On a possibility of inelasticity partial coefficient K sub gamma determination in pi C and pi Pb interactions at 10 to the 14th power eV (experiment PAMIR 1)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Borisov, A. S.; Cherdyntseva, K. V.; Guseva, Z. M.; Denisova, V. G.; Dunaevsky, A. M.; Kanevskaya, E. A.; Maximenko, V. M.; Nam, R. A.; Pashkov, S. V.; Puchkov, V. S.

1985-01-01

The investigation of hadron-nuclear interactions in Pamir experiment is carried out by means of X-ray emulsion chambers of two types: carbon (C) and lead (Pb). While comparing the results from the chambers of both types it was found a discrepancy in n sub h and E sub h(1)R values. The observed discrepancy in C and Pb chambers is connected with the difference in values of effective coefficients of energy transfer to the soft component K sub eff for C and Pb chambers.

On the characteristics of emulsion chamber family events produced in low heights

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jing, G.; Jing, C.; Zhu, Q.; Ding, L.

1985-01-01

The uncertainty of the primary cosmic ray composition at 10 to the 14th power -10 to the 16th power eV is well known to make the study of the nuclear interaction mechanism more difficult. Experimentally considering, if one can identify effectively the family events which are produced in low heights, then an event sample induced by primary protons might be able to be separated. It is undoubtedly very meaningful. In this paper an attempt is made to simulate the family events under the condition of mountain emulsion chamber experiments with a reasonable model. The aim is to search for the dependence of some experimentally observable quantities to the interaction height.

Numerical analysis of electromagnetic cascades in emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Plyasheshnikov, A. V.; Vorobyev, K. V.

1985-01-01

A new calculational scheme of the Monte Carlo method assigned for the investigation of the development of high and extremely high energy electromagnetic cascades (EMC) in the matter was elaborated. The scheme was applied to the analysis of angular and radial distributions of EMC electrons in the atmosphere. By means of this scheme the EMC development in dense medium is investigated and some preliminary data are presented on the behavior of EMC in emulsion chambers. The results of more detailed theoretical analysis of the EMC development in emulsion chambers are discussed.

Observation of genetic relation among new phenomena Geminion, Chiron and mini-Centauro

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

The threshold energy problem of exotic type interactions is discussed on the basis of available information from the Chacaltaya emulsion chamber experiment. The genetic hypothesis is proposed as a working hypothesis to explain the discrepancy seen in cosmic ray study and CERN p bar -p collider experiments.

OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY ELECTRONS FROM 30 GeV TO 3 TeV WITH EMULSION CHAMBERS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kobayashi, T.; Komori, Y.; Yoshida, K.

2012-12-01

We have performed a series of cosmic-ray electron observations using balloon-borne emulsion chambers since 1968. While we previously reported the results from subsets of the exposures, the final results of the total exposures up to 2001 are presented here. Our successive experiments have yielded a total exposure of 8.19 m{sup 2} sr day at altitudes of 4.0-9.4 g cm{sup -2}. The performance of the emulsion chambers was examined by accelerator beam tests and Monte Carlo simulations, and the on-board calibrations were carried out by using the flight data. In this work, we present the cosmic-ray electron spectrum in the energymore » range from 30 GeV to 3 TeV at the top of the atmosphere, which is well represented by a power-law function with an index of -3.28 {+-} 0.10. The observed data can also be interpreted in terms of diffusive propagation models. The evidence of cosmic-ray electrons up to 3 TeV suggests the existence of cosmic-ray electron sources at distances within {approx}1 kpc and times within {approx}1 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 5} yr ago.« less

Results on ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions from balloon-borne emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnett, T. H.; Dake, S.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fountain, W.; Meegan, C. A.; Takahashi, Y.; Watts, J. W.; Fuki, M.; Gregory, J. C.; Hayashi, T.

1985-01-01

The results of balloon-borne emulsion-chamber measurements on high-energy cosmic-ray nuclei (Burnett et al., 1983) are summarized in tables and graphs and briefly characterized. Special consideration is given to seven nucleus-nucleus interaction events at energy in excess of 1 TeV/A with multiplicity greater than 400, and to Fe interactions (53 with CHO, 10 with emulsion, and 14 with Pb) at 20-60 GeV/A.

A Geant Study of the Scintillating Optical Fiber (SOFCAL) Cosmic Ray Detector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Munroe, Ray B., Jr.

1998-01-01

Recent energy measurements by balloon-borne passive emulsion chambers indicate that the flux ratios of protons to helium nuclei and of protons to all heavy nuclei decrease as the primary cosmic ray energy per nucleon increases above approx. 200 GeV/n, and suggest a "break" in the proton spectrum between 200 GeV and 5 TeV. However, these passive emulsion chambers are limited to a lower energy threshold of approx. 5 TeV/n, and cannot fully explore this energy regime. Because cosmic ray flux and composition details may be significant to acceleration models, a hybrid detector system called the Scintillating Optical Fiber Calorimeter (SOFCAL) has been designed and flown. SOFCAL incorporates both conventional passive emulsion chambers and an active calorimeter utilizing scintillating plastic fibers as detectors. These complementary types of detectors allow the balloon-borne SOFCAL experiment to measure the proton and helium spectra from approx. 400 GeV/n to approx. 20 TeV. The fundamental purpose of this study is to use the GEANT simulation package to model the hadronic and electromagnetic shower evolution of cosmic rays incident on the SOFCAL detector. This allows the interpretation of SOFCAL data in terms of charges and primary energies of cosmic rays, thus allowing the determinations of cosmic ray flux and composition as functions of primary energy.

High energy primary electron spectrum observed by the emulsion chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nishimura, J.; Fujii, M.; Aizu, H.; Hiraiwa, N.; Taira, T.; Kobayashi, T.; Niu, K.; Koss, T. A.; Lord, J. J.; Golden, R. L.

1978-01-01

A detector of the emulsion chamber type is used to measure the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons. Two large emulsion chambers, each having an area of 40 by 50 sq cm, are exposed for about 25.5 hr at an average pressure altitude of 3.9 mbar. About 500 high-energy cascades (no less than about 600 GeV) are detected by searching for dark spots on the X-ray films. A power-law energy dependence formula is derived for the spectrum of primary cosmic-ray electrons in the energy region over 100 GeV. The results are in good agreement with the transition curves obtained previously by theoretical and Monte Carlo calculations.

Hadron-rich cosmic-ray families detected by emulsion chamber.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Navia, C. E.; Augusto, C. R. K.; Pinto, F. A.; Shibuya, H.

1995-11-01

Observed hadrons in excess, larger-than-expected charged mesons (pions) in cosmic-ray families detected in emulsion chamber experiment at mountain altitude and produced in a cosmic-ray hadronic interaction not far from the PeV energy region are studied. The hypothesis that these extra hadrons could be a bundle of surviving nuclear fragments (nucleons) is verified through a simulation method using a hybrid code composed of a superposition model to describe the number of interacting nucleon-nucleon pairs in a nucleus-nucleus collision. Together with the UA5 algorithm to describe a nucleon-nucleon collision, atmospheric propagation structure is also considered. A comparison between simulation output with experimental data shows that the surviving-nuclear-fragments hypothesis is not enough to explain the non-pionic hadron excess, even if a heavy dominance composition in the primary flux is considered.

Experiment Pamir-2. Fianit: A giant super-family with halo (Epsilon sub 0 at approximately 10(17) eV)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zatsepin, G. T.

1985-01-01

A superfamily with halo of extremely high energy named Fianit was recorded in X-ray emulsion chamber (XEC) at the Pamirs (atmospheric depth 600 g/sq.cm.). Detailed description of the superfamily and results of its analysis are presented.

Observation of super high energy big family with large scale Fe emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

In order to get higher efficiencies for detecting hadrons and to make technical improvements in the chamber structure, the Mt. Kambala Emulsion Chamber Collaboration constructed 57 sq. m. of Fe chamber, with thickness 29 c.u.(1c.u.=17.6 mm Fe), using 300 tons of Fe plates and made the first exposure from Sept., 1982 to May, 1984. The photosensitive layers consist of X-ray films of Sakura N type, Fuji No. 100 type and Tianjin III type, some of them contain also emulsion plates of Fuji ET7B type. They are inserted between the Fe plates at 2 c.u., beginning at 5 c.u. from the chamber top. In a number of blocks, 3 mm spacings are provided at every 2 c.u. of Fe plates to facilitate the replacement of photosensitive layers, without disassembling the chamber. On the bottom of the chamber Fe plates of thickness 9 mm are placed in order to shield the chamber from the radioactivities of the ground. An event, numbered K2 58 of visible energy sigma E sub gamma = 7345 TeV was found in this exposure. No obvious halo is seen in the event and all the showers are clearly separated and easy to measure. A brief report of the preliminary results is presented.

The emulsion chamber technology experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gregory, John C.

1992-01-01

Photographic emulsion has the unique property of recording tracks of ionizing particles with a spatial precision of 1 micron, while also being capable of deployment over detector areas of square meters or 10's of square meters. Detectors are passive, their cost to fly in Space is a fraction of that of instruments of similar collecting. A major problem in their continued use has been the labor intensiveness of data retrieval by traditional microscope methods. Two factors changing the acceptability of emulsion technology in space are the astronomical costs of flying large electronic instruments such as ionization calorimeters in Space, and the power and low cost of computers, a small revolution in the laboratory microscope data-taking. Our group at UAH made measurements of the high energy composition and spectra of cosmic rays. The Marshall group has also specialized in space radiation dosimetry. Ionization calorimeters, using alternating layers of lead and photographic emulsion, to measure particle energies up to 10(exp 15) eV were developed. Ten balloon flights were performed with them. No such calorimeters have ever flown in orbit. In the ECT program, a small emulsion chamber was developed and will be flown on the Shuttle mission OAST-2 to resolve the principal technological questions concerning space exposures. These include assessments of: (1) pre-flight and orbital exposure to background radiation, including both self-shielding and secondary particle generation; the practical limit to exposure time in space can then be determined; (2) dynamics of stack to optimize design for launch and weightlessness; and (3) thermal and vacuum constraints on emulsion performance. All these effects are cumulative and affect our ability to perform scientific measurements but cannot be adequately predicted by available methods.

Results of investigation of muon fluxes of superhigh energy cosmic rays with X-ray emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ivanenko, I. P.; Ivanova, M. A.; Kuzmichev, L. A.; Ilyina, N. P.; Mandritskaya, K. V.; Osipova, E. A.; Rakobolskaya, I. V.; Zatsepin, G. T.

1985-01-01

The overall data from the investigation of the cosmic ray muon flux in the range of zenith angles (0-90) deg within the energy range (3.5 to 5.0) TeV is presented. The exposure of large X-ray emulsion chambers underground was 1200 tons. year. The data were processe using the method which was applied in the experiment Pamir and differred from the earlier applied one. The obtained value of a slope power index of the differential energy spectrum of the global muon flux is =3.7 that corresponds to the slope of the pion generation differential spectrum, gamma sub PI = 2.75 + or - .04. The analysis of the muon zenith-angular distribution showed that the contribution of rapid generation muons in the total muon flux agree the best with the value .2% and less with .7% at a 90% reliability level.

On mini-cluster observed by Chacaltaya emulsion chamber experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tati, T.

1985-01-01

Bundles of electromagnetic showers with very small tranverse momenta (approx. 10 MeV) accompanied by decay products of Chiron-type fireballs, have been observed. These bundles are called Miniclusters. This phenomenon supports the picture of fireballs made up of hadronic matter and based on the theory of the finite degree of freedom.

Primary cosmic ray spectra in the range 20-60 GeV/n

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnett, T. H.; Dake, S.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fuki, M.; Fountain, W. F.; Gregory, J. C.; Hayashi, T.; Hayashi, T.; Holynski, R.; Iwai, J.;

Japanese-American Cooperative Emulsion Experiment /JACEE/. [high energy cosmic ray studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huggett, R. W.; Hunter, S. D.; Jones, W. V.; Takahashi, Y.; Ogata, T.; Saito, T.; Holynski, R.; Jurak, A.; Wolter, W.; Parnell, T. A.

1981-01-01

The instrumentation and results of long duration balloon flights carried out jointly by U.S. and Japan researchers to examine high energy cosmic rays are reported. Basic detector geometries are 2.5 sq m sr with operation at altitudes with 3-4 g/sq cm pressure, with observations thus far of over 100 hr. Energies from 2-100 TeV are recorded for nucleus-nucleus and hadron-nucleus interactions, and searches are made for new particle or interactions. The detector is an emulsion chamber which comprises doubly-coated nuclear emulsions on 800 micron thick methacryl substrates, X-ray films, etchable detectors, low density spacers, and lead sheets. Segmentation of the instrument into a primary charge module, a target section, a spacer section, and a lead-emulsion calorimeter allows accurate charge measurement for primary nuclei, reliable energy resolution, and a large geometrical factor for collecting high energy events. A primary Ca nucleus of 300 TeV has been observed.

Heavy nucleus collisions between 20 and 60 GeV/nucleon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnett, T. H.; Dake, S.; Fuki, M.; Gregory, J. C.; Hayashi, T.; Holynski, R.; Iwai, J.; Jones, W. V.; Jurak, A.; Lord, J. J.

1985-01-01

Interest in studying relativistic nucleus-nucleus interations arises from the fact that they offer an opportunity to probe nuclear matter at high density and temperature. It is expected that under such extreme conditions a transition from hadronic matter into quark-gluon plasma occurs and that in the interactions of highly relativistic nuclei such conditions are created. Cosmic rays remain a unique source of high energy heavy nuclei. The Japanese-American Cooperative Emulsion Experiment (JACEE-3) was designed to study the collisions of heavy cosmic ray nuclei with different nuclear targets at energies beyond 20 GeV/nucleon. JACEE-3 experiment was carried out using a combined electronic counters and an emulsion chamber detector, which was exposed to the cosmic rays on a balloon at an altitude of 5 g/sq cm.

Composition and energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei above 500 GeV/nucleon from the JACEE emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnett, T. H.; Dake, S.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fountain, W. F.; Fuki, M.; Gregory, J. C.; Hayashi, T.; Holynski, R.; Iwai, J.; Jones, W. V.

1985-01-01

The composition and energy spectra of charge groups (C - 0), (Ne - S), and (Z approximately 17) above 500 GeV/nucleon from the experiments of JACEE series balloonborne emulsion chambers are reported. Studies of cosmic ray elemental composition at higher energies provide information on propagation through interstellar space, acceleration mechanisms, and their sources. One of the present interests is the elemental composition at energies above 100 GeV/nucleon. Statistically sufficient data in this energy region can be decisive in judgment of propagation models from the ratios of SECONDARY/PRIMARY and source spectra (acceleration mechanism), as well as speculative contributions of different sources from the ratios of PRIMARY/PRIMARY. At much higher energies, i.e., around 10 to the 15th power eV, data from direct observation will give hints on the knee problem, as to whether they favor an escape effect possibly governed by magnetic rigidity above 10 to the 16th power eV.

Intensity of primary electrons above 10 GeV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freier, P.; Gilman, C.; Waddington, C. J.

1975-01-01

A nuclear emulsion-spark chamber-counter electron telescope has been flown on a balloon at 3.5 g/sq cm residual pressure over Palestine, Texas, where the vertical cutoff is 4.5 GeV. The spark chamber pictures permitted the elimination of about 50% of the events whose counter signatures alone would qualify them as electrons. Of those events identified as 'electron-like' by counters and spark chambers, only 43% turn out to be electrons when found in the emulsion. The resulting intensities are among the lowest currently reported and are in good agreement with earlier results. The differential intensity in the region 8-40 GeV is measured.

Comment to "The pharmacopeial evolution of Intralipid injectable emulsion in plastic containers: from a coarse to a fine emulsion".

PubMed

Ellborg, Anders; Ferreira, Denise; Mohammadnejad, Javad; Wärnheim, Torbjörn

2010-06-15

The droplet size distribution of 50 batches of multi-chamber bags containing the parenteral nutrition emulsions Intralipid (Kabiven and Kabiven Peripheral) or Structolipid (StructoKabiven and StructoKabiven Peripheral), respectively, has been investigated. The results show that the non-compounded lipid emulsions analysed are in compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapter 729, Method II limit for the droplet size distribution, PFAT(5)<0.05%. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of electron divergence in air gaps on the measurement of the energy of cascades in emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Apanasenko, A. V.; Baradzey, L. T.; Kanevskaya, Y. A.; Smorodin, Y. A.

1975-01-01

The effect of an increase in electron density in the vicinity of the cascade axis caused by an avalanche passing through the gap between lead filters of the emulsion chamber was investigated experimentally. Optical densities were measured in three X-ray films spaced at 400, 800 and 1200 micrometer from the filter surface having a thickness of 6 cascade units. The optical densities of blackening spots caused by electron photon cascades of 1 to 2, 2 to 7 and greater than 7 BeV energies were measured. The results prove the presence of a gap between the filter and the nuclear emulsion which results in the underestimation of energy by several tenths of a percent.

Lateral distortions of electromagnetic cascades in emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Porter, L. G.; Levit, L. B.; Jones, W. V.; Huggett, R. W.; Barrowes, S. C.

1975-01-01

Electromagnetic cascades in a lead-emulsion chamber have been studied to determine the effect of air gaps on the upstream sides of the emulsions. Such air gaps cause a change in the form of the radial distribution of electron tracks, making cascades appear older and giving incorrect energy estimates. The number of tracks remaining within a radius r was found to vary as exp(-g/G), where g is the gap thickness. The characteristic gap thickness in mm is G = 3.04 + 1.30 ln (Err per GeV per sq mm) where E is the energy of the initiating gamma ray. Use of this relation provides a significant correction to cascade-energy estimates and allows one to calculate the effect of different gap thicknesses on the energy threshold for visual detection of cascades.

On the halo events observed by Mount Fuji and Mount Kanbala Emulsion Chamber Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ren, J. R.; Kuang, H. H.; Huo, A. X.; Lu, S. L.; Su, S.; Wang, Y. X.; Xue, Y. G.; Wang, C. R.; He, M.; Zhang, N. J.

1985-01-01

The intensity of big gamma-ray families associated by halo is obtained from Mt. Fuji experiment (650 g/sq.cm. atmospheric depth) and Mt. Kanbala experiment (515 g/sq.cm.). The results are compared with Monte Carlo calculation based on several assumptions on interaction mechanisms and the primary cosmic ray composition. The results suggest more than 3 times lower proton abundance among primaries than that of 10 to the 12th to 10 to the 13th eV region within the framework of quasi-scaling model of multiple production.

A halo event created at 200 m above the Chacaltaya emulsion chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Amato, N. M.; Arata, N.; Maldonado, R. H. C.

1985-01-01

The results of analysis on a cosmic-ray induced nuclear event with the total visible energy approx. = 1300 TeV which is characterized by the central (halo) part of a strong energy concentration and the outer part of a large lateral spread are presented. The event (named as P06) was detected in the 18th two-storied emulsion chamber exposed at Chacaltaya by Brasil-Japan Collaboration. As the nuclear emulsion plates were inserted at every layer of the concerned blocks in the upper and the lower chambers together with RR- and N-type X-ray films, it is possible to study the details of the event. Some results on P06 have already been reported 1 based on the general measurement of opacity on N-type X-ray films: (1) the total energy of halo is approx. = 1000 TeV; (2) the shower transition reaches its maximum at approx. 16 cu; and (3) the radius of halo is 6.5 mm (at the level of 10 to the 6th power electrons/sq.cm.). The results in more details will be described.

Multidimensional analysis of data obtained in experiments with X-ray emulsion chambers and extensive air showers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chilingaryan, A. A.; Galfayan, S. K.; Zazyan, M. Z.; Dunaevsky, A. M.

1985-01-01

Nonparametric statistical methods are used to carry out the quantitative comparison of the model and the experimental data. The same methods enable one to select the events initiated by the heavy nuclei and to calculate the portion of the corresponding events. For this purpose it is necessary to have the data on artificial events describing the experiment sufficiently well established. At present, the model with the small scaling violation in the fragmentation region is the closest to the experiments. Therefore, the treatment of gamma families obtained in the Pamir' experiment is being carried out at present with the application of these models.

High energy electrons beyond 100 GEV observed by emulsion chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nishimura, J.; Fujii, M.; Yoshida, A.; Taira, T.; Aizu, H.; Nomura, Y.; Kobayashi, T.; Kazuno, M.; Nishio, A.; Golden, R. L.

1986-01-01

Much efforts have been expended to observe the spectrum of electrons in the high energy region with large area emulsion chambers exposed at balloon altitudes, and now 15 electrons beyond 1 TeV have been observed. The observed integral flux at 1 TeV is (3.24 + or - 0.87)x10(-5)/sq m sec sr. The statistics of the data around a few hundred GeV are also improving by using new shower detecting films of high sensitivity. The astrophysical significance of the observed spectrum are discussed for the propagation of electrons based on the leaky box and the nested leaky box model.

Petit-exposure at neutrino beamline (PEANUT)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Niwa, K.; /Nagoya U.

2005-08-01

The advantages of using nuclear emulsion as a particle detector are well known. The high resolution of emulsion has made it a medium of choice for a number of applications where the required spatial and angular resolution are paramount and its limitations due to the lack of timing information are less important. Emulsions are commonly used as cosmic ray detectors and have found applications in high energy experiments for detecting short lived particles such as charm, beauty and tau. The addition of electronic detectors to emulsion experiments solved the problem of the lack of timing information in the emulsion, butmore » it was the development of automatic scanning machines that revolutionized the use of these hybrid detectors, making them capable of performing even in high rate environments. Most recently, The DONuT experiment (FNAL-E872), used a hybrid emulsion spectrometer to make the first direct observation of tau neutrino interactions [1]. The CNGS facility is being constructed to deliver a {nu}{sub {mu}} beam from the CERN SPS to the Gran Sasso Laboratory. Since it is believed that {nu}{sub {mu}} {leftrightarrow} {nu}{sub {tau}} oscillations explain the observed atmospheric {nu}{sub {mu}} deficit, the CNGS beam, coupled with a detector capable of observing {tau} appearance is an important experiment in the context of the world wide effort to determine the neutrino mass mixing matrix. The OPERA detector has been optimized to detect a significant sample of {nu}{sub {tau}} interactions by the subsequent observation of {tau} production and decay [2]. The OPERA target is a massive emulsion detector made in a sandwich structure of lead plates and layers of nuclear emulsion. For historical reasons this arrangement has been called an Emulsion Cloud Chamber or ECC. The ECC concept, which has many advantages over the use of bulk emulsion, has been used in the DONuT experiment. The ECC detector is capable of measuring all of the tracks, not due to nuclear fragments, coming from the primary neutrino interaction vertex, with their three dimensional slopes and momenta. It is also capable of electron identification with good e/{gamma} separation, due to its very fine segmentation. The OPERA ECC target modules are constructed as bricks of dimensions 12.5 x 10.0 x 7.5 cm{sup 3} in horizontal, vertical and along the beam axis. Each brick consists of series of 56 (1 mm thick) plates of passive material (lead or iron) alternated with emulsion films (43 {micro}m emulsion layer on both sides of a transparent 200 {micro}m thick plastic film). In preparation for OPERA we would like to expose the OPERA target modules to a beam of neutrinos. This will allow us to test many of our analysis procedures and techniques as well as to validate the simulation of neutrino interactions, both for the production of forward and backward particles. Although the HE (high energy) beam of NuMI would be a better match to the CNGS energy, data acquired with NuMI LE (low energy) beam would serve the same purpose, albeit more challenging. Given the high interaction rate from the NuMI beam, the test detector target mass can be kept low and additional detectors can easily be built around a small target. These measurements are not possible in the CNGS beam, since it has no short baseline hall.« less

Spectra, composition and interactions of nuclei above 10 TeV using magnet-interferometric chambers (SCIN/MAGIC)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wefel, John P.

1991-01-01

Initial definition studies were performed for the SCIN/MAGIC experiment selected as an Astromag investigation on Space Station Freedom. The study focused on Science Objectives and Science Requirement, Accommodation on both the STS and the Astromag facility, Data extraction techniques and Background Studies. The detectors are emulsion chambers which will be exposed for approximately 90 days and then recovered from orbit for subsequent processing and analysis in the laboratory. Such a technique is the only means to obtain information on the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their nuclear interactions. The SCIN/MAGIC investigation can supply unique data in relatively unexplored energy region and address many of the fundamental questions in particle astrophysics.

Lipid globule size in total nutrient admixtures prepared in three-chamber plastic bags.

PubMed

Driscoll, David F; Thoma, Andrea; Franke, Rolf; Klütsch, Karsten; Nehne, Jörg; Bistrian, Bruce R

2009-04-01

The stability of injectable lipid emulsions in three-chamber plastic (3CP) bags, applying the globule-size limits established by United States Pharmacopeia ( USP ) chapter 729, was studied. A total of five premixed total nutrient admixture (TNA) products packaged in 3CP bags from two different lipid manufacturers containing either 20% soybean oil or a mixture of soybean oil and medium-chain-triglyceride oil as injectable lipid emulsions were tested. Two low-osmolarity 3CP bags and three high-osmolarity 3CP bags were studied. All products were tested with the addition of trace elements and multivitamins. All additive conditions (with and without electrolytes) were tested in triplicate at time 0 (immediately after mixing) and at 6, 24, 30, and 48 hours after mixing; the bags were stored at 24-26 degrees C. All additives were equally distributed in each bag for comparative testing, applying both globule sizing methods outlined in USP chapter 729. Of the bags tested, all bags from one manufacturer were coarse emulsions, showing signs of significant growth in the large-diameter tail when mixed as a TNA formulation and failing the limits set by method II of USP chapter 729 from the outset and throughout the study, while the bags from the other manufacturer were fine emulsions and met these limits. Of the bags that failed, significant instability was noted in one series containing additional electrolytes. Injectable lipid emulsions provided in 3CP bags that did not meet the globule-size limits of USP chapter 729 produced coarser TNA formulations than emulsions that met the USP limits.

Cell separations and the demixing of aqueous two phase polymer solutions in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brooks, Donald E.; Bamberger, Stephan; Harris, J. M.; Van Alstine, James M.

1991-01-01

Partition in phase separated aqueous polymer solutions is a cell separation procedure thought to be adversely influenced by gravity. In preparation for performing cell partitioning experiments in space, and to provide general information concerning the demixing of immiscible liquids in low gravity, a series of phase separated aqueous polymer solutions have been flown on two shuttle flights. Fluorocarbon oil and water emulsions were also flown on the second flight. The aqueous polymer emulsions, which in one g demix largely by sedimentation and convection due to the density differences between the phases, demixed more slowly than on the ground and the final disposition of the phases was determined by the wetting of the container wall by the phases. The demixing behavior and kinetics were influenced by the phase volume ratio, physical properties of the systems and chamber wall interaction. The average domain size increased linearly with time as the systems demixed.

Dosimeter and method for using the same

DOEpatents

Warner, Benjamin P.; Johns, Deidre M.

2003-06-24

A very sensitive dosimeter that detects ionizing radiation is described. The dosimeter includes a breakable sealed container. A solution of a reducing agent is inside the container. The dosimeter has an air-tight dosimeter body with a transparent portion and an opaque portion. The transparent portion includes a transparent chamber that holds the breakable container with the reducing agent. The opaque portion includes an opaque chamber that holds an emulsion of silver salt (AgX) selected from silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide, and combinations of them. A passageway in the dosimeter provides fluid communication between the transparent chamber and the opaque chamber. The dosimeter may also include a chemical pH indicator in the breakable container that provides a detectable color change to the solution for a pH of about 3-10. The invention also includes a method of detecting ionizing radiation that involves producing the dosimeter, breaking the breakable container, allowing the solution to flow through the passageway and contact the emulsion, detecting any color change in the solution and using the color change to determine a radiation dosage.

Search for νμ → νe oscillations with the OPERA experiment in the CNGS beam

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tenti, M.; OPERA Collaboration

2016-04-01

The OPERA hybrid detector, designed to prove neutrino oscillations in the νμ →ντ channel, was exposed to the CNGS νμ beam at a distance of 730 km from the neutrino source. Profiting of the tracking capabilities of its Emulsion Cloud Chamber system, OPERA can perform also a search for νμ →νe oscillations. Current results are compatible with the non-oscillation hypothesis in the three flavour mixing model. The same data allow to constrain the non-standard oscillation parameters θnew and Δmnew2 indicated by the LSND and MiniBooNE experiments.

Charge Identification of Highly Ionizing Particles in Desensitized Nuclear Emulsion Using High Speed Read-Out System

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Toshito, T.; Kodama, K.; Yusa, K.

2006-05-10

We performed an experimental study of charge identification of heavy ions from helium to carbon having energy of about 290 MeV/u using an emulsion chamber. Emulsion was desensitized by means of forced fading (refreshing) to expand a dynamic range of response to highly charged particles. For the track reconstruction and charge identification, the fully automated high speed emulsion read-out system, which was originally developed for identifying minimum ionizing particles, was used without any modification. Clear track by track charge identification up to Z=6 was demonstrated. The refreshing technique has proved to be a powerful technique to expand response of emulsionmore » film to highly ionizing particles.« less

Research on the influence of ozone dissolved in the fuel-water emulsion on the parameters of the CI engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wojs, M. K.; Orliński, P.; Kamela, W.; Kruczyński, P.

2016-09-01

The article presents the results of empirical research on the impact of ozone dissolved in fuel-water emulsion on combustion process and concentration of toxic substances in CI engine. The effect of ozone presence in the emulsion and its influence on main engine characteristics (power, torque, fuel consumption) and selected parameters that characterize combustion process (levels of pressures and temperatures in combustion chamber, period of combustion delay, heat release rate, fuel burnt rate) is shown. The change in concentration of toxic components in exhausts gases when engine is fueled with ozonized emulsion was also identified. The empirical research and their analysis showed significant differences in the combustion process when fuel-water emulsion containing ozone was used. These differences include: increased power and efficiency of the engine that are accompanied by reduction in time of combustion delay and beneficial effects of ozone on HC, PM, CO and NOX emissions.

Performance of automatic scanning microscope for nuclear emulsion experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Güler, A. Murat; Altınok, Özgür

2015-12-01

The impressive improvements in scanning technology and methods let nuclear emulsion to be used as a target in recent large experiments. We report the performance of an automatic scanning microscope for nuclear emulsion experiments. After successful calibration and alignment of the system, we have reached 99% tracking efficiency for the minimum ionizing tracks that penetrating through the emulsions films. The automatic scanning system is successfully used for the scanning of emulsion films in the OPERA experiment and plan to use for the next generation of nuclear emulsion experiments.

Performance of automatic scanning microscope for nuclear emulsion experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Güler, A. Murat, E-mail: mguler@newton.physics.metu.edu.tr; Altınok, Özgür; Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155

The impressive improvements in scanning technology and methods let nuclear emulsion to be used as a target in recent large experiments. We report the performance of an automatic scanning microscope for nuclear emulsion experiments. After successful calibration and alignment of the system, we have reached 99% tracking efficiency for the minimum ionizing tracks that penetrating through the emulsions films. The automatic scanning system is successfully used for the scanning of emulsion films in the OPERA experiment and plan to use for the next generation of nuclear emulsion experiments.

Mechanically activated artificial cell by using microfluidics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ho, Kenneth K. Y.; Lee, Lap Man; Liu, Allen P.

2016-09-01

All living organisms sense mechanical forces. Engineering mechanosensitive artificial cell through bottom-up in vitro reconstitution offers a way to understand how mixtures of macromolecules assemble and organize into a complex system that responds to forces. We use stable double emulsion droplets (aqueous/oil/aqueous) to prototype mechanosensitive artificial cells. In order to demonstrate mechanosensation in artificial cells, we develop a novel microfluidic device that is capable of trapping double emulsions into designated chambers, followed by compression and aspiration in a parallel manner. The microfluidic device is fabricated using multilayer soft lithography technology, and consists of a control layer and a deformable flow channel. Deflections of the PDMS membrane above the main microfluidic flow channels and trapping chamber array are independently regulated pneumatically by two sets of integrated microfluidic valves. We successfully compress and aspirate the double emulsions, which result in transient increase and permanent decrease in oil thickness, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate the influx of calcium ions as a response of our mechanically activated artificial cell through thinning of oil. The development of a microfluidic device to mechanically activate artificial cells creates new opportunities in force-activated synthetic biology.

Recent Emulsion Technologies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ariga, A.

2011-10-06

Emulsion technologies are very much developed in the last decade and still developing in both the emulsion gel and the data taking. Emulsion detectors are suitable for the neutrino experiments because they can distinguish all 3 flavors of neutrino. The OPERA experiment, a recent pillar in the emulsion experiments aiming at the first observation of the neutrino oscillation in CNGS beam in appearance mode, is running, showing the good capability to separate 3 flavor neutrino interactions. In this poster, the recent developments and prospects of the emulsions for the next generation experiments are reported.

Analysis of Multiallelic CNVs by Emulsion Haplotype Fusion PCR.

PubMed

Tyson, Jess; Armour, John A L

2017-01-01

Emulsion-fusion PCR recovers long-range sequence information by combining products in cis from individual genomic DNA molecules. Emulsion droplets act as very numerous small reaction chambers in which different PCR products from a single genomic DNA molecule are condensed into short joint products, to unite sequences in cis from widely separated genomic sites. These products can therefore provide information about the arrangement of sequences and variants at a larger scale than established long-read sequencing methods. The method has been useful in defining the phase of variants in haplotypes, the typing of inversions, and determining the configuration of sequence variants in multiallelic CNVs. In this description we outline the rationale for the application of emulsion-fusion PCR methods to the analysis of multiallelic CNVs, and give practical details for our own implementation of the method in that context.

Automated Track Recognition and Event Reconstruction in Nuclear Emulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deines-Jones, P.; Cherry, M. L.; Dabrowska, A.; Holynski, R.; Jones, W. V.; Kolganova, E. D.; Kudzia, D.; Nilsen, B. S.; Olszewski, A.; Pozharova, E. A.;

Proton Linear Energy Transfer measurement using Emulsion Cloud Chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shin, Jae-ik; Park, Seyjoon; Kim, Haksoo; Kim, Meyoung; Jeong, Chiyoung; Cho, Sungkoo; Lim, Young Kyung; Shin, Dongho; Lee, Se Byeong; Morishima, Kunihiro; Naganawa, Naotaka; Sato, Osamu; Kwak, Jungwon; Kim, Sung Hyun; Cho, Jung Sook; Ahn, Jung Keun; Kim, Ji Hyun; Yoon, Chun Sil; Incerti, Sebastien

2015-04-01

This study proposes to determine the correlation between the Volume Pulse Height (VPH) measured by nuclear emulsion and Linear Energy Transfer (LET) calculated by Monte Carlo simulation based on Geant4. The nuclear emulsion was irradiated at the National Cancer Center (NCC) with a therapeutic proton beam and was installed at 5.2 m distance from the beam nozzle structure with various thicknesses of water-equivalent material (PMMA) blocks to position with specific positions along the Bragg curve. After the beam exposure and development of the emulsion films, the films were scanned by S-UTS developed in Nagoya University. The proton tracks in the scanned films were reconstructed using the 'NETSCAN' method. Through this procedure, the VPH can be derived from each reconstructed proton track at each position along the Bragg curve. The VPH value indicates the magnitude of energy loss in proton track. By comparison with the simulation results obtained using Geant4, we found the correlation between the LET calculated by Monte Carlo simulation and the VPH measured by the nuclear emulsion.

Penetrative nature of high energy showers observed in Chacaltaya emulsion chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Funayama, Y.; Tamada, M.

1985-01-01

About 30% of single core showers with E (sup gamma) 10 TeV have stronger penetrating power than that expected from electromagnetic showers (e,gamma). On the other hand, their starting points of cascades in the chamber are found to be as shallow as those of (e,gamma) components. It is suggested that those showers are very collimated bundles of hadron and (e,gamma) component. Otherwise, it is assumed that the collision mean free path of those showers in the chamber is shorter than that of hadron with geometrical value.

Mini-clusters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chinellato, J. A.; Dobrigkeit, C.; Bellandifilho, J.; Lattes, C. M. G.; Menon, M. J.; Navia, C. E.; Pamilaju, A.; Sawayanagi, K.; Shibuya, E. H.; Turtelli, A., Jr.

1985-01-01

Experimental results of mini-clusters observed in Chacaltaya emulsion chamber no.19 are summarized. The study was made on 54 single core shower upper and 91 shower clusters of E(gamma) 10 TeV from 30 families which are visible energy greater than 80 TeV and penetrate through both upper and lower detectors of the two-story chamber. The association of hadrons in mini-cluster is made clear from their penetrative nature and microscopic observation of shower continuation in lower chamber. Small P sub t (gamma) of hadrons in mini-clusters remained in puzzle.

An instrument employing electronic counters and an emulsion chamber for studying heavy cosmic ray interactions (JACEE-3)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Austin, R. W.; Meegan, C. A.; Parnell, T. A.; Selig, W. J.; Watts, J. W.; Burnett, T. H.; Iwai, J.; Lord, J. J.; Strauscz, S.; Wilkes, R. J.;

Development of High Sensitivity Nuclear Emulsion and Fine Grained Emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawahara, H.; Asada, T.; Naka, T.; Naganawa, N.; Kuwabara, K.; Nakamura, M.

2014-08-01

Nuclear emulsion is a particle detector having high spacial resolution and angular resolution. It became useful for large statistics experiment thanks to the development of automatic scanning system. In 2010, a facility for emulsion production was introduced and R&D of nuclear emulsion began at Nagoya university. In this paper, we present results of development of the high sensitivity emulsion and fine grained emulsion for dark matter search experiment. Improvement of sensitivity is achieved by raising density of silver halide crystals and doping well-adjusted amount of chemicals. Production of fine grained emulsion was difficult because of unexpected crystal condensation. By mixing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to gelatin as a binder, we succeeded in making a stable fine grained emulsion.

Spectra of hadrons and muons in the atmosphere: primary spectra, characteristics of hadron-air interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yushkov, A. V.; Lagutin, A. A.

2008-01-01

Self-consistency of interaction models QGSJET 01, SIBYLL 2.1, NEXUS 3.97 and QGSJET II is checked in terms of their ability to reproduce simultaneously experimental data on fluxes of muons and hadrons. From this point of view SIBYLL 2.1 gives the most acceptable, though not quite satisfactory, results. Analysis of the situation for muons supports our previous conclusions, that the high-energy muon deficit is due both to underestimation of primary light nuclei fluxes in direct emulsion chamber experiments and to softness of p+A→π, K+X inclusive spectra in fragmentation region, especially prominent in case of QGSJET 01 model.

Signal Conditioning for Satellite Borne Energetic-Charged-Particle Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ludwig, George H.

1961-01-01

Many of the spacecraft launched thus far have carried detectors for investigating cosmic rays, solar protons, solar plasmas, and the geomagnetically trapped radiation. These detectors, which will find continued application in the future, include ion chambers; proportional, Geiger-Muller, scintillation, Cerenkov, and solid state detectors; ion collectors; and nuclear emulsions. The instrumentation required to condition the signals from these detectors prior to telemetering is steadily growing more complex in order to permit more meaningful measurements. This report describes a number of instrumentation elements typical of the present state of the art, and a present-generation three-detector system which illustrates the integration of such basic elements into a complex system.

MULTI-PLATE IONIZATION CHAMBER FOR THE DETECTION OF SLOW NEUTRONS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bubzanowski, A.; Grotowski, K.

1957-01-01

A description is given of an ionization chamber, the electrodes of which are coated with a layer of natural boron of thickness 3 mg/cm/sup 2/. Each electrode of the chamber consists of three disks, placed between plates of the other electrodes. The capacitance between the electrodes does not exceed 15 micromicrofarads. The technology of coating the layer is as follows: the boron is mixed with alcohol and a small amount of Canada balsam and is coated in the form of an emulsion on the plates. The chamber efficiency is approximately 2%. The filler is argon at atmospheric pressure. The durationmore » of the output pulses after forming is approximately 5 microseconds.« less

Electron Identification and Energy Measurement with Emulsion Cloud Chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitagawa, Nobuko; Komatsu, Masahiro

Charged particles undergo the Multiple Coulomb Scattering (MCS) when passing through a material. Their momentum can be estimated from the distribution of the scattering angle directly. Angle of electrons (or positrons) largely changes because of the energy loss in bremsstrahlung, and they are distinguished from other charged particles by making use of its feature. Electron energy is generally measured by counting of electromagnetic shower (e.m. shower) tracks in Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC), so enough absorber material is needed to develop the shower. In the range from sub-GeV to a few GeV, electrons don't develop noticeable showers. In order to estimate the energy of electrons in this range with a limited material, we established the new method which is based on the scattering angle considering the energy loss in bremsstrahlung. From the Monte Carlo simulation (MC) data, which is generated by electron beam (0.5 GeV, 1 GeV, 2 GeV) exposure to ECC, we derived the correlation between energy and scattering angle in each emulsion layer. We fixed the function and some parameters which 1 GeV MC sample would return 1 GeV as the center value, and then applied to 0.5 GeV and 2 GeV sample and confirmed the energy resolution about 50% within two radiation length.

Complementary methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen content in perfluorocarbon emulsions and other solutions.

PubMed

Fraker, Christopher A; Mendez, Armando J; Stabler, Cherie L

2011-09-08

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are compounds with increased oxygen solubility and effective diffusivity, making them ideal candidates for improving oxygen mass transfer in numerous biological applications. Historically, quantification of the mass transfer characteristics of these liquids has relied on the use of elaborate laboratory equipment and complicated methodologies, such as in-line gas chromatography coupled with temperature-controlled glass fritted diffusion cells. In this work, we present an alternative method for the determination of dissolved oxygen content in PFC emulsions and, by extrapolation, pure PFCs. We implemented a simple stirred oxygen consumption microchamber coupled with an enzymatic reaction for the quantitative determination of oxygen by optical density measurements. Chambers were also custom fitted with lifetime oxygen sensors to permit simultaneous measurement of internal chamber oxygen levels. Analyzing the consumption of oxygen during the enzymatic reaction via recorded oxygen depletion traces, we found a strong degree of correlation between the zero-order reaction rate and the total measured oxygen concentrations, relative to control solutions. The values obtained were in close agreement with published values in the literature, establishing the accuracy of this method. Overall, this method allows for easy, reliable, and reproducible measurements of oxygen content in aqueous solutions, including, but not limited to PFC emulsions.

The FASES instrument development and experiment preparation for the ISS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Picker, Gerold; Gollinger, Klaus; Greger, Ralf; Dettmann, Jan; Winter, Josef; Dewandre, Thierry; Castiglione, Luigi; Vincent-Bonnieu, Sebastien; Liggieri, Libero; Clausse, Daniele; Antoni, Mickael

The FASES experiments target the investigation of the stability of emulsions. The main objec-tives are the study of the surfactant adsorption at the liquid / liquid interfaces, the interaction of the droplets as well as the behaviour of the liquid film between nearby drops. Particular focus is given to the dynamic droplet evolution during emulsion destabilisation. The results of the experiments shall support development of methods for the modelling of droplet size distri-butions, which are important to many industries using stable emulsions like food production, cosmetics and pharmaceutics or unstable emulsions as required for applications in waste water treatment or crude oil recovery. The development of the experimental instrumentation was initiated in 2002. The flight instru-ment hardware development was started in 2004 and finally the flight unit was completed in 2009. Currently the final flight preparation is proceeding targeting a launch to the International Space Station (ISS) with Progress 39P in September 2010. The experiment setup of the instrument is accommodated in a box type insert called Experiment Container (EC), which will be installed in the Fluid Science Laboratory part of the European Columbus module of the ISS. The EC is composed of two diagnostics instruments for the investigation of transparent and opaque liquid emulsion. The transparent emulsions will be subject to the experiment called "Investigations on drop/drop interactions in Transparent Emulsions" (ITEM). The opaque emulsion samples will be studied in the experiment called "Investigations on concentrated or opaque Emulsions and on Phase Inversions" (EMPI). The thermal conditioning unit (TCU) allows performing homogeneous thermalization, tem-perature sweeps, emulsion preparation by stirrer, and optical diagnostics with a scanning mi-croscope. The objective of the instrument is the 3D reconstruction of the emulsion droplet distribution in the liquid matrix in terms of the droplet sizes, location and their time depen-dent evolution. The TCU will be used for the stability experiment ITEM-S and the droplet freezing experiment ITEM-F. The Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) will give an information about the evolution of the emulsion through the droplet size distribution and the dispersion state of the droplets within the emulsion during a controlled temperature sweep by measuring the latent heat of droplet freezing and melting during the EMPI experiments. For this purpose the calorimeter is equipped with a reference sample filled with a pure liquid matrix and a similar measurement sample filled with the specific emulsion under investigation. The differential heat flux between measurement sample and reference sample is measured with a sensitive heat flux sensor. Each instrument is serviced by a robotic sample stowage system, which accommodates in total 44 different ITEM and EMPI emulsion samples each filled with a specific composition of the emulsion. Currently the flight preparation is ongoing with particular focus on the preparation of the emulsion flight sample set and the instrument's operating parameters. The FASES flight instrument was developed by ASTRIUM Space Transportation Germany with support of RUAG Aerospace Wallisellen under ESA / ESTEC contract. The science team of FASES is supported by ESA/ESTEC (Microgravity Application Programme, AO99-052).

Giant mini-clusters as possible origin of halo phenomena observed in super-families

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Among 91 mini-clusters from 30 high energy Chiron-type families in Chacaltaya emulsion chambers, there were observed several extremely large multiplicity clusters in the highest energy range, far beyond the average of ordinary type clusters. Some details of microscopic observation of those giant mini-clusters in nuclear emulsion plates and some phenomenological regularity found in common among them are described. Such giant mini-clusters are possible candidates for the origin of narrow symmetric single halo phenomena in X-ray films which are frequently observed in super-families of visible energy greater than 1,000 TeV.

Fluctuation analysis of relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions in emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcguire, Stephen C.

1988-01-01

An analytical technique was developed for identifying enhanced fluctuations in the angular distributions of secondary particles produced from relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The method is applied under the assumption that the masses of the produced particles are small compared to their linear momenta. The importance of particles rests in the fact that enhanced fluctuations in the rapidity distributions is considered to be an experimental signal for the creation of the quark-gluon-plasma (QGP), a state of nuclear matter predicted from the quantum chromodynamics theory (QCD). In the approach, Monte Carlo simulations are employed that make use of a portable random member generator that allow the calculations to be performed on a desk-top computer. The method is illustrated with data taken from high altitude emulsion exposures and is immediately applicable to similar data from accelerator-based emulsion exposures.

Lateral distribution of high energy hadrons and gamma ray in air shower cores observed with emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matano, T.; Machida, M.; Kawasumi, N.; Tsushima, I.; Honda, K.; Hashimoto, K.; Navia, C. E.; Matinic, N.; Aquirre, C.

1985-01-01

A high energy event of a bundle of electrons, gamma rays and hadronic gamma rays in an air shower core were observed. The bundles were detected with an emulsion chamber with thickness of 15 cm lead. This air shower is estimated to be initiated with a proton with energy around 10 to the 17th power to 10 to the 18th power eV at an altitude of around 100 gmc/2. Lateral distributions of the electromagnetic component with energy above 2 TeV and also the hadronic component of energy above 6 TeV of this air shower core were determined. Particles in the bundle are produced with process of the development of the nuclear cascade, the primary energy of each interaction in the cascade which produces these particles is unknown. To know the primary energy dependence of transverse momentum, the average products of energy and distance for various average energies of secondary particles are studied.

High sensitive X-ray films to detect electron showers in 100 GeV region

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Taira, T.; Shirai, T.; Tateyama, N.; Torii, S.; Nishimura, J.; Fujii, M.; Yoshida, A.; Aizu, H.; Nomura, Y.; Kazuno, M.

1985-01-01

Nonscreen type X-ray films were used in emulsion chamber experiments to detect high energy showers in cosmic rays. Ranges of the detection threshold is from about 1 to 2 TeV depending on the exposure conditions. Different types of X-ray films and sheets i.e. high sensitive screen type X-ray films and luminescence sheets were tested. The threshold of the shower detection is found to be about 200 GeV, which is much lower than that of nonscreen type X-ray films. These films are useful to detect showers in the medium energy range, a few hundred GeV, of the cosmic ray electrons.

The Electron Spectrum above 20 GeV Measured by ATIC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chang, J.; Schmidt, W. K. H.; Adams, J. H.; Ahn, H. S.; Bashindzhagyan, G.; Batkov, K. E.; Christl, M.; Fazely, A. R.; Ganel, O.; Gunasingha, R. M.

2004-01-01

The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) Balloon Experiment has been flown from McMurdo, Antarctica in 2000-01 (test flight) and 2002-03 (science flight). ATIC is composed of a segmented BGO calorimeter following a carbon target with scintillator tracking layers and a Silicon matrix detector at the entrance. ATIC measures the composition and energy spectra of the nuclei plus electrons. We present the electron spectrum derived from the ATIC flights, from 20 GeV to 3 TeV, and compare it to existing very high energy measurements from emulsion chambers and to the results of galactic propagation calculations. The good energy resolution and high statistics in the ATIC data allow detailed astrophysical interpretation of the results.

Experiment Pamir-3. Coplanar emission of high energy gamma-quanta at interaction of hadrons with nuclei of air atoms at energies above 10 to the 7th power GeV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Asatiani, T. L.; Genina, L. E.; Zatsepin, G. T.

1985-01-01

A systematic analysis of large gamma families, detected in X-ray emulsion chambers, cases of multicore halos have been observed, and among them five events in which the halo is divided into three of four separate cores with their alignment observed in the target diagram (coplanarity of axes of corresponding electron photon cascades). The halo alignment (tendency to the straight line) leads to the aximuthal asymmetry (thrust). The analysis of lateral and momentum distributions of particles in these families shows that they also have thrust that correlates with the direction of the halo core alignment.

Genesis of emulsion texture due to magma mixing: a case study from Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex of Eastern India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gogoi, Bibhuti; Saikia, Ashima; Ahmad, Mansoor

2016-04-01

The emulsion texture is a rare magma mixing feature in which rounded bodies of one magmatic phase remain dispersed in the other coherent phase (Freundt and Schmincke, 1992). This type of special texture in hybrid rocks can significantly contribute toward understanding the mechanisms facilitating magma mixing and magma chamber dynamics involving two disparate magmas as the exact processes by which mixing occurs still remain unclear. Recent developments in microfluidics have greatly helped us to understand the complex processes governing magma mixing occurring at micro-level. Presented work uses some of the results obtained from microfluidic experiments with a view to understand the formation mechanism of emulsions preserved in the hybrid rocks of the Ghansura Rhyolite Dome (GRD) of Proterozoic Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex (CGGC), Eastern India. The GRD has preserved hybrid rocks displaying emulsion texture that formed due to the interaction of a phenocryst-rich basaltic magma and host rhyolite magma. The emulsions are more or less spherical in shape and dominantly composed of amphibole having biotite rinds set in a matrix of biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and quartz. Amphibole compositions were determined from the core of the emulsions to the rim with a view to check for cationic substitutions. The amphibole constituting the emulsions is actinolite in composition, and commonly shows tschermakite (Ts) and pargasite (Prg) substitutions. From petrographical and mineral-chemical analyses we infer that when mafic magma, containing phenocrysts of augite, came in contact with felsic magma, diffusion of cations like H+, Al3+and others occurred from the felsic to the mafic system. These cations reacted with the clinopyroxene phenocrysts in the mafic magma to form amphibole (actinolite) crystals. The formation of amphibole crystals in the mafic system greatly increased the viscosity of the system allowing the amphibole crystals to venture into the adjacent felsic magma as veins. As these veins traversed in the felsic medium they underwent sinuous perturbations as a result of the competition between the viscous torque, due to difference in drag on each side of the veins, and the dynamic viscous bending resistance (Cubaud and Mason, 2009). Further downstream, the undulations amplified and swirls started to develop on the sinuous veins by accumulating the high viscosity mafic phase into central bulbs and depleting the regions in between them forming tails. Gradually the tails thinned out and blended into the surrounding felsic melt forming discrete viscous emulsions/swirls. After separation, the amphibole constituting the emulsions started interacting with the surrounding felsic magma forming biotite at the periphery of the emulsions. Eventually, biotite is eroded away and new rinds simultaneously form on freshly eroded surfaces of emulsions facilitating the mixing process (Farner et al., 2014). Cubaud T and Mason TG (2009) New J. Phys. 11, 075029. Farner et al. (2014) Earth and Planetary Science Letters 393, 49-59. Freundt A and Schmincke HU (1992) Contrib Mineral Petrol 112, 1-19.

Transport and Retention of Emulsion Droplets in Sandy Porous Media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Esahani, S. G.; Muller, K.; Chapra, S. C.; Ramsburg, A.

2014-12-01

Emulsions are commonly used as amendments during remediation; yet, the processes controlling the distribution of droplets within the subsurface are not well understood. Given that inadequate spatial and/or temporal delivery of amendments often leads to ineffective treatment, there is a need to better understand emulsion transport. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the transport and retention of emulsion droplets in columns containing Ottawa sands. Breakthrough curves and deposition profiles from these experiments were interrogated using a mathematical model capable of describing attachment, detachment, and straining to begin to elucidate the physical processes controlling delivery. Emulsions were constructed by stabilizing soybean oil droplets within a continuous aqueous phase. Physical properties of the resulting oil-in-water emulsions were favorable for subsurface delivery (nominal properties: 1 g/mL density; 10 cP viscosity; and 1.5 μm droplet d50). Emulsions were introduced to the columns for approximately two pore volumes and followed by an extended flush of background solution. Effluent droplet size distributions did not vary significantly over the course of the experiment and remained similar to those measured for the influent emulsion. Emulsion breakthrough curves exhibited tailing, and deposition profiles were found to be hyper-exponential and unaffected by extended periods of background flow. Depending on emulsion composition and flow characteristics, 10-30% of the injected emulsion was retained on the sand suggesting a non-negligible influence on accessible porosity over the course of the experiment. Experimental results were further interpreted using a droplet transport model that accounts for temporal and spatial variation in porosity due to the retention of the emulsion droplets. At present the model assumes a uniform size distribution of inelastic emulsion droplets which are transported by advection and dispersion, and exchanged with the solid phase through attachment, detachment, and straining processes. Results examine the relative roles of attachment-detachment and straining in reducing the accessible porosity. Evaluation of how the porosity change influences the flow regime for moderately and slightly clogged media is currently under investigation.

Workshop on Cosmic Ray and High Energy Gamma Ray Experiments for the Space Station Era, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, October 17-20, 1984, Proceedings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, W. V. (Editor); Wefel, J. P. (Editor)

1985-01-01

The potential of the Space Station as a platform for cosmic-ray and high-energy gamma-ray astronomy is discussed in reviews, reports, and specific proposals. Topics examined include antiparticles and electrons, science facilities and new technology, high-energy nuclear interactions, nuclear composition and energy spectra, Space Shuttle experiments, Space Station facilities and detectors, high-energy gamma rays, and gamma-ray facilities and techniques. Consideration is given to universal-baryon-symmetry testing on the scale of galactic clusters, particle studies in a high-inclination orbit, balloon-borne emulsion-chamber results on ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions, ionization states of low-energy cosmic rays, a large gamma-ray telescope for point-source studies above 1 GeV, and the possible existence of stable quark matter.

Nano-emulsions of fluorinated trityl radicals as sensors for EPR oximetry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charlier, N.; Driesschaert, B.; Wauthoz, N.; Beghein, N.; Préat, V.; Amighi, K.; Marchand-Brynaert, J.; Gallez, B.

2009-04-01

This article reports the development and evaluation of two nano-emulsions (F45T-03/HFB and F15T-03/PFOB) containing fluorinated trityl radicals dissolved in perfluorocarbons. Preparation with a high-pressure homogenizer conferred sub-micronic size to both nano-emulsions. In vitro and in vivo EPR spectroscopy showed that the nano-emulsions had much greater oxygen sensitivity than the hydrophilic trityl, CT-03. In vivo experiments in rodents confirmed the ability of the nano-emulsions to follow the changes in oxygen concentration after induced ischemia. Histological evaluation of the tissue injected with the nano-emulsions revealed some acute toxicity for the F45T-03/HFB nano-emulsion but none for the F15T-03/PFOB nano-emulsion. These new formulations should be considered for further EPR oximetry experiments in pathophysiological situations where subtle changes in tissue oxygenation are expected.

High-Speed Automatic Microscopy for Real Time Tracks Reconstruction in Nuclear Emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Ambrosio, N.

2006-06-01

The Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA) experiment will use a massive nuclear emulsion detector to search for /spl nu//sub /spl mu///spl rarr//spl nu//sub /spl tau// oscillation by identifying /spl tau/ leptons through the direct detection of their decay topology. The feasibility of experiments using a large mass emulsion detector is linked to the impressive progress under way in the development of automatic emulsion analysis. A new generation of scanning systems requires the development of fast automatic microscopes for emulsion scanning and image analysis to reconstruct tracks of elementary particles. The paper presents the European Scanning System (ESS) developed in the framework of OPERA collaboration.

Stabilization Improves Theranostic Properties of Lipiodol®-Based Emulsion During Liver Trans-arterial Chemo-embolization in a VX2 Rabbit Model.

PubMed

Deschamps, F; Farouil, G; Gonzalez, W; Robic, C; Paci, A; Mir, L M; Tselikas, L; de Baère, T

2017-06-01

To demonstrate that stability is a crucial parameter for theranostic properties of Lipiodol ® -based emulsions during liver trans-arterial chemo-embolization. We compared the theranostic properties of two emulsions made of Lipiodol ® and doxorubicin in two successive animal experiments (One VX2 tumour implanted in the left liver lobe of 30 rabbits). Emulsion-1 reproduced one of the most common way of preparation (ratio of oil/water: 1/1), and emulsion-2 was designed to obtain a water-in-oil emulsion with enhanced stability (ratio of oil/water: 3/1, plus an emulsifier). The first animal experiment compared the tumour selectivity of the two emulsions: seven rabbits received left hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of emulsion-1 and eight received HAI of emulsion-2. 3D-CBCT acquisitions were acquired after HAI of every 0.1 mL to measure the densities' ratios between the tumours and the left liver lobes. The second animal experiment compared the plasmatic and tumour doxorubicin concentrations after HAI of 1.5 mg of doxorubicin administered either alone (n = 3) or in emulsion-1 (n = 6) or in emulsion-2 (n = 6). Emulsion-2 resulted in densities' ratios between the tumours and the left liver lobes that were significantly higher compared to emulsion-1 (up to 0.4 mL infused). Plasmatic doxorubicin concentrations (at 5 min) were significantly lower after HAI of emulsion-2 (19.0 μg/L) than emulsion-1 (275.3 μg/L, p < 0.01) and doxorubicin alone (412.0 μg/L, p < 0.001), and tumour doxorubicin concentration (day-1) was significantly higher after HAI of emulsion-2 (20,957 ng/g) than in emulsion-1 (8093 ng/g, p < 0.05) and doxorubicin alone (2221 ng/g, p < 0.01). Stabilization of doxorubicin in a water-in-oil Lipiodol ® -based emulsion results in better theranostic properties.

Stabilization Improves Theranostic Properties of Lipiodol{sup ®}-Based Emulsion During Liver Trans-arterial Chemo-embolization in a VX2 Rabbit Model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Deschamps, F., E-mail: frederic.deschamps@gustaveroussy.fr; Farouil, G.; Gonzalez, W.

PurposeTo demonstrate that stability is a crucial parameter for theranostic properties of Lipiodol{sup ®}-based emulsions during liver trans-arterial chemo-embolization.Materials and MethodsWe compared the theranostic properties of two emulsions made of Lipiodol{sup ®} and doxorubicin in two successive animal experiments (One VX2 tumour implanted in the left liver lobe of 30 rabbits). Emulsion-1 reproduced one of the most common way of preparation (ratio of oil/water: 1/1), and emulsion-2 was designed to obtain a water-in-oil emulsion with enhanced stability (ratio of oil/water: 3/1, plus an emulsifier). The first animal experiment compared the tumour selectivity of the two emulsions: seven rabbits received leftmore » hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of emulsion-1 and eight received HAI of emulsion-2. 3D-CBCT acquisitions were acquired after HAI of every 0.1 mL to measure the densities’ ratios between the tumours and the left liver lobes. The second animal experiment compared the plasmatic and tumour doxorubicin concentrations after HAI of 1.5 mg of doxorubicin administered either alone (n = 3) or in emulsion-1 (n = 6) or in emulsion-2 (n = 6).ResultsEmulsion-2 resulted in densities’ ratios between the tumours and the left liver lobes that were significantly higher compared to emulsion-1 (up to 0.4 mL infused). Plasmatic doxorubicin concentrations (at 5 min) were significantly lower after HAI of emulsion-2 (19.0 μg/L) than emulsion-1 (275.3 μg/L, p < 0.01) and doxorubicin alone (412.0 μg/L, p < 0.001), and tumour doxorubicin concentration (day-1) was significantly higher after HAI of emulsion-2 (20,957 ng/g) than in emulsion-1 (8093 ng/g, p < 0.05) and doxorubicin alone (2221 ng/g, p < 0.01).ConclusionStabilization of doxorubicin in a water-in-oil Lipiodol{sup ®}-based emulsion results in better theranostic properties.« less

Precise measurements of droplet-droplet contact forces in quasi-2D emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lowensohn, Janna; Orellana, Carlos; Weeks, Eric

2015-03-01

We use microscopy to visualize a quasi-2D oil-in-water emulsion confined between two parallel slides. We then use the droplet shapes to infer the forces they exert on each other. To calibrate our force law, we set up an emulsion in a tilted sample chamber so that the droplets feel a known buoyant force. By correlating radius of the droplet and length of contacts with the buoyant forces, we validate our empirical force law. We improve upon prior work in our lab by using a high-resolution camera to image each droplet multiple times, thus providing sub-pixel resolution and reducing the noise. Our new technique identifies contact forces with only a 1% uncertainty, five times better than prior work. We demonstrate the utility of our technique by examining the normal modes of the droplet contact network in our samples.

Analysis of relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions in emulsion chambers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcguire, Stephen C.

1987-01-01

The development of a computer-assisted method is reported for the determination of the angular distribution data for secondary particles produced in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions in emulsions. The method is applied to emulsion detectors that were placed in a constant, uniform magnetic field and exposed to beams of 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon O-16 ions at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). Linear regression analysis is used to determine the azimuthal and polar emission angles from measured track coordinate data. The software, written in BASIC, is designed to be machine independent, and adaptable to an automated system for acquiring the track coordinates. The fitting algorithm is deterministic, and takes into account the experimental uncertainty in the measured points. Further, a procedure for using the track data to estimate the linear momenta of the charged particles observed in the detectors is included.

Slurry burner for mixture of carbonaceous material and water

DOEpatents

Nodd, D.G.; Walker, R.J.

1985-11-05

The present invention is intended to overcome the limitations of the prior art by providing a fuel burner particularly adapted for the combustion of carbonaceous material-water slurries which includes a stationary high pressure tip-emulsion atomizer which directs a uniform fuel into a shearing air flow as the carbonaceous material-water slurry is directed into a combustion chamber, inhibits the collection of unburned fuel upon and within the atomizer, reduces the slurry to a collection of fine particles upon discharge into the combustion chamber, and regulates the operating temperature of the burner as well as primary air flow about the burner and into the combustion chamber for improved combustion efficiency, no atomizer plugging and enhanced flame stability.

Nucleus-nucleus interactions between 20 and 65 GeV per nucleon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnett, T. H.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fountain, W. F.; Meegan, C. A.; Parnell, T. A.; Roberts, F. E.; Watts, J. W.; Oda, H.; Takahashi, Y.; Jones, W. V.

1987-01-01

A hybrid electronic-counter/emulsion-chamber instrument was exposed to high-energy cosmic rays on a balloon. The data on 105 nucleus-nucleus collisions in the energy range 20-65 GeV/nucleon and for incident nuclear charges Zp in the range of 22 to 28 are presented. Inclusive characteristics of particle production on different targets (plastic, emulsion, and lead) are shown and compared with models based on the superposition of nucleon-nucleus interactions. Features of a subset of the more central collisions with a plastic target and some characteristics of individual events with the highest multiplicity of produced particles are described.

Data Analysis for the Scintillating Optical Fiber Calorimeter (SOFCAL)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christl, Mark J.

1997-01-01

The scintillating optical fiber calorimeter is a hybrid instrument with both active and passive components for measuring the proton and helium cosmic ray spectra from 0.2 to IO TeV kinetic energy. A thin emulsion/x-ray film chamber is situated between a cerenkov counter and an imaging calorimeter. Scintillating optical fibers sample the electromagnetic showers that develop in the calorimeter and identify the trajectory of cosmic rays that interact in SOFCAL. The emulsion/x-ray film data provide an in flight calibration for SOFCAL. The data reduction techniques used will be discussed and interim results of the analysis from a 20 hour balloon flight will be presented.

Rheology and microstructure of magmatic emulsions - Theory and experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stein, Daniel J.; Spera, Frank J.

1992-01-01

The rheological properties of a dilute mixture of melt plus vapor bubbles, referred to as emulsion, are investigated theoretically and in rheometric experiments on dilute viscous germanium dioxide emulsions at temperatures between 1100 and 1175 C and at 100 kPa pressure in a rotating rod rheometer at shear rates between 0.05/s and 7/s. The results indicate that the emulsions may be described by a power-law constitutive relation when observations cover a sufficient range of shear rates to resolve nonlinear flow.

Promising perspectives for ruminal protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids through polyphenol-oxidase-mediated crosslinking of interfacial protein in emulsions.

PubMed

De Neve, N; Vlaeminck, B; Gadeyne, F; Claeys, E; Van der Meeren, P; Fievez, V

2018-03-16

Previously, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from linseed oil were effectively protected (>80%) against biohydrogenation through polyphenol-oxidase-mediated protein crosslinking of an emulsion, prepared with polyphenol oxidase (PPO) extract from potato tuber peelings. However, until now, emulsions of only 2 wt% oil have been successfully protected, which implies serious limitations both from a research perspective (e.g. in vivo trials) as well as for further upscaling toward practical applications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to increase the oil/PPO ratio. In the original protocol, the PPO extract served both an emulsifying function as well as a crosslinking function. Here, it was first evaluated whether alternative protein sources could replace the emulsifying function of the PPO extract, with addition of PPO extract and 4-methylcatechol (4MC) to induce crosslinking after emulsion preparation. This approach was then further used to evaluate protection of emulsions with higher oil content. Five candidate emulsifiers (soy glycinin, gelatin, whey protein isolate (WPI), bovine serum albumin and sodium caseinate) were used to prepare 10 wt% oil emulsions, which were diluted five times (w/w) with PPO extract (experiment 1). As a positive control, 2 wt% oil emulsions were prepared directly with PPO extract according to the original protocol. Further, emulsions of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wt% oil were prepared, with 80 wt% PPO extract (experiment 2), or with 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50 wt% PPO extract, respectively (experiment 3) starting from WPI-stabilized emulsions. Enzymatic crosslinking was induced by 24-h incubation with 4MC. Ruminal protection efficiency was evaluated by 24-h in vitro batch simulation of the rumen metabolism. In experiment 1, protection efficiencies were equal or higher than the control (85.5% to 92.5% v. 81.3%). In both experiments 2 and 3, high protection efficiencies (>80%) were achieved, except for emulsions containing 10 wt% oil emulsions (<50% protection), which showed oiling-off after enzymatic crosslinking. This study demonstrated that alternative emulsifier proteins can be used in combination with PPO extract to protect emulsified PUFA-rich oils against ruminal biohydrogenation. By applying the new protocol, 6.5 times less PPO extract was required.

