistance mechanism with the use of immunoblot analysis, ELISA, reverse transcription and real-time PCR analysis, and an annexin V binding assay. We isolated EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer cells (K-3) from a patient who developed resistance to crizotinib and investigated their characteristics. The expression of EML4-ALK was reduced at the transcriptional level, whereas phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, and HER3 was upregulated, in H3122/TR cells compared with those in H3122 cells. This activation of HER family proteins was accompanied by increased secretion of EGF. Treatment with an EGFR-TKI induced apoptosis in H3122/TR cells, but not in H3122 cells. The TAE684-induced inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and STAT3 phosphorylation observed in parental cells was prevented by exposure of these cells to exogenous EGF, resulting in a reduced sensitivity of cell growth to TAE684. K-3 cells also manifested HER family activation accompanied by increased EGF secretion. EGF-mediated activation of HER family signaling is associated with ALK-TKI resistance in lung cancer positive for EML4-ALK. ©2012 AACR.

Detection of EML4-ALK fusion gene in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer by using a sensitive quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR technique.

PubMed

Fu, Sha; Wang, Fang; Shao, Qiong; Zhang, Xu; Duan, Li-Ping; Zhang, Xiao; Zhang, Li; Shao, Jian-Yong

2015-04-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement is present in approximately 5% of lung adenocarcinoma. Clinical trials on ALK inhibitor phase I to III have shown an interesting disease control rate and acceptable tolerability in ALK rearrangement patients. In clinical application, the precise diagnostic strategy for identifying ALK rearrangements remains to be determined. In this study, ALK rearrangement was screened by using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), direct sequencing, 2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays, and immunohistochemistry in 173 lung adenocarcinomas. We identified 18 cases (10.4%) with EML4-ALK fusion-positive by qRT-PCR, and all were positive for EML4-ALK fusion gene validated by direct sequencing. The result was consistent with that of other methods. Furthermore, of the 18 EML4-ALK fusion-positive cases, 16 (9.2%) were positive by using EML4-ALK fusion probe FISH, and 15 (8.7%) were positive by using ALK break-apart probe FISH and immunohistochemistry staining. Of the 18 ALK fusion-positive lung adenocarcinomas, 8 cases (44.4%) were histologically diagnosed as subtypes of cribriform adenocarcinoma, 7 cases (38.9%) as cribriform adenocarcinoma mixed with papillary and/or mucinous pattern, 2 cases (11.1%) as papillary adenocarcinoma, and 1 case (5.6%) as mucinous adenocarcinoma. In the present study, the ALK rearrangement frequency detected by qRT-PCR in Chinese NSCLC patients was higher than that in the western populations. QRT-PCR is a rapid, sensitive technology that could be used as a screening tool for identifying EML4-ALK fusion-positive NSCLC patients who would be sensitive for receiving ALK inhibitor therapy.

E3 ligase FLRF (Rnf41) regulates differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors by governing steady-state levels of cytokine and retinoic acid receptors

PubMed Central

Jing, Xin; Infante, Jorge; Nachtman, Ronald G.; Jurecic, Roland

2008-01-01

Objective FLRF (Rnf41) gene was identified through screening of subtracted cDNA libraries form murine hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Subsequent work has revealed that FLRF acts as E3 ubiquitin ligase, and that it regulates steady-state levels of neuregulin receptor ErbB3, and participates in degradation of IAP protein BRUCE and parkin. The objective of this study was to start exploring the role of FLRF during hematopoiesis. Methods FLRF was over-expressed in a murine multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line EML, which can differentiate into almost all blood cell lineages, and in pro-B progenitor cell line BaF3. The impact of FLRF over-expression on EML cell differentiation into myelo-erythroid lineages was studied using hematopoietic colony-forming assays. The interaction of FLRF with cytokine receptors and receptor levels in control cells and EML and BaF3 cells over-expressing FLRF were examined with Western and immunoprecipitation. Results Remarkably, over-expression of FLRF significantly attenuated erythroid and myeloid differentiation of EML cells in response to cytokines Epo and IL-3, and retinoic acid (RA), and resulted in significant and constitutive decrease of steady-state levels of IL-3, Epo and RA receptor RARα in EML and BaF3 cells. Immunoprecipitation has revealed that FLRF interacts with IL-3, Epo and RARα receptors in EML and BaF3 cells, and that FLRF-mediated down-regulation of these receptors is ligand binding-independent. Conclusions The results of this study have revealed new FLRF-mediated pathway for ligand-independent receptor level regulation, and support the notion that through maintaining basal levels of cytokine receptors, FLRF is involved in the control of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation into myelo-erythroid lineages. PMID:18495327

E3 ligase FLRF (Rnf41) regulates differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors by governing steady-state levels of cytokine and retinoic acid receptors.

PubMed

Jing, Xin; Infante, Jorge; Nachtman, Ronald G; Jurecic, Roland

2008-09-01

FLRF (Rnf41) gene was identified through screening of subtracted cDNA libraries form murine hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Subsequent work has revealed that FLRF acts as E3 ubiquitin ligase, and that it regulates steady-state levels of neuregulin receptor ErbB3 and participates in degradation of IAP protein BRUCE and parkin. The objective of this study was to start exploring the role of FLRF during hematopoiesis. FLRF was overexpressed in a murine multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line EML, which can differentiate into almost all blood cell lineages, and in pro-B progenitor cell line BaF3. The impact of FLRF overexpression on EML cell differentiation into myeloerythroid lineages was studied using hematopoietic colony-forming assays. The interaction of FLRF with cytokine receptors and receptor levels in control cells and EML and BaF3 cells overexpressing FLRF were examined with Western and immunoprecipitation. Remarkably, overexpression of FLRF significantly attenuated erythroid and myeloid differentiation of EML cells in response to cytokines erythropoietin (EPO) and interleukin-3 (IL-3), and retinoic acid (RA), and resulted in significant and constitutive decrease of steady-state levels of IL-3, EPO, and RA receptor-alpha (RARalpha) in EML and BaF3 cells. Immunoprecipitation has revealed that FLRF interacts with IL-3, EPO, and RARalpha receptors in EML and BaF3 cells, and that FLRF-mediated downregulation of these receptors is ligand binding-independent. The results of this study have revealed new FLRF-mediated pathway for ligand-independent receptor level regulation, and support the notion that through maintaining basal levels of cytokine receptors, FLRF is involved in the control of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation into myeloerythroid lineages.

Genetic parameters of feed efficiency traits and their relationships with egg quality traits in laying period of ducks.

PubMed

Zeng, T; Zhang, H; Liu, J; Chen, L; Tian, Y; Shen, J; Lu, L

2018-03-01

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for feed efficiency and relevant traits in 2 laying duck breeds, and to determine the relationship of residual feed intake (RFI) with feed efficiency and egg quality traits. Phenotypic records on 3,000 female laying ducks (1,500 Shaoxing ducks and 1,500 Jinyun ducks) from a random mating population were used to estimate genetic parameters for RFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed intake (FI), BW, BW gain (BWG), and egg mass laid (EML) at 42 to 46 wk of age. The heritability estimates for EML, FCR, FI, and RFI were 0.22, 0.19, 0.22, and 0.27 in Shaoxing ducks and 0.14, 0.19, 0.24, and 0.24 for Jinyun ducks, respectively. RFI showed high and positive genetic correlations with FCR (0.47 in Shaoxing ducks and 0.63 in Jinyun ducks) and FI (0.79 in Shaoxing ducks and 0.86 in Jinyun ducks). No correlations were found in RFI with BW, BWG, or EML at either genetic or phenotypic level. FCR was strongly and negatively correlated with EML (-0.81 and -0.68) but inconsistently correlated with FI (0.02 and 0.17), suggesting that EML was the main influence on FCR. In addition, no significant differences were found between low RFI (LRFI) and high RFI (HRFI) ducks in egg shape index, shell thickness, shell strength, yolk color, albumen height, or Haugh unit (HU). The results indicate that selection for LRFI could improve feed efficiency and reduce FI without significant changes in EML or egg quality.

Essential Medicines in a High Income Country: Essential to Whom?

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Objective To explore the perspectives of a diverse group of stakeholders engaged in medicines decision making around what constitutes an “essential” medicine, and how the Essential Medicines List (EML) concept functions in a high income country context. Methods In-depth qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 Australian stakeholders, recognised as decision makers, leaders or advisors in the area of medicines reimbursement or supply chain management. Participants were recruited from government, pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical wholesale/distribution companies, medicines non-profit organisations, academic health disciplines, hospitals, and consumer groups. Perspectives on the definition and application of the EML concept in a high income country context were thematically analysed using grounded theory approach. Findings Stakeholders found it challenging to describe the EML concept in the Australian context because many perceived it was generally used in resource scarce settings. Stakeholders were unable to distinguish whether nationally reimbursed medicines were essential medicines in Australia. Despite frequent generic drug shortages and high prices paid by consumers, many struggled to describe how the EML concept applied to Australia. Instead, broad inclusion of consumer needs, such as rare and high cost medicines, and consumer involvement in the decision making process, has led to expansive lists of nationally subsidised medicines. Therefore, improved communication and coordination is needed around shared interests between stakeholders regarding how medicines are prioritised and guaranteed in the supply chain. Conclusions This study showed that decision-making in Australia around reimbursement of medicines has strayed from the fundamental utilitarian concept of essential medicines. Many stakeholders involved in medicine reimbursement decisions and management of the supply chain did not consider the EML concept in their approach. The wide range of views of what stakeholders considered were essential medicines, challenges whether the EML concept is out-dated or underutilised in high income countries. PMID:26650544

Essential Medicines in a High Income Country: Essential to Whom?

PubMed

Duong, Mai; Moles, Rebekah J; Chaar, Betty; Chen, Timothy F

2015-01-01

To explore the perspectives of a diverse group of stakeholders engaged in medicines decision making around what constitutes an "essential" medicine, and how the Essential Medicines List (EML) concept functions in a high income country context. In-depth qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 Australian stakeholders, recognised as decision makers, leaders or advisors in the area of medicines reimbursement or supply chain management. Participants were recruited from government, pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutical wholesale/distribution companies, medicines non-profit organisations, academic health disciplines, hospitals, and consumer groups. Perspectives on the definition and application of the EML concept in a high income country context were thematically analysed using grounded theory approach. Stakeholders found it challenging to describe the EML concept in the Australian context because many perceived it was generally used in resource scarce settings. Stakeholders were unable to distinguish whether nationally reimbursed medicines were essential medicines in Australia. Despite frequent generic drug shortages and high prices paid by consumers, many struggled to describe how the EML concept applied to Australia. Instead, broad inclusion of consumer needs, such as rare and high cost medicines, and consumer involvement in the decision making process, has led to expansive lists of nationally subsidised medicines. Therefore, improved communication and coordination is needed around shared interests between stakeholders regarding how medicines are prioritised and guaranteed in the supply chain. This study showed that decision-making in Australia around reimbursement of medicines has strayed from the fundamental utilitarian concept of essential medicines. Many stakeholders involved in medicine reimbursement decisions and management of the supply chain did not consider the EML concept in their approach. The wide range of views of what stakeholders considered were essential medicines, challenges whether the EML concept is out-dated or underutilised in high income countries.

Therapeutic strategies to overcome crizotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancers harboring the fusion oncogene EML4-ALK

PubMed Central

Katayama, Ryohei; Khan, Tahsin M.; Benes, Cyril; Lifshits, Eugene; Ebi, Hiromichi; Rivera, Victor M.; Shakespeare, William C.; Iafrate, A. John; Engelman, Jeffrey A.; Shaw, Alice T.

2011-01-01

The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion oncogene represents a molecular target in a small subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). This fusion leads to constitutive ALK activation with potent transforming activity. In a pivotal phase 1 clinical trial, the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib (PF-02341066) demonstrated impressive antitumor activity in the majority of patients with NSCLC harboring ALK fusions. However, despite these remarkable initial responses, cancers eventually develop resistance to crizotinib, usually within 1 y, thereby limiting the potential clinical benefit. To determine how cancers acquire resistance to ALK inhibitors, we established a model of acquired resistance to crizotinib by exposing a highly sensitive EML4-ALK–positive NSCLC cell line to increasing doses of crizotinib until resistance emerged. We found that cells resistant to intermediate doses of crizotinib developed amplification of the EML4-ALK gene. Cells resistant to higher doses (1 μM) also developed a gatekeeper mutation, L1196M, within the kinase domain, rendering EML4-ALK insensitive to crizotinib. This gatekeeper mutation was readily detected using a unique and highly sensitive allele-specific PCR assay. Although crizotinib was ineffectual against EML4-ALK harboring the gatekeeper mutation, we observed that two structurally different ALK inhibitors, NVP-TAE684 and AP26113, were highly active against the resistant cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these resistant cells remained highly sensitive to the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG. Thus, we have developed a model of acquired resistance to ALK inhibitors and have shown that second-generation ALK TKIs or Hsp90 inhibitors are effective in treating crizotinib-resistant tumors harboring secondary gatekeeper mutations. PMID:21502504

Organic light emitting device having multiple separate emissive layers

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen R [Ann Arbor, MI

2012-03-27

An organic light emitting device having multiple separate emissive layers is provided. Each emissive layer may define an exciton formation region, allowing exciton formation to occur across the entire emissive region. By aligning the energy levels of each emissive layer with the adjacent emissive layers, exciton formation in each layer may be improved. Devices incorporating multiple emissive layers with multiple exciton formation regions may exhibit improved performance, including internal quantum efficiencies of up to 100%.

Method to generate high efficient devices which emit high quality light for illumination

DOEpatents

Krummacher, Benjamin C.; Mathai, Mathew; Choong, Vi-En; Choulis, Stelios A.

2009-06-30

An electroluminescent apparatus includes an OLED device emitting light in the blue and green spectrums, and at least one down conversion layer. The down conversion layer absorbs at least part of the green spectrum light and emits light in at least one of the orange spectra and red spectra.

Vapochromic LED

DOEpatents

Kunugi, Yoshihito; Mann, Kent R.; Miller, Larry L.; Exstrom, Christopher L.

2003-06-17

A sandwich device was prepared by electrodeposition of an insoluble layer of oligomerized tris(4-(2-thienyl)phenyl)amine onto conducting indium-tin oxide coated glass, spin coating the stacked platinum compound, tetrakis(p-decylphenylisocyano)platinum tetranitroplatinate, from toluene onto the oligomer layer, and then coating the platinum complex with aluminum by vapor deposition. This device showed rectification of current and gave electroluminescence. The electroluminescence spectrum (.lambda..sub.max =545 nm) corresponded to the photoluminescence spectrum of the platinum complex. Exposure of the device to acetone vapor caused the electroemission to shift to 575 nm. Exposure to toluene vapor caused a return to the original spectrum. These results demonstrate a new type of sensor that reports the arrival of organic vapors with an electroluminescent signal. The sensor comprises (a) a first electrode; (b) a hole transport layer formed on the first electrode; (c) a sensing/emitting layer formed on the hole transport layer, the sensing/emitting layer comprising a material that changes color upon exposure to the analyte vapors; (d) an electron conductor layer formed on the sensing layer; and (e) a second electrode formed on the electron conductor layer. The hole transport layer emits light at a shorter wavelength than the sensing/emitting layer and at least the first electrode comprises an optically transparent material.

Vapochromic LED

DOEpatents

Kunugi, Yoshihito; Mann, Kent R.; Miller, Larry L.; Exstrom, Christopher L.

2002-01-15

A sandwich device was prepared by electrodeposition of an insoluble layer of oligomerized tris(4-(2-thienyl)phenyl)amine onto conducting indium-tin oxide coated glass, spin coating the stacked platinum compound, tetrakis(p-decylphenylisocyano)platinum tetranitroplatinate, from toluene onto the oligomer layer, and then coating the platinum complex with aluminum by vapor deposition. This device showed rectification of current and gave electroluminescence. The electroluminescence spectrum (.mu..sub.max =545 nm) corresponded to the photoluminescence spectrum of the platinum complex. Exposure of the device to acetone vapor caused the electroemission to shift to 575 nm. Exposure to toluene vapor caused a return to the original spectrum. These results demonstrate a new type of sensor that reports the arrival of organic vapors with an electroluminescent signal. The sensor comprises (a) a first electrode; (b) a hole transport layer formed on the first electrode; (c) a sensing/emitting layer formed on the hole transport layer, the sensing/emitting layer comprising a material that changes color upon exposure to the analyte vapors; (d) an electron conductor layer formed on the sensing layer; and (e) a second electrode formed on the electron conductor layer. The hole transport layer emits light at a shorter wavelength than the sensing/emitting layer and at least the first electrode comprises an optically transparent material.

AlxGa1-xAs Single-Quantum-Well Surface-Emitting Lasers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kim, Jae H.

1992-01-01

Surface-emitting solid-state laser contains edge-emitting Al0.08Ga0.92As single-quantum-well (SQW) active layer sandwiched between graded-index-of-refraction separate-confinement-heterostructure (GRINSCH) layers of AlxGa1-xAs, includes etched 90 degree mirrors and 45 degree facets to direct edge-emitted beam perpendicular to top surface. Laser resembles those described in "Pseudomorphic-InxGa1-xAs Surface-Emitting Lasers" (NPO-18243). Suitable for incorporation into optoelectronic integrated circuits for photonic computing; e.g., optoelectronic neural networks.

Highly efficient phosphorescence from organic light-emitting devices with an exciton-block layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ikai, Masamichi; Tokito, Shizuo; Sakamoto, Youichi; Suzuki, Toshiyasu; Taga, Yasunori

2001-07-01

One of the keys to highly efficient phosphorescent emission in organic light-emitting devices is to confine triplet excitons generated within the emitting layer. We employ "starburst" perfluorinated phenylenes (C60F42) as a both hole- and exciton-block layer, and a hole-transport material 4,4',4″-tri(N-carbazolyl) triphenylamine as a host for the phosphorescent dopant dye in the emitting layer. A maximum external quantum efficiency reaches to 19.2%, and keeps over 15% even at high current densities of 10-20 mA/cm2, providing several times the brightness of fluorescent tubes for lighting. The onset voltage of the electroluminescence is as low as 2.4 V and the peak power efficiency is 70-72 lm/W, promising for low-power display devices.

Modernizing the World Health Organization List of Essential Medicines for Preventing and Controlling Cardiovascular Diseases.

PubMed

Kishore, Sandeep P; Blank, Evan; Heller, David J; Patel, Amisha; Peters, Alexander; Price, Matthew; Vidula, Mahesh; Fuster, Valentin; Onuma, Oyere; Huffman, Mark D; Vedanthan, Rajesh

2018-02-06

The World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) is a key tool for improving global access to medicines for all conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The WHO EML is used by member states to determine their national essential medicine lists and policies and to guide procurement of medicines in the public sector. Here, we describe our efforts to modernize the EML for global CVD prevention and control. We review the recent history of applications to add, delete, and change indications for CVD medicines, with the aim of aligning the list with contemporary clinical practice guidelines. We have identified 4 issues that affect decisions for the EML and may strengthen future applications: 1) cost and cost-effectiveness; 2) presence in clinical practice guidelines; 3) feedback loops; and 4) community engagement. We share our lessons to stimulate others in the global CVD community to embark on similar efforts. Copyright © 2018 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural characterization of Chinese quince fruit lignin pretreated with enzymatic hydrolysis.

PubMed

Qin, Zhao; Wang, Xue-De; Liu, Hua-Min; Wang, Dong-Min; Qin, Guang-Yong

2018-08-01

Lignin is an increasingly valuable raw material for industrial, pharmaceutical and the food industries; natural antioxidants are also being used more and more widely. The Chinese quince fruits have an abundance of lignins with antioxidant properties; however, the lignins cannot be isolated by the methods conventionally used on other sources (e.g., wood, straw). In this investigation, multi-enzymatic hydrolytic pretreatments were used to isolate lignins from Chinese quince fruit, and the structures of these multi-enzyme mixture lignin (EML) fractions were then analyzed and compared with conventional cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL). EML fractions are structurally similar to CEL fractions except for an increased S/G ratio, greater number of β-O-4 linkages, higher average molecular weight and decreased thermal stability. The EML-2 fraction in particular seemed most representative of the lignins isolated, and it exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in comparison with CEL and other EML fractions. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EML4-ALK Variants: Biological and Molecular Properties, and the Implications for Patients

PubMed Central

Yeoh, Sharon; Jackson, George

2017-01-01

Since the discovery of the fusion between EML4 (echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4) and ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), EML4-ALK, in lung adenocarcinomas in 2007, and the subsequent identification of at least 15 different variants in lung cancers, there has been a revolution in molecular-targeted therapy that has transformed the outlook for these patients. Our recent focus has been on understanding how and why the expression of particular variants can affect biological and molecular properties of cancer cells, as well as identifying the key signalling pathways triggered, as a result. In the clinical setting, this understanding led to the discovery that the type of variant influences the response of patients to ALK therapy. Here, we discuss what we know so far about the EML4-ALK variants in molecular signalling pathways and what questions remain to be answered. In the longer term, this analysis may uncover ways to specifically treat patients for a better outcome. PMID:28872581

EML4-ALK Variants: Biological and Molecular Properties, and the Implications for Patients.

PubMed

Sabir, Sarah R; Yeoh, Sharon; Jackson, George; Bayliss, Richard

2017-09-05

Since the discovery of the fusion between EML4 (echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4) and ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), EML4-ALK, in lung adenocarcinomas in 2007, and the subsequent identification of at least 15 different variants in lung cancers, there has been a revolution in molecular-targeted therapy that has transformed the outlook for these patients. Our recent focus has been on understanding how and why the expression of particular variants can affect biological and molecular properties of cancer cells, as well as identifying the key signalling pathways triggered, as a result. In the clinical setting, this understanding led to the discovery that the type of variant influences the response of patients to ALK therapy. Here, we discuss what we know so far about the EML4-ALK variants in molecular signalling pathways and what questions remain to be answered. In the longer term, this analysis may uncover ways to specifically treat patients for a better outcome.

[Therapeutic effects of crizotinib in EML4-ALK-positive patients with non-small-cell lung cancer].

PubMed

Wu, Xuan; Li, Jianxiong

2015-05-01

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of different therapeutic regimens for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with or without EML4-ALK rearrangement. Twenty-one ALK-positive and 50 ALK-negative NSCLC patients who received voluntarily EML4-ALK testing and 75 NSCLC patients without AL testing were enrolled in this study. The 3 groups of patients received different treatments, and the therapeutic effects, progression-free survival (PFS), and treatment-related adverse events were analyzed. Crizotinib treatment obviously prolonged the PFS in EML4-ALK-positive patients with an objective response rate (OOR) of 61.9% and a median response duration of 16 months, which were significantly better than those in with ALK-negative patients and patients without ALK testing who received different second-line therapies. Crizotinib is superior to platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC patients with ALK rearrangement. ALK rearrangement id not a modifier of the effect of chemotherapy regimens in NSCLC patients.

Receptor ligand-triggered resistance to alectinib and its circumvention by Hsp90 inhibition in EML4-ALK lung cancer cells.

PubMed

Tanimoto, Azusa; Yamada, Tadaaki; Nanjo, Shigeki; Takeuchi, Shinji; Ebi, Hiromichi; Kita, Kenji; Matsumoto, Kunio; Yano, Seiji

2014-07-15

Alectinib is a new generation ALK inhibitor with activity against the gatekeeper L1196M mutation that showed remarkable activity in a phase I/II study with echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4 (EML4)--anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, alectinib resistance may eventually develop. Here, we found that EGFR ligands and HGF, a ligand of the MET receptor, activate EGFR and MET, respectively, as alternative pathways, and thereby induce resistance to alectinib. Additionally, the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor suppressed protein expression of ALK, MET, EGFR, and AKT, and thereby induced apoptosis in EML4-ALK NSCLC cells, even in the presence of EGFR ligands or HGF. These results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors may overcome ligand-triggered resistance to new generation ALK inhibitors and may result in more successful treatment of NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK.

Receptor ligand-triggered resistance to alectinib and its circumvention by Hsp90 inhibition in EML4-ALK lung cancer cells

PubMed Central

Tanimoto, Azusa; Yamada, Tadaaki; Nanjo, Shigeki; Takeuchi, Shinji; Ebi, Hiromichi; Kita, Kenji; Matsumoto, Kunio; Yano, Seiji

2014-01-01

Alectinib is a new generation ALK inhibitor with activity against the gatekeeper L1196M mutation that showed remarkable activity in a phase I/II study with echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4 (EML4) - anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, alectinib resistance may eventually develop. Here, we found that EGFR ligands and HGF, a ligand of the MET receptor, activate EGFR and MET, respectively, as alternative pathways, and thereby induce resistance to alectinib. Additionally, the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor suppressed protein expression of ALK, MET, EGFR, and AKT, and thereby induced apoptosis in EML4-ALK NSCLC cells, even in the presence of EGFR ligands or HGF. These results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors may overcome ligand-triggered resistance to new generation ALK inhibitors and may result in more successful treatment of NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK. PMID:24952482

Comparison of IHC, FISH and RT-PCR methods for detection of ALK rearrangements in 312 non-small cell lung cancer patients in Taiwan.

PubMed

Wu, Yi-Cheng; Chang, Il-Chi; Wang, Chi-Liang; Chen, Tai-Di; Chen, Ya-Ting; Liu, Hui-Ping; Chu, Yen; Chiu, Yu-Ting; Wu, Tzu-Hua; Chou, Li-Hui; Chen, Yi-Rong; Huang, Shiu-Feng

2013-01-01

Recently Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4- anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene has become an important biomarker for ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (crizotinib) treatment in NSCLC. However, the best detection method and the significance of EML4-ALK variant types remain uncertain. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in Situ hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain were performed on tumor tissues of 312 NSCLC patients for detection of ALK rearrangements. Mutation analyses for EGFR and KRAS genes were also performed. Thirteen of the 312 patients (4.17%) had ALK rearrangements detected by RT-PCR. If RT-PCR data was used as the gold standard, FISH tests had a low sensitivity (58.33%), but very good specificity (99.32%). IHC stain had better sensitivity (91.67%) than FISH, but lower specificity (79.52%), when the cut off was IHC2+. All of the 8 patients with high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues (assessed by the signal intensities of the RT-PCR product), were also have high expression of ALK protein (IHC3+), and positive for FISH, except one failed in FISH. Variants 3a+3b (4/5, 80%) of EML4-ALK fusion gene were more common to have high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues than variant 1 (1/3, 33.3%). Meta-analysis of the published data of 2273 NSCLC patients revealed that variant 3 (23/44, 52.3%) was the most common type in Chinese population, while variant 1 (28/37, 75.7%) was most common in Caucasian. Among the three detection methods, RT-PCR could detect not only the presence of EML4-ALK fusion gene and their variant types, but also the abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in NSCLC tumor tissues. The latter two factors might affect the treatment response to anti-ALK inhibitor. Including RT-PCR as a diagnostic test for ALK inhibitor treatment in the prospective clinical trials is recommended.

Detection of Echinoderm Microtubule Associated Protein Like 4-Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Fusion Genes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Clinical Samples by a Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Method.

PubMed

Zhao, Jing; Zhao, Jin-Yin; Chen, Zhi-Xia; Zhong, Wei; Li, Long-Yun; Liu, Li-Cheng; Hu, Xiao-Xu; Chen, Wei-Jun; Wang, Meng-Zhao

2016-12-20

Objective To establish a real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (qRT-PCR) for the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion genes in non-small cell lung cancer. Methods The specific primers for the four variants of EML4-ALK fusion genes (V1, V2, V3a, and V3b) and Taqman fluorescence probes for the detection of the target sequences were carefully designed by the Primer Premier 5.0 software. Then, using pseudovirus containing EML4-ALK fusion genes variants (V1, V2, V3a, and V3b) as the study objects, we further analyzed the lower limit, sensitivity, and specificity of this method. Finally, 50 clinical samples, including 3 ALK-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) positive specimens, were collected and used to detect EML4-ALK fusion genes using this method. Results The lower limit of this method for the detection of EML4-ALK fusion genes was 10 copies/μl if no interference of background RNA existed. Regarding the method's sensitivity, the detection resolution was as high as 1% and 0.5% in the background of 500 and 5000 copies/μl wild-type ALK gene, respectively. Regarding the method's specificity, no non-specific amplification was found when it was used to detect EML4-ALK fusion genes in leukocyte and plasma RNA samples from healthy volunteers. Among the 50 clinical samples, 47 ALK-FISH negative samples were also negative. Among 3 ALK-FISH positive samples, 2 cases were detected positive using this method, but another was not detected because of the failure of RNA extraction. Conclusion The proposed qRT-PCR assay for the detection of EML4-ALK fusion genes is rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific, which is deserved to be validated and widely used in clinical settings.