The Electron Spectrum above 20 GeV Measured by ATIC-2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chang, J.; Schmidt, W. K. H.; Adams, James H.; Ahn, H. S.; Bashindzhagyan, G.; Batkov, K. E.; Christl, M.; Fazely, A. R.; Ganel, O.; Gunasigha, R. M.

2005-01-01

The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) Balloon Experiment has been flown from McMurdo, Antarctica in 2000-01 (test flight) and 2002-03 (science flight). ATIC is composed of a segmented BGO calorimeter following a carbon target with scintillator tracking layers and a Silicon matrix detector at the entrance. ATIC measures the composition and energy spectra of the nuclei plus electrons. We present the electron spectrum derived from the ATIC-2 science flight, from 20 GeV to 1.5 TeV, and compare it to existing very high energy measurements from emulsion chambers and to the results of galactic propagation calculations. The good energy resolution and high statistics in the ATIC data allow detailed astrophysical interpretation of the results.

Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. HE Sessions, Volume 6

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, F. C. (Compiler)

1985-01-01

Papers contributed to the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference which address high energy interactions and related phenomena are compiled. Particular topic areas include cross sections; particle production; nuclei and nuclear matter; nucleus-nucleus collisions; gamma ray and hadron spectra; C-jets, a-jets, and super families; and emulsion chamber simulations.

Coarsening Dynamics of Inclusions and Thermocapillary Phenomena in Smectic Liquid Crystal Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Cheol; Maclennan, Joseph; Glaser, Matthew; Clark, Noel; Trittel, Torsten; Eremin, Alexey; Stannarius, Ralf; Tin, Padetha; Hall, Nancy

The Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space (OASIS) project comprises a series of experiments that probe interfacial and hydrodynamic behavior of thin spherical-bubbles of smectic liquid crystal in microgravity. Smectic films are the thinnest known stable condensed phase structures, making them ideal for studies of two-dimensional (2D) coarsening dynamics and thermocapillary phenomena in microgravity. The OASIS flight hardware was launched on SpaceX-6 in April 2015 and experiments were carried out on the International Space Station using four different smectic A and C liquid crystal materials in separate sample chambers. We will describe the behavior of collective island dynamics on the bubbles, including temperature gradient-induced themomigration, and the diffusion and coalescence-driven coarsening dynamics of island emulsions in microgravity. This work was supported by NASA Grant No. NNX-13AQ81G, and NSF MRSEC Grants No. DMR-0820579 and DMR-1420736.

Radiation measurements aboard the fourth Gemini flight.

PubMed

Janni, J F; Schneider, M F

1967-01-01

Two special tissue-equivalent ionization chambers and 5 highly sensitive passive dosimetry packages were flown aboard the recent Gemini 4 flight for the purpose of obtaining precise values of instantaneous dose rate, accumulated dose. and shielding effectiveness. This experiment marked the first time that well-defined tissue dose and radiation survey measurements have been carried out in manned spaceflight operations. Since all measurements were accomplished under normal spacecraft environmental conditions, the biological dose resulted primarily from trapped inner Van Allen Belt radiation encountered by the spacecraft in the South Atlantic Anomaly. The experiment determined the particle type, ionizing and penetrating power, and variation with time and position within the Gemini spacecraft. Measured dose rates ranged from 100 mrad/hr for passes penetrating deeply into the South Atlantic Anomaly to less than 0.1 mrad/hr from lower latitude cosmic radiation. The accumulated tissue dose measured by the active ionization chambers, shielded by 0.4 gm/cm2 for the 4-day mission, was 82 mrad. Since the 5 passive dosimetry packages were each located in different positions within the spacecraft, the total mission surface dose measured by these detectors varied from 73 to 27 mrad, depending upon location and shielding. The particles within the spacecraft were recorded in nuclear emulsion, which established that over 90% of the tissue dose was attributable to penetrating protons. This experiment indicates that the radiation environment under shielded conditions at Gemini altitudes was not hazardous.

Long-term characteristics of nuclear emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naganawa, N.; Kuwabara, K.

2010-02-01

Long-term characteristics of the nuclear emulsion so called ``OPERA film'' used in the neutrino oscillation experiment, OPERA, has been studied for 8 years since its production or refreshing after it. In the results, it turned out to be excellent in sensitivity, amount of random noise, and refreshing characteristics. The retention capacity of latent image of tracks was also studied. The result will open the way to the recycling of 7,000,000 emulsion films which will remain not developed after 5 years of OPERA's run, and other long-term experiments with emulsion.

First demonstration of an emulsion multi-stage shifter for accelerator neutrino experiments in J-PARC T60

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamada, K.; Aoki, S.; Cao, S.; Chikuma, N.; Fukuda, T.; Fukuzawa, Y.; Gonin, M.; Hayashino, T.; Hayato, Y.; Hiramoto, A.; Hosomi, F.; Inoh, T.; Iori, S.; Ishiguro, K.; Kawahara, H.; Kim, H.; Kitagawa, N.; Koga, T.; Komatani, R.; Komatsu, M.; Matsushita, A.; Mikado, S.; Minamino, A.; Mizusawa, H.; Matsumoto, T.; Matsuo, T.; Morimoto, Y.; Morishima, K.; Morishita, M.; Naganawa, N.; Nakamura, K.; Nakamura, M.; Nakamura, Y.; Nakano, T.; Nakatsuka, Y.; Nakaya, T.; Nishio, A.; Ogawa, S.; Oshima, H.; Quilain, B.; Rokujo, H.; Sato, O.; Seiya, Y.; Shibuya, H.; Shiraishi, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Tada, S.; Takahashi, S.; Yokoyama, M.; Yoshimoto, M.

2017-06-01

We describe the first ever implementation of a clock-based, multi-stage emulsion shifter in an accelerator neutrino experiment. The system was installed in the neutrino monitoring building at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex as part of a test experiment, T60, and stable operation was maintained for a total of 126.6 days. By applying time information to emulsion films, various results were obtained. Time resolutions of 5.3-14.7 s were evaluated in an operation spanning 46.9 days (yielding division numbers of 1.4-3.8×105). By using timing and spatial information, reconstruction of coincident events consisting of high-multiplicity and vertex-contained events, including neutrino events, was performed. Emulsion events were matched to events observed by INGRID, one of the on-axis near detectors of the T2K experiment, with high reliability (98.5%), and hybrid analysis of the emulsion and INGRID events was established by means of the multi-stage shifter. The results demonstrate that the multi-stage shifter can feasibly be used in neutrino experiments.

Primary proton and helium spectra around the knee observed by the Tibet air-shower experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jing, Huang; Tibet ASγ Collaboration

A hybrid experiment was carried out to study the cosmic-ray primary composition in the 'knee' energy region. The experimental set-up consists of the Tibet-II air shower array( AS ), the emulsion chamber ( EC ) and the burst detector ( BD ) which are operated simulteneously and provides us information on the primary species. The experiment was carried out at Yangbajing (4,300 m a.s.l., 606 g/cm2) in Tibet during the period from 1996 through 1999. We have already reported the primary proton flux around the knee region based on the simulation code COSMOS. In this paper, we present the primary proton and helium spectra around the knee region. We also extensively examine the simulation codes COSMOS ad-hoc and CORSIKA with interaction models of QGSJET01, DPMJET 2.55, SIBYLL 2.1, VENUS 4.125, HDPM, and NEXUS 2. Based on these calculations, we briefly discuss on the systematic errors involved in our experimental results due to the Monte Carlo simulation.

Energy spectra of cosmic rays above 1 TeV per nucleon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burnett, T. H.; Dake, S.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fountain, W. F.; Fuki, M.

1990-01-01

Direct measurements of cosmic-ray nuclei above 1 TeV/nucleon have been performed in a series of balloon-borne experiments with emulsion chambers. The observed all-particle spectrum above 20 TeV is consistent with the results of the Proton satellite and many air shower experiments. The proton spectrum is consistent with a power law having an index of 2.76 + or - 0.09 up to at least 100 TeV, but an overabundance of helium by a factor of 2 above 2 TeV per nucleon is found when compared with the extrapolation from the low energies. For heavy elements (C through Fe), the intensities around 1 TeV/nucleon are consistent, within the statistical errors, with the extrapolation from lower energy data using the Spacelab 2 spectral indices. An enhancement for the medium-heavy components (C through Ca) above 200 TeV is indicated. The mean mass above 50 TeV indicates slightly higher values than the results of the air shower experiments.

Evaporation of oil-water emulsion drops when heated at high temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Strizhak, P. A.; Piskunov, M. V.; Kuznetsov, G. V.; Voytkov, I. S.

2017-10-01

An experimental study on conditions and main characteristics for high-temperature (more than 700 K) evaporation of oil-water drops is presented. The high-temperature water purification from impurities can be the main practical application of research results. Thus, the heating of drops is implemented by the two typical schemes: on a massive substrate (the heating conditions are similar to those achieved in a heating chamber) and in a flow of the heated air. In the latter case, the heating conditions correspond to those attained while moving water drops with impurities in a counter high-temperature gaseous flow in the process of water purification. Evaporation time as function of heating temperature is presented. The influence of oil product concentration in an emulsion drop on evaporation characteristics is discussed. The conditions for intensive flash boiling of an emulsion drop and its explosive breakup with formation of the fine droplets cloud are pointed out. Heat fluxes required for intensive flash boiling and explosive breakup of a drop with further formation of the fine aerosol are determined in the boundary layer of a drop. The fundamental differences between flash boiling and explosive breakup of an emulsion drop when heated on a substrate and in a flow of the heated air are described. The main prospects for the development of the high-temperature water purification technology are detailed taking into account the fast emulsion drop breakup investigated in the paper.

Skylab experiment performance evaluation manual. Appendix K: Experiment S009 nuclear emulsion (MSFC)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meyers, J. E.

1972-01-01

A series of analyses are presented for Experiment S009, nuclear emulsion (MSFC), to be used for evaluating the performance of the Skylab corollary experiments under preflight, inflight, and postflight conditions. Experiment contingency plan workaround procedure and malfunction analyses are included in order to assist in making the experiment operationally successful.

Evaluation of physical stability of all in one parenteral admixtures for pediatric home care with high electrolytes concentrations.

PubMed

Watrobska-Swietlikowska, Dorota; Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz, Agnieszka; Łuszkiewicz, Katarzyna

2014-01-01

The aim of the study was to evaluate stability of 48 total parenteral admixtures for pediatric patients who require home parenteral nutrition. Admixtures contain high amounts of electrolytes. In a clinical practice electrolytes-enrichment of the parenteral nutrition admixtures is a usual demand, especially on the neonatal/pediatric wards. The supplementation of parenteral nutrition with high concentration of electrolytes is a living problem due to decreased stability of lipid emulsions in nutrition admixtures caused by bivalent cations. Preliminary admixtures were prepared in two-chamber ethylene vinyl acetate bags: amino acids, glucose and electrolytes were combined in one chamber and 20% (w/w) lipid emulsions (SMOFlipid®, Intralipid ® or ClinOleic®) were placed separately in the second chamber. Organic salts of calcium and phosphates were used. Pre-admixtures were stored at +4ºC for up to 21 days after preparation. Each composition of admixtures was prepared twice, because contents of the two chambers were combined at t=0 or after 21 days of storage at +4ºC. Visual observations, globule size distribution (using optical microscopy, laser diffraction and photon correlation spectroscopy methods), pH analyses, zeta potential and surface tension were performed after combining all components together with vitamins. Among 48 of investigated admixtures only two were problematic and other may be stored for at least 21 days at 4°C and completed admixtures demonstrated stability for at least 24 h at room temperature. It was possible to obtain stable admixtures despite of the high concentration of electrolytes. Copyright AULA MEDICA EDICIONES 2014. Published by AULA MEDICA. All rights reserved.

LECTURES ON PHYSICS, BIOPHYSICS, AND CHEMISTRY FOR HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS GIVEN AT THE ERNEST O. LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA, JUNE-AUGUST 1959

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Calhoon, E.C.; Starring, P.W. eds.

1959-08-01

Lectures given at the Ernest 0. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory on physics, biophysics, and chemistry for high school science teachers are presented. Topics covered include a mathematics review, atomic physics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics, elementary particles, antiparticies, design of experiments, high-energy particle accelerators, survey of particle detectors, emulsion as a particle detector, counters used in high-energy physics, bubble chambers, computer programming, chromatography, the transuranium elements, health physics, photosynthesis, the chemistry and physics of virus, the biology of virus, lipoproteins and heart disease, origin and evolution of the solar system, the role of space satellites in gathering astronomical data, and radiation andmore » life in space. (M.C.G.)« less

Kinetic Release of Alkalinity from Particle-Containing Oil-in-Water Emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muller, K.; Chapra, S. C.; Ramsburg, A.

2014-12-01

Oil-in-water emulsions are typically employed during remediation to promote biotic reduction of contaminants. Emulsions, however, hold promise for encapsulated delivery of many types of active ingredients required for successful site remediation or long-term site stewardship. Our research is currently focused on using alkalinity-containing particles held within oil-in-water emulsions to sustain control of subsurface pH. Here we describe results from laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling conducted to quantify the kinetics associated with the emulsion delivery and alkalinity release process. Kinetically stable oil-in-water emulsions containing (~60 nmCaCO3 or ~100 nm MgO particles) were previously developed using soybean oil and Gum Arabic as a stabilizing agent. Batch and column experiments were employed to assess the accessibility and release of the alkalinity from the emulsion. Successive additions of HCl were used in batch systems to produce several pH responses (pH rebounds) that were subsequently modeled to elucidate release mechanisms and rates for varying emulsion compositions and particle types. Initial results suggest that a linear-driving-force model is generally able to capture the release behavior in the batch system when the temporally-constant, lumped mass-transfer coefficient is scaled by the fraction of particle mass remaining within the droplets. This result suggests that the rate limiting step in the release process may be the interphase transfer of reactive species at the oil-water interface. 1-d column experiments were also completed in order to quantify the extent and rate of alkalinity release from emulsion droplets retained in a sandy medium. Alkalinity release from the retained droplets treated a pH 4 influent water for 25-60 pore volumes (the duration depended on particle type and mass loading), and the cessation in treatment corresponded to exhaustion of the particle mass held within the oil. Column experiments were simulated using a transport code containing the linear-driving-force expression evaluated in the batch experiments. In these simulations the lumped mass transfer coefficient was fit and compared with values predicted using existing correlations for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces in porous media.

Nuclear Emulsion - Skylab Experiment S009

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1970-01-01

This photograph shows Skylab's Nuclear Emulsion experiment, a Skylab science facility that was mounted inside the Multiple Docking Adapter used to record the relative abundance of primary, high-energy heavy nuclei outside the Earth's atmosphere. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments.

Remarkable events from X ray emulsion chambers and multiple production at LHC energy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Capdevielle, J. N.; Talai, M. C.; Attallah, R.

The CORSIKA programme and specific Monte Carlo collision generators are employed in the interpretation of X-ray emulsion chambers data on super gamma ray families at mountain altitude (Chacaltaya, Kanbala, Pamir...) and in the stratosphere (Concorde, balloons). The consequences of measurement conditions(energy thresholds levels...) are detailed to extract common features for the neutral and charged secondaries. The vertex is approached by invariant mass method, geometry, pseudo rapidity distributions , and factors. Sorting the gamma's coupled in the maximum of invariant histograms, we evaluate the multiplicity , , inelasticity behavior up to LHC energy. Attention is given to the penetration power of EAS which levels off one energy decade around the knee and observations related with the fragmentation region (high energy hadron and gamma spectra in EAS, intensity of families with halo's). Hints of new physics are considered around the intriguing alignments registrated in the energy band between colliders and LHC. Several events (stratosphere and mountain) exhibit coplanar emission at similar visible energy, suggesting the valence diquark breaking. Such violent breaking suppressing the leading cluster recombination might come from the rupture of the string under very high tension between the two partners of the diquark.

Oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulated delivery of reactive iron particles.

PubMed

Berge, Nicole D; Ramsburg, C Andrew

2009-07-01

Treatment of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zones using suspensions of reactive iron particles relies upon effective transport of the nano- to submicrometer scale iron particles within the subsurface. Recognition that poor subsurface transport of iron particles results from particle-particle and particle-soil interactions permits development of strategies which increase transport. In this work, experiments were conducted to assess a novel approach for encapsulated delivery of iron particles within porous media using oil-in-water emulsions. Objectives of this study included feasibility demonstration of producing kinetically stable, iron-containing, oil-in-water emulsions and evaluating the transport of these iron-containing, oil-in-water emulsions within water-saturated porous media. Emulsions developed in this study have mean droplet diameters between 1 and 2 microm, remain kinetically stable for > 1.5 h, and possess densities (0.996-1.00 g/mL at 22 degrees C) and dynamic viscosities (2.4-9.3 mPa x s at 22 degrees C and 20 s(-1)) that are favorable to transport within DNAPL source zones. Breakthrough curves and post-experiment extractions from column experiments conducted with medium and fine sands suggest little emulsion retention (< 0.20% wt) at a Darcy velocity of 0.4 m/day. These findings demonstrate that emulsion encapsulation is a promising method for delivery of iron particles and warrants further investigation.

Particle Identification in Nuclear Emulsion by Measuring Multiple Coulomb Scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Than Tint, Khin; Nakazawa, Kazuma; Yoshida, Junya; Kyaw Soe, Myint; Mishina, Akihiro; Kinbara, Shinji; Itoh, Hiroki; Endo, Yoko; Kobayashi, Hidetaka; E07 Collaboration

2014-09-01

We are developing particle identification techniques for single charged particles such as Xi, proton, K and π by measuring multiple Coulomb scattering in nuclear emulsion. Nuclear emulsion is the best three dimensional detector for double strangeness (S = -2) nuclear system. We expect to accumulate about 10000 Xi-minus stop events which produce double lambda hypernucleus in J-PARC E07 emulsion counter hybrid experiment. The purpose of this particle identification (PID) in nuclear emulsion is to purify Xi-minus stop events which gives information about production probability of double hypernucleus and branching ratio of decay mode. Amount of scattering parameterized as angular distribution and second difference is inversely proportional to the momentum of particle. We produced several thousands of various charged particle tracks in nuclear emulsion stack via Geant4 simulation. In this talk, PID with some measuring methods for multiple scattering will be discussed by comparing with simulation data and real Xi-minus stop events in KEK-E373 experiment.

Slowly and rapidly digested fat emulsions are equally satiating but their triglycerides are differentially absorbed and metabolized in humans.

PubMed

Keogh, Jennifer B; Wooster, Tim J; Golding, Matthew; Day, Li; Otto, Bärbel; Clifton, Peter M

2011-05-01

Little is known about the effect of dietary fat emulsion microstructure on plasma TG concentrations, satiety hormones, and food intake. The aim of this study was to structure dietary fat to slow digestion and flatten postprandial plasma TG concentrations but not increase food intake. Emulsions were stabilized by egg lecithin (control), sodium sterol lactylate, or sodium caseinate/monoglyceride (CasMag) with either liquid oil or a liquid oil/solid fat mixture. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 4 emulsions containing 30 g of fat in a 350-mL preload were consumed by 10 men and 10 women (BMI = 25.1 ± 2.8 kg/m(2); age = 58.8 ± 4.8 y). Pre- and postprandial plasma TG, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) concentrations and food intake were measured. In a second experiment in a subset of the participants (n = 8, 4 men and 4 women), (13)C-labeled mixed TG was incorporated into 2 different emulsions and breath (13)C was measured over 6 h. In the first experiment, the postprandial rise in plasma TG concentrations following the CasMag-stabilized emulsion containing 30% solid fat was lower than all other emulsions at 90 and 120 min (P < 0.05). Plasma CCK (P < 0.0001), GLP-1 (P < 0.01), and PYY (P < 0.001) concentrations were also reduced following this emulsion compared with control. Food intake at a test meal, eaten 3 h after the preload, did not differ among the emulsions. In the second experiment, when measured by the (13)C breath test, 25% of the TG in the CasMag emulsion was absorbed and metabolized compared with control. In conclusion, fat can be structured to decrease its effect on plasma TG concentrations without increasing food intake.

Food emulsions as delivery systems for flavor compounds: A review.

PubMed

Mao, Like; Roos, Yrjö H; Biliaderis, Costas G; Miao, Song

2017-10-13

Food flavor is an important attribute of quality food, and it largely determines consumer food preference. Many food products exist as emulsions or experience emulsification during processing, and therefore, a good understanding of flavor release from emulsions is essential to design food with desirable flavor characteristics. Emulsions are biphasic systems, where flavor compounds are partitioning into different phases, and the releases can be modulated through different ways. Emulsion ingredients, such as oils, emulsifiers, thickening agents, can interact with flavor compounds, thus modifying the thermodynamic behavior of flavor compounds. Emulsion structures, including droplet size and size distribution, viscosity, interface thickness, etc., can influence flavor component partition and their diffusion in the emulsions, resulting in different release kinetics. When emulsions are consumed in the mouth, both emulsion ingredients and structures undergo significant changes, resulting in different flavor perception. Special design of emulsion structures in the water phase, oil phase, and interface provides emulsions with great potential as delivery systems to control flavor release in wider applications. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of flavor release from emulsions, and how emulsions can behave as delivery systems for flavor compounds to better design novel food products with enhanced sensorial and nutritional attributes.

The Preparation and Testing of a Common Emulsion and Personal Care Product: Lotion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mabrouk, Suzanne T.

2004-01-01

A chemical analysis of lotions, which comprises of categorizations of moisturizers and emulsions, with the preparation and testing of three lotions, is done. The experiment piques students' interest in preparing lotions and emulsions, and proves the value of chemistry in satisfying the needs of everyday life.

A new fast scanning system for the measurement of large angle tracks in nuclear emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexandrov, A.; Buonaura, A.; Consiglio, L.; D'Ambrosio, N.; De Lellis, G.; Di Crescenzo, A.; Di Marco, N.; Galati, G.; Lauria, A.; Montesi, M. C.; Pupilli, F.; Shchedrina, T.; Tioukov, V.; Vladymyrov, M.

2015-11-01

Nuclear emulsions have been widely used in particle physics to identify new particles through the observation of their decays thanks to their unique spatial resolution. Nevertheless, before the advent of automatic scanning systems, the emulsion analysis was very demanding in terms of well trained manpower. Due to this reason, they were gradually replaced by electronic detectors, until the '90s, when automatic microscopes started to be developed in Japan and in Europe. Automatic scanning was essential to conceive large scale emulsion-based neutrino experiments like CHORUS, DONUT and OPERA. Standard scanning systems have been initially designed to recognize tracks within a limited angular acceptance (θ lesssim 30°) where θ is the track angle with respect to a line perpendicular to the emulsion plane. In this paper we describe the implementation of a novel fast automatic scanning system aimed at extending the track recognition to the full angular range and improving the present scanning speed. Indeed, nuclear emulsions do not have any intrinsic limit to detect particle direction. Such improvement opens new perspectives to use nuclear emulsions in several fields in addition to large scale neutrino experiments, like muon radiography, medical applications and dark matter directional detection.

Efficacy of a new topical cationic emulsion of cyclosporine A on dry eye clinical signs in an experimental mouse model of dry eye.

PubMed

Daull, Philippe; Feraille, Laurence; Barabino, Stefano; Cimbolini, Nicolas; Antonelli, Sophie; Mauro, Virgine; Garrigue, Jean-Sébastien

2016-12-01

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex, multifactorial pathology characterized by corneal epithelium lesions and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a cationic emulsion of cyclosporine A (CsA) in a mouse model that mimics severe dry eye. Eight to 12-week-old female C57BL/6N mice with tail patches of scopolamine were housed in controlled environment chambers to induce dry eye. At day three, following dry eye confirmation by corneal fluorescein staining (CFS, score 0-15) and phenol red thread (PRT) lacrimation test, the mice (n = 10/gp) were either treated 3 times a day in both eyes with drug-free cationic emulsion, a 0.1% CsA cationic emulsion, or 1% methylprednisolone (positive control), or non-treated. Aqueous tear production and CFS scores were evaluated at baseline and throughout the treatment period. The lacrimation test confirmed the scopolamine-induced decrease in aqueous production by the lacrimal gland. A reduction of 59% in induced-CFS was observed following topical treatment with 0.1% CsA. The beneficial effect of the cationic emulsion vehicle itself on keratitis was also clearly evidenced by its better performance over 1% methylprednisolone, -36%, vs. -28% on the CFS scores, respectively. This study indicates that the cationic emulsion of CsA (0.1%) was a very effective formulation for the management of corneal epithelium lesions in a severe DED mouse model. In addition, it performed better than a potent glucocorticosteroid (1% methylprednisolone). This cationic emulsion of CsA (0.1%), combining CsA and a tear film oriented therapy (TFOT), i.e. with vehicle properties that mechanically stabilize the tear film, represents a promising new treatment strategy for the management of the signs of dry eye. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

The SHiP experiment at CERN SPS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di Crescenzo, A.; SHiP Collaboration

2016-01-01

SHiP is a new general purpose fixed target facility, whose Technical Proposal has been recently submitted to the CERN SPS Committee. In its initial phase, the 400GeV proton beam extracted from the SPS will be dumped on a heavy target with the aim of integrating 2×1020 pot in 5years. A dedicated detector located downstream of the target, based on a long vacuum tank followed by a spectrometer and particle identification detectors, will allow probing a variety of models with light long-lived exotic particles and masses below a few GeV/c2. The beam dump is also an ideal source of tau neutrinos, the less known particle in the Standard Model. Another dedicated detector, based on the Emulsion Cloud Chamber technology already used in the OPERA experiment, will allow to perform for the first time measurements of the tau neutrino deep inelastic scattering cross section. Tau neutrinos will be distinguished from tau anti-neutrinos, thus providing the first observation of the tau anti-neutrino.

Emulsion chamber observations of primary cosmic-ray electrons in the energy range 30-1000 GeV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nishimura, J.; Fujii, M.; Taira, T.; Aizu, E.; Hiraiwa, H.; Kobayashi, T.; Niu, K.; Ohta, I.; Golden, R. L.; Koss, T. A.

1980-01-01

The results of a series of emulsion exposures, beginning in Japan in 1968 and continued in the U.S. since 1975, which have yielded a total balloon-altitude exposure of 98,700 sq m sr s, are presented. The data are discussed in terms of several models of cosmic-ray propagation. Interpreted in terms of the energy-dependent leaky-box model, the spectrum results suggest a galactic electron residence time of 1.0(+2.0, -0.5) x 10 to the 7th yr, which is consistent with results from Be-10 observations. Finally, the possibility that departures from smooth power law behavior in the spectrum due to individual nearby sources will be observable in the energy range above 1 TeV is discussed.

Measurements of 12C ions beam fragmentation at large angle with an Emulsion Cloud Chamber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexandrov, A.; De Lellis, G.; Di Crescenzo, A.; Lauria, A.; Montesi, M. C.; Pastore, A.; Patera, V.; Sarti, A.; Tioukov, V.

2017-08-01

Hadron radiotherapy is a powerful technique for the treatment of deep-seated tumours. The physical dose distribution of hadron beams is characterized by a small dose delivered in the entrance channel and a large dose in the Bragg peak area. Fragmentation of the incident particles and struck nuclei occurs along the hadron path. Knowledge of the fragment energies and angular distributions is crucial for the validation of the models used in treatment planning systems. We report on large angle fragmentation measurements of a 400 MeV/n 12C beam impinging on a composite target at the GSI laboratory in Germany. The detector was made of 300 micron thick nuclear emulsion films, with sub-micrometric spatial resolution and large angle track detection capability, interleaved with passive material. Thanks to newly developed techniques in the automated scanning of emulsions it was possible to extend the angular range of detected particles. This resulted in the first measurement of the angular and momentum spectrum for fragments emitted in the range from 34o to 81o.

Emulsion-based encapsulation and delivery of nanoparticles for the controlled release of alkalinity within the subsurface environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ramsburg, C. A.; Muller, K.; Gill, J.

2012-12-01

Many current approaches to managing groundwater contamination rely on further advances in amendment delivery in order to initiate and sustain contaminant degradation or immobilization. In fact, limited or ineffective delivery is often cited when treatment objectives are not attained. Emulsions, specifically oil-in-water emulsions, have demonstrated potential to aid delivery of remediation amendments. Emulsions also afford opportunities to control the release of active ingredients encapsulated within the droplets. Our research is currently focused on the controlled release of nanoparticle-based buffering agents using oil-in-water emulsions. This interest is motivated by the fact that chemical and biological processes employed for the remediation and stewardship of contaminated sites often necessitate control of pH during treatment and, in some cases, long thereafter. Alkalinity-release nanoparticles (e.g., CaCO3, MgO) were suspended within soybean oil and subsequently encapsulated by through the creation of oil-in-water emulsions. These oil-in-water emulsions are designed to have physical properties which are favorable for subsurface delivery (nominal properties: 1 g/mL density; 10 cP viscosity; and 1.5 μm droplet diameter). Buffer capacity titrations suggest that MgO particles are moderately more accessible within the oil phase and nearly twice as effective (on a per mass basis) at releasing alkalinity (as compared to the CaCO3 particles). Results from experiments designed to assess the release kinetics suggest that a linear driving force model is capable of describing the release process and mass transfer coefficients are constant through the reactive life of the emulsion. The release kinetics in emulsions containing MgO particles were found to be three orders of magnitude faster than those quantified for emulsions containing CaCO3. The slower release kinetics of the emulsions containing CaCO3 particles may prove beneficial when considering pH control at sites where acid fluxes are lower. The ability of emulsions to sustain alkalinity release within porous media was preliminarily examined using a series of 1-D column experiments. Emulsions were introduced for 2 pore volumes in a medium sand at Darcy velocities of approximately 0.8 cm/hr. Following the emulsion pulse, a pH 4 solution (adjusted with HCl) was introduced into the column and the effluent was monitored for pH, oil content, and droplet size distributions. All un-retained emulsion (~20% wt. was retained) was flushed from the column within approximately 2 pore volumes of terminating the emulsion pulse. The effluent pH at quasi-steady state and the reactive life of the emulsion depended on the retention characteristics, as well as the type and loading of nanoparticles employed within the emulsion. For the scenarios considered here, quasi-steady effluent pHs were observed to be between 6.5 and 10, and reactive lifetimes (i.e., the number of pore volumes for which the retained emulsion resulted in the effluent pH exceeding that of the influent) were between 15 and 100 pore volumes. These results demonstrate the ability of the emulsion to offer longer-term release and highlight the ability to tune the alkalinity release rate to match site characteristics by adjusting the emulsion content. Current research is directed toward evaluation release properties in heterogeneous aquifer cell experiments.

OPERA experiment and its releted emulsion techniques

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ariga, Akitaka

2008-02-21

The OPERA experiment is designed to clarify neutrino oscillation by detecting appearance of {nu}{sub {tau}} in pure {nu}{sub {mu}} beam through a long baseline method (CNGS beam from cern to the Gran Sasso laboratory). The key technique is the use of emulsion films and their scanning. We developed a new high speed scanning system with speed of 50 cm{sup 2}/h and it was successfully demonstrated in 2006 CNGS commissioning. The new scanning system is not only meant for the OPERA experiment, but it has large potential of applications. For example, measurement of {nu}{sub e} with strong separation power against {pi}{supmore » 0}. Or a compact emulsion spectrometer for future neutrino experiments.« less

Lipid Emulsions Containing Medium Chain Triacylglycerols Blunt Bradykinin-Induced Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Porcine Coronary Artery Rings.

PubMed

Amissi, Said; Boisramé-Helms, Julie; Burban, Mélanie; Rashid, Sherzad K; León-González, Antonio J; Auger, Cyril; Toti, Florence; Meziani, Ferhat; Schini-Kerth, Valérie B

2017-03-01

Lipid emulsions for parenteral nutrition are used to provide calories and essential fatty acids for patients. They have been associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic stress, which may promote the development of endothelial dysfunction in patients. The aim of the present study was to determine whether five different industrial lipid emulsions may affect the endothelial function of coronary arteries. Porcine coronary artery rings were incubated with lipid emulsions 0.5, 1, or 2% (v/v) for 30 min before the determination of vascular reactivity in organ chambers and the level of oxidative stress using electron paramagnetic resonance. Incubation of coronary artery rings with either Lipidem ® , Medialipid ® containing long- and medium-chain triacylglycerols (LCT/MCT), or SMOFlipid ® containing LCT, MCT, omega-9, and -3, significantly reduced the bradykinin-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, affecting both the nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization (EDH) components, whereas, Intralipid ® containing LCT (soybean oil) and ClinOleic ® containing LCT (soybean and olive oil) did not have such an effect. The endothelial dysfunction induced by Lipidem ® was significantly improved by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, inhibitors of oxidative stress (N-acetylcysteine, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and transition metal chelating agents (neocuproine, tetrathiomolybdate, deferoxamine and L-histidine). Lipidem ® significantly increased the arterial level of oxidative stress. The present findings indicate that lipid emulsions containing LCT/MCT induce endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery rings by blunting both NO- and EDH-mediated relaxations. The Lipidem ® -induced endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased vascular oxidative stress and the formation of COX-derived vasoconstrictor prostanoids.

Liquid Fuel Emulsion Jet-in-Crossflow Penetration and Dispersion Under High Pressure Conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gomez, Guillermo Andres

The current work focuses on the jet-in-crossflow penetration and dispersion behavior of water-in-oil emulsions in a high pressure environment. Both fuel injection strategies of using a water-in-oil emulsion and a jet-in-crossflow have demonstrated unique benefits in improving gas turbine performance from an emissions and efficiency standpoint. A jet-in-crossflow is very practical for use in gas turbine engines, rocket propulsion, and aircraft engines since it utilizes already available crossflow air to atomize fuel. Injecting water into a combustion chamber in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion allows for pollutant emissions reduction while reducing efficiency loses that may result from using a separate water or steam injection circuit. Dispersion effects on oil droplets are expected, therefore investigating the distribution of both oil and water droplets in the crossflow is an objective in this work. Understanding the synchronization and injection behavior of the two strategies is of key interest due to their combined benefits. A water-to-oil ratio and an ambient pressure parameter are developed for emulsion jet-in-crossflow trajectories. To this end, a total of 24 emulsion jet-in-crossflow tests were performed with varying ambient pressures of 2-8 atm and momentum flux ratios of 50, 85, and 120. Sobel edge filtering was applied to each averaged image obtained from a high speed video of each test case. Averaged and filtered images were used to resolve top and bottom edges of the trajectory in addition to the overall peak intensity up to 40 mm downstream of the injection point. An optimized correlation was established and found to differ from literature based correlations obtained under atmospheric pressure conditions. Overall it was found that additional parameters were not necessary for the top edge and peak intensity correlations, but a need for a unique emulsion bottom edge and width trajectory correlation was recognized. In addition to investigating emulsion jet-in-crossflow trajectory correlations, a unique Dual Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (Dual-PLIF) method was applied for the first time on emulsions at elevated pressure conditions. From the Dual-PLIF results, qualitative observations provided insight into the unique dispersion of oil and water concentrations within a cross-sectional plane down stream of the jet-in-crossflow injection.

Agglutination of intravenously administered phosphatidylcholine-containing lipid emulsions with serum C-reactive protein.

PubMed

Tugirimana, Pierrot; Speeckaert, Marijn M; Fiers, Tom; De Buyzere, Marc L; Kint, Jos; Benoit, Dominique; Delanghe, Joris R

2013-04-01

C-reactive protein (CRP) is able to bind phospholipids in the presence of calcium. We wanted to investigate the reaction of CRP with various commercial fat emulsions and to explore the impact of CRP agglutination on serum CRP levels. Serum specimens were mixed with Intralipid 20% (soybean oil-based fat emulsion), Structolipid (structured oil-based fat emulsion), Omegaven (fish oil-based fat emulsion), or SMOFlipid (mixed soybean oil-, olive oil-, and fish oil-based emulsion) in Tris-calcium buffer (pH 7.5). After 30 minutes of incubation at 37°C, CRP-phospholipid complexes were turbidimetrically quantified and flow cytometric analysis was performed. Similarly, CRP complexes were monitored in vivo, following administration of fat emulsion. CRP was able to agglutinate phospholipid-containing lipid droplets present in the soybean oil-based fat emulsion and the structured oil-based fat emulsion. To a lesser extent, agglutination was observed for fish oil-containing fat emulsions, whereas no agglutination was noticed for the mixed soybean oil-, olive oil-, and fish oil-based emulsion. Results for propofol-containing emulsions were comparable. Agglutination correlated with phospholipid content of the emulsions. When in vivo agglutination occurred, plasma CRP values dropped due to consumption of CRP by phospholipid-induced agglutination. In this in vitro experiment, we demonstrated agglutination of CRP with phospholipids in various fat emulsions. Research studies are required in patients to determine which effects occur with various intravenous fat emulsions.

A new scanning system for alpha decay events as calibration sources for range-energy relation in nuclear emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshida, J.; Kinbara, S.; Mishina, A.; Nakazawa, K.; Soe, M. K.; Theint, A. M. M.; Tint, K. T.

2017-03-01

A new scanning system named "Vertex picker" has been developed to rapid collect alpha decay events, which are calibration sources for the range-energy relation in nuclear emulsion. A computer-controlled optical microscope scans emulsion layers exhaustively, and a high-speed and high-resolution camera takes their micrographs. A dedicated image processing picks out vertex-like shapes. Practical operations of alpha decay search were demonstrated by emulsion sheets of the KEK-PS E373 experiment. Alpha decays of nearly 28 events were detected in eye-check work on a PC monitor per hour. This yield is nearly 20 times more effective than that by the conventional eye-scan method. The speed and quality is acceptable for the coming new experiment, J-PARC E07.

A quality by design approach to optimization of emulsions for electrospinning using factorial and D-optimal designs.

PubMed

Badawi, Mariam A; El-Khordagui, Labiba K

2014-07-16

Emulsion electrospinning is a multifactorial process used to generate nanofibers loaded with hydrophilic drugs or macromolecules for diverse biomedical applications. Emulsion electrospinnability is greatly impacted by the emulsion pharmaceutical attributes. The aim of this study was to apply a quality by design (QbD) approach based on design of experiments as a risk-based proactive approach to achieve predictable critical quality attributes (CQAs) in w/o emulsions for electrospinning. Polycaprolactone (PCL)-thickened w/o emulsions containing doxycycline HCl were formulated using a Span 60/sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) emulsifier blend. The identified emulsion CQAs (stability, viscosity and conductivity) were linked with electrospinnability using a 3(3) factorial design to optimize emulsion composition for phase stability and a D-optimal design to optimize stable emulsions for viscosity and conductivity after shifting the design space. The three independent variables, emulsifier blend composition, organic:aqueous phase ratio and polymer concentration, had a significant effect (p<0.05) on emulsion CQAs, the emulsifier blend composition exerting prominent main and interaction effects. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of emulsion-electrospun NFs and desirability functions allowed modeling of emulsion CQAs to predict electrospinnable formulations. A QbD approach successfully built quality in electrospinnable emulsions, allowing development of hydrophilic drug-loaded nanofibers with desired morphological characteristics. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Topical delivery of acetyl hexapeptide-8 from different emulsions: influence of emulsion composition and internal structure.

PubMed

Hoppel, Magdalena; Reznicek, Gottfried; Kählig, Hanspeter; Kotisch, Harald; Resch, Günter P; Valenta, Claudia

2015-02-20

Acetyl hexapeptide-8 (AH-8) is a well-known component of anti-aging products and was recently explored as a promising topical treatment of blepharospasm. Although AH-8 appears in a variety of cosmetic products, its skin penetration is sparsely studied and controversially discussed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the vehicle type on the AH-8 delivery to the skin. Besides skin permeation experiments with Franz type diffusion cells, the spatial distribution of AH-8 in the stratum corneum after a real in-use application was investigated by in vitro tape stripping on porcine ear skin. By applying LC-MS/MS for quantification of AH-8, we demonstrated that a multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion can significantly increase penetration of AH-8 into porcine skin compared to simple O/W and W/O emulsions. The internal structure of the developed multiple emulsion was confirmed by electron microscopic investigations and NMR self diffusion studies. In general, a clear superiority of water-rich W/O/W and O/W emulsions over an oil-rich W/O emulsion in terms of dermal delivery of AH-8 was found. This enhanced delivery of AH-8 could be explained by an increased absorption of the water-rich emulsions into the skin, confirmed by combined ATR-FTIR and tape stripping experiments. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Production of twin /Λ-hypernuclei from Ξ- hyperon capture at rest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ichikawa, A.; Ahn, J. K.; Akikawa, H.; Aoki, S.; Arai, K.; Bahk, S. Y.; Baik, K. M.; Bassalleck, B.; Chung, J. H.; Chung, M. S.; Hoshino, K.; Ieiri, M.; Imai, K.; Iwata, Y. H.; Iwata, Y. S.; Kanda, H.; Kaneko, M.; Kawai, T.; Kim, C. O.; Kim, J. Y.; Kim, S. J.; Kim, S. H.; Kondo, Y.; Kouketsu, T.; Lee, Y. L.; McNabb, J. W. C.; Mitsuhara, M.; Nagase, Y.; Nagoshi, C.; Nakazawa, K.; Noumi, H.; Ogawa, S.; Okabe, H.; Oyama, K.; Park, H. M.; Park, I. G.; Parker, J.; Ra, Y. S.; Rhee, J. T.; Rusek, A.; Shibuya, H.; Sim, K. S.; Saha, P. K.; Seki, D.; Sekimoto, M.; Song, J. S.; Takahashi, H.; Takahashi, T.; Takeutchi, F.; Tanaka, H.; Tanida, K.; Tojo, J.; Torii, H.; Torikai, S.; Ushida, N.; Yamamoto, K.; Yasuda, N.; Yang, J. T.; Yoon, C. J.; Yoon, C. S.; Yosoi, M.; Yoshida, T.; Zhu, L.

2001-02-01

A hybrid emulsion experiment was carried out to study double-strangeness nuclei produced via Ξ- hyperon capture at rest with the expectation of ten times larger statistics than previous experiments. We have analyzed 5% of the total emulsion and found one ``twin-hypernuclei'' event involving the emission of two single-/Λ hypernuclei and a nuclear fragment from a Ξ- hyperon stopping point. The event is interpreted as the decay of a Ξ-+14N atomic system to 5ΛHe+5ΛHe+4He+neutron. The species of the Ξ--atom and the fragmentation products are uniquely identified for the first time for twin-hypernuclei events. Combined with the results from a past hybrid-emulsion experiment, one double-/Λ hypernucleus and three twin-hypernuclei events have been found from Ξ- captures on light emulsion nuclei. The ratio of the detected rate of double-/Λ hypernuclei to that of twin-hypernuclei is compared with theoretical estimates.

New analysis of nuclear interaction observed by Mt. Kanbara emulsion chamber experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nanjo, H.

1985-01-01

To date the analysis of the air cascade family has been performed using a full Monte Carlo simulation. It is difficult to draw a definite conclusion about the interaction mechanism by using only this kind of simulation. On the other hand, attempts to reproduce the original gamma ray at the interaction point, for example decascading, have also been made. This method makes it possible to observe the interaction directly and to analyze the data from various angles. All of these methods, however, assume a constant ER in the cascade shower, where E is energy and R is the distance from the center of the cascade shower. It is impossible to reproduce the exact interaction height and energy by these methods. A relative method in separating one cascade shower from others is adopted. This method makes it possible to estimate the interaction height and energy by using information about the lateral spread of the cascade shower.

Improving the detection efficiency in nuclear emulsion trackers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexandrov, A.; Bozza, C.; Buonaura, A.; Consiglio, L.; D`Ambrosio, N.; Lellis, G. De; De Serio, M.; Di Capua, F.; Di Crescenzo, A.; Di Ferdinando, D.; Di Marco, N.; Fini, R. A.; Galati, G.; Giacomelli, G.; Grella, G.; Hosseini, B.; Kose, U.; Lauria, A.; Longhin, A.; Mandrioli, G.; Mauri, N.; Medinaceli, E.; Montesi, M. C.; Paoloni, A.; Pastore, A.; Patrizii, L.; Pozzato, M.; Pupilli, F.; Rescigno, R.; Roda, M.; Rosa, G.; Schembri, A.; Shchedrina, T.; Simone, S.; Sioli, M.; Sirignano, C.; Sirri, G.; Spinetti, M.; Stellacci, S. M.; Tenti, M.; Tioukov, V.

2015-03-01

Nuclear emulsion films are a tracking device with unique space resolution. Their use in nowadays large-scale experiments relies on the availability of automated microscope operating at very high speed. In this paper we describe the features and the latest improvements of the European Scanning System, a last-generation automated microscope for emulsion scanning. In particular, we present a new method for the recovery of tracking inefficiencies. Stacks of double coated emulsion films have been exposed to a 10 GeV/c pion beam. Efficiencies as high as 98% have been achieved for minimum ionising particle tracks perpendicular to the emulsion films and of 93% for tracks with tan(θ) ≃ 0.8.

Fish oil–based lipid emulsions in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease: An ongoing positive experience

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

We previously reported the beneficial effect of fish oil-based lipid emulsions (FOLEs) as monotherapy in the treatment of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). In this report, we share our ongoing experience at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, in the use of FOLE in treatment of P...

GPU applications for data processing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vladymyrov, Mykhailo, E-mail: mykhailo.vladymyrov@cern.ch; Aleksandrov, Andrey; INFN sezione di Napoli, I-80125 Napoli

2015-12-31

Modern experiments that use nuclear photoemulsion imply fast and efficient data acquisition from the emulsion can be performed. The new approaches in developing scanning systems require real-time processing of large amount of data. Methods that use Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) computing power for emulsion data processing are presented here. It is shown how the GPU-accelerated emulsion processing helped us to rise the scanning speed by factor of nine.

An easily regenerable enzyme reactor prepared from polymerized high internal phase emulsions.

PubMed

Ruan, Guihua; Wu, Zhenwei; Huang, Yipeng; Wei, Meiping; Su, Rihui; Du, Fuyou

2016-04-22

A large-scale high-efficient enzyme reactor based on polymerized high internal phase emulsion monolith (polyHIPE) was prepared. First, a porous cross-linked polyHIPE monolith was prepared by in-situ thermal polymerization of a high internal phase emulsion containing styrene, divinylbenzene and polyglutaraldehyde. The enzyme of TPCK-Trypsin was then immobilized on the monolithic polyHIPE. The performance of the resultant enzyme reactor was assessed according to the conversion ability of Nα-benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester to Nα-benzoyl-l-arginine, and the protein digestibility of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cytochrome (Cyt-C). The results showed that the prepared enzyme reactor exhibited high enzyme immobilization efficiency and fast and easy-control protein digestibility. BSA and Cyt-C could be digested in 10 min with sequence coverage of 59% and 78%, respectively. The peptides and residual protein could be easily rinsed out from reactor and the reactor could be regenerated easily with 4 M HCl without any structure destruction. Properties of multiple interconnected chambers with good permeability, fast digestion facility and easily reproducibility indicated that the polyHIPE enzyme reactor was a good selector potentially applied in proteomics and catalysis areas. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

GEMINI-TITAN (GT)-XI - MISC. EXPERIMENTS - MSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1966-03-22

S66-05515 (2 June 1966) --- Gemini-11 Experiment S-9 Nuclear Emulsion. This experiment will be used to study the cosmic radiation incident on Earth's atmosphere, to obtain detailed chemical composition of the heavy primary nuclei and to search for rare particles. Equipment is a rectangular package eight and a half by six by three inches weighing 15 pounds and including the nuclear emulsion film stack, motor to advance the emulsion and a timer to regulate the motor. The package is mounted atop the spacecraft retro adapter section prior to launch, is activated at insertion, and is retrieved by the EVA pilot. The experiment is conducted with the spacecraft in plus or minus 15 degrees of Earth's average magnetic field vector. Sponsors are NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratories. Photo credit: NASA

Rapid crystallization and morphological adjustment of zeolite ZSM-5 in nonionic emulsions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang Ying, E-mail: yingzh1977@163.co; Jin Chao; Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083

2011-01-15

Zeolite ZSM-5 was synthesized for the first time in a nonionic emulsion composed of polyoxyethylated alkylphenol, butanol, cyclohexane and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH)-containing zeolite synthesis mixture. The crystallization kinetics in the emulsion was investigated and the ZSM-5 product was characterized in detail by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TG, N{sub 2} adsorption and CHN analysis techniques. Compared with the conventionally hydrothermal synthesis with the same structure directing agent TEAOH, the emulsion system allows rapid crystallization of ZSM-5. The ZSM-5 product exhibits unusual agglomerated structure and possesses larger specific surface area. The FT-IR, TG results plus CHN analysis show the encapsulation of a tracemore » of emulsion components in the emulsion ZSM-5. Control experiments show the emulsion system exerts the crystallization induction and morphological adjustment effects mainly during the aging period. The effects are tentatively attributed to the confined space domains, surfactant-water interaction as well as surfactant-growing crystals interaction existing in the emulsion. -- Graphical abstract: The nonionic emulsion synthesis allows rapid crystallization and morphological adjustment of zeolite ZSM-5 compared with the conventional hydrothermal synthesis. Display Omitted« less

How does oil type determine emulsion characteristics in concentrated Na-caseinate emulsions?

PubMed

Tan, Hui Lin; McGrath, Kathryn M

2013-08-01

Macroscopic properties and ensemble average diffusion of concentrated (dispersed phase 50-60 wt%) Na-caseinate-stabilised emulsions for three different oils (soybean oil, palm olein and tetradecane) were explored. On a volume fraction basis, pulsed gradient stimulated echo (PGSTE)-NMR data show that droplet dynamics for all three systems are similar within a region of the emulsion morphology diagram. The exact limits of the emulsion space depend however on which oil is considered. The reduced solubility of tetradecane in water, and Na-caseinate in tetradecane, result in the stabilisation of flocs during formulation. Floc formation is not observed when soybean oil or palm olein is used under identical emulsion formulation conditions. Linear rheology experiments provide indirect evidence that the local structure and the properties of the thin film interfacial domain of tetradecane emulsions vary from those of soybean oil and palm olein emulsions. Collectively these data indicate that protein/oil interactions within a system dominate over specific oil droplet structure and size distribution, which are similar in the three systems. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of shuttle bay environment on UV sensitive photographic film results of measurements aboard STS-7 and STS-8

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kreplin, R. W.; Dohne, B.; Feldman, U.; Neupert, W. M.

1984-01-01

Schumann emulsions, having low gelatin content and no protective gelatin overcoating, are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions and handling. Experiments using this emulsion are to be flown on the space shuttle within the cargo-bay. Because the environment of the cargo-bay is unknown, a Get-Away-Special payload was designed to expose Kodak-type SO 652 Schumann emulsion to the residual atmosphere of the cargo-bay. The experiment was programmed to make exposures for various time periods to determine the maximum length of time the film could be exposed in making a measurement and what precautions would be required to preserve the film during ascent into orbit and reentry. The results of the STS-7 and STS-8 flights indicated that long exposures in the shuttle bay do not produce high fog levels in orbit. Observations of severe bleaching of the latent image makes protection of the emulsion during reentry manditory and increase of fog levels with time set a limit of four weeks (preferably less than three) between installation and recovery of the emulsion for processing.

Application of mathematical planning in production of filled emulsion rubbers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pugacheva, I. N.; Molokanova, L. V.; Popova, L. V.; Repin, P. S.

2018-05-01

The applicability of mathematical planning of experiment in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering, in particular in the industrial production of synthetic rubbers, is considered in the article. Possibility of using secondary material resources, which are waste products of light industry, in the production of elastomeric compositions is studied. The method of obtaining a powdered cellulose additive from wastes containing cellulose fiber is described. The best way of introducing the obtained additive into elastomeric compositions based on the emulsion rubber is established. Optimal conditions for obtaining filled emulsion rubber with the help of a powdered cellulose additive were established basing on the mathematical planning of experiment.

Microfluidic preparation and self diffusion PFG-NMR analysis of monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions.

PubMed

Hughes, Eric; Maan, Abid Aslam; Acquistapace, Simone; Burbidge, Adam; Johns, Michael L; Gunes, Deniz Z; Clausen, Pascal; Syrbe, Axel; Hugo, Julien; Schroen, Karin; Miralles, Vincent; Atkins, Tim; Gray, Richard; Homewood, Philip; Zick, Klaus

2013-01-01

Monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water (WOW) double emulsions have been prepared using microfluidic glass devices designed and built primarily from off the shelf components. The systems were easy to assemble and use. They were capable of producing double emulsions with an outer droplet size from 100 to 40 μm. Depending on how the devices were operated, double emulsions containing either single or multiple water droplets could be produced. Pulsed-field gradient self-diffusion NMR experiments have been performed on the monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions to obtain information on the inner water droplet diameter and the distribution of the water in the different phases of the double emulsion. This has been achieved by applying regularization methods to the self-diffusion data. Using these methods the stability of the double emulsions to osmotic pressure imbalance has been followed by observing the change in the size of the inner water droplets over time. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rapid, chemical-free breaking of microfluidic emulsions with a hand-held antistatic gun

PubMed Central

Shahi, Payam; Abate, Adam R.

2017-01-01

Droplet microfluidics can form and process millions of picoliter droplets with speed and ease, allowing the execution of huge numbers of biological reactions for high-throughput studies. However, at the conclusion of most experiments, the emulsions must be broken to recover and analyze their contents. This is usually achieved with demulsifiers, like perfluorooctanol and chloroform, which can interfere with downstream reactions and harm cells. Here, we describe a simple approach to rapidly and efficiently break microfluidic emulsions, which requires no chemicals. Our method allows one-pot multi-step reactions, making it useful for large scale automated processing of reactions requiring demulsification. Using a hand-held antistatic gun, we pulse emulsions with the electric field, coalescing ∼100 μl of droplets in ∼10 s. We show that while emulsions broken with chemical demulsifiers exhibit potent PCR inhibition, the antistatic-broken emulsions amplify efficiently. The ability to break emulsions quickly without chemicals should make our approach valuable for most demulsification needs in microfluidics. PMID:28794817

Study on preparation and formation mechanism of n-alkanol/water emulsion using alpha-cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Hashizaki, Kaname; Kageyama, Takashi; Inoue, Motoki; Taguchi, Hiroyuki; Ueda, Haruhisa; Saito, Yoshihiro

2007-11-01

Surfactants are usually used for the preparation of emulsions; however, some have an adverse effect on the human body such as skin irritation, hemolysis, and protein denaturation, etc. In this study, we examined the preparation and formation mechanism of n-alkanol/water emulsions using alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) as an emulsifier. Emulsions were prepared by mixing oil and water phases for 4 min at 2500 rpm using a vortex mixer. The mechanism of emulsification was investigated with some physico-chemical techniques. From phase diagrams of n-alkanol/alpha-CD/water systems, the emulsion phase extended as the chain length of n-alkanols and the amount of alpha-CD added increased. Furthermore, the emulsion was not formed in the region where the n-alkanol/alpha-CD complex didn't precipitate; however, the emulsion was formed in the region where the complex precipitated. In addition, it was clear that the emulsions have a yield stress value and correspond to the Maxwell model from rheological measurement. Our experiments clearly showed that the stable emulsions are formed because the precipitated complexes form a dense film at the oil-water interface and prevent aggregation among dispersed phases. Furthermore, it is suggested that the creation of a three-dimensional network structure formed by precipitated complexes in the continuous phase contributes to the stabilization of the emulsion. Thus, we concluded that the n-alkanol/water emulsions using alpha-cyclodextrin were a kind of the Pickering emulsion.

Bond Graph Modeling and Validation of an Energy Regenerative System for Emulsion Pump Tests

PubMed Central

Li, Yilei; Zhu, Zhencai; Chen, Guoan

2014-01-01

The test system for emulsion pump is facing serious challenges due to its huge energy consumption and waste nowadays. To settle this energy issue, a novel energy regenerative system (ERS) for emulsion pump tests is briefly introduced at first. Modeling such an ERS of multienergy domains needs a unified and systematic approach. Bond graph modeling is well suited for this task. The bond graph model of this ERS is developed by first considering the separate components before assembling them together and so is the state-space equation. Both numerical simulation and experiments are carried out to validate the bond graph model of this ERS. Moreover the simulation and experiments results show that this ERS not only satisfies the test requirements, but also could save at least 25% of energy consumption as compared to the original test system, demonstrating that it is a promising method of energy regeneration for emulsion pump tests. PMID:24967428

Responsiveness of emulsions stabilized by lactoferrin nano-particles to simulated intestinal conditions.

PubMed

Meshulam, Dafna; Lesmes, Uri

2014-01-01

There is an upsurge of interest in the use of nano-particles to fabricate emulsions and modulate their functionality, with particular emphasis on modulating emulsion digestive fate. Food grade nano-particles formed through controlled processing and electrostatic biopolymer interactions are yet to be systematically studied for their ability to stabilize emulsions and modulate emulsion digestibility. This study focused on the responsiveness of emulsions stabilized by lactoferrin (LF) nano-particles (NPs) and dietary fibers to key digestive parameters. Compared to native LF, LF-NPs comprised emulsion exhibited elevated creaming rates as evident from accelerated stability tests performed by analytical centrifugation. The electrostatic deposition of alginate or carrageenan onto the LF-NPs significantly improved the stability of the corresponding emulsions. Further, the use of various nano-particles showed to have both beneficial and deleterious effects on emulsion responsiveness to pH (2.0 < pH < 10.0), CaCl2 (0-40 mM) and bile (0-25 mg mL(-1)). Simulated pH-stat lipolysis experiments show that the use of LF or LF-NPs had no marked effect on lipolysis. Intriguingly, the use of LF-NPs and alginate reduced emulsion lipolysis by 14% while the use of LF-NPs and carrageenan increased lipolysis by 10%. Microscopy images as well as droplet characterization in terms of size and charge indicate that the altered emulsion responsiveness may be due to physical differences in emulsion properties (e.g. droplet size) and overall organization during digestion (e.g. aggregation vs. coalescence). Overall, this study's insights could prospectively be used to harness protein nano-particles to tweak emulsion behavior during digestion.

Influence of the Supramolecular Micro-Assembly of Multiple Emulsions on their Biopharmaceutical Features and In vivo Therapeutic Response.

PubMed

Cilurzo, Felisa; Cristiano, Maria Chiara; Di Marzio, Luisa; Cosco, Donato; Carafa, Maria; Ventura, Cinzia Anna; Fresta, Massimo; Paolino, Donatella

2015-01-01

The ability of some surfactants to self-assemble in a water/oil bi-phase environment thus forming supramolecular structure leading to the formation of w/o/w multiple emulsions was investigated. The w/o/w multiple emulsions obtained by self-assembling (one-step preparation method) were compared with those prepared following the traditional two-step procedure. Methyl-nicotinate was used as a hydrophilic model drug. The formation of the multiple emulsion structure was evidenced by optical microscopy, which showed a mean size of the inner oil droplets of 6 μm and 10 μm for one-step and two-step multiple emulsions, respectively. The in vitrobiopharmaceutical features of the various w/o/w multiple emulsion formulations were evaluated by means of viscosimetry studies, drug release and in vitro percutaneous permeation experiments through human stratum corneum and viable epidermis membranes. The self-assembled multiple emulsions allowed a more gradual percutaneous permeation (a zero-order permeation rate) than the two-step ones. The in vivotopical carrier properties of the two different multiple emulsions were evaluated on healthy human volunteers by using the spectrophotometry of reflectance, an in vivonon invasive method. These multiple emulsion systems were also compared with conventional emulsion formulations. Our findings demonstrated that the multiple emulsions obtained by self-assembling were able to provide a more sustained drug delivery into the skin and hence a longer therapeutic action than two-step multiple emulsions and conventional emulsion formulations. Finally, our findings showed that the supramolecular micro-assembly of multiple emulsions was able to influence not only the biopharmaceutical characteristics but also the potential in vivotherapeutic response.

W/O/W multiple emulsions with diclofenac sodium.

PubMed

Lindenstruth, Kai; Müller, Bernd W

2004-11-01

The disperse oil droplets of W/O/W multiple emulsions contain small water droplets, in which drugs could be incorporated, but the structure of these emulsions is also the reason for possible instability. Due to the middle oil phase which acts as a 'semipermeable' membrane the passage of water across the oil phase can take place. However, the emulsions have been produced in a two-step-production process so not only the leakage of encapsulated drug molecules out of the inner water phase during storage but also a production-induced reduction of the encapsulation rate should be considered. The aim of this study was to ascertain how far the production-induced reduction of the encapsulation rate relates to the size of inner water droplets and to evaluate the relevance of multiple emulsions as drug carrier for diclofenac sodium. Therefore multiple emulsions were produced according to a central composite design. During the second production step it was observed that the parameters pressure and temperature have an influence on the size of the oil droplets in the W/O/W multiple emulsions. Further experiments with different W/O emulsions resulted in W/O/W multiple emulsions with different encapsulation rates of diclofenac sodium, due to the different sizes of the inner water droplets, which were obtained in the first production step.

Transport and Retention of Concentrated Oil-in-Water Emulsions in Sandy Porous Media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muller, K.; Esahani, S. G.; Steven, C. C.; Ramsburg, A.

2015-12-01

Oil-in-water emulsions are widely employed to promote biotic reduction of contaminants; however, emulsions can also be used to encapsulate and deliver active ingredients required for long-term subsurface treatment. Our research focuses on encapsulating alkalinity-releasing particles in oil-in-water emulsions for sustained control of subsurface pH. Typical characteristics of these emulsions include kinetically stable for >20 hr; 20% soybean oil; 1 g/mL density; 8-10 cP viscosity; and 1.5 μm droplet d50, with emulsions developed for favorable subsurface delivery. The viscosity of the oil-in-water emulsions was found to be a function of oil content. Ultimately we aim to model both emulsion delivery and alkalinity release (from retained emulsion droplets) to provide a description of pH treatment. Emulsion transport and retention was investigated via a series of 1-d column experiments using varying particle size fractions of Ottawa sand. Emulsions were introduced for approximately two pore volumes followed by a flush of background solution (approx. ρ=1 g/mL; μ=1cP). Emulsion breakthrough curves exhibit an early fall on the backside of the breakthrough curve along with tailing. Deposition profiles are found to be hyper-exponential and unaffected by extended periods of background flow. Particle transport models established for dilute suspensions are unable to describe the transport of the concentrated emulsions considered here. Thus, we explore the relative importance of additional processes driving concentrated droplet transport and retention. Focus is placed on evaluating the role of attachment-detachment-straining processes, as well as the influence of mixing from both viscous instabilities and variable water saturation due to deposited mass.

Track reconstruction in the emulsion-lead target of the OPERA experiment using the ESS microscope

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arrabito, L.; Bozza, C.; Buontempo, S.; Consiglio, L.; Cozzi, M.; D'Ambrosio, N.; DeLellis, G.; DeSerio, M.; Di Capua, F.; Di Ferdinando, D.; Di Marco, N.; Ereditato, A.; Esposito, L. S.; Fini, R. A.; Giacomelli, G.; Giorgini, M.; Grella, G.; Ieva, M.; Janicsko Csathy, J.; Juget, F.; Kreslo, I.; Laktineh, I.; Manai, K.; Mandrioli, G.; Marotta, A.; Migliozzi, P.; Monacelli, P.; Moser, U.; Muciaccia, M. T.; Pastore, A.; Patrizii, L.; Petukhov, Y.; Pistillo, C.; Pozzato, M.; Romano, G.; Rosa, G.; Russo, A.; Savvinov, N.; Schembri, A.; Scotto Lavina, L.; Simone, S.; Sioli, M.; Sirignano, C.; Sirri, G.; Strolin, P.; Tioukov, V.; Waelchli, T.

2007-05-01

The OPERA experiment, designed to conclusively prove the existence of νμ→ντ oscillations in the atmospheric sector, makes use of a massive lead-nuclear emulsion target to observe the appearance of ντ's in the CNGS νμ beam. The location and analysis of the neutrino interactions in quasi real-time required the development of fast computer-controlled microscopes able to reconstruct particle tracks with sub-micron precision and high efficiency at a speed of ~20 cm2/h. This paper describes the performance in particle track reconstruction of the European Scanning System, a novel automatic microscope for the measurement of emulsion films developed for OPERA.

Slurry burner for mixture of carbonaceous material and water

DOEpatents

Nodd, Dennis G.; Walker, Richard J.

1987-01-01

A carbonaceous material-water slurry burner includes a high pressure tip-emulsion atomizer for directing a carbonaceous material-water slurry into a combustion chamber for burning therein without requiring a support fuel or oxygen enrichment of the combustion air. Introduction of the carbonaceous material-water slurry under pressure forces it through a fixed atomizer wherein the slurry is reduced to small droplets by mixing with an atomizing air flow and directed into the combustion chamber. The atomizer includes a swirler located immediately adjacent to where the fuel slurry is introduced into the combustion chamber and which has a single center channel through which the carbonaceous material-water slurry flows into a plurality of diverging channels continuous with the center channel from which the slurry exits the swirler immediately adjacent to an aperture in the combustion chamber. The swirler includes a plurality of slots around its periphery extending the length thereof through which the atomizing air flows and by means of which the atomizing air is deflected so as to exert a maximum shear force upon the carbonaceous material-water slurry as it exits the swirler and enters the combustion chamber. A circulating coolant system or boiler feed water is provided around the periphery of the burner along the length thereof to regulate burner operating temperature, eliminate atomizer plugging, and inhibit the generation of sparklers, thus increasing combustion efficiency. A secondary air source directs heated air into the combustion chamber to promote recirculation of the hot combustion gases within the combustion chamber.

Use of micro-emulsion technology for the directed evolution of antibodies.

PubMed

Buhr, Diane L; Acca, Felicity E; Holland, Erika G; Johnson, Katie; Maksymiuk, Gail M; Vaill, Ada; Kay, Brian K; Weitz, David A; Weiner, Michael P; Kiss, Margaret M

2012-09-01

Affinity reagents, such as antibodies, are needed to study protein expression patterns, sub-cellular localization, and post-translational modifications in complex mixtures and tissues. Phage Emulsion, Secretion, and Capture (ESCape) is a novel micro-emulsion technology that utilizes water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions for the identification and isolation of cells secreting phage particles that display desirable antibodies. Using this method, a large library of antibody-displaying phage will bind to beads in individual compartments. Rather than using biopanning on a large mixed population, phage micro-emulsion technology allows us to individually query clonal populations of amplified phage against the antigen. The use of emulsions to generate microdroplets has the promise of accelerating phage selection experiments by permitting fine discrimination of kinetic parameters for binding to targets. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of phage micro-emulsion technology to distinguish two scFvs with a 300-fold difference in binding affinities (100nM and 300pM, respectively). In addition, we describe the application of phage micro-emulsion technology for the selection of scFvs that are resistant to elevated temperatures. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Adelphi-Goddard emulsified fuel project. [using water/oil emulsions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1977-01-01

Thermal efficiency and particle emissions were studied using water/oil emulsions. These studies were done using number 2 and number 6 fuel oil. The number 6 oil had a sulfur content greater than one percent and experiments were conducted to remove the sulfur dioxide from the stack gases. Test findings include: (1) emulsion effected a reduction in soot at a low excess air levels; (2) a steam atomizing system will produce a water/oil emulsion. The fuel in the study was emulsified in the steam atomization process, hence, pre-emulsification did not yield a dramatic reduction in soot or an increase in thermal efficiency.

Histochemical study of brown-fat cells in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) in cultures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sokolov, V.E.; Boyadzhieva-Mikhailova, A.; Koncheva, L.

1985-11-01

The authors undertake the task of studying the synthesis of certain hormones by brown-fat cells. The authors used brown-fat cells from the golden hamster. The metabolism of brown-fat cells was studied on precultured cells, which made it possible to detect the synthesis of the studied substances rather than their accumulation in the organ. The authors conducted three experiments. First, fragments of brown fat were cultivated in diffusion chambers in vivo. Pieces of brown fat were cultivated in parallel in vitro on agar (organotypic cultures) and on plasma (histotypic cultures). During cultivation in diffusion chambers, the chambers were implanted in themore » abdominal cavity of young white rats. For in vitro cultivation, TCM 199 plus 15-20% calf serum was used. A total of 36 cultures with 12 cultures in each series of experiments were performed. The auto-radiographic studies of brown-fat cells were conducted on 24-hour cultures and on brown-fat fragments taken from the intact animal. The cultures were incubated with isotopes for 1 h. Either (/sup 3/H)lysine (87.3 Ci/mM specific activity), (/sup 3/H)arginine (16.7 Ci/mM), (/sup 3/H)glycerol (43 Ci/mM), or (/sup 3/H)cholesterol (43 Ci/mM) were added to the medium. After incubation, the cultures were washed three times in pure medium, fixed in Sierra fluid, and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin sections were covered with Ilford K/sub 2/ emulsion, and the preparations were exposed for 20 days at 4/sup 0/C temperature. Radio-immunological methods were used to study the accumulation of estradiol-17-beta in the culture medium by the Dobson method and that of testerone. The culture medium was taken on cultivation days 2,4,6,8, and 10. The medium was changed during cultivation every third day, which made it possible to judge the rates of accumulation of material with increase in the cultivation times.« less

Development of fish-based model systems with various microstructures.

PubMed

Verheyen, Davy; Baka, Maria; Glorieux, Seline; Duquenne, Barbara; Fraeye, Ilse; Skåra, Torstein; Van Impe, Jan F

2018-04-01

The effectiveness of predictive microbiology is limited by the lack of knowledge concerning the influence of food microstructure on microbial dynamics. Therefore, future modelling attempts should be based on experiments in structured food model systems as well as liquid systems. In this study, fish-based model systems with various microstructures were developed, i.e., two liquid systems (with and without xanthan gum), an emulsion, an aqueous gel, and a gelled emulsion. The microstructural effect was isolated by minimising compositional and physico-chemical changes among the different model systems. The systems were suitable for common growth and mild thermal inactivation experiments involving both homogeneous and surface inoculation. Average pH of the model systems was 6.36±0.03 and average a w was 0.988±0.002. The liquid system without xanthan gum behaved like a Newtonian fluid, while the emulsion and the liquid containing xanthan gum exhibited (non-Newtonian) pseudo-plastic behaviour. Both the aqueous gel and gelled emulsion were classified as strong gels, with a hardness of 1.35±0.07N and 1.25±0.05N, respectively. Fat droplet size of the emulsion and gelled emulsion model systems was evenly distributed around 1μm. In general, the set of model systems was proven to be suitable to study the influence of important aspects of food microstructure on microbial dynamics. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Pickering emulsions stabilized by biodegradable block copolymer micelles for controlled topical drug delivery.

PubMed

Laredj-Bourezg, Faiza; Bolzinger, Marie-Alexandrine; Pelletier, Jocelyne; Chevalier, Yves

2017-10-05

Surfactant-free biocompatible and biodegradable Pickering emulsions were investigated as vehicles for skin delivery of hydrophobic drugs. O/w emulsions of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil droplets loaded with all-trans retinol as a model hydrophobic drug were stabilized by block copolymer nanoparticles: either poly(lactide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-b-PEG) or poly(caprolactone)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-b-PEG). Those innovative emulsions were prepared using two different processes allowing drug loading either inside oil droplets or inside both oil droplets and non-adsorbed block copolymer nanoparticles. Skin absorption of retinol was investigated in vitro on pig skin biopsies using the Franz cell method. Supplementary experiments by confocal fluorescence microscopy allowed the visualization of skin absorption of the Nile Red dye on histological sections. Retinol and Nile Red absorption experiments showed the large accumulation of hydrophobic drugs in the stratum corneum for the Pickering emulsions compared to the surfactant-based emulsion and an oil solution. Loading drug inside both oil droplets and block copolymer nanoparticles enhanced again skin absorption of drugs, which was ascribed to the supplementary contribution of free block copolymer nanoparticles loaded with drug. Such effect allowed tuning drug delivery to skin over a wide range by means of a suitable selection of either the formulation or the drug loading process. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study the effect of polymers on the stability and rheological properties of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion muds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jha, Praveen Kumar; Mahto, Vikas; Saxena, Vinod Kumar

2018-05-01

A new type of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion systems, which were prepared by polymers such as xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and sodium lignosulfonate have been investigated for their properties as multifunctional emulsion muds with respect to rheological control and filtration control properties. Diesel oil was used as dispersed phase and KCl-brine as continuous phase in the developed emulsions. Initially, rheological parameters like apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, gel strength, and filtration control properties were measured using recommended practices. Emulsion stability was analyzed using steady state shear stress-shear rate and oscillatory (dynamic) rheological measurement techniques. The emulsions were found to exhibit shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) behavior. Experiments conducted for oscillatory rheological measurements have shown that emulsions are stable as per the stability criteria G' (elastic modulus) > G'' (loss modulus) and both are independent of changing ω (Frequency). These fluids have shown stable properties upto 70°C which shows that they can be used as drilling muds for drilling oil and gas wells.

Tri-fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) emulsion characterization, stability and the corrosion effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Low, M. H.; Mukhtar, N. A. M.; Yohaness Hagos, Ftwi; Noor, M. M.

2017-10-01

This paper presents the result of experimenting emulsified tri-fuel in term of stability, physico-chemical properties and corrosion effect on three common metals. The results were interpreted in terms of the impact of five minutes emulsification approach. Tri-fuel emulsions were varied in proportion ratio consist of biodiesel; 0%, 5%, 10%, and ethanol; 5%, 10%, 15%. Fuel characterization includes density, calorific value, flash point, and kinematic viscosity. Flash point of tri-fuel emulsion came with range catalog. Calorific value of tri-fuel emulsion appeared in declining pattern as more ethanol and biodiesel were added. Biodiesel promoted flow resistance while ethanol with opposite effect. 15% ethanol content in tri-fuel emulsion separated faster than 10% ethanol content but ethanol content with 5% yield no phase separation at all. Close cap under static immersion with various ratio of tri-fuel emulsions for over a month, corrosiveness attack was detected via weight loss technique on aluminum, stainless steel and mild steel.

Lecithin-linker formulations for self-emulsifying delivery of nutraceuticals.

PubMed

Chu, Jacquelene; Cheng, Yu-Ling; Rao, A Venketeshwer; Nouraei, Mehdi; Zarate-Muñoz, Silvia; Acosta, Edgar J

2014-08-25

Lecithin-linker microemulsions are formulations produced with soybean lecithin in combination with a highly lipophilic (lipophilic linker) and highly hydrophilic (hydrophilic linkers) surfactant-like additives. In this work, lecithin-linker systems were formulated to produce self-emulsifying delivery systems for β-carotene and β-sitosterol. The concentration of the lipophilic linker, sorbitan monooleate, was adjusted to minimize the formation of liquid crystals. The concentration of hydrophilic linkers, decaglyceryl caprylate/caprate and PEG-6-caprylic/capric glycerides, was gradually increased (scanned) until single phase clear microemulsions were obtained. For these scans, the oil (ethyl caprate) to water ratio was set to 1. The single phase, clear microemulsions were diluted with fed-state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF) and produced stable emulsions, with drop sizes close to 200 nm. Using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to evaluate the process of dilution of microemulsion preconcentrates (mixtures of oil, lecithin and linkers with little or no water) with FeSSIF, it was determined that self-emulsifying systems are obtained when the early stages of the dilution produce single phase microemulsions. If liquid crystals or multiple phase systems are obtained during those early stages, then the emulsification yields unstable emulsions with large drop sizes. An in vitro permeability study conducted using a Flow-Thru Dialyzer revealed that stable emulsions with drop sizes of 150-300 nm produce large and irreversible permeation of β-carotene to sheep intestine. On the other hand, unstable emulsions produced without the linker combination separated in the dialyzer chamber. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A cosmic ray super high energy multicore family event. 2: Structure and fragmentation characteristics of the jets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Quarks and gluons are not directly observable, but may be displayed through fragmentation in the form of hadronic jets, the evidence of which was first revealed in cosmic ray interactions before the advent of the modern theory of strong interactions. Experimental results from ISR and SPPS collider rendered the jet phenomena more confident and definite. All the properties of jets observed up to now at ISR and SPPS collider are in agreement with the predictions of QCD. In order to make further test of QCD in still higher energy regions, detailed study of super high energy jet events in cosmic rays is very desirable. The event KO E19 observed in the Mt. Kambala emulsion chamber is an interesting event for such study. The general features of KO E19 is described. Its total visible energy is sigma E sub gamma = 1537 TeV(E sub min = 1.5 TeV) and production height H=(70 + or - 30)m, with a hadron as its primary particle. Besides about forty small clusters, there are five super high energy cores or jets, one lying near the center of the event while the other four surrounding it, having incident directions making small angles with that of the primary particle. Detailed analysis is done on the emulsion plates inserted in the chamber, making full use of their fine granularity, superior in detecting and analyzing jet events, specially their substructures.

Emulsion Droplet Combustion in Microgravity: Water/Heptane Emulsions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Avedisian, C. Thomas

1997-01-01

This presentation reviews a series of experiments to further examine parametric effects on sooting processes of droplet flames in microgravity. The particular focus is on a fuel droplet emulsified with water, specifically emulsions of n-heptane as the fuel-phase and water as the dispersed phase. Water was selected as the additive because of its anticipated effect on soot formation, and the heptane fuel phase was chosen to theoretically reduce the likelihood of microexplosions because its boiling point is nearly the same as that of water: 100 C for water and 98 C for heptane. The water content was varied while the initial droplet diameter was kept within a small range. The experiments were carried out in microgravity to reduce the effects of buoyancy and to promote spherical symmetry in the burning process. Spherically symmetric droplet burning is a convenient starting point for analysis, but experimental data are difficult to obtain for this situation as evidenced by the fact that no quantitative data have been reported on unsupported emulsion droplet combustion in a convection-free environment. The present study improves upon past work carried out on emulsion droplet combustion in microgravity which employed emulsion droplets suspended from a fiber. The fiber can be instrusive to the emulsion droplet burning process as it can promote coalescence of the dispersed water phase and heterogeneous nucleation on the fiber. Prior work has shown that the presence of water in liquid hydrocarbons can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on the combustion process. Water is known to reduce soot formation and radiation heat transfer to combustor walls Gollahalli (1979) reduce flame temperatures and thereby NOx emissions, and encourage secondary droplet atomization or microexplosion. Water also tends to retard ignition and and promote early extinction. The former effect restricted the range of water volume fractions as discussed below.

The effects of biomacromolecules on the physical stability of W/O/W emulsions.

PubMed

Li, Jinlong; Zhu, Yunping; Teng, Chao; Xiong, Ke; Yang, Ran; Li, Xiuting

2017-02-01

The effect of bovine serum albumin (BSA), whey protein isolate (WPI), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), sodium caseinate (SC), carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC), fish gelatin (FG), high methoxyl apple pectin (HMAP), low methoxyl apple pectin (LMAP), gum Arabic (GA), ι-carrageenan (CGN), and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCTS) on physical stability of internal or external aqueous phase of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions was evaluated. WPI and CGN in the internal aqueous phase, and GA, HPCTS, and CMC in the external phase reduced the size of emulsion droplets. BSA, WPI, SC, FG, CGN, and HPCTS improved the dilution stability of W/O/W emulsions, but HMAP had a negative effect. BSA, WPI, SC, FG, LMAP, GA, CGN, HPCTS, or CMC significantly improved the thermal stability of W/O/W emulsions. Results also indicated that the addition of CGN (1.0%), HMAP (1.0%), WPH (1.0%), or HPCTS (1.0%) in internal aqueous phase significantly increased the viscosity of emulsions, however, addition to the external aqueous phase had insignificant effects. A protein-knockout experiment confirmed that proteins as biomacromolecules, were the key factor in improving physical stability of emulsions.

Induction of Infection in Sesbania exaltata by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene Formulated in an Invert Emulsion

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In greenhouse experiments, an experimental invert emulsion (MSG 8.25) was tested as an adjuvant with spores of the mycoherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, a highly virulent pathogen of the leguminous weed Aeschynomene virginica (northern jointvetch), but non-pathoge...

Enhancement of the antimicrobial properties of bacteriophage-K via stabilization using oil-in-water nano-emulsions.

PubMed

Esteban, Patricia Perez; Alves, Diana R; Enright, Mark C; Bean, Jessica E; Gaudion, Alison; Jenkins, A T A; Young, Amber E R; Arnot, Tom C

2014-01-01

Bacteriophage therapy is a promising new treatment that may help overcome the threat posed by antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, which are increasingly identified in hospitalized patients. The development of biocompatible and sustainable vehicles for incorporation of viable bacterial viruses into a wound dressing is a promising alternative. This article evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of Bacteriophage K against Staphylococcus aureus over time, when stabilized and delivered via an oil-in-water nano-emulsion. Nano-emulsions were formulated via thermal phase inversion emulsification, and then bacterial growth was challenged with either native emulsion, or emulsion combined with Bacteriophage K. Bacteriophage infectivity, and the influence of storage time of the preparation, were assessed by turbidity measurements of bacterial samples. Newly prepared Bacteriophage K/nano-emulsion formulations have greater antimicrobial activity than freely suspended bacteriophage. The phage-loaded emulsions caused rapid and complete bacterial death of three different strains of S. aureus. The same effect was observed for preparations that were either stored at room temperature (18-20°C), or chilled at 4°C, for up to 10 days of storage. A response surface design of experiments was used to gain insight on the relative effects of the emulsion formulation on bacterial growth and phage lytic activity. More diluted emulsions had a less significant effect on bacterial growth, and diluted bacteriophage-emulsion preparations yielded greater antibacterial activity. The enhancement of bacteriophage activity when delivered via nano-emulsions is yet to be reported. This prompts further investigation into the use of these formulations for the development of novel anti-microbial wound management strategies. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Oil-in-oil emulsions stabilised solely by solid particles.

PubMed

Binks, Bernard P; Tyowua, Andrew T

2016-01-21

A brief review of the stabilisation of emulsions of two immiscible oils is given. We then describe the use of fumed silica particles coated with either hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon groups in acting as sole stabilisers of emulsions of various vegetable oils with linear silicone oils (PDMS) of different viscosity. Transitional phase inversion of emulsions, containing equal volumes of the two oils, from silicone-in-vegetable (S/V) to vegetable-in-silicone (V/S) occurs upon increasing the hydrophobicity of the particles. Close to inversion, emulsions are stable to coalescence and gravity-induced separation for at least one year. Increasing the viscosity of the silicone oil enables stable S/V emulsions to be prepared even with relatively hydrophilic particles. Predictions of emulsion type from calculated contact angles of a silica particle at the oil-oil interface are in agreement with experiment provided a small polar contribution to the surface energy of the oils is included. We also show that stable multiple emulsions of V/S/V can be prepared in a two-step procedure using two particle types of different hydrophobicity. At fixed particle concentration, catastrophic phase inversion of emulsions from V/S to S/V can be effected by increasing the volume fraction of vegetable oil. Finally, in the case of sunflower oil + 20 cS PDMS, the study is extended to particles other than silica which differ in chemical type, particle size and particle shape. Consistent with the above findings, we find that only sufficiently hydrophobic particles (clay, zinc oxide, silicone, calcium carbonate) can act as efficient V/S emulsion stabilisers.

Optical transmission measurements for in-line monitoring of turbid oil-water emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Metz, Philipp; Dopf, Katja; Aichholz, Markus; Riedel, Boris; Lemmer, Uli; Freudig, Barbara; Zimmermann, Clifton; Gerken, Martina

2014-05-01

For absorbing media the concentration may be calculated directly from the optical transmission following the logarithmic dependence given in the Lambert-Beer law. Due to multiple scattering events in oil-water emulsions (e.g. milk, cream, etc.), these exhibit a nonlinear relationship between the attenuation and the oil concentration. We demonstrate that for increasing oil content in oil-water emulsions the attenuation first increases, then levels out, and finally even decreases for a fat content of 60%. Single-wavelength optical transmission measurements are found to be well suited for the in-line monitoring of oil-water emulsions of fat contents below 20%, e.g., for the in-line fat content monitoring of milk. Using experiments and ray-tracing simulations we evaluate system optimization.

Nonlinear Dynamic Characteristics of Oil-in-Water Emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Zhaoqi; Han, Yunfeng; Ren, Yingyu; Yang, Qiuyi; Jin, Ningde

2016-08-01

In this article, the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions under the addition of surfactant were experimentally investigated. Firstly, based on the vertical upward oil-water two-phase flow experiment in 20 mm inner diameter (ID) testing pipe, dynamic response signals of oil-in-water emulsions were recorded using vertical multiple electrode array (VMEA) sensor. Afterwards, the recurrence plot (RP) algorithm and multi-scale weighted complexity entropy causality plane (MS-WCECP) were employed to analyse the nonlinear characteristics of the signals. The results show that the certainty is decreasing and the randomness is increasing with the increment of surfactant concentration. This article provides a novel method for revealing the nonlinear dynamic characteristics, complexity, and randomness of oil-in-water emulsions with experimental measurement signals.

Lipid Emulsion in Treatment of Local Anesthetic Toxicity.

PubMed

Collins, Shawn; Neubrander, Judy; Vorst, Zachary; Sheffield, Brad

2015-08-01

Epidural, spinal, regional, local, and intravenous administration of local anesthetics (LAs) is a cornerstone of anesthetic practice. LA toxicity is a grave consequence that is of great significance to anesthesia providers. Outcomes of LA toxicity range from inconvenient symptoms such as tinnitus, twitching, and hypotension to seizures; cardiovascular or respiratory collapse; and death. Lipid emulsion has emerged as a potential "magic bullet" in treating LA toxicity. This literature review provides background information and proposed mechanisms of action for LAs and lipid emulsion as well as animal experiments and a case report that speak to the effectiveness of lipid emulsion in the face of LA toxicity. Copyright © 2015 American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Investigation of the demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions formed when crude oil or fuel oil is spilt on the sea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, M.A.

The highly viscous water-in-oil emulsions, formed when crude or fuel oil is spilt at sea, are difficult to collect, and expensive to transport as they contain 50 to 80% water. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to determine the factors to be considered in the demulsification of these emulsions. The important factors were found to be the choice and amount of demulsifier, the temperature, and the time amount of mixing during the addition of the demulsifier. These preliminary findings will be used to develop large-scale demulsification systems for use at sea and on the beach, during collection of the emulsions.more » (Copyright (c) Crown Copyright 1980.)« less

Annatto Polymeric Microparticles: Natural Product Encapsulation by the Emulsion-Solvent Evaporation Method

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Teixeira, Zaine; Duran, Nelson; Guterres, Silvia S.

2008-01-01

In this experiment, the extract from annatto seeds was encapsulated in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) particles by the emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The particles were washed and centrifuged to remove excess stabilizer and then freeze-dried. The main compound of annatto seeds, bixin, has antioxidant properties as well…

Extremely high energy hadron and gamma-ray families(3). Core structure of the halo of superfamily

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yamashita, S.; Ohsawa, A.; Chinellato, J. A.; Shibuya, E. H.

1985-01-01

The study of the core structure seen in the halo of Mini-Andromeda 3(M.A.3), which was observed in the Chacaltaya emulsion chamber, is presented. On the assumption that lateral distribution of darkness of the core is exponential type, i.e., D=D0exp(-R/r0), subtraction of D from halo darkness is performed until the cores are gone. The same quantity on cores obtained by this way are summarized. The analysis is preliminary and is going to be developed.

Bespoke contrast-matched diblock copolymer nanoparticles enable the rational design of highly transparent Pickering double emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rymaruk, Matthew J.; Thompson, Kate L.; Derry, Matthew J.; Warren, Nicholas J.; Ratcliffe, Liam P. D.; Williams, Clive N.; Brown, Steven L.; Armes, Steven P.

2016-07-01

We report the preparation of highly transparent oil-in-water Pickering emulsions using contrast-matched organic nanoparticles. This is achieved via addition of judicious amounts of either sucrose or glycerol to an aqueous dispersion of poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)56-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)500 [PGMA-PTFEMA] diblock copolymer nanoparticles prior to high shear homogenization with an equal volume of n-dodecane. The resulting Pickering emulsions comprise polydisperse n-dodecane droplets of 20-100 μm diameter and exhibit up to 96% transmittance across the visible spectrum. In contrast, control experiments using non-contrast-matched poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)56-poly(benzyl methacrylate)300 [PGMA56-PBzMA300] diblock copolymer nanoparticles as a Pickering emulsifier only produced conventional highly turbid emulsions. Thus contrast-matching of the two immiscible phases is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the preparation of highly transparent Pickering emulsions: it is essential to use isorefractive nanoparticles in order to minimize light scattering. Furthermore, highly transparent oil-in-water-in-oil Pickering double emulsions can be obtained by homogenizing the contrast-matched oil-in-water Pickering emulsion prepared using the PGMA56-PTFEMA500 nanoparticles with a contrast-matched dispersion of hydrophobic poly(lauryl methacrylate)39-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)800 [PLMA39-PTFEMA800] diblock copolymer nanoparticles in n-dodecane. Finally, we show that an isorefractive oil-in-water Pickering emulsion enables fluorescence spectroscopy to be used to monitor the transport of water-insoluble small molecules (pyrene and benzophenone) between n-dodecane droplets. Such transport is significantly less efficient than that observed for the equivalent isorefractive surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Conventional turbid emulsions do not enable such a comparison to be made because the intense light scattering leads to substantial spectral attenuation.We report the preparation of highly transparent oil-in-water Pickering emulsions using contrast-matched organic nanoparticles. This is achieved via addition of judicious amounts of either sucrose or glycerol to an aqueous dispersion of poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)56-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)500 [PGMA-PTFEMA] diblock copolymer nanoparticles prior to high shear homogenization with an equal volume of n-dodecane. The resulting Pickering emulsions comprise polydisperse n-dodecane droplets of 20-100 μm diameter and exhibit up to 96% transmittance across the visible spectrum. In contrast, control experiments using non-contrast-matched poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)56-poly(benzyl methacrylate)300 [PGMA56-PBzMA300] diblock copolymer nanoparticles as a Pickering emulsifier only produced conventional highly turbid emulsions. Thus contrast-matching of the two immiscible phases is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the preparation of highly transparent Pickering emulsions: it is essential to use isorefractive nanoparticles in order to minimize light scattering. Furthermore, highly transparent oil-in-water-in-oil Pickering double emulsions can be obtained by homogenizing the contrast-matched oil-in-water Pickering emulsion prepared using the PGMA56-PTFEMA500 nanoparticles with a contrast-matched dispersion of hydrophobic poly(lauryl methacrylate)39-poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)800 [PLMA39-PTFEMA800] diblock copolymer nanoparticles in n-dodecane. Finally, we show that an isorefractive oil-in-water Pickering emulsion enables fluorescence spectroscopy to be used to monitor the transport of water-insoluble small molecules (pyrene and benzophenone) between n-dodecane droplets. Such transport is significantly less efficient than that observed for the equivalent isorefractive surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Conventional turbid emulsions do not enable such a comparison to be made because the intense light scattering leads to substantial spectral attenuation. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: GPC chromatograms, additional transmission electron micrographs, digital photographs, visible absorption spectra and laser diffraction data, further optical and fluorescence micrographs. See DOI: 10.1039/c6nr03856e

Indomethacin-5-fluorouracil-methyl ester dry emulsion: a potential oral delivery system for 5-fluorouracil.

PubMed

Wang, Jing; Hu, Yanchen; Li, Ling; Jiang, Tongying; Wang, Siling; Mo, Fengkui

2010-06-01

To produce a combined effect of indomethacin (IDM) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) for cancer therapy, the side effects of IDM on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were reduced and the oral adsorption of 5FU was improved. Indomethacin-5-fluorouracil-methyl ester (IFM) dry emulsion was prepared and evaluated as a potential oral delivery system for 5FU. IFM was synthesized by formation of an ester between IDM and 5FU intermediate and then characterized by structure, melting point, solubility, apparent partition coefficient, and incubation with GI tract contents and plasma. Gum acacia and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) were applied as the adsorbent and solid carrier to prepare IFM dry emulsion. IFM dry emulsion was then characterized by reconstitution in water and in situ intestinal perfusion experiment. Physicochemical properties of the new synthesized compound confirmed the formation of IFM. Incubation of IFM in the contents of the GI tract and plasma revealed that IFM was not relatively stable in GI contents during the time period of transit through the GI tract, whereas it was very unstable in plasma and released 5FU rapidly. The IFM dry emulsion could be easily reconstituted in water, and the mean particle size was 2.416 microm. The absorption rate constant (K) for IFM with concentration of 2, 5, and 10 microg/mL in the in situ perfusion experiment were 0.473, 0.423, and 0.433/h, respectively, demonstrating passive diffusion of IFM across the biological membranes. This study indicates that the IFM dry emulsion may represent a potentially useful oral delivery system for 5FU.

Discovery of naked charm particles and lifetime differences among charm species using nuclear emulsion techniques innovated in Japan

PubMed Central

NIU, Kiyoshi

2008-01-01

This is a historical review of the discovery of naked charm particles and lifetime differences among charm species. These discoveries in the field of cosmic-ray physics were made by the innovation of nuclear emulsion techniques in Japan. A pair of naked charm particles was discovered in 1971 in a cosmic-ray interaction, three years prior to the discovery of the hidden charm particle, J/Ψ, in western countries. Lifetime differences between charged and neutral charm particles were pointed out in 1975, which were later re-confirmed by the collaborative Experiment E531 at Fermilab. Japanese physicists led by K.Niu made essential contributions to it with improved emulsion techniques, complemented by electronic detectors. This review also discusses the discovery of artificially produced naked charm particles by us in an accelerator experiment at Fermilab in 1975 and of multiple-pair productions of charm particles in a single interaction in 1987 by the collaborative Experiment WA75 at CERN. PMID:18941283

Heterogeneous chemical reactions: Preparation of monodisperse latexes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanderhoff, J. W.; Micale, F. J.; El-Aasser, M. S.; Sterk, A. A.; Bethke, G. W.

1977-01-01

It is demonstrated that a photoinitiated emulsion polymerization can be carried out to a significant conversion in a SPAR rocket prototype polymerization vessel within the six minutes allowed for the experiment. The percentage of conversion was determined by both dilatometry and gravimetric methods with good agreement. The experimental results lead to the following conclusions: (1) emulsion polymerizations can be carried out to conversions as high as 75%, using a stable micellized styrene-SLS system plus photoinitiator; (2) dilatometry can be used to accurately determine both the rate and conversion of polymerization; (3) thermal expansion due to the light source and heat of reaction is small and can be corrected for if necessary; (4) although seeded emulsion polymerizations are unfavorable in photoinitiation, as opposed to chemical initiation, polymerizations can be carried out to at least 15% conversion using 7940A seed particles, with 0.05% solids; and (5) photoinitiation should be used to initiate polymerization in the SPAR rocket experiments because of the mechanical simplicity of the experiment.

Relating emulsion stability to interfacial properties for pharmaceutical emulsions stabilized by Pluronic F68 surfactant.

PubMed

Powell, Kristin Conrad; Damitz, Robert; Chauhan, Anuj

2017-04-15

We explore mechanisms of emulsion stability for several systems using Pluronic F68 and a range of oils commonly used in pharmaceutics and cosmetics. We report measurements of dynamic emulsion drop size, zeta potential, and creaming time, as well as dynamic interfacial tension and interfacial viscoelasticity. Experiments show that with 1wt% Pluronic F68, soybean oil emulsions were the most stable with no creaming over six months, followed by isopropyl myristate, octanoic acid, and then ethyl butyrate. The eventual destabilization occurred due to the rising of large drops which formed through Ostwald ripening and coalescence. While Ostwald ripening is important, it is not the dominant destabilization mechanism for the time scale of interest in pharmaceutical emulsions. The more significant destabilization mechanism, coalescence, is reduced through surfactant adsorption, which decreases surface tension, increases surface elasticity, and adds a stearic hindrance to collisions. Though the measured values of elasticity obtained using a standard oscillatory pendant drop method did not correlate to emulsion stability, this is because the frequencies for the measurements were orders of magnitude below those relevant to coalescence in emulsions. However, we show that the high frequency elasticity obtained by fitting the surface tension data to a Langmuir isotherm has very good correlation with the emulsion stability, indicating that the elasticity of the interface plays a key role in stabilizing these pharmaceutical formulations. Further, this study highlights how these important high frequency elasticity values can be easily estimated from surface isotherms. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nuclear Emulsion Analysis Methods of Locating Neutrino Interactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erickson, Carolyn Lee

2006-12-01

The Fermilab experiment 872 (DONUT) was the first to directly observe tau neutrinos in the charged current interactionV more » $$\\tau$$+N →$$\\tau$$ +X. The observation was made using a hybrid emulsion-spectrometer detector to identify the signature kink or trident decay of the tau particle. Although nuclear emulsion has the benefit of sub-micron resolution, its use incorporates difficulties such as significant distortions and a high density of data resulting from its continuously active state. Finding events and achieving sub-micron resolution in emulsion requires a multi-pronged strategy of tracking and vertex location to deal with these inherent difficulties. By applying the methods developed in this thesis, event location efficiency can be improved from a value of 58% to 87%.« less

Mass production of the large-sized nuclear plate for J-PARC E07

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ito, Hiroki; Nakazama, Kazuma; Hoshino, Kaoru; Yoshida, Jyunya; Tint, Khin Than; Soe, Mint Kyaw; Kinbara, Shinji; Mishina, Akihiro; Endo, Yoko; Kobayashi, Hidetaka; J-PARC E07 Collaboration

2014-09-01

In J-PARC E07, about 102 double lambda hypernuclei will be detected, which is 10 times or more than that of the KEK PS-E373 experiment. Therefore, it is necessary for large-scale emulsion plates to avoid time-consuming job for exchange emulsion stack in beam exposure. We also use huge amount of emulsion gel with weight of 2.1 t, which is about 3 times' quantity used for E373. Nuclear emulsion plate is made of photographic emulsion gel as a dry film. Melted gel in 40°C is poured on a thin polystyrene film in the size of 710 × 700 mm2. These sheets were dried slowly for two days in drying cabinet under 28°C and RH. 75%. After drying, the surface was coated by thin gelatin layer with 0.3 μm thickness. Regarding the 2nd face, it was poured and coated in the same manner. Finally we dry it well under 25°C and RH. 60% and cut into four 350 × 345 mm2 plates. We evaluated the performance about these plates. The length of upper, lower, right-hand and left-hand side are 345.08 +/- 0.05 mm, 345.23 +/- 0.13 mm, 350.03 +/- 0.04 mm, and 350.80 +/- 0.05 mm, respectively. The density is 3.676 +/- 0.032 g/cm3, enough quality for the experiment.

Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) control in rice (Oryza sativa) with the bioherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene formulated in an invert emulsion

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In greenhouse and field experiments, an invert emulsion (MSG 8.25) was tested with dried, formulated spores of the bioherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene, a highly virulent pathogen of the leguminous weed Aeschynomene virginica (northern jointvetch), but considered “...

A convenient method to prepare emulsified polyacrylate nanoparticles from powders [corrected] for drug delivery applications.

PubMed

Garay-Jimenez, Julio C; Turos, Edward

2011-08-01

We describe a method to obtain purified, polyacrylate nanoparticles in a homogeneous powdered form that can be readily reconstituted in aqueous media for in vivo applications. Polyacrylate-based nanoparticles can be easily prepared by emulsion polymerization using a 7:3 mixture of butyl acrylate and styrene in water containing sodium dodecyl sulfate as a surfactant and potassium persulfate as a water-soluble radical initiator. The resulting emulsions contain nanoparticles measuring 40-50 nm in diameter with uniform morphology, and can be purified by centrifugation and dialysis to remove larger coagulants as well as residual surfactant and monomers associated with toxicity. These purified emulsions can be lyophilized in the presence of maltose (a non-toxic cryoprotectant) to provide a homogeneous dried powder, which can be reconstituted as an emulsion by addition of an aqueous diluent. Dynamic light scattering and microbiological experiments were carried out on the reconstituted nanoparticles. This procedure allows for ready preparation of nanoparticle emulsions for drug delivery applications. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ultrasonic energy input influence οn the production of sub-micron o/w emulsions containing whey protein and common stabilizers.

PubMed

Kaltsa, O; Michon, C; Yanniotis, S; Mandala, I

2013-05-01

Ultrasonication may be a cost-effective emulsion formation technique, but its impact on emulsion final structure and droplet size needs to be further investigated. Olive oil emulsions (20wt%) were formulated (pH∼7) using whey protein (3wt%), three kinds of hydrocolloids (0.1-0.5wt%) and two different emulsification energy inputs (single- and two-stage, methods A and B, respectively). Formula and energy input effects on emulsion performance are discussed. Emulsions stability was evaluated over a 10-day storage period at 5°C recording the turbidity profiles of the emulsions. Optical micrographs, droplet size and viscosity values were also obtained. A differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) multiple cool-heat cyclic method (40 to -40°C) was performed to examine stability via crystallization phenomena of the dispersed phase. Ultrasonication energy input duplication from 11kJ to 25kJ (method B) resulted in stable emulsions production (reduction of back scattering values, dBS∼1% after 10days of storage) at 0.5wt% concentration of any of the stabilizers used. At lower gum amount samples became unstable due to depletion flocculation phenomena, regardless of emulsification energy input used. High energy input during ultrasonic emulsification also resulted in sub-micron oil-droplets emulsions (D(50)=0.615μm compared to D(50)=1.3μm using method A) with narrower particle size distribution and in viscosity reduction. DSC experiments revealed no presence of bulk oil formation, suggesting stability for XG 0.5wt% emulsions prepared by both methods. Reduced enthalpy values found when method B was applied suggesting structural modifications produced by extensive ultrasonication. Change of ultrasonication conditions results in significant changes of oil droplet size and stability of the produced emulsions. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of percutaneous permeation of repellent DEET and sunscreen oxybenzone from emulsion-based formulations in artificial membrane and human skin.

PubMed

Wang, Tao; Miller, Donald; Burczynski, Frank; Gu, Xiaochen

2014-02-01

Insect repellent DEET and sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone play an essential role in minimizing vector-borne diseases and skin cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsion type, addition of thickening agent and droplet size in three emulsion-based lotions on percutaneous permeation of DEET and oxybenzone using in vitro diffusion experiments, in order to minimize overall systemic permeation of the substances. Formulation C (water-in-oil emulsion) significantly increased overall permeation of DEET through human skin (56%) compared to Formulation A (oil-in-water emulsion). Formulation B (oil-in-water emulsion with thickening agent xanthan gum) significantly decreased the size of oil droplet containing DEET (16%), but no effect on oil droplets containing oxybenzone. Adding xanthan gum also increased overall permeation of DEET and oxybenzone (21% and 150%) when compared to Formulation A; presence of both ingredients in Formulation B further increased their permeation (36% and 23%) in comparison to its single counterparts. Overall permeation of oxybenzone through LDPE was significantly higher by 26%-628% than that through human skin; overall permeation of DEET through human skin was significantly higher by 64%-338% than that through LDPE.

Arrested of coalescence of emulsion droplets of arbitrary size

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mbanga, Badel L.; Burke, Christopher; Blair, Donald W.; Atherton, Timothy J.

2013-03-01

With applications ranging from food products to cosmetics via targeted drug delivery systems, structured anisotropic colloids provide an efficient way to control the structure, properties and functions of emulsions. When two fluid emulsion droplets are brought in contact, a reduction of the interfacial tension drives their coalescence into a larger droplet of the same total volume and reduced exposed area. This coalescence can be partially or totally hindered by the presence of nano or micron-size particles that coat the interface as in Pickering emulsions. We investigate numerically the dependance of the mechanical stability of these arrested shapes on the particles size, their shape anisotropy, their polydispersity, their interaction with the solvent, and the particle-particle interactions. We discuss structural shape changes that can be induced by tuning the particles interactions after arrest occurs, and provide design parameters for the relevant experiments.

High speed automated microtomography of nuclear emulsions and recent application

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tioukov, V.; Aleksandrov, A.; Consiglio, L.; De Lellis, G.; Vladymyrov, M.

2015-12-01

The development of high-speed automatic scanning systems was the key-factor for massive and successful emulsions application for big neutrino experiments like OPERA. The emulsion detector simplicity, the unprecedented sub-micron spatial resolution and the unique ability to provide intrinsically 3-dimensional spatial information make it a perfect device for short-living particles study, where the event topology should be precisely reconstructed in a 10-100 um scale vertex region. Recently the exceptional technological progress in image processing and automation together with intensive R&D done by Italian and Japanese microscopy groups permit to increase the scanning speed to unbelievable few years ago m2/day scale and so greatly extend the range of the possible applications for emulsion-based detectors to other fields like: medical imaging, directional dark matter search, nuclear physics, geological and industrial applications.

Preparation of Pickering Double Emulsions Using Block Copolymer Worms

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

The rational formulation of Pickering double emulsions is described using a judicious combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic block copolymer worms as highly anisotropic emulsifiers. More specifically, RAFT dispersion polymerization was utilized to prepare poly(lauryl methacrylate)–poly(benzyl methacrylate) worms at 20% w/w solids in n-dodecane and poly(glycerol monomethacrylate)–poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate)–poly(benzyl methacrylate) worms at 13% w/w solids in water by polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions can be readily prepared with mean droplet diameters ranging from 30 to 80 μm using a two-stage approach. First, a w/o precursor emulsion comprising 25 μm aqueous droplets is prepared using the hydrophobic worms, followed by encapsulation within oil droplets stabilized by the hydrophilic worms. The double emulsion droplet diameter and number of encapsulated water droplets can be readily varied by adjusting the stirring rate employed during the second stage. For each stage, the droplet volume fraction is relatively high at 0.50. The double emulsion nature of the final formulation was confirmed by optical and fluorescence microscopy studies. Such double emulsions are highly stable to coalescence, with little or no change in droplet diameter being detected over storage at 20 °C for 10 weeks as judged by laser diffraction. Preliminary experiments indicate that the complementary o/w/o emulsions can also be prepared using the same pair of worms by changing the order of homogenization, although somewhat lower droplet volume fractions were required in this case. Finally, we demonstrate that triple and even quadruple emulsions can be formulated using these new highly anisotropic Pickering emulsifiers. PMID:25834923

Bioactivity of Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanoemulsions Evaluated in Mice Model.

PubMed

Koutelidakis, Antonios E; Argyri, Konstantina; Sevastou, Zoi; Lamprinaki, Dimitra; Panagopoulou, Elli; Paximada, Evi; Sali, Aggeliki; Papalazarou, Vassilis; Mallouchos, Athanasios; Evageliou, Vasiliki; Kostourou, Vasiliki; Mantala, Ioanna; Kapsokefalou, Maria

2017-09-01

The hypothesis that incorporation of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) into nanoemulsions may increase its bioactivity compared with EGCG aqueous solutions was examined in mice. After an in vitro study in a model system with stimulated gastrointestinal conditions, the following EGCG nanoemulsions were used in a mice experiment: Emulsion I: emulsion water in oil (W/O), which contained 0.23 mg/mL EGCG in aqueous phase; Emulsion II: emulsion oil in water (O/W), which contained 10% olive oil and 0.23 mg/mL esterified EGCG in fatty phase; and Emulsion III: emulsion O/W in water (W1/O/W2; 8:32:60), which contained 32% olive oil and 0.23 mg/mL EGCG in aqueous phase. After 2 h of mice administration by gavage with 0.1 mL of EGCG nanoemulsions, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of plasma and some tissues (especially colon, jejunum, heart, spleen) was measured with Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assays. No toxic effects were observed after administration of 0.23 mg/mL esterified EGCG in CD1 mouse strain. The study concluded that administration of mice with the three EGCG nanoemulsions did not increase their TAC in specific tissues, compared with an aqueous EGCG solution at the same concentration. Nevertheless, the esterified EGCG emulsion (Emulsion II) exerted an increase in mice plasma compared with aqueous EGCG and showed higher values of TAC in several tissues, compared with Emulsions I and III. EGCG nanoemulsions could be considered a useful method in plethora functional food applications, but further research is required for safer results.

FASES FSL closeout photo

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-06-18

ISS040-E-014868 (18 June 2014) --- European Space Agency astronaut Alexander Gerst, Expedition 40 flight engineer, works with Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability (FASES) experiment hardware in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station. The emulsion study sponsored by ESA and located inside the Columbus laboratory Fluids Science Laboratory could lead to environmentally friendly products with industrial and space applications.

FASES FSL closeout photo

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-06-18

ISS040-E-014865 (18 June 2014) --- European Space Agency astronaut Alexander Gerst, Expedition 40 flight engineer, works with Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability (FASES) experiment hardware in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station. The emulsion study sponsored by ESA and located inside the Columbus laboratory Fluids Science Laboratory could lead to environmentally friendly products with industrial and space applications.

Natural polymer-stabilized multiple water-in-oil-in-water emulsions: a novel dermal drug delivery system for 5-fluorouracil.

PubMed

Hoppel, Magdalena; Mahrhauser, Denise; Stallinger, Christina; Wagner, Florian; Wirth, Michael; Valenta, Claudia

2014-05-01

The aim of this study was to create multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions with an increased long-term stability as skin delivery systems for the hydrophilic model drug 5-fluorouracil. Multiple W/O/W emulsions were prepared in a one-step emulsification process, and were characterized regarding particle size, microstructure and viscosity. In-vitro studies on porcine skin with Franz-type diffusion cells, tape stripping experiments and attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) were performed. The addition of Solagum AX, a natural polymer mixture of acacia and xanthan gum, led to multiple W/O/W emulsions with a remarkably increased long-term stability in comparison to formulations without a thickener. The higher skin diffusion of 5-fluorouracil from the multiple emulsions compared with an O/W-macroemulsion could be explained by ATR-FTIR. Shifts to higher wave numbers and increase of peak areas of the asymmetric and symmetric CH2 stretching vibrations confirmed a transition of parts of the skin lipids from an ordered to a disordered state after impregnation of porcine skin with the multiple emulsions. Solagum AX is highly suitable for stabilization of the created multiple emulsions. Moreover, these formulations showed superiority over a simple O/W-macroemulsion regarding skin permeation and penetration of 5-fluorouracil. © 2013 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fibrotic Profile of Fish Oil Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease

PubMed Central

Pastor-Clerigues, Alfonso; Marti-Bonmati, Ezequiel; Milara, Javier; Almudever, Patricia; Cortijo, Julio

2014-01-01

Home parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with many complications including severe hepatobiliary dysfunction. Commercial ω-6 fatty acid-soybean based-lipid emulsions in PN may mediate long term PN associate liver disease (PNALD) whereas ω-3-fish oil parenteral emulsions have shown to reverse PNALD in children. However, its clinical effectiveness in adults has been scarcely reported. In this work, we study the role of soybean and fish oil lipid commercial emulsions on inflammatory and profibrotic liver markers in adults with long term PNALD and in in vitro cellular models. Inflammatory and profibrotic markers were measured in serum of ten adults with long term PNALD and in culture supernatants of monocytes. Liver epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) to evaluate in vitro liver fibrosis. Omegaven®, a 100% fish oil commercial emulsion, was infused during four months in two patients with severe long term PNALD reversing, at the first month, the inflammatory, profibrotic and clinical parameters of PNALD. The effect was maintained during the treatment course but impaired when conventional lipid emulsions were reintroduced. The other patients under chronic soybean oil-based PN showed elevated inflammatory and profibrotic parameters. In vitro human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide induced a strong inflammatory response that was suppressed by Omegaven®, but increased by soybean emulsions. In other experiments, TGFβ1 induced EMT that was suppressed by Omegaven® and enhanced by soybean oil lipid emulsions. Omegaven® improves clinical, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic parameters in adults with long-term home PNALD. PMID:25502575

NORSE2015 - A Focused Experiment On Oil Emulsion Characterization Using PolSAR During the 2015 Norwegian Oil-On-Water Exercise

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Holt, B.; Jones, C. E.; Brekke, C.; Breivik, O.; Skrunes, S.; Espeseth, M.

2016-02-01

A targeted experiment in characterizing the properties and development of mineral oil slicks was undertaken by NASA, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, and the Norwegian Meteorological Institute during the 2015 Norwegian oil-on-water spill exercise in the North Sea (OPV2015). NORSE2015 (Norwegian Radar oil Spill Experiment) involved controlled release of plant oil and mineral emulsions of three different oil-to-water ratios, imaging of the slicks with satellite-borne synthetic aperture radars (SAR), and tracking their development with the NASA-UAVSAR instrument over a period of eight hours following release. During the experiment, in situ measurements were made from ship or aircraft with meteorological instruments, released drift buoys, and optical/IR imagers. The experiment was designed to provide validation data for development of a physical model relating polarization-dependent electromagnetic scattering to the dielectric properties of oil mixed with ocean water in a thick slick or emulsion. UAVSAR is a particularly low noise instrument, which enables detection of oil characteristics, and serves as the basis for a relative comparison of different radar frequencies and instruments in oil slick detection and characterization. The time series of UAVSAR polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) is used to track the spreading, movement, and change in backscatter of the different emulsion slicks and the plant oil, to look at movement relative to wind and wave directions, and to develop methods to differentiate between biogenic and mineral slicks based upon temporal changes in the slicks, including environment-driven changes. In this presentation, the experiment will be described and preliminary results presented. This work was carried out in part at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASA. The Norwegian experiment was partly financed by CIRFA - Centre for integrated remote sensing and forecasting for arctic operations.

Energy Calibration of the Scintillating Optical Fiber Calorimeter Chamber (SOFCAL)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christl, M. C.; Fountain, W. F.; Parnell, T.; Roberts, F. E.; Gregory, J. C.; Johnson, J.; Takahashi, Y.

1997-01-01

The Scintillating Optical Fiber Calorimeter (SOFCAL) detector is designed to make direct measures of the primary cosmic ray spectrum from -200 GeV/amu - 20 TeV/amu. The primary particles are resolved into groups according to their charge (p, He, CNO, Medium Z, Heavy Z) using both active and passive components integrated into the detector. The principal part of SOFCAL is a thin ionization calorimeter that measures the electromagnetic cascades that result from these energetic particles interacting in the detector. The calorimeter is divided into two sections: a thin passive emulsion/x-ray film calorimeter, and a fiber calorimeter that uses crossing layers of small scintillating optical fibers to sample the energy deposition of the cascades. The energy determination is made by fitting the fiber data to transition curves generated by Monte Carlo simulations. The fiber data must first be calibrated using the electron counts from the emulsion plates in the calorimeter for a small number of events. The technique and results of this calibration will be presented together with samples of the data from a balloon flight.

Multiple photon emission in heavy particle decays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Asakimori, K.; Burnett, T. H.; Cherry, M. L.; Christl, M. J.; Dake, S.; Derrickson, J. H.; Fountain, W. F.; Fuki, M.; Gregory, J. C.; Hayashi, T.

1994-01-01

Cosmic ray interactions, at energies above 1 TeV/nucleon, in emulsion chambers flown on high altitude balloons have yielded two events showing apparent decays of a heavy particle into one charged particle and four photons. The photons converted into electron pairs very close to the decay vertex. Attempts to explain this decay topology with known particle decays are presented. Unless both events represent a b yields u transition, which is statistically unlikely, then other known decay modes for charmed or bottom particles do not account satisfactorily for these observations. This could indicate, possibly, a new decay channel.

The Scintillating Optical Fiber Calorimeter Instrument Performance (SOFCAL)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christl, M. J.; Benson, C. M.; Berry, F. A.; Fountain, W. F.; Gregory, J. C.; Johnson, J. S.; Munroe, R. B.; Parnell, T. A.; Takahashi, Y.; Watts, J. W.

1999-01-01

SOFCAL is a balloon-borne instrument designed to measure the P-He cosmic ray spectra from about 200 GeV/amu - 20 TeV/amu. SOFCAL uses a thin lead and scintillating-fiber ionization calorimeter to measure the cascades produced by cosmic rays interacting in the hybrid detector system. Above the fiber calorimeter is an emulsion chamber that provides the interaction target, primary particle identification and in-flight energy calibration for the scintillating fiber data. The energy measurement technique and its calibration are described, and the present results from the analysis of a 1 day balloon flight will be presented.

Development of a scintillating optical fiber ionization calorimeter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takahashi, Y.

1990-10-01

A design study of a scintillation fiber (SF) calorimeter for a cosmic ray observation is made. An evaluation of various fibers and design configuration was made. The proposed design has a dimension of 1 m (W) x 1 m (L) x 16 cm (H) contains 1000 fibers at each of 40 x- or 40 y-layers interleaved with 1mm thick leadplates. Two or four CCD Particle Track Imaging Systems are connected to a bundle of SF edges at x- and y-ends. The overall weight of a calorimeter is 1,200 kg including read-out systems and supporting boards. The designed calorimeter can measure cosmic ray nuclei and gamma-rays with position, angles and energy information suitable for detailed spectrum analysis. The system is particularly beneficial at very high energies where the flux is extremely low and it requires a very long exposure over many years in space. Emulsion chambers have an advantage for cosmic ray measurements if the exposure is limited to several months in space. In fact, the most important energy region for the current cosmic ray studies is at around 1,000 TeV where a drastic change of elemental composition is indicated by various indirect observations. A detector whose size is in the order of 1 m(sup 2) requires several years of exposure in space accumulate sufficient statistics near 1,000 TeV. Emulsions will be strongly contaminated by background radiation for such a long duration flight, while SF calorimeter is totally immune from this concern. This is particularly important for long-duration experiments. The SF calorimeter also allows time-tagging of individual events, extending the experimental capability in various ways.

Development of a scintillating optical fiber ionization calorimeter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Takahashi, Y.

1990-01-01

A design study of a scintillation fiber (SF) calorimeter for a cosmic ray observation is made. An evaluation of various fibers and design configuration was made. The proposed design has a dimension of 1 m (W) x 1 m (L) x 16 cm (H) contains 1000 fibers at each of 40 x- or 40 y-layers interleaved with 1mm thick leadplates. Two or four CCD Particle Track Imaging Systems are connected to a bundle of SF edges at x- and y-ends. The overall weight of a calorimeter is 1,200 kg including read-out systems and supporting boards. The designed calorimeter can measure cosmic ray nuclei and gamma-rays with position, angles and energy information suitable for detailed spectrum analysis. The system is particularly beneficial at very high energies where the flux is extremely low and it requires a very long exposure over many years in space. Emulsion chambers have an advantage for cosmic ray measurements if the exposure is limited to several months in space. In fact, the most important energy region for the current cosmic ray studies is at around 1,000 TeV where a drastic change of elemental composition is indicated by various indirect observations. A detector whose size is in the order of 1 m(sup 2) requires several years of exposure in space accumulate sufficient statistics near 1,000 TeV. Emulsions will be strongly contaminated by background radiation for such a long duration flight, while SF calorimeter is totally immune from this concern. This is particularly important for long-duration experiments. The SF calorimeter also allows time-tagging of individual events, extending the experimental capability in various ways.

Transport of Nitric Oxide by Perfluorocarbon Emulsion

PubMed Central

Ortiz, Daniel; Briceño, Juan C.; Cabrales, Pedro

2014-01-01

Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions can transport and release various gases based on concentration gradients. The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of carrying and delivering exogenous nitric oxide (NO) into the circulation by simply loading PFC emulsion with NO prior infusion. PFC was equilibrated with room air (PFC) or 300 ppm NO (PFC-NO) at atmospheric pressure. Isotonic saline solution was used as a volume control (Saline). PFC and PFC-NO were infused at a dose of 3.5 mL/kg in the hamster window chamber model. Blood chemistry, and systemic and microvascular hemodynamic response were measured. Infusion of PFC preloaded with NO reduced blood pressure, induced microvascular vasodilation and increased capillary perfusion; although these changes lasted less than 30 min post infusion. On the other hand, infusion of PFC (without NO) produced vasoconstriction; however, the vasoconstriction was followed by vasodilatation at 30 min post infusion. Plasma nitrite and nitrate increased 15 min after infusion of NO preloaded PFC compared to PFC, 60 min after infusion nitrite and nitrate were not different, and 90 min after infusion plasma S-nitrosothiols increased in both groups. Infusion of NO preloaded PFC resulted in acute vascular relaxation, where as infusion of PFC (without NO) produced vasoconstriction, potentially due to NO sequestration by the PFC micelles. The late effects of PFC infusion are due to NO redistribution and plasma S-nitrosothiols. Gas solubility in PFC can provide a tool to modulate plasma vasoactive NO forms availability and improve microcirculatory function and promote increased blood flow. PMID:23966236

Feasibility of low frequency ultrasound for water removal from crude oil emulsions.

PubMed

Antes, Fabiane G; Diehl, Liange O; Pereira, Juliana S F; Guimarães, Regina C L; Guarnieri, Ricardo A; Ferreira, Bianca M S; Dressler, Valderi L; Flores, Erico M M

2015-07-01

The feasibility of indirect application of low frequency ultrasound for demulsification of crude oil was investigated without using chemical demulsifiers. Experiments were performed in an ultrasonic bath with frequency of 35 kHz. Synthetic emulsions with water content of 12%, 35% and 50% and median of droplet size distribution (DSD), median D(0.5), of 5, 10 and 25 μm were prepared from crude oil with API density of 19 (heavy crude oil) and submitted to the proposed ultrasound-assisted demulsification procedure. Experimental conditions as temperature, time of exposition to ultrasound and ultrasonic power were evaluated. Separation of water from crude oil emulsion was observed for all emulsions investigated. Demulsification efficiency up to 65% was obtained for emulsion with 50% of water content and DSD of 10 μm. Higher efficiency of demulsification was achieved using US temperature of 45 °C and ultrasound power of 160 W by 15 min. Results obtained in this study showed that ultrasound could be considered a promising technology for industrial crude oil treatment and respective water removal. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Investigation the Effect of the Dispersant Corexit 9500A on the Movement of an Oil-In-Water Emulsion Through an Alabama Beach Sand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steffy, D. A.; Nichols, A.

2016-02-01

A majority of Alabama's 60 miles of beaches were exposed to the crude oil released from the massive 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. To help remediate the spill BP sprayed the dispersant, COREXIT 9500A, over the floating oil in the Gulf and at the subsurface damaged Macondo wellhead. This dispersant could have inadvertently promoted an oil-in-water emulsion to infiltrate deeper into the exposed beaches which are composed of Holocene age, fine-to-medium quartz sand. A series of short-column tests of packed sand in glass columns simulated the arrival of an oil-in-water emulsion at a beach. An emulsion formed by weathered oil penetrated deeper into the sand as compared to oil that has experience little weathering. The penetrations of these emulsions were enhanced when a 2% COREXIT 9500A in saltwater solution was allowed to flush through the sand column. Unfortunately, by adding a dispersant it probably promoted some oil-in-water components to be distributed deeper into coastal sand of Alabama.

High speed automated microtomography of nuclear emulsions and recent application

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tioukov, V.; Aleksandrov, A.; Consiglio, L.

2015-12-31

The development of high-speed automatic scanning systems was the key-factor for massive and successful emulsions application for big neutrino experiments like OPERA. The emulsion detector simplicity, the unprecedented sub-micron spatial resolution and the unique ability to provide intrinsically 3-dimensional spatial information make it a perfect device for short-living particles study, where the event topology should be precisely reconstructed in a 10-100 um scale vertex region. Recently the exceptional technological progress in image processing and automation together with intensive R&D done by Italian and Japanese microscopy groups permit to increase the scanning speed to unbelievable few years ago m{sup 2}/day scalemore » and so greatly extend the range of the possible applications for emulsion-based detectors to other fields like: medical imaging, directional dark matter search, nuclear physics, geological and industrial applications.« less

Evaluation of percutaneous permeation of repellent DEET and sunscreen oxybenzone from emulsion-based formulations in artificial membrane and human skin

PubMed Central

Wang, Tao; Miller, Donald; Burczynski, Frank; Gu, Xiaochen

2014-01-01

Insect repellent DEET and sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone play an essential role in minimizing vector-borne diseases and skin cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of emulsion type, addition of thickening agent and droplet size in three emulsion-based lotions on percutaneous permeation of DEET and oxybenzone using in vitro diffusion experiments, in order to minimize overall systemic permeation of the substances. Formulation C (water-in-oil emulsion) significantly increased overall permeation of DEET through human skin (56%) compared to Formulation A (oil-in-water emulsion). Formulation B (oil-in-water emulsion with thickening agent xanthan gum) significantly decreased the size of oil droplet containing DEET (16%), but no effect on oil droplets containing oxybenzone. Adding xanthan gum also increased overall permeation of DEET and oxybenzone (21% and 150%) when compared to Formulation A; presence of both ingredients in Formulation B further increased their permeation (36% and 23%) in comparison to its single counterparts. Overall permeation of oxybenzone through LDPE was significantly higher by 26%–628% than that through human skin; overall permeation of DEET through human skin was significantly higher by 64%–338% than that through LDPE. PMID:26579363

Acquisition of Co metal from spent lithium-ion battery using emulsion liquid membrane technology and emulsion stability test

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuliusman; Wulandari, P. T.; Amiliana, R. A.; Huda, M.; Kusumadewi, F. A.

2018-03-01

Lithium-ion batteries are the most common type to be used as energy source in mobile phone. The amount of lithium-ion battery wastes is approximated by 200 – 500 ton/year. In one lithium-ion battery, there are 5 – 20% of cobalt metal, depend on the manufacturer. One of the way to recover a valuable metal from waste is leaching process then continued with extraction, which is the aim of this study. Spent lithium-ion batteries will be characterized with EDX and AAS, the result will show the amount of cobalt metal with form of LiCoO2 in the cathode. Hydrochloric acid concentration used is 4 M, temperature 80°C, and reaction time 1 hour. This study will discuss the emulsion stability test on emulsion liquid membrane. The purpose of emulsion stability test in this study was to determine optimum concentration of surfactant and extractant to produce a stable emulsion. Surfactant and extractant used were SPAN 80 and Cyanex 272 respectively with both concentrations varied. Membrane and feed phase ratios used in this experiment was 1 : 2. The optimum results of this study were SPAN 80 concentrations of 10% w/v and Cyanex 272 0.7 M.

Intensity of primary cosmic-ray electrons of energy exceeding 8 GeV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Freier, P.; Gilman, C.; Waddington, C. J.

1977-01-01

Results are reported for measurement of the intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic-ray electrons with a spark-chamber-counter-emulsion detector flown at a mean altitude of 3 g/sq cm residual atmosphere. A least-squares fit to the flight data yields an electron spectrum from 8 to 80 GeV of approximately 93E to the -2.91 power electrons/sq m/sec per sr/GeV. The results are compared with those of previous experiments as well as with the spectrum obtained for galactic nonthermal radiation. It is concluded that a 'clumpy' magnetic field proportional to the square root of matter density is consistent with measurements of high-energy electrons and synchrotron radiation toward the center of the Galaxy, that a gradual steepening of the electron spectrum relative to the proton spectrum is consistent with an electron lifetime of 1 million years, and that the density of cosmic-ray nucleons and electrons should be essentially uniform throughout the Galaxy if the nucleons have the same lifetime as the electrons and if they traversed 4 to 5 g/sq cm in that lifetime.

SHiP: a new facility with a dedicated detector for studying tau neutrino properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Komatsu, M.; SHiP Collaboration

2017-06-01

SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles) is a new general purpose fixed target facility at the CERN SPS accelerator, with the aim of search for New Physics which has small coupling with standard particles by searching for long lived beyond standard model particles with masses below a few GeV/c2. The SHiP facility is a high intensity beam bump, the 400GeV proton beam extracted from the SPS will be dumped on a heavy target with the aim of integrating 2 ×1020 pot in 5 years. A dedicated detector, based on the OPERA-like ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber), will provide tau and anti-tau neutrino detection capability to study ντ and ν‾τ cross-sections with a statistics a few 100 times larger than the DONUT experiment. Moreover, the structure functions F4 and F5 which is only accessible by tau neutrino interactions can be measured first time. SHiP is the unique chance to study tau and anti tau neutrino properties.

Mechanism of hologram formation in fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching processes.

PubMed

Neipp, Cristian; Pascual, Inmaculada; Beléndez, Augusto

2002-07-10

The mechanism of hologram formation in fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching processes have been treated by different authors. The experiments carried out on Agfa 8E75 HD plates led to the conclusion that material transfer from the exposed to the unexposed zones is the main mechanism under theprocess. We present a simple model that explains the mechanism of hologram formation inside the emulsion. Also quantitative data obtained using both Agfa 8E75 HD and Slavich PFG-01 fine-grained red-sensitive emulsions are given and good agreement between theory and experiments are found.

Selective boron delivery by intra-arterial injection of BSH-WOW emulsion in hepatic cancer model for neutron capture therapy

PubMed Central

Dewi, Novriana; Higashi, Syushi; Ikushima, Ichiro; Seguchi, Koji; Mizumachi, Ryoji; Murata, Yuji; Morishita, Yasuyuki; Shinohara, Atsuko; Mikado, Shoji; Yasuda, Nakahiro; Fujihara, Mitsuteru; Sakurai, Yuriko; Mouri, Kikue; Yanagawa, Masashi; Iizuka, Tomoya; Suzuki, Minoru; Sakurai, Yoshinori; Masunaga, Shin-ichiro; Tanaka, Hiroki; Matsukawa, Takehisa; Yokoyama, Kazuhito; Fujino, Takashi; Ogura, Koichi; Nonaka, Yasumasa; Sugiyama, Hirotaka; Kajiyama, Tetsuya; Yui, Sho; Nishimura, Ryohei; Ono, Koji; Takamoto, Sinichi; Nakajima, Jun; Ono, Minoru; Eriguchi, Masazumi; Hasumi, Kenichiro; Takahashi, Hiroyuki

2017-01-01

Objective: Boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) has been used to inhibit the growth of various types of cancers. In this study, we developed a 10BSH-entrapped water-in-oil-in-water (WOW) emulsion, evaluated it as a selective boron carrier for the possible application of BNCT in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Methods: We prepared the 10BSH-entrapped WOW emulsion using double emulsification technique and then evaluated the delivery efficacy by performing biodistribution experiment on VX-2 rabbit hepatic tumour model with comparison to iodized poppy-seed oil mix conventional emulsion. Neutron irradiation was carried out at Kyoto University Research Reactor with an average thermal neutron fluence of 5 × 1012 n cm−2. Morphological and pathological analyses were performed on Day 14 after neutron irradiation. Results: Biodistribution results have revealed that 10B atoms delivery with WOW emulsion was superior compared with those using iodized poppy-seed oil conventional emulsion. There was no dissemination in abdomen or lung metastasis observed after neutron irradiation in the groups treated with 10BSH-entrapped WOW emulsion, whereas many tumour nodules were recognized in the liver, abdominal cavity, peritoneum and bilateral lobes of the lung in the non-injected group. Conclusion: Tumour growth suppression and cancer-cell-killing effect was observed from the morphological and pathological analyses of the 10BSH-entrapped WOW emulsion-injected group, indicating its feasibility to be applied as a novel intra-arterial boron carrier for BNCT. Advances in knowledge: The results of the current study have shown that entrapped 10BSH has the potential to increase the range of therapies available for hepatocellular carcinoma which is considered to be one of the most difficult tumours to cure. PMID:28406315

Impact of model fat emulsions on sensory perception using repeated spoon to spoon ingestion.

PubMed

Appelqvist, I A M; Poelman, A A M; Cochet-Broch, M; Delahunty, C M

2016-06-01

Eating is a dynamic behaviour, in which food interacts with the mechanical and physiological environment of the mouth. This dynamic interaction changes the oral surfaces leaving particles of food and building up a film on the oral surfaces, which may impact on the temporal perception during the eating experience. The effect of repeated spoon to spoon ingestion of oil in water emulsion products (2%-50% w/w oil) was evaluated using descriptive in-mouth and after swallowing sensory attributes. Descriptive sensory analysis indicated that fatty mouthfeel and afterfeel perception (measured post swallowing) increased with the number of spoonfuls for emulsions containing 50% fat. This effect is likely due to the build-up of oil droplet layers deposited on the mouth surfaces. There was an enhancement of fatty afterfeel intensity for 50% fat emulsions containing the more lipophilic aroma ethylhexanoate compared to ethyl butanoate, indicating a cross-modal interaction. No increase in these attributes from spoon to spoon was observed for the low oil emulsions; since most of the oil in the emulsion was swallowed and very little oil was likely to be left in the mouth. Sweetness perception increased as fat level increased in the emulsion due to an increase in the effective concentration of sugar in the aqueous phase. However, the sweetness perceived did not change from spoon to spoon, suggesting that any oil-droplets deposited on the oral surfaces did not form a complete barrier, restricting access of the sucrose to the taste buds. This study highlights the importance of measuring the dynamic nature of eating and demonstrated change in sensory perception occurring with repeated ingestion of model emulsions, which was likely due to a change in mouth environment. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Controlled release of insect sex pheromones from paraffin wax and emulsions.

PubMed

Atterholt, C A; Delwiche, M J; Rice, R E; Krochta, J M

1999-02-22

Paraffin wax and aqueous paraffin emulsions can be used as controlled release carriers for insect sex pheromones for mating disruption of orchard pests. Paraffin can be applied at ambient temperature as an aqueous emulsion, adheres to tree bark or foliage, releases pheromone for an extended period of time, and will slowly erode from bark and biodegrade in soil. Pheromone emulsions can be applied with simple spray equipment. Pheromone release-rates from paraffin were measured in laboratory flow-cell experiments. Pheromone was trapped from an air stream with an adsorbent, eluted periodically, and quantified by gas chromatography. Pheromone release from paraffin was partition-controlled, providing a constant (zero-order) release rate. A typical paraffin emulsion consisted of 30% paraffin, 4% pheromone, 4% soy oil, 1% vitamin E, 2% emulsifier, and the balance water. Soy oil and vitamin E acted as volatility suppressants. A constant release of oriental fruit moth pheromone from paraffin emulsions was observed in the laboratory for more than 100 days at 27 degreesC, with release-rates ranging from 0.4 to 2 mg/day, depending on the concentration and surface area of the dried emulsion. The use of paraffin emulsions is a viable method for direct application of insect pheromones for mating disruption. Sprayable formulations can be designed to release insect pheromones to the environment at a rate necessary for insect control by mating disruption. At temperatures below 38 degreesC, zero-order release was observed. At 38 degreesC and higher, pheromone oxidation occurred. A partition-controlled release mechanism was supported by a zero-order pheromone release-rate, low air/wax partition coefficients, and pheromone solubility in paraffin.