EML4-ALK enhances programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in pulmonary adenocarcinoma via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and STAT3.

PubMed

Koh, Jaemoon; Jang, Ji-Young; Keam, Bhumsuk; Kim, Sehui; Kim, Moon-Young; Go, Heounjeong; Kim, Tae Min; Kim, Dong-Wan; Kim, Chul-Woo; Jeon, Yoon Kyung; Chung, Doo Hyun

2016-03-01

Programmed cell death (PD)-1/PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1)-targeted therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for lung cancer. However, whether EML4-ALK regulates PD-L1 expression in lung cancer remains unknown. A total of 532 pulmonary adenocarcinomas (pADCs), including 58 ALK -translocated tumors, were immunohistochemically evaluated for PD-L1 and PD-1. H23 ( EGFR Wild-type EML4-ALK - PD-L1 Low ) and H2228 ( EGFR Wild-type EML4-ALK + PD-L1 High ) cells were transfected with EML4-ALK or ALK short interfering RNAs and used to investigate the alterations in PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression was detected in 81% of ALK -translocated pADCs; this value was significantly higher than those of pADCs with EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation or lacking ALK, EGFR or KRAS mutation ( p <0.005 for all). Moreover, ALK -translocated pADC with PD-L1 expression showed significantly higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating PD-1 + cells. ALK knockdown or inhibition (crizotinib treatment) in H2228 cells downregulated PD-L1 expression. Transfection of H23 cells with EML4-ALK enhanced PD-L1 expression, which was compromised by crizotinib treatment. This ALK-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 expression was mediated by STAT3 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α under normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, EML4-ALK enhanced HIF-1α expression through increasing transcription and decreasing ubiquitination of HIF-1α. In ALK -translocated pADC tissues, significant positive correlations between PD-L1 and nuclear HIF-1α ( p < 0.05) or pSTAT3 expression levels ( p <0.005) were observed. Among patients with ALK -translocated pADC, strong PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with shorter progression-free ( p = 0.001) and overall survival ( p = 0.002) after crizotinib treatment. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ALK- derived pADCs increase PD-L1 expression via HIF-1α and/or STAT3, thus providing a rationale for PD-1/PD-L1 pathway-targeted therapy in ALK -translocated lung cancer.

Comparison of IHC, FISH and RT-PCR Methods for Detection of ALK Rearrangements in 312 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients in Taiwan

PubMed Central

Wang, Chi-Liang; Chen, Tai-Di; Chen, Ya-Ting; Liu, Hui-Ping; Chu, Yen; Chiu, Yu-Ting; Wu, Tzu-Hua; Chou, Li-Hui; Chen, Yi-Rong; Huang, Shiu-Feng

2013-01-01

Background Recently Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4- anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene has become an important biomarker for ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (crizotinib) treatment in NSCLC. However, the best detection method and the significance of EML4-ALK variant types remain uncertain. Methods Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in Situ hybridization (FISH) and Immunohistochemical (IHC) stain were performed on tumor tissues of 312 NSCLC patients for detection of ALK rearrangements. Mutation analyses for EGFR and KRAS genes were also performed. Results Thirteen of the 312 patients (4.17%) had ALK rearrangements detected by RT-PCR. If RT-PCR data was used as the gold standard, FISH tests had a low sensitivity (58.33%), but very good specificity (99.32%). IHC stain had better sensitivity (91.67%) than FISH, but lower specificity (79.52%), when the cut off was IHC2+. All of the 8 patients with high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues (assessed by the signal intensities of the RT-PCR product), were also have high expression of ALK protein (IHC3+), and positive for FISH, except one failed in FISH. Variants 3a+3b (4/5, 80%) of EML4-ALK fusion gene were more common to have high abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in tumor tissues than variant 1 (1/3, 33.3%). Meta-analysis of the published data of 2273 NSCLC patients revealed that variant 3 (23/44, 52.3%) was the most common type in Chinese population, while variant 1 (28/37, 75.7%) was most common in Caucasian. Conclusions Among the three detection methods, RT-PCR could detect not only the presence of EML4-ALK fusion gene and their variant types, but also the abundance of EML4-ALK positive cells in NSCLC tumor tissues. The latter two factors might affect the treatment response to anti-ALK inhibitor. Including RT-PCR as a diagnostic test for ALK inhibitor treatment in the prospective clinical trials is recommended. PMID:23951022

Radon intercomparisons at EML, January 1983 and February 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisenne, I.M.; George, A.C.; Keller, H.W.

1985-02-01

This report summarizes the results of two radon measurement intercomparison exercises held at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) in January 1983 and February 1984. Nineteen organizations, including five US federal facilities, one national laboratory, two state laboratories, six universities, three private sector laboratories and two non-US facilities participated in these exercises. The results indicate good agreement among the participants at /sup 222/Rn concentration levels of 50 and 80 pCi.L/sup -1/. Improvements in the EML calibration facilities, and the participation of two US laboratories in a Nuclear Energy Agency intercomparison program are also discussed. 8 references, 6 figures, 8 tables.

A Cost Analysis of Space Available Travel

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-14

environmental and morale leave ( EML ) and accompanied family members 33.28% 1.35% 35.15% 7.69% 20.85% 1.68% Army Coast Guard Air Force Marines...consecutive days and unaccompanied family members (18 years or older) traveling on EML orders. - Category V: Unaccompanied Command-sponsored dependents and

Redefining Earthquakes and the Earthquake Machine

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hubenthal, Michael; Braile, Larry; Taber, John

2008-01-01

The Earthquake Machine (EML), a mechanical model of stick-slip fault systems, can increase student engagement and facilitate opportunities to participate in the scientific process. This article introduces the EML model and an activity that challenges ninth-grade students' misconceptions about earthquakes. The activity emphasizes the role of models…

Recurrent EML4-NTRK3 fusions in infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital mesoblastic nephroma suggest a revised testing strategy.

PubMed

Church, Alanna J; Calicchio, Monica L; Nardi, Valentina; Skalova, Alena; Pinto, Andre; Dillon, Deborah A; Gomez-Fernandez, Carmen R; Manoj, Namitha; Haimes, Josh D; Stahl, Joshua A; Dela Cruz, Filemon S; Tannenbaum-Dvir, Sarah; Glade-Bender, Julia L; Kung, Andrew L; DuBois, Steven G; Kozakewich, Harry P; Janeway, Katherine A; Perez-Atayde, Antonio R; Harris, Marian H

2018-03-01

Infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital mesoblastic nephroma are tumors of infancy traditionally associated with the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. However, a number of case reports have identified variant fusions in these tumors. In order to assess the frequency of variant NTRK3 fusions, and in particular whether the recently identified EML4-NTRK3 fusion is recurrent, 63 archival cases of infantile fibrosarcoma, congenital mesoblastic nephroma, mammary analog secretory carcinoma and secretory breast carcinoma (tumor types that are known to carry recurrent ETV6-NTRK3 fusions) were tested with NTRK3 break-apart FISH, EML4-NTRK3 dual fusion FISH, and targeted RNA sequencing. The EML4-NTRK3 fusion was identified in two cases of infantile fibrosarcoma (one of which was previously described), and in one case of congenital mesoblastic nephroma, demonstrating that the EML4-NTRK3 fusion is a recurrent genetic event in these related tumors. The growing spectrum of gene fusions associated with infantile fibrosarcoma and congenital mesoblastic nephroma along with the recent availability of targeted therapies directed toward inhibition of NTRK signaling argue for alternate testing strategies beyond ETV6 break-apart FISH. The use of either NTRK3 FISH or next-generation sequencing will expand the number of cases in which an oncogenic fusion is identified and facilitate optimal diagnosis and treatment for patients.

Comparison of small biopsy specimens and surgical specimens for the detection of EGFR mutations and EML4-ALK in non-small-cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

Xiao, DeSheng; Lu, Can; Zhu, Wei; He, QiuYan; Li, Yong; Fu, ChunYan; Zhou, JianHua; Liu, Shuang; Tao, YongGuang

2016-01-01

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion genes represent novel oncogenes that are associated with non–small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The feasibility of detecting EGFR mutations and ALK fusion genes in small biopsy specimens or surgical specimens was determined. Of the 721 NSCLC patients, a total of 305 cases were positive for EGFR mutations (42.3%). The rate of EGFR mutations in women was significantly higher than that in men. Histologically, the EGFR mutation rate in adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in squamous cell carcinomas. No difference in the EGFR mutation rate was observed between surgical specimens (42.1%) and small biopsy specimens (42.4%), which indicated that the EGFR mutation ratios in surgical specimens and small biopsy specimens were not different. In 385 NSCLC patients, 26 cases were positive for EML4-ALK (6.8%). However, 11.7% of the surgical specimens were EML4-ALK-positive, whereas the positive proportion in the small biopsy specimens was only 4.7%, which indicated that EML4-ALK-positive rate in the surgical specimens was significantly higher than that in the small biopsy specimens. Detection of EGFR gene mutations was feasible in small biopsy specimens, and screening for EML4-ALK expression in small biopsy specimens can be used to guide clinical treatments. PMID:27322143

Problems of comparing blood glucose molality and molarity determined with an Omni, an EML 105 and an Ebio analyser.

PubMed

Haeckel, Rainer; Hänecke, Petra

2003-07-01

The comparability between glucose concentrations measured in various sample systems is still a matter of debate. Decision limits are usually determined in venous plasma and then converted to either blood or to the aqueous compartment (activity). The conversion factors recommended have not yet been generally accepted. In the present study, glucose concentrations were determined in blood and plasma with an Ebio analyser (molarity) and in the aqueous compartment with both an EML 105 and an Omni (molality). All analytical results were referred to the same aqueous standard solution. The Ebio results agreed with reference method values in control materials. Concentrations determined in the various sample systems from patients (molarity) correlated well with the molality values measured either with the EML or the Omni. However, the mean values of the EML were not consistent with those derived theoretically by considering the different water content. With the Omni, only molality values in whole blood appeared plausible, but not in plasma, although the two sample systems should provide identical molality values. The EML results were almost identical in whole blood and plasma. Theoretically, glucose molality would be the ideal diagnostic quantity. However, no diagnostic advantage of molality determined in whole blood with the Omni vs. molarity values could be detected in a group of 40 non-diabetic and 27 diabetic subjects.

[Historical changes in the list of plasma fractionation products placed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines].

PubMed

Sakagami, Yuichiro; Tsutani, Kiichiro

2014-01-01

The purpose of this study was to summarize the historical changes in the list of plasma fractionation products (PFP) placed on the Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). PFP such as albumin, blood coagulation factors, and immunoglobulins are derived from blood collected from thousands of people. PFP have been listed since the first edition of the EML (1977). However, the PFP listed on the EML have changed dramatically because EML's selection process has changed from experience-based to evidence-based. For example, albumin, which had been listed since the 2nd edition (1979), was deleted in the 11th edition (2000) because of the uncertainty of its efficacy. Human immunoglobulin normal, which had been deleted from the 13th edition (2003), was relisted in the 15th edition (2007). Moreover, the WHO has issued several resolutions and guidelines regarding PFP production, quality, and safety in order to promote the establishment of blood programmes in every nation. The focus of WHO's EML selection process has changed over 30 years. In the 20th century, WHO mainly focused on PFP efficacy, quality, and safety problems. However, currently the focus is on the problem of PFP accessibility, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it would be important to know how to capitalize on established knowledge and production technology to increase the accessibility of PFP worldwide.

Numerical predictions of EML (electromagnetic launcher) system performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schnurr, N.M.; Kerrisk, J.F.; Davidson, R.F.

1987-01-01

The performance of an electromagnetic launcher (EML) depends on a large number of parameters, including the characteristics of the power supply, rail geometry, rail and insulator material properties, injection velocity, and projectile mass. EML system performance is frequently limited by structural or thermal effects in the launcher (railgun). A series of computer codes has been developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to predict EML system performance and to determine the structural and thermal constraints on barrel design. These codes include FLD, a two-dimensional electrostatic code used to calculate the high-frequency inductance gradient and surface current density distribution for themore » rails; TOPAZRG, a two-dimensional finite-element code that simultaneously analyzes thermal and electromagnetic diffusion in the rails; and LARGE, a code that predicts the performance of the entire EML system. Trhe NIKE2D code, developed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, is used to perform structural analyses of the rails. These codes have been instrumental in the design of the Lethality Test System (LTS) at Los Alamos, which has an ultimate goal of accelerating a 30-g projectile to a velocity of 15 km/s. The capabilities of the individual codes and the coupling of these codes to perform a comprehensive analysis is discussed in relation to the LTS design. Numerical predictions are compared with experimental data and presented for the LTS prototype tests.« less

Isolated central nervous system progression on Crizotinib

PubMed Central

Chun, Stephen G.; Choe, Kevin S.; Iyengar, Puneeth; Yordy, John S.; Timmerman, Robert D.

2012-01-01

Advanced non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) remains almost uniformly lethal with marginal long-term survival despite efforts to target specific oncogenic addiction pathways that may drive these tumors with small molecularly targeted agents and biologics. The EML4-ALK fusion gene encodes a chimeric tyrosine kinase that activates the Ras signaling pathway, and this fusion protein is found in approximately 5% of NSCLC. Targeting EML4-ALK with Crizotinib in this subset of NSCLC has documented therapeutic efficacy, but the vast majority of patients eventually develop recurrent disease that is often refractory to further treatments. We present the clinicopathologic features of three patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring the EML4-ALK translocation that developed isolated central nervous system (CNS) metastases in the presence of good disease control elsewhere in the body. These cases suggest a differential response of NSCLC to Crizotinib in the brain in comparison to other sites of disease, and are consistent with a previous report of poor CNS penetration of Crizotinib. Results of ongoing clinical trials will clarify whether the CNS is a major sanctuary site for EML4-ALK positive NSCLC being treated with Crizotinib. While understanding molecular mechanisms of resistance is critical to overcome therapeutic resistance, understanding physiologic mechanisms of resistance through analyzing anatomic patterns of failure may be equally crucial to improve long-term survival for patients with EML4-ALK translocation positive NSCLC. PMID:22986231

Comparison of small biopsy specimens and surgical specimens for the detection of EGFR mutations and EML4-ALK in non-small-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Xiao, DeSheng; Lu, Can; Zhu, Wei; He, QiuYan; Li, Yong; Fu, ChunYan; Zhou, JianHua; Liu, Shuang; Tao, YongGuang

2016-09-13

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion genes represent novel oncogenes that are associated with non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The feasibility of detecting EGFR mutations and ALK fusion genes in small biopsy specimens or surgical specimens was determined. Of the 721 NSCLC patients, a total of 305 cases were positive for EGFR mutations (42.3%). The rate of EGFR mutations in women was significantly higher than that in men. Histologically, the EGFR mutation rate in adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than that in squamous cell carcinomas. No difference in the EGFR mutation rate was observed between surgical specimens (42.1%) and small biopsy specimens (42.4%), which indicated that the EGFR mutation ratios in surgical specimens and small biopsy specimens were not different. In 385 NSCLC patients, 26 cases were positive for EML4-ALK (6.8%). However, 11.7% of the surgical specimens were EML4-ALK-positive, whereas the positive proportion in the small biopsy specimens was only 4.7%, which indicated that EML4-ALK-positive rate in the surgical specimens was significantly higher than that in the small biopsy specimens. Detection of EGFR gene mutations was feasible in small biopsy specimens, and screening for EML4-ALK expression in small biopsy specimens can be used to guide clinical treatments.

White organic light-emitting diodes with ultra-thin mixed emitting layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeon, T.; Forget, S.; Chenais, S.; Geffroy, B.; Tondelier, D.; Bonnassieux, Y.; Ishow, E.

2012-02-01

White light can be obtained from Organic Light Emitting Diodes by mixing three primary colors, (i.e. red, green and blue) or two complementary colors in the emissive layer. In order to improve the efficiency and stability of the devices, a host-guest system is generally used as an emitting layer. However, the color balance to obtain white light is difficult to control and optimize because the spectrum is very sensitive to doping concentration (especially when a small amount of material is used). We use here an ultra-thin mixed emitting layer (UML) deposited by thermal evaporation to fabricate white organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) without co-evaporation. The UML was inserted in the hole-transporting layer consisting of 4, 4'-bis[N-(1-naphtyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (α-NPB) instead of using a conventional doping process. The UML was formed from a single evaporation boat containing a mixture of two dipolar starbust triarylamine molecules (fvin and fcho) presenting very similar structures and thermal properties and emitting in complementary spectral regions (orange and blue respectively) and mixed according to their weight ratio. The composition of the UML specifically allows for fine tuning of the emission color despite its very thin thickness down to 1 nm. Competitive energy transfer processes from fcho and the host interface toward fvin are key parameters to control the relative intensity between red and blue emission. White light with very good CIE 1931 color coordinate (0.34, 0.34) was obtained by simply adjusting the UML film composition.

High-resolution parallel-detection sensor array using piezo-phototronics effect

DOEpatents

Wang, Zhong L.; Pan, Caofeng

2015-07-28

A pressure sensor element includes a substrate, a first type of semiconductor material layer and an array of elongated light-emitting piezoelectric nanostructures extending upwardly from the first type of semiconductor material layer. A p-n junction is formed between each nanostructure and the first type semiconductor layer. An insulative resilient medium layer is infused around each of the elongated light-emitting piezoelectric nanostructures. A transparent planar electrode, disposed on the resilient medium layer, is electrically coupled to the top of each nanostructure. A voltage source is coupled to the first type of semiconductor material layer and the transparent planar electrode and applies a biasing voltage across each of the nanostructures. Each nanostructure emits light in an intensity that is proportional to an amount of compressive strain applied thereto.

Challenges in Educational Modelling: Expressiveness of IMS Learning Design

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Caeiro-Rodriguez, Manuel; Anido-Rifon, Luis; Llamas-Nistal, Martin

2010-01-01

Educational Modelling Languages (EMLs) have been proposed to enable the authoring of models of "learning units" (e.g., courses, lessons, lab practices, seminars) covering the broad variety of pedagogical approaches. In addition, some EMLs have been proposed as computational languages that support the processing of learning unit models by…

Modeling Educational Content: The Cognitive Approach of the PALO Language

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodriguez-Artacho, Miguel; Verdejo Maillo, M. Felisa

2004-01-01

This paper presents a reference framework to describe educational material. It introduces the PALO Language as a cognitive based approach to Educational Modeling Languages (EML). In accordance with recent trends for reusability and interoperability in Learning Technologies, EML constitutes an evolution of the current content-centered…

Ultrasonic spray coating polymer and small molecular organic film for organic light-emitting devices.

PubMed

Liu, Shihao; Zhang, Xiang; Zhang, Letian; Xie, Wenfa

2016-11-22

Ultrasonic spray coating process (USCP) with high material -utilization, low manufacture costs and compatibility to streamline production has been attractive in researches on photoelectric devices. However, surface tension exists in the solvent is still a huge obstacle to realize smooth organic film for organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) by USCP. Here, high quality polymer anode buffer layer and small molecular emitting layer are successfully realized through USCP by introducing extra-low surface tension diluent and surface tension control method. The introduction of low surface tension methyl alcohol is beneficial to the formation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films and brings obvious phase separation and improved conductivity to PEDOT:PSS film. Besides, a surface tension control method, in which new stable tension equilibrium is built at the border of wetting layer, is proposed to eliminate the effect of surface tension during the solvent evaporation stage of ultrasonic spray coating the film consists of 9,9-Spirobifluoren-2-yl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide doped with 10 wt% tris [2-(p -tolyl) pyridine] iridium (III). A smooth and homogenous small molecular emitting layer without wrinkles is successfully realized. The effectiveness of the ultrasonic spray coating polymer anode buffer layer and small molecular emitting layer are also proved by introducing them in OLEDs.

Ultrasonic spray coating polymer and small molecular organic film for organic light-emitting devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shihao; Zhang, Xiang; Zhang, Letian; Xie, Wenfa

2016-11-01

Ultrasonic spray coating process (USCP) with high material -utilization, low manufacture costs and compatibility to streamline production has been attractive in researches on photoelectric devices. However, surface tension exists in the solvent is still a huge obstacle to realize smooth organic film for organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) by USCP. Here, high quality polymer anode buffer layer and small molecular emitting layer are successfully realized through USCP by introducing extra-low surface tension diluent and surface tension control method. The introduction of low surface tension methyl alcohol is beneficial to the formation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films and brings obvious phase separation and improved conductivity to PEDOT:PSS film. Besides, a surface tension control method, in which new stable tension equilibrium is built at the border of wetting layer, is proposed to eliminate the effect of surface tension during the solvent evaporation stage of ultrasonic spray coating the film consists of 9,9-Spirobifluoren-2-yl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide doped with 10 wt% tris [2-(p -tolyl) pyridine] iridium (III). A smooth and homogenous small molecular emitting layer without wrinkles is successfully realized. The effectiveness of the ultrasonic spray coating polymer anode buffer layer and small molecular emitting layer are also proved by introducing them in OLEDs.

Ultrasonic spray coating polymer and small molecular organic film for organic light-emitting devices

PubMed Central

Liu, Shihao; Zhang, Xiang; Zhang, Letian; Xie, Wenfa

2016-01-01

Ultrasonic spray coating process (USCP) with high material -utilization, low manufacture costs and compatibility to streamline production has been attractive in researches on photoelectric devices. However, surface tension exists in the solvent is still a huge obstacle to realize smooth organic film for organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) by USCP. Here, high quality polymer anode buffer layer and small molecular emitting layer are successfully realized through USCP by introducing extra-low surface tension diluent and surface tension control method. The introduction of low surface tension methyl alcohol is beneficial to the formation of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) films and brings obvious phase separation and improved conductivity to PEDOT:PSS film. Besides, a surface tension control method, in which new stable tension equilibrium is built at the border of wetting layer, is proposed to eliminate the effect of surface tension during the solvent evaporation stage of ultrasonic spray coating the film consists of 9,9-Spirobifluoren-2-yl-diphenyl-phosphine oxide doped with 10 wt% tris [2-(p -tolyl) pyridine] iridium (III). A smooth and homogenous small molecular emitting layer without wrinkles is successfully realized. The effectiveness of the ultrasonic spray coating polymer anode buffer layer and small molecular emitting layer are also proved by introducing them in OLEDs. PMID:27874030

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vashchenko, A. A.; Goriachiy, D. O., E-mail: goryachii@phystech.edu; Vitukhnovsky, A. G.

Experimental samples of organic light-emitting diodes with transport layers based on polythienothiophenes and using CdSe/CdS/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots with an internal quantum efficiency up to 85% in the emitting layer are investigated. It is shown that solubility and film-forming properties are key for using polythienothiophenes in light-emitting diodes. The most promising polythienothiophenes are identified on the basis of the results obtained.

Environmental Audit of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1992-02-01

This document contains the findings identified during the Environmental Audit of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML), conducted from December 2 to 13, 1991. The Audit included the EML facility located in a fifth-floor General Services Administration (GSA) office building located in New York City, and a remote environmental monitoring station located in Chester, New Jersey. The scope of this Environmental Audit was comprehensive, covering all areas of environmental activities and waste management operations, with the exception of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which is the responsibility of the DOE Headquarters Office of NEPA Oversight. Compliance with applicable Federal, state,more » and local requirements; applicable DOE Orders; and internal facility requirements was addressed.« less

Enhancement of electron injection in inverted bottom-emitting organic light-emitting diodes using Al/LiF compound thin film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nie, Qu-yang; Zhang, Fang-hui

2018-05-01

The inverted bottom-emitting organic light-emitting devices (IBOLEDs) were prepared, with the structure of ITO/Al ( x nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Bphen (40 nm)/CBP: GIr1 (14%):R-4b (2%) (10 nm)/BCP (3 nm)/CBP:GIr1 (14%):R-4b (2%) (20 nm)/TCTA (10 nm)/NPB (40 nm)/MoO3 (40 nm)/Al (100 nm), where the thickness of electron injection layer Al ( x) are 0 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm and 5 nm, respectively. In this paper, the electron injection condition and luminance properties of inverted devices were investigated by changing the thickness of Al layer in Al/LiF compound thin film. It turns out that the introduction of Al layer can improve electron injection of the devices dramatically. Furthermore, the device exerts lower driving voltage and higher current efficiency when the thickness of electron injection Al layer is 3 nm. For example, the current efficiency of the device with 3-nm-thick Al layer reaches 19.75 cd·A-1 when driving voltage is 7 V, which is 1.24, 1.17 and 17.03 times larger than those of the devices with 2 nm, 4 nm and 5 nm Al layer, respectively. The device property reaches up to the level of corresponding conventional device. In addition, all inverted devices with electron injection Al layer show superior stability of color coordinate due to the adoption of co-evaporation emitting layer and BCP spacer-layer, and the color coordinate of the inverted device with 3-nm-thick Al layer only changes from (0.580 6, 0.405 6) to (0.532 8, 0.436 3) when driving voltage increases from 6 V to 10 V.

Solution-processed multilayer polymer light-emitting diode without intermixing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kasparek, C.; Blom, P. W. M.

2017-01-01

The intermixing of two emissive layers in a four-layer solution-processed polymeric light-emitting diode with a hole injection, two emissive layers, and one hole-blocking layer is investigated. The relative emission of both emissive layers is measured and compared to a calculated recombination profile across the device using drift-diffusion simulations. A good agreement between the measured and calculated relative emission was found, supporting that there is no intermixing in the two emissive materials.

Electroluminescent devices formed using semiconductor nanocrystals as an electron transport media and method of making such electroluminescent devices

DOEpatents

Alivisatos, A. Paul; Colvin, Vickie

1996-01-01

An electroluminescent device is described, as well as a method of making same, wherein the device is characterized by a semiconductor nanocrystal electron transport layer capable of emitting visible light in response to a voltage applied to the device. The wavelength of the light emitted by the device may be changed by changing either the size or the type of semiconductor nanocrystals used in forming the electron transport layer. In a preferred embodiment the device is further characterized by the capability of emitting visible light of varying wavelengths in response to changes in the voltage applied to the device. The device comprises a hole processing structure capable of injecting and transporting holes, and usually comprising a hole injecting layer and a hole transporting layer; an electron transport layer in contact with the hole processing structure and comprising one or more layers of semiconductor nanocrystals; and an electron injecting layer in contact with the electron transport layer for injecting electrons into the electron transport layer. The capability of emitting visible light of various wavelengths is principally based on the variations in voltage applied thereto, but the type of semiconductor nanocrystals used and the size of the semiconductor nanocrystals in the layers of semiconductor nanometer crystals may also play a role in color change, in combination with the change in voltage.

Evaluation of Gas-filled Ionization Chamber Method for Radon Measurement at Two Reference Facilities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ishikawa, Tetsuo; Tokonami, Shinji; Kobayashi, Yosuke

2008-08-07

For quality assurance, gas-filled ionization chamber method was tested at two reference facilities for radon calibration: EML (USA) and PTB (Germany). Consequently, the radon concentrations estimated by the ionization chamber method were in good agreement with the reference radon concentrations provided by EML as well as PTB.