Laboratory Investigations in Support of Dioxide-Limestone Sequestration in the Ocean

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dan Golomb; Eugene Barry; David Ryan

2008-09-30

Research under this Project has proven that liquid carbon dioxide can be emulsified in water by using very fine particles as emulsion stabilizers. Hydrophilic particles stabilize a CO{sub 2}-in-H{sub 2}O (C/W) emulsion; hydrophobic particles stabilize a H{sub 2}O-in-CO{sub 2} (W/C) emulsion. The C/W emulsion consists of tiny CO{sub 2} droplets coated with hydrophilic particles dispersed in water. The W/C emulsion consists of tiny H{sub 2}O droplets coated with hydrophobic particles dispersed in liquid carbon dioxide. The coated droplets are called globules. The emulsions could be used for deep ocean sequestration of CO{sub 2}. Liquid CO{sub 2} is sparsely soluble inmore » water, and is less dense than seawater. If neat, liquid CO{sub 2} were injected in the deep ocean, it is likely that the dispersed CO{sub 2} droplets would buoy upward and flash into vapor before the droplets dissolve in seawater. The resulting vapor bubbles would re-emerge into the atmosphere. On the other hand, the emulsion is denser than seawater, hence the emulsion plume would sink toward greater depth from the injection point. For ocean sequestration a C/W emulsion appears to be most practical using limestone (CaCO{sub 3}) particles of a few to ten ?m diameter as stabilizing agents. A mix of one volume of liquid CO{sub 2} with two volumes of H{sub 2}O, plus 0.5 weight of pulverized limestone per weight of liquid CO{sub 2} forms a stable emulsion with density 1087 kg m{sup -3}. Ambient seawater at 500 m depth has a density of approximately 1026 kg m{sup -3}, so the emulsion plume would sink by gravity while entraining ambient seawater till density equilibrium is reached. Limestone is abundant world-wide, and is relatively cheap. Furthermore, upon disintegration of the emulsion the CaCO{sub 3} particles would partially buffer the carbonic acid that forms when CO{sub 2} dissolves in seawater, alleviating some of the concerns of discharging CO{sub 2} in the deep ocean. Laboratory experiments showed that the CaCO{sub 3} emulsion is slightly alkaline, not acidic. We tested the release of the CO{sub 2}-in-H{sub 2}O emulsion stabilized by pulverized limestone in the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory High Pressure Water Tunnel Facility (HPWTF). Digital photographs showed the sinking globules in the HPWTF, confirming the concept of releasing the emulsion in the deep ocean. We modeled the release of an emulsion from the CO{sub 2} output of a 1000 MW coal-fired power plant at 500 m depth. The emulsion would typically sink several hundred meters before density equilibration with ambient seawater. The CO{sub 2} globules would rain out from the equilibrated plume toward the ocean bottom where they would disintegrate due to wave action and bottom friction. Conceptual release systems are described both for an open ocean release and a sloping seabed release of the emulsion.« less

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solid and Liquid Organic Fertilizers Applied to Lettuce.

PubMed

Toonsiri, Phasita; Del Grosso, Stephen J; Sukor, Arina; Davis, Jessica G

2016-11-01

Improper application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and environmental factors can cause the loss of nitrous oxide (NO) to the environment. Different types of fertilizers with different C/N ratios may have different effects on the environment. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental factors and four organic fertilizers (feather meal, blood meal, fish emulsion, and cyano-fertilizer) applied at different rates (0, 28, 56, and 112 kg N ha) on NO emissions and to track CO emissions from a lettuce field ( L.). The study was conducted in 2013 and 2014 and compared preplant-applied solid fertilizers (feather meal and blood meal) and multiple applications of liquid fertilizers (fish emulsion and cyano-fertilizer). Three days a week, NO and CO emissions were measured twice per day in 2013 and once per day in 2014 using a closed-static chamber, and gas samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Preplant-applied solid fertilizers significantly increased cumulative NO emissions as compared with control, but multiple applications of liquid fertilizers did not. Emission factors for NO ranged from 0 to 0.1% for multiple applications of liquid fertilizers and 0.6 to 11% for preplant-applied solid fertilizers, which could be overestimated due to chamber placement over fertilizer bands. In 2014, solid fertilizers with higher C/N ratios (3.3-3.5) resulted in higher CO emissions than liquid fertilizers (C/N ratio, 0.9-1.5). Therefore, organic farmers should consider the use of multiple applications of liquid fertilizers as a means to reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining high yields. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

Nuclear emulsions for the detection of micrometric-scale fringe patterns: an application to positron interferometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aghion, S.; Ariga, A.; Bollani, M.; Ereditato, A.; Ferragut, R.; Giammarchi, M.; Lodari, M.; Pistillo, C.; Sala, S.; Scampoli, P.; Vladymyrov, M.

2018-05-01

Nuclear emulsions are capable of very high position resolution in the detection of ionizing particles. This feature can be exploited to directly resolve the micrometric-scale fringe pattern produced by a matter-wave interferometer for low energy positrons (in the 10–20 keV range). We have tested the performance of emulsion films in this specific scenario. Exploiting silicon nitride diffraction gratings as absorption masks, we produced periodic patterns with features comparable to the expected interferometer signal. Test samples with periodicities of 6, 7 and 20 μ m were exposed to the positron beam, and the patterns clearly reconstructed. Our results support the feasibility of matter-wave interferometry experiments with positrons.

Muon radiography in Russia with emulsion technique. First experiments future perspectives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aleksandrov, A. B.; Bagulya, A. V.; Chernyavsky, M. M.

Cosmic ray muon radiography is a novel technique for imaging the internal structures of massive objects. It exploits the capability of high energy muons from cosmic-rays in order to obtain a density map of investigated object and trying to guess information on the variation in the density distribution. Nuclear emulsions are tracking detectors well suited to be employed in this context since they have an excellent angular resolution (few mrad), they are cheap, compact and robust, easily transportable, able to work in harsh environments, and do not require power supply. This work presents the first successful results in the fieldmore » of muon radiography in Russia with nuclear emulsions.« less

Production, deformation and mechanical investigation of magnetic alginate capsules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zwar, Elena; Kemna, Andre; Richter, Lena; Degen, Patrick; Rehage, Heinz

2018-02-01

In this article we investigated the deformation of alginate capsules in magnetic fields. The sensitivity to magnetic forces was realised by encapsulating an oil in water emulsion, where the oil droplets contained dispersed magnetic nanoparticles. We solved calcium ions in the aqueous emulsion phase, which act as crosslinking compounds for forming thin layers of alginate membranes. This encapsulating technique allows the production of flexible capsules with an emulsion as the capsule core. It is important to mention that the magnetic nanoparticles were stable and dispersed throughout the complete process, which is an important difference to most magnetic alginate-based materials. In a series of experiments, we used spinning drop techniques, capsule squeezing experiments and interfacial shear rheology in order to determine the surface Young moduli, the surface Poisson ratios and the surface shear moduli of the magnetically sensitive alginate capsules. In additional experiments, we analysed the capsule deformation in magnetic fields. In spinning drop and capsule squeezing experiments, water droplets were pressed out of the capsules at elevated values of the mechanical load. This phenomenon might be used for the mechanically triggered release of water-soluble ingredients. After drying the emulsion-filled capsules, we produced capsules, which only contained a homogeneous oil phase with stable suspended magnetic nanoparticles (organic ferrofluid). In the dried state, the thin alginate membranes of these particles were rather rigid. These dehydrated capsules could be stored at ambient conditions for several months without changing their properties. After exposure to water, the alginate membranes rehydrated and became flexible and deformable again. During this swelling process, water diffused back in the capsule. This long-term stability and rehydration offers a great spectrum of different applications as sensors, soft actuators, artificial muscles or drug delivery systems.

Confined Selective Withdrawal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Evangelio, Alvaro; Campo-Cortes, Francisco; Gordillo, Jose Manuel

2014-11-01

It is well known that the controlled production of monodisperse simple and composite emulsions possesses uncountable applications in medicine, pharmacy, materials science and industry. Here we present both experiments and slender-body theory regarding the generation of simple emulsions using a configuration that we have called Confined Selective Withdrawal, since it is an improved configuration of the classical Selective Withdrawal. We consider two different situations, namely, the cases when the outer flow Reynolds number is high and low, respectively. Several geometrical configurations and a wide range of viscosity ratios are analyzed so that the physics behind the phenomenon can be fully understood. In addition, we present both experiments and theory regarding the generation of composite emulsions. This phenomenon is only feasible when the outer flow Reynolds number is low enough. In this case, we propose a more complex theory which requires the simultaneous resolution of two interfaces in order to predict the shape of the jet and the sizes of the drops formed. The excellent agreement between our slender-body approximation and the experimental evidence fully validates our theories.

New flavor production in. gamma. ,. mu. ,. nu. , and hadron beams. [Review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wojcicki, S.

1980-01-01

During the last few years the main emphasis in the study of heavy particle production (mainly charm) by means other than e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation has been on the production mechanisms. This review concentrates mainly on the production data in ..gamma.., ..mu.., ..nu.., and hadron beams. The heavy flavor searches divide themselves naturally into three categories, each one characterized by its own peculiar advantages and shortcomings; these are summarized briefly. Then the following topics are taken up: charm production by hadrons (central production, forward production - ..lambda../sub c/ and D production, anomalies and discrepancies), charm production by photons and muons,more » new flavor production by neutrinos, status of heavier flavors, and production bound flavors (eta/sub c/ search, UPSILON muoproduction, J/psi and UPSILON hadroproduction, J/psi muoproduction). In his outlook for the future, the author presents a few words concerning the status of detectors: emulsions, high-resolution streamer chambers, high-resolution bubble chambers, and solid-state detectors. 83 references, 36 figures, 4 tables. (RWR)« less

Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water emulsion emission.

PubMed

Reed, M D; Blair, L F; Burling, K; Daly, I; Gigliotti, A P; Gudi, R; Mercieca, M D; McDonald, J D; Naas, D J; O'callaghan, J P; Seilkop, S K; Ronsko, N L; Wagner, V O; Kraska, R C

2005-12-15

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter are requiring urban nonattainment areas to implement pollution-reduction strategies for anthropogenic source emissions. A type of fuel shown to decrease combustion emissions components versus traditional diesel fuels is the diesel-water emulsion. The Lubrizol Corporation in conjunction with Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and several subcontracting laboratories recently conducted a rodent health assessment of inhaled combustion emissions of PuriNO(x) diesel fuel emulsion. Combustion emissions from either of two 2001 model Cummins 5.9-L ISB engines were diluted with charcoal-filtered air to exposure concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 microg total particulate matter/m(3). The engines were operated on a continuously repeating, heavy-duty certification cycle (U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter I) using Rotella-T 15W-40 engine oil. Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter were reduced when engines were operated on PuriNO(x) versus California Air Resources Board diesel fuel under these conditions. Male and female F344 rats were housed in Hazleton H2000 exposure chambers and exposed to exhaust atmospheres 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for the first 11 wk and 7 days/wk threafter. Exposures ranged from 58 to 70 days, depending on the treatment group. Indicators of general toxicity (body weight, organ weight, clinical pathology, and histopathology), neurotoxicity (glial fibrillary acidic protein assay), genotoxicity (Ames assay, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange), and reproduction and development were measured. Overall, effects observed were mild. Emulsion combustion emissions were not associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, or in vivo genotoxicity. Small decreases in serum cholesterol and small increases in platelet values in some groups of exposed animals were observed. Particulate matter accumulation within alveolar macrophages was evident in all exposure groups. These findings are consistent with normal physiological responses to particle inhalation. Other statistically significant effects were present in some measured parameters of other exposed groups but were not clearly attributed to emissions exposure. Positive mutagenic responses in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium were observed subsequent to treatment with emulsion emissions subfractions. Based on the cholesterol and platelet results, it can be concluded that the 100 microg/m(3) exposure level was the no-observed-effect level. In general, biological findings in diesel emulsion emission-exposed animals and bacteria were consistent with exposure to petroleum diesel exhaust in the F344 rat and Ames assays.

Engine performance and exhaust emission analysis of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water-diesel emulsion fuel blended with manganese metal additives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muhsin Ithnin, Ahmad; Jazair Yahya, Wira; Baun Fletcher, Jasmine; Kadir, Hasannuddin Abd

2017-10-01

Water-in-diesel emulsion fuel (W/D) is one of the alternative fuels that capable to reduce the exhaust emission of diesel engine significantly especially the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). However, the usage of W/D emulsion fuels contributed to higher CO emissions. Supplementing metal additive into the fuel is the alternate way to reduce the CO emissions and improve performance. The present paper investigates the effect of using W/D blended with organic based manganese metal additives on the diesel engine performance and exhaust emission. The test were carried out by preparing and analysing the results observed from five different tested fuel which were D2, emulsion fuel (E10: 89% D2, 10% - water, 1% - surfactant), E10Mn100, E10Mn150, E10Mn200. Organic based Manganese (100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm) used as the additive in the three samples of the experiments. E10Mn200 achieved the maximum reduction of BSFC up to 13.66% and has the highest exhaust gas temperature. Whereas, E10Mn150 achieved the highest reduction of CO by 14.67%, and slightly increased of NOx emissions as compared to other emulsion fuels. Organic based manganese which act as catalyst promotes improvement of the emulsion fuel performance and reduced the harmful emissions discharged.

Double emulsions based on silicone-fluorocarbon-water and their skin penetration.

PubMed

Mahrhauser, Denise-Silvia; Fischer, Claudia; Valenta, Claudia

2016-02-10

Double emulsions have significant potential in pharmacy and cosmetics due to the feasibility of combining incompatible substances in one product and the protection of sensitive compounds by incorporating them into their innermost phase. However, a major drawback of double emulsions is their thermodynamic instability and their strong tendency to coalesce. In the present study, the physicochemical stability, the skin permeation and the skin penetration potential of modified semi-solid double emulsions was investigated. The double emulsions were prepared of the cosmetically applied perfluoropolyethers Fomblin HC/04 or Fomblin HC-OH, silicone, carbomer and water. Measurement of the droplet size and examination of the microscopic images confirmed their physicochemical stability over the observation period of eight weeks. Franz-type diffusion cell experiments revealed no increase in curcumin permeation due to the employed perfluoropolyethers compared to the respective control formulations. The formulations used as control were O/W macroemulsions with or without a Polysorbate 80/Sorbitane monooleate 80 surfactant combination. Likewise, tape stripping studies showed no penetration enhancing effect of the employed perfluoropolyethers which is desirable as both perfluoropolyethers are commonly applied components in human personal-care products. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reaction of photochemical resists used in screen printing under the influence of digitally modulated ultra violet light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gmuender, T.

2017-02-01

Different chemical photo-reactive emulsions are used in screen printing for stencil production. Depending on the bandwidth, optical power and depth of field from the optical system, the reaction / exposure speed has a diverse value. In this paper, the emulsions get categorized and validated in a first step. After that a mathematical model gets developed and adapted due to heuristic experience to estimate the exposure speed under the influence of digitally modulated ultra violet (UV) light. The main intention is to use the technical specifications (intended wavelength, exposure time, distance to the stencil, electrical power, stencil configuration) in the emulsion data sheet primary written down with an uncertainty factor for the end user operating with large projector arc lamps and photo films. These five parameters are the inputs for a mathematical formula which gives as an output the exposure speed for the Computer to Screen (CTS) machine calculated for each emulsion / stencil setup. The importance of this work relies in the possibility to rate with just a few boundaries the performance and capacity of an exposure system used in screen printing instead of processing a long test series for each emulsion / stencil configuration.

Production of large-particle-size monodisperse latexes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vanderhoff, J. W.; El-Aasser, M. L.; Micale, F. J.; Sudol, E. D.; Tseng, C. M.; Silwanowicz, A.

1984-01-01

The research program achieved two objectives: (1) it has refined and extended the experimental techniques for preparing monodisperse latexes in quantity on the ground up to a particle diameter of 10 microns; and (2) it has demonstrated that a microgravity environment can be used to grow monodisperse latexes to larger sizes, where the limitations in size have yet to be defined. The experimental development of the monodisperse latex reactor (MLR) and the seeded emulsion polymerizations carried out in the laboratory prototype of the flight hardware, as a function of the operational parameters is discussed. The emphasis is directed towards the measurement, interpretation, and modeling of the kinetics of seeded emulsion polymerization and successive seeded emulsion polymerization. The recipe development of seeded emulsion polymerization as a function of particle size is discussed. The equilibrium swelling of latex particles with monomers was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Extensive studies are reported on both the type and concentration of initiators, surfactants, and inhibitors, which eventually led to the development of the flight recipes. The experimental results of the flight experiments are discussed, as well as the experimental development of inhibition of seeded emulsion polymerization in terms of time of inhibition and the effect of inhibitors on the kinetics of polymerization.

A Simple Experiment Illustrating the Structure of Association Colloids.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Friberg, Stig. E.; Bendiksen, Beverly

1979-01-01

The experiment described is intended to illustrate the intermolecular phenomena involved in association colloids. These are normal and inverse micelles and lyotropic liquid crystals. Solubilization, microemulsion and emulsion are discussed. (Author/SA)

Interpreting anomalous electron pairs as new particle decays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilczynski, Henryk

1999-08-01

In heavy particle decays found in cosmic ray interactions recorded in the JACEE emulsion chambers, multiple electron pairs were previously reported. These pairs apparently originated from conversions of photons emitted in the decays. It is difficult to explain the overall properties of these decays in terms of known heavy particle decay modes. A recently published compilation of low-energy nuclear data suggests existence of excess electron pairs with invariant mass about 9 MeV/c2 , which may be explained by postulating a new neutral boson decaying into the electron pair. The feasibility of explaining the JACEE electron pairs with this hypothesis is presented.

Study of hadron bundles observed in Chacaltaya two-story emulsion chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aoki, H.

1985-01-01

The existence of hadron-rich families associated with few gamma-ray emission named Centauro and Mini-Centauro phemonena was reported. It was investigated whether these are produced by the special type of interaction different from the ordinary pion multiple production or not. The experimental results are compared with simulation calculation based on ordinary multiple pion production model. Both hadron multiplicity distribution, obtained from the present observation and the simulation calculation, show almost the same distribution which means that hadron bundles of such smaller multiplicities are considered to originate from successive interactions of surviving nucleon with the nature of multiple production during passage through the atmosphere.

Absorption of charged particulate surfactants in microfluidics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kong, Tiantian; Liu, Zhou; Yao, Xiaoxue; Liu, Yaming

2017-11-01

We use microfluidics to uncouple the generation of Pickering emulsion droplets and stability analysis against coalescence. By designing the microchannels, we control the packing time for charged particles arriving at the droplet interfaces, and subsequently test the droplet stability in a coalescence chamber. The critical particle coverage on interfaces that prevents coalescence are estimated by an adsorption model. We further investigate the dependence of the critical particle coverage on its properties such as particle sizes, surface charge densities, and bulk concentrations. Our studies are potentially beneficial to the applications involving particle-stabilized droplets including cosmetics, food products, and oil recovery. NSFC 11504238,JCYJ20160308092144035,2016A050503048.

The stability behavior of sol-emulsion systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sunkel, J.M.; Berg, J.C.

1996-05-10

Sol-emulsion systems, i.e., colloids consisting of mixed populations of solid particles and emulsion droplets, are encountered in a number of applications, e.g., oil-assisted agglomeration for particle removal (coal fines from water). The stability characteristics of mixed aqueous dispersions of titanium dioxide and mineral oil emulsion droplets are examined as a function of pH and emulsifier type and content. Zeta potentials of both the titanium dioxide and the mineral oil particles are measured under all conditions to identify regions of expected heterocoagulation and to quantify the electrostatic boundary conditions. The latter are used in the numerical solution of the pair interactionmore » potentials based on the recent theory of McCormack et al. The potential functions are used in a modified version of the stability model of Hogg, Healy, and Fuerstenau to calculate early-stage aggregation rates. Photon correlation spectroscopy is used to determine stability ratios for homo- and heterocoagulation, and initial results indicate good agreement between experiments and computations.« less

In vitro uptake and immune functionality of digested Rosemary extract delivered through food grade vehicles.

PubMed

Arranz, E; Guri, A; Fornari, T; Mendiola, J A; Reglero, G; Corredig, M

2017-07-01

The digestion, absorption, uptake and bioavailability of a rosemary supercritical fluid extract encapsulated in oil in water emulsion were studied. Two emulsions with opposite surface charge were prepared, containing 7% canola oil, and either 2% lactoferrin or whey protein isolate. When absorption and uptake of carnosic acid and carnosol were followed on Caco-2 cell monolayers, there were no differences with protein type. However, when co-cultures of HT-29 MTX were employed, the presence of mucus caused a higher retention of carnosic acid in the apical layer for lactoferrin emulsions. The immune activity of the bioavailable fractions collected from cell absorption experiments was tested ex vivo on murine splenocytes. Although transport through the intestinal barrier models was low, the bioavailable fractions showed a significant effect on splenocytes proliferation. These results demonstrated the potential of using rosemary supercritical extract through protein stabilized oil in water emulsions, as a food with immunomodulatory functionality. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Obituary: Maurice M. Shapiro, 1915-2008

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yodh, Gaurang B.

2009-01-01

Maurice Shapiro was an outstanding scientist and educator whose contributions spanned a range of fields: He was the leader of the "Water Effects" group (study of underwater explosions) within the Los Alamos Ordnance Division in the Manhattan project during World War II; he witnessed the Trinity test and there "shared a blanket with Hans Bethe." Shapiro understood the nature of the new weapons and helped to form the Association of Los Alamos Scientists [ALAS] to lobby for a civilian atomic-energy commission. (He was chair of ALAS in 1946.) He also worked at Oak Ridge on design of a power reactor just after the war (similar to those used in naval vessels). In 1949 Shapiro joined the Naval Research Laboratory's nuclear physics division, where he started a new program in high-energy physics and cosmic rays, his primary interest throughout his life. In 1977, he founded the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics in Erice, Italy, where many outstanding scientists in the field were students at early stages of their career. He served as director of this school until his death. Shapiro was interested in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays and the role of high energy neutrinos and their detection. He played a major role in starting the field of high-energy neutrino astronomy. Maury, so of J. Simon Werner and Miriam Rivka, was born in Jerusalem on 13 November 1915. His father never returned home from World War I, and his mother married Rabbi Osher Shapiro two years later. The family migrated to Chicago, Illinois, during the early 1920s. Maury's given name was Moishe Mendel Werner. The only father he knew was Rabbi Shapiro, hence the origin of the name we know him by. His parents had planned a theological career for him; however, Maury opted for the study of Physics at the University of Chicago. He did his Ph.D. with Arthur Compton (1942) using early emulsions exposed at Mount Evans--both emulsions on glass plates and stripped emulsions--to study cosmic-ray induced stars. Maury wrote definitive reviews on the emulsion technique (use of high-density visual detectors) in 1941 in Reviews of Modern Physics and then an article entitled "Nuclear Emulsions" in the Handbuch der Physik of 1958. He did many experimental investigations related to cosmic rays and particle properties after the war when he joined NRL. Using emulsion-chamber techniques and high-altitude exposures, Maury measured and verified saturation of relativistic rise in ionization, a measurement of helium and proton flux at high rigidity, and accurate measurements of secondary-to-primary ratio (Li, Be, B/CNO); with his colleagues he did one of the best measurements of neutral pion life time. He also did important measurements of properties of heavy baryons. My association with Maury started when I joined University of Maryland's High Energy group in 1961, a time when Maury had a very active group working in particle physics and cosmic rays using nuclear emulsions and was starting a bubble-chamber group. (Some of the members were Bernard Hildebrand, Bert Stiller, Rein Silberberg, C. H. Tsao, and Robert Glasser.) There was active interaction between George Snow (University of Maryland) and the NRL group, both studying properties of high-energy particles with nuclear emulsions and bubble chambers. I was a consultant with the NRL group for some ten years. In 1960s, Maury investigated the ramifications and limitations of supernova theories for the origin of cosmic rays and discussed the production of high-energy neutrinos and gamma rays from these sources. He was one of the active members of the DUMAND project to study high-energy neutrinos. With Rein Silberberg he explored the capabilities of such a project. Maury's group made seminal contributions on quantitatively exploring isotope ratios (using isotopes to determine the time lag between explosion and acceleration in supernova sources--to suggest the importance of FIP in injection), the detailed analysis of the so- called Slab-model, and re-acceleration of cosmic rays (Shapiro, Silberberg, and Tsao in Cosmology, Fusion and other Matters, edited by Fred Reines, 1972). When he became emeritus, Maury was still very active both in research and in running the Erice School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics (after 1982). He was interested in having a base of operations for the school. He approached me asking whether Maryland would be a possibility. I was delighted and suggested a Visiting professorship to be able to continue his work (without having to move out of the Washington, DC, area). Thus started Maury's association with Maryland which continued until his death. Maury was not only an outstanding scientist, but he was a true gentleman and a good friend. He was an ambassador for the field of Cosmic Rays. His friendly personality, always warm and kind to students and colleagues, was quite infectious. Maury contributed to both experimental and theoretical investigations of cosmic rays and their central role in connecting many diverse disciplines in particle physics, astrophysics, geophysics, acoustical physics. He was outstanding scientist and was greatly concerned about world peace and human affairs. Maury passed away on 27 February 2008, at the age of 92, in Alexandria, Virginia. Four years prior to his death he was still swimming in the Mediterranean during the Cosmic Ray School sessions at Erice. He is survived by his wife, Ruth Auslander, and children Joel N. Shapiro, Elana Ashley, Raquel T. Kislinger, Mark and Bonnie Auslander, Beth Kessler, Lionel Ames, and Naomi Mirvis and grand children.

Measuring oxygen tension modulation, induced by a new pre-radiotherapy therapeutic, in a mammary window chamber mouse model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schafer, Rachel; Gmitro, Arthur F.

2015-03-01

Tumor regions under hypoxic or low oxygen conditions respond less effectively to many treatment strategies, including radiation therapy. A novel investigational therapeutic, NVX-108 (NuvOx Pharma), has been developed to increase delivery of oxygen through the use of a nano-emulsion of dodecofluoropentane. By raising pO2 levels prior to delivering radiation, treatment efficacy may be improved. To aid in evaluating the novel drug, oxygen tension was quantitatively measured, spatially and temporally, to record the effect of administrating NVX-108 in an orthotopic mammary window chamber mouse model of breast cancer. The oxygen tension was measured through the use of an oxygen-sensitive coating, comprised of phosphorescent platinum porphyrin dye embedded in a polystyrene matrix. The coating, applied to the surface of the coverslip of the window chamber through spin coating, is placed in contact with the mammary fat pad to record the oxygenation status of the surface tissue layer. Prior to implantation of the window chamber, a tumor is grown in the SCID mouse model by injection of MCF-7 cells into the mammary fat pad. Two-dimensional spatial distributions of the pO2 levels were obtained through conversion of measured maps of phosphorescent lifetime. The resulting information on the spatial and temporal variation of the induced oxygen modulation could provide valuable insight into the optimal timing between administration of NVX-108 and radiation treatment to provide the most effective treatment outcome.

Photonic band gap effect and structural color from silver nanoparticle gelatin emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kok, Mang Hin; Ma, Rui; Lee, Jeffrey Chi Wai; Tam, Wing Yim; Chan, C. T.; Sheng, Ping; Cheah, Kok Wai

2005-10-01

We have fabricated planar structures of silver nanoparticles in monochromatic gelatin emulsion with a continuous spacing ranging from 0.15-0.40 micron using a two-beam interference of a single laser source. Our planar holograms display a colorful “rainbow” pattern and photonic bandgaps covering the visible and IR ranges. We model the planar silver nanoparticle-gelatin composite system using an effective medium approach and good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.

No Heat Spray Drying Technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Beetz, Charles

No Heat Spray Drying Technology. ZoomEssence has developed our Zooming™ spray drying technology that atomizes liquids to powders at ambient temperature. The process of drying a liquid into a powder form has been traditionally achieved by mixing a heated gas with an atomized (sprayed) fluid within a vessel (drying chamber) causing the solvent to evaporate. The predominant spray drying process in use today employs air heated up to 400° Fahrenheit to dry an atomized liquid into a powder. Exposing sensitive, volatile liquid ingredients to high temperature causes molecular degradation that negatively impacts solubility, stability and profile of the powder. Inmore » short, heat is detrimental to many liquid ingredients. The completed award focused on several areas in order to advance the prototype dryer to a commercial scale integrated pilot system. Prior to the award, ZoomEssence had developed a prototype ‘no-heat’ dryer that firmly established the feasibility of the Zooming™ process. The award focused on three primary areas to improve the technology: (1) improved ability to formulate emulsions for specific flavor groups and improved understanding of the relationship of emulsion properties to final dry particle properties, (2) a new production atomizer, and (3) a dryer controls system.« less

Health effects of subchronic exposure to diesel-water-methanol emulsion emission.

PubMed

Reed, M D; Blair, L F; Burling, K; Daly, I; Gigliotti, A P; Gudi, R; Mercieca, M D; McDonald, J D; O'Callaghan, J P; Seilkop, S K; Ronskoh, N L; Wagner, V O; Kraska, R C

2006-03-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and particulate matter (PM) require urban non-attainment areas to implement pollution-reduction strategies for anthropogenic source emissions. The type of fuel shown to decrease combustion emissions components versus traditional diesel fuel, is the diesel emulsion. The Lubrizol Corporation, in conjunction with Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and several subcontracting laboratories, recently conducted a health assessment of the combustion emissions of PuriNOx diesel fuel emulsion (diesel-water-methanol) in rodents. Combustion emissions from either of two, 2002 model Cummins 5.9L ISB engines, were diluted with charcoal-filtered air to exposure concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 microg total PM/m3. The engines were operated on a continuous, repeating, heavy-duty certification cycle (U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Chapter I) using Rotella-T 15W-40 engine oil. Nitrogen oxide (NO) and PM were reduced when engines were operated on PuriNOx versus California Air Resources Board diesel fuel under these conditions. Male and female F344 rats were housed in Hazleton H2000 exposure chambers and exposed to exhaust atmospheres 6 h/day, five days/week for the first 11 weeks and seven days/week thereafter. Exposures ranged from 61 to 73 days depending on the treatment group. Indicators of general toxicity (body weight, organ weight, clinical pathology and histopathology), neurotoxicity (glial fibrillary acidic protein assay), genotoxicity (Ames assay, micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange), and reproduction and development were measured. Overall, effects observed were mild. Emulsion combustion emissions were not associated with neurotoxicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity, or in vivo genotoxicity. Small decreases in serum cholesterol in the 500-microg/m3 exposure group were observed. PM accumulation within alveolar macrophages was evident in all exposure groups. The latter findings are consistent with normal physiological responses to particle inhalation. Other statistically significant effects were present in some measured parameters of other exposed groups, but were not clearly attributed to emissions exposure. Positive mutagenic responses in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium were observed subsequent to treatment with emulsion emissions subfractions. Based on the cholesterol results, it can be concluded that the 250-microg/m3 exposure level was the no observed effect level. In general, biological findings in exposed rats and bacteria were consistent with exposure to petroleum diesel exhaust in the F344 rat and Ames assays.

SHiP: a new multipurpose beam-dump experiment at the SPS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dijkstra, H. B.

2016-11-01

SHiP is an experiment to look for very weakly interacting particles at a new to be constructed beam-dump facility at the CERN SPS. The SHiP Technical Proposal has been submitted to the CERN SPS Committee in April 2015. The 400 GeV/c proton beam extracted from the SPS will be dumped on a heavy target with the aim of integrating 2 × 1020 proton on target in five years. A detector located downstream of the target, based on a long vacuum tank followed by a spectrometer and particle identification detectors, will allow probing a variety of models with light long-lived exotic particles and masses below a few GeV/c2. The main focus will be the physics of the so-called Hidden Portals, i.e. search for Dark Photons, Light scalars and pseudo-scalars, and Heavy Neutral Leptons (HNL). The sensitivity to HNL will allow for the first time to probe, in the mass range between the kaon and the charm meson mass, a coupling range for which Baryogenesis and active neutrino masses could also be explained. Integrated in SHiP is an Emulsion Cloud Chamber, already used in the OPERA experiment, which will allow to study active neutrino cross-sections and angular distributions. In particular SHiP can distinguish between vτ and v¯τ, and their deep inelastic scattering cross sections will be measured with statistics three orders of magnitude larger than currently available.

Optimization and development of stable w/o/w cosmetic multiple emulsions by means of the Quality by Design approach.

PubMed

Kovács, A; Erős, I; Csóka, I

2016-04-01

The aim of our present work was to develop stable water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) cosmetic multiple emulsions that are proper for cosmetic use and can also be applied on the skin as pharmaceutical vehicles by means of Quality by Design (QbD) concept. This product design concept consists of a risk assessment step and also the 'predetermination' of the critical material attributes and process parameters of a stable multiple emulsion system. We have set up the hypothesis that the stability of multiple emulsions can be improved by the development based on such systematic planning - making a map of critical product parameters - so their industrial usage can be increased. The risk assessment and the determination of critical physical-chemical stability parameters of w/o/w multiple emulsions to define critical control points were performed by means of quality tools and the leanqbd(™) (QbD Works LLC, Fremont, CA, U.S.A.) software. Critical materials and process parameters: Based on the results of preformulation experiments, three factors, namely entrapped active agent, preparation methodology and shear rate, were found to be highly critical factors for critical quality attributes (CQAs) and for stability, whereas the nature of oil was found a medium level risk factor. The results of the risk assessment are the following: (i) droplet structure and size distribution should be evaluated together to be able to predict the stability issues, (ii) the presence of entrapped active agents had a great impact on droplet structure, (iii) the viscosity curves represent the structural changes during storage, if the decrease in relative viscosity is >15% the emulsion disintegrates, and (iv) it is enough to use the shear rate between 34g and 116g relative centrifugal force (RCF). CQAs: By risk assessment, we discovered that four factors should be considered to be high-risk variables as compared to others: droplet size, droplet structure, viscosity and multiple character were found to be highly critical attributes. The preformulation experiment is the part of a development plan. On the basis of these results, the control strategy can be defined and a stable multiple emulsion can be ensured that meets the relevant stakeholders' quality expectations. © 2015 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.

Temperature dependent of viscoelasticity measurement on fat emulsion phantom using acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging method

PubMed Central

Xie, Peng; Wang, Mengke; Guo, Yanrong; Wen, Huiying; Chen, Xin; Chen, Siping; Lin, Haoming

2018-01-01

During the past two decades, tissue elasticity has been extensively studied and has been used in clinical disease diagnosis. But biological soft tissues are viscoelastic in nature. Therefore, they should be simultaneously characterized in terms of elasticity and viscosity. In addition, the mechanical properties of soft tissues are temperature dependent. However, how the temperature influences the shear wave dispersion and the viscoelasticity of soft tissue are still unclear. The aim of this study is to compare viscoelasticity of fat emulsion phantom with different temperature using acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging method. In our experiment, we produced four proportions of ultrasonic phantom by adding fat emulsion gelatin. Through adjusting the component of the fat emulsion, we change the viscoelasticity of the ultrasonic phantom. We used verasonics system to gather data and voigt model to fit the elasticity and viscosity value of the ultrasonic phantom we made. The influence of temperature to the ultrasonic phantom also measured in our study. The results show that the addition of fat emulsion to the phantom can increase the viscosity of the phantom, and the shear wave phase velocity decreases gradually at each frequency with the temperature increases, which provides a new material for the production of viscoelastic phantom. PMID:29758968

Temperature dependent of viscoelasticity measurement on fat emulsion phantom using acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging method.

PubMed

Xie, Peng; Wang, Mengke; Guo, Yanrong; Wen, Huiying; Chen, Xin; Chen, Siping; Lin, Haoming

2018-04-27

During the past two decades, tissue elasticity has been extensively studied and has been used in clinical disease diagnosis. But biological soft tissues are viscoelastic in nature. Therefore, they should be simultaneously characterized in terms of elasticity and viscosity. In addition, the mechanical properties of soft tissues are temperature dependent. However, how the temperature influences the shear wave dispersion and the viscoelasticity of soft tissue are still unclear. The aim of this study is to compare viscoelasticity of fat emulsion phantom with different temperature using acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging method. In our experiment, we produced four proportions of ultrasonic phantom by adding fat emulsion gelatin. Through adjusting the component of the fat emulsion, we change the viscoelasticity of the ultrasonic phantom. We used verasonics system to gather data and voigt model to fit the elasticity and viscosity value of the ultrasonic phantom we made. The influence of temperature to the ultrasonic phantom also measured in our study. The results show that the addition of fat emulsion to the phantom can increase the viscosity of the phantom, and the shear wave phase velocity decreases gradually at each frequency with the temperature increases, which provides a new material for the production of viscoelastic phantom.

Discovery of ν_{{τ}}^{} appearance and recent results from OPERA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukuda, T.; Opera Collaboration

2017-07-01

The OPERA experiment was designed to observe {ν_{μ}}→{ν_{τ}} oscillations through {ν_{τ}} appearance at a baseline of 730km in the CNGS beam. Newly developed emulsion analysis technology allows to measure {ν_e} , {ν_{μ}} and {ν_{τ}} interactions with the largest emulsion detector ever made. OPERA has detected five {ν_{τ}} candidates, allowing to reject the background-only hypothesis at 5.1 {σ} . The parameters for standard and non-standard oscillations are measured and constrained.

The oil displacement effect evaluation of Different Displacing systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Keliang; Zhang, Bowen; Li, Gen

2018-02-01

During the chemical flooding, the surfactant and the alkali play an emulsifying role. The emulsification can not only improve the displacement efficiency, but also expand the swept volume by the mechanism of emulsifying trapping. We select some chemical flooding systems including different kinds of surfactants, alkali/alkali-free and different emulsion degrees to make the comparative experiment and draw the conclusion that it is an effective way to enhance the recovery by increasing the emulsion stability without having to pursue the ultra-low interfacial tension.

Experiment S009: Nuclear Emulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Odell, F. W.; Shapiro, M. M.; Silberberg, R.; Stiller, B.; Tsao, C. H.; Durgaprasad, N.; Fichtel, C. E.; Guss, D. E.; Reames, D. V.

1971-01-01

The first exposure on a spacecraft of a nuclear emulsion apparatus designed to collect 1000 high quality tracks of heavy nuclei under a negligible thickness of matter (0.07 g/sq cm) is described. The cosmic ray detector consisted of a stack of nuclear emulsions that were designed to register at least 400 heavy nuclei tracks for each 10 hours of useful exposure. The spacecraft had to be oriented in a heads-up attitude during the 10-hour period to eliminate atmospheric albedo particles. The results are as follows: (1) a definite odd-even effect, with low abundances for elements of atomic number 7, 9, and 11; (2) a ratio O/C approximately 0.9; (3) Ne/C, Mg/C, and Si/C ratios between 0.2 and 0.3; (4) an abundance gap in the region 15 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 19; and (5) a ratio (20 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28)/C 0.2, with a large concentration at Z = 26. These results are indicative that successful exposures of nuclear emulsions were obtained on the Gemini 11 mission.

A new generation scanning system for the high-speed analysis of nuclear emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexandrov, A.; Buonaura, A.; Consiglio, L.; D'Ambrosio, N.; De Lellis, G.; Di Crescenzo, A.; Galati, G.; Lauria, A.; Montesi, M. C.; Tioukov, V.; Vladymyrov, M.

2016-06-01

The development of automatic scanning systems was a fundamental issue for large scale neutrino detectors exploiting nuclear emulsions as particle trackers. Such systems speed up significantly the event analysis in emulsion, allowing the feasibility of experiments with unprecedented statistics. In the early 1990s, R&D programs were carried out by Japanese and European laboratories leading to automatic scanning systems more and more efficient. The recent progress in the technology of digital signal processing and of image acquisition allows the fulfillment of new systems with higher performances. In this paper we report the description and the performance of a new generation scanning system able to operate at the record speed of 84 cm2/hour and based on the Large Angle Scanning System for OPERA (LASSO) software infrastructure developed by the Naples scanning group. Such improvement, reduces the scanning time by a factor 4 with respect to the available systems, allowing the readout of huge amount of nuclear emulsions in reasonable time. This opens new perspectives for the employment of such detectors in a wider variety of applications.

High-Multiplicity Lead-Lead Interactions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deines-Jones, P.; Cherry, M. L.; Dabrowska, A.; Holynski, R.; Jones, W. V.; Kolganova, E. D.; Kudzia, D.; Nilsen, B. S.; Olszewski, A.; Pozharova, E. A.;

InSPACE3 Experiment Run

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-10-14

ISS037-E-010695 (14 Oct. 2013) --- European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano, Expedition 37 flight engineer, works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 3 (InSPACE-3) experiment in the Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station.

InSPACE3 Experiment Run

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-10-14

ISS037-E-010697 (14 Oct. 2013) --- European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano, Expedition 37 flight engineer, works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 3 (InSPACE-3) experiment in the Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station.

InSPACE3 Experiment Run

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-10-14

ISS037-E-010698 (14 Oct. 2013) --- European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano, Expedition 37 flight engineer, works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions - 3 (InSPACE-3) experiment in the Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station.

Measurement and modeling of oil slick transport

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, Cathleen E.; Dagestad, Knut-Frode; Breivik, Øyvind; Holt, Benjamin; Röhrs, Johannes; Christensen, Kai Hâkon; Espeseth, Martine; Brekke, Camilla; Skrunes, Stine

2016-10-01

Transport characteristics of oil slicks are reported from a controlled release experiment conducted in the North Sea in June 2015, during which mineral oil emulsions of different volumetric oil fractions and a look-alike biogenic oil were released and allowed to develop naturally. The experiment used the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) to track slick location, size, and shape for ˜8 h following release. Wind conditions during the exercise were at the high end of the range considered suitable for radar-based slick detection, but the slicks were easily detectable in all images acquired by the low noise, L-band imaging radar. The measurements are used to constrain the entrainment length and representative droplet radii for oil elements in simulations generated using the OpenOil advanced oil drift model. Simultaneously released drifters provide near-surface current estimates for the single biogenic release and one emulsion release, and are used to test model sensitivity to upper ocean currents and mixing. Results of the modeling reveal a distinct difference between the transport of the biogenic oil and the mineral oil emulsion, in particular in the vertical direction, with faster and deeper entrainment of significantly smaller droplets of the biogenic oil. The difference in depth profiles for the two types of oils is substantial, with most of the biogenic oil residing below depths of 10 m, compared to the majority of the emulsion remaining above 10 m depth. This difference was key to fitting the observed evolution of the two different types of slicks.

IIaO ultraviolet and nuclear emulsion films responses to orbital flights on STS-3, STS-7, STS-8, and STS-40

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hammond, E. C., Jr.; Peters, K. A.; Blake, S. M.; Bailey, Y.; Johnson, D.; Robancho, S.; Stober, A.

1992-01-01

Two types of film were flown on STS-40 space shuttle mission in June 1991. The IIaO special purpose ultraviolet film showed continued desensitization because of various thermal and cosmic ray interactions. The films were exposed to the space orbital environment for 9 days. There were several built-in launch pad delays of the shuttle mission. However, there was adequate monitoring of the temperature variations on board the shuttle that allowed for adequate knowledge of the thermal film history. This IIaO film was flown on the ASTRO I mission and is currently slated for use with the ASTRO II mission. A 50 micron thick IIIford Nuclear emulsion film was also placed on a 175 micron polyester base. The exposure to space produced several cosmic ray interactions that were analyzed and measured using Digital Image Processing techniques. This same nuclear emulsion film was flown on STS-8 and produced a similar number of cosmic ray and thermal interactions. From previous experiments of film using various laboratory electromagnetic radiation sources (e.g., alpha, beta, and neutron particles), we have been able to infer the possible oribtal interactions of both IIaO and nuclear emulsion films. The characteristic responses of IIaO on STS-40 compared favorably to the results obtained from previous STS-7 and STS-8 gas can experiments. The results indicate sufficient evidence correlating increased density on the film with possible cosmic ray, thermal and shuttle out gassing interactions.

An easily regenerable enzyme reactor prepared from polymerized high internal phase emulsions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ruan, Guihua, E-mail: guihuaruan@hotmail.com; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004; Wu, Zhenwei

A large-scale high-efficient enzyme reactor based on polymerized high internal phase emulsion monolith (polyHIPE) was prepared. First, a porous cross-linked polyHIPE monolith was prepared by in-situ thermal polymerization of a high internal phase emulsion containing styrene, divinylbenzene and polyglutaraldehyde. The enzyme of TPCK-Trypsin was then immobilized on the monolithic polyHIPE. The performance of the resultant enzyme reactor was assessed according to the conversion ability of N{sub α}-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester to N{sub α}-benzoyl-L-arginine, and the protein digestibility of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and cytochrome (Cyt-C). The results showed that the prepared enzyme reactor exhibited high enzyme immobilization efficiency and fast andmore » easy-control protein digestibility. BSA and Cyt-C could be digested in 10 min with sequence coverage of 59% and 78%, respectively. The peptides and residual protein could be easily rinsed out from reactor and the reactor could be regenerated easily with 4 M HCl without any structure destruction. Properties of multiple interconnected chambers with good permeability, fast digestion facility and easily reproducibility indicated that the polyHIPE enzyme reactor was a good selector potentially applied in proteomics and catalysis areas. - Graphical abstract: Schematic illustration of preparation of hypercrosslinking polyHIPE immobilized enzyme reactor for on-column protein digestion. - Highlights: • A reactor was prepared and used for enzyme immobilization and continuous on-column protein digestion. • The new polyHIPE IMER was quite suit for protein digestion with good properties. • On-column digestion revealed that the IMER was easy regenerated by HCl without any structure destruction.« less

Showing Emulsion Properties with Common Dairy Foods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bravo-Diaz, Carlos; Gonzalez-Romero, Elisa

1996-09-01

Foods are mixtures of different chemical compounds, and the quality we sense (taste, texture, color, etc.) are all manifestations of its chemical properties. Some of them can be visualized with the aid of simple, safe and inexpensive experiments using dairy products that can be found in any kitchen and using almost exclusively kitchen utensils. In this paper we propose some of them related with food emulsions. Food emulsions cover an extremely wide area of daily-life applications such as milk, sauces, dressings and beverages. Experimentation with some culinary recipes to prepare them and the analyisis of the observed results is close to ideal subject for the introduction of chemical principles, allowing to discuss about the nature and composition of foods, the effects of additives, etc. At the same time it allows to get insights into the scientific reasons that underlie on the recipes (something that it is not usually found in most cookbooks). For example, when making an emulsion like mayonnaise, why the egg yolks and water are the first materials in the bowl , and the oil is added to them rather than in the other way around? How you can "rescue" separate emulsions (mayonnaise)? Which parameters affect emulsion stability? Since safety, in its broad sense, is the first requisite for any food, concerns about food exist throughout the world and the more we are aware of our everyday life, the more likely we will be to deal productively with the consequences. On the other hand, understanding what foods are and how cooking works destroys no delightful mystery of the art of cuisine, instead the mystery expands.

Material research in microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Langbein, D.

1984-01-01

A popular discussion is given of microgravity effects in engineering and medicine gained from Skylab experience. Areas covered include crystal growing, liquid surface properties, diffusion, ferromagnetism, and emulsions.

Biodegradation of diesel/biodiesel blends by a consortium of hydrocarbon degraders: effect of the type of blend and the addition of biosurfactants.

PubMed

Owsianiak, Mikołaj; Chrzanowski, Łukasz; Szulc, Alicja; Staniewski, Jacek; Olszanowski, Andrzej; Olejnik-Schmidt, Agnieszka K; Heipieper, Hermann J

2009-02-01

Biodegradation experiments for diesel/biodiesel blends in liquid cultures by-petroleum degrading microbial consortium showed that for low amendments of biodiesel (10%) the overall biodegradation efficiency of the mixture after seven days was lower than for petroleum diesel fuel. Preferential usage of methyl esters in the broad biodiesel concentration range and diminished biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons for 10% biodiesel blend was confirmed. Rhamnolipids improved biodegradation efficiency only for blends with low content of biodiesel. Emulsion formation experiments showed that biodiesel amendments significantly affected dispersion of fuel mixtures in water. The presence of rhamnolipids biosurfactant affected stability of such emulsions and altered cell surface properties of tested consortium.

A New Antiwear Additive/Surface Pretreatment for PFPE Liquid Lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morales, Wilfredo; Fusaro, Robert L.; Siebert, Mark; Keith, Theo; Jansen, Ralph; Herrera-Fierro, Pilar

1995-01-01

Pin-on-disk tribology experiments were conducted on a perfluoroalkylelher (PFPE) liquid lubricant with and without a new PFPE lubricant antiwear additive material, a silane. It was found that the silane provided moderate improvement in the antiwear performance of the PFPE lubricant when applied to the metallic surface as a surface coating or when added to the PFPE as a dispersion (emulsion). Slightly better results were obtained by using the combination of a surface coating and an emulsion of the silane. The silane emulsions or coatings did not affect the friction properties of the lubricant. Micro-Fourier transformation infrared (muFTIR) spectroscopy analysis was performed to study silane transfer films and the degradation of the PFPE. The silane was found to mitigate degradation of the PFPE which may have been the major reason for the improved antiwear performance observed.

InSPACE experiment

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-08-01

ISS020-E-026859 (1 Aug. 2009) --- European Space Agency astronaut Frank De Winne, Expedition 20 flight engineer, works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

InSPACE Experiment

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-12-31

View of Command and Monitoring Panel (CMP),and Power Distribution and Conversion Box (PDC),on the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) rack during Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions 3 (InSPACE-3) Experiment,in the U.S. Laboratory. Photo was taken during Expedition 34.

A study of the stabilities, microstructures and fuel characteristics of tri-fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) using various fuel preparation methods

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, K. H.; Mukhtar, N. A. M.; Yohaness Hagos, Ftwi; Noor, M. M.

2017-10-01

In this study, the work was carried out to investigate the effects of ethanol proportions on the stabilities and physicochemical characteristics of tri-fuel (Diesel-Biodiesel-Ethanol). For the first time, tri-fuel emulsions and blended were compared side by side. The experiment was done with composition having 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25 % of ethanol with fixed 10% of biodiesel from palm oil origin on a volume basis into diesel. The results indicated that the phase stabilities of the emulsified fuels were higher compared to the blended fuels. In addition, tri-fuel composition with higher proportion of ethanol were found unstable with high tendency to form layer separation. It was found that tri-fuel emulsion with 5% ethanol content (D85B10E5) was of the best in stability with little separation. Furthermore, tri-fuel with lowest ethanol proportion indicated convincing physicochemical characteristics compared to others. Physicochemical characteristics of tri-fuel blending yield almost similar results to tri-fuel emulsion but degrading as more proportion ethanol content added. Emulsion category had cloudy look but on temporarily basis. Under the microscope, tri-fuel emulsion and blending droplet were similar for its active moving about micro-bubble but distinct in term of detection of collision, average disperse micro-bubble size, the spread and organization of the microstructure.

Hindrance Velocity Model for Phase Segregation in Suspensions of Poly-dispersed Randomly Oriented Spheroids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faroughi, S. A.; Huber, C.

2015-12-01

Crystal settling and bubbles migration in magmas have significant effects on the physical and chemical evolution of magmas. The rate of phase segregation is controlled by the force balance that governs the migration of particles suspended in the melt. The relative velocity of a single particle or bubble in a quiescent infinite fluid (melt) is well characterized; however, the interplay between particles or bubbles in suspensions and emulsions and its effect on their settling/rising velocity remains poorly quantified. We propose a theoretical model for the hindered velocity of non-Brownian emulsions of nondeformable droplets, and suspensions of spherical solid particles in the creeping flow regime. The model is based on three sets of hydrodynamic corrections: two on the drag coefficient experienced by each particle to account for both return flow and Smoluchowski effects and a correction on the mixture rheology to account for nonlocal interactions between particles. The model is then extended for mono-disperse non-spherical solid particles that are randomly oriented. The non-spherical particles are idealized as spheroids and characterized by their aspect ratio. The poly-disperse nature of natural suspensions is then taken into consideration by introducing an effective volume fraction of particles for each class of mono-disperse particles sizes. Our model is tested against new and published experimental data over a wide range of particle volume fraction and viscosity ratios between the constituents of dispersions. We find an excellent agreement between our model and experiments. We also show two significant applications for our model: (1) We demonstrate that hindered settling can increase mineral residence time by up to an order of magnitude in convecting magma chambers. (2) We provide a model to correct for particle interactions in the conventional hydrometer test to estimate the particle size distribution in soils. Our model offers a greatly improved agreement with the results obtained with direct measurement methods such as laser diffraction.

Egress route of emulsified 20 centistokes silicone oil from anterior chamber of rabbit.

PubMed

Ohira, A; Chihara, E; Soji, T

1994-07-01

Silicone oil is used in recent clinical practice, however, it may cause adverse reactions in the eyes. When the high viscosity silicone oil is contaminated with low molecular weight silicone oil, the contamination may cause ocular toxicity or elevation of the intraocular pressure. To obtain information on the distribution of this preparation, emulsified 20 centistokes silicone oil was injected into the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes. The silicone oil droplets were visualized by light and electron microscopy by using oil soluble phthalocyanine blue. This copper containing dye remains in the tissue after removal of the silicone oil by organic solvents. Two and 4 weeks after an injection, the silicone emulsion was observed as numerous small vacuoles with blue precipitate at the margin of vacuoles within elongated trabecular endothelial cells, fibroblasts along the route of uveoscleral outflow and cells of the iris. Three hours after the injection, only a few vacuoles were present in these cells. These results demonstrated that the emulsified silicone oil leaves the anterior chamber through the conventional and unconventional routes. Phagocytosis by the trabecular endothelial cells and fibroblasts along the uveoscleral route caused an accumulation of the emulsified silicone oil in these cells. With chronic exposure to emulsified silicone oil, changes in the trabecular meshwork may lead to a reduction in the outflow of aqueous humor and cause glaucoma.

FSL_FASES

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-06-19

ISS036-E-009550 (19 June 2013) --- European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano, Expedition 36 flight engineer, installs the Fundamental and Applied Studies of Emulsion Stability (FASES) experiment container into the Central Experiment Module (CEM) Lower of Fluid Science Laboratory (FSL) in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

Skylab

NASA Image and Video Library

1970-09-01

This photograph shows Skylab's Nuclear Emulsion experiment, a Skylab science facility that was mounted inside the Multiple Docking Adapter used to record the relative abundance of primary, high-energy heavy nuclei outside the Earth's atmosphere. The Marshall Space Flight Center had program management responsibility for the development of Skylab hardware and experiments.

Tribology of steel/steel interaction in oil-in-water emulsion; a rationale for lubricity.

PubMed

Kumar, Deepak; Daniel, Jency; Biswas, S K

2010-05-15

Oil droplets are dispersed in water by an anionic surfactant to form an emulsion. The lubricity of this emulsion in steel/steel interaction is explored in a ball on flat nanotribometer. The droplet size and charge are measured using dynamic light scattering, while the substrate charge density is estimated using the pH titration method. These data are combined to calculate the DLVO forces for the droplets generated for a range of surfactant concentration and two oil to water volume ratios. The droplets have a clear bi-modal size distribution. The study shows that the smaller droplets which experience weak repulsion are situated (at the highest DLVO barrier) much closer to the substrate than the bigger droplets, which experience the same DLVO force, are. We suggest that the smaller droplets thus play a more important role in lubricity than what the bigger droplets do. The largest volume of such small droplets occurs in the 0.5 mM-1 mM range of surfactant concentration and 1% oil to water volume ratio, where the coefficient of friction is also observed to be the least. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cross-linking of sodium caseinate-structured emulsion with transglutaminase alters postprandial metabolic and appetite responses in healthy young individuals.

PubMed

Juvonen, Kristiina R; Macierzanka, Adam; Lille, Martina E; Laaksonen, David E; Mykkänen, Hannu M; Niskanen, Leo K; Pihlajamäki, Jussi; Mäkelä, Kari A; Mills, Clare E N; Mackie, Alan R; Malcolm, Paul; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Poutanen, Kaisa S; Karhunen, Leila J

2015-08-14

The physico-chemical and interfacial properties of fat emulsions influence lipid digestion and may affect postprandial responses. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the modification of the interfacial layer of a fat emulsion by cross-linking on postprandial metabolic and appetite responses. A total of fifteen healthy individuals (26.5 (sem 6.9) years and BMI 21.9 (sem 2.0) kg/m2) participated in a cross-over design experiment in which they consumed two isoenergetic (1924 kJ (460 kcal)) and isovolumic (250 g) emulsions stabilised with either sodium caseinate (Cas) or transglutaminase-cross-linked sodium caseinate (Cas-TG) in a randomised order. Blood samples were collected from the individuals at baseline and for 6 h postprandially for the determination of serum TAG and plasma NEFA, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin responses. Appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Postprandial TAG and NEFA responses and gastric emptying (GE) rates were comparable between the emulsions. CCK increased more after the ingestion of Cas-TG than after the ingestion of Cas (P< 0.05), while GLP-1 responses did not differ between the two test emulsions. Glucose and insulin profiles were lower after consuming Cas-TG than after consuming Cas (P< 0.05). The overall insulin, glucose and CCK responses, expressed as areas above/under the curve, did not differ significantly between the Cas and Cas-TG meal conditions. Satiety ratings were reduced and hunger, desire to eat and thirst ratings increased more after the ingestion of Cas-TG than after the ingestion of Cas (P< 0.05). The present results suggest that even a subtle structural modification of the interfacial layer of a fat emulsion can alter the early postprandial profiles of glucose, insulin, CCK, appetite and satiety through decreased protein digestion without affecting significantly on GE or overall lipid digestion.

The effects of emulsifying agents on disposition of lipid-soluble drugs included in fat emulsion.

PubMed

Suzuki, Yasuyuki; Masumitsu, Yasushi; Okudaira, Kazuho; Hayashi, Masahiro

2004-02-01

The uses for drug delivery systems of two soybean oil fat emulsions prepared with an emulsifying agent, phosphatidyl choline (PC) or Pluronic F-127 (PLU), were examined comparatively in vivo and in vitro. In the presence of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in vitro, the mean particle size of the PLU emulsion changed less than that of the PC emulsion. The production of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) from the PLU emulsion in the presence of LPL was smaller than that from the PC emulsion. These in vitro results indicate that the PLU emulsion is more stable than the PC emulsion. Plasma NEFA concentration following intravenous administration of the emulsions decreased with time for the PC emulsion, but was kept lower and constant for the PLU emulsion, supporting the in vitro stability data. The order of plasma cyclosporine A (CsA) concentration following intravenous administration in the above two emulsions and the mixed solution of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) and dimethylamide (DMA) in rats was PLU emulsion>PC emulsion>PEG/DMA solution. The plasma concentration was maintained higher and tissue distribution lower for the PLU emulsion than for other formulations. The uptake of oil violet (OV) into the rat parenchymal cells from the PLU emulsion was approximately half that from the PC emulsion, but the uptake into the Kupffer cells was almost equal in both emulsions. In conclusion, these emulsifying agents can control plasma elimination and tissue distribution of lipophilic drugs included in the emulsion. The use of the emulsion formulation makes it possible to avoid side effects through the reduction of drug uptake into non-targeted tissues.

Correlation of individual cosmic ray nuclei with the observation of light flashes by Apollo astronauts. [nuclear emulsion detector design and operation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pinsky, L. S.; Osborne, W. Z.; Bailey, J. V.

1975-01-01

A nuclear emulsion detector known as the Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector (ALFMED) was designed: (1) to record tracks of primary cosmic rays; (2) to provide time-of-passage information via a relative plate translation technique; (3) to provide particle trajectory information; and (4) to fit into a masklike device that could be located about the head and eyes of an astronaut. An ALFMED device was worn by an astronaut observing light flashes for 60 minutes on each of the last two Apollo missions. During the Apollo 17 experiment seventeen separate flashes were reported by the observer. With one-third of the total plate area completely analyzed, two definite correlations have been found between Z greater than 8 cosmic ray nuclei traversing an eye and the reports of visual sensations.

Synthesis of mesoporous poly(melamine-formaldehyde) particles by inverse emulsion polymerization.

PubMed

Schwarz, Dana; Weber, Jens

2017-07-15

Mesoporous poly(melamine-formaldehyde) (MF) particles with surface areas of up to 200m 2 g -1 were synthesized by an inverse emulsion polymerization using dodecane and Span80® as continuous phase. The finer details of the shape control (using emulsion techniques) and the porosity control (using silica nanoparticles as hard-template) are discussed. The impact of phase-separation processes on the observable porosity of the 20-200µm sized spherical particles is analysed by gas sorption methods and electron microscopy. The high density of amine and triazine functional groups in the porous MF particles make the material a promising adsorber for heavy metal ions and methylene blue. In a preliminary column experiment, the synthesized material exhibited a total capacity of 2.54mmol/g (≙ 812.4mg/g) for the adsorption of methylene blue. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Reduction of the infectivity of baculovirus stocks frozen at ultra-low temperature in serum-free media: The role of lipid emulsions.

PubMed

Eberhardt, Ignacio; Gioria, Verónica Viviana; Micheloud, Gabriela Analía; Claus, Juan Daniel

2016-11-01

The infectivity of stocks of baculoviruses produced in serum-free media is sensitive to freezing at ultra-low temperatures. The objective of this work was to elucidate the causes of such sensitivity, using as a model the freezing of stocks of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV), a baculovirus widely employed as biological insecticide. Titers of supernatants of cell cultures infected with AgMNPV in four different serum-free media supplemented with lipid emulsions were reduced by 50 to 90% after six months freezing. By using a full factorial experiment, freezing and lipid emulsion, as well as the interaction between them, were identified as the main factors reducing the viral titer. The virucidal effect of the lipid emulsion was reproduced by one of their components, the surfactant Polysorbate 80. Damaged viral envelopes were observed by transmission electron microscopy in most particles frozen in a medium supplemented with lipid emulsion or Polysorbate 80. Additionally, Polysorbate 80 also affected the infectivity of AgMNPV stocks that were incubated at 27°C. The identification of the roles played by the lipid emulsion and Polysorbate 80 is not only a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the inactivation of baculovirus stocks produced in serum-free media during storage at ultra-low temperature, but is also an input for the rational development of new procedures aimed at improving both the preservation of baculovirus stocks and the composition of culture media for the production of baculovirus-based bioproducts in insect cells. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1559-1569, 2016. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

Emulsion-Based Intradermal Delivery of Melittin in Rats.

PubMed

Han, Sang Mi; Kim, Se Gun; Pak, Sok Cheon

2017-05-19

Bee venom (BV) has long been used as a traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to formulate a BV emulsion with good rheological properties for dermal application and investigate the effect of formulation on the permeation of melittin through dermatomed rat skin. A formulated emulsion containing 1% ( w / v ) BV was prepared. The emulsion was compared with distilled water (DW) and 25% ( w / v ) N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) in DW. Permeation of melittin from aqueous solution through the dermatomed murine skin was evaluated using the Franz diffusion cells. Samples of receptor cells withdrawn at pre-determined time intervals were measured for melittin amount. After the permeation study, the same skin was used for melittin extraction. In addition, a known amount of melittin (5 μg/mL) was added to stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis of the rat skin, and the amount of melittin was measured at pre-determined time points. The measurement of melittin from all samples was done with HPLC-MS/MS. No melittin was detected in the receptor phase at all time points in emulsion, DW, or NMP groups. When the amount of melittin was further analyzed in stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis from the permeation study, melittin was still not detected. In an additional experiment, the amount of melittin added to all skin matrices was corrected against the amount of melittin recovered. While the total amount of melittin was retained in the stratum corneum, less than 10% of melittin remained in epidermis and dermis within 15 and 30 min, respectively. Skin microporation with BV emulsion facilitates the penetration of melittin across the stratum corneum into epidermis and dermis, where emulsified melittin could have been metabolized by locally-occurring enzymes.

The research about microscopic structure of emulsion membrane in O/W emulsion by NMR and its influence to emulsion stability.

PubMed

Xie, Yiqiao; Chen, Jisheng; Zhang, Shu; Fan, Kaiyan; Chen, Gang; Zhuang, Zerong; Zeng, Mingying; Chen, De; Lu, Longgui; Yang, Linlin; Yang, Fan

2016-03-16

This paper discussed the influence of microstructure of emulsion membrane on O/W emulsion stability. O/W emulsions were emulsified with equal dosage of egg yolk lecithin and increasing dosage of co-emulsifier (oleic acid or HS15). The average particle size and centrifugal stability constant of emulsion, as well as interfacial tension between oil and water phase were determined. The microstructure of emulsion membrane had been studied by (1)H/(13)C NMR, meanwhile the emulsion droplets were visually presented with TEM and IFM. With increasing dosage of co-emulsifier, emulsions showed two stable states, under which the signal intensity of characteristic group (orient to lipophilic core) of egg yolk lecithin disappeared in NMR of emulsions, but that (orient to aqueous phase) of co-emulsifiers only had some reduction at the second stable state. At the two stable states, the emulsion membranes were neater in TEM and emulsion droplets were rounder in IFM. Furthermore, the average particle size of emulsions at the second stable state was bigger than that at the first stable state. Egg yolk lecithin and co-emulsifier respectively arranged into monolayer and bilayer emulsion membrane at the two stable states. The microstructure of emulsion membrane was related to the stability of emulsion. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The cloud chamber as a field diagnostic tool

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clark, A

1967-10-19

This document presents the Pros and Cons of using a cloud chamber for field use. Historical aspects are briefly discussed. A cloud chamber experiment on Midi Mist is described. Plans for fielding an experiment on Hupmobile are presented.

NEWSdm: Nuclear Emulsions for WIMP Search with directional measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Di Crescenzo, A.

2017-12-01

Direct Dark Matter searches are nowadays one of the most exciting research topics. Several experimental efforts are concentrated on the development, construction, and operation of detectors looking for the scattering of target nuclei with Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMPs). The measurement of the direction of WIMP-induced nuclear recoils is a challenging strategy to extend dark matter searches beyond the neutrino floor and provide an unambiguous signature of the detection of Galactic dark matter. Current directional experiments are based on the use of gas TPC whose sensitivity is strongly limited by the small achievable detector mass. We present an innovative directional experiment based on the use of a solid target made by newly developed nuclear emulsions and read-out systems reaching a position resolution of the order of 10 nm.

The influence of the emulsion composition on the wettability of the emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yan Jun; Shao, Jian Nan; Lei Liu, Peng

2018-03-01

In order to explore the influence of the emulsion composition on the wettability of the emulsion, using lauric acid polyoxyethylene esters (LAE) and polyethylene oleic acid diester (DQA) as the emulsifier and oleic acid ester (QA) as the smoothing agent, the spinning oil emulsion system with the content of smoothing agent above 30% was prepared. The results show that: with the increase of emulsion concentration, the surface tension of emulsion, the contact Angle of emulsion on the surface of the polypropylene fiber and the wetting time of canvas in emulsion all decreases. At the same time,the emulsion has critical micelle concentration, when the concentration is less than CMC, the surface tension of emulsion, the contact Angle of emulsion on the surface of the polypropylene fiber and the wetting time of canvas in the emulsion decreases rapidly with the increase of the emulsion concentration, while it’s more than this concentration, the influence of emulsion concentration on the three kinds of nature is smaller. Besides, the increase of the mass fraction of the smoothing agent and the increase of the compound emulsifier HLB will result in worse wettability.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Nanoparticles: An Interdisciplinary Experiment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ramalho, Maria J.; Pereira, M. Carmo

2016-01-01

In this work, a laboratory experiment to introduce graduate students to nanotechnology is described. Students prepared poly(lactic-"co"-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles using two different synthesis procedures, a single and a double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The students also performed a physicochemical characterization of…

Radiation induced emulsion graft polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine onto PE/PP nonwoven fabric for As(V) adsorption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akkaş Kavaklı, Pınar; Kavaklı, Cengiz; Seko, Noriaki; Tamada, Masao; Güven, Olgun

2016-10-01

A novel nonwoven fabric adsorbent having 4-vinylpyridine functional groups was prepared by using radiation-induced emulsion graft polymerization method and grafting 4-vinylpyridine monomer onto a polyethylene-coated polypropylene nonwoven fabric (NWF) in aqueous emulsion solution. The grafting conditions of the 4-vinylpyridine monomer onto the NWF were optimised and 150% Dg VP-g-NWF was prepared using 30 kGy pre-irradiation dose, 5% VP monomer concentration and 0.5% (w/w) Tween 20 in aqueous emulsion. Grafted 4-vinylpyridine chains on the NWF were then quaternized for the preparation of QVP-g-NWF adsorbent. All fabric structures were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, x-ray photoelectron spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. QVP-g-NWF adsorbent was used in batch adsorption experiments for As(V) ions by studying the pH, contact time, and initial As(V) ion concentration parameters. Results showed that QVP-g-NWF adsorbent has significant As(V) adsorption and experimental As(V) adsorption capacity was 98.04 mg As(V)/g polymer from 500 mg/L initial As(V) concentration at pH 7.00.