Psychopharmacological Treatment Options for Global Child and Adolescent Mental Health: The WHO Essential Medicines Lists

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kutcher, Stan; Murphy, Andrea; Gardner, David

2008-01-01

The article examines the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) and suggests modification for appropriate psychopharmacological treatment of child- and adolescent-onset mental disorders. The EML enlists few of the psychotropic medicines that are useful for the treatment of young people thereby limiting the…

Hazard Control Extensions in a COTS Based Data Handling System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vogel, Torsten; Rakers, Sven; Gronowski, Matthias; Schneegans, Joachim

2011-08-01

EML is an electromagnetic levitator for containerless processing of conductive samples on the International Space Station. This material sciences experiment is running in the European Drawer Rack (EDR) facility. The objective of this experiment is to gain insight into the parameters of liquid metal samples and their crystallisation processes without the influence of container walls. To this end the samples are electromagnetically positioned in a coil system and then heated up beyond their melting point in an ultraclean environment.The EML programme is currently under development by Astrium Space Transportation in Friedrichshafen and Bremen; jointly funded by ESA and DLR (on behalf of BMWi, contract 50WP0808). EML consists of four main modules listed in Table 1. The paper focuses mainly on the architecture and design of the ECM module and its contribution to a safe operation of the experiment. The ECM is a computer system that integrates the power supply to the EML experiment, control functions and video handling and compression features. Experiment control is performed by either telecommand or the execution of predefined experiment scripts.

Complex interactions in EML cell stimulation by stem cell factor and IL-3.

PubMed

Ye, Zhi-jia; Gulcicek, Erol; Stone, Kathryn; Lam, Tukiet; Schulz, Vincent; Weissman, Sherman M

2011-03-22

Erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells are an established multipotent hematopoietic precursor cell line that can be maintained in medium including stem cell factor (SCF). EML cultures contain a heterogeneous mixture of cells, including a lineage-negative, CD34+ subset of cells that propagate rapidly in SCF and can clonally regenerate the mixed population. A second major subset of EML cells consists of lineage-negative. CD34- cells that can be propagated in IL-3 but grow slowly, if at all, in SCF, although they express the SCF receptor (c-kit). The response of these cells to IL-3 is stimulated synergistically by SCF, and we present evidence that both the synergy and the inhibition of c-kit responses may be mediated by direct interaction with IL-3 receptor. Further, the relative level of tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrates by either cytokine alone differs from that produced by the combination of the two cytokines, suggesting that cell signaling by the combination of the two cytokines differs from that produced by either alone.

Complex interactions in EML cell stimulation by stem cell factor and IL-3

PubMed Central

Ye, Zhi-jia; Gulcicek, Erol; Stone, Kathryn; Lam, Tukiet; Schulz, Vincent; Weissman, Sherman M.

2011-01-01

Erythroid myeloid lymphoid (EML) cells are an established multipotent hematopoietic precursor cell line that can be maintained in medium including stem cell factor (SCF). EML cultures contain a heterogeneous mixture of cells, including a lineage-negative, CD34+ subset of cells that propagate rapidly in SCF and can clonally regenerate the mixed population. A second major subset of EML cells consists of lineage-negative. CD34− cells that can be propagated in IL-3 but grow slowly, if at all, in SCF, although they express the SCF receptor (c-kit). The response of these cells to IL-3 is stimulated synergistically by SCF, and we present evidence that both the synergy and the inhibition of c-kit responses may be mediated by direct interaction with IL-3 receptor. Further, the relative level of tyrosine phosphorylation of various substrates by either cytokine alone differs from that produced by the combination of the two cytokines, suggesting that cell signaling by the combination of the two cytokines differs from that produced by either alone. PMID:21383156

Environmental Measurements Laboratory 1994 annual report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chieco, N.A.; Krey, P.W.; Beck, H.L.

1995-08-01

This report summarizes the activities of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) for the calendar year 1994 and it serves as an annual report to the Director of the Office of Energy Research (ER), the Associate Director and staff of the Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER), the manager and staff of the Chicago Field Office, and the authors colleagues. Emphasized are the progress and accomplishments of the year, rather than future plans or expectations. The technical summaries are grouped according to the following seven general program areas: environmental radiation and radioactivity; radiation transport and dosimetry; environmental radon, thoron, andmore » related aerosols; atmospheric and surface pollutant studies related to global climate change; atmospheric chemistry; metrology, consultation, and emergency response; environmental management. EML`s mission is to address important scientific questions concerning human health and environmental impacts. Through its multidisciplinary staff, EML conducts experimental and theoretical research on radioactive and other energy-related pollutants, and provides DOE and other federal agencies with the in-house capability to respond effectively and efficiently with regard to quality assurance activities, environmental issues and related national security issues.« less

Non-small cell lung cancer patients with EML4-ALK fusion gene are insensitive to cytotoxic chemotherapy.

PubMed

Morodomi, Yosuke; Takenoyama, Mitsuhiro; Inamasu, Eiko; Toyozawa, Ryo; Kojo, Miyako; Toyokawa, Gouji; Shiraishi, Yoshimasa; Takenaka, Tomoyoshi; Hirai, Fumihiko; Yamaguchi, Masafumi; Taguchi, Kenichi; Seto, Takashi; Sugio, Kenji; Ichinose, Yukito

2014-07-01

Although patients with the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (EML4-ALK) re-arrangement and epidermal growth factor gene EGFR mutations have proven sensitive to specific inhibitors, there is currently no consensus regarding the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with such mutations to cytotoxic chemotherapy. The responses to first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy were retrospectively compared between advanced or postoperative recurrent patients with non-squamous NSCLC who harbor the EML4-ALK fusion gene (ALK+), EGFR mutation (EGFR+), or neither abnormality (wild-type). Data for 22 ALK+, 30 EGFR+, and 60 wild-type patients were analyzed. The ALK+ group had a significantly lower response rate than the other two groups. Progression-free survival was significantly shorter in the ALK+ cohort compared to the EGFR+ (p<0.001) and wild-type cohorts (p=0.0121). NSCLC patients with the EML4-ALK fusion gene might be relatively insensitivite to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Copyright© 2014 International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. John G. Delinassios), All rights reserved.

Manufacturing polymer light emitting diode with high luminance efficiency by solution process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Miyoung; Jo, SongJin; Yang, Ho Chang; Yoon, Dang Mo; Kwon, Jae-Taek; Lee, Seung-Hyun; Choi, Ju Hwan; Lee, Bum-Joo; Shin, Jin-Koog

2012-06-01

While investigating polymer light emitting diodes (polymer-LEDs) fabricated by solution process, surface roughness influences electro-optical (E-O) characteristics. We expect that E-O characteristics such as luminance and power efficiency related to surface roughness and layer thickness of emitting layer with poly-9-Vinylcarbazole. In this study, we fabricated polymer organic light emitting diodes by solution process which guarantees easy, eco-friendly and low cost manufacturing for flexible display applications. In order to obtain high luminescence efficiency, E-O characteristics of these devices by varying parameters for printing process have been investigated. Therefore, we optimized process condition for polymer-LEDs by adjusting annealing temperatures of emission, thickness of emission layer showing efficiency (10.8 cd/A) at 10 mA/cm2. We also checked wavelength dependent electroluminescence spectrum in order to find the correlation between the variation of efficiency and the thickness of the layer.

Organimetallic Fluorescent Complex Polymers For Light Emitting Applications

DOEpatents

Shi, Song Q.; So, Franky

1997-10-28

A fluorescent complex polymer with fluorescent organometallic complexes connected by organic chain spacers is utilized in the fabrication of light emitting devices on a substantially transparent planar substrate by depositing a first conductive layer having p-type conductivity on the planar surface of the substrate, depositing a layer of a hole transporting and electron blocking material on the first conductive layer, depositing a layer of the fluorescent complex polymer on the layer of hole transporting and electron blocking material as an electron transporting emissive layer and depositing a second conductive layer having n-type conductivity on the layer of fluorescent complex polymer.

Reliability Assurance of Detection of EML4-ALK Rearrangement in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Results of Proficiency Testing in China.

PubMed

Li, Yulong; Zhang, Rui; Peng, Rongxue; Ding, Jiansheng; Han, Yanxi; Wang, Guojing; Zhang, Kuo; Lin, Guigao; Li, Jinming

2016-06-01

Currently, several approaches are being used to detect echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4 gene (EML4)-anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK) rearrangement, but the performance of laboratories in China is unknown. To evaluate the proficiency of different laboratories in detecting EML4-ALK rearrangement, we organized a proficiency test (PT). We prepared formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples derived from the xenograft tumor tissue of three non-small cell lung cancer cell lines with different EML4-ALK rearrangements and used PTs to evaluate the detection performance of laboratories in China. We received results from 94 laboratories that used different methods. Of the participants, 75.53% correctly identified all samples in the PT panel. Among the errors made by participants, false-negative errors were likely to occur. According to the methodology applied, 82.86%, 76.67%, 77.78%, and 66.67% of laboratories using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, next-generation sequencing, and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively, could analyze all the samples correctly. Moreover, we have found that the laboratories' genotyping capacity is high, especially for variant 3. Our PT survey revealed that the performance and methodological problems of laboratories must be addressed to further increase the reproducibility and accuracy of detection of EML4-ALK rearrangement to ensure reliable results for selection of appropriate patients. Copyright © 2016 International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and next-generation sequencing for detection of EML4-ALK rearrangement in lung cancer.

PubMed

Pekar-Zlotin, Marina; Hirsch, Fred R; Soussan-Gutman, Lior; Ilouze, Maya; Dvir, Addie; Boyle, Theresa; Wynes, Murry; Miller, Vincent A; Lipson, Doron; Palmer, Gary A; Ali, Siraj M; Dekel, Shlomi; Brenner, Ronen; Bunn, Paul A; Peled, Nir

2015-03-01

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved method for detecting EML4-ALK rearrangement is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); however, data supporting the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for that purpose are accumulating. Previous studies that compared FISH and IHC considered FISH the gold standard, but none compared data with the results of next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. We studied FISH and IHC (D5F3 antibody) systematically for EML4-ALK rearrangement in 51 lung adenocarcinoma patients, followed by NGS in case of discordance. Of 51 patients, 4 were positive with FISH (7.8%), and 8 were positive with IHC (15.7%). Three were positive with both. NGS confirmed that four of the five patients who were positive with IHC and negative with FISH were positive for ALK. Two were treated by crizotinib, with progression-free survival of 18 and 6 months. Considering NGS as the most accurate test, the sensitivity and specificity were 42.9% and 97.7%, respectively, for FISH and 100% and 97.7%, respectively, for IHC. The FISH-based method of detecting EML4-ALK rearrangement in lung cancer may miss a significant number of patients who could benefit from targeted ALK therapy. Screening for EML4-ALK rearrangement by IHC should be strongly considered, and NGS is recommended in borderline cases. Two patients who were negative with FISH and positive with IHC were treated with crizotinib and responded to therapy. ©AlphaMed Press.

Identification of key factors regulating self-renewal and differentiation in EML hematopoietic precursor cells by RNA-sequencing analysis.

PubMed

Zong, Shan; Deng, Shuyun; Chen, Kenian; Wu, Jia Qian

2014-11-11

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient's hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment. In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro and in vivo.

Microgravity experiments on the effect of internal flow on solidification of Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steels.

PubMed

Hanlon, Alaina B; Matson, Douglas M; Hyers, Robert W

2006-09-01

A new hypothesis has been developed to explain the effect of internal fluid flow on the lifetime of a metastable phase in solidifying Fe-Cr-Ni alloys. The hypothesis shows excellent agreement with available experimental results, but microgravity experiments are required for complete validation. Certain Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steel alloys solidify from an undercooled melt by a two-step process in which the metastable ferrite phase forms first followed by the stable austenite phase. Recent experiments using containerless processing techniques have shown that the lifetime of the metastable phase is strongly influenced by flow within the molten sample. Simulations using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package, FIDAP, were performed to determine the time required for collision of dendrites and compared to experimental delay time. If the convective velocities are strong enough to bend the primary arms, then the secondary arms of adjacent dendrites can touch. The points of collision form low-angle boundaries and result in high-energy sites that can serve as nuclei for the transformation to the stable phase. It has been determined that the convective velocities in electrostatic levitation (ESL) are not strong enough to cause collision. However, in ground-based electromagnetic levitation (EML), the convective velocities are strong enough to cause the dendrites to deflect so that the secondary arms of adjacent dendrites collide. There is quantitative agreement between the numerically determined time to collision and the experimentally observed delay time in EML. The strong internal velocity due to convection within the EML samples is the reason for the observed difference in delay times between ESL and EML. Microgravity testing is essential because the significant change in nucleation behavior occurs between the ranges accessible by ground-based ESL and EML. Testing in microgravity using EML will permit a large range of internal convective velocities including those that are inaccessible in 1 g.

Using the WHO Essential Medicines List to Assess the Appropriateness of Insurance Coverage Decisions: A Case Study of the Croatian National Medicine Reimbursement List

PubMed Central

Jeličić Kadić, Antonia; Žanić, Maja; Škaričić, Nataša; Marušić, Ana

2014-01-01

Purpose To investigate the use of the WHO EML as a tool with which to evaluate the evidence base for the medicines on the national insurance coverage list of the Croatian Institute of Health Insurance (CIHI). Methods Medicines from 9 ATC categories with highest expenditures from 2012 CIHI Basic List (n = 509) were compared with 2011 WHO EML for adults (n = 359). For medicines with specific indication listed only in CIHI Basic List we assessed whether there was evidence in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews questioning their efficacy and safety. Results The two lists shared 188 medicines (52.4% of WHO EML and 32.0% of CIHI list). CIHI Basic List had 254 medicines and 33 combinations of these medicines which were not on the WHO EML, plus 14 medicines rejected and 20 deleted from WHO EML by its Evaluation Committee. For deleted medicines, we could obtain data that showed 2,965,378 prescriptions issued to 617,684 insured patients, and the cost of approximately € 41.2 million for 2012 and the first half of 2013, when the CIHI Basic List was in effect. For CIHI List-only medicines with a specific indication (n = 164 or 57.1% of the analyzed set), fewer benefits or more serious side-effects than other medicines were found for 17 (10.4%) and not enough evidence for recommendations for specific indication for 21 (12.8%) medicines in Cochrane systematic reviews. Conclusions National health care policy should use high-quality evidence in deciding on adding new medicines and reassessing those already present on national medicines lists, in order to rationalize expenditures and ensure wider and better access to medicines. The WHO EML and recommendations from its Evaluation Committee may be useful tools in this quality assurance process. PMID:25337860

Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis

PubMed Central

Chen, Kenian; Wu, Jia Qian

2014-01-01

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient's hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment. In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro and in vivo. PMID:25407807

Using the WHO essential medicines list to assess the appropriateness of insurance coverage decisions: a case study of the Croatian national medicine reimbursement list.

PubMed

Jeličić Kadić, Antonia; Žanić, Maja; Škaričić, Nataša; Marušić, Ana

2014-01-01

To investigate the use of the WHO EML as a tool with which to evaluate the evidence base for the medicines on the national insurance coverage list of the Croatian Institute of Health Insurance (CIHI). Medicines from 9 ATC categories with highest expenditures from 2012 CIHI Basic List (n = 509) were compared with 2011 WHO EML for adults (n = 359). For medicines with specific indication listed only in CIHI Basic List we assessed whether there was evidence in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews questioning their efficacy and safety. The two lists shared 188 medicines (52.4% of WHO EML and 32.0% of CIHI list). CIHI Basic List had 254 medicines and 33 combinations of these medicines which were not on the WHO EML, plus 14 medicines rejected and 20 deleted from WHO EML by its Evaluation Committee. For deleted medicines, we could obtain data that showed 2,965,378 prescriptions issued to 617,684 insured patients, and the cost of approximately € 41.2 million for 2012 and the first half of 2013, when the CIHI Basic List was in effect. For CIHI List-only medicines with a specific indication (n = 164 or 57.1% of the analyzed set), fewer benefits or more serious side-effects than other medicines were found for 17 (10.4%) and not enough evidence for recommendations for specific indication for 21 (12.8%) medicines in Cochrane systematic reviews. National health care policy should use high-quality evidence in deciding on adding new medicines and reassessing those already present on national medicines lists, in order to rationalize expenditures and ensure wider and better access to medicines. The WHO EML and recommendations from its Evaluation Committee may be useful tools in this quality assurance process.

Effects of SMYD2-mediated EML4-ALK methylation on the signaling pathway and growth in non-small-cell lung cancer cells.

PubMed

Wang, Rui; Deng, Xiaolan; Yoshioka, Yuichiro; Vougiouklakis, Theodore; Park, Jae-Hyun; Suzuki, Takehiro; Dohmae, Naoshi; Ueda, Koji; Hamamoto, Ryuji; Nakamura, Yusuke

2017-06-01

A specific subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) characterized with an EML4-ALK fusion gene, which drives constitutive oncogenic activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), shows a good clinical response to ALK inhibitors. We have reported multiple examples implying the biological significance of methylation on non-histone proteins including oncogenic kinases in human carcinogenesis. Through the process to search substrates for various methyltransferases using an in vitro methyltransferase assay, we found that a lysine methyltransferase, SET and MYND domain-containing 2 (SMYD2), could methylate lysine residues 1451, 1455, and 1610 in ALK protein. Knockdown of SMYD2 as well as treatment with a SMYD2 inhibitor in two NSCLC cell lines with an EML4-ALK gene significantly attenuated the phosphorylation levels of the EML4-ALK protein. Substitutions of each of these three lysine residues to an alanine partially or almost completely diminished in vitro methylation of ALK. In addition, we found that exogenous introduction of EML4-ALK protein with the substitution of lysine 1610 to an alanine in these two cell lines reduced the phosphorylation levels of AKT, one of the downstream oncogenic molecules in the EML4-ALK pathway, and suppressed the growth of the two cell lines. We further showed that the combination of a SMYD2 inhibitor and an ALK inhibitor additively suppressed the growth of these two NSCLC cells, compared with single-agent treatment. Our results shed light on a novel mechanism that modulates the kinase activity of the ALK fused gene product and imply that SMYD2-mediated ALK methylation might be a promising target for development of a novel class of treatment for tumors with the ALK fused gene. © 2017 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

EML4-ALK enhances programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in pulmonary adenocarcinoma via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and STAT3

PubMed Central

Koh, Jaemoon; Jang, Ji-Young; Keam, Bhumsuk; Kim, Sehui; Kim, Moon-Young; Go, Heounjeong; Kim, Tae Min; Kim, Dong-Wan; Kim, Chul-Woo; Jeon, Yoon Kyung; Chung, Doo Hyun

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT Programmed cell death (PD)-1/PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1)-targeted therapy has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for lung cancer. However, whether EML4-ALK regulates PD-L1 expression in lung cancer remains unknown. A total of 532 pulmonary adenocarcinomas (pADCs), including 58 ALK-translocated tumors, were immunohistochemically evaluated for PD-L1 and PD-1. H23 (EGFRWild-typeEML4-ALK−PD-L1Low) and H2228 (EGFRWild-typeEML4-ALK+PD-L1High) cells were transfected with EML4-ALK or ALK short interfering RNAs and used to investigate the alterations in PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression was detected in 81% of ALK-translocated pADCs; this value was significantly higher than those of pADCs with EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation or lacking ALK, EGFR or KRAS mutation (p <0.005 for all). Moreover, ALK-translocated pADC with PD-L1 expression showed significantly higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating PD-1+ cells. ALK knockdown or inhibition (crizotinib treatment) in H2228 cells downregulated PD-L1 expression. Transfection of H23 cells with EML4-ALK enhanced PD-L1 expression, which was compromised by crizotinib treatment. This ALK-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 expression was mediated by STAT3 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α under normoxia and hypoxia. Furthermore, EML4-ALK enhanced HIF-1α expression through increasing transcription and decreasing ubiquitination of HIF-1α. In ALK-translocated pADC tissues, significant positive correlations between PD-L1 and nuclear HIF-1α (p < 0.05) or pSTAT3 expression levels (p<0.005) were observed. Among patients with ALK-translocated pADC, strong PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with shorter progression-free (p = 0.001) and overall survival (p = 0.002) after crizotinib treatment. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that ALK-derived pADCs increase PD-L1 expression via HIF-1α and/or STAT3, thus providing a rationale for PD-1/PD-L1 pathway-targeted therapy in ALK-translocated lung cancer. PMID:27141364

Future Concepts for Integrating the Space Launch System and the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle into a Reusable Space Transportation Infrastructure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smitherman, David; Woodcock, Gordon

2012-01-01

A space transportation infrastructure is described that utilizes the Space Launch System (SLS), the Mulit-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), the International Space Station (ISS), and propellant depot servicing platforms to support all foreseeable missions in the Earth-Moon vicinity and deep space out to Mars. The infrastructure utilizes current expendable launch vehicle (ELV) systems such as the Delta IV Heavy, Atlas V, and Falcon 9, for commercial crew, cargo, and propellant launches to a Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Depot and/or the ISS. The SLS provides all payload and propellant launches to the Earth-Moon Langrange Point 1 (EML1) Depot to support new reusable in-space transportation vehicles. The ISS or follow-on LEO Depot supports missions to Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) for satellite servicing and to Earth-Moon L1 for EML1 Depot missions. The EML1 Depot supports Lunar, Earth-Sun L2 (ESL2), Asteroid, and Mars missions. New vehicle design concepts are presented that can be launched utilizing the SLS and current ELV systems. These new reusable vehicle concepts include a Crew Transfer Vehicle (CTV) derived from the MPCV and a reusable Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (CPS) for crew transportation between the LEO Depot, EML1 Depot and missions beyond the Earth-Moon vicinity; a new reusable Lunar Lander for crew transportation between the EML1 Depot and the lunar surface; and a new reusable Deep Space Habitat (DSH) with a CTV to support crew missions from the EML1 Depot to ESL2, Asteroids, and a Mars Orbital Depot. The LEO Depot, EML1 Depot, and Mars Orbital Depot are based on International Space Station (ISS) heritage hardware. Data provided includes the number of launches required for each mission utilizing SLS and current ELV systems (Delta IV Heavy or equivalent) and the approximate vehicle masses and propellant requirements. Also included is a discussion on affordability with ideas on technologies that could reduce the number of launches required and thoughts on how this infrastructure might be implemented incrementally over the next few decades. The potential benefits of this infrastructure include competitive bidding for ELV flights and propellant services, development of new reusable in-space vehicles, and development of a robust multiuse infrastructure that can support many government and commercial missions simultaneously.

Carbon nanotube polymer composition and devices

DOEpatents

Liu, Gao [Oakland, CA; Johnson, Stephen [Richmond, CA; Kerr, John B [Oakland, CA; Minor, Andrew M [El Cerrito, CA; Mao, Samuel S [Castro Valley, CA

2011-06-14

A thin film device and compound having an anode, a cathode, and at least one light emitting layer between the anode and cathode, the at least one light emitting layer having at least one carbon nanotube and a conductive polymer.

Ultrabright fluorescent OLEDS using triplet sinks

DOEpatents

Zhang, Yifan; Forrest, Stephen R; Thompson, Mark

2013-06-04

A first device is provided. The first device further comprises an organic light emitting device. The organic light emitting device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The emissive layer further comprises an organic host compound, an organic emitting compound capable of fluorescent emission at room temperature, and an organic dopant compound. The triplet energy of the dopant compound is lower than the triplet energy of the host compound. The dopant compound does not strongly absorb the fluorescent emission of the emitting compound.

High efficiency and brightness fluorescent organic light emitting diode by triplet-triplet fusion

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen; Zhang, Yifan

2015-02-10

A first device is provided. The first device further comprises an organic light emitting device. The organic light emitting device further comprises an anode, a cathode, and an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The emissive layer may include an organic host compound and at least one organic emitting compound capable of fluorescent emission at room temperature. Various configurations are described for providing a range of current densities in which T-T fusion dominates over S-T annihilation, leading to very high efficiency fluorescent OLEDs.

The long-term ecological research community metada standardisation project: a progress report

Treesearch

Inigo San Gil; Karen Baker; John Campbell; Ellen G. Denny; Kristin Vanderbilt; Brian Riordan; Rebecca Koskela; Jason Downing; Sabine Grabner; Eda Melendez; Jonathan M. Walsh; Masib Kortz; James Conners; Lynn Yarmey; Nicole Kaplan; Emery R. Boose; Linda Powell; Corinna Gries; Robin Schroeder; Todd Ackerman; Ken Ramsey; Barbara Benson; Jonathan Chipman; James Laundre; Hap Garritt; Don Henshaw; Barrie Collins; Christopher Gardner; Sven Bohm; Margaret O' Brien; Jincheng Gao; Wade Sheldon; Stephanie Lyon; Dan Bahauddin; Mark Servilla; Duane Costa; James Brunt

2009-01-01

We describe the process by which the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network standardized their metadata through the adoption of the Ecological Metadata Language (EML). We describe the strategies developed to improve motivation and to complement the information technology resources available at the LTER sites. EML implementation is presented as a mapping process...

Design of a hydraulic bending machine

Treesearch

Steven G. Hankel; Marshall Begel

2004-01-01

To keep pace with customer demands while phasing out old and unserviceable test equipment, the staff of the Engineering Mechanics Laboratory (EML) at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, designed and assembled a hydraulic bending test machine. The EML built this machine to test dimension lumber, nominal 2 in. thick and up to 12 in. deep, at spans up to...

Operational Range Assessment Program (ORAP) Phase II Overview for Active Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

Dissolved Metals by EPA 1638M • Isotopic Uranium by EML A-01-R Mod  Sediment Analysis • None  Benthic Macroinvertebrates • Diversity Indices...Metals by EPA 200.8 • Dissolved Metals by EPA 200.8 (if turbid) • Isotopic Uranium by EML A-01- R Mod (if total U is > action limit) Groundwater

Dimensionless Analysis and Numerical Modeling of Rebalancing Phenomena During Levitation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gao, Lei; Shi, Zhe; Li, Donghui; McLean, Alexander; Chattopadhyay, Kinnor

2016-06-01

Electromagnetic levitation (EML) has proved to be a powerful tool for research activities in areas pertaining to materials physics and engineering. The customized EML setups in various fields, ranging from solidification to nanomaterial manufacturing, require the designing of stable levitation systems. Since the elevated droplet is opaque, the most effective way to research on EML is mathematical modeling. In the present study, a 3D model was built to investigate the rebalancing phenomenon causing instabilities during droplet melting. A mathematical model modified based on Hooke's law (spring) was proposed to describe the levitation system. This was combined with dimensionless analysis to investigate the generation of levitation forces as it will significantly affect the behavior of the spring model.

Worldwide deposition of strontium-90 through 1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Monetti, M.A.

1996-03-01

Strontium-90 results from the Environmental Measurements Laboratory`s (EML) Global Fallout Program (GFP) are presented for the years 1987 through 1990. Quarterly {sup 90}Sr deposition results for the 66 sampling locations of EML`s GFP were generally low, indicating that there was no significant release of fission products into the atmosphere during this period. The global {sup 90}Sr deposition during these 4 years was lower than it has been for any similar period since this program began in 1958. Since there was no major atmospheric source of {sup 90}Sr during this period, the global cumulative deposit of {sup 90}Sr continued to decreasemore » by radioactive decay to a 27 year low of 311.4 Pbq.« less

Efficiency and droop improvement in a blue InGaN-based light emitting diode with a p-InGaN layer inserted in the GaN barriers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Xing-Fu; Tong, Jin-Hui; Zhao, Bi-Jun; Chen, Xin; Ren, Zhi-Wei; Li, Dan-Wei; Zhuo, Xiang-Jing; Zhang, Jun; Yi, Han-Xiang; Li, Shu-Ti

2013-09-01

The advantages of a blue InGaN-based light-emitting diode with a p-InGaN layer inserted in the GaN barriers is studied. The carrier concentration in the quantum well, radiative recombination rate in the active region, output power, and internal quantum efficiency are investigated. The simulation results show that the InGaN-based light-emitting diode with a p-InGaN layer inserted in the barriers has better performance over its conventional counterpart and the light emitting diode with p-GaN inserted in the barriers. The improvement is due to enhanced Mg acceptor activation and enhanced hole injection into the quantum wells.

A white organic light emitting diode based on anthracene-triphenylamine derivatives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Quan; Qu, Jianjun; Yu, Junsheng; Tao, Silu; Gan, Yuanyuan; Jiang, Yadong

2010-10-01

White organic lighting-diode (WOLED) can be used as flat light sources, backlights for liquid crystal displays and full color displays. Recently, a research mainstream of white OLED is to develop the novel materials and optimize the structure of devices. In this work a WOLED with a structure of ITO/NPB/PAA/Alq3: x% rubrene/Alq3/Mg: Ag, was fabricated. The device has two light-emitting layers. NPB is used as a hole transport layer, PAA as a blue emitting layer, Alq3: rubrene host-guest system as a yellow emitting layer, and Alq3 close to the cathode as an electron transport layer. In the experiment, the doping concentration of rubrene was optimized. WOLED 1 with 4% rubrene achieved a maximum luminous efficiency of 1.80 lm/W, a maximum luminance of 3926 cd/m2 and CIE coordinates of (0.374, 0.341) .WOLED 2 with 2% rubrene achieved a maximum luminous efficiency of 0.65 lm/W, a maximum luminance of 7495cd/m2 and CIE coordinates of (0.365,0.365).

Simple single-emitting layer hybrid white organic light emitting with high color stability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, C.; Lu, Z. H.

2017-10-01

Simultaneously achieving a high efficiency and color quality at luminance levels required for solid-state lighting has been difficult for white organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Single-emitting layer (SEL) white OLEDs, in particular, exhibit a significant tradeoff between efficiency and color stability. Furthermore, despite the simplicity of SEL white OLEDs being its main advantage, the reported device structures are often complicated by the use of multiple blocking layers. In this paper, we report a highly simplified three-layered white OLED that achieves a low turn-on voltage of 2.7 V, an external quantum efficiency of 18.9% and power efficiency of 30 lm/W at 1000 cd/cm2. This simple white OLED also shows good color quality with a color rendering index of 75, CIE coordinates (0.42, 0.46), and little color shifting at high luminance. The device consists of a SEL sandwiched between a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer. The SEL comprises a thermally activated delayer fluorescent molecule having dual functions as a blue emitter and as a host for other lower energy emitters. The improved color stability and efficiency in such a simple device structure is explained as due to the elimination of significant energy barriers at various organic-organic interfaces in the traditional devices having multiple blocking layers.

Semiconductor structures having electrically insulating and conducting portions formed from an AlSb-alloy layer

DOEpatents

Spahn, O.B.; Lear, K.L.

1998-03-10

The semiconductor structure comprises a plurality of semiconductor layers formed on a substrate including at least one layer of a III-V compound semiconductor alloy comprising aluminum (Al) and antimony (Sb), with at least a part of the AlSb-alloy layer being chemically converted by an oxidation process to form superposed electrically insulating and electrically conducting portions. The electrically insulating portion formed from the AlSb-alloy layer comprises an oxide of aluminum (e.g., Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}), while the electrically conducting portion comprises Sb. A lateral oxidation process allows formation of the superposed insulating and conducting portions below monocrystalline semiconductor layers for forming many different types of semiconductor structures having particular utility for optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes, edge-emitting lasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, photodetectors and optical modulators (waveguide and surface normal), and for electronic devices such as heterojunction bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors and quantum-effect devices. The invention is expected to be particularly useful for forming light-emitting devices for use in the 1.3--1.6 {mu}m wavelength range, with the AlSb-alloy layer acting to define an active region of the device and to effectively channel an electrical current therein for efficient light generation. 10 figs.

Semiconductor structures having electrically insulating and conducting portions formed from an AlSb-alloy layer

DOEpatents

Spahn, Olga B.; Lear, Kevin L.

1998-01-01

A semiconductor structure. The semiconductor structure comprises a plurality of semiconductor layers formed on a substrate including at least one layer of a III-V compound semiconductor alloy comprising aluminum (Al) and antimony (Sb), with at least a part of the AlSb-alloy layer being chemically converted by an oxidation process to form superposed electrically insulating and electrically conducting portions. The electrically insulating portion formed from the AlSb-alloy layer comprises an oxide of aluminum (e.g. Al.sub.2 O.sub.3), while the electrically conducting portion comprises Sb. A lateral oxidation process allows formation of the superposed insulating and conducting portions below monocrystalline semiconductor layers for forming many different types of semiconductor structures having particular utility for optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes, edge-emitting lasers, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, photodetectors and optical modulators (waveguide and surface normal), and for electronic devices such as heterojunction bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors and quantum-effect devices. The invention is expected to be particularly useful for forming light-emitting devices for use in the 1.3-1.6 .mu.m wavelength range, with the AlSb-alloy layer acting to define an active region of the device and to effectively channel an electrical current therein for efficient light generation.

Methane efflux measured by eddy covariance in Alaskan upland tundra undergoing permafrost degradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, M.; Celis, G.; Ledman, J.; Bracho, R. G.; Schuur, E.

2017-12-01

Permafrost thaw can increase landscape heterogeneity, leading to wetter and drier soil conditions that affect the magnitude and form (carbon dioxide - CO2 and methane - CH4) of carbon produced via microbial decomposition. Environmental controls on CH4 emissions, especially in drier upland tundra systems, are not well understood. In degrading upland tundra permafrost, cold season CH4 fluxes may contribute significantly to annual emissions from CH4 production within unfrozen layers deep in the soil profile. Eight Mile Lake (EML), located in Interior Alaska near Denali National Park, is a moist acidic tussock tundra ecosystem undergoing permafrost degradation. Perennially frozen soils have warmed between 1985 and 2016 from -1.2 to -0.75˚C resulting in a deeper active layer depth from 61 to 70 cm between 2004-2016. Depth from the soil/moss surface to the water table perched on the permafrost surface has decreased from 30 to 20 cm over the same interval. Here we present the first year of continuous CH4 flux measurements made at EML (May 2016 - May 2017). The site was a net source of low-level CH4 emissions throughout the year. Annual CH4 emissions (1.3 g C yr-1) made up 8.8% of total annual C emissions (14.7 g m-2yr-1). Methane flux is related with soil temperatures during both summer and non-summer seasons. Emissions increased throughout the summer season as thaw depth and soil temperatures increased. In contrast with wetland sites where water table is at or above the soil surface for much of the growing season, EML is relatively dry and there was no relationship between soil moisture and emissions. Non-summer season CH4 emissions are related to increases in atmospheric and shallow soil temperatures. Winter season emissions account for 37% of the annual CH4 budget, the bulk of which occurred between October and January when deep soils remained thawed. Non-summer season CH4 and CO2 pulses appear to be coupled, suggesting a similar mechanism for release. We hypothesize that this relationship is the result of surface soils warming and cracking, allowing for the escape of microbially produced gases at depth. While annual CH4 emissions made up 8.8% of total annual C emissions at this site, taking into account the greenhouse warming potential of CH4 relative to CO2, the climate impact of CH4 is 15.6 g m-2yr-1, or 69% of the C budget.

A flexible top-emitting organic light-emitting diode on steel foil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Zhiyuan; Hung, Liang-Sun; Zhu, Furong

2003-11-01

An efficient flexible top-emitting organic light-emitting diode (FTOLED) was developed on a thin steel foil. The FTOLED was constructed on the spin-on-glass (SOG)-coated steel substrate with an organic stack of NPB/Alq 3 sandwiched by a highly reflective Ag anode and a semitransparent Sm cathode. An ultrathin plasma-polymerized hydrocarbon film (CF X) was interposed between the Ag anode and the NPB layer to enhance hole-injection, and an additional Alq 3 layer was overlaid on the Sm cathode to increase light output. The FTOLED showed a peak efficiency of 4.4 cd/A higher than 3.7 cd/A of a convention NPB/Alq 3-based bottom-emitting OLED.

Unitary lens semiconductor device

DOEpatents

Lear, Kevin L.

1997-01-01

A unitary lens semiconductor device and method. The unitary lens semiconductor device is provided with at least one semiconductor layer having a composition varying in the growth direction for unitarily forming one or more lenses in the semiconductor layer. Unitary lens semiconductor devices may be formed as light-processing devices such as microlenses, and as light-active devices such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, and resonant cavity photodetectors.

Organic light emitting device structure for obtaining chromaticity stability

DOEpatents

Tung, Yeh-Jiun [Princeton, NJ; Ngo, Tan [Levittown, PA

2007-05-01

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices of the present invention are efficient white or multicolored phosphorescent OLEDs which have a high color stability over a wide range of luminances. The devices of the present invention comprise an emissive region having at least two emissive layers, with each emissive layer comprising a different host and emissive dopant, wherein at least one of the emissive dopants emits by phosphorescence.

Organic light emitting device structures for obtaining chromaticity stability

DOEpatents

Tung, Yeh-Jiun; Lu, Michael; Kwong, Raymond C.

2005-04-26

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). The devices of the present invention are efficient white or multicolored phosphorescent OLEDs which have a high color stability over a wide range of luminances. The devices of the present invention comprise an emissive region having at least two emissive layers, with each emissive layer comprising a different host and emissive dopant, wherein at least one of the emissive dopants emits by phosphorescence.

Social networks and health policy: the case of misoprostol and the WHO model essential medicine list.

PubMed

Millard, Colin; Brhlikova, Petra; Pollock, Allyson

2015-05-01

The WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) was established to help countries prioritise medicines according to their health care needs. Selection for the List is based on rigorous scrutiny of public health relevance, evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost effectiveness. The WHO ideal is that a medicine and its efficacy are based on science, but in reality a medicine has a social life and the acceptance of a pharmaceutical intervention involves the interaction of a wide array of governmental and civil society organisations, and industry. Misoprostol is a medicine widely used for both abortion and prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in low income countries. Although the evidence for the latter is highly contested it was nevertheless added to the WHO EML in 2011. We use social network analysis to examine the social, political and economic field surrounding the WHO EML applications and health policy. We describe a chronology of the drug's use and of the applications to the WHO EML and carry out a social network analysis of the organisations and individuals involved in the applications, research and dissemination. The research identified a network of 238 organisations and individuals involved in the promotion of misoprostol for postpartum haemorrhage and present at the time of the WHO EML applications. There is a strong interdependency between the funding bodies, civil society organisations, researchers and clinician organisations. The research was part of an EU FP7 funded project on Accessing Medicines in Africa and South Asia (2010-2013). Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EML proteins in microtubule regulation and human disease.

PubMed

Fry, Andrew M; O'Regan, Laura; Montgomery, Jessica; Adib, Rozita; Bayliss, Richard

2016-10-15

The EMLs are a conserved family of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The founding member was discovered in sea urchins as a 77-kDa polypeptide that co-purified with microtubules. This protein, termed EMAP for echinoderm MAP, was the major non-tubulin component present in purified microtubule preparations made from unfertilized sea urchin eggs [J. Cell Sci. (1993) 104: , 445-450; J. Cell Sci. (1987) 87: (Pt 1), 71-84]. Orthologues of EMAP were subsequently identified in other echinoderms, such as starfish and sand dollar, and then in more distant eukaryotes, including flies, worms and vertebrates, where the name of ELP or EML (both for EMAP-like protein) has been adopted [BMC Dev. Biol. (2008) 8: , 110; Dev. Genes Evol. (2000) 210: , 2-10]. The common property of these proteins is their ability to decorate microtubules. However, whether they are associated with particular microtubule populations or exercise specific functions in different microtubule-dependent processes remains unknown. Furthermore, although there is limited evidence that they regulate microtubule dynamics, the biochemical mechanisms of their molecular activity have yet to be explored. Nevertheless, interest in these proteins has grown substantially because of the identification of EML mutations in neuronal disorders and oncogenic fusions in human cancers. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the expression, localization and structure of what is proving to be an interesting and important class of MAPs. We also speculate about their function in microtubule regulation and highlight how the studies of EMLs in human diseases may open up novel avenues for patient therapy. © 2016 The Author(s); published by Portland Press Limited on behalf of the Biochemical Society.

[Mutations of EGFR gene and EML4-ALK fusion gene in superficial lymph node of non-small cell lung cancer].

PubMed

Wei, Lili; Li, Xingzhou; Yu, Zhonghe

2015-07-14

To explore the mutation status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) fusion gene and microtubule associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) fusion gene in superficial lymph nodes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The technique of fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) was employed for detecting the mutation rate of EGFR gene and EML4-ALK fusion gene for 40 cases of superficial lymph node tissue of NSCLC inpatients at General Military Hospital of Beijing PLA Command from February 2013 to November 2014. And then the correlations were analyzed between EMIA-ALK fusion gene and EGFR gene with clinical features and the clinical efficacies of targeted therapy. The mutation rate of EGFR gene was 35% (14/40) and 50% (10/20) in non-smokers and 46.7% (14/30) in adenocarcinoma patients. The mutation distribution was as follows: exon 18 (n = 1), exon 19 (n =8) and exon 21 (n =5). The mutation rate of EML4-ALK fusion gene was 2. 5% (1/40). EGFR gene mutation was predominantly present in non-smokers (P < 0. 05) and adenocarcinoma (P <0. 01) while no significant difference existed between gender, age or stage (P >0. 05). Those on a targeted therapy had a disease control rate of 93. 3%. Both EGFR gene and EMI4-ALK fusion gene may be detected in superficial lymph nodes of NSCLC patients. The mutation rate of EGFR gene is high in adenocarcinoma and non-smokers while EML4-ALK fusion gene has a low mutation rate.

Cost effectiveness of EML4-ALK fusion testing and first-line crizotinib treatment for patients with advanced ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Djalalov, Sandjar; Beca, Jaclyn; Hoch, Jeffrey S; Krahn, Murray; Tsao, Ming-Sound; Cutz, Jean-Claude; Leighl, Natasha B

2014-04-01

ALK-targeted therapy with crizotinib offers significant improvement in clinical outcomes for the treatment of EML4-ALK fusion-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We estimated the cost effectiveness of EML4-ALK fusion testing in combination with targeted first-line crizotinib treatment in Ontario. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a Markov model from the Canadian Public health (Ontario) perspective and a lifetime horizon in patients with stage IV NSCLC with nonsquamous histology. Transition probabilities and mortality rates were calculated from the Ontario Cancer Registry and Cancer Care Ontario New Drug Funding Program (CCO NDFP). Costs were obtained from the Ontario Case Costing Initiative, CCO NDFP, University Health Network, and literature. Molecular testing with first-line targeted crizotinib treatment in the population with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC resulted in a gain of 0.011 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared with standard care. The incremental cost was Canadian $2,725 per patient, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $255,970 per QALY gained. Among patients with known EML4-ALK-positive advanced NSCLC, first-line crizotinib therapy provided 0.379 additional QALYs, cost an additional $95,043 compared with standard care, and produced an ICER of $250,632 per QALY gained. The major driver of cost effectiveness was drug price. EML4-ALK fusion testing in stage IV nonsquamous NSCLC with crizotinib treatment for ALK-positive patients is not cost effective in the setting of high drug costs and a low biomarker frequency in the population.

Ground-glass nodule in a patient with echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK)-positive lung cancer: a case report.

PubMed

Owada, Yuki; Yonechi, Atsushi; Higuchi, Mitsunori; Suzuki, Hiroyuki

2016-03-10

Grand-glass nodule for CT image has thought to be less aggressive tumor in lung cancer. Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK)-positive lung cancer presenting with Ground-glass nodules (GGNs) is relatively rare, and few such cases have been reported. An asymptomatic 56-year-old woman exhibited a 1.1-cm GGN in the lower lobe of the left lung on computed tomography during a medical checkup. Positron emission tomography showed no difference in uptake by the nodule compared with other organs. We elected to perform surgery because the nodule included a solid component and had grown only slightly during the last 2 years according to thin-section computed tomography. Partial resection of the lower left lung was performed by video-assisted thoracic surgery. Pathological examination revealed mucus-producing high columnar epithelium forming an irregular tubular-acinar-like structure partly replacing the alveolar epithelium on hematoxylin and eosin staining. More than 50 % of the tumor demonstrated a lepidic growth pattern. The tumor was negative for epidermal growth factor receptor mutation but positive for the EML4-ALK fusion oncogene according to fluorescence in situ hybridization. We herein report a case of EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer presenting with a GGN along with a review of the relevant literature, including histopathological findings and imaging features. We consider that EML4-ALK-positive lung cancer is often highly progressive and that careful follow-up is therefore essential in these patients.

Light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed nontoxic quantum dots: oxides as carrier-transport layers and introducing molybdenum oxide nanoparticles as a hole-inject layer.

PubMed

Bhaumik, Saikat; Pal, Amlan J

2014-07-23

We report fabrication and characterization of solution-processed quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QDLEDs) based on a layer of nontoxic and Earth-abundant zinc-diffused silver indium disulfide (AIZS) nanoparticles as an emitting material. In the QDLEDs fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates, we use layers of oxides, such as graphene oxide (GO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles as a hole- and electron-transport layer, respectively. In addition, we introduce a layer of MoO3 nanoparticles as a hole-inject one. We report a comparison of the characteristics of different device architectures. We show that an inverted device architecture, ITO/ZnO/AIZS/GO/MoO3/Al, yields a higher electroluminescence (EL) emission, compared to direct ones, for three reasons: (1) the GO/MoO3 layers introduce barriers for electrons to reach the Al electrode, and, similarly, the ZnO layers acts as a barrier for holes to travel to the ITO electrode; (2) the introduction of a layer of MoO3 nanoparticles as a hole-inject layer reduces the barrier height for holes and thereby balances charge injection in the inverted structure; and (3) the wide-bandgap zinc oxide next to the ITO electrode does not absorb the EL emission during its exit from the device. In the QDLEDs with oxides as carrier inject and transport layers, the EL spectrum resembles the photoluminescence emission of the emitting material (AIZS), implying that excitons are formed in the quaternary nanocrystals and decay radiatively.

Printing Smart Designs of Light Emitting Devices with Maintained Textile Properties.

PubMed

Verboven, Inge; Stryckers, Jeroen; Mecnika, Viktorija; Vandevenne, Glen; Jose, Manoj; Deferme, Wim

2018-02-13

To maintain typical textile properties, smart designs of light emitting devices are printed directly onto textile substrates. A first approach shows improved designs for alternating current powder electroluminescence (ACPEL) devices. A configuration with the following build-up, starting from the textile substrate, was applied using the screen printing technique: silver (10 µm)/barium titanate (10 µm)/zinc-oxide (10 µm) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate) (10 µm). Textile properties such as flexibility, drapability and air permeability are preserved by implementing a pixel-like design of the printed layers. Another route is the application of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated out of following layers, also starting from the textile substrate: polyurethane or acrylate (10-20 µm) as smoothing layer/silver (200 nm)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate) (35 nm)/super yellow (80 nm)/calcium/aluminum (12/17 nm). Their very thin nm-range layer thickness, preserving the flexibility and drapability of the substrate, and their low working voltage, makes these devices the possible future in light-emitting wearables.

An Adaptive Method for Scheduling the Sequence and Route of Builder Trials for a New Ship

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

EML ’, ’SPD’, ’ZZ1’, ’UWN’, ’CS1’, ’IN1’, ’AIS’, ’INC’, ’ECD’, ’CBT’, ’FCS’, ’CWS’, ’GUN’, ’OAV’, ’CRA...37, 2), 77) EML ((35, 24), 7) AMV** ((21, 5), 81) HFE ((22, 17), 60) MTR ((13, 16), 54) SPD ((36, 25), 7) AMV** ((11, 5), 105) MSB ((17, 17), 79) NTX...Log EML 45 30 GY2; ENG; RDR 15 0.65 0.13 1 1 46 zigzag ZZ1 45 50 GY2; ENG; RDR; SPD 20 0.65 0.13 2 2 Turning Circle TC1 30 50 RDR; GY2; ENG; SPD

Advanced Measurement Devices for the Microgravity Electromagnetic Levitation Facility EML

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brillo, Jurgen; Fritze, Holger; Lohofer, Georg; Schulz, Michal; Stenzel, Christian

2012-01-01

This paper reports on two advanced measurement devices for the microgravity electromagnetic levitation facility (EML), which is currently under construction for the use onboard the "International Space Station (ISS)": the "Sample Coupling Electronics (SCE)" and the "Oxygen Sensing and Control Unit (OSC)". The SCE measures by a contactless, inductive method the electrical resistivity and the diameter of a spherical levitated metallic droplet by evaluating the voltage and electrical current applied to the levitation coil. The necessity of the OSC comes from the insight that properties like surface tension or, eventually, viscosity cannot seriously be determined by the oscillating drop method in the EML facility without knowing the conditions of the surrounding atmosphere. In the following both measurement devices are explained and laboratory test results are presented.

Enhanced Efficiency of Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes by Dispersing Dehydrated Nanotube Titanic Acid in the Hole-buffer Layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, L.; Xu, Z.; Teng, F.; Duan, X.-X.; Jin, Z.-S.; Du, Z.-L.; Li, F.-S.; Zheng, M.-J.; Wang, Y.-S.

2007-06-01

Efficiency of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) with poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl hexyloxy)- p-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) as an emitting layer was improved if a dehydrated nanotubed titanic acid (DNTA) doped hole-buffer layer polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) was used. Photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectra indicated a stronger interaction between DNTA and sulfur atom in thiophene of PEDOT, which suppresses the chemical interaction between vinylene of MEH-PPV and thiophene of PEDOT. The interaction decreases the defect states in an interface region to result in enhancement in device efficiency, even though the hole transporting ability of PEDOT was decreased.

Stable blue phosphorescent organic light emitting devices

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen R.; Thompson, Mark; Giebink, Noel

2014-08-26

Novel combination of materials and device architectures for organic light emitting devices is provided. An organic light emitting device, is provided, having an anode, a cathode, and an emissive layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The emissive layer includes a host and a phosphorescent emissive dopant having a peak emissive wavelength less than 500 nm, and a radiative phosphorescent lifetime less than 1 microsecond. Preferably, the phosphorescent emissive dopant includes a ligand having a carbazole group.

Unitary lens semiconductor device

DOEpatents

Lear, K.L.

1997-05-27

A unitary lens semiconductor device and method are disclosed. The unitary lens semiconductor device is provided with at least one semiconductor layer having a composition varying in the growth direction for unitarily forming one or more lenses in the semiconductor layer. Unitary lens semiconductor devices may be formed as light-processing devices such as microlenses, and as light-active devices such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes, vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, and resonant cavity photodetectors. 9 figs.

Correlation of Device Performance and Fermi Level Shift in the Emitting Layer of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Amine-Based Electron Injection Layers.

PubMed

Stolz, Sebastian; Lemmer, Uli; Hernandez-Sosa, Gerardo; Mankel, Eric

2018-03-14

We investigate three amine-based polymers, polyethylenimine and two amino-functionalized polyfluorenes, as electron injection layers (EILs) in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and find correlations between the molecular structure of the polymers, the electronic alignment at the emitter/EIL interface, and the resulting device performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of the emitter/EIL interface indicate that all three EIL polymers induce an upward shift of the Fermi level in the emitting layer close to the interface similar to n-type doping. The absolute value of this Fermi level shift, which can be explained by an electron transfer from the EIL polymers into the emitting layer, correlates with the number of nitrogen-containing groups in the side chains of the polymers. Whereas polyethylenimine (PEI) and one of the investigated polyfluorenes (PFCON-C) have six such groups per monomer unit, the second investigated polyfluorene (PFN) only possesses two. Consequently, we measure Fermi level shifts of 0.5-0.7 eV for PEI and PFCON-C and only 0.2 eV for PFN. As a result of these Fermi level shifts, the energetic barrier for electron injection is significantly lowered and OLEDs which comprise PEI or PFCON-C as an EIL exhibit a more than twofold higher luminous efficacy than OLEDs with PFN.

Light emitting diode with porous SiC substrate and method for fabricating

DOEpatents

Li, Ting; Ibbetson, James; Keller, Bernd

2005-12-06

A method and apparatus for forming a porous layer on the surface of a semiconductor material wherein an electrolyte is provided and is placed in contact with one or more surfaces of a layer of semiconductor material. The electrolyte is heated and a bias is introduced across said electrolyte and the semiconductor material causing a current to flow between the electrolyte and the semiconductor material. The current forms a porous layer on the one or more surfaces of the semiconductor material in contact with the electrolyte. The semiconductor material with its porous layer can serve as a substrate for a light emitter. A semiconductor emission region can be formed on the substrate. The emission region is capable of emitting light omnidirectionally in response to a bias, with the porous layer enhancing extraction of the emitting region light passing through the substrate.

Growth and characterization of thin Cu-phthalocyanine films on MgO(001) layer for organic light-emitting diodes

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Surface morphology and thermal stability of Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc) films grown on an epitaxially grown MgO(001) layer were investigated by using atomic force microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The (002) textured β phase of CuPc films were prepared at room temperature beyond the epitaxial MgO/Fe/MgO(001) buffer layer by the vacuum deposition technique. The CuPc structure remained stable even after post-annealing at 350°C for 1 h under vacuum, which is an important advantage of device fabrication. In order to improve the device performance, we investigated also current-voltage-luminescence characteristics for the new top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with different thicknesses of CuPc layer. PMID:23181826

Growth and characterization of thin Cu-phthalocyanine films on MgO(001) layer for organic light-emitting diodes.

PubMed

Bae, Yu Jeong; Lee, Nyun Jong; Kim, Tae Hee; Cho, Hyunduck; Lee, Changhee; Fleet, Luke; Hirohata, Atsufumi

2012-11-26

Surface morphology and thermal stability of Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc) films grown on an epitaxially grown MgO(001) layer were investigated by using atomic force microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The (002) textured β phase of CuPc films were prepared at room temperature beyond the epitaxial MgO/Fe/MgO(001) buffer layer by the vacuum deposition technique. The CuPc structure remained stable even after post-annealing at 350°C for 1 h under vacuum, which is an important advantage of device fabrication. In order to improve the device performance, we investigated also current-voltage-luminescence characteristics for the new top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with different thicknesses of CuPc layer.

Development of a Simulink Library for the Design, Testing and Simulation of Software Defined GPS Radios. With Application to the Development of Parallel Correlator Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

function Value = Select_Element(Index,Signal) %# eml Value = Signal(Index); Code Listing 1 Code for Selector Block 12 | P a g e 4.3...code for the Simulink function shiftedSignal = fcn(signal,Shift) %# eml shiftedSignal = circshift(signal,Shift); Code Listing 2 Code for CircShift

Defining Linkages between the GSC and NSF's LTER Program: How the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) Relates to GCDML and Other Outcomes

Treesearch

Inigo San Gil; Wade Sheldon; Tom Schmidt; Mark Servilla; Raul Aguilar; Corinna Gries; Tanya Gray; Dawn Field; James Cole; Jerry Yun Pan; Giri Palanisamy; Donald Henshaw; Margaret O' Brien; Linda Kinkel; Kathrine McMahon; Renzo Kottmann; Linda Amaral-Zettler; John Hobbie; Philip Goldstein; Robert P. Guralnick; James Brunt; William K. Michener

2008-01-01

The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) invited a representative of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) to its fifth workshop to present the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) metadata standard and its relationship to the Minimum Information about a Genome/Metagenome Sequence (MIGS/MIMS) and its implementation, the Genomic Contextual Data Markup Language (GCDML)....

[Gene Expression and Clinical Characteristics of Molecular Targeted Therapy 
in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients in Shandong].