Microfluidics-Based PCR for Fusion Transcript Detection.

PubMed

Chen, Hui

2016-01-01

The microfluidic technology allows the production of network of submillimeter-size fluidic channels and reservoirs in a variety of material systems. The microfluidic-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows automated multiplexing of multiple samples and multiple assays simultaneously within a network of microfluidic channels and chambers that are co-ordinated in controlled fashion by the valves. The individual PCR reaction is performed in nanoliter volume, which allows testing on samples with limited DNA and RNA. The microfluidics devices are used in various types of PCR such as digital PCR and single molecular emulsion PCR for genotyping, gene expression, and miRNA expression. In this chapter, the use of a microfluidics-based PCR for simultaneous screening of 14 known fusion transcripts in patients with leukemia is described.

Preparation of Nanoemulsions by Premix Membrane Emulsification: Which Parameters Have a Significant Influence on the Resulting Particle Size?

PubMed

Gehrmann, Sandra; Bunjes, Heike

2017-08-01

Oil-in-water emulsions with particle sizes smaller than 200 nm are interesting carrier systems for poorly water-soluble drugs. Such emulsions can be produced by premix membrane emulsification. In this study, it was systematically investigated which process and formulation parameters have a strong influence on the resulting quality of a triglyceride emulsion. The influence of the pre-emulsion quality and the emulsifier concentration was examined. Also a design of experiments (DoE) approach was carried out: variables included were emulsifier (poloxamer 188, Tween 80, and sucrose laurate [SL]), flow rate, cycle number, and membrane material (polyester, nylon, cellulose acetate, and aluminum oxide; pore sizes, 200 nm), and responses were d 50 value and span for particle size and distribution width. The quality of the pre-emulsion had no influence on the quality of the nanoemulsion after 5 extrusion cycles. The DoE evaluation indicated that an increase in flow rate was of minor importance, whereas an increase in cycle number had a strong impact on the decrease of particle size. The very hydrophilic alumina membrane in combination with the emulsifier which caused the lowest interfacial tension (SL) was the most suitable combination. However, in general, the favorable emulsifier was membrane dependent. Even smaller particle sizes (∼100 nm) could be achieved by using an alumina membrane with smaller pore sizes (100 nm). Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Improvement studies on emission and combustion characteristics of DICI engine fuelled with colloidal emulsion of diesel distillate of plastic oil, TiO2 nanoparticles and water.

PubMed

Karisathan Sundararajan, Narayanan; Ammal, Anand Ramachandran Bhagavathi

2018-04-01

Experimentation was conducted on a single cylinder CI engine using processed colloidal emulsions of TiO 2 nanoparticle-water-diesel distillate of crude plastic diesel oil as test fuel. The test fuel was prepared with plastic diesel oil as the principal constituent by a novel blending technique with an aim to improve the working characteristics. The results obtained by the test fuel from the experiments were compared with that of commercial petro-diesel (CPD) fuel for same engine operating parameters. Plastic oil produced from high density polyethylene plastic waste by pyrolysis was subjected to fractional distillation for separating plastic diesel oil (PDO) that contains diesel range hydrocarbons. The blending process showed a little improvement in the field of fuel oil-water-nanometal oxide colloidal emulsion preparation due to the influence of surfactant in electrostatic stabilization, dielectric potential, and pH of the colloidal medium on the absolute value of zeta potential, a measure of colloidal stability. The engine tests with nano-emulsions of PDO showed an increase in ignition delay (23.43%), and decrease in EGT (6.05%), BSNO x (7.13%), and BSCO (28.96%) relative to PDO at rated load. Combustion curve profiles, percentage distribution of compounds, and physical and chemical properties of test fuels ascertains these results. The combustion acceleration at diffused combustion phase was evidenced in TiO 2 emulsion fuels under study.

Properties and oxidative stability of emulsions prepared with myofibrillar protein and lard diacylglycerols.

PubMed

Diao, Xiaoqin; Guan, Haining; Zhao, Xinxin; Chen, Qian; Kong, Baohua

2016-05-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the emulsifying properties and oxidative stability of emulsions prepared with porcine myofibrillar proteins (MPs) and different lipids, including lard, glycerolized lard (GL) and purified glycerolized lard (PGL). The GL and PGL emulsions had significantly higher emulsifying activity indices and emulsion stability indices than the lard emulsion (P<0.05). The PGL emulsion presented smaller droplet sizes, thus decreasing particle aggregation and improving emulsion stability. The static and dynamic rheological observations of the emulsions showed that the emulsions had pseudo-plastic behavior, and the PGL emulsion presented a larger viscosity and a higher storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') compared with the other two emulsions (P<0.05). The formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, carbonyl contents and total sulfhydryl contents was not significantly different between the emulsions with PGL, GL and lard (P<0.05). In general, lard diacylglycerols enhanced emulsifying abilities and had no adverse effects on the oxidation stability of the emulsions prepared with MPs. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flood replenishment: a new method of processor control.

PubMed

Frank, E D; Gray, J E; Wilken, D A

1980-01-01

In mechanized radiographic film processors that process medium to low volumes of film, roll films, and those that process single-emulsion films from nuclear medicine scans, computed tomography, and ultrasound, it is difficult to maintain the developer solution at a stable processing level. We describe our experience using flood replenishment, which is a method in which developer replenisher containing starter solution is introduced in the processor at timed intervals, independent of the number of films being processed. By this process, a stable level of developer activity is maintained in a processor used to develop a medium to low volume of single-emulsion film.

S-190 exposure verification flight test. [photographic emulsions and film

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perry, L.

1973-01-01

A flight test was conducted to determine the optimum exposures for the Skylab S-190A experiment. An aircraft multispectral photographic system (AMPS) which is installed in the NASA Earth Resources aircraft NP3A was used to simulate the S-190A system. The same film emulsions to be used for S-190A were used in the flight test. These rolls were on factory-loaded spools for use in the AMPS camera system. It was found that some variation is to be expected between these rolls and the S-190A flight loads.

Two-step emulsification process for water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions stabilized by lamellar liquid crystals.

PubMed

Ito, Toshifumi; Tsuji, Yukitaka; Aramaki, Kenji; Tonooka, Noriaki

2012-01-01

Multiple emulsions, also called complex emulsions or multiphase emulsions, include water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W)-type and oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O)-type emulsions. W/O/W-type multiple emulsions, obtained by utilizing lamellar liquid crystal with a layer structure showing optical anisotropy at the periphery of emulsion droplets, are superior in stability to O/W/O-type emulsions. In this study, we investigated a two-step emulsification process for a W/O/W-type multiple emulsion utilizing liquid crystal emulsification. We found that a W/O/W-type multiple emulsion containing lamellar liquid crystal can be prepared by mixing a W/O-type emulsion (prepared by primary emulsification) with a lamellar liquid crystal obtained from poly(oxyethylene) stearyl ether, cetyl alcohol, and water, and by dispersing and emulsifying the mixture in an outer aqueous phase. When poly(oxyethylene) stearyl ether and cetyl alcohol are each used in a given amount and the amount of water added is varied from 0 to 15 g (total amount of emulsion, 100 g), a W/O/W-type multiple emulsion is efficiently prepared. When the W/O/W-type multiple emulsion was held in a thermostatic bath at 25°C, the droplet size distribution showed no change 0, 30, or 60 days after preparation. Moreover, the W/O/W-type multiple emulsion strongly encapsulated Uranine in the inner aqueous phase as compared with emulsions prepared by one-step emulsification.

Foam Experiment Hardware are Flown on Microgravity Rocket MAXUS 4

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lockowandt, C.; Löth, K.; Jansson, O.; Holm, P.; Lundin, M.; Schneider, H.; Larsson, B.

2002-01-01

The Foam module was developed by Swedish Space Corporation and was used for performing foam experiments on the sounding rocket MAXUS 4 launched from Esrange 29 April 2001. The development and launch of the module has been financed by ESA. Four different foam experiments were performed, two aqueous foams by Doctor Michele Adler from LPMDI, University of Marne la Vallée, Paris and two non aqueous foams by Doctor Bengt Kronberg from YKI, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Stockholm. The foam was generated in four separate foam systems and monitored in microgravity with CCD cameras. The purpose of the experiment was to generate and study the foam in microgravity. Due to loss of gravity there is no drainage in the foam and the reactions in the foam can be studied without drainage. Four solutions with various stabilities were investigated. The aqueous solutions contained water, SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) and dodecanol. The organic solutions contained ethylene glycol a cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and decanol. Carbon dioxide was used to generate the aqueous foam and nitrogen was used to generate the organic foam. The experiment system comprised four complete independent systems with injection unit, experiment chamber and gas system. The main part in the experiment system is the experiment chamber where the foam is generated and monitored. The chamber inner dimensions are 50x50x50 mm and it has front and back wall made of glass. The front window is used for monitoring the foam and the back window is used for back illumination. The front glass has etched crosses on the inside as reference points. In the bottom of the cell is a glass frit and at the top is a gas in/outlet. The foam was generated by injecting the experiment liquid in a glass frit in the bottom of the experiment chamber. Simultaneously gas was blown through the glass frit and a small amount of foam was generated. This procedure was performed at 10 bar. Then the pressure was lowered in the experiment chamber to approximately 0,1 bar to expand the foam to a dry foam that filled the experiment chamber. The foam was regenerated during flight by pressurise the cell and repeat the foam generation procedures. The module had 4 individual experiment chambers for the four different solutions. The four experiment chambers were controlled individually with individual experiment parameters and procedures. The gas system comprise on/off valves and adjustable valves to control the pressure and the gas flow and liquid flow during foam generation. The gas system can be divided in four sections, each section serving one experiment chamber. The sections are partly connected in two pairs with common inlet and outlet. The two pairs are supplied with a 1l gas bottle each filled to a pressure of 40 bar and a pressure regulator lowering the pressure from 40 bar to 10 bar. Two sections are connected to the same outlet. The gas outlets from the experiment chambers are connected to two symmetrical placed outlets on the outer structure with diffusers not to disturb the g-levels. The foam in each experiment chamber was monitored with one tomography camera and one overview camera (8 CCD cameras in total). The tomography camera is placed on a translation table which makes it possible to move it in the depth direction of the experiment chamber. The video signal from the 8 CCD cameras were stored onboard with two DV recorders. Two video signals were also transmitted to ground for real time evaluation and operation of the experiment. Which camera signal that was transmitted to ground could be selected with telecommands. With help of the tomography system it was possible to take sequences of images of the foam at different depths in the foam. This sequences of images are used for constructing a 3-D model of the foam after flight. The overview camera has a fixed position and a field of view that covers the total experiment chamber. This camera is used for monitoring the generation of foam and the overall behaviour of the foam. The experiment was performed successfully with foam generation in all 4 experiment chambers. Foam was also regenerated during flight with telecommands. The experiment data is under evaluation.

[Development of cloud chamber having thin-film entrance windows and proposal of practical training for beginners using X-ray equipment and unsealed radioactive material].

PubMed

Konishi, Yuki; Hayashi, Hiroaki; Takegami, Kazuki; Fukuda, Ikuma; Ueno, Junji

2014-01-01

A cloud chamber is a detector that can visualize the tracks of charged particles. Hayashi, et al. suggested a visualization experiment in which X-rays generated by diagnostic X-ray equipment were directed into a cloud chamber; however, there was a problem in that the wall of the cloud chamber scattered the incoming X-rays. In this study, we developed a new cloud chamber with entrance windows. Because these windows are made of thin film, we were able to direct the X-rays through them without contamination by scattered X-rays from the cloud chamber wall. We have newly proposed an experiment in which beta-particles emitted from radioisotopes are directed into a cloud chamber. We place shielding material in the cloud chamber and visualize the various shielding effects seen with the material positioned in different ways. During the experiment, electrons scattered in the air were measured quantitatively using GM counters. We explained the physical phenomena in the cloud chamber using Monte Carlo simulation code EGS5. Because electrons follow a tortuous path in air, the shielding material must be placed appropriately to be able to effectively block their emissions. Visualization of the tracks of charged particles in this experiment proved effective for instructing not only trainee radiological technologists but also different types of healthcare professionals.

Monitoring reactive microencapsulation dynamics using microfluidics

PubMed Central

Brosseau, Quentin; Baret, Jean-Christophe

2015-01-01

We use microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices to measure the kinetics of reactive encapsulations occurring at the interface of emulsion droplets. The formation of the polymeric shell is inferred from the droplet deformability measured in a series of expansion–constriction chambers along the microfluidic chip. With this tool we quantify the kinetic processes governing the encapsulation at the very early stage of shell formation with a time resolution of the order of the millisecond for overall reactions occurring in less than 0.5 s. We perform a comparison of monomer reactivities used for the encapsulation. We study the formation of polyurea microcapsules (PUMCs); the shell formation proceeds at the water–oil interface by an immediate reaction of amines dissolved in the aqueous phase and isocyanates dissolved in the oil phase. We observe that both monomers contribute differently to the encapsulation kinetics. The kinetics of the shell formation process at the oil-in-water (O/W) experiments significantly differs from the water-in-oil (W/O) systems; the component dissolved in the continuous phase has the largest impact on the kinetics. In addition, we quantified the retarding effect on the encapsulation kinetics by the interface stabilizing agent (surfactant). Our approach is valuable for quantifying in situ reactive encapsulation processes and provides guidelines to generate microcapsules with soft interfaces of tailored and controllable interfacial properties. PMID:25705975

Coarsening Dynamics and Marangoni Effects in Thin Liquid Crystal Bubbles in Microgravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clark, Noel; Glaser, Matthew; Maclennan, Joseph; Park, Cheol; Tin, Padetha; Hall, Nancy R.; Sheehan, Christopher; Storck, Jennifer

2015-01-01

The Observation and Analysis of Smectic Islands in Space (OASIS) flight hardware was successfully launched on SpaceX-6 on April 15, 2015 and was operated in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) on board the International Space Station (ISS). The OASIS project comprises a series of experiments that probe the interfacial and hydrodynamic behavior of spherical-bubble freely suspended liquid crystal (FSLC) membranes in space. These are the thinnest known stable condensed phase structures, making them ideal for studies of two-dimensional (2D) coarsening dynamics and thermocapillary phenomena in microgravity. The OASIS experimental investigation was carried out using four different smectic A and C liquid crystal materials in four separate sample chambers housed inside the MSG. In this report, we present the behavior of collective dynamics on 2D bubble surface, including the equilibrium spatial organization and interaction of islands in electric fields and temperature gradients, and the diffusion and coalescence-driven coarsening dynamics of island emulsions in microgravity. We have observed spontaneous bubble thickening behavior caused by gradients between the bubble-blowing needle and ambient air temperatures. A uniform, thicker band forms during coarsening as a result of non-uniform heating by the LED illumination panels. These are proposed to be a result of Marangoni convection on the bubble surface.

Measurement of the lifetimes of the charmed D/sup +/, F/sup +/ mesons and. lambda. /sub c//sup +/ charmed baryon

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Errede, Steven Michael

1981-01-01

An experiment was performed in the 350 GeV wide-band neutrino beam at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory using a high-precision, high-efficiency hybrid emulsion/neutrino spectrometer, with which the mean lifetimes of the D/sup +/, D/sup 0/, and F/sup +/ mesons and ..lambda../sub c//sup +/ baryon were measured. 1829 neutrino interactions were reconstructed with a vertex within the emulsion fiducial volume, 1242 of which were subsequently found in the emulsion. In 49 of the found neutrino events a charmed particle, produced at the primary vertex, was observed to decay within the emulsion volume. The mean lifetimes of charmed particles were determined frommore » the reconstructed decays of 5 D/sup +/, 15 D/sup 0/, 3 F/sup +/ mesons: and 8 ..lambda../sub c//sup +/ baryons: tau/sub D/sup +// = 10.3/sub -4.2//sup +10.3/ x 10/sup -13/ sec; tau/sub D/sup 0// = 2.3/sub -0.5//sup +0.8/ x 10/sup -13/ sec; tau/sub f/sup +// = 2.0/sub -0.8//sup +1.8/ x 10/sup -13/ sec; and tau/sub ..lambda..//sub c//sup +/ = 2.3/sub -0.6//sup +1.0/ x 10/sup -13/ sec. The charmed particle masses measured in this experiment were: M/sub D/sup +// = 1851 +- 20 MeV/c/sup 2/; M/sub D/sup 0// = 1856 +- 15 MeV/c/sup 2/; M/sub F/sup +// = 2042 +- 33 MeV/c/sup 2/; M/sub ..lambda..//sub c//sup +/ = 2265 +- 30 MeV/c/sub 2/.« less

Use of olive oil-in-water gelled emulsions in model turkey breast emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serdaroğlu, M.; Öztürk, B.

2017-09-01

Today, gelled emulsion systems offer a novel possibility in lipid modification of meat products. In this study, we aimed to investigate the quality characteristics of model turkey emulsions that were prepared with olive oil-in-water gelled emulsion (GE) as partial or total beef fat replacer. The results indicated that while most of the GE treatments showed equivalent emulsion characteristics in terms of emulsion stability, water-holding capacity and cook yield, utilization of 100% GE as the lipid source could increase total expressible fluid of the model turkey emulsion and thus negatively affect the quality. Utilization of GE was effective in total fat reduction, as the model turkey emulsions formulated with more than 50% GE had significantly lower fat content compared to full-beef fat control model emulsion. However, beef fat replacement with GE produced considerable changes in colour parameters. Finally, it was concluded that utilization of GE as a partial beef fat replacer has good potential to enhance stability and reduce total fat in turkey meat emulsion products.

Preparation, characterization, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestibility of oil-in-water emulsion-agar gels.

PubMed

Wang, Zheng; Neves, Marcos A; Kobayashi, Isao; Uemura, Kunihiko; Nakajima, Mitsutoshi

2013-01-01

Soybean oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-agar gel samples were prepared and their digestibility evaluated by using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Emulsion-agar sols were obtained by mixing the prepared O/W emulsions with a 1.5 wt % agar solution at 60 °C, and their subsequent cooling at 5 °C for 1 h formed emulsion-agar gels. Their gel strength values increased with increasing degree of polymerization of the emulsifiers, and the relative gel strength increased in the case of droplets with an average diameter smaller than 700 nm. Flocculation and coalescence of the released emulsion droplets depended strongly on the emulsifier type; however, the emulsifier type hardly affected the ζ-potential of emulsion droplets released from the emulsion-agar gels during in vitro digestion. The total FFA content released from each emulsion towards the end of the digestion period was nearly twice that released from the emulsion-agar gel, indicating that gelation of the O/W emulsion may have delayed lipid hydrolysis.

Analysis of emulsion stability in acrylic dispersions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahuja, Suresh

2012-02-01

Emulsions either micro or nano permit transport or solubilization of hydrophobic substances within a water-based phase. Different methods have been introduced at laboratory and industrial scales: mechanical stirring, high-pressure homogenization, or ultrasonics. In digital imaging, toners may be formed by aggregating a colorant with a latex polymer formed by batch or semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. Latex emulsions are prepared by making a monomer emulsion with monomer like Beta-carboxy ethyl acrylate (β-CEA) and stirring at high speed with an anionic surfactant like branched sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonates , aqueous solution until an emulsion is formed. Initiator for emulsion polymerization is 2-2'- azobis isobutyramide dehydrate with chain transfer agent are used to make the latex. If the latex emulsion is unstable, the resulting latexes produce a toner with larger particle size, broader particle size distribution with relatively higher latex sedimentation, and broader molecular weight distribution. Oswald ripening and coalescence cause droplet size to increase and can result in destabilization of emulsions. Shear thinning and elasticity of emulsions are applied to determine emulsion stability.

Ocular disposition of the hemiglutarate ester prodrug of ∆⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol from various ophthalmic formulations.

PubMed

Hingorani, Tushar; Adelli, Goutham R; Punyamurthula, Nagendra; Gul, Waseem; Elsohly, Mahmoud A; Repka, Michael A; Majumdar, Soumyajit

2013-08-01

The overall goal of this project is to enhance ocular delivery of ∆(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) through the topical route. Solubility, stability and in vitro transcorneal permeability of the relatively hydrophilic hemiglutarate ester derivative, THC-HG, was studied in the presence of surfactants. The solutions were characterized with respect to micelle size, zeta potential and solution viscosity. In vivo studies were carried out in New Zealand albino rabbits. A previously reported promising THC-HG ion-pair formulation was also studied in vivo. Aqueous solubility and stability and in vitro transcorneal permeability of THC-HG was enhanced significantly in the presence of surfactants. THC levels in the ocular tissues (except cornea) were found to be below detection limits from mineral oil, surfactant or emulsion based formulations containing THC. In contrast, micellar and ion pair based THC-HG formulations produced significantly higher total THC concentrations in the anterior ocular chamber. In this study, although delivery of THC to the anterior chamber ocular tissues could be significantly increased through the prodrug and formulation approaches tested, further studies are needed to increase penetration to the back-of-the eye.

Computed tomography-guided screening of surfactant effect on blood circulation time of emulsions: application to the design of an emulsion formulation for paclitaxel.

PubMed

Lee, Eun-Hye; Hong, Soon-Seok; Kim, So Hee; Lee, Mi-Kyung; Lim, Joon Seok; Lim, Soo-Jeong

2014-08-01

In an effort to apply the imaging techniques currently used in disease diagnosis for monitoring the pharmacokinetics and biodisposition of particulate drug carriers, we sought to use computed tomography (CT) scanning methodology to investigate the impact of surfactant on the blood residence time of emulsions. We prepared the iodinated oil Lipiodol emulsions with different compositions of surfactants and investigated the impact of surfactant on the blood residence time of emulsions by CT scanning. The blood circulation time of emulsions was prolonged by including Tween 80 or DSPE-PEG (polyethylene glycol 2000) in emulsions. Tween 80 was less effective than DSPE-PEG in terms of prolongation effect, but the blood circulating time of emulsions was prolonged in a Tween 80 content-dependent manner. As a proof-of-concept demonstration of the usefulness of CT-guided screening in the process of formulating drugs that need to be loaded in emulsions, paclitaxel was loaded in emulsions prepared with 87 or 65% Tween 80-containing surfactant mixtures. A pharmacokinetics study showed that paclitaxel loaded in 87% Tween 80 emulsions circulated longer in the bloodstream compared to those in 65% Tween 80 emulsions, as predicted by CT imaging. CT-visible, Lipiodol emulsions enabled the simple evaluation of surfactant composition effects on the biodisposition of emulsions.

Track following of Ξ-hyperons in nuclear emulsion for the E07 experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mishina, Akihiro; Nakazawa, Kazuma; Hoshino, Kaoru; Itonaga, Kazunori; Yoshida, Junya; Than Tint, Khin; Kyaw Soe, Myint; Kinbara, Shinji; Itoh, Hiroki; Endo, Yoko; Kobayashi, Hidetaka; Umehara, Kaori; Yokoyama, Hiroyuki; Nakashima, Daisuke; J-PARC E07 Collaboration

2014-09-01

Events of Double- Λ and Twin Single- Λ Hypernuclei are very important to understand Λ- Λ and Ξ--N interaction. We planned the E07 experiment to find Nuclear mass dependences of them with ten times higher statistics than before. In the experiment, the number of Ξ- hyperon stopping at rest is about ten thousands which is ten times larger than before. Such number of tracks for Ξ- hyperon candidates should be followed in nuclear emulsion plate up to their stopping point. To complete its job within one year, it is necessary for development of automated track following system. The important points for track following is Track connection in plate by plate. To carry out these points, we innovated image processing methods. Especially, we applied pattern match of K- beams for 2nd point. Position accuracy of this method was 1.4 +/-0.8 μm . If we succeed this application in about one minute for a track in each plate, all track following can be finished in one year.

Bulk & Interfacial Contributions to the Adhesion of Acrylic Emulsion-Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Qifeng

The performance of pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) depends strongly on the viscoelastic properties of the adhesive material itself and the surface that it is placed into contact with. In this work we use a multiple- oscillatory test with microindentation apparatus that is able to quantify the mechanical response of adhesive materials in the linear regime, and also in the highly strained regime where the adhesive layer has cavitated to form mechanically isolated brils. The experiments involved the use of hemispherical indenters made of glass or polyethylene, brought into contact with a thin adhesive layer and then retracted, with comprehensive displacement history. A set of model acrylic emulsion-based PSAs were used in the experiments which show a suprising degree of elastic character at high strain. The experiment result suggest that an adhesive failure criterion based on the stored elastic energy is appropriate for these systems. The primary effect of the substrate is to modify the maximum strain where adhesive detachment from the indenter occurs.

Studies on ocular and parenteral application potentials of azithromycin- loaded anionic, cationic and neutral-charged emulsions.

PubMed

Tamilvanan, Shunmugaperumal; Khanum, Ramona; Senthilkumar, Sudalimuthu Ramachandran; Muthuraman, Marimuthu; Rajasekharan, Thenrajan

2013-10-01

Ocular and parenteral application potentials of azithromycin-containing, non-phospholipid-based cationic nanosized emulsion in comparison to the phospholipid-based anionic and neutral-charged nanosized emulsions were investigated. Various physical, chemical, nonclinical toxicity and antimicrobial activity studies (mean droplet diameter, surface charge, creaming index, entrapment efficiency, accelerated, long-term and freeze-thaw cycling stabilities, TLC study, modified hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test, in vitro hemolysis test, in vitro and in vivo myotoxicity, and in vitro antimicrobial activity) were conducted for assessing the potentials of these three types of emulsions. Following autoclave sterilization, all of these emulsions exhibited a nanometer range mean particle diameter (200 ± 29 to 434 ± 13 nm). While the anionic and cationic emulsions did show high negative (-34.2 ± 1.23 mV) and positive zeta potential (42.6 ± 1.45 mV) values, the neutral-charged emulsion did not. Even with 5 freeze-thaw cycles, the cationic emulsion remained stable whereas other two emulsions underwent phase-separation. The hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test revealed an irritation score value that was higher for the anionic emulsion than for cationic or neutral-charged emulsion. A significantly higher % hemolysis value was also noticed for the anionic emulsion when compared to the % hemolysis value of cationic emulsion (ANOVA, P ‹ 0.05). However, all of the emulsions showed a lesser intracellular creatine kinase (CK) release/plasma CK level in comparison to the positive control (phenytoin) indicating their lesser myotoxicity at the injection site . When compared to anionic and neutral-charged emulsions, the possible controlled drug release from cationic emulsion delayed the in vitro antimicrobial action against H.influenzae and S.pneumoniae.

40 CFR 467.20 - Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... rolling with emulsions subcategory. 467.20 Section 467.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Rolling With Emulsions Subcategory § 467.20 Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions... the rolling with emulsions subcategory. ...

40 CFR 467.20 - Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... rolling with emulsions subcategory. 467.20 Section 467.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... Rolling With Emulsions Subcategory § 467.20 Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions... the rolling with emulsions subcategory. ...

Physical and antimicrobial properties of thyme oil emulsions stabilized by ovalbumin and gum arabic.

PubMed

Niu, Fuge; Pan, Weichun; Su, Yujie; Yang, Yanjun

2016-12-01

Natural biopolymer stabilized oil-in-water emulsions were formulated using ovalbumin (OVA), gum arabic (GA) solutions and their complexes. The influence of interfacial structure of emulsion (OVA-GA bilayer and OVA/GA complexes emulsions) on the physical properties and antimicrobial activity of thyme oil (TO) emulsion against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was evaluated. The results revealed that the two types of emulsions with different oil phase compositions remained stable during a long storage period. The oil phase composition had an appreciable influence on the mean particle diameter and retention of the TO emulsions. The stable emulsion showed a higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the TO emulsions showed an improved long-term antimicrobial activity compared to the pure thyme oil, especially complexes emulsion at pH 4.0. These results provided useful information for developing protection and delivery systems for essential oil using biopolymer. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Creating nanoscale emulsions using condensation.

PubMed

Guha, Ingrid F; Anand, Sushant; Varanasi, Kripa K

2017-11-08

Nanoscale emulsions are essential components in numerous products, ranging from processed foods to novel drug delivery systems. Existing emulsification methods rely either on the breakup of larger droplets or solvent exchange/inversion. Here we report a simple, scalable method of creating nanoscale water-in-oil emulsions by condensing water vapor onto a subcooled oil-surfactant solution. Our technique enables a bottom-up approach to forming small-scale emulsions. Nanoscale water droplets nucleate at the oil/air interface and spontaneously disperse within the oil, due to the spreading dynamics of oil on water. Oil-soluble surfactants stabilize the resulting emulsions. We find that the oil-surfactant concentration controls the spreading behavior of oil on water, as well as the peak size, polydispersity, and stability of the resulting emulsions. Using condensation, we form emulsions with peak radii around 100 nm and polydispersities around 10%. This emulsion formation technique may open different routes to creating emulsions, colloidal systems, and emulsion-based materials.

Heat Transfer in Boiling Dilute Emulsion with Strong Buoyancy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Freeburg, Eric Thomas

Little attention has been given to the boiling of emulsions compared to that of boiling in pure liquids. The advantages of using emulsions as a heat transfer agent were first discovered in the 1970s and several interesting features have since been studied by few researchers. Early research focuses primarily on pool and flow boiling and looks to determine a mechanism by which the boiling process occurs. This thesis looks at the boiling of dilute emulsions in fluids with strong buoyant forces. The boiling of dilute emulsions presents many favorable characteristics that make it an ideal agent for heat transfer. High heat flux electronics, such as those seen in avionics equipment, produce high heat fluxes of 100 W/cm2 or more, but must be maintained at low temperatures. So far, research on single phase convection and flow boiling in small diameter channels have yet to provide an adequate solution. Emulsions allow the engineer to tailor the solution to the specific problem. The fluid can be customized to retain the high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of the continuous phase while enhancing the heat transfer coefficient through boiling of the dispersed phase component. Heat transfer experiments were carried out with FC-72 in water emulsions. FC-72 has a saturation temperature of 56 °C, far below that of water. The parameters were varied as follows: 0% ≤ epsilon ≤ 1% and 1.82 x 1012 ≤ RaH ≤ 4.42 x 1012. Surface temperatures along the heated surface reached temperature that were 20 °C in excess of the dispersed phase saturation temperature. An increase of ˜20% was seen in the average Nusselt numbers at the highest Rayleigh numbers. Holography was used to obtain images of individual and multiple FC-72 droplets in the boundary layer next to the heated surface. The droplet diameters ranged from 0.5 mm to 1.3 mm. The Magnus effect was observed when larger individual droplets were injected into the boundary layer, causing the droplets to be pushed outside the boundary layer. Vaporization of FC-72 droplets in the boundary layer next to the heated surface was not observed.

Innovative applications of food-related emulsions.

PubMed

Kiokias, S; Varzakas, T

2017-10-13

Research on oxidative stability of multiple emulsions is very scarce. Given that this is a relevant topic that must be ascertained before the successful application of multiple emulsions in foods (especially when a combination of highly unsaturated oils is used as a lipid phase), this review mainly focuses on various aspects of the multiple emulsions. Fat replacement in meat products using emulsions is critically discussed along with innovative applications of natural antioxidants in food-based emulsions and multiple emulsions based on bioactive compounds/encapsulation as well as confectionery products.

Conditions for Destabilizing Pickering emulsions using external electric fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hwang, Kyuho; Singh, Pushpendra; Aubry, Nadine

2009-11-01

Fine particles are readily adsorbed at fluid-fluid interfaces, and can be used as stabilizers in emulsion technology by preventing adjacent drops from coalescing with each other. We investigate a new technique to destabilize such emulsions, or Pickering emulsions, by applying an external electric field. Experiments show that the latter has two effects: (i) the drops elongate in the direction of the electric field, (ii) the local particle density varies on the drop surface due to the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force acting on the particles. It is shown that the latter is the dominant factor in the destabilization process. Particularly, the success of the method depends on the values of certain dimensionless parameters; specifically, the ratio of the work done by the dielectrophoretic force must be larger than the work done by the buoyant force. Moreover, drops do not coalesce through the regions where the particles locally cluster, whether those are gathered at the poles or at the equator of the drops. As particles move, particle-free openings form on the drop's surface, which allow for adjacent drops to merge. This process takes place even if the particles are fully packed on the drops' surfaces as particles get ejected from the clustering areas due to a buckling phenomenon.

Effect of layer-by-layer coatings and localization of antioxidant on oxidative stability of a model encapsulated bioactive compound in oil-in-water emulsions.

PubMed

Pan, Yuanjie; Nitin, N

2015-11-01

Oxidation of encapsulated bioactives in emulsions is one of the key challenges that limit shelf-life of many emulsion containing products. This study seeks to quantify the role of layer-by-layer coatings and localization of antioxidant molecules at the emulsion interface in influencing oxidation of the encapsulated bioactives. Oxidative barrier properties of the emulsions were simulated by measuring the rate of reaction of peroxyl radicals generated in the aqueous phase with the encapsulated radical sensitive dye in the lipid core of the emulsions. The results of peroxyl radical permeation were compared to the stability of encapsulated retinol (model bioactive) in emulsions. To evaluate the role of layer-by-layer coatings in influencing oxidative barrier properties, radical permeation rates and retinol stability were evaluated in emulsion formulations of SDS emulsion and SDS emulsion with one or two layers of polymers (ϵ-polylysine and dextran sulfate) coated at the interface. To localize antioxidant molecules to the interface, gallic acid (GA) was chemically conjugated with ϵ-polylysine and subsequently deposited on SDS emulsion based on electrostatic interactions. Emulsion formulations with localized GA molecules at the interface were compared with SDS emulsion with GA molecules in the bulk aqueous phase. The results of this study demonstrate the advantage of localization of antioxidant at the interface and the limited impact of short chain polymer coatings at the interface of emulsions in reducing permeation of radicals and oxidation of a model encapsulated bioactive in oil-in-water emulsions. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Emulsion characteristics, chemical and textural properties of meat systems produced with double emulsions as beef fat replacers.

PubMed

Serdaroğlu, Meltem; Öztürk, Burcu; Urgu, Müge

2016-07-01

In recent years, double emulsions are stated to have a promising potential in low-fat food production, however, there are very few studies on their possible applications in meat matrices. We aimed to investigate the quality of beef emulsion systems in which beef fat was totally replaced by double emulsions (W1/O/W2) prepared with olive oil and sodium caseinate (SC) by two-step emulsification procedure. Incorporation of W1/O/W2 emulsion resulted in reduced lipid, increased protein content, and modified fatty acid composition. W1/O/W2 emulsion treatments had lower jelly and fat separation, higher water-holding capacity and higher emulsion stability than control samples with beef fat. Increased concentrations of W1/O/W2 emulsions resulted in significant changes in texture parameters. TBA values were lower in W1/O/W2 emulsion treatments than control treatment after 60days of storage. In conclusion, our study confirms that double emulsions had promising impacts on modifying fatty acid composition and developing both technologically and oxidatively stable beef emulsion systems. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Volatile release from self-assembly structured emulsions: effect of monoglyceride content, oil content, and oil type.

PubMed

Mao, Like; Roos, Yrjö H; Miao, Song

2013-02-20

Monoglycerides (MGs) can form self-assembled structures in emulsions, which can be used to control volatile release. In this study, initial headspace concentrations (C(initial)), maximum headspace concentrations (C(max)), release rates, and partition coefficients of propanol, diacetyl, hexanal, and limonene were determined in MG structured oil-in-water emulsions using dynamic and static headspace analyses. For all of the volatile compounds, C(initial) values above structured emulsions were significantly lower than those above unstructured emulsions and decreased with increasing MG contents (p < 0.05). However, volatiles had higher release rates in emulsions with higher MG contents. When oil content was reduced from 20 to 10%, C(initial) and C(max) increased for limonene and hexanal and decreased for propanol and diacetyl. When different oils were applied, both C(initial) and C(max) were significantly lower in medium-chain triglyceride emulsions than in soybean oil emulsions (p < 0.05). Static headspace analysis revealed that volatile compounds had significantly lower air-emulsion partition coefficients in the structured emulsions than in unstructured emulsions (p < 0.05). These results indicated that MG structured emulsions can be potentially used as delivery systems to modulate volatile release.

Sensory and instrumental characterization of fast inverting oil-in-water emulsions for cosmetic application.

PubMed

Korać, R; Krajišnik, D; Milić, J

2016-06-01

The aim of this study was to perform short-term sensory testing and instrumental (conductivity and rheological) characterization of a fast inverted oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion base, also known as a SWOP (Switch-Oil-Phase) emulsion, and reference o/w and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion bases under various testing conditions: in the presence of ions and at different temperatures. SWOP emulsions are known as metastable o/w emulsions, which invert into w/o emulsions on application of mechanical energy, while rubbing it onto the skin and due to their properties SWOP emulsion are especially suitable as a cosmetic vehicle in, for example, sun-protection products. Sensory testing, which included the evaluation of twenty attributes of the investigated emulsion bases, was performed by a panel of 20 healthy assessors experienced in the evaluation of cosmetic products. Rheological characterization of the investigated emulsion bases included continuous flow testing and oscillatory measurements under various testing conditions. Additionally, conductivity measurements were combined with rheological characterization to monitor stability changes of investigated emulsions. The instrumental and sensory results were analysed statistically and compared. The obtained results indicated that the investigated emulsions behaved differently in the presence of ions (originating from artificial sweat solution) and at different temperatures (under storage and application conditions). Namely, the SWOP emulsion showed similar behaviour to the reference o/w emulsion under storage conditions, but in the presence of ions and at skin temperature, the SWOP emulsion was followed by re-establishment of a stable w/o system, whereas reference o/w emulsion was irreversibly destroyed. The statistical analysis of chosen sensorial attributes indicated that the reference w/o emulsion was significantly different in comparison with the reference o/w and SWOP emulsions, mainly, standing in good agreement with the results of rheological characterization. The study showed that rheological measurements potentially could be related to certain sensory attributes and used for faster development of SWOP emulsions in the future. Finally, SWOP emulsions should be considered for further investigation as suitable vehicles in cosmetic products due to their favourable physicochemical and sensory characteristics which could be partially predicted with instrumental characterization. © 2015 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.

N-3 Fatty Acid Rich Triglyceride Emulsions Are Neuroprotective after Cerebral Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Mice

PubMed Central

Vannucci, Susan J.; Mastropietro, Christopher; Bazan, Nicolas G.; Ten, Vadim S.; Deckelbaum, Richard J.

2013-01-01

We questioned if acute administration of n-3 fatty acids (FA) carried in n-3 rich triglyceride (TG) emulsions provides neuroprotection in neonatal mice subjected to hypoxic-ischemic (H/I) brain injury. We examined specificity of FA, optimal doses, and therapeutic windows for neuroprotection after H/I. H/I insult was induced in C57BL/6J 10-day-old mice by right carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% O2 for 15 minutes at 37°C. Intraperitoneal injection with n-3-rich TG emulsions, n-6 rich TG emulsions or saline for control was administered at different time points before and/or after H/I. In separate experiments, dose responses were determined with TG containing only docosahexaenoic acid (Tri-DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (Tri-EPA) with a range of 0.1–0.375 g n-3 TG/kg, administered immediately after H/I insult. Infarct volume and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured. Treatment with n-3 TG emulsions both before- and after- H/I significantly reduced total infarct volume by a mean of 43% when administered 90 min prior to H/I and by 47% when administered immediately after H/I. In post-H/I experiments Tri-DHA, but not Tri-EPA exhibited neuroprotective effects with both low and high doses (p<0.05). Moreover, delayed post-H/I treatment with Tri-DHA significantly decreased total infarct volume by a mean of 51% when administered at 0 hr, by 46% at 1 hr, and by 51% at 2 hr after H/I insult. No protective effect occurred with Tri-DHA injection at 4 hr after H/I. There were no n-3 TG related differences in CBF. A significant reduction in brain tissue death was maintained after Tri-DHA injection at 8 wk after the initial brain injury. Thus, n-3 TG, specifically containing DHA, is protective against H/I induced brain infarction when administered up to 2 hr after H/I injury. Acute administration of TG-rich DHA may prove effective for treatment of stroke in humans. PMID:23437099

Formulation, Optimization, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetics of Progesterone Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Traumatic Brain Injury Therapy.

PubMed

Zhao, Jin; Yuan, Quan; Cai, WeiHui; Sun, Pan; Ding, LiYan; Jin, Fang

2017-07-01

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and disability throughout the world. Progesterone (PROG) plays an important role in neurologic treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a progesterone formulation with good physical and chemical stability. Progesterone intravenous lipid emulsion (PILE) was prepared based on one-factor-at-a-time experiments and orthogonal design. The optimal PILE was evaluated for mean particle size, particle size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, pH, osmolarity, entrapment efficiency, storage stability, and pharmacokinetics in ICR mice compared with the commercial progesterone products. The droplets of PILE had the smallest possible diameters of 218.0 ± 1.8 nm and adequate zeta potential of -41.1 ± 0.9 mV. The volume percentage of droplets exceeding 5 μm (PFAT 5 ) of PILE was 0.003 ± 0.0015% and much less than the specified standard. The TEM imaging proved that emulsion droplets had a smooth spherical appearance. Chemically and physically stable PILE was obtained with excellent entrapment efficiency that was up to 95.23%, with suitable pH at 7.15 ± 0.01 and osmolarity at 301.3 ± 1.2 mOsmol/l. Storage stability tests indicated that the emulsion was stable long term under ambient temperature conditions. Animal studies demonstrated that the emulsion was more effective with the higher progesterone concentration in the brain compared with commercial products. Therefore, the optimized PILE would offer great promise as a means of progesterone delivery for TBI therapy.

Fabrication of iron (III) oxide doped polystyrene shells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cai, Pei-Jun; Tang, Yong-Jian; Zhang, Lin; Du, Kai; Feng, Chang-Gen

2004-03-01

A type of iron (III) oxide doped plastic shell used for inertial confinement fusion experiments has been fabricated by emulsion techniques. Three different phases of solution (W1, O, and W2) are used for the fabrication process. The W1 phase is a 1 wt % of sodium lauryl sulfate in water. This W1 phase solution is mixed with a 3 wt % Fe2O3-polystyrene (PS) solution in benzene-dichloroethane (O phase) while stirring. The resulting emulsion (W1/O) is poured into a 3 wt % aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution (W2 phase) while stirring. The resulting emulsion (W1/O/W2) is then heated to evaporate benzene and dichloroethane, and thus a solid Fe2O3-PS shell is formed. The diameter and wall thickness of the shells range from 150 to 500 μm and 5 to 15 μm, respectively. The average surface roughness of the shells is 40 nm, similar to that of the usual PS shells. .

Monitoring Interfacial Lipid Oxidation in Oil-in-Water Emulsions Using Spatially Resolved Optical Techniques.

PubMed

Banerjee, Chiranjib; Westberg, Michael; Breitenbach, Thomas; Bregnhøj, Mikkel; Ogilby, Peter R

2017-06-06

The oxidation of lipids is an important phenomenon with ramifications for disciplines that range from food science to cell biology. The development and characterization of tools and techniques to monitor lipid oxidation are thus relevant. Of particular significance in this regard are tools that facilitate the study of oxidations at interfaces in heterogeneous samples (e.g., oil-in-water emulsions, cell membranes). In this article, we establish a proof-of-principle for methods to initiate and then monitor such oxidations with high spatial resolution. The experiments were performed using oil-in-water emulsions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) prepared from cod liver oil. We produced singlet oxygen at a point near the oil-water interface of a given PUFA droplet in a spatially localized two-photon photosensitized process. We then followed the oxidation reactions initiated by this process with the fluorescence-based imaging technique of structured illumination microscopy (SIM). We conclude that the approach reported herein has attributes well-suited to the study of lipid oxidation in heterogeneous samples.

Determination of mean droplet sizes of water-in-oil emulsions using an Earth's field NMR instrument.

PubMed

Fridjonsson, Einar O; Flux, Louise S; Johns, Michael L

2012-08-01

The use of the Earth's magnetic field (EF) to conduct nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments has a long history with a growing list of applications (e.g. ground water detection, diffusion measurements of Antarctic sea ice). In this paper we explore whether EFNMR can be used to accurately and practically measure the mean droplet size () of water-in-oil emulsions (paraffin and crude oil). We use both pulsed field gradient (PFG) measurements of restricted self-diffusion and T₂ relaxometry, as appropriate. T₂ relaxometry allows the extension of droplet sizing ability below the limits set by the available magnetic field gradient strength of the EFNMR apparatus. A commercially available bench-top NMR spectrometer is used to verify the results obtained using the EFNMR instrument, with good agreement within experimental error, seen between the two instruments. These results open the potential for further investigation of the application of EFNMR for emulsion droplet sizing. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Construction of an anechoic chamber for aeroacoustic experiments and examination of its acoustic parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kopiev, V. F.; Palchikovskiy, V. V.; Belyaev, I. V.; Bersenev, Yu. V.; Makashov, S. Yu.; Khramtsov, I. V.; Korin, I. A.; Sorokin, E. V.; Kustov, O. Yu.

2017-01-01

The acoustic parameters of a new anechoic chamber constructed at Perm National Research Polytechnic University (PNRPU) are presented. This chamber is designed to be used, among other things, for measuring noise from aerodynamic sources. Sound-absorbing wedges lining the walls of the chamber were studied in an interferometer with normal wave incidence. The results are compared to the characteristics of sound-absorbing wedges of existing anechoic facilities. Metrological examination of the acoustic parameters of the PNRPU anechoic chamber demonstrates that free field conditions are established in it, which will make it possible to conduct quantitative acoustic experiments.

Concentration measurement in a road tunnel as a method to assess "real-world" vehicles exhaust emissions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zanini, G.; Berico, M.; Monforti, F.; Vitali, L.; Zambonelli, S.; Chiavarini, S.; Georgiadis, T.; Nardino, M.

An experiment aimed at comparing particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations produced in a road tunnel by buses is described. The experiment took place in 2001 in Bologna when a couple of buses belonging to the public transport fleet where driven backwards and forwards in a road tunnel closed to all other vehicles. Buses run in the tunnel for 8 h a day for 4 experiment days, each day using a different fuel: biodiesel, diesel-water emulsion, diesel-water emulsion with low sulphur content and commercial diesel. Average daily concentrations of PM of different sizes and of 12 PHAs were measured and comparison between different fuels was attempted in order to assess "real-world" exhaust emissions of different fuels. Due to heterogeneity of experimental conditions in different days and the relatively large measurement uncertainties, the effort was only partially successful, and it was not possible to state any firm conclusion on fuels reliability even if some indications in agreement with literature were found. Nevertheless, the experiment and the data analysis method developed could be of interest as a methodological approach for future experiments aimed at evaluating "real-world" exhaust emissions of single vehicles.

The Rheology of a Three Component System: COAL/WATER/#4 Oil Emulsions.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilmartin, Barbara Jean

The purpose of this investigation was to study the rheology of a three component system, coal/water/#4 oil emulsions (COW), in which the third component, water, was present in a significant concentration, and to determine the applicability of existing theories from suspension rheology to the three component system studied. In a coal/water/oil emulsion, free coal particles adhere to the surface of the water droplets, preventing their coagulation, while the larger coal particles reside in the matrix of stabilized water droplets. The use of liquid fuels containing coal is a means of utilizing our nation's coal reserves while conserving oil. These fuels can be burned in conventional oil-fired furnaces. In this investigation, a high sulfur, high ash, bituminous coal was used, along with a heavy #4 oil to prepare the emulsions. The coal was ground to a log-normal distribution with an average particle size of 62 microns. A Haake RV3 concentric cylinder viscometer, with a ribbed measuring system, was used to determine the viscosity of the emulsions. A physical pendulum settling device measured the shift in center of mass of the COW as a function of time. The flow behavior of the fuel in pipes was also tested. In interpreting the data from the viscometer and the pipe flow experiments, a power law analysis was used in the region from 30 s('-1) to 200 s('-1). Extrapolation methods were used to obtain the low and high shear behavior of the emulsions. In the shear rate region found in boiler feed systems, COW are shear thinning with a flow behavior index of 0.7. The temperature dependent characteristic of the emulsions studied were similar and followed an Arrhenius type relationship. The viscosity of the COW decreases with increasing coal average particle size and is also a function of the width of the size distribution used. The type of coal used strongly influences the rheology of the fuel. The volatile content and the atomic oxygen to nitrogen ratio of the coal are the most predictive factors in terms of the variation in viscosity of the emulsion with coal type. The viscosity of the oil used is linearly related to the viscosity of the COW. The relative viscosity - concentration relationship for the emulsions was evaluated by an equation developed by Quemada for use in blood rheology: (eta)(,r) = (1 - (phi)/(phi)(,max))('-2). The best fit of the data to the equation was found when the coal plus water concentration was used for (phi). The maximum packing fraction increased with increasing shear rate, reflecting a breaking up of the agglomerates in the system. By using the relative packing fraction of the coal plus oil concentration, the relative viscosity of the emulsions tested at the three shear rates evaluted can be fit to the Quemada relative viscosity equation. In the pipe flow tests, the emulsions showed little time-dependent behavior, however they did exhibit a well effect. A fair correlation was obtained between pipe flow behavior and the results obtained in the viscometer. Coal/water/#4 oil emulsions behave as coal and water in oil systems and can be successfully modeled using theories from suspension rheology.

Antifungal activity against Candida albicans of starch Pickering emulsion with thymol or amphotericin B in suspension and calcium alginate films.

PubMed

Cossu, Andrea; Wang, Min S; Chaudhari, Amol; Nitin, Nitin

2015-09-30

Conventional antifungal treatments against Candida albicans in the oral cavity often result in increased cytotoxicity. The goal of this study was to determine the potential of starch Pickering emulsion as a delivery vehicle for an antifungal natural phenolic compound such as thymol in simulated saliva fluid (SSF) compared to amphotericin B. An oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion was stabilized using starch particles. Physical stability of the emulsion and disruption induced by α-amylase activity in SSF was evaluated. Encapsulated thymol in o/w emulsion was compared to encapsulated amphotericin B for antifungal activity against C. albicans in suspension using emulsions or zone inhibition assay on agar plates using emulsions dispersed in alginate films. Results showed that the emulsions were stable for at least three weeks. Digestion of the emulsion by α-amylase led to coalescence of emulsion droplets. The antifungal activity of thymol and amphotericin B in emulsion formulation was enhanced upon incubation with α-amylase. Results from the zone inhibition assay demonstrated efficacy of the emulsions dispersed in alginate films. Interestingly, addition of α-amylase to the alginate films resulted in a decreased inhibitory effect. Overall, this study showed that starch Pickering emulsions have a potential to deliver hydrophobic antifungal compounds to treat oral candidiasis. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Adsorption of the Three-phase Emulsion on Various Solid Surfaces.

PubMed

Enomoto, Yasutaka; Imai, Yoko; Tajima, Kazuo

2017-07-01

The present study investigates the adsorption of the three-phase emulsion on various solid/water interfaces. Vesicles can be used as emulsifiers in the three-phase emulsions and act as an independent phase unlike the surfactant used in conventional emulsions; therefore, it is expected that the three-phase emulsion formed by the adhesion of vesicles to the oil/water interface will adsorb on various solid/water interfaces. The cationic three-phase emulsion was prepared to encourage emulsion adsorption on negatively charged solid substrates in water. The emulsifier polyoxyethylene-(10) hydrogenated castor oil was rendered cationic by mixing with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and then used to prepare the cationic three-phase emulsion of hexadecane-in-water. Three solid substrates (silicon, glass, and copper) were dipped in the cationic emulsion and the emulsion was found to adsorb on the solid substrates while maintaining its structure. The amount of hexadecane adsorbed on the various surfaces was investigated by gas chromatography and found to increase with increasing hexadecane concentration in the emulsion and eventually plateaued just like molecular adsorption. The maximum surface coverage of the emulsion on the substrates was approximately 80%. However, even the equivalent nonionic three-phase emulsion was found to adsorb on the three solid surfaces. This was attributed to a novel mechanism of irreversible adhesion via the van der Waals attractive force.

Development of novel zein-sodium caseinate nanoparticle (ZP)-stabilized emulsion films for improved water barrier properties via emulsion/solvent evaporation.

PubMed

Wang, Li-Juan; Yin, Ye-Chong; Yin, Shou-Wei; Yang, Xiao-Quan; Shi, Wei-Jian; Tang, Chuan-He; Wang, Jin-Mei

2013-11-20

This work attempted to develop novel high barrier zein/SC nanoparticle (ZP)-stabilized emulsion films through microfluidic emulsification (ZPE films) or in combination with solvent (ethyl acetate) evaporation techniques (ZPE-EA films). Some physical properties, including tensile and optical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and surface hydrophobicity, as well as the microstructure of ZP-stabilized emulsion films were evaluated and compared with SC emulsion (SCE) films. The emulsion/solvent evaporation approach reduced lipid droplets of ZP-stabilized emulsions, and lipid droplets of ZP-stabilized emulsions were similar to or slightly lower than that of SC emulsions. However, ZP- and SC-stabilized emulsion films exhibited a completely different microstructure, nanoscalar lipid droplets were homogeneously distributed in the ZPE film matrix and interpenetrating protein-oil complex networks occurred within ZPE-EA films, whereas SCE films presented a heterogeneous microstructure. The different stabilization mechanisms against creaming or coalescence during film formation accounted for the preceding discrepancy of the microstructures between ZP-and SC-stabilized emulsion films. Interestingly, ZP-stabilized emulsion films exhibited a better water barrier efficiency, and the WVP values were only 40-50% of SCE films. A schematic representation for the formation of ZP-stabilized emulsion films was proposed to relate the physical performance of the films with their microstructure and to elucidate the possible forming mechanism of the films.

Hyper-track selector nuclear emulsion readout system aimed at scanning an area of one thousand square meters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshimoto, Masahiro; Nakano, Toshiyuki; Komatani, Ryosuke; Kawahara, Hiroaki

2017-10-01

Automatic nuclear emulsion readout systems have seen remarkable progress since the original idea was developed almost 40 years ago. After the success of its full application to a large-scale neutrino experiment, OPERA, a much faster readout system, the hyper-track selector (HTS), has been developed. HTS, which has an extremely wide-field objective lens, reached a scanning speed of 4700 cm^2/h, which is nearly 100 times faster than the previous system and therefore strongly promotes many new experimental projects. We will describe the concept, specifications, system structure, and achieved performance in this paper.

An update on safety and immunogenicity of vaccines containing emulsion-based adjuvants.

PubMed

Fox, Christopher B; Haensler, Jean

2013-07-01

With the exception of alum, emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants have been administered to far more people than any other adjuvant, especially since the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The number of clinical safety and immunogenicity evaluations of vaccines containing emulsion adjuvants has correspondingly mushroomed. In this review, the authors introduce emulsion adjuvant composition and history before detailing the most recent findings from clinical and postmarketing data regarding the effects of emulsion adjuvants on vaccine immunogenicity and safety, with emphasis on the most widely distributed emulsion adjuvants, MF59® and AS03. The authors also present a summary of other emulsion adjuvants in clinical development and indicate promising avenues for future emulsion-based adjuvant development. Overall, emulsion adjuvants have demonstrated potent adjuvant activity across a number of disease indications along with acceptable safety profiles.

Rheological behavior of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic bentonite particles.

PubMed

Binks, Bernard P; Clint, John H; Whitby, Catherine P

2005-06-07

A study of the rheological behavior of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic bentonite particles is described. Concentrated emulsions were prepared and diluted at constant particle concentration to investigate the effect of drop volume fraction on the viscosity and viscoelastic response of the emulsions. The influence of the structure of the hydrophobic clay particles in the oil has also been studied by using oils in which the clay swells to very different extents. Emulsions prepared from isopropyl myristate, in which the particles do not swell, are increasingly flocculated as the drop volume fraction increases and the viscosity of the emulsions increases accordingly. The concentrated emulsions are viscoelastic and the elastic storage and viscous loss moduli also increase with increasing drop volume fraction. Emulsions prepared from toluene, in which the clay particles swell to form tactoids, are highly structured due to the formation of an integrated network of clay tactoids and drops, and the moduli of the emulsions are significantly larger than those of the emulsions prepared from isopropyl myristate.

Factors influencing the stability and type of hydroxyapatite stabilized Pickering emulsion.

PubMed

Zhang, Ming; Wang, Ai-Juan; Li, Jun-Ming; Song, Na; Song, Yang; He, Rui

2017-01-01

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticle stabilized Pickering emulsion was fabricated with poly(l-lactic acid) dissolved in dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ) solution as oil phase and HAp aqueous dispersion as aqueous phase. Pickering emulsion was cured via in situ solvent evaporation method. Effect of PLLA concentrations, pH value, HAp concentrations, oil-water ratio, emulsification rates and times were studied on emulsion stability and emulsion type, etc. The results indicated emulsion stability increased with the increase of HAp concentration, emulsification rate and time; it is very stable when pH value of aqueous phase was adjusted to 10. Stable W/O and O/W emulsions were fabricated successfully using as-received HAp particles as stabilizer by adjusting the fabricating parameters. The interaction between HAp and PLLA played an important role to stabilize Pickering emulsions. SEM results indicated that both microsphere and porous materials were fabricated using emulsion stabilized by unmodified HAp nanoparticles, implying that both W/O and O/W emulsion type were obtained. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of antioxidant properties of lecithin emulsifier on oxidative stability of encapsulated bioactive compounds.

PubMed

Pan, Yuanjie; Tikekar, Rohan V; Nitin, N

2013-06-25

Oxidation of encapsulated bioactive compounds in emulsions is one of the key challenges that limit shelf life of emulsion containing products. Oxidation in these emulsions is triggered by permeation of free radicals generated at the emulsion interface. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of antioxidant properties of common emulsifiers (lecithin and Tween 20) in reducing permeation of free radicals across the emulsion interface. Radical permeation rates were correlated with oxidative stability of a model bioactive compound (curcumin) encapsulated in these emulsions. Rate of permeation of peroxyl radicals from the aqueous phase to the oil phase of emulsion was inversely proportional to the antioxidant properties of emulsifiers. The rate of radical permeation was significantly higher (p<0.05) for emulsions stabilized using Tween 20 and oxidized lecithin compared to native lecithin that showed higher antioxidant activity. Free radical permeation rate correlated with stability of curcumin in emulsions and was significantly higher (p<0.05) in lecithin stabilized emulsions as compared to Tween 20 emulsions. Overall, this study demonstrates that antioxidant activity of emulsifiers significantly influences permeation of free radicals across the emulsion interface and the rate of oxidation of bioactive encapsulant. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of droplet charge on the chemical stability of citral in oil-in-water emulsions.

PubMed

Choi, Seung Jun; Decker, Eric Andrew; Henson, Lulu; Popplewell, L Michael; McClements, David Julian

2010-08-01

The chemical stability of citral, a flavor component widely used in beverage, food, and fragrance products, in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surfactants with different charge characteristics was investigated. Emulsions were prepared using cationic (lauryl alginate, LAE), non-ionic (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether, Brij 35), and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) surfactants at pH 3.5. The citral concentration decreased over time in all the emulsions, but the rate of decrease depended on surfactant type. After 7 d storage, the citral concentrations remaining in the emulsions were around 60% for LAE- or Brij 35-stabilized emulsions and 10% for SDS-stabilized emulsions. An increase in the local proton (H(+)) concentration around negatively charged droplet surfaces may account for the more rapid citral degradation observed in SDS-stabilized emulsions. A strong metal ion chelator (EDTA), which has previously been shown to be effective at increasing the oxidative stability of labile components, had no effect on citral stability in LAE- or Brij 35-stabilized emulsions, but it slightly decreased the initial rate of citral degradation in SDS-stabilized emulsions. These results suggest the surfactant type used to prepare emulsions should be controlled to improve the chemical stability of citral in emulsion systems.

Different Detector Types Used in Plasma Physics Experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Balovnev, A. V.; Manokhin, I. L.; Grigoryeva, I. G.; Kostyushin, V. A.; Savelov, A. S.; Salakhutdinov, G. Kh.

2017-12-01

We analyzed the possibility of using different detector types (semiconductor, scintillator, thermoluminescent, nuclear emulsions) for plasma diagnostics. We investigated the main characteristics of such detectors, on the basis of which an X-ray spectrometer complex was created.

Investigation of particle and vapor wall-loss effects on controlled wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bian, Q.; May, A. A.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Pierce, J. R.

2015-10-01

Smog chambers are extensively used to study processes that drive gas and particle evolution in the atmosphere. A limitation of these experiments is that particles and gas-phase species may be lost to chamber walls on shorter timescales than the timescales of the atmospheric processes being studied in the chamber experiments. These particle and vapor wall losses have been investigated in recent studies of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but they have not been systematically investigated in experiments of primary emissions from combustion. The semi-volatile nature of combustion emissions (e.g. from wood smoke) may complicate the behavior of particle and vapor wall deposition in the chamber over the course of the experiments due to the competition between gas/particle and gas/wall partitioning. Losses of vapors to the walls may impact particle evaporation in these experiments, and potential precursors for SOA formation from combustion may be lost to the walls, causing underestimations of aerosol yields. Here, we conduct simulations to determine how particle and gas-phase wall losses contributed to the observed evolution of the aerosol during experiments in the third Fire Lab At Missoula Experiment (FLAME III). We use the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled with the organic volatility basis set (VBS) and wall-loss formulations to examine the predicted extent of particle and vapor wall losses. We limit the scope of our study to the dark periods in the chamber before photo-oxidation to simplify the aerosol system for this initial study. Our model simulations suggest that over one-third of the initial particle-phase organic mass (41 %) was lost during the experiments, and over half of this particle-organic mass loss was from direct particle wall loss (65 % of the loss) with the remainder from evaporation of the particles driven by vapor losses to the walls (35 % of the loss). We perform a series of sensitivity tests to understand uncertainties in our simulations. Uncertainty in the initial wood-smoke volatility distribution contributes 18 % uncertainty to the final particle-organic mass remaining in the chamber (relative to base-assumption simulation). We show that the total mass loss may depend on the effective saturation concentration of vapor with respect to the walls as these values currently vary widely in the literature. The details of smoke dilution during the filling of smog chambers may influence the mass loss to the walls, and a dilution of ~ 25:1 during the experiments increased particle-organic mass loss by 33 % compared to a simulation where we assume the particles and vapors are initially in equilibrium in the chamber. Finally, we discuss how our findings may influence interpretations of emission factors and SOA production in wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments.

Investigation of particle and vapor wall-loss effects on controlled wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bian, Q.; May, A. A.; Kreidenweis, S. M.; Pierce, J. R.

2015-06-01

Smog chambers are extensively used to study processes that drive gas and particle evolution in the atmosphere. A limitation of these experiments is that particles and gas-phase species may be lost to chamber walls on shorter timescales than the timescales of the atmospheric processes being studied in the chamber experiments. These particle and vapor wall losses have been investigated in recent studies of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but they have not been systematically investigated in experiments of primary emissions from combustion. The semi-volatile nature of combustion emissions (e.g. from wood smoke) may complicate the behavior of particle and vapor wall deposition in the chamber over the course of the experiments due to the competition between gas/particle and gas/wall partitioning. Losses of vapors to the walls may impact particle evaporation in these experiments, and potential precursors for SOA formation from combustion may be lost to the walls, causing underestimates of aerosol yields. Here, we conduct simulations to determine how particle and gas-phase wall losses contributed to the observed evolution of the aerosol during experiments in the third Fire Lab At Missoula Experiment (FLAME III). We use the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled with the organic volatility basis set (VBS) and wall-loss formulations to examine the predicted extent of particle and vapor wall losses. We limit the scope of our study to the dark periods in the chamber before photo-oxidation to simplify the aerosol system for this initial study. Our model simulations suggest that over one third of the initial particle-phase organic mass (36%) was lost during the experiments, and roughly half of this particle organic mass loss was from direct particle wall loss (56% of the loss) with the remainder from evaporation of the particles driven by vapor losses to the walls (44% of the loss). We perform a series of sensitivity tests to understand uncertainties in our simulations. Uncertainty in the initial wood-smoke volatility distribution contributes 23% uncertainty to the final particle organic mass remaining in the chamber (relative to base-assumptions simulation). We show that the total mass loss may depend on the effective saturation concentration of vapor with respect to the walls as these values currently vary widely in the literature. The details of smoke dilution during the filling of smog chambers may influence the mass loss to the walls, and a dilution of ~ 25:1 during the experiments increased particle organic mass loss by 64% compared to a simulation where we assume the particles and vapors are initially in equilibrium in the chamber. Finally, we discuss how our findings may influence interpretations of emission factors and SOA production in wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments.

The matching law in and within groups of rats1

PubMed Central

Graft, D. A.; Lea, S. E. G.; Whitworth, T. L.

1977-01-01

In each of the two experiments, a group of five rats lived in a complex maze containing four small single-lever operant chambers. In two of these chambers, food was available on variable-interval schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment I, nine combinations of variable intervals were used, and the aggregate lever-pressing rates (by the five rats together) were studied. The log ratio of the rates in the two chambers was linearly related to the log ratio of the reinforcement rates in them; this is an instance of Herrnstein's matching law, as generalized by Baum. Summing over the two food chambers, food consumption decreased, and response output increased, as the time required to earn each pellet increased. In Experiment II, the behavior of individual rats was observed by time-sampling on selected days, while different variable-interval schedules were arranged in the two chambers where food was available. Individual lever-pressing rates for the rats were obtained, and their median bore the same “matching” relationship to the reinforcement rates as the group aggregate in Experiment I. There were differences between the rats in their distribution of time and responses between the two food chambers; these differences were correlated with differences in the proportions of reinforcements the rats obtained from each chamber. PMID:16811975

Flight Engineer Donald R. Pettit works with the InSpace experiments in the MSG in the U.S. Lab

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-04-01

ISS006-E-41733 (1 April 2003) --- Astronaut Donald R. Pettit, Expedition Six NASA ISS science officer, works with the InSpace (Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) in the Destiny laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS).

40 CFR 428.20 - Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... emulsion crumb rubber subcategory. 428.20 Section 428.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... CATEGORY Emulsion Crumb Rubber Subcategory § 428.20 Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber... manufacture of emulsion crumb rubber, other than acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber. [40 FR 18173, Apr. 25, 1975] ...

40 CFR 428.20 - Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... emulsion crumb rubber subcategory. 428.20 Section 428.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... CATEGORY Emulsion Crumb Rubber Subcategory § 428.20 Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber... manufacture of emulsion crumb rubber, other than acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber. [40 FR 18173, Apr. 25, 1975] ...

40 CFR 428.20 - Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... emulsion crumb rubber subcategory. 428.20 Section 428.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... CATEGORY Emulsion Crumb Rubber Subcategory § 428.20 Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber... manufacture of emulsion crumb rubber, other than acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber. [40 FR 18173, Apr. 25, 1975] ...

Rheology of attractive emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Datta, Sujit S.; Gerrard, Dustin D.; Rhodes, Travers S.; Mason, Thomas G.; Weitz, David A.

2011-10-01

We show how attractive interactions dramatically influence emulsion rheology. Unlike the repulsive case, attractive emulsions below random close packing, φRCP, can form soft gel-like elastic solids. However, above φRCP, attractive and repulsive emulsions have similar elasticities. Such compressed attractive emulsions undergo an additional shear-driven relaxation process during yielding. Our results suggest that attractive emulsions begin to yield at weak points through the breakage of bonds, and, above φRCP, also undergo droplet configurational rearrangements.