PubMed

Qiao, Xiuli; Ai, Dan; Liang, Honglu; Mu, Dianbin; Guo, Qisen

2017-01-20

Molecular targeted therapy has gradually become an important treatment for lung cancer, the aim of this research is to analyze the clinicopathologic features associated with the gene mutation status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK), ROS proto-oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and determine the most likely populations to benefit from molecular target therapy treatment. The mutation status of EGFR, EML4-ALK fusion gene, ROS1 and KARS gene were determined by Real-time PCR, the relationship between clinical pathologic features and concomitant gene were analyzed with χ2 test by SPSS software 19.0. A total of 514 specimens from Shandong tumor hospital were collected from NSCLC patients between January 2014 and May 2016. The total mutation rate of EGFR gene was 36.70%, major occurred in exon 19 (36.61%) and exon 21 (51.36%), respectively, and EGFR mutations usually occurred in female, non-smoking and adenocarcinoma patients (P<0.05). The total rearrangements rate of EML4-ALK fusion gene was 9.37%, EML4-ALK fusion gene usually occurred in younger age (≤60 yr) and non-smoking patients (P<0.05). Mutations were not related to gender and pathological type (P>0.05). ROS1 fusion gene was detected in 136 cases, the positive rate was 3.67%, all patients were 60 years old, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Only 23 samples were tested KARS gene mutations, two of them were positive and the positive rate was 8.70%. They all occurred in non-smoker and adenocarcinoma patients. No mutation was detected to coexist in EGFR, EML4-ALK and KARS gene mutation. EGFR, EML4-ALK, ROS1 and KRAS defines different molecular subset of NSCLC with distinct characteristic, which provides a new option for the clinical treatment of patients with NSCLC.

Electrically injected visible vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes

DOEpatents

Schneider, Richard P.; Lott, James A.

1994-01-01

Visible laser light output from an electrically injected vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VSCEL) diode is enabled by the addition of phase-matching spacer layers on either side of the active region to form the optical cavity. The spacer layers comprise InAlP which act as charge carrier confinement means. Distributed Bragg reflector layers are formed on either side of the optical cavity to act as mirrors.

Electrically injected visible vertical cavity surface emitting laser diodes

DOEpatents

Schneider, R.P.; Lott, J.A.

1994-09-27

Visible laser light output from an electrically injected vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VSCEL) diode is enabled by the addition of phase-matching spacer layers on either side of the active region to form the optical cavity. The spacer layers comprise InAlP which act as charge carrier confinement means. Distributed Bragg reflector layers are formed on either side of the optical cavity to act as mirrors. 5 figs.

Response to crizotinib in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancers with different ALK-fusion variants.

PubMed

Li, Yan; Zhang, Tongtong; Zhang, Jing; Li, Wenbin; Yuan, Pei; Xing, Puyuan; Zhang, Zhou; Chuai, Shannon; Li, Junling; Ying, Jianming

2018-04-01

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements are present in approximately 5% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). NSCLCs with ALK-rearrangement can be effectively treated with crizotinib. However, magnitude and duration of responses are found to be heterogeneous. This study explored the clinical efficacy of crizotinib in different ALK variants. Among 96 ALK-rearrangement patients treated with crizotinib, 60 patients were identified with tumor specimens that could be evaluated by next-generation sequencing (NGS). We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of crizotinib in different ALK variants. The median Progression-free survival (PFS) of the 96 ALK-rearrangement patients was 14.17 months. Among the 60 patients with NGS results, the most frequent variants were variant 3a/b (33.33%), variant 1 (23.33%) and variant 2 (15.00%). The percentage of rare EML4-ALK variants and non EML4-ALK variants were 10.00% and 18.33%. Survival analysis showed that patients with variant 2 appeared to have longer PFS than others (P = .021); also, patients with TP53 mutation seemed to have an unfavorable PFS than those with TP53 wild-type with a borderline p value (P = .068). After adjusting for other baseline characteristics, EML4-ALK variant 2 was identified as an important factor for a better PFS of crizotinib. We also found that patients with variant 3a/b had shorter duration of response to crizotinib; however, no significant difference of PFS was observed between the PFS of variant3a/b and non-v3 EML4-ALK variants. Our results indicate prolonged PFS in patients with EML4-ALK variant 2. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lamin B receptor regulates the growth and maturation of myeloid progenitors via its sterol reductase domain: implications for cholesterol biosynthesis in regulating myelopoiesis.

PubMed

Subramanian, Gayathri; Chaudhury, Pulkit; Malu, Krishnakumar; Fowler, Samantha; Manmode, Rahul; Gotur, Deepali; Zwerger, Monika; Ryan, David; Roberti, Rita; Gaines, Peter

2012-01-01

Lamin B receptor (LBR) is a bifunctional nuclear membrane protein with N-terminal lamin B and chromatin-binding domains plus a C-terminal sterol Δ(14) reductase domain. LBR expression increases during neutrophil differentiation, and deficient expression disrupts neutrophil nuclear lobulation characteristic of Pelger-Huët anomaly. Thus, LBR plays a critical role in regulating myeloid differentiation, but how the two functional domains of LBR support this role is currently unclear. We previously identified abnormal proliferation and deficient functional maturation of promyelocytes (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid [EML]-derived promyelocytes) derived from EML-ic/ic cells, a myeloid model of ichthyosis (ic) bone marrow that lacks Lbr expression. In this study, we provide new evidence that cholesterol biosynthesis is important to myeloid cell growth and is supported by the sterol reductase domain of Lbr. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors caused growth inhibition of EML cells that increased in EML-derived promyelocytes, whereas cells lacking Lbr exhibited complete growth arrest at both stages. Lipid production increased during wild-type neutrophil maturation, but ic/ic cells exhibited deficient levels of lipid and cholesterol production. Ectopic expression of a full-length Lbr in EML-ic/ic cells rescued both nuclear lobulation and growth arrest in cholesterol starvation conditions. Lipid production also was rescued, and a deficient respiratory burst was corrected. Expression of just the C-terminal sterol reductase domain of Lbr in ic/ic cells also improved each of these phenotypes. Our data support the conclusion that the sterol Δ(14) reductase domain of LBR plays a critical role in cholesterol biosynthesis and that this process is essential to both myeloid cell growth and functional maturation.

Effects of immunization against alpha-inhibin using two adjuvants on daily sperm production and hormone concentrations in ram lambs.

PubMed

Voge, J L; Parker, J B; Wheaton, J E

2009-11-01

Twenty-five ram lambs were immunized against alpha-inhibin peptide emulsified in Freund's adjuvant (FRA), Emulsigen (EML) containing an oligodeoxynucleotide as an immunostimulant, or adjuvant without alpha-inhibin antigen (control). Four immunizations were administered during an 85-d period, after which testes were obtained for determination of daily sperm production (DSP) and histological evaluation. alpha-Inhibin antibody (Ab) titers were 70-fold greater in lambs treated with FRA than in EML-treated ram lambs. alpha-Inhibin immunization had no effect on testes weight or on plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone. Mean DSP/g tended (P=0.1) to be greater in alpha-inhibin-immunized (EML=17.6x10(6); FRA=15.8x10(6)) ram lambs than in control animals (14.4x10(6)). One of the 8 control ram lambs had an elevated DSP/g, which was a statistical outlier. Without data from this lamb, DSP/g was increased (P<0.01) in alpha-inhibin-immunized ram lambs by 28% over controls. No association was found between the titer of alpha-inhibin Ab developed and DSP/g. Histologically, the percentage of testicular area occupied by seminiferous tubules differed (P=0.01) by treatment and was greatest (82%) in EML-treated ram alpha-inhibin-immunized lambs and lowest (74%) in control animals. Percentage tubular area and DSP/g were correlated (r=0.57, P=0.003). Findings show that (1) the extent of the increase in DSP/g is not dependent on the titer of alpha-inhibin Ab; (2) the increase in DSP/g is achieved through an increase in the mass of seminiferous tubules; and (3) FRA elicits a greater alpha-inhibin Ab titer than EML containing an oligodeoxynucleotide.

Cisplatin for testicular germ cell tumors: a rapid review.

PubMed

Hu, Zhiqiang; Yu, Jiajie; Gui, Ge; Chen, Yuan; Huang, Rui; Jiang, Lucan; Kwong, Joey S W; Li, Youping; Zhang, Lingli

2016-08-01

Cisplatin is one of efficacious medicines for TGCT, but is not in 18 th WHO EML now. The Union for International Cancer Control recommended cisplatin to the 19 th WHO EML for TGCT. To evaluate the effectiveness, safety and cost of cisplatin for TGCT according to the requirements of WHO EML Expert Committee, and to provide the evidence whether cisplatin should be included in WHO EML. We searched The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, NHS EED, US National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) and WHO guidelines. Guidelines and systematic reviews (SRs) on cisplatin for TGCT were included. Two reviewers selected studies and extracted relevant information independently. Quality of SRs was appraised through AMSTAR. Seven guidelines and four SRs were included in this rapid review. Quality of SRs was moderate according to AMSTAR. The results showed that: (a) effectiveness: cisplatin-based chemotherapy significantly improved in response rates and overall survival for more advanced disease (stage II and stage III). Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP)-one of the most widely used of cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens should be considered as the standard treatment of good-prognosis patients with survival rates of 90% and as the best option for intermediate- or poor-prognosis patients with survival rates of 75% and 50%, respectively. (b) Safety: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and peripheral neuropathy are common adverse effects of cisplatin. (c) Cost: there was no relevant study about cost of cisplatin for TGCT. But the affordability of cispaltin is good for Chinese patients, due to it is in health insurance directory of China. We recommend cisplatin to be listed in 19 th WHO EML for TGCT, due to adequate evidence of effectiveness and good affordability. © 2016 Chinese Cochrane Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Endogenous Molecules Induced by a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Elicit Innate Immunity in Shrimp

PubMed Central

Chen, Yu-Yuan; Chen, Jiann-Chu; Lin, Yong-Chin; Kitikiew, Suwaree; Li, Hui-Fang; Bai, Jia-Chin; Tseng, Kuei-Chi; Lin, Bo-Wei; Liu, Po-Chun; Shi, Yin-Ze; Kuo, Yi-Hsuan; Chang, Yu-Hsuan

2014-01-01

Invertebrates rely on an innate immune system to combat invading pathogens. The system is initiated in the presence of cell wall components from microbes like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), β-1,3-glucan (βG) and peptidoglycan (PG), altogether known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), via a recognition of pattern recognition protein (PRP) or receptor (PRR) through complicated reactions. We show herein that shrimp hemocytes incubated with LPS, βG, and PG caused necrosis and released endogenous molecules (EMs), namely EM-L, EM-β, and EM-P, and found that shrimp hemocytes incubated with EM-L, EM-β, and EM-P caused changes in cell viability, degranulation and necrosis of hemocytes, and increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory burst (RB) indicating activation of immunity in vitro. We found that shrimp receiving EM-L, EM-β, and EM-P had increases in hemocyte count and other immune parameters as well as higher phagocytic activity toward a Vibrio pathogen, and found that shrimp receiving EM-L had increases in proliferation cell ratio and mitotic index of hematopoietic tissues (HPTs). We identified proteins of EMs deduced from SDS-PAGE and LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses. EM-L and EM-P contained damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including HMGBa, HMGBb, histone 2A (H2A), H2B, and H4, and other proteins including proPO, Rab 7 GPTase, and Rab 11 GPTase, which were not observed in controls (EM-C, hemocytes incubated in shrimp salt solution). We concluded that EMs induced by PAMPs contain DAMPs and other immune molecules, and they could elicit innate immunity in shrimp. Further research is needed to identify which individual molecule or combined molecules of EMs cause the results, and determine the mechanism of action in innate immunity. PMID:25517999

Preselection based on clinical characteristics in German non-small-cell lung cancer patients screened for EML4-ALK translocation.

PubMed

Tufman, Amanda Laura Helen; Edelmann, Martin; Gamarra, Fernando; Reu, Simone; Borgmeier, Astrid; Schrödl, Kathrin; Zauber, Regine; Müller-Lisse, Ullrich; Huber, Rudolf Maria

2014-01-01

The advent of multiple molecular targets in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has brought new treatments, but also new logistic and technical considerations, to the clinician. The small size of endoscopic biopsies and the increasing number of relevant but uncommon markers has increased the need for rational approaches to molecular testing. We present the results of clinical preselection before EML4-ALK testing in a German NSCLC cohort. Patients with stage IV NSCLC were included. Clinicians were encouraged to consider screening epidermal growth factor receptor wild-type adenocarcinoma patients with a limited smoking history, relatively young age, or who had benefited from chemotherapy for a relatively long period. Break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization using archived paraffin tissue was performed in a central facility. From April 2010 to September 2011 we included 61 patients: mean age 56.6 years, 41% women, 90% adenocarcinoma, 5% large-cell, and 5% squamous cell cancers. Only three patients had activating epidermal growth factor receptor mutations; 16.4% of patients were positive for EML4-ALK fusion. The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive patients included 60% women, tended to be younger, had smoked less, and had received significantly more systemic therapy, on average 3.7 lines of treatment over 3 years, before ALK-testing compared with the ALK-negative patients. Long periods of progression-free survival were experienced by ALK-positive patients treated with pemetrexed, vinorelbine, or cetuximab. EML4-ALK fusion is uncommon, reported in about 5% of NSCLC patients; however, clinical preselection increased the yield of testing to 16.4%. EML4-ALK positive patients seem to have distinct clinical features and show long responses to a number of systemic therapies.

Analysis of EGFR, EML4-ALK, KRAS, and c-MET mutations in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients.

PubMed

Xia, Ning; An, Jian; Jiang, Qing-qing; Li, Min; Tan, Jun; Hu, Cheng-ping

2013-10-01

Mutation analysis of cancer driver genes is helpful for determining an optimal treatment strategy. We evaluated mutations in four driver genes, namely epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Kirsten ras oncogene (KRAS), c-MET, and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK), in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients from Hunan Province. We enrolled 110 lung adenocarcinoma patients in a single institution. EGFR and KRAS mutations were examined by direct sequencing, the EML4-ALK fusion gene was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and c-MET amplification and c-Met protein expression were detected by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. EGFR and KRAS mutations were observed in 52.7% (58/110) and 3.6% (4/106) of patients, respectively. c-MET amplification was detected in 5.5% (6/110) of patients. In addition, 30% (33/110) of the cases expressed c-Met protein, including all of the patients harboring c-MET amplification. Ten percent (11/110) of patients harbored the EML4-ALK fusion gene, and the frequency of ALK rearrangement was higher than that of other cohort analyses involving patients from other regions in China. Almost all of these gene mutations were exclusive except that in two female non-smoking patients, who harbored an EGFR mutation and EML4-ALK rearrangement simultaneously. In total, 70% of patients in the study harbored one of the four gene mutations. Most Chinese lung adenocarcinoma patients harbor driver gene mutations, among which ALK rearrangements were more common in Hunan patients than in previously reported populations. Future clinical trials should be conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of drug combination targeting different driver mutations.

The expression of SALL4 is significantly associated with EGFR, but not KRAS or EML4-ALK mutations in lung cancer.

PubMed

Jia, Xiangbo; Qian, Rulin; Zhang, Binbin; Zhao, Song

2016-10-01

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide; unfortunately, its prognosis is still very poor. Therefore, developing the target molecular is very important for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, especially in the early stage. With this in view, spalt-like transcription factor 4 ( SALL4 ) is considered a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in cancers, including lung cancer. In order to better investigate the association between the expression of SALL4 and driver genes mutation, 450 histopathologically diagnosed patients with lung cancer and 11 non-cancer patients were enrolled to test the expression of SALL4 and the status of driver genes mutation. This investigation included epidermal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ), kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog ( KRAS ), and a fusion gene of the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 ( EML4 ) and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase ( ALK ). The results of the study showed that females harbored more EGFR mutation in adenocarcinoma (ADC). The mutation rate of KRAS and EML4-ALK was about 5%, and the double mutations of EGFR/EML4-ALK were higher than EGFR/KRAS . In the expression analysis, the expression of SALL4 was much higher in cancer tissues than normally expected, especially in tissues that carried EGFR mutation (P<0.05), however, there were no significant differences between different mutation types. Likewise, there were no significant differences between expression of SALL4 and KRAS and EML4-ALK mutations. SALL4 is up regulated in lung cancer specimens and harbors EGFR mutation; this finding indicates that SALL4 expression may be relevant with EGFR , which could provide a new insight to lung cancer therapy. The mechanism needs further investigation and analysis.

Experimental demonstration of record high 19.125 Gb/s real-time end-to-end dual-band optical OFDM transmission over 25 km SMF in a simple EML-based IMDD system.

PubMed

Giddings, R P; Hugues-Salas, E; Tang, J M

2012-08-27

Record high 19.125 Gb/s real-time end-to-end dual-band optical OFDM (OOFDM) transmission is experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, in a simple electro-absorption modulated laser (EML)-based 25 km standard SMF system using intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD). Adaptively modulated baseband (0-2GHz) and passband (6.125 ± 2GHz) OFDM RF sub-bands, supporting line rates of 10 Gb/s and 9.125 Gb/s respectively, are independently generated and detected with FPGA-based DSP clocked at only 100 MHz and DACs/ADCs operating at sampling speeds as low as 4GS/s. The two OFDM sub-bands are electrically frequency-division-multiplexed (FDM) for intensity modulation of a single optical carrier by an EML. To maximize and balance the signal transmission performance of each sub-band, on-line adaptive features and on-line performance monitoring is fully exploited to optimize key OOFDM transceiver and system parameters, which includes subcarrier characteristics within each individual OFDM sub-band, total and relative sub-band power as well as EML operating conditions. The achieved 19.125 Gb/s over 25 km SMF OOFDM transmission system has an optical power budget of 13.5 dB, and shows almost identical bit error rate (BER) performances for both the baseband and passband signals. In addition, experimental investigations also indicate that the maximum achievable transmission capacity of the present system is mainly determined by the EML frequency chirp-enhanced chromatic dispersion effect, and the passband BER performance is not affected by the two sub-band-induced intermixing effect, which, however, gives a 1.2dB optical power penalty to the baseband signal transmission.

EML - an electromagnetic levitator for the International Space Station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seidel, A.; Soellner, W.; Stenzel, C.

2011-12-01

Based on a long and successful evolution of electromagnetic levitators for microgravity applications, including facilities for parabolic flights, sounding rocket missions and Spacelab missions, the Electromagnetic Levitator EML provides unique experiment opportunities onboard ISS. With the application of the electromagnetic levitation principle under microgravity conditions the undercooled regime of electrically conductive materials becomes accessible for an extended time which allows the performance of unique studies of nucleation phenomena or phase formation as well as the measurement of a range of thermophysical properties both above the melting temperature and in the undercooled regime. The EML payload is presently being developed by Astrium Space Transportation under contracts to ESA and DLR. The design of the payload allows flexible experiment scenarios individually targeted towards specific experimental needs and samples including live video control of the running experiments and automatic or interactive process control.

Lifetime enhanced phosphorescent organic light emitting diode using an electron scavenger layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Seokhwan; Kim, Ji Whan; Lee, Sangyeob

2015-07-01

We demonstrate a method to improve lifetime of a phosphorescent organic light emitting diode (OLED) using an electron scavenger layer (ESL) in a hole transporting layer (HTL) of the device. We use a bis(1-(phenyl)isoquinoline)iridium(III)acetylacetonate [Ir(piq)2(acac)] doped HTL to stimulate radiative decay, preventing thermal degradation in HTL. The ESL effectively prevented non-radiative decay of leakage electron in HTL by converting non-radiative decay to radiative decay via a phosphorescent red emitter, Ir(piq)2(acac). The lifetime of device (t95: time after 5% decrease of luminance) has been increased from 75 h to 120 h by using the ESL in a phosphorescent green-emitting OLED.

Investigation of cross-linking characteristics of novel hole-transporting materials for solution-processed phosphorescent OLEDs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Jaemin; Ameen, Shahid; Lee, Changjin

2016-04-01

After the success of commercialization of the vacuum-evaporated organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), solutionprocessing or printing of OLEDs are currently attracting much research interests. However, contrary to various kinds of readily available vacuum-evaporable OLED materials, the solution-processable OLED materials are still relatively rare. Hole-transporting layer (HTL) materials for solution-processed OLEDs are especially limited, because they need additional characteristics such as cross-linking to realize multilayer structures in solution-processed OLEDs, as well as their own electrically hole-transporting characteristics. The presence of such cross-linking characteristics of solutionprocessable HTL materials therefore makes them more challenging in the development stage, and also makes them essence of solution-processable OLED materials. In this work, the structure-property relationships of thermally crosslinkable HTL materials were systematically investigated by changing styrene-based cross-linking functionalities and modifying the carbazole-based hole-transporting core structures. The temperature dependency of the cross-linking characteristics of the HTL materials was systematically investigated by the UV-vis. absorption spectroscopy. The new HTL materials were also applied to green phosphorescent OLEDs, and their device characteristics were also investigated based on the chemical structures of the HTL materials. The device configuration was [ITO / PEDOT:PSS / HTL / EML / ETL / CsF / Al]. We found out that the chemical structures of the cross-linking functionalities greatly affect not only the cross-linking characteristics of the resultant HTL materials, but also the resultant OLED device characteristics. The increase of the maximum luminance and efficiency of OLEDs was evident as the cross-linking temperature decreases from higher than 200°C to at around 150°C.

Theoretical study on phosphorescence efficiency and color tuning from orange to blue-green of Ir(III) complexes based on substituted 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ligand.

PubMed

Li, Xiao-Na; Wu, Zhi-Jian; Li, Xi-Yan; Zhang, Hong-Jie; Liu, Xiao-Juan

2011-04-30

The geometrical structures, phosphorescence quantum yields, and electroluminescence (EL) efficiency of six iridium(III) complexes containing 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ligand are investigated by density functional theory (DFT), which show a wide color tuning of photoluminescence from orange (λ(em) = 550 nm) to blue-green (λ(em) = 490 nm). The calculated results shed some light on the reasons of the remarkably manipulated excited-state and EL properties through substitution effect. The Mulliken charge calculation reveals that attached -CF(3) groups on phenyl and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (impy) moieties (4) can make both of them as electron-deficient region, which will lead to the contraction of the whole coordination sphere and strengthen the metal-ligand interaction. While attaching two -CF(3) groups on phenyl ring can make it more electron-deficient, which will induce electron transferring from acac and impy fragment to phenyl ring, and also result in the contracted structure. The largest metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) character and the smaller S(1)-T(1) energy gap (ΔE(S(1)-T(1))) value increase the emission quantum yields of 4 and 6 than other complexes. For EL efficiency, because of the similar highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels of 4 and 6 to that of holes injection material poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and the larger dipole moments, majority hole will be accumulated on the HOMO of 4 and 6. Combination with the lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels compared with PVK, the recombination zones of 4 and 6 can be well confined within emitting material layer (EML) and lead to the higher EL efficiency. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Long wavelength emitting GaInN quantum wells on metamorphic GaInN buffer layers with enlarged in-plane lattice parameter

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Däubler, J., E-mail: juergen.daeubler@iaf.fraunhofer.de; Passow, T.; Aidam, R.

Metamorphic (i.e., linear composition graded) GaInN buffer layers with an increased in-plane lattice parameter, grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, were used as templates for metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown GaInN/GaInN quantum wells (QWs), emitting in the green to red spectral region. A composition pulling effect was observed allowing considerable higher growth temperatures for the QWs for a given In composition. The internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the QWs was determined by temperature and excitation power density dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. An increase in IQE by a factor of two was found for green emitting QWs grown onmore » metamorphic GaInN buffer compared to reference samples grown on standard GaN buffer layers. The ratio of room temperature to low temperature intensity PL of the red emitting QWs were found to be comparable to the PL efficiency of green emitting QWs, both grown on metamorphic GaInN buffers. The excitation density and well width dependence of the IQE indicate a reduction of the quantum confined Stark effect upon growth on GaInN buffer layers with increased in-plane lattice parameter.« less

Coincidence of features of emitted THz electromagnetic wave power form a single Josephson junction and different current components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hamdipour, Mohammad

2017-12-01

By applying a voltage to a Josephson junction, the charge in superconducting layers (S-layers) will oscillate. Wavelength of the charge oscillations in S-layers is related to external current in junction, by increasing the external current, the wavelength will decrease which cause in some currents the wavelength be incommensurate with width of junction, so the CVC shows Fiske like steps. External current throwing along junction has some components, resistive, capacitive and superconducting current, beside these currents there is a current in lateral direction of junction, (x direction). On the other hand, the emitted electromagnetic wave power in THz region is related to AC component of electric field in junction, which itself is related to charge density in S-layers, which is related to currents in the system. So we expect that features of variation of current components reflect the features of emitted THz power form junction. Here we study in detail the superconductive current in a long Josephson junction (JJ), the current voltage characteristics (CVC) of junction and emitted THz power from the system. Then we compare the results. Comparing the results we see that there is a good qualitative coincidence in features of emitted THz power and supercurrent in junction.

Move Affords Many Advantages to EML | Poster

Cancer.gov

By Nancy Parrish, Staff Writer Ulrich Baxa, Ph.D., director of the Electron Microscopy Laboratory (EML), enjoys finally having his staff all in one place. “Our lab is now all in one location, as compared to our previous situation, with two different locations,” he said. “This will make daily work much easier, in particular for me since I am able to have an office next to the

Essential medicines availability is still suboptimal in many countries: a scoping review.

PubMed

Mahmić-Kaknjo, Mersiha; Jeličić-Kadić, Antonia; Utrobičić, Ana; Chan, Kit; Bero, Lisa; Marušić, Ana

2018-06-01

To identify uses of WHO Model list of essential medicines (EMs) and summarize studies examining EM and national EM lists (NEMLs). In this scoping review, we searched PubMed, Scopus, WHO website and WHO Regional Databases for studies on NEMLs, reimbursement medicines lists, and WHO EML, with no date or language restrictions. Three thousand one hundred forty-four retrieved documents were independently screened by two reviewers; 100 full-text documents were analyzed; 37 contained data suitable for quantitative and qualitative analysis on EMs availability (11 documents), medicines for specific diseases (13 documents), and comparison of WHO EML and NEMLs (13 documents). From the latter, two documents analyzed the relevance of evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews for medicines that were on NEMLs but not on the WHO EML. EMs availability is still suboptimal in low-income countries. Availability of children formulations and EMs for specific diseases such as chronic, cancer, pain, and reproductive health is suboptimal even in middle-income countries. WHO EML can be used as a basic set of medicines for different settings. More evidence is needed into how NEMLs can contribute to better availability of children formulations, pain, and cancer medicines in developing countries. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of Early Moderate Loading on Implant Stability: A Retrospective Investigation of 634 Implants with Platform Switching and Morse-Tapered Connections.

PubMed

Romanos, Georgios; Grizas, Eleftherios; Laukart, Elena; Nentwig, Georg-Hubertus

2016-04-01

This retrospective investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of early moderate loading (EML) on implant stability. Following 6 weeks of conventional healing, 634 dental implants (Ankylos®, Dentsply Implants, Mannheim, Germany) inserted in 247 patients were uncovered. Provisional restorations were placed in infra-occlusion in partially edentulous patients and in full occlusion in edentulous patients. Patients were instructed to consume a soft/liquid diet until final restorations were delivered after approximately 6 weeks. Periotest values (PTVs) at the time of uncovering and after EML were assessed in order to calculate the change in PTV (ΔPTV). Improvement of the PTV was analyzed to account for dependencies between measurements on multiple implants of a single patient, along with other factors. No implant was lost during the EML. After a mean loading time of 3 years (± 1.7 years), the implant survival rate was 98.74%. The PTV of 556 implants decreased (improved) over the course of the study. The ΔPTV was statistically significant (p = .0001), and none of the factors analyzed appeared to influence it. The EML of implants does not impair the implants' stability, as determined by Periotest. On the contrary, early moderate loading seems to be beneficial at compromised bone qualities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

An integrated global regulatory network of hematopoietic precursor cell self-renewal and differentiation.