Rheology of attractive emulsions.

PubMed

Datta, Sujit S; Gerrard, Dustin D; Rhodes, Travers S; Mason, Thomas G; Weitz, David A

2011-10-01

We show how attractive interactions dramatically influence emulsion rheology. Unlike the repulsive case, attractive emulsions below random close packing, φ(RCP), can form soft gel-like elastic solids. However, above φ(RCP), attractive and repulsive emulsions have similar elasticities. Such compressed attractive emulsions undergo an additional shear-driven relaxation process during yielding. Our results suggest that attractive emulsions begin to yield at weak points through the breakage of bonds, and, above φ(RCP), also undergo droplet configurational rearrangements.

Controlling molecular transport in minimal emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gruner, Philipp; Riechers, Birte; Semin, Benoît; Lim, Jiseok; Johnston, Abigail; Short, Kathleen; Baret, Jean-Christophe

2016-01-01

Emulsions are metastable dispersions in which molecular transport is a major mechanism driving the system towards its state of minimal energy. Determining the underlying mechanisms of molecular transport between droplets is challenging due to the complexity of a typical emulsion system. Here we introduce the concept of `minimal emulsions', which are controlled emulsions produced using microfluidic tools, simplifying an emulsion down to its minimal set of relevant parameters. We use these minimal emulsions to unravel the fundamentals of transport of small organic molecules in water-in-fluorinated-oil emulsions, a system of great interest for biotechnological applications. Our results are of practical relevance to guarantee a sustainable compartmentalization of compounds in droplet microreactors and to design new strategies for the dynamic control of droplet compositions.

Oil-in-water emulsions stabilised by cellulose ethers: stability, structure and in vitro digestion.

PubMed

Borreani, Jennifer; Espert, María; Salvador, Ana; Sanz, Teresa; Quiles, Amparo; Hernando, Isabel

2017-04-19

The effect of cellulose ethers in oil-in-water emulsions on stability during storage and on texture, microstructure and lipid digestibility during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was investigated. All the cellulose ether emulsions showed good physical and oxidative stability during storage. In particular, the methylcellulose with high methoxyl substituents (HMC) made it possible to obtain emulsions with high consistency which remained almost unchanged during gastric digestion, and thus could enhance fullness and satiety perceptions at gastric level. Moreover, the HMC emulsion slowed down lipid digestion to a greater extent than a conventional protein emulsion or the emulsions stabilised by the other cellulose ethers. Therefore, HMC emulsions could be used in weight management to increase satiation capacity and decrease lipid digestion.

Cellulose nanofibrils for one-step stabilization of multiple emulsions (W/O/W) based on soybean oil.

PubMed

Carrillo, Carlos A; Nypelö, Tiina E; Rojas, Orlando J

2015-05-01

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were incorporated in water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions and emulsions, as well as water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions using soybean oil. The addition of CNF to the aqueous phase expanded the composition range to obtain W/O/W emulsions. CNF also increased the viscosity of the continuous phase and reduced the drop size both of which increased the stability and effective viscosity of the emulsions. The effects of oil type and polarity on the properties of the W/O/W emulsions were tested with limonene and octane, which compared to soybean oil produced a smaller emulsion drop size, and thus a higher emulsion viscosity. Overall, CNF are a feasible alternative to conventional polysaccharides as stability enhancers for normal and multiple emulsions that exhibit strong shear thinning behavior. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rapid dissolution of propofol emulsions under sink conditions.

PubMed

Damitz, Robert; Chauhan, Anuj

2015-03-15

Pain accompanying intravenous injections of propofol is a major problem in anesthesia. Pain is ascribed to the interaction of propofol with the local vasculature and could be impacted by rapid dissolution of the emulsion formulation to release the drug. In this paper, we measure the dissolution of propofol emulsions including the commercial formulation Diprivan(®). We image the turbidity of blood protein sink solutions after emulsions are injected. The images are digitized, and the drug release times are estimated from the pixel intensity data for a range of starting emulsion droplet size. Drug release times are compared to a mechanistic model. After injection, pixel intensity or turbidity decreases due to reductions in emulsion droplet size. Drug release times can still be measured even if the emulsion does not completely dissolve such as with Diprivan(®). Both pure propofol emulsions and Diprivan(®) release drug very rapidly (under five seconds). Reducing emulsion droplet size significantly increases the drug release rate. Drug release times observed are slightly longer than the model prediction likely due to imperfect mixing. Drug release from emulsions occurs very rapidly after injection. This could be a contributing factor to pain on injection of propofol emulsions. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Double emulsion solvent evaporation techniques used for drug encapsulation.

PubMed

Iqbal, Muhammad; Zafar, Nadiah; Fessi, Hatem; Elaissari, Abdelhamid

2015-12-30

Double emulsions are complex systems, also called "emulsions of emulsions", in which the droplets of the dispersed phase contain one or more types of smaller dispersed droplets themselves. Double emulsions have the potential for encapsulation of both hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic drugs, cosmetics, foods and other high value products. Techniques based on double emulsions are commonly used for the encapsulation of hydrophilic molecules, which suffer from low encapsulation efficiency because of rapid drug partitioning into the external aqueous phase when using single emulsions. The main issue when using double emulsions is their production in a well-controlled manner, with homogeneous droplet size by optimizing different process variables. In this review special attention has been paid to the application of double emulsion techniques for the encapsulation of various hydrophilic and hydrophobic anticancer drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotic drugs, proteins and amino acids and their applications in theranostics. Moreover, the optimized ratio of the different phases and other process parameters of double emulsions are discussed. Finally, the results published regarding various types of solvents, stabilizers and polymers used for the encapsulation of several active substances via double emulsion processes are reported. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Studies on emulsion-type buffalo meat sausages incorporating skeletal and offal meat with different levels of pork fat.

PubMed

Krishnan, K R; Sharma, N

1990-01-01

Ready-to-eat emulsion-type buffalo meat sausages were developed by using a combination of 80% meat components with 20% pork back fat. The meat components were constituted of 70 parts buffalo skeletal meat and 30 parts offal meat (rumen meat and heart meat in equal proportions). The emulsion stability, cooking losses of emulsions and sausages, composition of cooked sausages, eating quality of sausages and the microscopic characteristics of the raw emulsion and cooked sausages were studied. The light microscope micrograph of the raw emulsion showed uniformly well distributed fat globules embedded in a dense protein gel. The cooked emulsion also showed uniformly sized fat globules well distributed in a fine, compact, coagulated protein gel, which retained their original spherical shape. Good quality emulsion-type sausages could be produced having a high emulsion stability (0·87 ± 0·07 ml fat release/100 g emulsion); a low emulsion cooking loss (9·60 ± 0·60%) and a low sausage cooking loss (8·83 ± 0·48%). The overall acceptability of sausages was also high. Copyright © 1990. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of Preheating and Storage Temperatures on Aroma Profile and Physical Properties of Citrus-Oil Emulsions.

PubMed

Yang, Ying; Zhao, Chengying; Tian, Guifang; Lu, Chang; Zhao, Shaojie; Bao, Yuming; McClements, David Julian; Xiao, Hang; Zheng, Jinkai

2017-09-06

Citrus oils are used as good carrier oil for emulsion fabrication due to their special flavor and various health-promoting functions. In this study, the effects of preheating temperature (30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C) and storage temperature (4, 25, and 37 °C) on aroma profiles and physical properties of three citrus-oil (i.e., mandarin, sweet orange, and bergamot oils) emulsions were systematically investigated for the first time. The results demonstrated the significant impact of temperature on aroma profile and physical properties. The abundance of d-limonene was found to be the main factor determining the aroma of the three citrus-oil emulsions at different preheating and storage temperatures, while β-linalool and linalyl acetate were important for the aroma of bergamot oil emulsion. Preheating temperature showed a profound impact on the aroma of citrus-oil emulsions, and the aroma of different citrus oil emulsions showed different sensitivity to preheating temperature. Storage temperature was also able to alter the properties of citrus oil emulsions. The higher was the storage temperature, the more alteration of aroma and more instability of the emulsions there was, which could be attributed to the alteration of the oil components and the properties of emulsions. Among all three emulsions, bergamot-oil emulsion was the most stable and exhibited the most potent ability to preserve the aroma against high temperature. Our results would facilitate the application of citrus-oil emulsions in functional foods and beverages.

Beneficial effects of curcumin nano-emulsion on spermatogenesis and reproductive performance in male rats under protein deficient diet model: enhancement of sperm motility, conservancy of testicular tissue integrity, cell energy and seminal plasma amino acids content.

PubMed

Ahmed-Farid, Omar A H; Nasr, Maha; Ahmed, Rania F; Bakeer, Rofanda M

2017-09-02

Malnutrition resulting from protein and calorie deficiency continues to be a major concern worldwide especially in developing countries. Specific deficiencies in the protein intake can adversely influence reproductive performance. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin and curcumin nano-emulsion on protein deficient diet (PDD)-induced testicular atrophy, troubled spermatogenesis and decreased reproductive performance in male rats. Juvenile rats were fed the protein deficient diet (PDD) for 75 days. Starting from day 60 the rats were divided into 4 groups and given the corresponding treatments for the last 15 days orally and daily as follows: 1st group; curcumin group (C) received 50 mg/kg curcumin p.o. 2 nd group; curcumin nano-form low dose group (NCL) received 2.5 mg/kg nano-curcumin. 3rd group; curcumin nano-form high dose group (NCH) received 5 mg/kg nano-curcumin. 4th group served as malnutrition group (PDD group) receiving the protein deficient diet daily for 75 days and received distilled water ingestions (5 ml/kg p.o) daily for the last 15 days of the experiment. A normal control group was kept under the same conditions for the whole experiment and received normal diet according to nutrition requirement center daily for 75 days and received distilled water ingestions (5 ml/kg p.o) daily for the last 15 days of the experiment. PDD induced significant (P < 0.05) reduction in serum testosterone level, sperm motility, testicular GSH, CAT, SOD, testicular cell energy (ATP, ADP and AMP), essential and non-essential amino acids in seminal plasma, an increase in testicular MDA, NOx, GSSG and 8-OHDG. Data was confirmed by histological examination and revealed pathological alteration in the PDD group. Ingestion of curcumin (50 mg/kg) and curcumin nano-emulsion (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) showed significant (P< 0.05) amelioration effects against PDD-induced disrupted reproductive performance as well as biochemical and pathological alterations and the overall results of the nano-emulsion (5 mg/kg) were comparable to curcumin (50 mg/kg). The present study suggests that administration of curcumin nano-emulsion as a daily supplement would be beneficial in malnutrition- induced troubled male reproductive performance and spermatogenesis cases.

In vitro β-Carotene Bioaccessibility and Lipid Digestion in Emulsions: Influence of Pectin Type and Degree of Methyl-Esterification.

PubMed

Verrijssen, Tina A J; Christiaens, Stefanie; Verkempinck, Sarah H E; Boeve, Jeroen; Grauwet, Tara; Van Loey, Ann M; Salvia-Trujillo, Laura; Hendrickx, Marc E

2016-10-01

Citrus pectin (CP) and sugar beet pectin (SBP) were demethoxylated and fully characterized in terms of pectin properties in order to investigate the influence of the pectin degree of methyl-esterification (DM) and the pectin type on the in vitro β-carotene bioaccessibility and lipid digestion in emulsions. For the CP based emulsions containing β-carotene enriched oil, water and pectin, the β-carotene bioaccessibility, and lipid digestion were higher in the emulsions with pectin with a higher DM (57%; "CP57 emulsion") compared to the emulsions with pectin with a lower DM (30%; "CP30 emulsion") showing that the DM plays an important role. In contrast, in SBP-based emulsions, nor β-carotene bioaccessibility nor lipid digestion were dependent on pectin DM. Probably here, other pectin properties are more important factors. It was observed that β-carotene bioaccessibility and lipid digestion were lower in the CP30 emulsion in comparison with the CP57, SBP32, and SBP58 emulsions. However, the β-carotene bioaccessibility of CP57 emulsion was similar to that of the SBP emulsions, whereas the lipid digestion was not. It seems that pectin type and pectin DM (in case of CP) are determining which components can be incorporated into micelles. Because carotenoids and lipids have different structures and polarities, their incorporation may be different. This knowledge can be used to engineer targeted (digestive) functionalities in food products. If both high β-carotene bioaccessibility and high lipid digestion are targeted, SBP emulsions are the best options. The CP57 emulsion can be chosen if high β-carotene bioaccessibility but lower lipid digestion is desired. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Multiple emulsions controlled by stimuli-responsive polymers.

PubMed

Besnard, Lucie; Marchal, Frédéric; Paredes, Jose F; Daillant, Jean; Pantoustier, Nadège; Perrin, Patrick; Guenoun, Patrick

2013-05-28

The phase inversion of water-toluene emulsions stabilized with a single thermo- and pH-sensitive copolymer occurs through the formation of multiple emulsions. At low pH and ambient temperature, oil in water emulsions are formed which transform into highly stable multiple emulsions at pHs immediately lower than the inversion border. At higher pHs, the emulsion turns into a water in oil one. Copyright © 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Centrifugal Pump Effect on Average Particle Diameter of Oil-Water Emulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morozova, A.; Eskin, A.

2017-11-01

In this paper we review the process of oil-water emulsion particles fragmentation in a turbulent flow created by a centrifugal pump. We examined the influence of time necessary for oil-water emulsion preparation on the particle size of oil products and the dependence of a centrifugal pump emulsifying capacity on the initial emulsion dispersion. The investigated emulsion contained the brand fuel oil M-100 and tap water; it was sprayed with a nozzle in a gas-water flare. After preparation of the emulsion, the centrifugal pump was turned on and the emulsion samples were taken before and after the pump passing in 15, 30 and 45 minutes of spraying. To determine the effect the centrifugal pump has on the dispersion of the oil-water emulsion, the mean particle diameter of the emulsion particles was determined by the optical and microscopic method before and after the pump passing. A dispersion analysis of the particles contained in the emulsion was carried out by a laser diffraction analyzer. By analyzing the pictures of the emulsion samples, it was determined that after the centrifugal pump operation a particle size of oil products decreases. This result is also confirmed by the distribution of the obtained analyzer where the content of fine particles with a diameter less than 10 μm increased from 12% to 23%. In case of increasing emulsion preparation time, a particle size of petroleum products also decreases.

A comparative study of the physicochemical properties of a virgin coconut oil emulsion and commercial food supplement emulsions.

PubMed

Khor, Yih Phing; Koh, Soo Peng; Long, Kamariah; Long, Shariah; Ahmad, Sharifah Zarah Syed; Tan, Chin Ping

2014-07-01

Food manufacturers are interested in developing emulsion-based products into nutritional foods by using beneficial oils, such as fish oil and virgin coconut oil (VCO). In this study, the physicochemical properties of a VCO oil-in-water emulsion was investigated and compared to other commercial oil-in-water emulsion products (C1, C2, C3, and C4). C3 exhibited the smallest droplet size of 3.25 µm. The pH for the emulsion samples ranged from 2.52 to 4.38 and thus were categorised as acidic. In a texture analysis, C2 was described as the most firm, very adhesive and cohesive, as well as having high compressibility properties. From a rheological viewpoint, all the emulsion samples exhibited non-Newtonian behaviour, which manifested as a shear-thinning property. The G'G'' crossover illustrated by the VCO emulsion in the amplitude sweep graph but not the other commercial samples illustrated that the VCO emulsion had a better mouthfeel. In this context, the VCO emulsion yielded the highest zeta potential (64.86 mV), which was attributed to its strong repulsive forces, leading to a good dispersion system. C2 comprised the highest percentage of fat among all emulsion samples, followed by the VCO emulsion, with 18.44% and 6.59%, respectively.

Influence of acetazolamide loading on the (in vitro) performances of non-phospholipid-based cationic nanosized emulsion in comparison with phospholipid-based anionic and neutral-charged nanosized emulsions.

PubMed

Tamilvanan, Shunmugaperumal; Kumar, Balakrishnan Ajith

2011-09-01

Acetazolamide (ACZM)-loaded anionic, cationic, and neutral-charged oil-in-water nanosized emulsions were prepared and compared with their mean droplet diameter, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, freeze-thaw cycling stability, in vitro drug release, and transcorneal permeation. The present study aims to determine the influence of ACZM loading on the performances of non-phospholipid-based cationic nanosized emulsion in comparison with phospholipid-based anionic and neutral-charged nanosized emulsions. Regardless of charges, all of these emulsions exhibited a nanometer range mean particle diameter (240-443 nm) following autoclave sterilization. While the anionic and cationic emulsions did show high negative (-36.9 mV) and positive zeta potential (+41.4 mV) values, the neutral-charged emulsion did not. Presence of cryoprotectants (5% w/w sucrose + 5% w/w sorbitol) improved the stability of cationic emulsion to droplet aggregation during freeze-thaw cycling. The in vitro release kinetic behavior of drug exchange with physiological anions present in the simulated tear solution appears to be complex and difficult to characterize using mathematical fitting model equations. Augmentation in drug permeation through goat cornea, in vitro, was noticed for cationic emulsion. ACZM-loaded cationic nanosized emulsion could be suitable for topical application into eye to elicit better therapeutic effect in comparison with its anionic and neutral-charged emulsions.

Multiple emulsions: an overview.

PubMed

Khan, Azhar Yaqoob; Talegaonkar, Sushama; Iqbal, Zeenat; Ahmed, Farhan Jalees; Khar, Roop Krishan

2006-10-01

Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed systems where both oil in water and water in oil emulsion exists simultaneously which are stabilized by lipophillic and hydrophilic surfactants respectively. The ratio of these surfactants is important in achieving stable multiple emulsions. Among water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) and oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) type multiple emulsions, the former has wider areas of application and hence are studied in great detail. Formulation, preparation techniques and in vitro characterization methods for multiple emulsions are reviewed. Various factors affecting the stability of multiple emulsions and the stabilization approaches with specific reference to w/o/w type multiple emulsions are discussed in detail. Favorable drug release mechanisms and/or rate along with in vivo fate of multiple emulsions make them a versatile carrier. It finds wide range of applications in controlled or sustained drug delivery, targeted delivery, taste masking, bioavailability enhancement, enzyme immobilization, etc. Multiple emulsions have also been employed as intermediate step in the microencapsulation process and are the systems of increasing interest for the oral delivery of hydrophilic drugs, which are unstable in gastrointestinal tract like proteins and peptides. With the advancement in techniques for preparation, stabilization and rheological characterization of multiple emulsions, it will be able to provide a novel carrier system for drugs, cosmetics and pharmaceutical agents. In this review, emphasis is laid down on formulation, stabilization techniques and potential applications of multiple emulsion system.

Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization enhances physicochemical properties of soy protein isolate-stabilized emulsions.

PubMed

Fernández-Ávila, C; Escriu, R; Trujillo, A J

2015-09-01

The effect of Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH, 100-300MPa) on the physicochemical properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with 4.0% (w/v) of soy protein isolate (SPI) and soybean oil (10 and 20%, v/v) was studied and compared to emulsions treated by conventional homogenization (CH, 15MPa). CH emulsions were prepared with non-heated and heated (95°C for 15min) SPI dispersions. Emulsions were characterized by particle size determination with laser diffraction, rheological properties using a rotational rheometer by applying measurements of flow curve and by transmission electron microscopy. The variation on particle size and creaming was assessed by Turbiscan® analysis, and visual observation of the emulsions was also carried out. UHPH emulsions showed much smaller d 3.2 values and greater physical stability than CH emulsions. The thermal treatment of SPI prior CH process did not improve physical stability properties. In addition, emulsions containing 20% of oil exhibited greater physical stability compared to emulsions containing 10% of oil. Particularly, UHPH emulsions treated at 100 and 200MPa with 20% of oil were the most stable due to low particle size values (d 3.2 and Span), greater viscosity and partial protein denaturation. These results address the physical stability improvement of protein isolate-stabilized emulsions by using the emerging UHPH technology. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stabilization of kerosene/water emulsions using bioemulsifiers obtained by fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars with Lactobacillus pentosus.

PubMed

Portilla-Rivera, Oscar Manuel; Torrado, Ana María; Domínguez, José Manuel; Moldes, Ana Belén

2010-09-22

The results of the present study show that Lactobacillus pentosus can produce extracellular bioemulsifiers by utilizing hemicellulosic sugars from grape marc as a source of carbon. The effectiveness of these bioemulsifiers (LPEM) was studied by preparing kerosene/water (K/W) emulsions in the presence and absence of these emulsifiers. Various parameters such as relative emulsion volume (EV), stabilizing capacity (ES), viscosity, and droplet size of K/W emulsions were measured. The EV values for K/W emulsions stabilized by concentrated LPEM were approximately 74.5% after 72 h of emulsion formation, with ES values of 97%. These values were higher than those obtained with dodecyl sodium sulfate as emulsifier (EV=62.3% and ES=87.7%). Additionally, K/W emulsions stabilized by LPEM produced polydisperse emulsions containing droplets of radius between 10 and 40 μm, which were smaller than those obtained for K/W emulsions without LPEM (droplet radius=60-100 μm). Moreover, the viscosity values of the K/W emulsions without and with LPEM were approximately 236 and 495 cP, respectively.

Preparation and physicochemical properties of surfactant-free emulsions using electrolytic-reduction ion water containing lithium magnesium sodium silicate.

PubMed

Okajima, Masahiro; Wada, Yuko; Hosoya, Takashi; Hino, Fumio; Kitahara, Yoshiyasu; Shimokawa, Ken-ichi; Ishii, Fumiyoshi

2013-04-01

Surfactant-free emulsions by adding jojoba oil, squalane, olive oil, or glyceryl trioctanoate (medium chain fatty acid triglycerides, MCT) to electrolytic-reduction ion water containing lithium magnesium sodium silicate (GE-100) were prepared, and their physiochemical properties (thixotropy, zeta potential, and mean particle diameter) were evaluated. At an oil concentration of 10%, the zeta potential was ‒22.3 ‒ ‒26.8 mV, showing no marked differences among the emulsions of various types of oil, but the mean particle diameters in the olive oil emulsion (327 nm) and MCT emulsion (295 nm) were smaller than those in the other oil emulsions (452-471 nm). In addition, measurement of the hysteresis loop area of each type of emulsion revealed extremely high thixotropy of the emulsion containing MCT at a low concentration and the olive emulsion. Based on these results, since surfactants and antiseptic agents markedly damage sensitive skin tissue such as that with atopic dermatitis, surfactant- and antiseptic-free emulsions are expected to be new bases for drugs for external use.

Spreading of Emulsions on Glass Substrates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammad Karim, Alireza; Kavehpour, Pirouz

2012-11-01

The wettability of emulsions is an important factor with explicit influence in an extensive variety of industrial applications ranging from the petroleum to food industries. Surprisingly, there is no comprehensive study of emulsion spreading to date; this is due to the complexity of the structure of the emulsions and non-homogeneity of the dispersed phase bubbles in size as well as distribution through the emulsion. The spreading of water/silicone oil emulsions on glass substrates was investigated. The emulsions were prepared with varying volume fractions of water dispersed in silicone oil, with addition of small amounts of surfactant to stabilize the emulsion structure. The time dependent variation of dynamic contact angle, base diameter, and the spreading rate of the droplets of an emulsion are different from a pure substance. The effect of water/silicone oil weight percentage as well as the droplet size and dispersed phase bubble size were also investigated. The weight percentage of water/silicone oil emulsion and droplet size did not have significant influence on the spreading dynamics; however the dispersed phase drop size affected the spreading dynamics substantially.

Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE-2) Experiment in Microgravity S

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-01-30

ISS018-E-024515 (30 Jan. 2009) --- Astronaut Sandra Magnus, Expedition 18 flight engineer, works with the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

Telerobotic Tending of Space Based Plant Growth Chamber

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Backes, P. G.; Long, M. K.; Das, H.

1994-01-01

The kinematic design of a telerobotic mechanism for tending a plant growth space science experiment chamber is described. Ground based control of tending mechanisms internal to space science experiments will allow ground based principal investigators to interact directly with their space science experiments.

Drift chamber readout system of the DIRAC experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Afanasyev, L.; Karpukhin, V.

2002-10-01

A drift chamber readout system of the DIRAC experiment at CERN is presented. The system is intended to read out the signals from planar chambers operating in a high current mode. The sense wire signals are digitized in the 16-channel time-to-digital converter boards which are plugged in the signal plane connectors. This design results in a reduced number of modules, a small number of cables and high noise immunity. The system has been successfully operating in the experiment since 1999.

Small particle size lipid emulsions, satiety and energy intake in lean men.

PubMed

Chan, Y K; Budgett, S C; MacGibbon, A K; Quek, S Y; Kindleysides, S; Poppitt, S D

2017-02-01

Lipid emulsions have been proposed to suppress hunger and food intake. Whilst there is no consensus on optimal structural properties or mechanism of action, small particle size (small-PS) stable emulsions may have greatest efficacy. Fabuless®, a commercial lipid emulsion reported in some studies to decrease energy intake (EI), is a small-PS, 'hard' fat emulsion comprising highly saturated palm oil base (PS, 82nm). To determine whether small-PS dairy lipid emulsions can enhance satiety, firstly, we investigated 2 'soft' fat dairy emulsions generated using dairy and soy emulsifying agents (PS, 114nm and 121nm) and a non-emulsified dairy control. Secondly, we investigated a small-PS palmolein based 'hard' fat emulsion (fractionated palm oil, PS, 104nm) and non-emulsified control. This was a 6 arm, randomized, cross-over study in 18 lean men, with test lipids delivered in a breakfast meal: (i) Fabuless® emulsion (F EM ); (ii) dairy emulsion with dairy emulsifier (DE DE ); (iii) dairy emulsion with soy lecithin emulsifier (DE SE ); (iv) dairy control (DC ON ); (v) palmolein emulsion with dairy emulsifier (PE DE ); (vi) palmolein control (PC ON ). Participants rated postprandial appetite sensations using visual analogue scales (VAS), and ad libitum energy intake (EI) was measured at a lunch meal 3.5h later. Dairy lipid emulsions did not significantly alter satiety ratings or change EI relative to dairy control (DE DE , 4035kJ; DE SE , 3904kJ; DC ON , 3985kJ; P>0.05) nor did palm oil based emulsion relative to non-emulsified control (PE DE, 3902 kJ; PC ON, 3973kJ; P>0.05). There was no evidence that small-PS dairy lipid emulsions or commercial Fabuless altered short-term appetite or food intake in lean adults. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Plant growth chamber design for subambient pCO2 and δ13 C studies.

PubMed

Hagopian, William M; Schubert, Brian A; Graper, Robert A; Jahren, A Hope

2018-05-23

Subambient pCO 2 has persisted across the major Phanerozoic ice ages, including the entire late Cenozoic (~30 Ma to present). Stable isotope analysis of plant-derived organic matter is used to infer changes in pCO 2 and climate in the geologic past, but a growth chamber that can precisely control environmental conditions, including pCO 2 and δ 13 C value of CO 2 (δ 13 C CO2 ) at subambient pCO 2 , is lacking. We designed and built five identical chambers specifically for plant growth under stable subambient pCO 2 (~100 to 400 ppm) and δ 13 C CO2 conditions. We tested the pCO 2 and δ 13 C CO2 stability of the chambers both with and without plants, across two 12-hour daytime experiments and two extended 9-day experiments. We also compared the temperature and relative humidity conditions among the chambers. The average δ 13 C CO2 value within the five chambers ranged from -18.76 ‰ to -19.10 ‰; the standard deviation never exceeded 0.14 ‰ across any experiment. This represents better δ 13 C CO2 stability than that achieved by all previous chamber designs, including superambient pCO 2 chambers. Every pCO 2 measurement (n = 1225) was within 5 % of mean chamber values. The temperature and relative humidity conditions differed by no more than 1.6 % and 0.4 °C, respectively, across all chambers within each growth experiment. This growth chamber design extends the range of pCO 2 conditions for which plants can be grown for δ 13 C analysis of their tissues at subambient levels. This new capability allows for careful isolation of environmental effects on plant 13 C discrimination across the entire range of pCO 2 experienced by terrestrial land plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Designing excipient emulsions to increase nutraceutical bioavailability: emulsifier type influences curcumin stability and bioaccessibility by altering gastrointestinal fate.

PubMed

Zou, Liqiang; Liu, Wei; Liu, Chengmei; Xiao, Hang; McClements, David Julian

2015-08-01

The influence of emulsifier type on the ability of excipient emulsions to improve the solubility, stability, and bioaccessibility of powdered curcumin was examined. Oil-in-water emulsions prepared using three different emulsifiers (whey protein isolate, caseinate, or Tween 80) were mixed with curcumin powder and then incubated at either 30 °C (to simulate applications of salad dressings) or 100 °C (to simulate applications of cooking sauces). The transfer of curcumin into the excipient emulsions was appreciably higher for excipient emulsions held at 100 °C than those held at 30 °C, and was appreciably higher for surfactant-stabilized emulsions than protein-stabilized emulsions. For example, the amounts of curcumin transferred into emulsions held at 30 and 100 °C were 66 and 280 μg mL(-1) for Tween 80, but only 17 and 208 μg mL(-1) for caseinate. The total curcumin concentration in the digesta and mixed micelle phases collected after excipient emulsions were exposed to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (mouth, stomach, and small intestine) depended on emulsifier type. The total amount of curcumin within the digesta was higher for protein-stabilized emulsions than surfactant-stabilized ones, which was attributed to the ability of the proteins to protect curcumin from chemical degradation. For example, the digesta contained 204 μg mL(-1) curcumin for caseinate emulsions, but only 111 μg mL(-1) for Tween 80 emulsions. This study shows the potential of designing excipient emulsions to increase the oral bioavailability of curcumin for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Interfacial engineering using mixed protein systems: emulsion-based delivery systems for encapsulation and stabilization of β-carotene.

PubMed

Mao, Yingyi; Dubot, Marie; Xiao, Hang; McClements, David Julian

2013-05-29

Emulsion-based delivery systems are needed to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic bioactive components in the food, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries. The functional performance of these systems can be controlled by engineering the composition and structure of the interfacial layer coating the lipid droplets. In this study, interfacial properties were controlled using two globular proteins with widely differing isoelectric points: lactoferrin (LF: pI ≈ 8.5) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG: pI ≈ 5). Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared with different interfacial properties: [LF]-only; [BLG]-only; [LF]-[BLG]-(laminated); [BLG]-[LF]-(laminated); and [BLG/LF]-(mixed). The influence of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the physical stability of β-carotene-enriched emulsions was investigated. [LF]-emulsions were stable to droplet aggregation from pH 2 to 9 (0 mM NaCl), but all other emulsions aggregated at intermediate pH values. [BLG]-emulsions aggregated at high salt levels (≥50 mM NaCl), but all other emulsions were stable (0 to 300 mM NaCl). [BLG/LF]-emulsions were unstable to heating (≥60 °C), but all other emulsions were stable (30 to 90 °C). Color fading due to β-carotene degradation occurred relatively quickly in [BLG]-emulsions (37 °C) but was considerably lower in all other emulsions, which was attributed to the ability of LF to bind iron or interact with β-carotene. This study provides useful information for designing emulsion-based delivery systems to encapsulate and protect bioactive lipids, such as carotenoids.

Evaluation of stability and viscosity measurement of emulsion from oil from production in northern oilfield in Thailand

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Juntarasakul, O.; Maneeintr, K.

2018-04-01

Emulsion is normally present in oil due to the mixing occurring during oil recovery. The formation of emulsion can cause some problems in production and transportation. Viscosity and stability of emulsion play a key roles in oil transportation and separation to meet sales specification. Therefore, the aims of this research are to measure the viscosity of oil an emulsion and to evaluate the stability of emulsion of light oil from Fang oilfield in Thailand. The parameters of this study are temperature, shear rate and water cut ranging from 50 to 80 °C, 3.75 to 70 s-1 and 0 to 60%, respectively. These effects of parameters on viscosity and stability of emulsion are required for the design of the process and to increase oil production with various conditions. The results shows that viscosity decreases as temperature and shear rate increase. In contrast, viscosity becomes higher when water cut is lower. Furthermore, droplet sizes of water-in-oil emulsion at different conditions are investigated the stability of emulsion. The droplet sizes become smaller when high shear rate is applied and emulsion becomes more stable. Furthermore, correlations are developed to predict the viscosity and stability of the oil and emulsion from Thailand.

Bioaccessibility and Cellular Uptake of β-Carotene Encapsulated in Model O/W Emulsions: Influence of Initial Droplet Size and Emulsifiers

PubMed Central

Kelly, Alan L.

2017-01-01

The effects of the initial emulsion structure (droplet size and emulsifier) on the properties of β-carotene-loaded emulsions and the bioavailability of β-carotene after passing through simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) digestion were investigated. Exposure to GIT significantly changed the droplet size, surface charge and composition of all emulsions, and these changes were dependent on their initial droplet size and the emulsifiers used. Whey protein isolate (WPI)-stabilized emulsion showed the highest β-carotene bioaccessibility, while sodium caseinate (SCN)-stabilized emulsion showed the highest cellular uptake of β-carotene. The bioavailability of emulsion-encapsulated β-carotene based on the results of bioaccessibility and cellular uptake showed the same order with the results of cellular uptake being SCN > TW80 > WPI. An inconsistency between the results of bioaccessibility and bioavailability was observed, indicating that the cellular uptake assay is necessary for a reliable evaluation of the bioavailability of emulsion-encapsulated compounds. The findings in this study contribute to a better understanding of the correlation between emulsion structure and the digestive fate of emulsion-encapsulated nutrients, which make it possible to achieve controlled or potential targeted delivery of nutrients by designing the structure of emulsion-based carriers. PMID:28930195

[Blood plasma protein adsorption capacity of perfluorocarbon emulsion stabilized by proxanol 268 (in vitro and in vivo studies)].

PubMed

Sklifas, A N; Zhalimov, V K; Temnov, A A; Kukushkin, N I

2012-01-01

The adsorption abilities of the perfluorocarbon emulsion stabilized by Proxanol 268 were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the saturation point for the blood plasma proteins was nearly reached after five minutes of incubation of the emulsion with human/rabbit blood plasma and was stable for all incubation periods studied. The decrease in volume ratio (emulsion/plasma) was accompanied by the increase in the adsorptive capacity of the emulsion with maximal values at 1/10 (3.2 and 1.5 mg of proteins per 1 ml of the emulsion, for human and rabbit blood plasma, respectively) that was unchanged at lower ratios. In vivo, in rabbits, intravenously injected with the emulsion, the proteins with molecular masses of 12, 25, 32, 44, 55, 70, and 200 kDa were adsorbed by the emulsion (as in vitro) if it was used 6 hours or less before testing. More delayed testing (6 h) revealed elimination of proteins with molecular masses of 25 and 44 kDa and an additional pool of adsorpted new ones of 27, 50, and 150 kDa. Specific adsorptive capacity of the emulsion enhanced gradually after emulsion injection and reached its maximum (3.5-5 mg of proteins per 1 ml of the emulsion) after 24 hours.

Dual function of tributyrin emulsion: solubilization and enhancement of anticancer effect of celecoxib.

PubMed

Kang, Sung Nam; Hong, Soon-Seok; Lee, Mi-Kyung; Lim, Soo-Jeong

2012-05-30

Tributyrin, a triglyceride analogue of butyrate, can act as a prodrug of an anticancer agent butyrate after being cleaved by intracellular enzymes. We recently demonstrated that the emulsion containing tributyrin as an inner oil phase possesses a potent anticancer activity. Herein we sought to develop tributyrin emulsion as a carrier of celecoxib, a poorly-water soluble drug with anticancer activity. Combined treatment of human HCT116 colon cancer cells with free celecoxib plus tributyrin emulsion inhibited the cellular proliferation more effectively than that of each drug alone, suggesting the possibility of tributyrin emulsion as a potential celecoxib carrier. The mean droplet size of emulsions tended to increase as the tributyrin content in emulsion increases and the concentration of celecoxib loaded in emulsions was affected by tributyrin content and the initial amount of celecoxib, but not by the total amount of surfactant mixture. The concentration of celecoxib required to inhibit the growth of HCT116 and B16-F10 cancer cells by 50% was 2.6- and 3.1-fold lowered by loading celecoxib in tributyrin emulsions, compared with free celecoxib. These data suggest that the anticancer activity of celecoxib was enhanced by loading in tributyrin emulsions, probably due to the solubilization capacity and anticancer activity of tributyrin emulsion. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Steroidal compounds in commercial parenteral lipid emulsions.

PubMed

Xu, Zhidong; Harvey, Kevin A; Pavlina, Thomas; Dutot, Guy; Hise, Mary; Zaloga, Gary P; Siddiqui, Rafat A

2012-08-01

Parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions made from various plant oils contain steroidal compounds, called phytosterols. During parenteral administration of lipid emulsions, phytosterols can reach levels in the blood that are many fold higher than during enteral administration. The elevated phytosterol levels have been associated with the development of liver dysfunction and the rare development of liver failure. There is limited information available in the literature related to phytosterol concentrations in lipid emulsions. The objective of the current study was to validate an assay for steroidal compounds found in lipid emulsions and to compare their concentrations in the most commonly used parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions: Liposyn(®) II, Liposyn(®) III, Lipofundin(®) MCT, Lipofundin(®) N, Structolipid(®), Intralipid(®), Ivelip(®) and ClinOleic(®). Our data demonstrates that concentrations of the various steroidal compounds varied greatly between the eight lipid emulsions, with the olive oil-based lipid emulsion containing the lowest levels of phytosterols and cholesterol, and the highest concentration of squalene. The clinical impression of greater incidences of liver dysfunction with soybean versus MCT/LCT and olive/soy lipid emulsions may be reflective of the levels of phytosterols in these emulsions. This information may help guide future studies and clinical care of patients with lipid emulsion-associated liver dysfunction.

Steroidal Compounds in Commercial Parenteral Lipid Emulsions

PubMed Central

Xu, Zhidong; Harvey, Kevin A.; Pavlina, Thomas; Dutot, Guy; Hise, Mary; Zaloga, Gary P.; Siddiqui, Rafat A.

2012-01-01

Parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions made from various plant oils contain steroidal compounds, called phytosterols. During parenteral administration of lipid emulsions, phytosterols can reach levels in the blood that are many fold higher than during enteral administration. The elevated phytosterol levels have been associated with the development of liver dysfunction and the rare development of liver failure. There is limited information available in the literature related to phytosterol concentrations in lipid emulsions. The objective of the current study was to validate an assay for steroidal compounds found in lipid emulsions and to compare their concentrations in the most commonly used parenteral nutrition lipid emulsions: Liposyn® II, Liposyn® III, Lipofundin® MCT, Lipofundin® N, Structolipid®, Intralipid®, Ivelip® and ClinOleic®. Our data demonstrates that concentrations of the various steroidal compounds varied greatly between the eight lipid emulsions, with the olive oil-based lipid emulsion containing the lowest levels of phytosterols and cholesterol, and the highest concentration of squalene. The clinical impression of greater incidences of liver dysfunction with soybean versus MCT/LCT and olive/soy lipid emulsions may be reflective of the levels of phytosterols in these emulsions. This information may help guide future studies and clinical care of patients with lipid emulsion-associated liver dysfunction. PMID:23016123

Influence of calcium, magnesium, or potassium ions on the formation and stability of emulsions prepared using highly hydrolyzed whey proteins.

PubMed

Ramkumar, C; Singh, H; Munro, P A; Singh, A M

2000-05-01

Oil-in-water emulsions (4 wt % soy oil) containing 4 wt % whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) (27% degree of hydrolysis) and different levels of calcium, magnesium, or potassium chloride were prepared in a two-stage homogenizer. Other emulsions containing 4 wt % WPH but including 0.35 wt % hydroxylated lecithin and different levels of the above minerals were similarly prepared. The formation and stability of these emulsions were determined by measuring oil droplet size distributions using laser light scattering and by confocal scanning laser microscopy and a gravity creaming test. Both lecithin-free and lecithin-containing emulsions showed no change in droplet size distributions with increasing concentration of potassium in the range 0-37.5 mM. In contrast, the diameter of emulsion droplets increased with increasing calcium or magnesium concentration >12.5 mM. Emulsions containing hydroxylated lecithin were more sensitive to the addition of calcium or magnesium than the lecithin-free emulsions. Storage of emulsions at 20 degrees C for 24 h further increased the diameter of droplets and resulted in extensive creaming in emulsions containing >25 mM calcium or magnesium. It appears that both flocculation and coalescence processes were involved in the destabilization of emulsions induced by the addition of divalent cations.

Effect of the degree of substitution of octenyl succinic anhydride-banana starch on emulsion stability.

PubMed

Bello-Pérez, Luis A; Bello-Flores, Christopher A; Nuñez-Santiago, María del Carmen; Coronel-Aguilera, Claudia P; Alvarez-Ramirez, J

2015-11-05

Banana starch was esterified with octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) at different degree substitution (DS) and used to stabilize emulsions. Morphology, emulsion stability, emulsification index, rheological properties and particle size distribution of the emulsions were tested. Emulsions dyed with Solvent Red 26 showed affinity for the oil phase. Backscattering light showed three regions in the emulsion where the emulsified region was present. Starch concentration had higher effect in the emulsification index (EI) than the DS used in the study because similar values were found with OSA-banana and native starches. However, OSA-banana presented greater stability of the emulsified region. Rheological tests in emulsions with OSA-banana showed G'>G" values and low dependence of G' with the frequency, indicating a dominant elastic response to shear. When emulsions were prepared under high-pressure conditions, the emulsions with OSA-banana starch with different DS showed a bimodal distribution of particle size. The emulsion with OSA-banana starch and the low DS showed similar mean droplet diameter than its native counterpart. In contrast, the highest DS led to the highest mean droplet diameter. It is concluded that OSA-banana starch with DS can be used to stabilize specific emulsion types. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Separation Properties of Wastewater Containing O/W Emulsion Using Ceramic Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration (MF/UF) Membranes

PubMed Central

Nakamura, Kazuho; Matsumoto, Kanji

2013-01-01

Washing systems using water soluble detergent are used in electrical and mechanical industries and the wastewater containing O/W emulsion are discharged from these systems. Membrane filtration has large potential for the efficient separation of O/W emulsion for reuses of treated water and detergent. The separation properties of O/W emulsions by cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration were studied with ceramic MF and UF membranes. The effects of pore size; applied pressure; cross-flow velocity; and detergent concentration on rejection of O/W emulsion and flux were systematically studied. At the condition achieving complete separation of O/W emulsion the pressure-independent flux was observed and this flux behavior was explained by gel-polarization model. The O/W emulsion tended to permeate through the membrane at the conditions of larger pore size; higher emulsion concentration; and higher pressure. The O/W emulsion could permeate the membrane pore structure by destruction or deformation. These results imply the stability of O/W emulsion in the gel-layer formed on membrane surface play an important role in the separation properties. The O/W emulsion was concentrated by batch cross-flow concentration filtration and the flux decline during the concentration filtration was explained by the gel- polarization model. PMID:24958621

Release and in vitro skin permeation of polyphenols from cosmetic emulsions.

PubMed

Zillich, O V; Schweiggert-Weisz, U; Hasenkopf, K; Eisner, P; Kerscher, M

2013-10-01

Polyphenols are natural antioxidants, which can inhibit oxidative chain reactions in human skin and prevent therefore some skin diseases and premature ageing. A prerequisite of this behaviour is their permeation through the skin barrier, in particular the stratum corneum (SC). In this study, we investigated the skin permeation kinetic of polyphenols, incorporated to semisolid emulsions, and the release of polyphenols from the emulsions. Mixtures of model substances, consisting of catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, quercetin, rutin and protocatechuic acid (PCA), were formulated into o/w emulsions with different oil phase content. The in vitro experiments were carried out in Franz-type diffusion cells by means of ex vivo pig skin and a cellulose membrane. The increased oil content in the emulsion led to a significant decrease in initial release coefficients (K(r)), diffusion coefficients within the formulation (D(v)) and skin permeation coefficients (K(p)), respectively. The study considered the dependence of K(r) on molecular weight and lipophilicity of polyphenolics. For both more hydrophilic and more lipophilic substance groups, the values for K(r) were inverse proportional to molecular weight. For catechin, quercetin, rutin, resveratrol and PCA, a good correlation between K(p) and K(r) parameters was obtained. The most permeable substance was PCA (K(p) = 1.2·10(-3) cm h(-1)), and the least permeable was quercetin (K(p) = 1.5·10(-5) cm h(-1)). All substances could pass the SC barrier and were found mostly in the epidermis and dermis, confirming the potential of polyphenols as anti-ageing active cosmetic ingredients. © 2013 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie.

Tuning Amphiphilicity of Particles for Controllable Pickering Emulsion

PubMed Central

Wang, Zhen; Wang, Yapei

2016-01-01

Pickering emulsions with the use of particles as emulsifiers have been extensively used in scientific research and industrial production due to their edge in biocompatibility and stability compared with traditional emulsions. The control over Pickering emulsion stability and type plays a significant role in these applications. Among the present methods to build controllable Pickering emulsions, tuning the amphiphilicity of particles is comparatively effective and has attracted enormous attention. In this review, we highlight some recent advances in tuning the amphiphilicity of particles for controlling the stability and type of Pickering emulsions. The amphiphilicity of three types of particles including rigid particles, soft particles, and Janus particles are tailored by means of different mechanisms and discussed here in detail. The stabilization-destabilization interconversion and phase inversion of Pickering emulsions have been successfully achieved by changing the surface properties of these particles. This article provides a comprehensive review of controllable Pickering emulsions, which is expected to stimulate inspiration for designing and preparing novel Pickering emulsions, and ultimately directing the preparation of functional materials. PMID:28774029

Use of oil-in-water emulsions to control fungal deterioration of strawberry jams.

PubMed

Ribes, Susana; Fuentes, Ana; Talens, Pau; Barat, José M

2016-11-15

This work aimed to control the fungal deterioration of strawberry jams. The antifungal activity of the clove, cinnamon leaf, lemon and mandarin essential oils and their effectiveness in oil-in-water emulsions were evaluated. According to the results obtained, only clove and cinnamon leaf oils were selected to prepare emulsions. All the tested emulsions were stable, independently the amount of polymer and essential oil used. Essential oil loss was affected by the amount of polymer employed to prepare the emulsions. The oil-in-water emulsions with 5.0mg/g xanthan gum, and with 0.55mg/g clove or 0.65mg/g cinnamon leaf essential oil, were used for the in vivo tests. The jams prepared with the oil-in-water emulsions showed a lower fungal decay compared with jams without emulsion. The present work demonstrated that emulsions can be employed to prevent strawberry jam mould spoilage. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The development of self-emulsifying oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant and an evaluation of the impact of droplet size on performance.

PubMed

Shah, Ruchi R; Dodd, Stephanie; Schaefer, Mary; Ugozzoli, Mildred; Singh, Manmohan; Otten, Gillis R; Amiji, Mansoor M; O'Hagan, Derek T; Brito, Luis A

2015-04-01

Microfluidization is an established technique for preparing emulsion adjuvant formulations for use in vaccines. Although this technique reproducibly yields high-quality stable emulsions, it is complex, expensive, and requires proprietary equipment. For this study, we developed a novel and simple low shear process to prepare stable reproducible emulsions without the use of any proprietary equipment. We found this process can produce a wide range of differently sized emulsions based on the modification of ratios of oil and surfactants. Using this process, we prepared a novel 20-nm-sized emulsion that was stable, reproducible, and showed adjuvant effects. During evaluation of this emulsion, we studied a range of emulsions with the same composition all sized below 200; 20, 90, and 160 nm in vivo and established a correlation between adjuvant size and immune responses. Our studies indicate that 160-nm-sized emulsions generate the strongest immune responses. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

The effect of different levels of sunflower head pith addition on the properties of model system emulsions prepared from fresh and frozen beef.

PubMed

Sariçoban, Cemalettin; Yilmaz, Mustafa Tahsin; Karakaya, Mustafa; Tiske, Sümeyra Sultan

2010-01-01

The effect of sunflower head pith on the functional properties of emulsions was studied by using a model system. Oil/water (O/W) model emulsion systems were prepared from fresh and frozen beef by the addition of the pith at five concentrations. Emulsion capacity (EC), stability (ES), viscosity (EV), colour and flow properties of the prepared model system emulsions were analyzed. The pith addition increased the EC and ES and the highest EC and ES values were reached when 5% of pith added; however, further increase in the pith concentration caused an inverse trend in these values. Fresh beef emulsions had higher EC and ES values than did frozen beef emulsions. One percent pith concentration was the critic level for the EV values of fresh beef emulsions. EV values of the emulsions reached a maximum level at 5% pith level, followed by a decrease at 7% pit level.

Emulsion design to improve the delivery of functional lipophilic components.

PubMed

McClements, David Julian

2010-01-01

The food industry has used emulsion science and technology for many years to create a diverse range of food products, such as milk, cream, soft drinks, nutritional beverages, dressings, mayonnaise, sauces, dips, deserts, ice cream, margarine, and butter. The majority of these food products are conventional oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) type emulsions. Recently, there has been increasing interest within the food industry in either improving or extending the functional performance of foods using novel structured emulsions. This article reviews recent developments in the creation of structured emulsions that could be used by the food and other industries, including nanoemulsions, multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid lipid particles, and filled hydrogel particles. These structured emulsions can be produced from food-grade [generally recognized as safe (GRAS)] ingredients (e.g., lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, surfactants, and minerals), using simple processing operations (e.g., mixing, homogenizing, and thermal processing). The structure, production, performance, and potential applications of each type of structured emulsion system are discussed.

Water-in-diesel emulsions and related systems.

PubMed

Lif, Anna; Holmberg, Krister

2006-11-16

Water-in-diesel emulsions are fuels for regular diesel engines. The advantages of an emulsion fuel are reductions in the emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matters, which are both health hazardous, and reduction in fuel consumption due to better burning efficiency. An important aspect is that diesel emulsions can be used without engine modifications. This review presents the influence of water on the emissions and on the combustion efficiency. Whereas there is a decrease in emissions of nitrogen oxides and particulate matters, there is an increase in the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide with increasing water content of the emulsion. The combustion efficiency is improved when water is emulsified with diesel. This is a consequence of the microexplosions, which facilitate atomization of the fuel. The review also covers related fuels, such as diesel-in-water-in-diesel emulsions, i.e., double emulsions, water-in-diesel microemulsions, and water-in-vegetable oil emulsions, i.e., biodiesel emulsions. A brief overview of other types of alternative fuels is also included.

Simulation model based on non-newtonian fluid mechanics applied to the evaluation of the embolic effect of emulsions of iodized oil and anticancer drug.

PubMed

Demachi, H; Matsui, O; Abo, H; Tatsu, H

2000-01-01

To verify the difference in embolic effect between oil-in-water (O-W) and water-in-oil (W-O) emulsions composed of iodized oil and an anticancer drug, epirubicin, using a simulation model based on non-Newtonian fluid mechanics. Flow curves of pure iodized oil and two types of O-W and W-O emulsions immediately and 1 hr after preparation were examined with a viscometer. Using the yield stress data obtained, we simulated the stagnation of each fluid with steady flow in a rigid tube. The W-O emulsions were observed to stagnate in the thin tube at a low pressure gradient. However, the embolic effect of the W-O emulsions decreased 1 hr after preparation. The O-W emulsions were stable and did not stagnate under the conditions in which the W-O emulsions stagnated. The simulation model showed that the embolic effect of the W-O emulsions was superior to that of the O-W emulsions.

Combination of sodium caseinate and succinylated alginate improved stability of high fat fish oil-in-water emulsions.

PubMed

Yesiltas, Betül; Sørensen, Ann-Dorit Moltke; García-Moreno, Pedro J; Anankanbil, Sampson; Guo, Zheng; Jacobsen, Charlotte

2018-07-30

Sodium caseinate (CAS) and commercial sodium alginate (CA), long chain modified alginate (LCMA) or short chain modified alginate (SCMA) were used in combination for emulsifying and stabilizing high fat (50-70%) fish oil-in-water emulsions. Physical (creaming, droplet size, viscosity and protein determination) and oxidative (primary and secondary oxidation products) stabilities of the emulsions were studied during 12 days of storage. Creaming stability was higher for emulsions produced with alginates and CAS compared to emulsions prepared with only CAS. Combined use of CAS + LCMA performed better in terms of physical stability compared to emulsions produced with only CAS. However, the oxidative stability of this emulsion was inferior probably due to the presence of an unsaturated carbon chain in LCMA structure. CAS + SCMA emulsions not only showed better physical stability such as smaller droplet size, lower creaming and higher viscosity, but also had an improved oxidative stability than emulsions produced with only CAS. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment - Science, engineering, and hardware development for USMP space flights

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Glicksman, M. E.; Hahn, R. C.; Koss, M. B.; Tirmizi, S. H.; Selleck, M. E.; Velosa, A.; Winsa, E.

1991-01-01

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) has been designed to provide microgravity data on dendritic growth for a critical test of theory. This paper updates progress on constructing a crystal growth chamber suitable for space flight. The IDGE chamber is constructed from glass and stainless steel and is hermetically sealed by electron beam welds and glass-metal seals. Initial tests of the chambers sample's melting point plateau show that the new chamber design is capable of preserving the 99.9995 percent purity of succinonitrile. Dendrite growth can be initiated in the center of the IDGE chamber by means of thermo-electric coolers and a capillary injector tube (stinger). The new IDGE chamber is ready for fully integrated tests with the prototype IDGE engineering hardware at NASA's Lewis Research Center.

Lipid transfer in oil-in-water isasome emulsions: influence of arrested dynamics of the emulsion droplets entrapped in a hydrogel.

PubMed

Iglesias, Guillermo Ramón; Pirolt, Franz; Sadeghpour, Amin; Tomšič, Matija; Glatter, Otto

2013-12-17

The transfer kinetics of lipids between internally self-assembled droplets of O/W emulsions is studied. The droplets (isasomes) consist of various liquid-crystalline phases or W/O microemulsions stabilized by a polymeric stabilizer F127. The various internal phases were identified by the relative peak positions in the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curves. An arrested system composed of isasomes embedded in a gel matrix actually provides an additional possibility to control these systems in terms of the release of various host molecules. These experiments have been applied to examine the kinetics of the internal phase reorganization imposed by the lipids' release and uptake by the droplets embedded in a κ-carrageenan (KC) hydrogel network. Increasing the concentration of the gelling agent slows down the transfer from one droplet to the other through the aqueous phase. We examined the region where the free diffusion is stopped. i.e., the point where the system changes from the ergodic to the nonergodic state and the kinetics is essentially slowed down. This effect can be balanced by the addition of small amounts of free polymeric stabilizer, which speeds up the kinetics. This is even possible in the case of highly arrested dynamics of the emulsion droplets, as found for the highest KC hydrogel concentrations forming nonergodic systems.

Non-coalescence of oppositely charged droplets in pH-sensitive emulsions

PubMed Central

Liu, Tingting; Seiffert, Sebastian; Thiele, Julian; Abate, Adam R.; Weitz, David A.; Richtering, Walter

2012-01-01

Like charges stabilize emulsions, whereas opposite charges break emulsions. This is the fundamental principle for many industrial and practical processes. Using micrometer-sized pH-sensitive polymeric hydrogel particles as emulsion stabilizers, we prepare emulsions that consist of oppositely charged droplets, which do not coalesce. We observe noncoalescence of oppositely charged droplets in bulk emulsification as well as in microfluidic devices, where oppositely charged droplets are forced to collide within channel junctions. The results demonstrate that electrostatic interactions between droplets do not determine their stability and reveal the unique pH-dependent properties of emulsions stabilized by soft microgel particles. The noncoalescence can be switched to coalescence by neutralizing the microgels, and the emulsion can be broken on demand. This unusual feature of the microgel-stabilized emulsions offers fascinating opportunities for future applications of these systems. PMID:22203968

Multiple pickering emulsions stabilized by microbowls.

PubMed

Nonomura, Yoshimune; Kobayashi, Naoto; Nakagawa, Naoki

2011-04-19

Some researchers have focused on the adsorption of solid particles at fluid-fluid interfaces and prepared emulsions and foams called "Pickering emulsions/foams". However, while several reports exist on simple spherical emulsions, few reports are available on the formation of more complex structures. Here, we show that holes on particle surfaces are a key factor in establishing the variety and complexity of mesoscale structures. Microbowls, which are hollow particles with holes on their surfaces, form multiple emulsions (water-in-oil-in-water and oil-in-water-in-oil emulsions) by simply mixing them with water and oil. Furthermore, stable potato-like or coffee-bean-like emulsions are also obtained, although nonspherical emulsions are usually unstable because of their larger interfacial energies. These findings are useful in designing the building blocks of complex supracolloidal systems for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic products. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Stability and Oil Migration of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Emulsified by Phase-Separating Biopolymer Mixtures.

PubMed

Yang, Nan; Mao, Peng; Lv, Ruihe; Zhang, Ke; Fang, Yapeng; Nishinari, Katsuyoshi; Phillips, Glyn O

2016-08-01

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with varying concentration of oil phase, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), were prepared using phase-separating gum arabic (GA)/sugar beet pectin (SBP) mixture as an emulsifier. Stability of the emulsions including emulsion phase separation, droplet size change, and oil migration were investigated by means of visual observation, droplet size analysis, oil partition analysis, backscattering of light, and interfacial tension measurement. It was found that in the emulsions prepared with 4.0% GA/1.0% SBP, when the concentration of MCT was greater than 2.0%, emulsion phase separation was not observed and the emulsions were stable with droplet size unchanged during storage. This result proves the emulsification ability of phase-separating biopolymer mixtures and their potential usage as emulsifiers to prepare O/W emulsion. However, when the concentration of MCT was equal or less than 2.0%, emulsion phase separation occurred after preparation resulting in an upper SBP-rich phase and a lower GA-rich phase. The droplet size increased in the upper phase whereas decreased slightly in the lower phase with time, compared to the freshly prepared emulsions. During storage, the oil droplets exhibited a complex migration process: first moving to the SBP-rich phase, then to the GA-rich phase and finally gathering at the interface between the two phases. The mechanisms of the emulsion stability and oil migration in the phase-separated emulsions were discussed. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®

Immunomodulatory and Physical Effects of Oil Composition in Vaccine Adjuvant Emulsions

PubMed Central

Fox, Christopher B.; Baldwin, Susan L.; Duthie, Malcolm S.; Reed, Steven G.; Vedvick, Thomas S.

2011-01-01

Squalene-based oil-in-water emulsions have been used for years in some seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. However, concerns have been expressed regarding squalene source and potential biological activities. Little information is available regarding the immunomodulatory activity of squalene in comparison with other metabolizable oils in the context of oil-in-water emulsions formulated with vaccines. The present work describes the manufacture and physical characterization of emulsions composed of different classes of oils, including squalene, long chain triglycerides, a medium chain triglyceride, and a perfluorocarbon, all emulsified with egg phosphatidylcholine. Some differences were apparent among the non-squalene oils in terms of emulsion stability, including higher size polydispersity in the perfluorocarbon emulsion, more rapid visual instability at 60 °C for the long-chain triglyceride and perfluorocarbon emulsions, and an increased creaming rate in the medium-chain triglyceride emulsion at 60 °C as detected by laser scattering optical profiling. The biological activity of each of these emulsions was compared when formulated with either a recombinant malaria antigen or a split-virus inactivated influenza vaccine. Overall, vaccines containing the squalene emulsion elicited higher antibody titers and more abundant long-lived plasma cells than vaccines containing emulsions based on other oils. Since squalene-based emulsions show higher adjuvant potency compared to the other oils tested, non-squalene oils may be more suitable as carriers of amphiphilic or hydrophobic immunostimulatory molecules (such as TLR agonists) rather than as stand-alone adjuvants. PMID:21906648

A pH-responsive emulsion stabilized by alginate-grafted anisotropic silica and its application in the controlled release of λ-cyhalothrin.

PubMed

Chen, Kai; Yu, Gaobo; He, Furui; Zhou, Qingfeng; Xiao, Dunchao; Li, Jiacheng; Feng, Yuhong

2017-11-15

Alginate (Alg) was grafted on the surface of anisotropic silica (SiO 2 -x) via the Ugi reaction (Alg-SiO 2 -1, Alg-SiO 2 -2, and Alg-SiO 2 -4). Compared with pristine SiO 2 -x, modified SiO 2 -x is more sensitive to pH. Three stable liquid paraffin-in-water emulsions were prepared with Alg-SiO2-1, Alg-SiO2-2, and Alg-SiO2-4. Alg-SiO 2 -2 exhibited satisfactory emulsification ability. The emulsions became more stable as emulsion pH varied from 2.0 to 6.2 because of polymer chain interactions that led to the formation of a three-dimensional network. When the emulsion pH varied from 6.2 to 8.0, the particle charge increased, in turn increasing interparticle the electrostatic interactions that increased emulsion stability. When the emulsion pH was 9.0, the subsequent decrease in particle charge, decreased the emulsion stability. The model drug λ-cyhalothrin was embedded in the emulsions. A sustained-release assay demonstrated that increasing emulsion pH from 3.0 to 8.0 decreased cumulative drug release from the emulsion from 99.7% to 13.5%. This result indicated that the emulsion is a pH triggered drug delivery system. The sustained-release curves of λ-cyhalothrin are describable by the Weibull model. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hadfield during InSPACE Experiment in the U.S. Laboratory

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-12-31

View of Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Chris Hadfield,Expedition 34 Flight Engineer (FE), during the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions 3 (InSPACE-3) experiment. InSPACE-3 collects and records data on fluids containing ellipsoid-shaped particles that change the physical properties of the fluids in response to magnetic fields. Photo was taken during Expedition 34.

Investigation of particle and vapor wall-loss effects on controlled wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bian, Q.; May, A. A.; Kreidenweis, Sonia M.

Here, smog chambers are extensively used to study processes that drive gas and particle evolution in the atmosphere. A limitation of these experiments is that particles and gas-phase species may be lost to chamber walls on shorter timescales than the timescales of the atmospheric processes being studied in the chamber experiments. These particle and vapor wall losses have been investigated in recent studies of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, but they have not been systematically investigated in experiments of primary emissions from combustion. The semi-volatile nature of combustion emissions (e.g. from wood smoke) may complicate the behavior of particle andmore » vapor wall deposition in the chamber over the course of the experiments due to the competition between gas/particle and gas/wall partitioning. Losses of vapors to the walls may impact particle evaporation in these experiments, and potential precursors for SOA formation from combustion may be lost to the walls, causing underestimations of aerosol yields. Here, we conduct simulations to determine how particle and gas-phase wall losses contributed to the observed evolution of the aerosol during experiments in the third Fire Lab At Missoula Experiment (FLAME III). We use the TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics algorithm coupled with the organic volatility basis set (VBS) and wall-loss formulations to examine the predicted extent of particle and vapor wall losses. We limit the scope of our study to the dark periods in the chamber before photo-oxidation to simplify the aerosol system for this initial study. Our model simulations suggest that over one-third of the initial particle-phase organic mass (41 %) was lost during the experiments, and over half of this particle-organic mass loss was from direct particle wall loss (65 % of the loss) with the remainder from evaporation of the particles driven by vapor losses to the walls (35 % of the loss). We perform a series of sensitivity tests to understand uncertainties in our simulations. Uncertainty in the initial wood-smoke volatility distribution contributes 18 % uncertainty to the final particle-organic mass remaining in the chamber (relative to base-assumption simulation). We show that the total mass loss may depend on the effective saturation concentration of vapor with respect to the walls as these values currently vary widely in the literature. The details of smoke dilution during the filling of smog chambers may influence the mass loss to the walls, and a dilution of ~ 25:1 during the experiments increased particle-organic mass loss by 33 % compared to a simulation where we assume the particles and vapors are initially in equilibrium in the chamber. Finally, we discuss how our findings may influence interpretations of emission factors and SOA production in wood-smoke smog-chamber experiments.« less

Development of soy lecithin based novel self-assembled emulsion hydrogels.

PubMed

Singh, Vinay K; Pandey, Preeti M; Agarwal, Tarun; Kumar, Dilip; Banerjee, Indranil; Anis, Arfat; Pal, Kunal

2015-03-01

The current study reports the development and characterization of soy lecithin based novel self-assembled emulsion hydrogels. Sesame oil was used as the representative oil phase. Emulsion gels were formed when the concentration of soy lecithin was >40% w/w. Metronidazole was used as the model drug for the drug release and the antimicrobial tests. Microscopic study showed the apolar dispersed phase in an aqueous continuum phase, suggesting the formation of emulsion hydrogels. FTIR study indicated the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, whereas, the XRD study indicated predominantly amorphous nature of the emulsion gels. Composition dependent mechanical and drug release properties of the emulsion gels were observed. In-depth analyses of the mechanical studies were done using Ostwald-de Waele power-law, Kohlrausch and Weichert models, whereas, the drug release profiles were modeled using Korsmeyer-Peppas and Peppas-Sahlin models. The mechanical analyses indicated viscoelastic nature of the emulsion gels. The release of the drug from the emulsion gels was diffusion mediated. The drug loaded emulsion gels showed good antimicrobial activity. The biocompatibility test using HaCaT cells (human keratinocytes) suggested biocompatibility of the emulsion gels. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physical stability of R-(+)-Limonene emulsions stabilized by Ulva fasciata algae polysaccharide.

PubMed

Shao, Ping; Ma, Huiling; Qiu, Qiang; Jing, Weiping

2016-11-01

The physical stability of R-(+)-Limonene emulsions stabilized by Ulva fasciata polysaccharide (UFP) was investigated in this study. Emulsion physical stability was evaluated under different polysaccharide concentrations (1%-5%, wt/wt) and pH values (3.0-11.0). The stability of R-(+)-Limonene emulsions was demonstrated by droplet size distribution, rheological properties, zeta potential and visual phase separation. R-(+)-Limonene emulsions displayed monomodal droplet size distributions, high absolute values of zeta potential and good storage stability when 3% (wt/wt) UFP was used. The rheological properties and stability of R-(+)-Limonene emulsions appeared to be dependent on polysaccharide concentration. The emulsion stability was impacted by pH. Higher zeta potential (-52.6mV) and smaller mean droplet diameter (2.45μm) were achieved in neutral liquid environment (pH 7.0). Extreme acidity caused the flocculation of emulsions, which was manifested as phase separation, while emulsions were quite stable in an alkaline environment. Through comparing the stabilities of emulsions stabilized by different emulsifiers (i.e. UFP, GA and Gelatin), the result suggested that UFP was the best emulsifying agent among them. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optimization and physicochemical characterization of a cationic lipid-phosphatidylcholine mixed emulsion formulated as a highly efficient vehicle that facilitates adenoviral gene transfer.

PubMed

Kim, Soo-Yeon; Lee, Sang-Jin; Kim, Jin-Ki; Choi, Han-Gon; Lim, Soo-Jeong

2017-01-01

Cationic lipid-based nanoparticles enhance viral gene transfer by forming electrostatic complexes with adenoviral vectors. We recently demonstrated the superior complexation capabilities of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) emulsion compared with a liposomal counterpart but the cytotoxicity of DOTAP emulsions remained a challenge. The present study is aimed at formulating an emulsion capable of acting as a highly effective viral gene transfer vehicle with reduced cytotoxicity and to physicochemically characterize the structures of virus-emulsion complexes in comparison with virus-liposome complexes when the only difference between emulsions and liposomes was the presence or absence of inner oil core. The emulsion formulation was performed by 1) reducing the content of DOTAP while increasing the content of zwitterionic lipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and 2) optimizing the oil content. The complexation capability of formulated DOTAP:DMPC mixed emulsions was similar to those of emulsions containing DOTAP alone while displaying significantly lower cytotoxicity. The complexation capabilities of the DOTAP:DMPC mixed emulsion were serum-compatible and were monitored in a variety of cell types, whereas its liposomal counterpart was totally ineffective. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering studies indicated that the optimized emulsions spontaneously surrounded the virus particles to generate emulsions that encapsulated the viral particles, whereas viral particles merely attached to the surfaces of the counterpart liposomes to form multiviral aggregates. Overall, these studies demonstrated that optimized DOTAP:DMPC mixed emulsions are potentially useful for adenoviral gene delivery due to less cytotoxicity and the unique ability to encapsulate the viral particle, highlighting the importance of nanoparticle formulation.