PubMed

You, Yanan; Cuevas-Diaz Duran, Raquel; Jiang, Lihua; Dong, Xiaomin; Zong, Shan; Snyder, Michael; Wu, Jia Qian

2018-06-12

Systematic study of the regulatory mechanisms of Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Progenitor Cell (HSPC) self-renewal is fundamentally important for understanding hematopoiesis and for manipulating HSPCs for therapeutic purposes. Previously, we have characterized gene expression and identified important transcription factors (TFs) regulating the switch between self-renewal and differentiation in a multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell (HPC) line, EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphoid) cells. Herein, we report binding maps for additional TFs (SOX4 and STAT3) by using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-Sequencing, to address the underlying mechanisms regulating self-renewal properties of lineage-CD34+ subpopulation (Lin-CD34+ EML cells). Furthermore, we applied the Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin (ATAC)-Sequencing to globally identify the open chromatin regions associated with TF binding in the self-renewing Lin-CD34+ EML cells. Mass spectrometry (MS) was also used to quantify protein relative expression levels. Finally, by integrating the protein-protein interaction database, we built an expanded transcriptional regulatory and interaction network. We found that MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway and TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway components were highly enriched among the binding targets of these TFs in Lin-CD34+ EML cells. The present study integrates regulatory information at multiple levels to paint a more comprehensive picture of the HSPC self-renewal mechanisms.

Biopolymers in Light Emitting Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-09-01

from an Alq3 layer are illustrated in Fig. 4. Red emission from the rare earth ion Eu3+ doped into the various emitter layers has also been...structure. 26 • IDRC 3.2 / A. J. Steckl Figure 4. DNA BioLEDs: (a) blue (NPB) and green ( Alq3 ) emitting devices in operation; (b) luminance

High-efficiency non-blocking phosphorescent organic light emitting diode with ultrathin emission layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qiu, Jacky; Helander, Michael G.; Wang, Zhibin; Chang, Yi-Lu; Lu, ZhengHong

2012-09-01

Non-blocking Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diode (NB-PHOLED) is a highly simplified device structure that has achieved record high device performance on chlorinated ITO[1], flexible substrates[2], also with Pt based phosphorescent dopants[3] and NB-PHOLED has significantly reduced efficiency roll-off[4]. The principle novel features of NB-PHOLED is the absence of blocking layer in the OLED stack, as well as the absence of organic hole injection layer, this allows for reduction of carrier accumulation in between organic layers and result in higher efficiencies.

Colloidal quantum dot active layers for light emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pagan, Jennifer G.; Stokes, Edward B.; Patel, Kinnari; Burkhart, Casey C.; Ahrens, Michael T.; Barletta, Philip T.; O'Steen, Mark

2006-07-01

In this paper the preliminary results of incorporating a novel active layer into a GaN light emitting diode (LED) are discussed. Integration of colloidal CdSe quantum dots into a GaN LED active layer is demonstrated. Properties of p-type Mg doped overgrowth GaN are examined via circular transmission line method (CTLM). Effects on surface roughness due to the active layer incorporation are examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electroluminescence of LED test structures is reported, and an ideality factor of n = 1.6 is demonstrated.

Printing Smart Designs of Light Emitting Devices with Maintained Textile Properties †

PubMed Central

Verboven, Inge; Stryckers, Jeroen; Mecnika, Viktorija; Vandevenne, Glen; Jose, Manoj

2018-01-01

To maintain typical textile properties, smart designs of light emitting devices are printed directly onto textile substrates. A first approach shows improved designs for alternating current powder electroluminescence (ACPEL) devices. A configuration with the following build-up, starting from the textile substrate, was applied using the screen printing technique: silver (10 µm)/barium titanate (10 µm)/zinc-oxide (10 µm) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate) (10 µm). Textile properties such as flexibility, drapability and air permeability are preserved by implementing a pixel-like design of the printed layers. Another route is the application of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) fabricated out of following layers, also starting from the textile substrate: polyurethane or acrylate (10–20 µm) as smoothing layer/silver (200 nm)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)poly(styrenesulfonate) (35 nm)/super yellow (80 nm)/calcium/aluminum (12/17 nm). Their very thin nm-range layer thickness, preserving the flexibility and drapability of the substrate, and their low working voltage, makes these devices the possible future in light-emitting wearables. PMID:29438276

Aluminum-nanodisc-induced collective lattice resonances: Controlling the light extraction in organic light emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Auer-Berger, Manuel; Tretnak, Veronika; Wenzl, Franz-Peter; Krenn, Joachim R.; List-Kratochvil, Emil J. W.

2017-10-01

We examine aluminum-nanodisc-induced collective lattice resonances as a means to enhance the efficiency of organic light emitting diodes. Thus, nanodisc arrays were embedded in the hole transporting layer of a solution-processed phosphorescent organic blue-light emitting diode. Through extinction spectroscopy, we confirm the emergence of array-induced collective lattice resonances within the organic light emitting diode. Through finite-difference time domain simulations, we show that the collective lattice resonances yield an enhancement of the electric field intensity within the emissive layer. The effectiveness for improving the light generation and light outcoupling is demonstrated by electro-optical characterization, realizing a gain in a current efficiency of 35%.

The April 1992 and November 1992 radon intercomparisons at EML

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisenne, I.M.; George, A.C.; Perry, P.M.

1993-07-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory hosted two intercomparison exercises in Calendar Year 1992. Thirty-two groups, including US federal facilities, US Department of Energy`s Office of Health and Environmental Research contractors, national and state laboratories, and universities and foreign institutions, participated in these exercises. The majority of the participants` results were within {plus_minus}10% of the EML value at radon concentrations of 2075 and 1650 Bq m{sup {minus}3}.

EML Regional Baseline Station at Chester, NJ, 1987--1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-12-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) has maintained a field station at Chester, NJ, since 1976. Located 64 kilometers west of EML, the site is on the property of Bell Communications Research and is a little more than 900 square meters in area. The Chester site is a rural facility which provides us with an opportunity to carry out regional baseline'' research and to test field instruments. In order to meet our special need the technical criteria for such a field station area the following. The site should represent a regional'' pollution condition; that is, no significant local pollution sources shouldmore » be present. The terrain should be relatively flat with minimal rock outcroppings. The soil cover should not have been disturbed for at least 30 years. This report updates the various programs underway at Chester and presents data that have become available since the last report.« less

EML Regional Baseline Station at Chester, NJ, 1987--1990

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-12-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) has maintained a field station at Chester, NJ, since 1976. Located 64 kilometers west of EML, the site is on the property of Bell Communications Research and is a little more than 900 square meters in area. The Chester site is a rural facility which provides us with an opportunity to carry out ``regional baseline`` research and to test field instruments. In order to meet our special need the technical criteria for such a field station area the following. The site should represent a ``regional`` pollution condition; that is, no significant local pollution sources shouldmore » be present. The terrain should be relatively flat with minimal rock outcroppings. The soil cover should not have been disturbed for at least 30 years. This report updates the various programs underway at Chester and presents data that have become available since the last report.« less

Concordance of IHC, FISH and RT-PCR for EML4-ALK rearrangements.

PubMed

Teixidó, Cristina; Karachaliou, Niki; Peg, Vicente; Gimenez-Capitan, Ana; Rosell, Rafael

2014-04-01

The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) has emerged as the second most important driver oncogene in lung cancer and the first targetable fusion oncokinase to be identified in 4-6% of lung adenocarcinomas. Crizotinib, along with a diagnostic test-the Vysis ALK Break Apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Probe Kit-is approved for the treatment of ALK positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the success of a targeted drug is critically dependent on a sensitive and specific screening assay to detect the molecular drug target. In our experience, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based detection of EML4-ALK is a more sensitive and reliable approach compared to FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Although ALK FISH is clinically validated, the assay can be technically challenging and other diagnostic modalities, including IHC and RT-PCR should be further explored.

Near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes with transparent conducting layer of gold-doped multi-layer graphene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Chu-Young; Choe, Minhyeok; Lee, Sang-Jun; Hong, Sang-Hyun; Lee, Takhee; Lim, Wantae; Kim, Sung-Tae; Park, Seong-Ju

2013-03-01

We report on gold (Au)-doped multi-layer graphene (MLG), which can be used as a transparent conducting layer in near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (NUV-LEDs). The optical output power of NUV-LEDs with thermally annealed Au-doped MLG was increased by 34% compared with that of NUV-LEDs with a bare MLG. This result is attributed to the reduced sheet resistance and the enhanced current injection efficiency of NUV-LEDs by the thermally annealed Au-doped MLG film, which shows high transmittance in NUV and UV regions and good adhesion of Au-doped MLG on p-GaN layer of NUV-LEDs.

Characterizations of low-temperature electroluminescence from ZnO nanowire light-emitting arrays on the p-GaN layer.

PubMed

Lu, Tzu-Chun; Ke, Min-Yung; Yang, Sheng-Chieh; Cheng, Yun-Wei; Chen, Liang-Yi; Lin, Guan-Jhong; Lu, Yu-Hsin; He, Jr-Hau; Kuo, Hao-Chung; Huang, JianJang

2010-12-15

Low-temperature electroluminescence from ZnO nanowire light-emitting arrays is reported. By inserting a thin MgO current blocking layer in between ZnO nanowire and p-GaN, high-purity UV light emission at wavelength 398 nm was obtained. As the temperature is decreased, contrary to the typical GaN-based light emitting diodes, our device shows a decrease of optical output intensity. The results are associated with various carrier tunneling processes and frozen MgO defects.

Ultra-thin ohmic contacts for p-type nitride light emitting devices

DOEpatents

Raffetto, Mark [Raleigh, NC; Bharathan, Jayesh [Cary, NC; Haberern, Kevin [Cary, NC; Bergmann, Michael [Chapel Hill, NC; Emerson, David [Chapel Hill, NC; Ibbetson, James [Santa Barbara, CA; Li, Ting [Ventura, CA

2012-01-03

A semiconductor based Light Emitting Device (LED) can include a p-type nitride layer and a metal ohmic contact, on the p-type nitride layer. The metal ohmic contact can have an average thickness of less than about 25 .ANG. and a specific contact resistivity less than about 10.sup.-3 ohm-cm.sup.2.

Lifetime enhanced phosphorescent organic light emitting diode using an electron scavenger layer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hong, Seokhwan; Kim, Ji Whan; Lee, Sangyeob, E-mail: sy96.lee@samsung.com

2015-07-27

We demonstrate a method to improve lifetime of a phosphorescent organic light emitting diode (OLED) using an electron scavenger layer (ESL) in a hole transporting layer (HTL) of the device. We use a bis(1-(phenyl)isoquinoline)iridium(III)acetylacetonate [Ir(piq){sub 2}(acac)] doped HTL to stimulate radiative decay, preventing thermal degradation in HTL. The ESL effectively prevented non-radiative decay of leakage electron in HTL by converting non-radiative decay to radiative decay via a phosphorescent red emitter, Ir(piq){sub 2}(acac). The lifetime of device (t{sub 95}: time after 5% decrease of luminance) has been increased from 75 h to 120 h by using the ESL in a phosphorescent green-emitting OLED.

High Luminescence Efficiency from GaAsN Layers Grown by MBE with RF Nitrogen Plasma Source

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

is the goal for applications in fiber optic communication systems. 1.3 micron edge- emitting lasers and VCSELs have been recently demonstrated by...GaAsN layers. CONCLUSIONS Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAsj_,N, layers has been studied as a function of nitrogen content and growth regimes. We...obtained are important for further improving the characteristics of InGaAsN lasers emitting at 1.3 micron. INTRODUCTION Group-Ill nitride semiconductors

The Role of Cis-Lunar Space in Future Global Space Exploration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bobskill, Marianne R.; Lupisella, Mark L.

2012-01-01

Cis-lunar space offers affordable near-term opportunities to help pave the way for future global human exploration of deep space, acting as a bridge between present missions and future deep space missions. While missions in cis-lunar space have value unto themselves, they can also play an important role in enabling and reducing risk for future human missions to the Moon, Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs), Mars, and other deep space destinations. The Cis-Lunar Destination Team of NASA's Human Spaceflight Architecture Team (HAT) has been analyzing cis-lunar destination activities and developing notional missions (or "destination Design Reference Missions" [DRMs]) for cis-lunar locations to inform roadmap and architecture development, transportation and destination elements definition, operations, and strategic knowledge gaps. The cis-lunar domain is defined as that area of deep space under the gravitational influence of the earth-moon system. This includes a set of earth-centered orbital locations in low earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO), highly elliptical and high earth orbits (HEO), earth-moon libration or "Lagrange" points (E-ML1 through E-ML5, and in particular, E-ML1 and E-ML2), and low lunar orbit (LLO). To help explore this large possibility space, we developed a set of high level cis-lunar mission concepts in the form of a large mission tree, defined primarily by mission duration, pre-deployment, type of mission, and location. The mission tree has provided an overall analytical context and has helped in developing more detailed design reference missions that are then intended to inform capabilities, operations, and architectures. With the mission tree as context, we will describe two destination DRMs to LEO and GEO, based on present human space exploration architectural considerations, as well as our recent work on defining mission activities that could be conducted with an EML1 or EML2 facility, the latter of which will be an emphasis of this paper, motivated in part by recent interest expressed at the Global Exploration Roadmap Stakeholder meeting. This paper will also explore the links between this HAT Cis-Lunar Destination Team analysis and the recently released ISECG Global Exploration Roadmap and other potential international considerations, such as preventing harmful interference to radio astronomy observations in the shielded zone of the moon.

Towards fully spray coated organic light emitting devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilissen, Koen; Stryckers, Jeroen; Manca, Jean; Deferme, Wim

2014-10-01

Pi-conjugated polymer light emitting devices have the potential to be the next generation of solid state lighting. In order to achieve this goal, a low cost, efficient and large area production process is essential. Polymer based light emitting devices are generally deposited using techniques based on solution processing e.g.: spin coating, ink jet printing. These techniques are not well suited for cost-effective, high throughput, large area mass production of these organic devices. Ultrasonic spray deposition however, is a deposition technique that is fast, efficient and roll to roll compatible which can be easily scaled up for the production of large area polymer light emitting devices (PLEDs). This deposition technique has already successfully been employed to produce organic photovoltaic devices (OPV)1. Recently the electron blocking layer PEDOT:PSS2 and metal top contact3 have been successfully spray coated as part of the organic photovoltaic device stack. In this study, the effects of ultrasonic spray deposition of polymer light emitting devices are investigated. For the first time - to our knowledge -, spray coating of the active layer in PLED is demonstrated. Different solvents are tested to achieve the best possible spray-able dispersion. The active layer morphology is characterized and optimized to produce uniform films with optimal thickness. Furthermore these ultrasonic spray coated films are incorporated in the polymer light emitting device stack to investigate the device characteristics and efficiency. Our results show that after careful optimization of the active layer, ultrasonic spray coating is prime candidate as deposition technique for mass production of PLEDs.

The essential medicines list for a global patient population.

PubMed

Robertson, J; Hill, S R

2007-11-01

Thirty years after its inception, the role, audience, and contents of the global Essential Medicines List (EML) are reviewed. Challenges for decision makers in applying the principles of medicine selection based on efficacy, safety, burden of disease, and cost effectiveness are discussed and illustrated with recent decisions of the Expert Committee. Areas of controversy for decision makers are highlighted, and the advocacy role of the EML for both drug procurement and development of quality-assured products is described.

Demonstration of 4×100 Gbps discrete multitone transmission using electric absorption modulated laser at 1550-nm for dense wavelength division multiplexing intradata center connect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yuming; Yu, Jianjun; Li, Xinying

2017-03-01

We experimentally demonstrate 4 lanes up to 400 Gbps discrete multitone transmission using an electric absorption modulated laser (EML) at 1550-nm for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) intradata center connects. This is the first demonstration of 4×100 Gb/s transmission using EML at 1550-nm, and it is compatible with the DWDM system at C-band.

A case of lung adenocarcinoma harboring exon 19 EGFR deletion and EML4-ALK fusion gene.

PubMed

Chen, Xiaoxia; Zhang, Jie; Hu, Qiong; Li, Xuefei; Zhou, Caicun

2013-08-01

We report a man with advanced adenocarcinoma who harboring exon 19 (E746-A750del) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) deletion and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (EML4-ALK) gene translocation in the re-biospy specimen. The patient was treated with erlotinib with a stable disease but progressed slowly, while crizotinib showed a complete response. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Molecular docking studies shows tivozanib and lapatinib as potential inhibitors of EML4-ALK translocation mediated fusion protein in non small cell lung cancer.

PubMed

Ramshankar, Vijayalakshmi; Yegnaswamy, Subha; P, Kumarasamy; Arvind, Krishnamurthy

2014-01-01

Identification of activating mutations in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) has been a focus in recent years. This led to successful evidence of using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) over the standard platinum doublet based chemotherapy as the first line treatment in the metastatic setting.The rearrangements of fusion protein EML4-ALK in NSCLC lead to the use of crizotinib for this class of tumors. Preclinical and Phase 1 clinical studies show that ceritinib is more effective against both crizotinib sensitive and resistant tumors. Although robust responses to crizotinib are observed in NSCLC harboring ALK mutations, majority of tumors eventually become resistant, posing a major challenge in treatment course. Thus, there is a need for the identification and development of second-generation of ALK inhibitors. Computer aided molecular docking data show Tivozanib and Lapatinib bind EML4-ALK with high score. Tivozanib is in clinical trials for renal cell cancer and Lapatinib is a known dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor effective in breast cancer patients with HER2 over-expression. Additional data on these compounds for use in EML4-ALK positive NSCLC will provide evidence for use in patients treated with crizotinib. Data shows the importance of computer aided molecular docking in developing candidates with improved activity for further consideration in vitro and in vivo validation.

Molecular docking studies shows tivozanib and lapatinib as potential inhibitors of EML4-ALK translocation mediated fusion protein in non small cell lung cancer

PubMed Central

Ramshankar, Vijayalakshmi; Yegnaswamy, Subha; P, Kumarasamy; Arvind, Krishnamurthy

2014-01-01

Identification of activating mutations in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) has been a focus in recent years. This led to successful evidence of using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) over the standard platinum doublet based chemotherapy as the first line treatment in the metastatic setting.The rearrangements of fusion protein EML4-ALK in NSCLC lead to the use of crizotinib for this class of tumors. Preclinical and Phase 1 clinical studies show that ceritinib is more effective against both crizotinib sensitive and resistant tumors. Although robust responses to crizotinib are observed in NSCLC harboring ALK mutations, majority of tumors eventually become resistant, posing a major challenge in treatment course. Thus, there is a need for the identification and development of second-generation of ALK inhibitors. Computer aided molecular docking data show Tivozanib and Lapatinib bind EML4-ALK with high score. Tivozanib is in clinical trials for renal cell cancer and Lapatinib is a known dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor effective in breast cancer patients with HER2 over-expression. Additional data on these compounds for use in EML4-ALK positive NSCLC will provide evidence for use in patients treated with crizotinib. Data shows the importance of computer aided molecular docking in developing candidates with improved activity for further consideration in vitro and in vivo validation. PMID:25489176

Rare discrepancies in a driver gene alteration within histologically heterogeneous primary lung cancers.

PubMed

Zhong, Wen-zhao; Su, Jian; Xu, Fang-ping; Zhai, Hao-ran; Zhang, Xu-chao; Yang, Xue-ning; Chen, Zhi-yong; Chen, Zhi-hong; Li, Wei; Dong, Song; Zhou, Qing; Yang, Jin-ji; Liu, Yan-hui; Wu, Yi-long

2015-11-01

Most lung adenocarcinomas consist of mixtures of histological subtypes harboring different frequencies of driver gene mutations. However, little is known about intratumoral heterogeneity(ITH) within histologically heterogeneous primary lung cancers. Investigating key driver genes in respective morphological pattern is crucial to personalized treatment. Morphologically different areas within the same surgically resected adenocarcinomas were extracted from tissues to analyze gene status in each growth pattern. Driver genes, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), KRAS and EML4-ALK, were assessed by assays with different sensitivities. Seventy-nine consecutive eligible patients harboring a driver gene (EGFR=65; KRAS=10; EML4-ALK=4) were enrolled. For EGFR mutations, ITH occurred in 13.3% (8/60) by direct sequencing (DS) and 1.7% (1/60) by amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) (P=0.016) among adenocarcinomas, but consistent within five adeno-squamous cell carcinomas by both methods. ITH among KRAS mutations were detected in 20% (2/10) by DS, whereas consistent (10/10) by high resolution melting. No discrepancies in EML4-ALK rearrangements existed according to fluorescence in situ hybridization. Rare ITHs of EGFR/KRAS/EML4-ALK alterations within histologically heterogeneous primary lung adenocarcinomas existed by methods with higher sensitivity. Discrepancies might be due to abundance of mutant tumor cells and detection assays. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Doping concentration effect on performance of single QW double-heterostructure InGaN/AlGaN light emitting diode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halim, N. Syafira Abdul; Wahid, M. Halim A.; Hambali, N. Azura M. Ahmad; Rashid, Shanise; Shahimin, Mukhzeer M.

2017-11-01

Light emitting diode (LED) employed a numerous applications such as displaying information, communication, sensing, illumination and lighting. In this paper, InGaN/AlGaN based on one quantum well (1QW) light emitting diode (LED) is modeled and studied numerically by using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 version. We have selected In0.06Ga0.94N as the active layer with thickness 50nm sandwiched between 0.15μm thick layers of p and n-type Al0.15Ga0.85N of cladding layers. We investigated an effect of doping concentration on InGaN/AlGaN double heterostructure of light-emitting diode (LED). Thus, energy levels, carrier concentration, electron concentration and forward voltage (IV) are extracted from the simulation results. As the doping concentration is increasing, the performance of threshold voltage, Vth on one quantum well (1QW) is also increases from 2.8V to 3.1V.

Degradation of Bilayer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Studied by Impedance Spectroscopy.

PubMed

Sato, Shuri; Takata, Masashi; Takada, Makoto; Naito, Hiroyoshi

2016-04-01

The degradation of bilayer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a device structure of N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (α-NPD) (hole transport layer) and tris-(8-hydroxyquinolate)aluminum (Alq3) (emissive layer and electron transport layer) has been studied by impedance spectroscopy and device simulation. Two modulus peaks are found in the modulus spectra of the OLEDs below the electroluminescence threshold. After aging of the OLEDs, the intensity of electroluminescence is degraded and the modulus peak due to the Alq3 layer is shifted to lower frequency, indicating that the resistance of the Alq3 layer is increased. Device simulation reveals that the increase in the resistance of the Alq3 layer is due to the decrease in the electron mobility in the Alq3 layer.

White light emitting diode based on InGaN chip with core/shell quantum dots

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Changyu; Hong, Yan; Ma, Jiandong; Ming, Jiangzhou

2009-08-01

Quantum dots have many applications in optoelectronic device such as LEDs for its many superior properties resulting from the three-dimensional confinement effect of its carrier. In this paper, single chip white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) were fabricated by combining blue InGaN chip with luminescent colloidal quantum dots (QDs). Two kinds of QDs of core/shell CdSe /ZnS and core/shell/shell CdSe /ZnS /CdS nanocrystals were synthesized by thermal deposition using cadmium oxide and selenium as precursors in a hot lauric acid and hexadecylamine trioctylphosphine oxide hybrid. This two kinds of QDs exhibited high photoluminescence efficiency with a quantum yield more than 41%, and size-tunable emission wavelengths from 500 to 620 nm. The QDs LED mainly consists of flip luminescent InGaN chip, glass ceramic protective coating, glisten cup, QDs using as the photoluminescence material, pyroceram, gold line, electric layer, dielectric layer, silicon gel and bottom layer for welding. The WLEDs had the CIE coordinates of (0.319, 0.32). The InGaN chip white-light-emitting diodes with quantum dots as the emitting layer are potentially useful in illumination and display applications.

Efficient Sky-Blue Perovskite Light-Emitting Devices Based on Ethylammonium Bromide Induced Layered Perovskites.

PubMed

Wang, Qi; Ren, Jie; Peng, Xue-Feng; Ji, Xia-Xia; Yang, Xiao-Hui

2017-09-06

Low-dimensional organometallic halide perovskites are actively studied for the light-emitting applications due to their properties such as solution processability, high luminescence quantum yield, large exciton binding energy, and tunable band gap. Introduction of large-group ammonium halides not only serves as a convenient and versatile method to obtain layered perovskites but also allows the exploitation of the energy-funneling process to achieve a high-efficiency light emission. Herein, we investigate the influence of the addition of ethylammonium bromide on the morphology, crystallite structure, and optical properties of the resultant perovskite materials and report that the phase transition from bulk to layered perovskite occurs in the presence of excess ethylammonium bromide. On the basis of this strategy, we report green perovskite light-emitting devices with the maximum external quantum efficiency of ca. 3% and power efficiency of 9.3 lm/W. Notably, blue layered perovskite light-emitting devices with the Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage coordinates of (0.16, 0.23) exhibit the maximum external quantum efficiency of 2.6% and power efficiency of 1 lm/W at 100 cd/m 2 , representing a large improvement over the previously reported analogous devices.

Highly Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Ultrathin Emissive Layers and a Spacer-Free Structure

PubMed Central

Wu, Shengfan; Li, Sihua; Sun, Qi; Huang, Chenchao; Fung, Man-Keung

2016-01-01

Ultrathin emissive layers (UEMLs) of phosphorescent materials with a layer thickness of less than 0.3 nm were introduced for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). All the UEMLs for white OLEDs can be prepared without the use of interlayers or spacers. Compared with devices fabricated with interlayers inserted in-between the UEMLs, our spacer-free structure not only significantly improves device efficiency, but also simplifies the fabrication process, thus it has a great potential in lowering the cost of OLED panels. In addition, its spacer-free structure decreases the number of interfaces which often introduce unnecessary energy barriers in these devices. In the present work, UEMLs of red, green and blue-emitting phosphorescent materials and yellow and blue phosphorescent emitters are utilized for the demonstration of spacer-free white OLEDs. Upon optimization of the device structure, we demonstrated spacer-free and simple-structured white-emitting OLEDs with a good device performance. The current and power efficiencies of our white-emitting devices are as high as 56.0 cd/A and 55.5 lm/W, respectively. These efficiencies are the highest ever reported for OLEDs fabricated with the UEML approach. PMID:27170543

Highly Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Ultrathin Emissive Layers and a Spacer-Free Structure.

PubMed

Wu, Shengfan; Li, Sihua; Sun, Qi; Huang, Chenchao; Fung, Man-Keung

2016-05-12

Ultrathin emissive layers (UEMLs) of phosphorescent materials with a layer thickness of less than 0.3 nm were introduced for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). All the UEMLs for white OLEDs can be prepared without the use of interlayers or spacers. Compared with devices fabricated with interlayers inserted in-between the UEMLs, our spacer-free structure not only significantly improves device efficiency, but also simplifies the fabrication process, thus it has a great potential in lowering the cost of OLED panels. In addition, its spacer-free structure decreases the number of interfaces which often introduce unnecessary energy barriers in these devices. In the present work, UEMLs of red, green and blue-emitting phosphorescent materials and yellow and blue phosphorescent emitters are utilized for the demonstration of spacer-free white OLEDs. Upon optimization of the device structure, we demonstrated spacer-free and simple-structured white-emitting OLEDs with a good device performance. The current and power efficiencies of our white-emitting devices are as high as 56.0 cd/A and 55.5 lm/W, respectively. These efficiencies are the highest ever reported for OLEDs fabricated with the UEML approach.

Highly Efficient White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Ultrathin Emissive Layers and a Spacer-Free Structure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Shengfan; Li, Sihua; Sun, Qi; Huang, Chenchao; Fung, Man-Keung

2016-05-01

Ultrathin emissive layers (UEMLs) of phosphorescent materials with a layer thickness of less than 0.3 nm were introduced for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). All the UEMLs for white OLEDs can be prepared without the use of interlayers or spacers. Compared with devices fabricated with interlayers inserted in-between the UEMLs, our spacer-free structure not only significantly improves device efficiency, but also simplifies the fabrication process, thus it has a great potential in lowering the cost of OLED panels. In addition, its spacer-free structure decreases the number of interfaces which often introduce unnecessary energy barriers in these devices. In the present work, UEMLs of red, green and blue-emitting phosphorescent materials and yellow and blue phosphorescent emitters are utilized for the demonstration of spacer-free white OLEDs. Upon optimization of the device structure, we demonstrated spacer-free and simple-structured white-emitting OLEDs with a good device performance. The current and power efficiencies of our white-emitting devices are as high as 56.0 cd/A and 55.5 lm/W, respectively. These efficiencies are the highest ever reported for OLEDs fabricated with the UEML approach.

Charge generation layers for solution processed tandem organic light emitting diodes with regular device architecture.

PubMed

Höfle, Stefan; Bernhard, Christoph; Bruns, Michael; Kübel, Christian; Scherer, Torsten; Lemmer, Uli; Colsmann, Alexander

2015-04-22

Tandem organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) utilizing fluorescent polymers in both sub-OLEDs and a regular device architecture were fabricated from solution, and their structure and performance characterized. The charge carrier generation layer comprised a zinc oxide layer, modified by a polyethylenimine interface dipole, for electron injection and either MoO3, WO3, or VOx for hole injection into the adjacent sub-OLEDs. ToF-SIMS investigations and STEM-EDX mapping verified the distinct functional layers throughout the layer stack. At a given device current density, the current efficiencies of both sub-OLEDs add up to a maximum of 25 cd/A, indicating a properly working tandem OLED.

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Ensiled Mulberry Leaves and Sun-Dried Mulberry Fruit Pomace on the Ruminal Bacterial and Archaeal Community Composition of Finishing Steers

PubMed Central

Niu, Yuhong; Meng, Qingxiang; Li, Shengli; Ren, Liping; Zhou, Bo; Schonewille, Thomas; Zhou, Zhenming

2016-01-01

This study investigated the effects of ensiled mulberry leaves (EML) and sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP) on the ruminal bacterial and archaeal community composition of finishing steers. Corn grain- and cotton meal-based concentrate was partially replaced with EML or SMFP. The diets had similar crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and metabolizable energy. Following the feeding trial, the steers were slaughtered and ruminal liquid samples were collected to study the ruminal microbiome. Extraction of DNA, amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and Illumina MiSeq pyrosequencing were performed for each sample. Following sequence de-noising, chimera checking, and quality trimming, an average of 209,610 sequences were generated per sample. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the selected bacterial species in the rumen. Our results showed that the predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes (43.90%), Firmicutes (39.06%), Proteobacteria (4.31%), and Tenericutes (2.04%), and the predominant genera included Prevotella (13.82%), Ruminococcus (2.51%), Butyrivibrio (2.38%), and Succiniclasticum (2.26%). Compared to the control group, EML and SMFP groups had a higher abundance of total bacteria (p < 0.001); however, the bacterial community composition was similar among the three groups. At the phylum level, there were no significant differences in Firmicutes (p = 0.7932), Bacteroidetes (p = 0.2330), Tenericutes (p = 0.2811), or Proteobacteria (p = 0.0680) levels among the three groups; however, Fibrobacteres decreased in EML (p = 0.0431). At the genus level, there were no differences in Prevotella (p = 0.4280), Ruminococcus (p = 0.2639), Butyrivibrio (p = 0.4433), or Succiniclasticum (p = 0.0431) levels among the groups. Additionally, the dietary treatments had no significant effects on the archaeal community composition in the rumen. Therefore, EML and SMFP supplementation had no significant effects on the ruminal bacterial or archaeal community composition of finishing steers. PMID:27258373

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Ensiled Mulberry Leaves and Sun-Dried Mulberry Fruit Pomace on the Ruminal Bacterial and Archaeal Community Composition of Finishing Steers.

PubMed

Niu, Yuhong; Meng, Qingxiang; Li, Shengli; Ren, Liping; Zhou, Bo; Schonewille, Thomas; Zhou, Zhenming

2016-01-01

This study investigated the effects of ensiled mulberry leaves (EML) and sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP) on the ruminal bacterial and archaeal community composition of finishing steers. Corn grain- and cotton meal-based concentrate was partially replaced with EML or SMFP. The diets had similar crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and metabolizable energy. Following the feeding trial, the steers were slaughtered and ruminal liquid samples were collected to study the ruminal microbiome. Extraction of DNA, amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and Illumina MiSeq pyrosequencing were performed for each sample. Following sequence de-noising, chimera checking, and quality trimming, an average of 209,610 sequences were generated per sample. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to examine the selected bacterial species in the rumen. Our results showed that the predominant phyla were Bacteroidetes (43.90%), Firmicutes (39.06%), Proteobacteria (4.31%), and Tenericutes (2.04%), and the predominant genera included Prevotella (13.82%), Ruminococcus (2.51%), Butyrivibrio (2.38%), and Succiniclasticum (2.26%). Compared to the control group, EML and SMFP groups had a higher abundance of total bacteria (p < 0.001); however, the bacterial community composition was similar among the three groups. At the phylum level, there were no significant differences in Firmicutes (p = 0.7932), Bacteroidetes (p = 0.2330), Tenericutes (p = 0.2811), or Proteobacteria (p = 0.0680) levels among the three groups; however, Fibrobacteres decreased in EML (p = 0.0431). At the genus level, there were no differences in Prevotella (p = 0.4280), Ruminococcus (p = 0.2639), Butyrivibrio (p = 0.4433), or Succiniclasticum (p = 0.0431) levels among the groups. Additionally, the dietary treatments had no significant effects on the archaeal community composition in the rumen. Therefore, EML and SMFP supplementation had no significant effects on the ruminal bacterial or archaeal community composition of finishing steers.

Evaluation of the Radiometer whole blood glucose measuring system, EML 105.

PubMed

Harff, G A; Janssen, W C; Rooijakkers, M L

1997-03-01

The performance of a new glucose electrode system from Radiometer was tested using two EML 105 analyzers (Radiometer Medical A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark). Results were very precise (both analyzers reported CV = 1.0% at a glucose concentration of 13.4 mmol/l). Comparison of methods was performed according to the NCCLS EP9-T guideline. Patients glucose results from both analyzers were lower compared with the results obtained with a Hitachi 911 (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany). There was no haematocrit dependency of relevance.

The August 1988 and June 1989 radon intercomparisons at EML (Environmental Measurements Laboratory)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fisenne, I.M.; George, A.C.; Keller, H.W.

1990-06-01

The Environmental Measurements Laboratory hosted the fifteenth and sixteenth radon intercomparison exercises in August 1988 and June 1989. Forty-five groups including US Federal facilities, USDOE Office of Health and Environmental Research contractors, national and state laboratories and foreign institutions participated in these exercises. The results show that the majority of the participants' results were within {plus minus} of the EML value at radon concentrations of 220 and 890 Bq m{sup {minus}3}. 10 refs., 4 figs., 9 tabs.

Multilayer white lighting polymer light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Xiong; Wang, Shu; Heeger, Alan J.

2006-08-01

Organic and polymer light-emitting diodes (OLEDs/PLEDs) that emit white light are of interest and potential importance for use in active matrix displays (with color filters) and because they might eventually be used for solid-state lighting. In such applications, large-area devices and low-cost of manufacturing will be major issues. We demonstrated that high performance multilayer white emitting PLEDs can be fabricated by using a blend of luminescent semiconducting polymers and organometallic complexes as the emission layer, and water-soluble (or ethanol-soluble) polymers/small molecules (for example, PVK-SO 3Li) as the hole injection/transport layer (HIL/HTL) and water-soluble (or ethanol-soluble) polymers/small molecules (for example, t-Bu-PBD-SO 3Na) as the electron injection/transport layer (EIL/HTL). Each layer is spin-cast sequentially from solutions. Illumination quality light is obtained with stable Commission Internationale d'Eclairage coordinates, stable color temperatures, and stable high color rendering indices, all close to those of "pure" white. The multilayer white-emitting PLEDs exhibit luminous efficiency of 21 cd/A, power efficiency of 6 lm/W at a current density of 23 mA/cm2 with luminance of 5.5 x 10 4 cd/m2 at 16 V. By using water-soluble (ethanol-soluble) polymers/small molecules as HIL/HTL and polymers/small molecules as EIL/ETL, the interfacial mixing problem is solved (the emissive polymer layer is soluble in organic solvents, but not in water/ ethanol). As a result, this device architecture and process technology can potentially be used for printing large-area multiplayer light sources and for other applications in "plastic" electronics. More important, the promise of producing large areas of high quality white light with low-cost manufacturing technology makes the white multilayer white-emitting PLEDs attractive for the development of solid state light sources.

Development of a three-layer phoswich alpha-beta-gamma imaging detector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamamoto, Seiichi; Ishibashi, Hiroyuki

2015-06-01

For radiation monitoring at the sites of such nuclear power plant accidents as Fukushima Daiichi, radiation detectors are needed not only for gamma photons but also for alpha and beta particles because some nuclear fission products emit beta particles and gamma photons and some nuclear fuels contain plutonium that emits alpha particles. In some applications, imaging detectors are required to detect the distribution of plutonium particles that emit alpha particles and radiocesium in foods that emits beta particles and gamma photons. To solve these requirements, we developed an imaging detector that can measure the distribution of alpha and beta particles as well as gamma photons. The imaging detector consists of three-layer scintillators optically coupled to each other and to a position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT). The first layer, which is made of a thin plastic scintillator (decay time: 5 ns), detects alpha particles. The second layer, which is made of a thin Gd2SiO5 (GSO) scintillator with 1.5 mol% Ce (decay time: 35 ns), detects beta particles. The third layer made of a thin GSO scintillator with 0.4 mol% Ce (decay time: 70 ns) detects gamma photons. Using pulse shape discrimination, the images of these layers can be separated. The position information is calculated by the Anger principle from 8×8 anode signals from the PSPMT. The images for the alpha and beta particles and the gamma photons are individually formed by the pulse shape discriminations for each layer. We detected alpha particle images in the first layer and beta particle images in the second layer. Gamma photon images were detected in the second and third layers. The spatial resolution for the alpha and beta particles was 1.25 mm FWHM and less than 2 mm FWHM for the gamma photons. We conclude that our developed alpha-beta-gamma imaging detector is promising for imaging applications not only for the environmental monitoring of radionuclides but also for medical and molecular imaging.

Organic electrophosphorescence device having interfacial layers

DOEpatents

Choulis, Stelios A.; Mathai, Mathew; Choong, Vi-En; So, Franky

2010-08-10

Techniques are described for forming an organic light emitting diode device with improved device efficiency. Materials having at least one energy level that is similar to those of a phosphorescent light emitting material in the diode are incorporated into the device to directly inject holes or electrons to the light emitting material.

Effect of hole injection layer/hole transport layer polymer and device structure on the properties of white OLED.

PubMed

Cho, Ho Young; Park, Eun Jung; Kim, Jin-Hoo; Park, Lee Soon

2008-10-01

Copolymers containing carbazole and aromatic amine unit were synthesized by using Pd-catalyzed polycondensation reaction. The polymers were characterized in terms of their molecular weight and thermal stability and their UV and PL properties in solution and film state. The band gap energy of the polymers was also determined by the UV absorption and HOMO energy level data. The polymers had high HOMO energy level of 5.19-5.25 eV and work function close to that of ITO. The polymers were thus tested as hole injection/transport layer in the white organic light emitting diodes (OLED) by using 4,4'-bis(2,2-diphenyl-ethen-1-yl)diphenyl (DPVBi) as blue emitting material and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rubrene) as orange emitting dopant. The synthesized polymer, poly bis[6-bromo-N-(2-ethylhexyl)-carbazole-3-yl] was found to be useful as hole injection layer/hole transport layer (HIL/HTL) multifunctional material with high luminance efficiency and stable white color coordinate in the wide range of applied voltage.

Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with a Perylene Interlayer Between the Electrode-Organic Interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saikia, Dhrubajyoti; Sarma, Ranjit

2018-01-01

The performance of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a vacuum-deposited perylene layer over a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) surface is reported. To investigate the effect of the perylene layer on OLED performance, different thicknesses of perylene are deposited on the FTO surface and their current density-voltages (J-V), luminance-voltages (L-V) and device efficiency characteristics at their respective thickness are studied. Further analysis is carried out with an UV-visible light double-beam spectrophotometer unit, a four-probe resistivity unit and a field emission scanning electron microscope set up to study the optical transmittance, sheet resistance and surface morphology of the bilayer anode film. We used N,N'-bis(3-methyl phenyl)- N,N'(phenyl)-benzidine (TPD) as the hole transport layer, Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) as a light-emitting layer and lithium fluoride as an electron injection layer. The luminance efficiency of an OLED structure with a 9-nm-thick perylene interlayer is increased by 2.08 times that of the single-layer FTO anode OLED. The maximum value of current efficiency is found to be 5.25 cd/A.

Community-Driven Initiatives to Achieve Interoperability for Ecological and Environmental Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Madin, J.; Bowers, S.; Jones, M.; Schildhauer, M.

2007-12-01

Advances in ecology and environmental science increasingly depend on information from multiple disciplines to tackle broader and more complex questions about the natural world. Such advances, however, are hindered by data heterogeneity, which impedes the ability of researchers to discover, interpret, and integrate relevant data that have been collected by others. Here, we outline two community-building initiatives for improving data interoperability in the ecological and environmental sciences, one that is well-established (the Ecological Metadata Language [EML]), and another that is actively underway (a unified model for observations and measurements). EML is a metadata specification developed for the ecology discipline, and is based on prior work done by the Ecological Society of America and associated efforts to ensure a modular and extensible framework to document ecological data. EML "modules" are designed to describe one logical part of the total metadata that should be included with any ecological dataset. EML was developed through a series of working meetings, ongoing discussion forums and email lists, with participation from a broad range of ecological and environmental scientists, as well as computer scientists and software developers. Where possible, EML adopted syntax from the other metadata standards for other disciplines (e.g., Dublin Core, Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, and more). Although EML has not yet been ratified through a standards body, it has become the de facto metadata standard for a large range of ecological data management projects, including for the Long Term Ecological Research Network, the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and the Ecological Society of America. The second community-building initiative is based on work through the Scientific Environment for Ecological Knowledge (SEEK) as well as a recent workshop on multi-disciplinary data management. This initiative aims at improving interoperability by describing the semantics of data at the level of observation and measurement (rather than the traditional focus at the level of the data set) and will define the necessary specifications and technologies to facilitate semantic interpretation and integration of observational data for the environmental sciences. As such, this initiative will focus on unifying the various existing approaches for representing and describing observation data (e.g., SEEK's Observation Ontology, CUAHSI's Observation Data Model, NatureServe's Observation Data Standard, to name a few). Products of this initiative will be compatible with existing standards and build upon recent advances in knowledge representation (e.g., W3C's recommended Web Ontology Language, OWL) that have demonstrated practical utility in enhancing scientific communication and data interoperability in other communities (e.g., the genomics community). A community-sanctioned, extensible, and unified model for observational data will support metadata standards such as EML while reducing the "babel" of scientific dialects that currently impede effective data integration, which will in turn provide a strong foundation for enabling cross-disciplinary synthetic research in the ecological and environmental sciences.

Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes with a quantum dot interfacial layer.

PubMed

Ryu, Seung Yoon; Hwang, Byoung Har; Park, Ki Wan; Hwang, Hyeon Seok; Sung, Jin Woo; Baik, Hong Koo; Lee, Chang Ho; Song, Seung Yong; Lee, Jun Yeob

2009-02-11

Advanced organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), based on a multiple structure, were achieved in combination with a quantum dot (QD) interfacial layer. The authors used core/shell CdSe/ZnS QDs passivated with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and TOPO-free QDs as interlayers. Multiple-structure OLEDs (MOLEDs) with TOPO-free QDs showed higher device efficiency because of a well-defined interfacial monolayer formation. Additionally, the three-unit MOLED showed high performance for device efficiency with double-structured QD interfacial layers due to the enhanced charge balance and recombination probability.

Improved performances of organic light-emitting diodes with mixed layer and metal oxide as anode buffer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xue, Qin; Liu, Shouyin; Zhang, Shiming; Chen, Ping; Zhao, Yi; Liu, Shiyong

2013-01-01

We fabricated organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) employing 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)-anthracene (MADN) as hole-transport material (HTM) instead of commonly used N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl,1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB). After inserting a 0.9 nm thick molybdenum oxide (MoOx) layer at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/MADN interface and a 5 nm thick mixed layer at the organic/organic heterojunction interface, the power conversion efficiency of the device can be increased by 4-fold.

Strong White Photoluminescence from Carbon-Incorporated Silicon Oxide Fabricated by Preferential Oxidation of Silicon in Nano-Structured Si:C Layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasin, Andriy V.; Ishikawa, Yukari; Shibata, Noriyoshi; Salonen, Jarno; Lehto, Vesa-Pekka

2007-05-01

A new approach to development of light-emitting SiO2:C layers on Si wafer is demonstrated. Carbon-incorporated silicon oxide was fabricated by three-step procedure: (1) formation of the porous silicon (por-Si) layer by ordinary anodization in HF:ethanol solution; (2) carbonization at 1000 °C in acetylene flow (formation of por-Si:C layer); (3) oxidation in the flow of moisturized argon at 800 °C (formation of SiO2:C layer). Resulting SiO2:C layer exhibited very strong and stable white photoluminescence at room temperature. It is shown that high reactivity of water vapor with nano-crystalline silicon and inertness with amorphous carbon play a key role in the formation of light-emitting SiO2:C layer.

CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EQUINE MACROPHAGE CELL LINE: APPLICATION TO STUDIES OF EIAV INFECTION

PubMed Central

Fidalgo-Carvalho, Isabel; Craigo, Jodi K.; Barnes, Shannon; Costa-Ramos, Carolina; Montelaro, Ronald C.

2009-01-01

EIAV is a monocyte/macrophage tropic virus. To date, even though EIAV has been under investigation for numerous years, very few details have been elucidated about EIAV/macrophage interactions. This is largely due to the absence of an equine macrophage cell line that would support viral replication. Herein we describe the spontaneous immortalization and generation of a clonal equine macrophage-like (EML) cell line with the functional and immunophenotype characteristics of differentiated equine monocyte derived macrophage(s) (eMDM(s)). These cells possess strong non-specific esterase (NSE) activity, are able to phagocytose fluorescent bioparticles, and produce nitrites in response to LPS. The EML-3C cell line expresses the EIAV receptor for cellular entry (ELR1) and supports replication of the virulent EIAVPV biological clone. Thus, EML-3C cells provide a useful cell line possessing equine macrophage related properties for the growth and study of EIAV infection as well as of other equine macrophage tropic viruses. PMID:19038510

Broadbanding of circularly polarized patch antenna by waveguided magneto-dielectric metamaterial

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xin Mi; Wen, Juan; Liu, Chang Rong; Liu, Xue Guan; Cui, Tie Jun

2015-12-01

Design of bandwidth-enhanced circularly polarized (CP) patch antenna using artificial magneto-dielectric substrate was investigated. The artificial magneto-dielectric material adopted here takes the form of waveguided metamaterial (WG-MTM). In particular, the embedded meander line (EML) structure was employed as the building element of the WG-MTM. As verified by the retrieved effective medium parameters, the EML-based waveguided magneto-dielectric metamaterial (WG-MDM) exhibits two-dimensionally isotropic magneto-dielectric property with respect to TEM wave excitations applied in two orthogonal directions. A CP patch antenna loaded with the EML-based WG-MDM (WG-MDM antenna) has been proposed and its design procedure is described in detail. Simulation results show that the impedance and axial ratio bandwidths of the WG-MDM antenna have increased by 125% and 133%, respectively, compared with those obtained with pure dielectric substrate offering the same patch size. The design of the novel WG-MDM antenna was also validated by measurement results, which show good agreement with their simulated counterparts.

Optical filter requirements in an EML-based single-sideband PAM4 intensity-modulation and direct-detection transmission system.

PubMed

Chen, Hsing-Yu; Kaneda, Noriaki; Lee, Jeffrey; Chen, Jyehong; Chen, Young-Kai

2017-03-20

The feasibility of a single sideband (SSB) PAM4 intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) transmission based on a CMOS ADC and DAC is experimentally demonstrated in this work. To cost effectively build a >50 Gb/s system as well as to extend the transmission distance, a low cost EML and a passive optical filter are utilized to generate the SSB signal. However, the EML-induced chirp and dispersion-induced power fading limit the requirements of the SSB filter. To separate the effect of signal-signal beating interference, filters with different roll-off factors are employed to demonstrate the performance tolerance at different transmission distance. Moreover, a high resolution spectrum analysis is proposed to depict the system limitation. Experimental results show that a minimum roll-off factor of 7 dB/10GHz is required to achieve a 51.84Gb/s 40-km transmission with only linear feed-forward equalization.

Human Infection with Ehrlichia muris–like Pathogen, United States, 2007–20131

PubMed Central

Johnson, Diep K. Hoang; Schiffman, Elizabeth K.; Davis, Jeffrey P.; Neitzel, David F.; Sloan, Lynne M.; Nicholson, William L.; Fritsche, Thomas R.; Steward, Christopher R.; Ray, Julie A.; Miller, Tracy K.; Feist, Michelle A.; Uphoff, Timothy S.; Franson, Joni J.; Livermore, Amy L.; Deedon, Alecia K.; Theel, Elitza S.

2015-01-01

An Ehrlichia muris–like (EML) pathogen was detected among 4 patients in Minnesota and Wisconsin during 2009. We characterized additional cases clinically and epidemiologically. During 2004–2013, blood samples from 75,077 patients from all 50 United States were tested by PCR from the groEL gene for Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. During 2007–2013, samples from 69 (0.1%) patients were positive for the EML pathogen; patients were from 5 states: Indiana (1), Michigan (1), Minnesota (33), North Dakota (3), and Wisconsin (31). Most (64%) patients were male; median age was 63 (range 15–94) years; and all 69 patients reported likely tick exposure in Minnesota or Wisconsin. Fever, malaise, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia were the most common symptoms. Sixteen (23%) patients were hospitalized (median 4 days); all recovered, and 96% received doxycycline. Infection with the EML pathogen should be considered for persons reporting tick exposure in Minnesota or Wisconsin. PMID:26402378

Concomitant EML4-ALK rearrangement and EGFR mutation in non-small cell lung cancer patients: a literature review of 100 cases.

PubMed

Lo Russo, Giuseppe; Imbimbo, Martina; Corrao, Giulia; Proto, Claudia; Signorelli, Diego; Vitali, Milena; Ganzinelli, Monica; Botta, Laura; Zilembo, Nicoletta; de Braud, Filippo; Garassino, Marina Chiara

2017-08-29

The discovery of EGFR mutations and EML4-ALK gene rearrangements has radically changed the therapeutic scenario for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. ALK and EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors showed better activity and efficacy than standard chemotherapy in the first and second line treatment settings, leading to a clear advantage in overall survival of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients harboring these genetic alterations. Historically the coexistence of EGFR mutations and EML4-ALK rearrangements in the same tumor has been described as virtually impossible. Nevertheless many recent observations seem to show that it is not true in all cases. In this review we will discuss the available literature data regarding this rare group of patients in order to give some suggestions useful for their clinical management. Furthermore we report here two cases of concomitant presence of both alterations that will help us in the development of discussion.

Dual functions of a new n-type conjugated dendrimer: light-emitting material and additive for polymer electroluminescent devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hyeok Park, Jong; Kim, Chulhee; Kim, Young Chul

2009-02-01

We demonstrate a novel light-emitting diode (LED) of a graded bilayer structure that comprises poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) with good hole transport ability as the energy donor and a new distyrylanthracene-triazine-based dendrimer with enhanced electron transport ability as the light-emitting molecule. The device contains a graded bilayer structure of the PVK film covered with the dendrimer film prepared by sequential spin-casting of the dendrimer layer from a solvent that only swells the PVK layer. The bilayer device demonstrated a significantly enhanced electoluminescence quantum efficiency compared with the dendrimer single layer device or the PVK : dendrimer blend device with optimized composition. We also prepared composite LEDs with an MEH-PPV : emissive dendrimer blend. By doping the electron-deficient MEH-PPV layer with a small amount of the distyrylanthracene-triazine-based dendrimer, we could not only enhance the device performance but also depress the long-wavelength emission of MEH-PPV.

OLED emission zone measurement with high accuracy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Danz, N.; MacCiarnain, R.; Michaelis, D.; Wehlus, T.; Rausch, A. F.; Wächter, C. A.; Reusch, T. C. G.

2013-09-01

Highly efficient state of the art organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) comprise thin emitting layers with thicknesses in the order of 10 nm. The spatial distribution of the photon generation rate, i.e. the profile of the emission zone, inside these layers is of interest for both device efficiency analysis and characterization of charge recombination processes. It can be accessed experimentally by reverse simulation of far-field emission pattern measurements. Such a far-field pattern is the sum of individual emission patterns associated with the corresponding positions inside the active layer. Based on rigorous electromagnetic theory the relation between far-field pattern and emission zone is modeled as a linear problem. This enables a mathematical analysis to be applied to the cases of single and double emitting layers in the OLED stack as well as to pattern measurements in air or inside the substrate. From the results, guidelines for optimum emitter - cathode separation and for selecting the best experimental approach are obtained. Limits for the maximum spatial resolution can be derived.

Design of p-type cladding layers for tunnel-injected UV-A light emitting diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Yuewei; Krishnamoorthy, Sriram; Akyol, Fatih

Here, we discuss the engineering of p-AlGaN cladding layers for achieving efficient tunnel-injected III-Nitride ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) in the UV-A spectral range. We show that the capacitance-voltage measurements can be used to estimate the compensation and doping in the p-AlGaN layers located between the multi-quantum well region and the tunnel junction layer. By increasing the p-type doping concentration to overcome the background compensation, on-wafer external quantum efficiency and wall-plug efficiency of 3.37% and 1.62%, respectively, were achieved for the tunnel-injected UV LEDs emitting at 325 nm. We also show that interband tunneling hole injection can be usedmore » to realize UV LEDs without any acceptor doping. The work discussed here provides new understanding of hole doping and transport in AlGaN-based UV LEDs and demonstrates the excellent performance of tunnel-injected LEDs for the UV-A wavelength range.« less

Design of p-type cladding layers for tunnel-injected UV-A light emitting diodes

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Yuewei; Krishnamoorthy, Sriram; Akyol, Fatih; ...

2016-11-09

Here, we discuss the engineering of p-AlGaN cladding layers for achieving efficient tunnel-injected III-Nitride ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) in the UV-A spectral range. We show that the capacitance-voltage measurements can be used to estimate the compensation and doping in the p-AlGaN layers located between the multi-quantum well region and the tunnel junction layer. By increasing the p-type doping concentration to overcome the background compensation, on-wafer external quantum efficiency and wall-plug efficiency of 3.37% and 1.62%, respectively, were achieved for the tunnel-injected UV LEDs emitting at 325 nm. We also show that interband tunneling hole injection can be usedmore » to realize UV LEDs without any acceptor doping. The work discussed here provides new understanding of hole doping and transport in AlGaN-based UV LEDs and demonstrates the excellent performance of tunnel-injected LEDs for the UV-A wavelength range.« less

Ultra-thin ohmic contacts for p-type nitride light emitting devices

DOEpatents

Raffetto, Mark; Bharathan, Jayesh; Haberern, Kevin; Bergmann, Michael; Emerson, David; Ibbetson, James; Li, Ting

2014-06-24

A flip-chip semiconductor based Light Emitting Device (LED) can include an n-type semiconductor substrate and an n-type GaN epi-layer on the substrate. A p-type GaN epi-layer can be on the n-type GaN epi-layer and a metal ohmic contact p-electrode can be on the p-type GaN epi-layer, where the metal ohmic contact p-electrode can have an average thickness less than about 25 .ANG.. A reflector can be on the metal ohmic contact p-electrode and a metal stack can be on the reflector. An n-electrode can be on the substrate opposite the n-type GaN epi-layer and a bonding pad can be on the n-electrode.

Enhanced relativistic harmonics by electron nanobunching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

an der Brügge, D.; Pukhov, A.