Optimization and physicochemical characterization of a cationic lipid-phosphatidylcholine mixed emulsion formulated as a highly efficient vehicle that facilitates adenoviral gene transfer

PubMed Central

Kim, Soo-Yeon; Lee, Sang-Jin; Kim, Jin-Ki; Choi, Han-Gon; Lim, Soo-Jeong

2017-01-01

Cationic lipid-based nanoparticles enhance viral gene transfer by forming electrostatic complexes with adenoviral vectors. We recently demonstrated the superior complexation capabilities of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) emulsion compared with a liposomal counterpart but the cytotoxicity of DOTAP emulsions remained a challenge. The present study is aimed at formulating an emulsion capable of acting as a highly effective viral gene transfer vehicle with reduced cytotoxicity and to physicochemically characterize the structures of virus-emulsion complexes in comparison with virus–liposome complexes when the only difference between emulsions and liposomes was the presence or absence of inner oil core. The emulsion formulation was performed by 1) reducing the content of DOTAP while increasing the content of zwitterionic lipid 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), and 2) optimizing the oil content. The complexation capability of formulated DOTAP:DMPC mixed emulsions was similar to those of emulsions containing DOTAP alone while displaying significantly lower cytotoxicity. The complexation capabilities of the DOTAP:DMPC mixed emulsion were serum-compatible and were monitored in a variety of cell types, whereas its liposomal counterpart was totally ineffective. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering studies indicated that the optimized emulsions spontaneously surrounded the virus particles to generate emulsions that encapsulated the viral particles, whereas viral particles merely attached to the surfaces of the counterpart liposomes to form multiviral aggregates. Overall, these studies demonstrated that optimized DOTAP:DMPC mixed emulsions are potentially useful for adenoviral gene delivery due to less cytotoxicity and the unique ability to encapsulate the viral particle, highlighting the importance of nanoparticle formulation. PMID:29070949

Effects of lipid emulsion particle size on satiety and energy intake: a randomised cross-over trial.

PubMed

Poppitt, Sally D; Budgett, Stephanie C; MacGibbon, Alastair K; Quek, Siew-Young; Kindleysides, Sophie; Wiessing, Katy R

2018-03-01

Emulsified lipids, with central lipid core surrounded by polar lipid 'protective coat', have been proposed to stimulate the ileal brake, alter appetite, food intake and aid weight control. In addition to lipid composition, emulsion particle size may contribute to efficacy with small droplets providing a larger surface area for gastrointestinal (GI) lipase action and larger droplets prolonging and delaying digestion in the GI tract. Tube feeding studies delivering emulsions directly into the small intestine show clear effects of smaller particle size on appetite and food intake, but evidence from oral feeding studies is sparse. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lipid emulsion particle size on appetite response and food intake. In a three-arm randomised cross-over, high-phospholipid (PL) dairy lipid emulsions or matched control were consumed at breakfast within a yoghurt smoothie: (i) large-particle size emulsion, LPE (diameter 0.759 µm, 10 g lipid emulsion, 190 g yoghurt), (ii) small-particle size emulsion, SPE (diameter 0.290 µm, 10 g lipid emulsion, 190 g yoghurt), (iii) control non-emulsion, NE (10 g non-emulsion lipid, 190 g yoghurt). Twenty male participants completed the study, where postprandial appetite response was rated using visual analogue scales (VAS) and ad libitum energy intake at a lunch meal measured 3 h later. There was a trend for LPE to suppress hunger (P = 0.08) and enhance fullness (P = 0.24) relative to both SPE and NE but not statistically significant, and no significant effect of either emulsion on food intake at the lunch meal (P > 0.05). Altering particle size of a high-PL emulsion did not enhance satiety or alter eating behaviour in a group of lean men.

Physical and oxidative stability of fish oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with beta-lactoglobulin and pectin.

PubMed

Katsuda, Marly S; McClements, D J; Miglioranza, Lucia H S; Decker, Eric A

2008-07-23

The oxidation of fatty acids can be inhibited by engineering the surface of oil-in-water emulsion droplets to decrease interactions between aqueous phase prooxidants and lipids. The objective of this research was to evaluate whether emulsions stabilized by a multilayer emulsifier systems consisting of beta-lactoglobulin and citrus or sugar beet pectin could produce fish oil-in-water emulsions that had good physical and oxidative stability. Sugar beet pectin was compared to citrus pectin because the sugar beet pectin contains the known antioxidant, ferulic acid. A primary Menhaden oil-in-water emulsion was prepared with beta-lactoglobulin upon which the pectins were electrostatically deposited at pH 3.5. Emulsions prepared with 1% oil, 0.05% beta-lactoglobulin, and 0.06% pectins were physically stable for up to 16 days. As determined by monitoring lipid hydroperoxide and headspace propanal formation, emulsions prepared with the multilayer system of beta-lactoglobulin and citrus pectin were more stable than emulsions stabilized with beta-lactoglobulin alone. Emulsions prepared with the multilayer system of beta-lactoglobulin and sugar beet pectin were less stable than emulsions stabilized with beta-lactoglobulin alone despite the presence of ferulic acid in the sugar beet pectin. The lower oxidative stability of the emulsions with the sugar beet pectin could be due to its higher iron and copper concentrations which would produce oxidative stress that would overcome the antioxidant capacity of ferulic acid. These data suggest that the oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions containing omega-3 fatty acids could be improved by the use of multilayer emulsion systems containing pectins with low metal concentrations.

Influence of phase inversion on the formation and stability of one-step multiple emulsions.

PubMed

Morais, Jacqueline M; Rocha-Filho, Pedro A; Burgess, Diane J

2009-07-21

A novel method of preparation of water-in-oil-in-micelle-containing water (W/O/W(m)) multiple emulsions using the one-step emulsification method is reported. These multiple emulsions were normal (not temporary) and stable over a 60 day test period. Previously, reported multiple emulsion by the one-step method were abnormal systems that formed at the inversion point of simple emulsion (where there is an incompatibility in the Ostwald and Bancroft theories, and typically these are O/W/O systems). Pseudoternary phase diagrams and bidimensional process-composition (phase inversion) maps were constructed to assist in process and composition optimization. The surfactants used were PEG40 hydrogenated castor oil and sorbitan oleate, and mineral and vegetables oils were investigated. Physicochemical characterization studies showed experimentally, for the first time, the significance of the ultralow surface tension point on multiple emulsion formation by one-step via phase inversion processes. Although the significance of ultralow surface tension has been speculated previously, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental confirmation. The multiple emulsion system reported here was dependent not only upon the emulsification temperature, but also upon the component ratios, therefore both the emulsion phase inversion and the phase inversion temperature were considered to fully explain their formation. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that the formation of these normal multiple emulsions is not a result of a temporary incompatibility (at the inversion point) during simple emulsion preparation, as previously reported. Rather, these normal W/O/W(m) emulsions are a result of the simultaneous occurrence of catastrophic and transitional phase inversion processes. The formation of the primary emulsions (W/O) is in accordance with the Ostwald theory ,and the formation of the multiple emulsions (W/O/W(m)) is in agreement with the Bancroft theory.

Ultrahigh vacuum/high pressure chamber for surface x-ray diffraction experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bernard, P.; Peters, K.; Alvarez, J.; Ferrer, S.

1999-02-01

We describe an ultrahigh vacuum chamber that can be internally pressurized to several bars and that is designed to perform surface x-ray diffraction experiments on solid-gas interfaces. The chamber has a cylindrical beryllium window that serves as the entrance and exit for the x rays. The sample surface can be ion bombarded with an ancillary ion gun and annealed to 1200 K.

EPA GAS PHASE CHEMISTRY CHAMBER STUDIES

EPA Science Inventory

Gas-phase smog chamber experiments are being performed at EPA in order to evaluate a number of current chemical mechanisms for inclusion in EPA regulatory and research models. The smog chambers are 9000 L in volume and constructed of 2-mil teflon film. One of the chambers is co...

Nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions and their applications

PubMed Central

Fujisawa, Shuji; Togawa, Eiji; Kuroda, Katsushi

2017-01-01

Abstract Pickering emulsion, which is an emulsion stabilized by solid particles, offers a wide range of potential applications because it generally provides a more stable system than surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Among various solid stabilizers, nanocellulose may open up new opportunities for future Pickering emulsions owing to its unique nanosizes, amphiphilicity, and other favorable properties (e.g. chemical stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability). In this review, the preparation and properties of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions are summarized. We also provide future perspectives on their applications, such as drug delivery, food, and composite materials. PMID:29383046

Studying breaking of inverted emulsions with thermolysis purification TD600

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarasova, G. I.; Shevaga, O. N.; Grachyova, E. O.

2018-03-01

Currently, emulsions are used in many branches of industry and agriculture. It explains significant attention paid to issues in production, stabilization and breaking of emulsion. Besides, producing steady emulsions is of importance in many processes; the reverse problem, that of demulsification, is important as well in oil production and treatment of oil emulsion waste water. This paper studies the breaking (demulsification) of inverted emulsions with the help of thermolysis purification TD600, produced by thermal modification of purification, a large-scale waste of the sugar industry.

Flow of emulsion droplets in 3D porous media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Chao; Shi, Lin; Parsa, Shima; Weitz, David

2017-11-01

We study the pore-level behavior of large emulsion droplets in 3D micromodel of porous media using confocal microscopy. We match the index of refraction of the emulsion droplets and the ambient fluid to the porous media. The emulsion droplets are uniform in size and generated using microfluidics. We measure the changes in the fluid velocity as the emulsion droplets flow in the medium using particle image velocimetry. We find that due to the trapping and flow of emulsion the velocities change locally. These changes are particularly beneficial in enhanced oil recovery.

Nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions and their applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fujisawa, Shuji; Togawa, Eiji; Kuroda, Katsushi

2017-12-01

Pickering emulsion, which is an emulsion stabilized by solid particles, offers a wide range of potential applications because it generally provides a more stable system than surfactant-stabilized emulsion. Among various solid stabilizers, nanocellulose may open up new opportunities for future Pickering emulsions owing to its unique nanosizes, amphiphilicity, and other favorable properties (e.g. chemical stability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability). In this review, the preparation and properties of nanocellulose-stabilized Pickering emulsions are summarized. We also provide future perspectives on their applications, such as drug delivery, food, and composite materials.

Variation in emulsion stabilization behavior of hybrid silicone polymers with change in molecular structure: Phase diagram study.

PubMed

Mehta, Somil C; Somasundaran, P; Kulkarni, Ravi

2009-05-15

Silicone oils are widely used in cosmetics and personal care applications to improve softness and condition skin and hair. Being insoluble in water and most hydrocarbons, a common mode of delivering them is in the form of emulsions. Currently most applications use polyoxyethylene (non-ionic) modified siloxanes as emulsifiers to stabilize silicone oil emulsions. However, ionically grafted silicone polymers have not received much attention. Ionic silicones have significantly different properties than the non-ionic counterpart. Thus considerable potential exists to formulate emulsions of silicones with different water/silicone oil ratios for novel applications. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of hydrophilic modifications on the ability of hybrid silicone polymers to stabilize various emulsions, this article focuses on the phase diagram studies for silicone emulsions. The emulsifying ability of functional silicones was seen to depend on a number of factors including hydrophilicity of the polymer, nature of the functional groups, the extent of modification, and the method of emulsification. It was observed that the region of stable emulsion in a phase diagram expanded with increase in shear rate. At a given shear rate, the region of stable emulsion and the nature of emulsion (water-in-oil or oil-in-water) was observed to depend on hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the hybrid silicone emulsifier. At a fixed amount of modification, the non-ionically modified silicone stabilized an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas the ionic silicones stabilized inverse water-in-oil emulsions. This was attributed to the greater hydrophilicity of the polyoxyethylene modified silicones than the ionic counterparts. In general, it is postulated that with progressive increase in hydrophilicity of hybrid silicone emulsifiers, their tendency to stabilize water-in-oil emulsion decreases with corresponding increase in oil-in-water emulsion. Further, this behavior is hypothesized to depend on the nature of modifying functional groups. Thus a hybrid silicone polymer can be tailored by selecting the nature and degree of hydrophilicity to obtain a desired silicone emulsion.

Emulsions Stabilized by Chitosan-Modified Silica Nanoparticles: pH Control of Structure-Property Relations.

PubMed

Alison, Lauriane; Demirörs, Ahmet F; Tervoort, Elena; Teleki, Alexandra; Vermant, Jan; Studart, Andre R

2018-05-29

In food-grade emulsions, particles with an appropriate surface modification can be used to replace surfactants and potentially enhance the stability of emulsions. During the life cycle of products based on such emulsions, they can be exposed to a broad range of pH conditions and hence it is crucial to understand how pH changes affect stability of emulsions stabilized by particles. Here, we report on a comprehensive study of the stability, microstructure, and macroscopic behavior of pH-controlled oil-in-water emulsions containing silica nanoparticles modified with chitosan, a food-grade polycation. We found that the modified colloidal particles used as stabilizers behave differently depending on the pH, resulting in unique emulsion structures at multiple length scales. Our findings are rationalized in terms of the different emulsion stabilization mechanisms involved, which are determined by the pH-dependent charges and interactions between the colloidal building blocks of the system. At pH 4, the silica particles are partially hydrophobized through chitosan modification, favoring their adsorption at the oil-water interface and the formation of Pickering emulsions. At pH 5.5, the particles become attractive and the emulsion is stabilized by a network of agglomerated particles formed between the droplets. Finally, chitosan aggregates form at pH 9 and these act as the emulsion stabilizers under alkaline conditions. These insights have important implications for the processing and use of particle-stabilized emulsions. On one hand, changes in pH can lead to undesired macroscopic phase separation or coalescence of oil droplets. On the other hand, the pH effect on emulsion behavior can be harnessed in industrial processing, either to tune their flow response by altering the pH between processing stages or to produce pH-responsive emulsions that enhance the functionality of the emulsified end products.

Elucidation of stabilizing oil-in-water Pickering emulsion with different modified maize starch-based nanoparticles.

PubMed

Ye, Fan; Miao, Ming; Jiang, Bo; Campanella, Osvaldo H; Jin, Zhengyu; Zhang, Tao

2017-08-15

The aim of present study was to study the medium-chain triacylglycerol-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion stabilized using different modified starch-based nanoparticles (octenylsuccinylation treated soluble starch nanoparticle, OSA-SSNP, and insoluble starch nanoparticle, ISNP). The major factors for affecting the system stability, rheological behaviour and microstructure of the emulsions were also investigated. The parameters of the O/W emulsions stabilized by OSA-SSNP or ISNP were selected as follows: 3.0% of starch nanoparticles concentration, 50% of MCT fraction and 7.0 of system pH. The rheological properties indicated that both emulsions displayed shear-thinning behaviour as a non-Newtonian fluid. For OSA-SSNP, the viscosities of the emulsion were higher than those of ISNP throughout shear rate range for the same condition. The plot of droplet size distribution for emulsion stabilized OSA-SSNP appeared as a single narrow peak, whereas a broader droplet size distribution with bimodal pattern was observed for emulsion stabilized ISNP. The microscopy results showed that both OSA-SSNP and ISNP were adsorbed at oil-water interface to form a barrier film and retard the phase separation. When emulsion was stored for 30d, no phase separation was detected for O/W emulsion, revealing high stability of emulsion stabilized by both OSA-SSNP and ISNP. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Drug delivery to the ocular posterior segment using lipid emulsion via eye drop administration: effect of emulsion formulations and surface modification.

PubMed

Ying, Lin; Tahara, Kohei; Takeuchi, Hirofumi

2013-09-10

This work explored submicron-sized lipid emulsion as potential carriers for intraocular drug delivery to the posterior segment via eye drops. The effects of physicochemical properties of lipid emulsion on drug delivery were evaluated in vivo using mice. Different formulations of submicron-sized lipid emulsions were prepared using a high pressure homogenization system. Using coumairn-6 as a model drug and fluorescent marker, fluorescence could be observed in the retina after administration of the lipid emulsion. The fluorescence intensity observed after administration of medium chain triglycerides containing the same amount of coumarin-6 was much lower than that observed after administration of lipid emulsions. The inner oil property and phospholipid emulsifier did not affect the drug delivery efficiency to the retina. However, compared with unmodified emulsions, the fluorescence intensity in the retina increased by surface modification using a positive charge inducer and the functional polymers chitosan (CS) and poloxamer 407 (P407). CS-modified lipid emulsions could be electrostatically interacted with the eye surface. By its adhesive property, poloxamer 407, a surface modifier, possibly increased the lipid emulsion retention time on the eye surface. In conclusion, we suggested that surface-modified lipid emulsions could be promising vehicles of hydrophobic drug delivery to the ocular posterior segment. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Physical Properties and Biological Activity of Poly(butyl acrylate–styrene) Nanoparticle Emulsions Prepared with Conventional and Polymerizable Surfactants

PubMed Central

Garay-Jimenez, Julio C.; Gergeres, Danielle; Young, Ashley; Dickey, Sonja; Lim, Daniel V.; Turos, Edward

2009-01-01

Recent efforts in our laboratory have explored the use of polyacrylate nanoparticles in aqueous media as stable emulsions for potential applications in treating drug-resistant bacterial infections. These emulsions are made by emulsion polymerization of acrylated antibiotic compounds in a mixture of butyl acrylate and styrene (7:3 w:w) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. Prior work in our group established that the emulsions required purification to remove toxicity associated with extraneous surfactant present in the media. This paper summarizes our investigations of poly(butyl acrylate-styrene) emulsions made using anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and non-charged (amphiphilic) surfactants, as well as attachable surfactant monomers (surfmers), comparing the cytotoxicity and microbiological activity levels of the emulsion both before and after purification. Our results show that the attachment of a polymerizable surfmer onto the matrix of the nanoparticle neither improves nor diminishes cytotoxic or antibacterial effects of the emulsion, regardless of whether the emulsions are purified or not, and that the optimal properties are associated with the use of the non-ionic surfactants versus those carrying anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic charge. Incorporation of an N-thiolated β-lactam antibacterial agent onto the nanoparticle matrix via covalent attachment endows the emulsion with antibiotic properties against pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), without changing the physical properties of the nanoparticles or their emulsions. PMID:19523413

Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization improves oxidative stability and interfacial properties of soy protein isolate-stabilized emulsions.

PubMed

Fernandez-Avila, C; Trujillo, A J

2016-10-15

Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (100-300MPa) has great potential for technological, microbiological and nutritional aspects of fluid processing. Its effect on the oxidative stability and interfacial properties of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with 4% (w/v) of soy protein isolate and soybean oil (10 and 20%, v/v) were studied and compared to emulsions treated by conventional homogenization (15MPa). Emulsions were characterized by particle size, emulsifying activity index, surface protein concentration at the interface and by transmission electron microscopy. Primary and secondary lipid oxidation products were evaluated in emulsions upon storage. Emulsions with 20% oil treated at 100 and 200MPa exhibited the most oxidative stability due to higher amount of oil and protein surface load at the interface. This manuscript addresses the improvement in oxidative stability in emulsions treated by UHPH when compared to conventional emulsions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Nano-emulsion for Cold Thermal Storage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fumoto, Koji; Kawaji, Masahiro; Kawanami, Tsuyoshi

Phase change emulsion (PCE) is novel kind of heat storage and heat transfer fluids. It has characteristics as follows; greater apparent specific heat and higher heat transfer abilities in the phase change temperature range than conventional single phase heat transfer fluid. In this paper, a phase change emulsion, which has droplet diameter distribution of nanometer, were prepared. The Nano-emulsion was formed by low energy emulsification methods, as known the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method. Physical properties, such as viscosity, diameter and its distribution of emulsion were investigated. Especially, the relationships between preparation method and the concentration of surfactant have been discussed in detail. The results show that the viscosity of the Nano-emulsion is lower than the micro-emulsion, which was made by same mixing ratio of surfactant and concentration of phase change material. In addition, the Nano-emulsion clarified that stability was higher than microemulsions.

Emulsion Mapping in Pork Meat Emulsion Systems with Various Lipid Types and Brown Rice Fiber.

PubMed

Choi, Yun-Sang; Kim, Young-Boong; Kim, Hyun-Wook; Hwang, Ko-Eun; Song, Dong-Heon; Jeong, Tae-Jun; Park, Jinhee; Kim, Cheon-Jei

2015-01-01

This study was conducted to evaluate emulsion mapping between emulsion stability and cooking yields, apparent viscosity, and hardness of reduced-fat pork emulsion systems. The reduced-fat emulsion systems were supplemented with different lipid types and brown rice bran fiber (BRF) concentrations. Compared to the control with 30% back fat, lower emulsion stability and higher cooking yield of meat emulsion systems were observed in T1 (30% back fat+1% BRF), T2 (30% back fat+2% BRF), T3 (30% back fat+3% BRF), T4 (30% back fat+6% BRF), and T15 (10% back fat+10% canola oil+2% BRF). Lower emulsion stability and higher apparent viscosity were observed in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T8 (20% back fat+3% BRF) compared to the control. Lower emulsion stability and higher hardness was detected in all treatments compared with the control, except T5 (20% back fat), T10 (10% back fat+10% canola oil+2% BRF), T11 (10% back fat+10% olive oil+2% BRF), T12 (10% back fat+10% grape seed oil+2% BRF), and T13 (10% back fat+10% soybean oil+2% BRF). This approach has been found particularly useful for highlighting differences among the emulsified properties in emulsion meat products. Thus, the results obtained with emulsion mapping are useful in making emulsified meat products of desired quality characteristics, partially replacing pork back fat with a mix of 10% back fat, 10% canola oil and 2% BRF was most similar to the control with 30% pork back fat.

Emulsion Mapping in Pork Meat Emulsion Systems with Various Lipid Types and Brown Rice Fiber

PubMed Central

Choi, Yun-Sang; Kim, Young-Boong; Park, Jinhee

2015-01-01

This study was conducted to evaluate emulsion mapping between emulsion stability and cooking yields, apparent viscosity, and hardness of reduced-fat pork emulsion systems. The reduced-fat emulsion systems were supplemented with different lipid types and brown rice bran fiber (BRF) concentrations. Compared to the control with 30% back fat, lower emulsion stability and higher cooking yield of meat emulsion systems were observed in T1 (30% back fat+1% BRF), T2 (30% back fat+2% BRF), T3 (30% back fat+3% BRF), T4 (30% back fat+6% BRF), and T15 (10% back fat+10% canola oil+2% BRF). Lower emulsion stability and higher apparent viscosity were observed in T1, T2, T3, T4, and T8 (20% back fat+3% BRF) compared to the control. Lower emulsion stability and higher hardness was detected in all treatments compared with the control, except T5 (20% back fat), T10 (10% back fat+10% canola oil+2% BRF), T11 (10% back fat+10% olive oil+2% BRF), T12 (10% back fat+10% grape seed oil+2% BRF), and T13 (10% back fat+10% soybean oil+2% BRF). This approach has been found particularly useful for highlighting differences among the emulsified properties in emulsion meat products. Thus, the results obtained with emulsion mapping are useful in making emulsified meat products of desired quality characteristics, partially replacing pork back fat with a mix of 10% back fat, 10% canola oil and 2% BRF was most similar to the control with 30% pork back fat. PMID:26761836

Effects of a fish oil-based emulsion on rat hepatoma cell invasion in culture.

PubMed

Hagi, Akifumi; Nakayama, Mitsuo; Miura, Yutaka; Yagasaki, Kazumi

2007-01-01

Total parenteral nutrition containing a lipid emulsion is often employed after surgical tumor resection. This study investigated the effects of a fish oil-based infusion on rat hepatoma cell invasion. Rat ascites hepatoma cell line AH109A was precultured with a fish oil-based or safflower oil-based emulsion for 48 h. Changes in membranous fatty acid composition were evaluated by gas chromatography. The invasiveness of hepatoma cells was assessed by coculturing with mesentery-derived mesothelial cells. To examine ex vivo effects of the fish oil-based infusion on hepatoma invasion, sera were prepared from rats infused with fish oil- or safflower oil-based emulsion and the effects of these sera were assessed. To clarify the mechanism of inhibition of invasion by the fish oil-based emulsion, the effects of prostaglandin (PG) E(2) and PGE(3) on invasion were examined. Pretreatment with the fish oil-based emulsion reduced invasiveness without affecting growth compared with the safflower oil-based emulsion. Pretreatment with the sera from rats infused with the fish oil-based emulsion also reduced invasiveness compared with the sera from rats infused with the safflower oil-based emulsion. The addition of PGE(2) eliminated the inhibitory effect of the fish oil-based emulsion, and the addition of PGE(3) reduced the invasiveness of hepatoma cells pretreated with the safflower oil-based emulsion. These results suggest that the fish oil-based emulsion may have anti-invasive effects. Changes in the membranous fatty acid composition and consequent changes in the prostaglandins produced may be involved in this inhibitory effect.

Size distributions of air showers accompanied with high energy gamma ray bundles observed at Mt. Chacaltaya

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matano, T.; Machida, M.; Tsuchima, I.; Kawasumi, N.; Honda, K.; Hashimoto, K.; Martinic, N.; Zapata, J.; Navia, C. E.; Aquirre, C.

1985-01-01

Size distributions of air showers accompanied with bundle of high energy gamma rays and/or large size bursts under emulsion chambers, to study the composition of primary cosmic rays and also characteristics of high energy nuclear interaction. Air showers initiated by particles with a large cross section of interaction may develop from narrow region of the atmosphere near the top. Starting levels of air showers by particles with smaller cross section fluctuate in wider region of the atmosphere. Air showers of extremely small size accompanied with bundle of gamma rays may be ones initiated by protons at lower level after penetrating deep atmosphere without interaction. It is determined that the relative size distribution according to the total energy of bundle of gamma rays and the total burst size observed under 15 cm lead absorber.

Depletion and biodegradation of hydrocarbons in dispersions and emulsions of the Macondo 252 oil generated in an oil-on-seawater mesocosm flume basin.

PubMed

Brakstad, Odd G; Daling, Per S; Faksness, Liv-G; Almås, Inger K; Vang, Siv-H; Syslak, Line; Leirvik, Frode

2014-07-15

Physically and chemically (Corexit 9500) generated Macondo 252 oil dispersions, or emulsions (no Corexit), were prepared in an oil-on-seawater mesocosm flume basin at 30-32 °C, and studies of oil compound depletion performed for up to 15 days. The use of Corexit 9500 resulted in smaller median droplet size than in a physically generated dispersion. Rapid evaporation of low boiling point oil compounds (C⩽15) appeared in all the experiments. Biodegradation appeared to be an important depletion process for compounds with higher boiling points in the dispersions, but was negligible in the surface emulsions. While n-alkane biodegradation was faster in chemically than in physically dispersed oil no such differences were determined for 3- and 4-ring PAH compounds. In the oil dispersions prepared by Corexit 9500, increased cell concentrations, reduction in bacterial diversity, and a temporary abundance of bacteria containing an alkB gene were associated with oil biodegradation. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Active nematic emulsions

PubMed Central

Hardoüin, Jérôme; Sagués, Francesc

2018-01-01

The formation of emulsions from multiple immiscible fluids is governed by classical concepts such as surface tension, differential chemical affinity and viscosity, and the action of surface-active agents. Much less is known about emulsification when one of the components is active and thus inherently not constrained by the laws of thermodynamic equilibrium. We demonstrate one such realization consisting in the encapsulation of an active liquid crystal (LC)–like gel, based on microtubules and kinesin molecular motors, into a thermotropic LC. These active nematic emulsions exhibit a variety of dynamic behaviors that arise from the cross-talk between topological defects separately residing in the active and passive components. Using numerical simulations, we show a feedback mechanism by which active flows continuously drive the passive defects that, in response, resolve the otherwise degenerated trajectories of the active defects. Our experiments show that the choice of surfactant, which stabilizes the active/passive interface, allows tuning the regularity of the self-sustained dynamic events. The hybrid active-passive system demonstrated here provides new perspectives for dynamic self-assembly driven by an active material but regulated by the equilibrium properties of the passive component. PMID:29740605

Active nematic emulsions.

PubMed

Guillamat, Pau; Kos, Žiga; Hardoüin, Jérôme; Ignés-Mullol, Jordi; Ravnik, Miha; Sagués, Francesc

2018-04-01

The formation of emulsions from multiple immiscible fluids is governed by classical concepts such as surface tension, differential chemical affinity and viscosity, and the action of surface-active agents. Much less is known about emulsification when one of the components is active and thus inherently not constrained by the laws of thermodynamic equilibrium. We demonstrate one such realization consisting in the encapsulation of an active liquid crystal (LC)-like gel, based on microtubules and kinesin molecular motors, into a thermotropic LC. These active nematic emulsions exhibit a variety of dynamic behaviors that arise from the cross-talk between topological defects separately residing in the active and passive components. Using numerical simulations, we show a feedback mechanism by which active flows continuously drive the passive defects that, in response, resolve the otherwise degenerated trajectories of the active defects. Our experiments show that the choice of surfactant, which stabilizes the active/passive interface, allows tuning the regularity of the self-sustained dynamic events. The hybrid active-passive system demonstrated here provides new perspectives for dynamic self-assembly driven by an active material but regulated by the equilibrium properties of the passive component.

Fabrication of core-shell micro/nanoparticles for programmable dual drug release by emulsion electrospraying

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Yazhou; Zhang, Yiqiong; Wang, Bochu; Cao, Yang; Yu, Qingsong; Yin, Tieying

2013-06-01

The study aimed at constructing a novel drug delivery system for programmable multiple drug release controlled with core-shell structure. The core-shell structure consisted of chitosan nanoparticles as core and polyvinylpyrrolidone micro/nanocoating as shell to form core-shell micro/nanoparticles, which was fabricated by ionic gelation and emulsion electrospray methods. As model drug agents, Naproxen and rhodamine B were encapsulated in the core and shell regions, respectively. The core-shell micro/nanoparticles thus fabricated were characterized and confirmed by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and fluorescence optical microscope. The core-shell micro/nanoparticles showed good release controllability through drug release experiment in vitro. It was noted that a programmable release pattern for dual drug agents was also achieved by adjusting their loading regions in the core-shell structures. The results indicate that emulsion electrospraying technology is a promising approach in fabrication of core-shell micro/nanoparticles for programmable dual drug release. Such a novel multi-drug delivery system has a potential application for the clinical treatment of cancer, tuberculosis, and tissue engineering.

Physical stability, microstructure and micro-rheological properties of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions stabilized by porcine gelatin.

PubMed

Zhu, Qiaomei; Qiu, Shuang; Zhang, Hongwei; Cheng, Yongqiang; Yin, Lijun

2018-07-01

Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions could be utilized for fat-reduced food formulation and delivery of bioactive nutrients. However, due to thermodynamic instability, it is difficult to prepare stable double emulsions. The purpose of this study was to improve the stability of W/O/W double emulsions containing 2.0 M MgCl 2 by adding porcine gelatin in the inner water phase. The impact of gelatin on the physical stability, microstructure and micro-rheological properties of W/O/W emulsions was investigated. It was found that, when the concentration of porcine gelatin exceeded 4.0 wt%, the stability of emulsions was improved, due to increased viscoelasticity of emulsion droplets. When MgCl 2 concentration increased to 2.0 M, the particle size of emulsions increased, due to the osmotic pressure gradient, and the presence of gelatin further increased the droplet size. Confocal microscopy results showed that the presence of gelatin could improve the stability of W/O/W emulsions against coalescence。. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Experimental study on the influence of chemical sensitizer on pressure resistance in deep water of emulsion explosives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Lei; zhang, Zhihua; Wang, Ya; Qin, hao

2018-03-01

The study on the pressure resistance performance of emulsion explosives in deep water can provide theoretical basis for underwater blasting, deep-hole blasting and emulsion explosives development. The sensitizer is an important component of emulsion explosives. By using reusable experimental devices to simulate the charge environment in deep water, the influence of the content of chemical sensitizer on the deep-water pressure resistance performance of emulsion explosives was studied. The experimental results show that with the increasing of the content of chemical sensitizer, the deep-water pressure resistance performance of emulsion explosives gradually improves, and when the pressure is fairly large, the effect is particularly pronounced; in a certain range, with the increase of the content of chemical sensitizer, that emulsion explosives’ explosion performance also gradually improve, but when the content reaches a certain value, the explosion properties declined instead; under the same emulsion matrix condition, when the content of NANO2 is 0.2%, that the emulsion explosives has good resistance to water pressure and good explosion properties. The correctness of the results above was testified in model blasting.

Role of continuous phase protein, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and carrier oil on β-carotene degradation in oil-in-water emulsions.

PubMed

Liu, Lei; Gao, Yanxiang; McClements, David Julian; Decker, Eric Andrew

2016-11-01

The chemical instability of β-carotene limits its utilization as a nutraceutical ingredient in foods. In this research, the effect of continuous phase alpha-lactalbumin (α-LA) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on β-carotene degradation in medium chain triacylglycerol (MCT)- and corn oil-in-water emulsions was examined. EGCG significantly inhibited β-carotene degradation in both MCT and corn oil-in-water emulsions in a dose dependent manner. α-LA was not able to protect β-carotene in MCT emulsions and the combination of EGCG and α-LA had a similar effect as EGCG alone. EGCG had no effect on lipid oxidation in corn oil-in-water emulsions but can protect β-carotene. β-Carotene was more stable in corn oil emulsions stabilized by α-LA compared to emulsions stabilized by Tween 20. These results show that EGCG is effective at protecting β-carotene in different emulsion systems without negatively impacting lipid oxidation suggesting that it could be utilized to increase the incorporation of β-carotene into food emulsions. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Isothermal dendritic growth experiment: Science, engineering, and hardware development for USMP space flights

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glicksman, M. E.; Hahn, R. C.; Koss, M. B.; Tirmizi, S. H.; Selleck, M. E.; Velosa, A.; Winsa, E.

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) has been designed to provide microgravity data on dendritic growth for a critical test of theory. This paper updates our progress on constructing a crystal growth chamber suitable for space flight. The IDGE chamber is constructed from glass and stainless steel and is hermetically sealed by electron beam welds and glass-metal seals. Initial tests of the chambers sample's melting point plateau show that the new chamber design is capable of preserving the 99.9995 pct purity of succinonitrile (SCN). One can initiate dendrite growth in the center of the IDGE chamber by means of thermo-electric coolers and a capillary injector tube (stinger). The new IDGE chamber is ready for fully integrated tests with the prototype IDGE engineering hardware at NASA's Lewis Research Center.

DIMENSION STABILIZED FIXED PHOTOGRAPHIC TYPE EMULSION AND A METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

DOEpatents

Gilbert, F.C.

1962-03-13

A process is given for stabilizing the dimensions of fixed gelatin-base photographic type emulsions containing silver halide, and particularly to such emulsions containing large amounts of silver chloride for use as nuclear track emulsions, so that the dimensions of the final product are the same as or in a predetermined fixed ratio to the dimensions of the emulsions prior to exposure. The process comprises contacting an exposed, fixed emulsion with a solution of wood rosin dissolved in ethyl alcohol for times corresponding to the dimensions desired, and thereafter permitting the alcohol to evaporate. (AEC)

Development of multiple W/O/W emulsions as dermal carrier system for oligonucleotides: effect of additives on emulsion stability.

PubMed

Schmidts, T; Dobler, D; Schlupp, P; Nissing, C; Garn, H; Runkel, F

2010-10-15

Multiple water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions are of major interest as potential skin delivery systems for water-soluble drugs like oligonucleotides due to their distinct encapsulation properties. However, multiple emulsions are highly sensitive in terms of variations of the individual components. The presence of osmotic active ingredients in the inner water phase is crucial for the generation of stable multiple emulsions. In order to stabilize the emulsions the influence of NaCl, MgSO(4), glucose and glycine and two cellulose derivatives was investigated. Briefly, multiple W/O/W emulsions using Span 80 as a lipophilic emulsifier and different hydrophilic emulsifiers (PEG-40/50 stearate, steareth-20 and polysorbate 80) were prepared. Stability of the emulsions was analyzed over a period of time using rheological measurements, droplet size observations and conductivity analysis. In this study we show that additives strongly influence the properties stability of multiple emulsions. By increasing the concentration of the osmotic active ingredients, smaller multiple droplets are formed and the viscosity is significantly increased. The thickening agents resulted in a slightly improved stability. The most promising emulsions were chosen and further evaluated for their suitability and compatibility to incorporate a DNAzyme oligonucleotide as active pharmaceutical ingredient. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FAT EMULSION COMPOSITION ALTERS INTAKE AND THE EFFECTS OF BACLOFEN

PubMed Central

Wang, Y; Wilt, DC; Wojnicki, FHE; Babbs, RK; Coupland, JN; Corwin, RLC

2011-01-01

Thickened oil-in-water emulsions are useful model foods in rat studies due to their high acceptance and similarity to foods consumed by humans. Previous work from this laboratory used oil-in-water emulsions thickened with a biopolymer blend containing starch. Intake and effects of baclofen, a GABA-B agonist that decreases fat intake and drug self-administration, were reported, but the contribution of starch was not assessed. In the present study, intake and effects of baclofen were assessed in rats using emulsions prepared with two fat types (32% vegetable shortening, 32% corn oil) and thickened with three biopolymer blends. One biopolymer blend contained starch and the other two did not. Daily 1-h intake of the vegetable shortening emulsion containing starch was significantly greater than the other emulsions. When starch was added to the emulsions originally containing no starch, intake significantly increased. Baclofen generally reduced intake of all emulsions regardless of starch content and stimulated intake of chow. However, effects were more often significant for vegetable shortening emulsions. This report: 1) demonstrates that products used to prepare thickened oil-in-water emulsions have significant effects on rat ingestive behavior, and 2) confirms the ability of baclofen to reduce consumption of fatty foods, while simultaneously stimulating intake of chow. PMID:21855586

Altering Emulsion Stability with Heterogeneous Surface Wettability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, Qiang; Zhang, Yali; Li, Jiang; Lammertink, Rob G. H.; Chen, Haosheng; Tsai, Peichun Amy

2016-06-01

Emulsions-liquid droplets dispersed in another immiscible liquid-are widely used in a broad spectrum of applications, including food, personal care, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical products. Emulsions are also commonly present in natural crude oil, hampering the production and quality of petroleum fuels. The stability of emulsions plays a crucial role in their applications, but controlling the stability without external driving forces has been proven to be difficult. Here we show how heterogeneous surface wettability can alter the stability and dynamics of oil-in-water emulsions, generated by a co-flow microfluidic device. We designed a useful methodology that can modify a micro-capillary of desired heterogeneous wettability (e.g., alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions) without changing the hydraulic diameter. We subsequently investigated the effects of flow rates and heterogeneous wettability on the emulsion morphology and motion. The experimental data revealed a universal critical timescale of advective emulsions, above which the microfluidic emulsions remain stable and intact, whereas below they become adhesive or inverse. A simple theoretical model based on a force balance can be used to explain this critical transition of emulsion dynamics, depending on the droplet size and the Capillary number-the ratio of viscous to surface effects. These results give insight into how to control the stability and dynamics of emulsions in microfluidics with flow velocity and different wettability.

The role of silica nanoparticles on long-term room-temperature stabilization of water-in-oil emulsions containing microalgae.

PubMed

Fernández, L; Scher, H; VanderGheynst, J S

2015-12-01

Prior research has demonstrated that microalgae can be stored for extended periods of time at room temperature in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions stabilized by surface modified silica nanoparticles. However, little research has been done to examine the impact of nanoparticle concentration on emulsion stability. Such information is important for large-scale production of emulsions for microalgae storage and delivery. Studies were done to examine the impact of silica nanoparticle concentration on emulsion stability and identify the lower limit for nanoparticle concentration. Emulsion physical stability was determined using internal phase droplet size measurements and biological stability was evaluated using cell density measurements. The results demonstrate that nanoparticle concentrations as low as 0·5wt% in the oil phase can be used without significant losses in emulsion stability and microalgae viability. Stabilization technologies are needed for long-term storage and application of microalgae in agricultural-scale systems. While prior work has demonstrated that water-in-oil emulsions containing silica nanoparticles offer a promising solution for long-term microalgae storage at room temperature, little research has been done to examine the impact of nanoparticle concentration on emulsion stability. Here, we show the effects of silica nanoparticle concentration on maintaining physical stability of emulsions and sustaining viable cells. The results enable informed decisions to be made regarding production of emulsions containing silica nanoparticles and associated impacts on stabilization of microalgae. © 2015 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

Efficiency of emulsifier-free emulsions and emulsions containing rapeseed lecithin as delivery systems for vectorization and release of coenzyme Q10: physico-chemical properties and in vitro evaluation.

PubMed

Kaci, M; Arab-Tehrany, E; Dostert, G; Desjardins, I; Velot, E; Desobry, S

2016-11-01

To improve the encapsulation and release of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), emulsifier-free-emulsions were developed with a new emulsification process using high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) at 1.7MHz. Nano-emulsions containing CoQ10 were prepared with or without rapeseed lecithin as an emulsifier. The emulsions prepared with HFU were compared with an emulsion of CoQ10 containing emulsifier prepared with the same emulsification technique as well as with emulsions prepared with low-frequency ultrasound coupled with high-pressure homogenization (LFU+HPH). The physico-chemical properties of the emulsions were determined by average droplet size measurement with nano-droplet tracking analysis, droplet surface charge with ζ potential measurement, surface tension and rheological behaviour. Emulsions made by LFU+HPH with an emulsifier showed lower droplet sizes due to cavitation generated by the HFU process. Surface tension results showed that there was no significant difference between emulsions containing lecithin emulsifier regardless of the preparation process or the inclusion of CoQ10. In vitro biocompatibility tests were performed on human mesenchymal stem cells in order to show the cytotoxicity of various formulations and the efficiency of CoQ10-loaded emulsions. In vitro tests proved that the vectors were not toxic. Furthermore, CoQ10 facilitated a high rate of cell proliferation and metabolic activity especially when in an emulsifier-free formulation. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interfacial film stabilized W/O/W nano multiple emulsions loaded with green tea and lotus extracts: systematic characterization of physicochemical properties and shelf-storage stability.

PubMed

Mahmood, Tariq; Akhtar, Naveed; Manickam, Sivakumar

2014-05-12

Multiple emulsions have excellent encapsulating potential and this investigation has been aimed to encapsulate two different plant extracts as functional cosmetic agents in the W/O/W multiple emulsions and the resultant system's long term stability has been determined in the presence of a thickener, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Multiple W/O/W emulsions have been generated using cetyl dimethicone copolyol as lipophilic emulsifier and a blend of polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether and cetomacrogol 1000® as hydrophilic emulsifiers. The generated multiple emulsions have been characterized with conductivity, pH, microscopic analysis, phase separation and rheology for a period of 30 days. Moreover, long term shelf-storage stability has been tested to understand the shelf-life by keeping the generated multiple emulsion formulations at 25 ± 10°C and at 40 ± 10% relative humidity for a period of 12 months. It has been observed that the hydrophilic emulsifiers and HPMC have considerably improved the stability of multiple emulsions for the followed period of 12 months at different storage conditions. These multiple emulsions have shown improved entrapment efficiencies concluded on the release rate of conductometric tracer entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of the multiple emulsions. Multiple emulsions have been found to be stable for a longer period of time with promising characteristics. Hence, stable multiple emulsions loaded with green tea and lotus extracts could be explored for their cosmetic benefits.

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Polystyrene Composite Capsules with Aqueous Cargo via a Water-Oil-Water Multiple Emulsion Templating Route.

PubMed

Ali, Muthana; McCoy, Thomas M; McKinnon, Ian R; Majumder, Mainak; Tabor, Rico F

2017-05-31

Graphene oxide/polystyrene (GO/PS) nanocomposite capsules containing a two-compartment cargo have been successfully fabricated using a Pickering emulsion strategy. Highly purified GO sheets with typically micrometer-scale lateral dimensions and amphiphilic characteristics were prepared from the oxidation reaction of graphite with concomitant exfoliation of the graphite structure. These GO sheets were employed as a stabilizer for oil-in-water emulsions where the oil phase comprised toluene or olive oil. The stability and morphology of the emulsions were extensively studied as a function of different parameters including GO concentration, aqueous phase pH, ultrasonication time, effects of added electrolytes and stability to dilution. In selected conditions, the olive oil emulsions showed spontaneous formation of multiple w/o/w emulsions with high stability, whereas toluene formed simple o/w emulsions of lower overall stability. Olive oil emulsions were therefore used to prepare capsules templated from emulsion droplets by surrounding the oil phase with a GO/PS shell. The GO sheets, emulsions and composite capsules were characterized using a variety of physical and spectroscopic techniques in order to unravel the interactions responsible for capsule formation. The ability of the capsules to control the release of a model active agent in the form of a hydrophilic dye was explored, and release kinetics were monitored using UV-visible spectroscopy to obtain rate parameters. The composite capsules showed promising sustained release properties, with release rates 11× lower than the precursor GO-stabilized multiple emulsion droplets.

Optimization of perfluoro nano-scale emulsions: the importance of particle size for enhanced oxygen transfer in biomedical applications.

PubMed

Fraker, Christopher A; Mendez, Armando J; Inverardi, Luca; Ricordi, Camillo; Stabler, Cherie L

2012-10-01

Nano-scale emulsification has long been utilized by the food and cosmetics industry to maximize material delivery through increased surface area to volume ratios. More recently, these methods have been employed in the area of biomedical research to enhance and control the delivery of desired agents, as in perfluorocarbon emulsions for oxygen delivery. In this work, we evaluate critical factors for the optimization of PFC emulsions for use in cell-based applications. Cytotoxicity screening revealed minimal cytotoxicity of components, with the exception of one perfluorocarbon utilized for emulsion manufacture, perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB), and specific w% limitations of PEG-based surfactants utilized. We optimized the manufacture of stable nano-scale emulsions via evaluation of: component materials, emulsification time and pressure, and resulting particle size and temporal stability. The initial emulsion size was greatly dependent upon the emulsion surfactant tested, with pluronics providing the smallest size. Temporal stability of the nano-scale emulsions was directly related to the perfluorocarbon utilized, with perfluorotributylamine, FC-43, providing a highly stable emulsion, while perfluorodecalin, PFD, coalesced over time. The oxygen mass transfer, or diffusive permeability, of the resulting emulsions was also characterized. Our studies found particle size to be the critical factor affecting oxygen mass transfer, as increased micelle size resulted in reduced oxygen diffusion. Overall, this work demonstrates the importance of accurate characterization of emulsification parameters in order to generate stable, reproducible emulsions with the desired bio-delivery properties. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Tharsis Formation by Chemical Plume Due to Giant Impact Event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fleck, J.; Weeraratne, D. S.; Olson, P.

2014-12-01

Tharsis formed early in the history of Mars, likely during the Noachian but later than the hemispheric crustal dichotomy that it partially overprints (Johnson and Phillips, 2005; Solomon et al., 2005; Wenzel et al., 2004). It has been suggested that the crustal dichotomy may have been formed by a giant impact (Andrews-Hanna et al., 2008; Marinova et al., 2008; Nimmo et al., 2008). Several models have been proposed to explain a localized orogeny, but predict multiple, evenly-spaced plumes or have instability growth and rise times which are longer than Tharsis formation. We use fluid dynamic experiments to model the differentiation process during Mars accretion using low viscosity glucose syrup solutions and an emulsion of liquid gallium for the metal-rich magma ocean and a high viscosity glucose syrup for the mantle. Our experiments demonstrate the formation of metal-silicate diapirs from metal emulsion drops that form a pond at the base of the magma ocean. The diapirs descend through the underlying mantle with trailing conduit of low viscosity silicate material. The silicate material is buoyant and eventually ascends back through the conduit. Remaining emulsion drops that do not adhere with the diapir fall through the conduit, forcing the buoyant molten silicate material to exit the conduit laterally and ascend along a new trajectory. The time elapsed between diapir formation and ascent of the chemical plume in experiments scales with the time between the formation of the crustal dichotomy on Mars and the formation of Tharsis. Our model offers an explanation for the rapid formation of Tharsis on the edge of the crustal dichotomy via a single large upwelling event followed by smaller upwellings producing and the late stages of effusive volcanism observed in the Tharsis region.

One-step production of multiple emulsions: microfluidic, polymer-stabilized and particle-stabilized approaches.

PubMed

Clegg, Paul S; Tavacoli, Joe W; Wilde, Pete J

2016-01-28

Multiple emulsions have great potential for application in food science as a means to reduce fat content or for controlled encapsulation and release of actives. However, neither production nor stability is straightforward. Typically, multiple emulsions are prepared via two emulsification steps and a variety of approaches have been deployed to give long-term stability. It is well known that multiple emulsions can be prepared in a single step by harnessing emulsion inversion, although the resulting emulsions are usually short lived. Recently, several contrasting methods have been demonstrated which give rise to stable multiple emulsions via one-step production processes. Here we review the current state of microfluidic, polymer-stabilized and particle-stabilized approaches; these rely on phase separation, the role of electrolyte and the trapping of solvent with particles respectively.

THE FAULT DIVERTER-A PROTECTIVE DEVICE FOR HIGH-POWER ELECTRON TUBES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, B.H.

1957-08-01

Fault diverters, or crowbars, have proven to be very effective protection against transient-induced power arcs within accelerator oscillator tubes. This device short circuits the oscillator-plate power supply in the event of an over-current, thus removing the power flow from the fault within a few microseconds. Ignitrons, thyratrons, and triggered spark gaps are used for this purpose. The power supply is protected from the short circuit either by a current-limiting device or a high-speed contactor which removes the system from the power lines within a few milliseconds. The fault diverters, and associated circuitry, used on several of the accelerators in Berkeleymore » and Livermore are described. (auth) l73O Studies of pi -meson and K-meson interactions were continued with counters, emulsions, and the 10-inch liquid hydrogen bubble chanmber. Six emulsion exposures were made for external groups to a pi -meson beam, three to Kmeson beams, two to a neutral-particle beanm, and three to the internal proton beam. An H-D reaction, catalyzed by mu mesons, was observed in the 10-inch liquid hydrogen bubble chamber. Absorption cross-section measurements for antiprotons were continued, using counters. Nineteen target bombardments were made for the chemistry group. A technique of producing two or more secondary-particle beam pulses per acceleration cycle, using different targets, has been successfully tried and used. (For preceding period see UCRL- 36l4.1 (auth)« less

Viscosity of the oil-in-water Pickering emulsion stabilized by surfactant-polymer and nanoparticle-surfactant-polymer system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharma, Tushar; Kumar, G. Suresh; Chon, Bo Hyun; Sangwai, Jitendra S.

2014-11-01

Information on the viscosity of Pickering emulsion is required for their successful application in upstream oil and gas industry to understand their stability at extreme environment. In this work, a novel formulation of oil-in-water (o/w) Pickering emulsion stabilized using nanoparticle-surfactant-polymer (polyacrylamide) system as formulated in our earlier work (Sharma et al., Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2014) is investigated for rheological stability at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions using a controlled-strain rheometer. The nanoparticle (SiO2 and clay) concentration is varied from 1.0 to 5.0 wt%. The results are compared with the rheological behavior of simple o/w emulsion stabilized by surfactant-polymer system. Both the emulsions exhibit non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. A positive shift in this behavior is observed for surfactant-polymer stabilized emulsion at high pressure conditions. Yield stress is observed to increase with pressure for surfactant-polymer emulsion. In addition, increase in temperature has an adverse effect on the viscosity of emulsion stabilized by surfactant-polymer system. In case of nanoparticle-surfactant-polymer stabilized o/w emulsion system, the viscosity and yield stress are predominantly constant for varying pressure and temperature conditions. The viscosity data for both o/w emulsion systems are fitted by the Herschel-Bulkley model and found to be satisfactory. In general, the study indicates that the Pickering emulsion stabilized by nanoparticle-surfactant-polymer system shows improved and stable rheological properties as compared to conventional emulsion stabilized by surfactant-polymer system indicating their successful application for HPHT environment in upstream oil and gas industry.

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

PubMed Central

Speidel, Matthias W; Kleemeier, Malte; Hartwig, Andreas; Rischka, Klaus; Ellermann, Angelika; Daniels, Rolf

2017-01-01

Background: Based on previous chemical analyses of insect tarsal adhesives, we prepared 12 heterogeneous synthetic emulsions mimicking the polar/non-polar principle, analysed their microscopical structure and tested their adhesive, frictional, and rheological properties. Results: The prepared emulsions varied in their consistency from solid rubber-like, over soft elastic, to fluid (watery or oily). With droplet sizes >100 nm, all the emulsions belonged to the common type of macroemulsions. The emulsions of the first generation generally showed broader droplet-size ranges compared with the second generation, especially when less defined components such as petrolatum or waxes were present in the lipophilic fraction of the first generation of emulsions. Some of the prepared emulsions showed a yield point and were Bingham fluids. Tribometric adhesion was tested via probe tack tests. Compared with the "second generation" (containing less viscous components), the "first generation" emulsions were much more adhesive (31–93 mN), a finding attributable to their highly viscous components, i.e., wax, petrolatum, gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol). In the second generation emulsions, we attained much lower adhesivenesses, ranging between 1–18 mN. The adhesive performance was drastically reduced in the emulsions that contained albumin as the protein component or that lacked protein. Tribometric shear tests were performed at moderate normal loads. Our measured friction forces (4–93 mN in the first and 0.1–5.8 mN in the second generation emulsions) were comparatively low. Differences in shear performance were related to the chemical composition and emulsion structure. Conclusion: By varying their chemical composition, synthetic heterogeneous adhesive emulsions can be adjusted to have diverse consistencies and are able to mimic certain rheological and tribological properties of natural tarsal insect adhesives. PMID:28144564

Influence of membrane material on the production of colloidal emulsions by premix membrane emulsification.

PubMed

Gehrmann, Sandra; Bunjes, Heike

2018-05-01

Premix membrane emulsification is a possibility to produce colloidal emulsions as carrier systems for poorly water soluble drugs. During the extrusion of a coarse pre-emulsion through a porous membrane, the emulsion droplets are disrupted into smaller droplets. The influence of the membrane material on the emulsification success was investigated in dependence on the emulsifier. Premixed medium chain triglyceride (MCT) emulsions stabilized with five different emulsifiers were extruded through seven different hydrophilic polymeric membrane materials with pore sizes of 200nm. The resulting emulsions differed strongly in particle size and particle size distribution with a range of median particle sizes between 0.08μm and 11μm. The particle size of the emulsions did not depend mainly on the structure or thickness of the membrane but on the combination of emulsifier and membrane material. Contact angle measurements indicated that the wetting of the membrane with the continuous phase of the emulsion was decisive for achieving emulsions with colloidal particle sizes. The type of dispersed phase was of minor importance as basically the same results were obtained with peanut oil instead of MCT. To prove the assumption that only sufficiently hydrophilic membrane materials led to emulsions with colloidal particle sizes, two membrane materials were hydrophilized by plasma treatment. After hydrophilization, the emulsifying process led to emulsions with smaller particle sizes. The use of an alumina membrane (Anodisc®) improved the process even more. With this type of membrane, emulsions with a median particle size below 250nm and a narrow particle size distribution could be obtained with all investigated emulsifiers. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Antioxidant activity and emulsion-stabilizing effect of pectic enzyme treated pectin in soy protein isolate-stabilized oil/water emulsion.

PubMed

Huang, Ping-Hsiu; Lu, Hao-Te; Wang, Yuh-Tai; Wu, Ming-Chang

2011-09-14

The antioxidant activity of pectic enzyme treated pectin (PET-pectin) prepared from citrus pectin by enzymatic hydrolysis and its potential use as a stabilizer and an antioxidant for soy protein isolate (SPI)-stabilized oil in water (O/W) emulsion were investigated. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was found to be positively associated with molecular weight (M(w)) of PET-pectin and negatively associated with degree of esterification (DE) of PET-pectin. PET-pectin (1 kDa and 11.6% DE) prepared from citrus pectin after 24 h of hydrolysis by commercial pectic enzyme produced by Aspergillus niger expressed higher α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, TEAC, and reducing power than untreated citrus pectin (353 kDa and 60% DE). The addition of PET-pectin could increase both emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES) of SPI-stabilized O/W emulsion. When the SPI-stabilized lipid droplet was coated with the mixture of PET-pectin and pectin, the EA and ES of the emulsion were improved more than they were when the lipid droplet was coated with either pectin or PET-pectin alone. The amount of secondary oxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) produced in the emulsion prepared with the mixture of SPI and PET-pectin was less than the amount produced in the emulsion prepared with either SPI or SPI/pectin. These results suggest that PET-pectin has an emulsion-stabilizing effect and lipid oxidation inhibition ability on SPI-stabilized emulsion. Therefore, PET-pectin can be used as a stabilizer as well as an antioxidant in plant origin in SPI-stabilized O/W emulsion and thus prolong the shelf life of food emulsion.

Lipid emulsions enhance the norepinephrine-mediated reversal of local anesthetic-induced vasodilation at toxic doses.

PubMed

Lee, Soo Hee; Sung, Hui-Jin; Ok, Seong-Ho; Yu, Jongsun; Choi, Mun-Jeoung; Lim, Jin Soo; Sohn, Ju-Tae

2013-11-01

Intravenous lipid emulsions have been used to treat the systemic toxicity of local anesthetics. The goal of this in vitro study was to examine the effects of lipid emulsions on the norepinephrine-mediated reversal of vasodilation induced by high doses of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine in isolated endothelium-denuded rat aorta, and to determine whether such effects are associated with the lipid solubility of local anesthetics. The effects of lipid emulsions (0.30, 0.49, 1.40, and 2.61%) on norepinephrine concentration-responses in high-dose local anesthetic (6×10(-4) M levobupivacaine, 2×10(-3) M ropivacaine, and 7×10(-3) M mepivacaine)-induced vasodilation of isolated aorta precontracted with 60 mM KCl were assessed. The effects of lipid emulsions on local anesthetic- and diltiazem-induced vasodilation in isolated aorta precontracted with phenylephrine were also assessed. Lipid emulsions (0.30%) enhanced norepinephrine-induced contraction in levobupivacaine-induced vasodilation, whereas 1.40 and 2.61% lipid emulsions enhanced norepinephrine-induced contraction in both ropivacaine- and mepivacaine-induced vasodilation, respectively. Lipid emulsions (0.20, 0.49 and 1.40%) inhibited vasodilation induced by levobupivacaine and ropivacaine, whereas 1.40 and 2.61% lipid emulsions slightly attenuated mepivacaine (3×10(-3) M)-induced vasodilation. In addition, lipid emulsions attenuated diltiazem-induced vasodilation. Lipid emulsions enhanced norepinephrine-induced contraction in endothelium-denuded aorta without pretreatment with local anesthetics. Taken together, these results suggest that lipid emulsions enhance the norepinephrine-mediated reversal of local anesthetic-induced vasodilation at toxic anesthetic doses and inhibit local anesthetic-induced vasodilation in a manner correlated with the lipid solubility of a particular local anesthetic.

Modernized Approach for Generating Reproducible Heterogeneity Using Transmitted-Light for Flow Visualization Experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, A. A.; Holt, R. M.

2017-12-01

Image capturing in flow experiments has been used for fluid mechanics research since the early 1970s. Interactions of fluid flow between the vadose zone and permanent water table are of great interest because this zone is responsible for all recharge waters, pollutant transport and irrigation efficiency for agriculture. Griffith, et al. (2011) developed an approach where constructed reproducible "geologically realistic" sand configurations are deposited in sandfilled experimental chambers for light-transmitted flow visualization experiments. This method creates reproducible, reverse graded, layered (stratified) thin-slab sand chambers for point source experiments visualizing multiphase flow through porous media. Reverse-graded stratification of sand chambers mimic many naturally occurring sedimentary deposits. Sandfilled chambers use light as nonintrusive tools for measuring water saturation in two-dimensions (2-D). Homogeneous and heterogeneous sand configurations can be produced to visualize the complex physics of the unsaturated zone. The experimental procedure developed by Griffith, et al. (2011) was designed using now outdated and obsolete equipment. We have modernized this approach with new Parker Deadel linear actuator and programed projects/code for multiple configurations. We have also updated the Roper CCD software and image processing software with the latest in industry standards. Modernization of transmitted-light source, robotic equipment, redesigned experimental chambers, and newly developed analytical procedures have greatly reduced time and cost per experiment. We have verified the ability of the new equipment to generate reproducible heterogeneous sand-filled chambers and demonstrated the functionality of the new equipment and procedures by reproducing several gravity-driven fingering experiments conducted by Griffith (2008).

Cosmic ray energy spectrum around the knee obtained by the Tibet Experiment and future prospects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Katayose, Yusaku

The measurement of the energy spectrum and the chemical composition of cosmic rays at the 'Knee' energy region have been made in the Tibet-AS experiment since 1990. The 1st phase of the Tibet hybrid experiment(1996-1999) consisted of Tibet II air-shower array(AS), Emulsion Chamber(EC) and burst detector(BD). The EC was used to detect high energy-gamma-families of the energy greater than 20 TeV at the core of ASs of which more than 80% are induced by light nuclei like protons or helium. Due to the high spatial resolution of the EC, proton and helium events were separated from others and we obtained the energy spectrum of each of them using 177 family events. We also obtained all-particle energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays in a wide range from 1014 eV to 1017 eV by the Tibet-III air-shower array. The size spectrum exhibits a sharp knee at a corresponding primary energy around 4 PeV. These results strongly indicated that the fraction of the light component to the all particle spectrum is decreasing around the knee.The observation of the AS core has been continued with upgraded Tibet III array and burst detectors without using X-ray films, which still works as the selector for the air showers induced by light component (pHe). This second phase experiment shows that the dominance of the heavy elements at the knee reported by the first phase experiment is confirmed with higher statistics by one order.Our results suggest that the main component at the knee is heavy elements (heavier than helium) because of the low intensities of observed proton and helium fluxes, whose summed flux are less than 30% of all particles. A new air-shower-core detector(YAC) will be added to the Tibet AS array to explicitly measure the heavy elements around the knee and beyond. In this paper, the results of composition study with the Tibet experiment are summarized and the prospects for the next phase experiment are described.

Simple Cloud Chambers Using Gel Ice Packs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kamata, Masahiro; Kubota, Miki

2012-01-01

Although cloud chambers are highly regarded as teaching aids for radiation education, school teachers have difficulty in using cloud chambers because they have to prepare dry ice or liquid nitrogen before the experiment. We developed a very simple and inexpensive cloud chamber that uses the contents of gel ice packs which can substitute for dry…

Parameters for Stable Water-in-Oil Lipiodol Emulsion for Liver Trans-Arterial Chemo-Eembolization.

PubMed

Deschamps, F; Moine, L; Isoardo, T; Tselikas, L; Paci, A; Mir, L M; Huang, N; Fattal, E; de Baère, T

2017-12-01

Water-in-oil type and stability are important properties for Lipiodol emulsions during conventional trans-arterial chemo-embolization. Our purpose is to evaluate the influence of 3 technical parameters on those properties. The Lipiodol emulsions have been formulated by repetitive back-and-forth pumping of two 10-ml syringes through a 3-way stopcock. Three parameters were compared: Lipiodol/doxorubicin ratio (2/1 vs. 3/1), doxorubicin concentration (10 vs. 20 mg/ml) and speed of incorporation of doxorubicin in Lipiodol (bolus vs. incremental vs. continuous). The percentage of water-in-oil emulsion obtained and the duration until complete coalescence (stability) for water-in-oil emulsions were, respectively, evaluated with the drop-test and static light scattering technique (Turbiscan). Among the 48 emulsions formulated, 32 emulsions (67%) were water-in-oil. The percentage of water-in-oil emulsions obtained was significantly higher for incremental (94%) and for continuous (100%) injections compared to bolus injection (6%) of doxorubicin. Emulsion type was neither influenced by Lipiodol/doxorubicin ratio nor by doxorubicin concentration. The mean stability of water-in-oil emulsions was 215 ± 257 min. The emulsions stability was significantly longer when formulated using continuous compared to incremental injection (326 ± 309 vs. 96 ± 101 min, p = 0.018) and using 3/1 compared to 2/1 ratio of Lipiodol/doxorubicin (372 ± 276 vs. 47 ± 43 min, p = <0.0001). Stability was not influenced by the doxorubicin concentration. The continuous and incremental injections of doxorubicin in the Lipiodol result in highly predictable water-in-oil emulsion type. It also demonstrates a significant increase in stability compared to bolus injection. Higher ratio of Lipiodol/doxorubicin is a critical parameter for emulsion stability too.

Cross-linking proteins by laccase: Effects on the droplet size and rheology of emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate.

PubMed

Sato, A C K; Perrechil, F A; Costa, A A S; Santana, R C; Cunha, R L

2015-09-01

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of laccase and ferulic acid on the characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate at different pH (3, 5 and 7). Emulsions were prepared by high pressure homogenization of soybean oil with sodium caseinate solution containing varied concentrations of laccase (0, 1 and 5mg/mL) and ferulic acid (5 and 10mM). Laccase treatment and pH exerted a strong influence on the properties with a consequent effect on stability, structure and rheology of emulsions stabilized by Na-caseinate. At pH7, O/W emulsions were kinetically stable due to the negative protein charge which enabled electrostatic repulsion between oil droplets resulting in an emulsion with small droplet size, low viscosity, pseudoplasticity and viscoelastic properties. The laccase treatment led to emulsions showing shear-thinning behavior as a result of a more structured system. O/W emulsions at pH5 and 3 showed phase separation due to the proximity to protein pI, but the laccase treatment improved their stability of emulsions especially at pH3. At pH3, the addition of ferulic acid and laccase produced emulsions with larger droplet size but with narrower droplet size distribution, increased viscosity, pseudoplasticity and viscoelastic properties (gel-like behavior). Comparing laccase treatments, the combined addition of laccase and ferulic acid generally produced emulsions with lower stability (pH5), larger droplet size (pH3, 5 and 7) and higher pseudoplasticity (pH5 and 7) than emulsion with only ferulic acid. The results suggested that the cross-linking of proteins by laccase and ferulic acid improved protein emulsifying properties by changing functional mechanisms of the protein on emulsion structure and rheology, showing that sodium caseinate can be successfully used in acid products when treated with laccase. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Parenteral structured triglyceride emulsion improves nitrogen balance and is cleared faster from the blood in moderately catabolic patients.

PubMed

Kruimel, J W; Naber, T H; van der Vliet, J A; Carneheim, C; Katan, M B; Jansen, J B

2001-01-01

Most postoperative patients lose net protein mass, which reflects loss of muscle tissue and organ function. Perioperative parenteral nutrition may reduce the loss of protein, but in general, with conventional lipid emulsions a waste of protein still remains. We compared the effects on nitrogen balance of an emulsion containing structured triglycerides, a new type of synthesized triglycerides, with an emulsion of a physical mixture of medium- and long-chain triglycerides as part of parenteral feeding in moderately catabolic patients. The first 5 days after placement of an aortic prosthesis patients received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) providing 0.2 g of nitrogen per kg body weight per day; energy requirement was calculated using Harris and Benedict's equation, adding 300 kcal per day for activity. Twelve patients were treated with the structured triglyceride emulsion and 13 patients with the emulsion of the physical mixture of medium- and long-chain triglycerides. The design was a randomized, double-blind parallel study. In the patients who completed the study, the mean cumulative nitrogen balance over the first 5 postoperative days was -8+/-2 g in 10 patients on the structured triglyceride emulsion and -21+/-4 g in 9 patients on the emulsion of the physical mixture of medium- and long-chain triglycerides; the mean difference was 13 g of nitrogen (95% confidence interval 4 to 22, p = .015) in favor of the structured triglyceride emulsion. On the first postoperative day serum triglyceride and plasma medium-chain free fatty acid levels increased less during infusion of the structured triglyceride emulsion than with the physical mixture emulsion. The parenteral structured triglyceride emulsion improves the nitrogen balance and is cleared faster from the blood, compared with the emulsion of the physical mixture of medium- and long-chain triglycerides, in moderately catabolic patients.