2010-03-01

It is shown that when a few-cycle, relativistically intense, p-polarized laser pulse is obliquely incident on overdense plasma, the surface electrons may form ultrathin, highly compressed layers with a width of a few nanometers. These electron "nanobunches" emit synchrotron radiation coherently. We calculate the one-dimensional synchrotron spectrum analytically and obtain a slowly decaying power law with an exponent of 4/3 or 6/5. This is much flatter than the 8/3 power of the Baeva-Gordienko-Pukhov spectrum, produced by a relativistically oscillating bulk skin layer. The synchrotron spectrum cutoff frequency is defined either by the electron relativistic γ-factor or by the thickness of the emitting layer. In the numerically demonstrated, locally optimal case, the radiation is emitted in the form of a single attosecond pulse, which contains almost the entire energy of the full optical cycle.

[White organic light emitting device with dyestuff DCJTB blended in polymer].

PubMed

Zhang, Yan-Fei; Xu, Zheng; Zhang, Fu-Jun; Wang, Yong; Zhao, Su-Ling

2008-04-01

The Alq3 and DCJTB were blended with poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) in different weight ratios and spin coated into films. Multilayer devices with the light emitting layer PVK : Alq3 : DCJTB were fabricated, and their structure was ITO/ PVK : Alq3 : DCJTB/ BCP/Alq3/LiF/Al in which BCP and Alq3 were employed as the hole-blocking and electron-transporting layers respectively, PVK is the blue light-emitting as well as hole-transporting layer. The mass proportion of PVK relative to Alq3 was tuned while the quality ratio of PVK to DCJTB remained (100 : 1). Finally, fairly pure and stabile white emission was achieved when PVK : Alq3 : DCJTB was 100 : 5 : 1. The CIE coordinate was (0.33, 0.36) at 14 V, which is very stable at various biases (10-14 V).

Fused Methoxynaphthyl Phenanthrimidazole Semiconductors as Functional Layer in High Efficient OLEDs.

PubMed

Jayabharathi, Jayaraman; Ramanathan, Periyasamy; Karunakaran, Chockalingam; Thanikachalam, Venugopal

2016-01-01

Efficient hole transport materials based on novel fused methoxynaphthyl phenanthrimidazole core structure were synthesised and characterized. Their device performances in phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes were investigated. The high thermal stability in combination with the reversible oxidation process made promising candidates as hole-transporting materials for organic light-emitting devices. Highly efficient Alq3-based organic light emitting devices have been developed using phenanthrimidazoles as functional layers between NPB [4,4-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl] and Alq3 [tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium] layers. Using the device of ITO/NPB/4/Alq3/LiF/Al, a maximum luminous efficiency of 5.99 cd A(-1) was obtained with a maximum brightness of 40,623 cd m(-2) and a power efficiency of 5.25 lm W(-1).

Droplet Digital PCR for Absolute Quantification of EML4-ALK Gene Rearrangement in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

PubMed

Wang, Qiushi; Yang, Xin; He, Yong; Ma, Qiang; Lin, Li; Fu, Ping; Xiao, Hualiang

2015-09-01

Crizotinib treatment significantly prolongs progression-free survival, increases response rates, and improves the quality of life in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR), a recently developed technique with high sensitivity and specificity, was used in this study to evaluate the association between the abundance of ALK rearrangements and crizotinib effectiveness. FFPE tissues were obtained from 103 consecutive patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and ddPCR were performed. The results revealed that 14 (13.6%) of the 103 patients were positive by dual-color, break-apart FISH. Three variants (1, 2, and 3) of the EML4-ALK gene rearrangements were detected. Thirteen of 14 ALK-positive cases identified by FISH were confirmed by ddPCR (four with variant 1, two with variant 2, and seven with variant 3). The case missed by ddPCR was identified as KIF5B-ALK gene rearrangement by PCR-based direct sequencing. Sixteen patients were detected with low copy numbers of EML4-ALK gene rearrangement, which failed to meet the positive cutoff point of FISH. Two of them responded well to crizotinib after unsuccessful chemotherapy. Our study indicates that ddPCR can be used as a molecular analytical tool to accurately measure the EML4-ALK rearrangement copy numbers in FFPE samples of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Copyright © 2015 American Society for Investigative Pathology and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High-Efficiency All-Solution-Processed Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Anisotropic Colloidal Heterostructures with Polar Polymer Injecting Layers.

PubMed

Castelli, Andrea; Meinardi, Francesco; Pasini, Mariacecilia; Galeotti, Francesco; Pinchetti, Valerio; Lorenzon, Monica; Manna, Liberato; Moreels, Iwan; Giovanella, Umberto; Brovelli, Sergio

2015-08-12

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as true candidates for light-emitting diodes with ultrasaturated colors. Here, we combine CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod heterostructures and polar/polyelectrolytic conjugated polymers to demonstrate the first example of fully solution-based quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QD-LEDs) incorporating all-organic injection/transport layers with high brightness, very limited roll-off and external quantum efficiency as high as 6.1%, which is 20 times higher than the record QD-LEDs with all-solution-processed organic interlayers and exceeds by over 200% QD-LEDs embedding vacuum-deposited organic molecules.

Weak-microcavity organic light-emitting diodes with improved light out-coupling.

PubMed

Cho, Sang-Hwan; Song, Young-Woo; Lee, Joon-gu; Kim, Yoon-Chang; Lee, Jong Hyuk; Ha, Jaeheung; Oh, Jong-Suk; Lee, So Young; Lee, Sun Young; Hwang, Kyu Hwan; Zang, Dong-Sik; Lee, Yong-Hee

2008-08-18

We propose and demonstrate weak-microcavity organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays with improved light-extraction and viewing-angle characteristics. A single pair of low- and high-index layers is inserted between indium tin oxide (ITO) and a glass substrate. The electroluminescent (EL) efficiencies of discrete red, green, and blue weak-microcavity OLEDs are enhanced by 56%, 107%, and 26%, respectively, with improved color purity. Moreover, full-color passive-matrix bottom-emitting OLED displays are fabricated by employing low-index layers of two thicknesses. As a display, the EL efficiency of white color was 27% higher than that of a conventional OLED display.

Mobility balance in the light-emitting layer governs the polaron accumulation and operational stability of organic light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Jae-Min; Lee, Chang-Heon; Kim, Jang-Joo

2017-11-01

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are lighter and more flexible, have a wider color gamut, and consume less power than conventional displays. Stable materials and the structural design of the device are important for OLED longevity. Control of charge transport and accumulation in the device is particularly important because the interaction of excitons and polarons results in material degradation. This research investigated the charge dynamics of OLEDs experimentally and by drift-diffusion modeling. Parallel capacitance-voltage measurements of devices provided knowledge of charge behavior at different driving voltages. A comparison of exciplex-forming co-host and single host structures established that the mobility balance in the emitting layers determined the amount of accumulated polarons in those layers. Consequently, an exciplex-forming co-host provides a superior structure in terms of device lifetime and efficiency because of its well-balanced mobility. Minimizing polaron accumulation is key to achieving long OLED device lifetimes. This is a crucial aspect of device physics that must be considered in the device design structure.

In situ characterization of the oxidative degradation of a polymeric light emitting device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cumpston, B. H.; Parker, I. D.; Jensen, K. F.

1997-04-01

Light-emitting devices with polymeric emissive layers have great promise for the production of large-area, lightweight, flexible color displays, but short lifetimes currently limit applications. We address mechanisms of bulk polymer degradation in these devices and show through in situ Fourier transform infrared characterization of working light-emitting devices with active layers of poly[2-methoxy,5-(2'-ethyl-hexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] that oxygen is responsible for the degradation of the polymer film. A mechanism is given based on the formation of singlet oxygen from oxygen impurities in the film via energy transfer from a nonradiative exciton. Fourier transform infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results are consistent with the mechanism, involving singlet oxygen attack followed by free radical processes. We further show that oxygen readily diffuses into the active polymer layer, changing the electrical characteristics of the film even at low concentrations. Thus, polyphenylene-vinylene-based light-emitting devices will self-destruct during operation if fabricated without special attention to eliminating oxygen contamination during fabrication and device operation.

Semiconductor light-emitting devices having concave microstructures providing improved light extraction efficiency and method for producing same

DOEpatents

Tansu, Nelson; Gilchrist, James F; Ee, Yik-Khoon; Kumnorkaew, Pisist

2013-11-19

A conventional semiconductor LED is modified to include a microlens layer over its light-emitting surface. The LED may have an active layer including at least one quantum well layer of InGaN and GaN. The microlens layer includes a plurality of concave microstructures that cause light rays emanating from the LED to diffuse outwardly, leading to an increase in the light extraction efficiency of the LED. The concave microstructures may be arranged in a substantially uniform array, such as a close-packed hexagonal array. The microlens layer is preferably constructed of curable material, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and is formed by soft-lithography imprinting by contacting fluid material of the microlens layer with a template bearing a monolayer of homogeneous microsphere crystals, to cause concave impressions, and then curing the material to fix the concave microstructures in the microlens layer and provide relatively uniform surface roughness.

Lifetime Improvement of Organic Light Emitting Diodes using LiF Thin Film and UV Glue Encapsulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Jian-Ji; Su, Yan-Kuin; Chang, Ming-Hua; Hsieh, Tsung-Eong; Huang, Bohr-Ran; Wang, Shun-Hsi; Chen, Wen-Ray; Tsai, Yu-Sheng; Hsieh, Huai-En; Liu, Mark O.; Juang, Fuh-Shyang

2008-07-01

This work demonstrates the use of lithium fluoride (LiF) as a passivation layer and a newly developed UV glue for encapsulation on the LiF passivation layer to enhance the stability of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Devices with double protective layers showed a 25-fold increase in operational lifetime compared to those without any packaging layers. LiF has a low melting point and insulating characteristics and it can be adapted as both a protective layer and pre-encapsulation film. The newly developed UV glue has a fast curing time of only 6 s and can be directly spin-coated onto the surface of the LiF passivation layer. The LiF thin film plus spin-coated UV glue is a simple packaging method that reduces the fabrication costs of OLEDs.

Refractive Index Effects on Radiation in an Absorbing, Emitting, and Scattering Laminated Layer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siegel, R.; Spuckler, C. M.

1993-01-01

A simple set of equations is derived for predicting temperature radiative energy flow in a two-region semitransparent laminated layer in the limit of zero heat conduction. The composite is heated on its two sides by unequal amounts of incident radiation. The two layers of the composite have different refractive indices, and each material absorbs, emits, and isotropically scatters radiation. The interfaces are diffuse, and all interface reflections are included. To illustrate the thermal behavior that is readily calculated from the equations, typical results an given for various optical thicknesses and refractive indices of the layers. Internal reflections have a substantial effect on the temperature distribution and radiative heat flow.

Phosphorescence white organic light-emitting diodes with single emitting layer based on isoquinolinefluorene-carbazole containing host.

PubMed

Koo, Ja Ryong; Lee, Seok Jae; Hyung, Gun Woo; Kim, Bo Young; Shin, Hyun Su; Lee, Kum Hee; Yoon, Seung Soo; Kim, Woo Young; Kim, Young Kwan

2013-03-01

We have demonstrated a stable phosphorescent white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) using an orange emitter, Bis(5-benzoyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridinato-C,N) iridium(III)acetylacetonate [(Bz4Fppy)2Ir(III)acac] doped into a newly synthesized blue host material, 2-(carbazol-9-yl)-7-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-9,9-diethylfluorene (CzFliq). When 1 wt.% (Bz4Fppy)2Ir(III)acac was doped into emitting layer, it was realized an improved EL performance and a pure white color in the OLED. The optimum WOLED showed maximum values as a luminous efficiency of 10.14 cd/A, a power efficiency of 10.24 Im/W, a peak external quantum efficiency 4.07%, and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinates of (0.34, 0.39) at 8 V.

Stacked Device of Polymer Light-Emitting Diode Driven by Metal-Base Organic Transistor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoneda, Kazuhiro; Nakayama, Ken-ichi; Yokoyama, Masaaki

2008-02-01

We fabricated a new light-emitting device that combined a polymer light-emitting diode (PLED) and a vertical-type metal-base organic transistor (MBOT) through a floating electrode. By employing a layered floating electrode of Mg:Ag/Au, the MBOT on the PLED was operated successfully and a current amplification factor of approximately 20 was observed. The PLED luminescence exceeding 100 cd/m2 can be modulated using the MBOT with a low base voltage (2.8 V) and VCC (8 V). The emission contrast (on/off ratio) was improved with insertion of an insulating layer under the base, and the cut-off frequency was estimated to be 8 kHz. This device is expected to be a promising driving system of organic light-emitting diode (OLED), realizing low voltage and high numerical aperture.

Occupational Emergency Medicine - Introduction

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

ril lo r the bu ’ eml ..’ rgen • ph i ia n in ea reh or a pra ti al guide ro occupa tional l1wLiicil1l’ in the emerg ’ncy der a n · menl. Occu pa...prol e llvc eq uip me n t ( I )PI~ d o C’ ~ Jlnt u s u il ll 0 cu r ill th L: ’m ergcl l (kp~ r1Ill" I1 I . Jil emL ’ rgell cy pll ysi Ian ll1il Y n

AlGaInP light-emitting diodes with SACNTs as current-spreading layer

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Transparent conductive current-spreading layer is important for quantum efficiency and thermal performance of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The increasing demand for tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) caused the price to greatly increase. Super-aligned carbon nanotubes (SACNTs) and Au-coated SACNTs as current-spreading layer were applied on AlGaInP LEDs. The LEDs with Au-coated SACNTs showed good current spreading effect. The voltage bias at 20 mA dropped about 0.15 V, and the optical power increased about 10% compared with the LEDs without SACNTs. PMID:24712527

Radiation delivery system and method

DOEpatents

Sorensen, Scott A.; Robison, Thomas W.; Taylor, Craig M. V.

2002-01-01

A radiation delivery system and method are described. The system includes a treatment configuration such as a stent, balloon catheter, wire, ribbon, or the like, a portion of which is covered with a gold layer. Chemisorbed to the gold layer is a radiation-emitting self-assembled monolayer or a radiation-emitting polymer. The radiation delivery system is compatible with medical catheter-based technologies to provide a therapeutic dose of radiation to a lesion following an angioplasty procedure.

Simulation of mixed-host emitting layer based organic light emitting diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Riku, C.; Kee, Y. Y.; Ong, T. S.

2015-04-24

‘SimOLED’ simulator is used in this work to investigate the efficiency of the mixed-host organic light emitting devices (MH-OLEDs). Tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum(3) (Alq{sub 3}) and N,N-diphenyl-N,N-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1-diphenyl-4,4-diamine (TPD) are used as the electron transport layer (ETL) material and hole transport layer (HTL) material respectively, and the indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) and aluminum (Al) as anode and cathode. Three MH-OLEDs, A, B and C with the same structure of ITO / HTM (15 nm) / Mixed host (70 nm) / ETM (10 nm) /Al, are stimulated with ratios TPD:Alq{sub 3} of 3:5, 5:5, and 5:3 respectively. The Poole-Frenkel model for electron and hole mobilities is employedmore » to compute the current density-applied voltage-luminance characteristics, distribution of the electric field, carrier concentrations and recombination rate.« less

Photoacoustic emission from Au nanoparticles arrayed on thermal insulation layer.

PubMed

Namura, Kyoko; Suzuki, Motofumi; Nakajima, Kaoru; Kimura, Kenji

2013-04-08

Efficient photoacoustic emission from Au nanoparticles on a porous SiO(2) layer was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The Au nanoparticle arrays/porous SiO(2)/SiO(2)/Ag mirror sandwiches, namely, local plasmon resonators, were prepared by dynamic oblique deposition (DOD). Photoacoustic measurements were performed on the local plasmon resonators, whose optical absorption was varied from 0.03 (3%) to 0.95 by varying the thickness of the dielectric SiO(2) layer. The sample with high absorption (0.95) emitted a sound that was eight times stronger than that emitted by graphite (0.94) and three times stronger than that emitted by the sample without the porous SiO(2) layer (0.93). The contribution of the porous SiO(2) layer to the efficient photoacoustic emission was analyzed by means of a numerical method based on a one-dimensional heat transfer model. The result suggested that the low thermal conductivity of the underlying porous layer reduces the amount of heat escaping from the substrate and contributes to the efficient photoacoustic emission from Au nanoparticle arrays. Because both the thermal conductivity and the spatial distribution of the heat generation can be controlled by DOD, the local plasmon resonators produced by DOD are suitable for the spatio-temporal modulation of the local temperature.

Highly efficient exciplex organic light-emitting diodes incorporating a heptazine derivative as an electron acceptor.

PubMed

Li, Jie; Nomura, Hiroko; Miyazaki, Hiroshi; Adachi, Chihaya

2014-06-11

Highly efficient exciplex systems incorporating a heptazine derivative () as an electron acceptor and 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene () as an electron donor are developed. An organic light-emitting diode containing 8 wt% : as an emitting layer exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency of 11.3%.

Stacked white OLED having separate red, green and blue sub-elements

DOEpatents

Forrest, Stephen; Qi, Xiangfei; Slootsky, Michael

2015-06-23

The present invention relates to efficient organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). More specifically, the present invention relates to white-emitting OLEDs, or WOLEDs. The devices of the present invention employ three emissive sub-elements, typically emitting red, green and blue, to sufficiently cover the visible spectrum. The sub-elements are separated by charge generating layers.

Stacked white OLED having separate red, green and blue sub-elements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Forrest, Stephen; Qi, Xiangfei; Slootsky, Michael

The present invention relates to efficient organic light emitting devices (OLEDs). More specifically, the present invention relates to white-emitting OLEDs, or WOLEDs. The devices of the present invention employ three emissive sub-elements, typically emitting red, green and blue, to sufficiently cover the visible spectrum. The sub-elements are separated by charge generating layers.

Numerical study of the light output intensity of the bilayer organic light-emitting diodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lu, Feiping

2017-02-01

The structure of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is one of most important issues that influence the light output intensity (LOI) of OLEDs. In this paper, based on a simple but accurate optical model, the influences of hole and electron transport layer thickness on the LOI of bilayer OLEDs, which with N,N0- bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N0- bis(phenyl)- benzidine (NPB) or N,N'- diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4-diamine (TPD) as hole transport layer, with tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as electron transport and light emitting layers, were investigated. The laws of LOI for OLEDs under different organic layer thickness values were obtained. The results show that the LOI of devices varies in accordance with damped cosine or sine function as the increasing of organic layer thickness, and the results show that the bilayer OLEDs with the structure of Glass/ITO/NPB (55 nm)/Alq3 (75 nm)/Al and Glass/ITO/TPB (60 nm)/Alq3 (75 nm)/Al have most largest LOI. When the thickness of Alq3 is less than 105 nm, the OLEDs with TPD as hole transport layer have larger LOI than that with NPB as hole transport layer. The results obtained in this paper can present an in-depth understanding of the working mechanism of OLEDs and help ones fabricate high efficiency OLEDs.

Microwave generation in an electro-absorption modulator integrated with a DFB laser subject to optical injection.

PubMed

Zhu, Ning Hua; Zhang, Hong Guang; Man, Jiang Wei; Zhu, Hong Liang; Ke, Jian Hong; Liu, Yu; Wang, Xin; Yuan, Hai Qing; Xie, Liang; Wang, Wei

2009-11-23

This paper presents a new technique to generate microwave signal using an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) integrated with a distributed feedback (DFB) laser subject to optical injection. Experiments show that the frequency of the generated microwave can be tuned by changing the wavelength of the external laser or adjusting the bias voltage of the EAM. The frequency response of the EAM is studied and found to be unsmooth due to packaging parasitic effects and four-wave mixing effect occurring in the active layer of the DFB laser. It is also demonstrated that an EA modulator integrated in between two DFB lasers can be used instead of the EML under optical injection. This integrated chip can be used to realize a monolithically integrated tunable microwave source.

Effect of ensiled mulberry leaves and sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace on the fecal bacterial community composition in finishing steers.

PubMed

Li, Yan; Meng, Qingxiang; Zhou, Bo; Zhou, Zhenming

2017-04-21

Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of ensiled mulberry leaves (EML) and sun-dried mulberry fruit pomace (SMFP) on fecal bacterial communities in Simmental crossbred finishing steers. To this end, the steers were reared on a standard TMR diet, standard diet containing EML, and standard diet containing SMFP. The protein and energy levels of all the diets were similar. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze and detect the fecal bacterial community. Most of the sequences were assigned to Firmicutes (56.67%) and Bacteroidetes (35.90%), followed by Proteobacteria (1.87%), Verrucomicrobia (1.80%) and Tenericutes (1.37%). The predominant genera were 5-7 N15 (5.91%), CF231 (2.49%), Oscillospira (2.33%), Paludibacter (1.23%) and Akkermansia (1.11%). No significant differences were observed in the numbers of Firmicutes (p = 0.28), Bacteroidetes (p = 0.63), Proteobacteria (p = 0.46), Verrucomicrobia (p = 0.17), and Tenericutes (p = 0.75) populations between the treatment groups. At the genus level, genera classified with high abundance (more than 0.1%) belonged primarily to Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Furthermore, no differences were observed at the genus level: 5-7 N15, CF231, Oscillospira, Paludibacter, and Akkermansia (p > 0.05 in all cases), except that rc4-4 was lower in the CON and SMFP groups than in the EML group (p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in the richness estimate and diversity indices between the groups (p > 0.16), and the different diets did not significantly influence most selected fecal bacterial species (p > 0.06), except for Ruminococcus albus, which was higher in the EML group (p < 0.01) and Streptococcus bovis, which was lower in the CON group (p < 0.01) relative to the other groups. In conclusion, diets supplemented with EML and SMFP have little influence on the fecal bacterial community composition in finishing steers.

The effect of the hole injection layer on the performance of single layer organic light-emitting diodes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wenjin, Zeng; Ran, Bi; Hongmei, Zhang, E-mail: iamhmzhang@njupt.edu.cn, E-mail: iamwhuang@njupt.edu.cn

2014-12-14

Efficient single-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) were reported based on a green fluorescent dye 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7–tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-(1) benzopyropyrano (6,7-8-I,j)quinolizin-11-one (C545T). Herein, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) were, respectively, applied as the injection layer for comparison. The hole transport properties of the emission layer with different hole injection materials are well investigated via current-voltage measurement. It was clearly found that the hole injection layers (HILs) play an important role in the adjustment of the electron/hole injection to attain transport balance of charge carriers in the single emission layer of OLEDs with electron-transporting host. The layer of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum played a dual role of hostmore » and electron-transporting materials within the emission layer. Therefore, appropriate selection of hole injection layer is a key factor to achieve high efficiency OLEDs with single emission layer.« less

Highly efficient single-layer dendrimer light-emitting diodes with balanced charge transport

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anthopoulos, Thomas D.; Markham, Jonathan P. J.; Namdas, Ebinazar B.; Samuel, Ifor D. W.; Lo, Shih-Chun; Burn, Paul L.

2003-06-01

High-efficiency single-layer-solution-processed green light-emitting diodes based on a phosphorescent dendrimer are demonstrated. A peak external quantum efficiency of 10.4% (35 cd/A) was measured for a first generation fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium cored dendrimer when blended with 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)biphenyl and electron transporting 1,3,5-tris(2-N-phenylbenzimidazolyl)benzene at 8.1 V. A maximum power efficiency of 12.8 lm/W was measured also at 8.1 V and 550 cd/m2. These results indicate that, by simple blending of bipolar and electron-transporting molecules, highly efficient light-emitting diodes can be made employing a very simple device structure.

Solar thermophotovoltaic system using nanostructures.

PubMed

Ungaro, Craig; Gray, Stephen K; Gupta, Mool C

2015-09-21

This paper presents results on a highly efficient experimental solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system using simulated solar energy. An overall power conversion efficiency of 6.2% was recorded under solar simulation. This was matched with a thermodynamic model, and the losses within the system, as well as a path forward to mitigate these losses, have been investigated. The system consists of a planar, tungsten absorbing/emitting structure with an anti-reflection layer coated laser-microtextured absorbing surface and single-layer dielectric coated emitting surface. A GaSb PV cell was used to capture the emitted radiation and convert it into electrical energy. This simple structure is both easy to fabricate and temperature stable, and contains no moving parts or heat exchange fluids.

Modeling the reactivities of hydroxyl radical and ozone towards atmospheric organic chemicals using quantitative structure-reactivity relationship approaches.

PubMed

Gupta, Shikha; Basant, Nikita; Mohan, Dinesh; Singh, Kunwar P

2016-07-01

The persistence and the removal of organic chemicals from the atmosphere are largely determined by their reactions with the OH radical and O3. Experimental determinations of the kinetic rate constants of OH and O3 with a large number of chemicals are tedious and resource intensive and development of computational approaches has widely been advocated. Recently, ensemble machine learning (EML) methods have emerged as unbiased tools to establish relationship between independent and dependent variables having a nonlinear dependence. In this study, EML-based, temperature-dependent quantitative structure-reactivity relationship (QSRR) models have been developed for predicting the kinetic rate constants for OH (kOH) and O3 (kO3) reactions with diverse chemicals. Structural diversity of chemicals was evaluated using a Tanimoto similarity index. The generalization and prediction abilities of the constructed models were established through rigorous internal and external validation performed employing statistical checks. In test data, the EML QSRR models yielded correlation (R (2)) of ≥0.91 between the measured and the predicted reactivities. The applicability domains of the constructed models were determined using methods based on descriptors range, Euclidean distance, leverage, and standardization approaches. The prediction accuracies for the higher reactivity compounds were relatively better than those of the low reactivity compounds. Proposed EML QSRR models performed well and outperformed the previous reports. The proposed QSRR models can make predictions of rate constants at different temperatures. The proposed models can be useful tools in predicting the reactivities of chemicals towards OH radical and O3 in the atmosphere.

An empirical study on the driving mechanism of proactive corporate environmental management in China.

PubMed

Liu, Xianbing; Liu, Beibei; Shishime, Tomohiro; Yu, Qinqin; Bi, Jun; Fujitsuka, Tetsuro

2010-08-01

Environmentalism in China is under transformation from the traditional command and control model to emphasize the advantages of economic tools and encourage the participation of the public. Firms are much more aware of the importance of environmental issues, and some of them have practiced environmental activities beyond compliance. In order to help understand the driving mechanism of proactive corporate environmental behaviors from the firm's perspective, this paper identifies the drivers affecting the proactive environmental management level (EML(p)) based on the institutional theory, and gives an empirical study on the firms based in Changshu city of Jiangsu Province, China. The usable data, collected from the 117 valid respondents in a questionnaire survey, indicates that EML(p) is still moderately low currently. Less than 10% of the samples are practicing all the six categorized types of voluntary environmental activities. The econometric exercise confirms a significantly positive effect of the externally mimetic pressure on EML(p), which may attribute to a higher sensitivity of Chinese companies to the market factors. However, the roles of the general public and industrial associations are not significant, showing the marginal power of selected normative pressures. Regarding internal factors, firms, which view environmental issues as opportunities and often arrange internal environmental training, are more likely to adopt proactive environmental activities. More concerns from the general public like neighborhood communities and mass media shall be addressed to enhance the normative power to improve EML(p) in China from the future perspective. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Separation of effects of InGaN/GaN superlattice on performance of light-emitting diodes using mid-temperature-grown GaN layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sugimoto, Kohei; Okada, Narihito; Kurai, Satoshi; Yamada, Yoichi; Tadatomo, Kazuyuki

2018-06-01

We evaluated the electrical properties of InGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a superlattice (SL) layer or a mid-temperature-grown GaN (MT-GaN) layer just beneath the multiple quantum wells (MQWs). Both the SL layer and the MT-GaN layer were effective in improving the electroluminescence (EL) intensity. However, the SL layer had a more pronounced effect on the EL intensity than did the MT-GaN layer. Based on a comparison with devices with an MT-GaN layer, the overall effects of the SL could be separated into the effect of the V-pits and the structural or compositional effect of the SL. It was observed that the V-pits formed account for 30% of the improvement in the LED performance while the remaining 70% can be attributed to the structural or compositional effect of the SL.