High-energy Physics with Hydrogen Bubble Chambers

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Alvarez, L. W.

1958-03-07

Recent experience with liquid hydrogen bubble chambers of 25 and 40 cm dia. in high-energy physics experiments is discussed. Experiments described are: interactions of K{sup -} mesons with protons, interactions of antiprotons with protons, catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions by muons, and production and decay of hyperons from negative pions. (W.D.M.)

40 CFR 443.10 - Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... asphalt emulsion subcategory. 443.10 Section 443.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... ROOFING MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Emulsion Subcategory § 443.10 Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 428.20 - Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... emulsion crumb rubber subcategory. 428.20 Section 428.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS RUBBER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Emulsion Crumb Rubber Subcategory § 428.20 Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory...

40 CFR 443.10 - Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... asphalt emulsion subcategory. 443.10 Section 443.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Emulsion Subcategory § 443.10 Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

40 CFR 428.20 - Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... emulsion crumb rubber subcategory. 428.20 Section 428.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS RUBBER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Emulsion Crumb Rubber Subcategory § 428.20 Applicability; description of the emulsion crumb rubber subcategory...

40 CFR 443.10 - Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... asphalt emulsion subcategory. 443.10 Section 443.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Emulsion Subcategory § 443.10 Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges...

40 CFR 443.10 - Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... asphalt emulsion subcategory. 443.10 Section 443.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... ROOFING MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Emulsion Subcategory § 443.10 Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

40 CFR 443.10 - Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... asphalt emulsion subcategory. 443.10 Section 443.10 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... ROOFING MATERIALS (TARS AND ASPHALT) POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asphalt Emulsion Subcategory § 443.10 Applicability; description of the asphalt emulsion subcategory. The provisions of this subpart are applicable to...

In situ quantification of β-carotene partitioning in oil-in-water emulsions by confocal Raman microscopy.

PubMed

Wan Mohamad, W A Fahmi; Buckow, Roman; Augustin, MaryAnn; McNaughton, Don

2017-10-15

Confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) was able to quantify the β-carotene concentration in oil droplets and determine the partitioning characteristics of β-carotene within the emulsion system in situ. The results were validated by a conventional method involving solvent extraction of β-carotene separately from the total emulsion as well as the aqueous phase separated by centrifugation, and quantification by absorption spectrophotometry. CRM also enabled the localization of β-carotene in an emulsion. From the Raman image, the β-carotene partitioning between the aqueous and oil phases of palm olein-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI) was observed. Increasing the concentration of β-carotene in an emulsion (from 0.1 to 0.3g/kg emulsion) with a fixed gross composition (10% palm olein:2% WPI) decreased the concentration of β-carotene in the oil droplet. CRM is a powerful tool for in situ analyses of components in heterogeneous systems such as emulsions. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Using emulsion inversion in industrial processes.

PubMed

Salager, Jean-Louis; Forgiarini, Ana; Márquez, Laura; Peña, Alejandro; Pizzino, Aldo; Rodriguez, María P; Rondón-González, Marianna

2004-05-20

Emulsion inversion is a complex phenomenon, often perceived as an instability that is essentially uncontrollable, although many industrial processes make use of it. A research effort that started 2 decades ago has provided the two-dimensional and three-dimensional description, the categorization and the theoretical interpretation of the different kinds of emulsion inversion. A clear-cut phenomenological approach is currently available for understanding its characteristics, the factors that influence it and control it, the importance of fine-tuning the emulsification protocol, and the crucial occurrence of organized structures such as liquid crystals or multiple emulsions. The current know-how is used to analyze some industrial processes involving emulsion inversion, e.g. the attainment of a fine nutrient or cosmetic emulsion by temperature or formulation-induced transitional inversion, the preparation of a silicone oil emulsion by catastrophic phase inversion, the manufacture of a viscous polymer latex by combined inversion and the spontaneous but enigmatic inversion of emulsions used in metal working operations such as lathing or lamination.

Enhancing oral bioavailability using preparations of apigenin-loaded W/O/W emulsions: In vitro and in vivo evaluations.

PubMed

Kim, Bum-Keun; Cho, Ah-Ra; Park, Dong-June

2016-09-01

We analyzed the physical properties and digestibility of apigenin-loaded emulsions as they passed through a simulated digestion model. As the emulsion passed through the simulated stages of digestion, the particle size and zeta potential of all the samples changed, except for the soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsion, in which zeta potential remained constant, through all stages, indicating that soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions may have an effect on stability during all stages of digestion. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the emulsions at each step. The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that apigenin-loaded soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions had a higher oral bioavailability than did the orally administrated apigenin suspensions. These results suggest that W/O/W multiple emulsions formulated with soybean oil and tween 80 have great potential as targeted delivery systems for apigenin, and may enhance in vitro and in vivo bioavailability when they pass through the digestive tract. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cold Heat Release Characteristics of Solidified Oil Droplet-Water Solution Latent Heat Emulsion by Air Bubbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inaba, Hideo; Morita, Shin-Ichi

The present work investigates the cold heat-release characteristics of the solidified oil droplets (tetradecane, C14H30, freezing point 278.9 K)/water solution emulsion as a latent heat-storage material having a low melting point. An air bubbles-emulsion direct-contact heat exchange method is selected for the cold heat-results from the solidified oil droplet-emulsion layer. This type of direct-contact method results in the high thermal efficiency. The diameter of air bubbles in the emulsion increases as compared with that in the pure water. The air bubbles blown from a nozzle show a strong mixing behavior during rising in the emulsion. The temperature effectiveness, the sensible heat release time and the latent heat release time have been measured as experimental parameters. The useful nondimensional emulsion level equations for these parameters have been derived in terms of the nondimensional emalsion level expressed the emulsion layer dimensions, Reynolds number for air flow, Stefan number and heat capacity ratio.

The influence of emulsion structure on the Maillard reaction of ghee.

PubMed

Newton, Angela E; Fairbanks, Antony J; Golding, Matt; Andrewes, Paul; Gerrard, Juliet A

2015-04-15

Food systems, such as cream and butter, have an emulsion or emulsion-like structure. When these food emulsions are heated to high temperatures to make products such as ghee, the Maillard reaction forms a range of volatile flavour compounds. The objective of this paper was to unravel the specific influence of emulsion structure on the Maillard reaction pathways that occur during the cooking of ghee using model systems. Switching the dispersed phase from oil to water provided a means of altering the ratios of volatile compounds produced in the cooked samples. The oil-in-water emulsion generated a volatile compound profile similar to that of the fat containing two phase model matrix, whereas the water-in-oil emulsion produced a different ratio of these compounds. The ability to generate different volatile compound profiles through the use of inverted emulsion structures could point to a new avenue for control of the Maillard reaction in high temperature food systems. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthetic Polymers at Interfaces: Monodisperse Emulsions Multiple Emulsions and Liquid Marbles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Guanqing

The adsorption of polymeric materials at interfaces is an energetically favorable process which is investigated in much diversified fields, such as emulsions, bubbles, foams, liquid marbles. Pickering emulsion, which is emulsion stabilized by solid particles has been investigated for over one century and preparation of Pickering emulsion with narrow size distribution is crucial for both the theoretical study of the stabilization mechanism and practical application, such as templated fabrication of colloidosomes. The precise control over the size and functionality of polymer latices allows the preparation of monodisperse Pickering emulsions with desired sizes through SPG membrane emulsification at rather rapid rate compared to microfludic production. Double or multiple emulsions have long been investigated but its rapid destabilization has always been a major obstacle in applying them into practical applications. The modern living polymerization techniques allow us to prepare polymers with designed structure of block copolymers which makes it possible to prepare ultra-stable multiple emulsions. The precise tuning of the ratio of hydrophobic part over the hydrophilic can unveil the stabilization mechanism. Liquid marble is a new type of materials of which liquid droplets are coated by dry particles. The coating of an outer layer of dry particles renders the liquid droplets non-sticky at solid surface which is useful in transportation of small amount of liquid without leakage at extreme low friction force. The property of liquid marbles relies largely on the stabilizers and the drying condition of polymeric latices is shown to have great influence on the property of liquid marbles. Firstly, an introduction to the interfacial and colloidal science with special attention to topics on emulsions, multiple emulsion and liquid marbles is given in Chapter 1. The unique features of an interface and a discussion on the definition of colloids are introduced prior to the discussion of emulsion stabilization and preparation. A historical review of multiple emulsions is presented subsequently and the stability mechanism is discussed in details with regard to the transportation kinetics of small molecules through the separating membrane of double emulsions. The principle, property and applications of liquid marbles are then summarized. Secondly, the preparation of monodisperse Pickering emulsions stabilized by soft PNIPAM-co-MAA microgels through SPG membrane emulsification is described. The influence of the membrane pore size, pH of the particle dispersion, particle size and the operating parameters of the membrane emulsification device on the size of the emulsion droplets was investigated systematically. The improvement in monodispersity of the emulsion droplets allows us to measure the release profiles of a small molecular dye and a larger nanoparticle through the colloidosomes. It is further demonstrated that the preparation of monodisperse emulsions stabilized by other types of soft particles allows us control the stability of the emulsion with a pH trigger and improved biocompatibility. Thirdly, the preparation of multiple emulsions stabilized by a special designed PEG-b-PS diblock copolymer with desired hydrophobicity by one-step method was presented. The ultra-stability of the as-obtained multiple emulsions was ascribed to the effective steric stabilization of the two interfaces with different polymer configurations at the interfaces. A series of diblock copolymer with increasing PS chain length was then synthesized to investigate the influence of asymmetry ratio on the type of emulsions prepared. It is found that the diblock copolymers with the asymmetry ratio of approximately 1 had the highest power to stabilize multiple emulsions. The multiple emulsions were demonstrated to be a promising platform for controlled release. In the end, particle-stabilized water-in-air liquid marbles were investigated. PSco-MAA nanoparticles synthesized from surfactant-free emulsion polymerization were proved to be effective liquid marble stabilizers. The influence of drying conditions on the properties of liquid marbles was investigated through a macroscopic way. The pH value of the particle dispersion, which influences the protonation states of the particles before freeze-drying, has a profound influence on the property of the stabilized liquid marbles. A brief comment to the future of work of these investigated systems is delivered in the last part.

Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shear Stress

PubMed Central

Lane, Whitney O.; Jantzen, Alexandra E.; Carlon, Tim A.; Jamiolkowski, Ryan M.; Grenet, Justin E.; Ley, Melissa M.; Haseltine, Justin M.; Galinat, Lauren J.; Lin, Fu-Hsiung; Allen, Jason D.; Truskey, George A.; Achneck, Hardean E.

2012-01-01

The overall goal of this method is to describe a technique to subject adherent cells to laminar flow conditions and evaluate their response to well quantifiable fluid shear stresses1. Our flow chamber design and flow circuit (Fig. 1) contains a transparent viewing region that enables testing of cell adhesion and imaging of cell morphology immediately before flow (Fig. 11A, B), at various time points during flow (Fig. 11C), and after flow (Fig. 11D). These experiments are illustrated with human umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and porcine EPCs2,3. This method is also applicable to other adherent cell types, e.g. smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or fibroblasts. The chamber and all parts of the circuit are easily sterilized with steam autoclaving. In contrast to other chambers, e.g. microfluidic chambers, large numbers of cells (> 1 million depending on cell size) can be recovered after the flow experiment under sterile conditions for cell culture or other experiments, e.g. DNA or RNA extraction, or immunohistochemistry (Fig. 11E), or scanning electron microscopy5. The shear stress can be adjusted by varying the flow rate of the perfusate, the fluid viscosity, or the channel height and width. The latter can reduce fluid volume or cell needs while ensuring that one-dimensional flow is maintained. It is not necessary to measure chamber height between experiments, since the chamber height does not depend on the use of gaskets, which greatly increases the ease of multiple experiments. Furthermore, the circuit design easily enables the collection of perfusate samples for analysis and/or quantification of metabolites secreted by cells under fluid shear stress exposure, e.g. nitric oxide (Fig. 12)6. PMID:22297325

Enzymatically Crosslinked Emulsion Gels Using Star-Polymer Stabilizers.

PubMed

Ma, Kai; An, Zesheng

2016-10-01

A novel type of emulsion gel based on star-polymer-stabilized emulsions is highlighted, which contains discrete hydrophobic oil and hydrophilic aqueous solution domains. Well-defined phenol-functionalized core-crosslinked star polymers are synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated dispersion polymerization and are used as stabilizers for oil-in-water emulsions. Horseradish-peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of the phenol moieties in the presence of H 2 O 2 enables rapid formation of crosslinked emulsion gels under mild conditions. The crosslinked emulsion gels exhibit enhanced mechanical strength, as well as widely tunable composition. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Development of neutron measurement in high gamma field using new nuclear emulsion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kawarabayashi, J.; Ishihara, K.; Takagi, K.

2011-07-01

To precisely measure the neutron emissions from a spent fuel assembly of a fast breeder reactor, we formed nuclear emulsions based on a non-sensitized Oscillation Project with Emulsion tracking Apparatus (OPERA) film with AgBr grain sizes of 60, 90, and 160 nm. The efficiency for {sup 252}Cf neutron detection of the new emulsion was calculated to be 0.7 x 10{sup -4}, which corresponded to an energy range from 0.3 to 2 MeV and was consistent with a preliminary estimate based on experimental results. The sensitivity of the new emulsion was also experimentally estimated by irradiating with 565 keV and 14more » MeV neutrons. The emulsion with an AgBr grain size of 60 nm had the lowest sensitivity among the above three emulsions but was still sensitive enough to detect protons. Furthermore, the experimental data suggested that there was a threshold linear energy transfer of 15 keV/{mu}m for the new emulsion, below which no silver clusters developed. Further development of nuclear emulsion with an AgBr grain size of a few tens of nanometers will be the next stage of the present study. (authors)« less

Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Saponified Epoxidized Soybean Oil-Grafted Hydroxyethyl Cellulose.

PubMed

Huang, Xujuan; Li, Qiaoguang; Liu, He; Shang, Shibin; Shen, Minggui; Song, Jie

2017-05-03

An oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by saponified epoxidized soybean oil-grafted hydroxyethyl cellulose (H-ESO-HEC) was investigated. By using an ultrasonic method, oil-in-water emulsions were prepared by blending 50 wt % soybean oil and 50 wt % H-ESO-HEC aqueous suspensions. The influence of H-ESO-HEC concentrations on the properties of oil-in-water emulsions was examined. The H-ESO-HEC concentrations in the aqueous phase varied from 0.02 to 0.40 wt %. When the H-ESO-HEC concentration was 0.4 wt %, the emulsion remained stable for >80 days. The mean droplet sizes of the emulsions decreased by increasing the H-ESO-HEC concentration and extending the ultrasonic time. The adsorption amounts of H-ESO-HEC at the oil-water interface increased when the H-ESO-HEC concentrations in the aqueous phase increased. The rheological property revealed that the apparent viscosity of the H-ESO-HEC-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions increased when the H-ESO-HEC concentrations increased. Steady flow curves indicated an interfacial film formation in the emulsions. The evolution of G', G″, and tan η indicated the predominantly elastic behaviors of all the emulsions.

Development of Safe and Potent Oil-in-Water Emulsion of Paclitaxel to Treat Peritoneal Dissemination.

PubMed

Ogawara, Ken-Ichi; Fukuoka, Yoshiko; Yoshizawa, Yuta; Kimura, Toshikiro; Higaki, Kazutaka

2017-04-01

To develop a safer and more potent paclitaxel (PTX) formulation, we prepared various oil-in-water emulsions by using egg phosphatidylcholine, Tween 80, and a mixture of triglycerides with different fatty acid chain lengths as the cosurfactant, surfactant, and oil phase component, respectively. The mean particle diameters of the PTX-emulsions prepared were around 100 nm. The PTX-emulsions did not provoke histamine release from rat mast cells and did not show any significant hemolytic activity, suggesting that PTX-emulsions are biocompatible. In vivo antitumor activity after single intraperitoneal injection of PTX-emulsions to ascites tumor-bearing mice revealed that the formulation containing tricaproin and triacetin (3:1, wt/wt, PTX-emulsion B) significantly prolonged the survival time and suppressed the accumulation of ascites fluid. Two distinct in vitro release studies showed that the release of PTX from emulsion B was significantly faster than those from other preparations. These results indicate that the adequately sustained PTX release would lead to potent in vivo antitumor activity and that PTX-emulsion B would offer an alternative approach to treat peritoneal dissemination. Copyright © 2017 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Endocytosis of Corn Oil-Caseinate Emulsions In Vitro: Impacts of Droplet Sizes

PubMed Central

Fan, Yuting; Yokoyama, Wally; Yi, Jiang

2017-01-01

The relative uptake and mechanisms of lipid-based emulsions of three different particle diameters by Caco-2 cells were studied. The corn oil-sodium caseinate emulsions showed little or no cytotoxicity even at 2 mg/mL protein concentration for any of the three droplet size emulsions. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of Nile red containing emulsions showed that the lipid-based emulsions were absorbed by Caco-2 cells. A negative correlation between the mean droplet size and cellular uptake was observed. There was a time-dependent and energy-dependent uptake as shown by incubation at different times and treatment with sodium azide a general inhibitor of active transport. The endocytosis of lipid-based emulsions was size-dependent. The internalization of nanoemulsion droplets into Caco-2 cells mainly occurred through clathrin- and caveolae/lipid raft-related pathways, while macropinocytosis route played the most important role for 556 nm emulsion endocytosis as shown by the use of specific pathway inhibitors. Permeability of the emulsion through the apical or basal routes also suggested that active transport may be the main route for lipid-based nanoemulsions. The results may assist in the design and application of lipid-based nanoemulsions in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals delivery. PMID:29072633

Effect of cationic lipid composition on properties of oligonucleotide/emulsion complexes: Physico-chemical and release studies.

PubMed

Martini, Erico; Fattal, Elias; de Oliveira, Mônica Cristina; Teixeira, Helder

2008-03-20

This paper describes the influence of cationic lipid composition on physico-chemical properties of complexes formed between oligonucleotides (ON) and cationic emulsions. Formulations containing medium chain triglycerides, egg lecithin, increasing amounts of either oleylamine (OA) or 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), and water were prepared by a spontaneous emulsification procedure. ON adsorption on emulsions was evidenced by the inversion of the zeta-potential, the increase in droplet size, and the morphology of the oil droplet examined through transmission electron microscopy. Adsorption isotherms showed a higher amount of ON adsorbed on emulsions containing DOTAP when compared to emulsions containing OA. In a final step, the role of the main parameters, which may in fact influence the ON release rate from emulsions, was investigated. ON were progressively released from emulsions with an increase in dilution ratio and remained quite similar for both OA and DOTAP emulsions over time. Conversely, the effect of the cationic lipid composition was observed upon increasing the charge ratio of complexes. ON release at a same charge ratio was lower from emulsions containing DOTAP (bearing dioleyl chains) than from those containing OA (bearing monoleyl chain).

40 CFR 467.20 - Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... rolling with emulsions subcategory. 467.20 Section 467.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Rolling With Emulsions Subcategory § 467.20 Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory. This subpart applies to dischargers of pollutants to waters of the United States and...

40 CFR 467.20 - Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... rolling with emulsions subcategory. 467.20 Section 467.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Rolling With Emulsions Subcategory § 467.20 Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory. This subpart applies to dischargers of pollutants to waters of the United States and...

40 CFR 467.20 - Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... rolling with emulsions subcategory. 467.20 Section 467.20 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Rolling With Emulsions Subcategory § 467.20 Applicability; description of the rolling with emulsions subcategory. This subpart applies to dischargers of pollutants to waters of the United States and...

Fabrication of Concentrated Fish Oil Emulsions Using Dual-Channel Microfluidization: Impact of Droplet Concentration on Physical Properties and Lipid Oxidation.

PubMed

Liu, Fuguo; Zhu, Zhenbao; Ma, Cuicui; Luo, Xiang; Bai, Long; Decker, Eric Andrew; Gao, Yanxiang; McClements, David Julian

2016-12-21

Chemically unstable lipophilic bioactives, such as polyunsaturated lipids, often have to be encapsulated in emulsion-based delivery systems before they can be incorporated into foods, supplements, and pharmaceuticals. The objective of this study was to develop highly concentrated emulsion-based fish oil delivery systems using natural emulsifiers. Fish oil-in-water emulsions were fabricated using a highly efficient dual-channel high-pressure microfluidizer. The impact of oil concentration on the formation, physical properties, and oxidative stability of fish oil emulsions prepared using two natural emulsifiers (quillaja saponins and rhamnolipids) and one synthetic emulsifier (Tween-80) was examined. The mean droplet size, polydispersity, and apparent viscosity of the fish oil emulsions increased with increasing oil content. However, physically stable emulsions with high fish oil levels (30 or 40 wt %) could be produced using all three emulsifiers, with rhamnolipids giving the smallest droplet size (d < 160 nm). The stability of the emulsions to lipid oxidation increased as the oil content increased. The oxidative stability of the emulsions also depended on the nature of the emulsifier coating the lipid droplets, with the oxidative stability decreasing in the following order: rhamnolipids > saponins ≈ Tween-80. These results suggest that rhamnolipids may be particularly effective at producing emulsions containing high concentrations of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids-rich fish oil.

Effect of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin-Gelatin Colloidal Complexes on Stability and in Vitro Digestion of Fish Oil Emulsions.

PubMed

Su, Yu-Ru; Tsai, Yi-Chin; Hsu, Chun-Hua; Chao, An-Chong; Lin, Cheng-Wei; Tsai, Min-Lang; Mi, Fwu-Long

2015-11-25

The colloidal complexes composed of grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) and gelatin (GLT), as natural antioxidants to improve stability and inhibit lipid oxidation in menhaden fish oil emulsions, were evaluated. The interactions between GSP and GLT, and the chemical structures of GSP/GLT self-assembled colloidal complexes, were characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) studies. Fish oil was emulsified with GLT to obtain an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. After formation of the emulsion, GLT was fixed by GSP to obtain the GSP/GLT colloidal complexes stabilized fish oil emulsion. Menhaden oil emulsified by GSP/GLT(0.4 wt %) colloidal complexes yielded an emulsion with smaller particles and higher emulsion stability as compared to its GLT emulsified counterpart. The GSP/GLT colloidal complexes inhibited the lipid oxidation in fish oil emulsions more effectively than free GLT because the emulsified fish oil was surrounded by the antioxidant GSP/GLT colloidal complexes. The digestion rate of the fish oil emulsified with the GSP/GLT colloidal complexes was reduced as compared to that emulsified with free GLT. The extent of free fatty acids released from the GSP/GLT complexes stabilized fish oil emulsions was 63.3% under simulated digestion condition, indicating that the fish oil emulsion was considerably hydrolyzed with lipase.

Emulsifying properties of legume proteins compared to β-lactoglobulin and Tween 20 and the volatile release from oil-in-water emulsions.

PubMed

Benjamin, O; Silcock, P; Beauchamp, J; Buettner, A; Everett, D W

2014-10-01

The emulsifying properties of plant legume protein isolates (soy, pea, and lupin) were compared to a milk whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), and a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20). The protein fractional composition was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The following emulsion properties were measured: particle diameter, shear surface ζ-potential, interfacial tension (IT), and creaming velocity. The effect of protein preheat treatment (90 °C for 10 min) on the emulsifying behavior and the release of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from emulsions under oral conditions was also investigated in real time using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry. The legume proteins showed comparable results to β-lg and Tween 20, forming stable, negatively charged emulsions with particle diameter d3,2 < 0.4 μm, and maintained stability over 50 d. The relatively lower stability of lupin emulsions was significantly correlated with the low protein surface hydrophobicity and IT of the emulsion. After heating the proteins, the droplet size of pea and lupin emulsions decreased. The VOC release profile was similar between the protein-stabilized emulsions, and greater retention was observed for Tween 20-stabilized emulsions. This study demonstrates the potential application of legume proteins as alternative emulsifiers to milk proteins in emulsion products. © 2014 Institute of Food Technologists®

Jussara berry (Euterpe edulis M.) oil-in-water emulsions are highly stable: the role of natural antioxidants in the fruit oil.

PubMed

Carvalho, Aline G A; Silva, Kelly A; Silva, Laís O; Costa, André M M; Akil, Emília; Coelho, Maria A Z; Torres, Alexandre G

2018-05-23

Antioxidants help prevent lipid oxidation, and therefore are critical to maintain sensory quality and chemical characteristics of edible oils. Jussara berry (Euterpe edulis M.) oil is a source of minor compounds with potential antioxidant activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of such compounds on the effectiveness to prevent or delay oxidation of oil present in oil-in-water emulsions, and how the emulsions physical stability would be affected. Jussara berry oil extracted by ethanol extraction, its stripped variations (partially stripped, highly stripped and highly stripped with added BHT), and expeller pressed oil were used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions. Jussara berry oils were analyzed before emulsions preparation to ensure its initial quality and composition, and oil-in-water emulsions were analyzed regarding their oxidative and physical stability. Ethanol extracted oil emulsion presented higher oxidative stability when compared to highly stripped oil emulsion with added synthetic antioxidant BHT (oxidative stability index 45% lower, after 60 days, and reached undetectable levels after 90 days). All emulsions maintained physically stable for up to 120 days of storage. Our results indicate that natural antioxidants in jussara berry oil protect emulsions from oxidation while keeping physical stability unchanged. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Studies with a safflower oil emulsion in total parenteral nutrition.

PubMed Central

Wong, K. H.; Deitel, M.

1981-01-01

The prevention of essential fatty acid deficiency and the provision of adequate amounts of energy are two major concerns in total parenteral nutrition. Since earlier preparations of fat emulsion used to supplement the usual regimen of hypertonic glucose and amino acids have widely varying clinical acceptability, a new product, a safflower oil emulsion available in two concentrations (Liposyn), was evaluated. In four clinical trials the emulsion was used as a supplement to total parenteral nutrition. In five surgical patients 500 ml of the 10% emulsion infused every third day prevented or corrected essential fatty acid deficiency; however, in some cases in infusion every other day may be necessary. In 40 patients in severe catabolic states the emulsion provided 30% to 50% of the energy required daily: 10 patients received the 10% emulsion for 14 to 42 days, 9 patients received each emulsion in turn for 7 days, and 21 patient received the 20% emulsion for 14 to 28 days. All the patients survived and tolerated the lipid well; no adverse clinical effects were attributable to the lipid infusions. Transient mild, apparently clinically insignificant abnormalities in the results of one or more liver function tests and eosinophilia were observed in some patients. Thus, the safflower oil emulsion, at both concentrations, was safe and effective as a source of 30% to 50% of the energy required daily by seriously ill patients. PMID:6799182

An Overview of Pickering Emulsions: Solid-Particle Materials, Classification, Morphology, and Applications

PubMed Central

Yang, Yunqi; Fang, Zhiwei; Chen, Xuan; Zhang, Weiwang; Xie, Yangmei; Chen, Yinghui; Liu, Zhenguo; Yuan, Weien

2017-01-01

Pickering emulsion, a kind of emulsion stabilized only by solid particles locating at oil–water interface, has been discovered a century ago, while being extensively studied in recent decades. Substituting solid particles for traditional surfactants, Pickering emulsions are more stable against coalescence and can obtain many useful properties. Besides, they are more biocompatible when solid particles employed are relatively safe in vivo. Pickering emulsions can be applied in a wide range of fields, such as biomedicine, food, fine chemical synthesis, cosmetics, and so on, by properly tuning types and properties of solid emulsifiers. In this article, we give an overview of Pickering emulsions, focusing on some kinds of solid particles commonly serving as emulsifiers, three main types of products from Pickering emulsions, morphology of solid particles and as-prepared materials, as well as applications in different fields. PMID:28588490

Multiple emulsions as effective platforms for controlled anti-cancer drug delivery.

PubMed

Dluska, Ewa; Markowska-Radomska, Agnieszka; Metera, Agata; Tudek, Barbara; Kosicki, Konrad

2017-09-01

Developing pH-responsive multiple emulsion platforms for effective glioblastoma multiforme therapy with reduced toxicity, a drug release study and modeling. Cancer cell line: U87 MG, multiple emulsions with pH-responsive biopolymer and encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX); preparation of multiple emulsions in a Couette-Taylor flow biocontactor, in vitro release study of DOX (fluorescence intensity analysis), in vitro cytotoxicity study (alamarBlue cell viability assay) and numerical simulation of DOX release rates. The multiple emulsions offered a high DOX encapsulation efficiency (97.4 ± 1%) and pH modulated release rates of a drug. Multiple emulsions with a low concentration of DOX (0.02 μM) exhibited broadly advanced cell (U87 MG) cytotoxicity than free DOX solution used at the same concentration. Emulsion platforms could be explored for potential delivery of chemotherapeutics in glioblastoma multiforme therapy.

Closed-Loop Multitarget Optimization for Discovery of New Emulsion Polymerization Recipes

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Self-optimization of chemical reactions enables faster optimization of reaction conditions or discovery of molecules with required target properties. The technology of self-optimization has been expanded to discovery of new process recipes for manufacture of complex functional products. A new machine-learning algorithm, specifically designed for multiobjective target optimization with an explicit aim to minimize the number of “expensive” experiments, guides the discovery process. This “black-box” approach assumes no a priori knowledge of chemical system and hence particularly suited to rapid development of processes to manufacture specialist low-volume, high-value products. The approach was demonstrated in discovery of process recipes for a semibatch emulsion copolymerization, targeting a specific particle size and full conversion. PMID:26435638

Comparison of the adjuvant activity of emulsions with different physicochemical properties on the antibody response towards the venom of West African carpet viper (Echis ocellatus).

PubMed

Valverde, Juan Manuel; Rodríguez, Karina; Herrera, María; Segura, Álvaro; Vargas, Mariángela; Villalta, Mauren; Montero, Mavis; Gutiérrez, Jose María; León, Guillermo

2017-03-01

Adjuvant emulsions are widely used to enhance the antibody response of the animals used as immunoglobulin source for producing antivenoms. Usually, the adjuvant activity of emulsions is attributed both to their ability to trigger "danger" signals from cells in which they induce death, and to form depots from which immunogens are slowly released. However, there is contradictory evidence suggesting that adjuvant activity of emulsions is independent of the dispersion type and the rate of immunogen release. In order to test how physical properties of emulsions, composed of mineral oil and water, affect their ability to enhance the antibody response towards snake venoms, we compared water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions prepared at volume ratios of 70/30, 50/50 or 30/70, a 50/50 oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, and a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion. Comparison included their droplet-size, viscosity, rate of immunogen release and ability to enhance the antibody response of mice immunized with the venom of the African viperid snake Echis ocellatus. It was found that all emulsions released a low amount of venom, and that the 50/50 (W/O) and the multiple emulsion (W/O/W) were those that induced the higher anti-venom antibody response. Our results suggest that the ability of emulsions to enhance the anti-venom response is not associated to their ability to form depots from which the venom is slowly released. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interfacial film stabilized W/O/W nano multiple emulsions loaded with green tea and lotus extracts: systematic characterization of physicochemical properties and shelf-storage stability

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background and aims Multiple emulsions have excellent encapsulating potential and this investigation has been aimed to encapsulate two different plant extracts as functional cosmetic agents in the W/O/W multiple emulsions and the resultant system’s long term stability has been determined in the presence of a thickener, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Methods Multiple W/O/W emulsions have been generated using cetyl dimethicone copolyol as lipophilic emulsifier and a blend of polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether and cetomacrogol 1000® as hydrophilic emulsifiers. The generated multiple emulsions have been characterized with conductivity, pH, microscopic analysis, phase separation and rheology for a period of 30 days. Moreover, long term shelf-storage stability has been tested to understand the shelf-life by keeping the generated multiple emulsion formulations at 25 ± 10°C and at 40 ± 10% relative humidity for a period of 12 months. Results It has been observed that the hydrophilic emulsifiers and HPMC have considerably improved the stability of multiple emulsions for the followed period of 12 months at different storage conditions. These multiple emulsions have shown improved entrapment efficiencies concluded on the release rate of conductometric tracer entrapped in the inner aqueous phase of the multiple emulsions. Conclusion Multiple emulsions have been found to be stable for a longer period of time with promising characteristics. Hence, stable multiple emulsions loaded with green tea and lotus extracts could be explored for their cosmetic benefits. PMID:24885994

Plasma Crystal-3 Plus experiment Chamber Leak Check

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-07-01

ISS024-E-007144 (1 July 2010) --- Russian cosmonaut Alexander Skvortsov, Expedition 24 commander, performs chamber leak checks on the new Plasma Crystal-3 Plus experiment in the Poisk Mini-Research Module 2 (MRM2) of the International Space Station.

Cold in-place recycling using solventless emulsion - phase IV (emulsion qualification and long-term field performance).

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-05-01

This report looks into how a successful Cold In-Place solventless emulsion behaves and how the emulsion : break test developed in Phase III of this project demonstrates that behavior. Modifications to the test have been : made to improve the consiste...

Upper Stage Flight Experiment 10K Engine Design and Test Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, R.; Morgan, D.; Crockett, D.; Martinez, L.; Anderson, W.; McNeal, C.

2000-01-01

A 10,000 lbf thrust chamber was developed for the Upper Stage Flight Experiment (USFE). This thrust chamber uses hydrogen peroxide/JP-8 oxidizer/fuel combination. The thrust chamber comprises an oxidizer dome and manifold, catalyst bed assembly, fuel injector, and chamber/nozzle assembly. Testing of the engine was done at NASA's Stennis Space Center (SSC) to verify its performance and life for future upper stage or Reusable Launch Vehicle applications. Various combinations of silver screen catalyst beds, fuel injectors, and combustion chambers were tested. Results of the tests showed high C* efficiencies (97% - 100%) and vacuum specific impulses of 275 - 298 seconds. With fuel film cooling, heating rates were low enough that the silica/quartz phenolic throat experienced minimal erosion. Mission derived requirements were met, along with a perfect safety record.

A new gun facility dedicated to performing shock physics and terminal ballistics experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zakraysek, Alan J.; Sutherland, Gerrit T.; Sandusky, Harold D.; Strange, David

2000-04-01

A new building has been constructed to house various powder and single-stage and two-stage gas guns at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division. Guns previously located at the Naval Research Laboratory and the former White Oak Site of the Naval Surface Warfare Center have been relocated here. Most of the guns are mounted on moveable pedestals to allow them to be shot into various chambers. The facility includes a concrete blast chamber, a target chamber/catch tank for flyer plate experiments, and a target chamber outfitted for terminal ballistics measurements. This paper will discuss the capabilities of this new facility.

A facility for long-term Mars simulation experiments: the Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH).

PubMed

Jensen, Lars Liengaard; Merrison, Jonathan; Hansen, Aviaja Anna; Mikkelsen, Karina Aarup; Kristoffersen, Tommy; Nørnberg, Per; Lomstein, Bente Aagaard; Finster, Kai

2008-06-01

We describe the design, construction, and pilot operation of a Mars simulation facility comprised of a cryogenic environmental chamber, an atmospheric gas analyzer, and a xenon/mercury discharge source for UV generation. The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH) consists of a double-walled cylindrical chamber. The double wall provides a cooling mantle through which liquid N(2) can be circulated. A load-lock system that consists of a small pressure-exchange chamber, which can be evacuated, allows for the exchange of samples without changing the chamber environment. Fitted within the MESCH is a carousel, which holds up to 10 steel sample tubes. Rotation of the carousel is controlled by an external motor. Each sample in the carousel can be placed at any desired position. Environmental data, such as temperature, pressure, and UV exposure time, are computer logged and used in automated feedback mechanisms, enabling a wide variety of experiments that include time series. Tests of the simulation facility have successfully demonstrated its ability to produce temperature cycles and maintain low temperature (down to -140 degrees C), low atmospheric pressure (5-10 mbar), and a gas composition like that of Mars during long-term experiments.

A Facility for Long-Term Mars Simulation Experiments: The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jensen, Lars Liengaard; Merrison, Jonathan; Hansen, Aviaja Anna; Mikkelsen, Karina Aarup; Kristoffersen, Tommy; Nørnberg, Per; Lomstein, Bente Aagaard; Finster, Kai

2008-06-01

We describe the design, construction, and pilot operation of a Mars simulation facility comprised of a cryogenic environmental chamber, an atmospheric gas analyzer, and a xenon/mercury discharge source for UV generation. The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH) consists of a double-walled cylindrical chamber. The double wall provides a cooling mantle through which liquid N2 can be circulated. A load-lock system that consists of a small pressure-exchange chamber, which can be evacuated, allows for the exchange of samples without changing the chamber environment. Fitted within the MESCH is a carousel, which holds up to 10 steel sample tubes. Rotation of the carousel is controlled by an external motor. Each sample in the carousel can be placed at any desired position. Environmental data, such as temperature, pressure, and UV exposure time, are computer logged and used in automated feedback mechanisms, enabling a wide variety of experiments that include time series. Tests of the simulation facility have successfully demonstrated its ability to produce temperature cycles and maintain low temperature (down to -140°C), low atmospheric pressure (5 10 mbar), and a gas composition like that of Mars during long-term experiments.

Calibration of cathode strip gains in multiwire drift chambers of the GlueX experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berdnikov, V. V.; Somov, S. V.; Pentchev, L.

A technique for calibrating cathode strip gains in multiwire drift chambers of the GlueX experiment is described. The accuracy of the technique is estimated based on Monte Carlo generated data with known gain coefficients in the strip signal channels. One of the four detector sections has been calibrated using cosmic rays. Results of drift chamber calibration on the accelerator beam upon inclusion in the GlueX experimental setup are presented.

Process for removing sulfate anions from waste water

DOEpatents

Nilsen, David N.; Galvan, Gloria J.; Hundley, Gary L.; Wright, John B.

1997-01-01

A liquid emulsion membrane process for removing sulfate anions from waste water is disclosed. The liquid emulsion membrane process includes the steps of: (a) providing a liquid emulsion formed from an aqueous strip solution and an organic phase that contains an extractant capable of removing sulfate anions from waste water; (b) dispersing the liquid emulsion in globule form into a quantity of waste water containing sulfate anions to allow the organic phase in each globule of the emulsion to extract and absorb sulfate anions from the waste water and (c) separating the emulsion including its organic phase and absorbed sulfate anions from the waste water to provide waste water containing substantially no sulfate anions.

The Outdoor Atmospheric Simulation Chamber of Orleans-France (HELIOS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mellouki, A.; Véronique, D.; Grosselin, B.; Peyroux, F.; Benoit, R.; Ren, Y.; Idir, M.

2016-12-01

Atmospheric simulation chambers are among the most advanced tools for investigating the atmospheric processes to derive physico-chemical parameters which are required for air quality and climate models. Recently, the ICARE-CNRS at Orléans (France) has set up a new large outdoor simulation chamber, HELIOS. HELIOS is one of the most advanced simulation chambers in Europe. It is one of the largest outdoor chambers and is especially suited to processes studies performed under realistic atmospheric conditions. HELIOS is a large hemispherical outdoor simulation chamber (volume of 90 m3) positioned on the top of ICARE-CNRS building at Orléans (47°50'18.39N; 1°56'40.03E). The chamber is made of FEP film ensuring more than 90 % solar light transmission. The chamber is protected against severe meteorological conditions by a moveable "box" which contains a series of Xenon lamps enabling to conduct experiments using artificial light. This special design makes HELIOS a unique platform where experiments can be made using both types of irradiations. HELIOS is dedicated mainly to the investigation of the chemical processes under different conditions (sunlight, artificial light and dark). The platform allows conducting the same type of experiments under both natural and artificial light irradiation. The available large range of complementary and highly sensitive instruments allows investigating the radical chemistry, gas phase processes and aerosol formation under realistic conditions. The characteristics of HELIOS will be presented as well as the first series of experimental results obtained so far.

Wakata works with InSPACE hardware

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-07-13

ISS020-E-019099 (13 July 2009) --- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Koichi Wakata, Expedition 20 flight engineer, works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

Wakata works with InSPACE hardware

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-07-14

ISS020-E-020303 (14 July 2009) --- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Koichi Wakata, Expedition 20 flight engineer, works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station.

pH-induced inversion of water-in-oil emulsions to oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) using core cross-linked star (CCS) polymer as interfacial stabilizer.

PubMed

Chen, Qijing; Deng, Xiaoyong; An, Zesheng

2014-06-01

A pH-responsive core cross-linked star (CCS) polymer containing poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) arms was used as an interfacial stabilizer for emulsions containing toluene (80 v%) and water (20 v%). In the pH range of 12.1-9.3, ordinary water-in-oil emulsions were formed. Intermediate multiple emulsions of oil-in-water-in-oil and water-in-oil-in-water were formed at pH 8.6 and 7.5, respectively. Further lowering the pH resulted in the formation of gelled high internal phase emulsions of oil-in-water type in the pH range of 6.4-0.6. The emulsion behavior was correlated with interfacial tension, conductivity and configuration of the CCS polymer at different pH. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Effects of Fatty Acid Addition to Oil-in-water Emulsions Stabilized with Sucrose Fatty Acid Ester.

PubMed

Watanabe, Takamasa; Kawai, Takahiro; Nonomura, Yoshimune

2018-03-01

Adding fatty acids to an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion changes the stability of the emulsion. In this study, we prepared a series of O/W emulsions consisting of oil (triolein/fatty acid mixture), water and a range of surfactants (sucrose fatty acid esters) with varying hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) in order to determine the effects of alkyl chain length and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid molecules on the stability of the emulsions. As a result, sucrose fatty acid esters with HLB = 5-7 were suitable for obtaining O/W emulsions. In addition, the creaming phenomenon was inhibited for 30 days or more when fatty acids having a linear saturated alkyl chain with 14 or more carbon atoms were added. These findings are useful for designing stable O/W emulsions for food and cosmetic products.

Intravenous Lipid Emulsions in Parenteral Nutrition123

PubMed Central

Fell, Gillian L; Nandivada, Prathima; Gura, Kathleen M; Puder, Mark

2015-01-01

Fat is an important macronutrient in the human diet. For patients with intestinal failure who are unable to absorb nutrients via the enteral route, intravenous lipid emulsions play a critical role in providing an energy-dense source of calories and supplying the essential fatty acids that cannot be endogenously synthesized. Over the last 50 y, lipid emulsions have been an important component of parenteral nutrition (PN), and over the last 10–15 y many new lipid emulsions have been manufactured with the goal of improving safety and efficacy profiles and achieving physiologically optimal formulations. The purpose of this review is to provide a background on the components of lipid emulsions, their role in PN, and to discuss the lipid emulsions available for intravenous use. Finally, the role of parenteral fat emulsions in the pathogenesis and management of PN-associated liver disease in PN-dependent pediatric patients is reviewed. PMID:26374182

40 CFR 467.60 - Applicability; description of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory. 467.60 Section 467.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps Subcategory § 467.60 Applicability; description of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

40 CFR 467.60 - Applicability; description of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory. 467.60 Section 467.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps Subcategory § 467.60 Applicability; description of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

40 CFR 467.60 - Applicability; description of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory. 467.60 Section 467.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... CATEGORY Drawing With Emulsions or Soaps Subcategory § 467.60 Applicability; description of the drawing with emulsions or soaps subcategory. This subpart applies to discharges of pollutants to waters of the...

Transitional phase inversion of emulsions monitored by in situ near-infrared spectroscopy.

PubMed

Charin, R M; Nele, M; Tavares, F W

2013-05-21

Water-heptane/toluene model emulsions were prepared to study emulsion transitional phase inversion by in situ near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). The first emulsion contained a small amount of ionic surfactant (0.27 wt % of sodium dodecyl sulfate) and n-pentanol as a cosurfactant. In this emulsion, the study was guided by an inversion coordinate route based on a phase behavior study previously performed. The morphology changes were induced by rising aqueous phase salinity in a "steady-state" inversion protocol. The second emulsion contained a nonionic surfactant (ethoxylated nonylphenol) at a concentration of 3 wt %. A continuous temperature change induced two distinct transitional phase inversions: one occurred during the heating of the system and another during the cooling. NIR spectroscopy was able to detect phase inversion in these emulsions due to differences between light scattered/absorbed by water in oil (W/O) and oil in water (O/W) morphologies. It was observed that the two model emulsions exhibit different inversion mechanisms closely related to different quantities of the middle phases formed during the three-phase behavior of Winsor type III.

Stability and in vitro digestibility of emulsions containing lecithin and whey proteins.

PubMed

Mantovani, Raphaela Araujo; Cavallieri, Ângelo Luiz Fazani; Netto, Flavia Maria; Cunha, Rosiane Lopes

2013-09-01

The effect of pH and high-pressure homogenization on the properties of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by lecithin and/or whey proteins (WPI) was evaluated. For this purpose, emulsions were characterized by visual analysis, droplet size distribution, zeta potential, electrophoresis, rheological measurements and their response to in vitro digestion. Lecithin emulsions were stable even after 7 days of storage and WPI emulsions were unstable only at pH values close to the isoelectric point (pI) of proteins. Systems containing the mixture of lecithin and WPI showed high kinetic instability at pH 3, which was attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the emulsifiers oppositely charged at this pH value. At pH 5.5 and 7, the mixture led to reduction of the droplet size with enhanced emulsion stability compared to the systems with WPI or lecithin. The stability of WPI emulsions after the addition of lecithin, especially at pH 5.5, was associated with the increase of droplet surface charge density. The in vitro digestion evaluation showed that WPI emulsion was more stable against gastrointestinal conditions.

Crystals and crystallization in oil-in-water emulsions: implications for emulsion-based delivery systems.

PubMed

McClements, David Julian

2012-06-15

Many bioactive components intended for oral ingestion (pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals) are hydrophobic molecules with low water-solubilities and high melting points, which poses considerable challenges to the formulation of oral delivery systems. Oil-in-water emulsions are often suitable vehicles for the encapsulation and delivery of this type of bioactive component. The bioactive component is usually dissolved in a carrier lipid phase by either dilution and/or heating prior to homogenization, and then the carrier lipid and water phases are homogenized to form an emulsion consisting of small oil droplets dispersed in water. The successful development of this kind of emulsion-based delivery system depends on a good understanding of the influence of crystals on the formation, stability, and properties of emulsions. This review article addresses the physicochemical phenomena associated with the encapsulation, retention, crystallization, release, and absorption of hydrophobic bioactive components within emulsions. This knowledge will be useful for the rational formulation of effective emulsion-based delivery systems for oral delivery of crystalline hydrophobic bioactive components in the food, health care, and pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oil encapsulation in core-shell alginate capsules by inverse gelation II: comparison between dripping techniques using W/O or O/W emulsions.

PubMed

Martins, Evandro; Poncelet, Denis; Rodrigues, Ramila Cristiane; Renard, Denis

2017-09-01

In the first part of this article, it was described an innovative method of oil encapsulation from dripping-inverse gelation using water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. It was noticed that the method of oil encapsulation was quite different depending on the emulsion type (W/O or oil-in-water (O/W)) used and that the emulsion structure (W/O or O/W) had a high impact on the dripping technique and the capsules characteristics. The objective of this article was to elucidate the differences between the dripping techniques using both emulsions and compare the capsule properties (mechanical resistance and release of actives). The oil encapsulation using O/W emulsions was easier to perform and did not require the use of emulsion destabilisers. However, capsules produced from W/O emulsions were more resistant to compression and showed the slower release of actives over time. The findings detailed here widened the knowledge of the inverse gelation and gave opportunities to develop new techniques of oil encapsulation.

Comparison of simple, double and gelled double emulsions as hydroxytyrosol and n-3 fatty acid delivery systems.

PubMed

Flaiz, Linda; Freire, María; Cofrades, Susana; Mateos, Raquel; Weiss, Jochen; Jiménez-Colmenero, Francisco; Bou, Ricard

2016-12-15

The purpose of this study was to compare three different emulsion-based systems, namely simple emulsion, double emulsion and gelled double emulsion, for delivery of n-3 fatty acids (perilla oil at 300g/kg) and hydroxytyrosol (300mg/kg). Considering that their structural differences may affect their physical and oxidative stability, this was studied by storing them at 4°C for 22days in the dark. The results showed that the oxidative status was maintained in all systems by the addition of hydroxytyrosol. However, there was some loss of hydroxytyrosol, mainly during sample storage and during preparation of the gelled double emulsion. Moreover, the antioxidant loss was more pronounced in more compartmentalized systems, which was attributed to their increased surface area. However, the double emulsion was found to be less stable than the gelled emulsion. Overall, the encapsulation of labile compounds in more complex systems needs to be carefully studied and adapted to specific technological and/or nutritional requirements. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Co-delivery of hydrophobic curcumin and hydrophilic catechin by a water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion.

PubMed

Aditya, N P; Aditya, Sheetal; Yang, Hanjoo; Kim, Hye Won; Park, Sung Ook; Ko, Sanghoon

2015-04-15

Curcumin and catechin are naturally occurring phytochemicals with extreme sensitivity to oxidation and low bioavailability. We fabricated a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsion encapsulating hydrophilic catechin and hydrophobic curcumin simultaneously. The co-loaded emulsion was fabricated using a two-step emulsification method, and its physicochemical properties were characterised. Volume-weighted mean size (d43) of emulsion droplets was ≈3.88 μm for blank emulsions, whereas it decreased to ≈2.8-3.0 μm for curcumin and/or catechin-loaded emulsions, which was attributed to their capacity to act as emulsifiers. High entrapment efficiency was observed for curcumin and/or catechin-loaded emulsions (88-97%). Encapsulation of catechin and curcumin within an emulsion increased their stability significantly in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, which resulted in a four-fold augmentation in their bioaccessibility compared to that of freely suspended curcumin and catechin solutions. Co-loading of curcumin and catechin did not have adverse effects on either compound's stability or bioaccessibility. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

One-step formation of w/o/w multiple emulsions stabilized by single amphiphilic block copolymers.

PubMed

Hong, Liangzhi; Sun, Guanqing; Cai, Jinge; Ngai, To

2012-02-07

Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed systems in which both oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion exists simultaneously. They are often prepared accroding to a two-step process and commonly stabilized using a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfactants. Recently, some reports have shown that multiple emulsions can also be produced through one-step method with simultaneous occurrence of catastrophic and transitional phase inversions. However, these reported multiple emulsions need surfactant blends and are usually described as transitory or temporary systems. Herein, we report a one-step phase inversion process to produce water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions stabilized solely by a synthetic diblock copolymer. Unlike the use of small molecule surfactant combinations, block copolymer stabilized multiple emulsions are remarkably stable and show the ability to separately encapsulate both polar and nonpolar cargos. The importance of the conformation of the copolymer surfactant at the interfaces with regards to the stability of the multiple emulsions using the one-step method is discussed.

Evaluation of emulsion emulsified by starch nanocrystal: A preliminary study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Azfar Al Ariff; Lazim, Azwan Mat

2018-04-01

The starch nanocrystals (SNC) used in this study were made of sago starch and prepared by using sulfuric acid hydrolysis of sago starch. The aim of this study is to look at the potential of SNC as and emulsifier. Previously, the SNC underwent analytical analysis in order to understand and evaluate the isolated SNC. The ability of SNC as emulsifier was further investigated in this study. Emulsions with low, medium and high oil content has been prepared in function of different wt% of SNC. The emulsion stability against coalescence for two weeks has also been studied. Results showed that the emulsions prepared are steadily stable after one weeks of storage without any separation and changes. From the observation, there are two major factor contributed to the formation of emulsion and its stability, the SNC concentration and oil content. Relatively, higher percentage of SNC resulting a higher emulsion index, whereas no emulsion was formed if oil content exceeding 50% of the systems. The most suitable formulation to prepare Pickering Emulsion is the oil content around 45% and SNC concentration around 2 - 4%.

Enhanced creaming of milk fat globules in milk emulsions by the application of ultrasound and detection by means of optical methods.

PubMed

Juliano, P; Kutter, A; Cheng, L J; Swiergon, P; Mawson, R; Augustin, M A

2011-09-01

The effects of application of ultrasonic waves to recombined milk emulsions (3.5% fat, 7% total solids) and raw milk on fat destabilization and creaming were examined. Coarse and fine recombined emulsions (D[4,3]=9.3 μm and 2.7 μm, respectively) and raw milk (D[4,3]=4.9 μm) were subjected to ultrasound for 5 min at 35°C and 400 kHz or 1.6 MHz (using a single transducer) or 400 kHz (where the emulsion was sandwiched between two transducers). Creaming, as calculated from Turbiscan measurements, was more evident in the coarse recombined emulsion and raw milk compared to that of the recombined fine emulsion. Micrographs confirmed that there was flocculation and coalescence in creamed layer of emulsion. Coalescence was confirmed by particle size measurement. These results imply that ultrasound has potential to pre-dispose fat particles in milk emulsions to creaming in standing wave systems and in systems with inhomogeneous sound distributions. Crown Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Depopulation of Caged Layer Hens with a Compressed Air Foam System.

PubMed

Gurung, Shailesh; Hoffman, John; Stringfellow, Kendre; Abi-Ghanem, Daad; Zhao, Dan; Caldwell, David; Lee, Jason; Styles, Darrel; Berghman, Luc; Byrd, James; Farnell, Yuhua; Archer, Gregory; Farnell, Morgan

2018-01-11

During the 2014-2015 US highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak, 50.4 million commercial layers and turkeys were affected, resulting in economic losses of $3.3 billion. Rapid depopulation of infected poultry is vital to contain and eradicate reportable diseases like HPAI. The hypothesis of the experiment was that a compressed air foam (CAF) system may be used as an alternative to carbon dioxide (CO₂) inhalation for depopulating caged layer hens. The objective of this study was to evaluate corticosterone (CORT) and time to cessation of movement (COM) of hens subjected to CAF, CO₂ inhalation, and negative control (NEG) treatments. In Experiment 1, two independent trials were conducted using young and spent hens. Experiment 1 consisted of five treatments: NEG, CO₂ added to a chamber, a CO₂ pre-charged chamber, CAF in cages, and CAF in a chamber. In Experiment 2, only spent hens were randomly assigned to three treatments: CAF in cages, CO₂ added to a chamber, and aspirated foam. Serum CORT levels of young hens were not significantly different among the CAF in cages, CAF in a chamber, NEG control, and CO₂ inhalation treatments. However, spent hens subjected to the CAF in a chamber had significantly higher CORT levels than birds in the rest of the treatments. Times to COM of spent hens subjected to CAF in cages and aspirated foam were significantly greater than of birds exposed to the CO₂ in a chamber treatment. These data suggest that applying CAF in cages is a viable alternative for layer hen depopulation during a reportable disease outbreak.

Premature detonation of an NH₄NO₃ emulsion in reactive ground.

PubMed

Priyananda, Pramith; Djerdjev, Alex M; Gore, Jeff; Neto, Chiara; Beattie, James K; Hawkett, Brian S

2015-01-01

When NH4NO3 emulsions are used in blast holes containing pyrite, they can exothermally react with pyrite, causing the emulsion to intensively heat and detonate prematurely. Such premature detonations can inflict fatal and very costly damages. The mechanism of heating of the emulsions is not well understood though such an understanding is essential for designing safe blasting. In this study the heating of an emulsion in model blast holes was simulated by solving the heat equation. The physical factors contributing to the heating phenomenon were studied using microscopic and calorimetric methods. Microscopic studies revealed the continuous formation of a large number of gas bubbles as the reaction progressed at the emulsion-pyrite interface, which made the reacting emulsion porous. Calculations show that the increase in porosity causes the thermal conductivity of a reacting region of an emulsion column in a blast hole to decrease exponentially. This large reduction in the thermal conductivity retards heat dissipation from the reacting region causing its temperature to rise. The rise in temperature accelerates the exothermic reaction producing more heat. Simulations predict a migration of the hottest spot of the emulsion column, which could dangerously heat the primers and boosters located in the blast hole. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of preservative-free nanoparticles-based emulsions: Effects of NP surface properties and sterilization process.

PubMed

Rowenczyk, Laura; Picard, Céline; Duclairoir-Poc, Cécile; Hucher, Nicolas; Orange, Nicole; Feuilloley, Marc; Grisel, Michel

2016-08-20

Model emulsions were developed with or without commercial titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NP) carrying various surface treatments in order to get close physicochemical properties whatever the NP surface polarity (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). Rheology and texturometry highlighted that the macroscopic properties of the three formulated emulsions were similar. However, characterizations by optical microscopy, static light scattering and zetametry showed that their microstructures reflected the diversity of the incorporated NP surface properties. In order to use these model emulsions as tools for biological evaluations of the NP in use, they had to show the lowest initial microbiological charge and, specifically for the NP-free emulsion, the lowest bactericidal effect. Hence, formulae were developed preservative-free and a thermal sterilization step was conducted. Efficiency of the sterilization and its impact on the emulsion integrity were monitored. Results highlighted the effect of the NP surface properties: only the control emulsion and the emulsion containing hydrophilic NP fulfilled both requirements. To ensure the usability of these model emulsions as tools to evaluate the 'NP effect' on representative bacteria of the skin microflora (S. aureus and P. fluorescens), impact on the bacterial growth was measured on voluntary inoculated formulae. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Oxidation Stability of O/W Emulsion Prepared with Linolenic Acid Enriched Diacylglycerol.

PubMed

Shin, Jung-Ah; Lee, Mi-Young; Lee, Ki-Teak

2016-10-01

The sn-1,3-regiospecific Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme RM IM) was employed to produce structured diacylglycerol (SL-DAG), which contained 67.3 mol% DAG with 27.2 area% of C18:3. To investigate the oxidative stability of the SL-DAG in emulsion form, 5% oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared with 200 and 400 ppm sinapic acid. It was shown that the hydroperoxide values of the control (without any antioxidant) was the highest (117.7 meq/L) on day 43 of storage and thereafter the value decreased. However, the emulsions with 200 and 400 ppm sinapic acid resulted in slow oxidation degree until day 64 of storage (30.3 and 7.3 meq/L, respectively). Aldehyde measurements for the 200 ppm sinapic acid emulsion (12.8 mmol/mol) and the 400 ppm sinapic acid emulsion (7.5 mmol/mol) also showed better oxidative stability than that for the 200 ppm catechin emulsion (27.4 mmol/mol) and the control (52.7 mmol/mol). Although the SL-DAG in the emulsions contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the degree of oxidation in the emulsions can be reduced when sinapic acid is used as an antioxidant. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure and high dynamic pressure on stability and rheological properties of model oil-in-water emulsions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bigikocin, Erman; Mert, Behic; Alpas, Hami

2011-09-01

Both static and dynamic high pressure applications provide interesting modifications in food structures which lead to new product formulations. In this study, the effects of two different treatments, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and high dynamic pressure (HDP), on oil-in-water emulsions were identified and compared. Microfluidization was selected from among the HDP homogenization techniques. The performance of each process was analyzed in terms of rheological modifications and emulsion stability improvements compared with the coarse emulsions. The stability of the emulsions was determined comparatively by using an analytical photo-centrifuge device employing novel analysis technology. Whey protein isolate (WPI) in combination with a food polysaccharide (xanthan gum, guar gum or locust bean gum) were used as emulsifying and stabilizing ingredients. The effective disruption of oil droplets and the degradation of polysaccharides by the shear forces under high pressure in HDP microfluidization yielded finer emulsions with lower viscosities, leading to distinctive improvements in emulsion stability. On the other hand, improvements in stability obtained with HHP treatment were due to the thickening of the emulsions mainly induced by protein unfolding. The corresponding increases in viscosity were intensified in emulsion formulations containing higher oil content. Apart from these, HHP treatment was found to be relatively more contributive to the enhancements in viscoelastic properties.

Combined Effect of Kimchi Powder and Onion Peel Extract on Quality Characteristics of Emulsion Sausages Prepared with Irradiated Pork.

PubMed

Lee, Soo-Yoen; Kim, Hyun-Wook; Hwang, Ko-Eun; Song, Dong-Heon; Choi, Min-Sung; Ham, Youn-Kyung; Choi, Yun-Sang; Lee, Ju-Woon; Lee, Si-Kyung; Kim, Cheon-Jei

2015-01-01

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of kimchi powder and onion peel extract on the quality characteristics of emulsion sausage manufactured with irradiated pork. The emulsion sausages were formulated with 2% kimchi powder and/or 0.05% onion peel extract. The changes in pH value of all treatments were similar, depending on storage periods. The addition of kimchi powder increased the redness and yellowness of the emulsion sausage. The addition of onion peel extract decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value of the emulsion sausages prepared with irradiated pork. The volatile basic nitrogen value of the emulsion sausage prepared with kimchi powder was the highest, whereas that of the emulsion sausage prepared with onion peel extract was the lowest. The treatment without kimchi powder or onion peel extract and the treatments prepared with onion peel extract showed lower microbial populations than the other treatment. Sensory evaluations indicated that a higher acceptability was attained when kimchi powder was added to the emulsion sausages manufactured with irradiated pork. In conclusion, our results suggest that combined use of kimchi powder and onion peel extract could improve quality characteristics and shelf stability of the emulsion sausage formulated with irradiated pork during chilled storage.

Combined Effect of Kimchi Powder and Onion Peel Extract on Quality Characteristics of Emulsion Sausages Prepared with Irradiated Pork

PubMed Central

Choi, Yun-Sang; Lee, Ju-Woon; Lee, Si-Kyung

2015-01-01

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of kimchi powder and onion peel extract on the quality characteristics of emulsion sausage manufactured with irradiated pork. The emulsion sausages were formulated with 2% kimchi powder and/or 0.05% onion peel extract. The changes in pH value of all treatments were similar, depending on storage periods. The addition of kimchi powder increased the redness and yellowness of the emulsion sausage. The addition of onion peel extract decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value of the emulsion sausages prepared with irradiated pork. The volatile basic nitrogen value of the emulsion sausage prepared with kimchi powder was the highest, whereas that of the emulsion sausage prepared with onion peel extract was the lowest. The treatment without kimchi powder or onion peel extract and the treatments prepared with onion peel extract showed lower microbial populations than the other treatment. Sensory evaluations indicated that a higher acceptability was attained when kimchi powder was added to the emulsion sausages manufactured with irradiated pork. In conclusion, our results suggest that combined use of kimchi powder and onion peel extract could improve quality characteristics and shelf stability of the emulsion sausage formulated with irradiated pork during chilled storage. PMID:26761840

Preparation and impact of multiple (water-in-oil-in-water) emulsions in meat systems.

PubMed

Cofrades, S; Antoniou, I; Solas, M T; Herrero, A M; Jiménez-Colmenero, F

2013-11-01

The aim of this paper was to prepare and characterise multiple emulsions and assess their utility as pork backfat replacers in meat gel/emulsion model systems. In order to improve the fat content (in quantitative and qualitative terms) pork backfat was replaced by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (W1/O/W2) prepared with olive oil (as lipid phase), polyglycerol ester of polyricinoleic acid (PGPR) as a lipophilic emulsifier, and sodium caseinate (SC) and whey protein concentrate (WP) as hydrophilic emulsifiers. The emulsion properties (particle size and distribution, stability, microstructure) and meat model system characteristics (composition, texture, fat and water binding properties, and colour) of the W1/O/W2, as affected by reformulation, were evaluated. Multiple emulsions showed a well-defined monomodal distribution. Freshly prepared multiple emulsions showed good thermal stability (better using SC) with no creaming. The meat systems had good water and fat binding properties irrespective of formulation. The effect on texture by replacement of pork backfat by W1/O/W2 emulsions generally depends on the type of double emulsion (associated with the hydrophilic emulsifier used in its formulation) and the fat level in the meat system. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production of W/O/W (water-in-oil-in-water) multiple emulsions: droplet breakup and release of water.

PubMed

Schuch, Anna; Deiters, Philipp; Henne, Julius; Köhler, Karsten; Schuchmann, Heike P

2013-07-15

We investigate breakup of W/O/W double emulsion droplets at high viscosity ratios and coalescence of inner water droplets dependent on the dispersed phase content (DPC) of the inner emulsion. The rheological analyses of the inner emulsions confirm the behavior expected from literature - increasing viscosity with increasing DPC and elastic behavior for high DPC. The resulting droplet sizes seem to be influenced only by the viscosity ratio calculated using the viscosity of the inner emulsion. An influence of the elastic properties of the inner emulsions could not be observed. Moreover, breakup of double emulsion droplets seems to follow the same rules as breakup of Newtonian droplets. In the second part of the paper we focus on the release of water from double emulsions by coalescence. A direct correlation between resulting double emulsion droplet sizes and encapsulation efficiency was found for each system. The initial inner dispersed phase content has a big influence on the release rate. This can partly be explained by the influence of the dispersed phase content on collision rate. Moreover, it was found that for high internal phase concentrations inner droplets coalesce with each other. The so formed bigger inner droplets seem to increase the overall release rate. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nanoscale and Microscale Iron Emulsions for Treating DNAPL

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Geiger, Cherie L.

2002-01-01

This study demonstrated the feasibility of using emulsified nanoscale and microscale iron particles to enhance dehalogenation of (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid) DNAPL free-phase. The emulsified system consisted of a surfactant-stabilized, biodegradable oil-in-water emulsion with nanoscale or microscale iron particles contained within the emulsion droplets. It was demonstrated that DNAPLs, such as trichloroethene (TCE), diffuse through the oil membrane of the emulsion particle whereupon they reach an aqueous interior and the surface of an iron particle where dehalogenation takes place. The hydrocarbon reaction by-products of the dehalogenation reaction, primarily ethene (no chlorinated products detected), diffuse out of the emulsion droplet. This study also demonstrated that an iron-emulsion system could be delivered in-situ to the DNAPL pool in a soil matrix by using a simulated push well technique. Iron emulsions degraded pure TCE at a rate comparable to the degradation of dissolved phase TCE by iron particles, while pure iron had a very low degradation rate for free-phase TCE. The iron-emulsion systems can be injected into a sand matrix where they become immobilized and are not moved by flowing water. It has been documented that surfactant micelles possess the ability to pull pooled TCE into emulsion droplets where degradation of TCE takes place.

Discrimination of orange beverage emulsions with different formulations using multivariate analysis.

PubMed

Mirhosseini, Hamed; Tan, Chin Ping

2010-06-01

The constituents in a food emulsion interact with each other, either physically or chemically, determining the overall physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of the final product. Thus, the main objective of present study was to investigate the effect of emulsion components on beverage emulsion properties. In most cases, the second-order polynomial regression models with no significant (P > 0.05) lack of fit and high adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R(2), 0.851-0.996) were significantly fitted to explain the beverage emulsion properties as function of main emulsion components. The main effect of gum arabic was found to be significant (P < 0.05) in all response regression models. Orange beverage emulsion containing 222.0 g kg(-1) gum arabic, 2.4 g kg(-1) xanthan gum and 152.7 g kg(-1) orange oil was predicted to provide the desirable emulsion properties. The present study suggests that the concentration of gum arabic should be considered as a primary critical factor for the formulation of orange beverage emulsion. This study also indicated that the interaction effect between xanthan gum and orange oil showed the most significant (P < 0.05) effect among all interaction effects influencing all the physicochemical properties except for density. Copyright (c) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry.