40 CFR 85.2230 - Steady state test dynamometer-EPA 91.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION FROM MOBILE SOURCES Emission Control System Performance... applicability. The requirements of § 85.2229 apply concurrently for tests conducted under Emission Performance... capable of applying a load to the vehicle's driving tire surfaces at the horsepower and speed levels...

40 CFR 86.115-78 - EPA urban dynamometer driving schedule.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the target schedule as closely as possible. The speed tolerance at any given time for these schedules... time. (3)(i) Speed variations greater than the tolerances (such as may occur during gear changes or... variations greater than the tolerance are acceptable, provided they occur for less than 15 seconds on any...

40 CFR 85.2229 - Dynamometer-EPA 81.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Dynamometer-EPA 81. 85.2229 Section 85.2229 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED....2229 Dynamometer—EPA 81. (a) Applicability. The requirements of this subsection apply to short tests...

40 CFR 85.2229 - Dynamometer-EPA 81.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer-EPA 81. 85.2229 Section 85.2229 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED....2229 Dynamometer—EPA 81. (a) Applicability. The requirements of this subsection apply to short tests...

40 CFR 85.2229 - Dynamometer-EPA 81.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer-EPA 81. 85.2229 Section 85.2229 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED....2229 Dynamometer—EPA 81. (a) Applicability. The requirements of this subsection apply to short tests...

40 CFR 1066.410 - Dynamometer test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... drive mode. (For purposes of this paragraph (g), the term four-wheel drive includes other multiple drive... Dynamometer test procedure. (a) Dynamometer testing may consist of multiple drive cycles with both cold-start...-setting part identifies the driving schedules and the associated sample intervals, soak periods, engine...

Emission rates of regulated pollutants from current technology heavy-duty diesel and natural gas goods movement vehicles.

PubMed

Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Besch, Marc C; Thiruvengadam, Pragalath; Pradhan, Saroj; Carder, Daniel; Kappanna, Hemanth; Gautam, Mridul; Oshinuga, Adewale; Hogo, Henry; Miyasato, Matt

2015-04-21

Chassis dynamometer emissions testing of 11 heavy-duty goods movement vehicles, including diesel, natural gas, and dual-fuel technology, compliant with US-EPA 2010 emissions standard were conducted. Results of the study show that three-way catalyst (TWC) equipped stoichiometric natural gas vehicles emit 96% lower NOx emissions as compared to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) equipped diesel vehicles. Characteristics of drayage truck vocation, represented by the near-dock and local drayage driving cycles, were linked to high NOx emissions from diesel vehicles equipped with a SCR. Exhaust gas temperatures below 250 °C, for more than 95% duration of the local and near-dock driving cycles, resulted in minimal SCR activity. The low percentage of activity SCR over the local and near-dock cycles contributed to a brake-specific NOx emissions that were 5-7 times higher than in-use certification limit. The study also illustrated the differences between emissions rate measured from chassis dynamometer testing and prediction from the EMFAC model. The results of the study emphasize the need for model inputs relative to SCR performance as a function of driving cycle and engine operation characteristics.

40 CFR 1066.210 - Dynamometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... to recreate the mechanical inertia and frictional forces that a vehicle exerts on road surfaces... drive axles may share a single drive roll. Use good engineering judgment to ensure that the dynamometer... engineering judgment. (3) The load applied by the dynamometer simulates forces acting on the vehicle during...

40 CFR 86.118-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... test speed range. The device used to drive the dynamometer is then disengaged from the dynamometer and the roll(s) is (are) allowed to coast down. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the... vehicle. The inertia of the free (rear) roll may be neglected in the case of dynamometers with paired...

40 CFR 86.118-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... test speed range. The device used to drive the dynamometer is then disengaged from the dynamometer and the roll(s) is (are) allowed to coast down. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the... vehicle. The inertia of the free (rear) roll may be neglected in the case of dynamometers with paired...

40 CFR 86.118-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... test speed range. The device used to drive the dynamometer is then disengaged from the dynamometer and the roll(s) is (are) allowed to coast down. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the... vehicle. The inertia of the free (rear) roll may be neglected in the case of dynamometers with paired...

40 CFR 86.118-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... test speed range. The device used to drive the dynamometer is then disengaged from the dynamometer and the roll(s) is (are) allowed to coast down. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the... vehicle. The inertia of the free (rear) roll may be neglected in the case of dynamometers with paired...

Comparisons between vehicular emissions from real-world in-use testing and EPA moves estimation.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-07-01

"This research study developed a methodology to perform mandatory dynamometer vehicular emissions tests : on real roads, performed on-road emissions tests, and compared the test results to the estimates using the : current EPA emissions estimation mo...

Predicting Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy as a Function of Highway Speed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, John; Hwang, Ho-Ling; West, Brian

2013-04-08

The www.fueleconomy.gov website offers information such as window label fuel economy for city, highway, and combined driving for all U.S.-legal light-duty vehicles from 1984 to the present. The site is jointly maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and also offers a considerable amount of consumer information and advice pertaining to vehicle fuel economy and energy related issues. Included with advice pertaining to driving styles and habits is information concerning the trend that as highway cruising speed is increased, fuel economy will degrade. An effort was undertaken to quantify this conventional wisdom throughmore » analysis of dynamometer testing results for 74 vehicles at steady state speeds from 50 to 80 mph. Using this experimental data, several simple models were developed to predict individual vehicle fuel economy and its rate of change over the 50-80 mph speed range interval. The models presented require a minimal number of vehicle attributes. The simplest model requires only the EPA window label highway mpg value (based on the EPA specified estimation method for 2008 and beyond). The most complex of these simple model uses vehicle coast-down test coefficients (from testing prescribed by SAE Standard J2263) known as the vehicle Target Coefficients, and the raw fuel economy result from the federal highway test. Statistical comparisons of these models and discussions of their expected usefulness and limitations are offered.« less

Development of real-world driving cycles and estimation of emission factors for in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in urban areas.

PubMed

Hwa, Mei-Yin; Yu, Tai-Yi

2014-07-01

This investigation adopts vehicle tracking manner to establish real-world driving patterns and estimates emission factors with dynamometers with 23 traffic-driving variables for 384 in-use light-duty passenger vehicles during non-rush hour. Adequate numbers of driving variables were decided with factor analysis and cluster analysis. The dynamometer tests were performed on FTP75 cycle and five local driving cycles derived from real-world speed profiles. Results presented that local driving cycles and FTP75 cycle were completely different in driving characteristic parameters of typical driving cycles and emission factors. The highest values of emission factor ratios of local driving cycle and FTP75 cycle for CO, NMHC, NO x , CH4, and CO2 were 1.38, 1.65, 1.58, 1.39, and 1.14, respectively.

Drive Cycle Powertrain Efficiencies and Trends Derived from EPA Vehicle Dynamometer Results

DOE PAGES

Thomas, John

2014-10-13

Vehicle manufacturers among others are putting great emphasis on improving fuel economy (FE) of light-duty vehicles in the U.S. market, with significant FE gains being realized in recent years. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) data indicates that the aggregate FE of vehicles produced for the U.S. market has improved by over 20% from model year (MY) 2005 to 2013. This steep climb in FE includes changes in vehicle choice, improvements in engine and transmission technology, and reducing aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and parasitic losses. The powertrain related improvements focus on optimizing in-use efficiency of the transmission and engine asmore » a system, and may make use of what is termed downsizing and/or downspeeding. This study explores quantifying recent improvements in powertrain efficiency, viewed separately from other vehicle alterations and attributes (noting that most vehicle changes are not completely independent). A methodology is outlined to estimate powertrain efficiency for the U.S city and highway cycle tests using data from the EPA vehicle database. Comparisons of common conventional gasoline powertrains for similar MY 2005 and 2013 vehicles are presented, along with results for late-model hybrid electric vehicles, the Nissan Leaf, Chevy Volt and other selected vehicles.« less

Design verification tests for an axial gap permanent magnet compressor motor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hawsey, R. A.; Bailey, J. M.

1987-07-01

A 30-hp, direct-drive, permanent magnet motor (PMM) has been constructed. The motor is to operate at 15,000 rpm and is designed to drive a Worthington compressor at the US DOE-owned gaseous diffusion plants. The PMM prevents traditional dynamometer testing, including locked rotor current, voltage, and torque measurements. A test plan is presented for data acquisition on the dynamometer test stand in order to calculate the equivalent circuit for the motor. A description of the hardware required for these measurements is included in the plan.

Dynamometer Research Facilities | Wind | NREL

Science.gov Websites

drivetrains by replacing the rotor and blades of a turbine with a powerful motor. The National Renewable -horsepower variable-speed induction motor, with AC grid connections of 120, 240, and 480 volts (V) and a dynamometer features a 3,351-horsepower (hp), 415-amp AC induction motor with variable-frequency drive that

40 CFR 86.235-94 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. (b) As long as an emission sample is not taken, practice runs...) Four-wheel drive vehicles will be tested in a two-wheel drive mode of operation. Full-time four-wheel drive vehicles will have one set of drive wheels temporarily disengaged by the vehicle manufacturer...

49 CFR 525.7 - Basis for petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... to be manufactured in that affected model year; (1) Maximum overall body width, overall length, and... applicable; (6) Drive train configuration and total drive ratio; (7) Emission control system; (8) Dynamometer...

49 CFR 525.7 - Basis for petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... to be manufactured in that affected model year; (1) Maximum overall body width, overall length, and... applicable; (6) Drive train configuration and total drive ratio; (7) Emission control system; (8) Dynamometer...

49 CFR 525.7 - Basis for petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... to be manufactured in that affected model year; (1) Maximum overall body width, overall length, and... applicable; (6) Drive train configuration and total drive ratio; (7) Emission control system; (8) Dynamometer...

Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Utility-Scale Wind Turbine Generators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schkoda, Ryan; Fox, Curtiss; Hadidi, Ramtin

2016-01-26

Historically, wind turbine prototypes were tested in the field, which was--and continues to be--a slow and expensive process. As a result, wind turbine dynamometer facilities were developed to provide a more cost-effective alternative to field testing. New turbine designs were tested and the design models were validated using dynamometers to drive the turbines in a controlled environment. Over the years, both wind turbine dynamometer testing and computer technology have matured and improved, and the two are now being joined to provide hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing. This type of testing uses a computer to simulate the items that are missing from amore » dynamometer test, such as grid stiffness, voltage, frequency, rotor, and hub. Furthermore, wind input and changing electric grid conditions can now be simulated in real time. This recent advance has greatly increased the utility of dynamometer testing for the development of wind turbine systems.« less

40 CFR 86.535-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... minutes. Engine startup (with all accessories turned off), operation over the driving schedule, and engine... driving schedule complete the hot start test. The exhaust emissions are diluted with ambient air and a... Administrator. (d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test points, provided...

40 CFR 86.535-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... minutes. Engine startup (with all accessories turned off), operation over the driving schedule, and engine... driving schedule complete the hot start test. The exhaust emissions are diluted with ambient air and a... Administrator. (d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test points, provided...

40 CFR 86.535-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... minutes. Engine startup (with all accessories turned off), operation over the driving schedule, and engine... driving schedule complete the hot start test. The exhaust emissions are diluted with ambient air and a... Administrator. (d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test points, provided...

40 CFR 86.535-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... minutes. Engine startup (with all accessories turned off), operation over the driving schedule, and engine... driving schedule complete the hot start test. The exhaust emissions are diluted with ambient air and a... Administrator. (d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test points, provided...

On-road heavy-duty diesel particulate matter emissions modeled using chassis dynamometer data.

PubMed

Kear, Tom; Niemeier, D A

2006-12-15

This study presents a model, derived from chassis dynamometer test data, for factors (operational correction factors, or OCFs) that correct (g/mi) heavy-duty diesel particle emission rates measured on standard test cycles for real-world conditions. Using a random effects mixed regression model with data from 531 tests of 34 heavy-duty vehicles from the Coordinating Research Council's E55/E59 research project, we specify a model with covariates that characterize high power transient driving, time spent idling, and average speed. Gram per mile particle emissions rates were negatively correlated with high power transient driving, average speed, and time idling. The new model is capable of predicting relative changes in g/mi on-road heavy-duty diesel particle emission rates for real-world driving conditions that are not reflected in the driving cycles used to test heavy-duty vehicles.

40 CFR 86.135-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... startup and operation over the first 505 seconds of the driving schedule complete the hot start test. The... 505 seconds of the driving schedule complete the hot start test. The exhaust emissions are diluted... over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test point, provided an emission sample is not...

40 CFR 86.135-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... startup and operation over the first 505 seconds of the driving schedule complete the hot start test. The... 505 seconds of the driving schedule complete the hot start test. The exhaust emissions are diluted... over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test point, provided an emission sample is not...

DEVELOPMENT OF ON-ROAD EMISSION FACTORS FOR HEAVY- DUTY VEHICLES

EPA Science Inventory

The paper discusses an EPA project the objectives of which are to: (1) define on-road emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs); (2) assess agreement between engine and chassis dynamometers and on-road emission factors; (3) evaluate current conversion factors for dynamome...

40 CFR 86.235-94 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test point for the purpose of finding the... make a complete cold start test. Engine startup and operation over the first 505 seconds of the driving... preselectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emission test. (g) The driving...

40 CFR 86.235-94 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test point for the purpose of finding the... make a complete cold start test. Engine startup and operation over the first 505 seconds of the driving... preselectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emission test. (g) The driving...

40 CFR 86.235-94 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test point for the purpose of finding the... make a complete cold start test. Engine startup and operation over the first 505 seconds of the driving... preselectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emission test. (g) The driving...

CRITERIA AND AIR TOXIC EMISSIONS FROM IN-USE, LOW EMISSION VEHICLES (LEVS)

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency implemented a program to identify tailpipe emissions of criteria and air toxic contaminants from in-use, light-duty Low Emission Vehicles (LEVs). EPA recruited twenty-five LEVs in 2002, and measured emissions on a chassis dynamometer usin...

Comparison of real-world and certification emission rates for light duty gasoline vehicles.

PubMed

Khan, Tanzila; Frey, H Christopher

2018-05-01

U.S. light duty vehicles are subject to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards. Emission compliance is determined by certification testing of selected emissions from representative vehicles on standard driving cycles using chassis dynamometers. Test results are also used in many emission inventories. The dynamometer based emission rates are adjusted to provide the certification levels (CL), which must be lower than the standards for compliance. Although standard driving cycles are based on specific observations of real-world driving, they are not necessarily real-world representative. A systematic comparison of the real-world emission rates of U.S. light duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) versus CL, and emission standards has not been previously reported. The purpose of this work is to compare regulatory limits (both CLs and emission standards) and the real-world emissions of LDGVs. The sensitivity of the comparisons to cold start emission was assessed. Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) were used to measure hot stabilized exhaust emissions of 122 LDGVs on a specified 110 mile test route. Cold start emissions were measured with PEMS for a selected vehicle sample of 32 vehicles. Emissions were measured for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). For each vehicle, a Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) modal emission rate model was developed. The VSP modal rates were weighted by the standard driving cycles and real-world driving cycles to estimate the respective cycle average emission rates (CAERs). Measured vehicles were matched with certification test vehicles for comparison. For systematic trends in comparison, vehicles were classified into four groups based on the Tier 1 and Tier 2 emission regulation, and the vehicle type such as passenger car and passenger truck. Depending on the cycle-pollutant and the vehicle groups, hot stabilized CAERs are on average either statistically significantly higher than or significantly not different from the CLs, with the exception of CO on the US06 cycle, for which real-world rates are lower than CLs. Compared to the emission standards, hot stabilized CAERs are on average significantly lower. However, comparisons of CAERs and standards are sensitive to cold start emissions. For some combinations of pollutants and vehicle groups, cold start inclusive CAERs are higher than the corresponding CLs and as high as the standards. The CLs, which are based on standard driving cycles, tend to underestimate real-world emission rates. Therefore, emission inventory estimates using certification test results are potentially underestimated. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

10 CFR 474.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...; PETROLEUM-EQUIVALENT FUEL ECONOMY CALCULATION § 474.2 Definitions. For the purposes of this part, the term: Combined energy consumption value means the weighted average of the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule energy consumption values (weighted 55/45 percent...

10 CFR 474.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...; PETROLEUM-EQUIVALENT FUEL ECONOMY CALCULATION § 474.2 Definitions. For the purposes of this part, the term: Combined energy consumption value means the weighted average of the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule energy consumption values (weighted 55/45 percent...

10 CFR 474.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...; PETROLEUM-EQUIVALENT FUEL ECONOMY CALCULATION § 474.2 Definitions. For the purposes of this part, the term: Combined energy consumption value means the weighted average of the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule energy consumption values (weighted 55/45 percent...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 94.215 - Maintenance of records; submittal of information; right of entry.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... extraordinary events as accidents involving the engine or dynamometer runaway. (ii) Each such history shall be... Officer by written request for his appearance, signed by the Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation... and Radiation or the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. (8) EPA may...

40 CFR 94.215 - Maintenance of records; submittal of information; right of entry.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... extraordinary events as accidents involving the engine or dynamometer runaway. (ii) Each such history shall be... Officer by written request for his appearance, signed by the Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation... and Radiation or the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. (8) EPA may...

40 CFR 94.215 - Maintenance of records; submittal of information; right of entry.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... extraordinary events as accidents involving the engine or dynamometer runaway. (ii) Each such history shall be... Officer by written request for his appearance, signed by the Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation... and Radiation or the Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. (8) EPA may...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

Evaluating the Effects of Restraint Systems on 4WD Testing Methodologies: A Collaborative Effort between the NVFEL and ANL

EPA Science Inventory

Testing vehicles for emissions and fuel economy has traditionally been conducted with a single-axle chassis dynamometer. The 2006 SAE All Wheel Drive Symposium cited four wheel drive (4WD) and all wheel drive (AWD) sales as climbing from 20% toward 30% of a motor vehicle mar...

Method of electric powertrain matching for battery-powered electric cars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ning, Guobao; Xiong, Lu; Zhang, Lijun; Yu, Zhuoping

2013-05-01

The current match method of electric powertrain still makes use of longitudinal dynamics, which can't realize maximum capacity for on-board energy storage unit and can't reach lowest equivalent fuel consumption as well. Another match method focuses on improving available space considering reasonable layout of vehicle to enlarge rated energy capacity for on-board energy storage unit, which can keep the longitudinal dynamics performance almost unchanged but can't reach lowest fuel consumption. Considering the characteristics of driving motor, method of electric powertrain matching utilizing conventional longitudinal dynamics for driving system and cut-and-try method for energy storage system is proposed for passenger cars converted from traditional ones. Through combining the utilization of vehicle space which contributes to the on-board energy amount, vehicle longitudinal performance requirements, vehicle equivalent fuel consumption level, passive safety requirements and maximum driving range requirement together, a comprehensive optimal match method of electric powertrain for battery-powered electric vehicle is raised. In simulation, the vehicle model and match method is built in Matlab/simulink, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) is chosen as a test condition. The simulation results show that 2.62% of regenerative energy and 2% of energy storage efficiency are increased relative to the traditional method. The research conclusions provide theoretical and practical solutions for electric powertrain matching for modern battery-powered electric vehicles especially for those converted from traditional ones, and further enhance dynamics of electric vehicles.

Evolutionary algorithm for vehicle driving cycle generation.

PubMed

Perhinschi, Mario G; Marlowe, Christopher; Tamayo, Sergio; Tu, Jun; Wayne, W Scott

2011-09-01

Modeling transit bus emissions and fuel economy requires a large amount of experimental data over wide ranges of operational conditions. Chassis dynamometer tests are typically performed using representative driving cycles defined based on vehicle instantaneous speed as sequences of "microtrips", which are intervals between consecutive vehicle stops. Overall significant parameters of the driving cycle, such as average speed, stops per mile, kinetic intensity, and others, are used as independent variables in the modeling process. Performing tests at all the necessary combinations of parameters is expensive and time consuming. In this paper, a methodology is proposed for building driving cycles at prescribed independent variable values using experimental data through the concatenation of "microtrips" isolated from a limited number of standard chassis dynamometer test cycles. The selection of the adequate "microtrips" is achieved through a customized evolutionary algorithm. The genetic representation uses microtrip definitions as genes. Specific mutation, crossover, and karyotype alteration operators have been defined. The Roulette-Wheel selection technique with elitist strategy drives the optimization process, which consists of minimizing the errors to desired overall cycle parameters. This utility is part of the Integrated Bus Information System developed at West Virginia University.

Cold Temperature Effects on Speciated VOC Emissions from Modern GDI Light-Duty Vehicles 1

EPA Science Inventory

In this study, speciated VOC emissions were characterized from three modern GDI light-duty vehicles. The vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer housed in a climate-controlled chamber at two temperatures (20 and 72 °F) using the EPA Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and a portio...

Evaluation of the emissions from low-sulfur and biodiesel fuel used in a heavy-duty diesel truck during on-road operation

EPA Science Inventory

In October of 2004, EPA's National Risk Management Research Laboratory investigated the emissions from diesel powered tractor-trailer operating along a highway at near-zero grade. In place of a dynamometer and standard dilution tunnel, the Diesel Emissions Aerosol Laboratory (DEA...

40 CFR 86.1229-85 - Dynamometer load determination and fuel temperature profile.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... specified driving schedule. The design of the laboratory facility should include consideration of any parameters that may affect fuel temperatures, such as solar loading, pavement heat, and relative wind... be at least 125 °F throughout the driving period. Pavement temperature shall be measured and recorded...

40 CFR 86.1229-85 - Dynamometer load determination and fuel temperature profile.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specified driving schedule. The design of the laboratory facility should include consideration of any parameters that may affect fuel temperatures, such as solar loading, pavement heat, and relative wind... be at least 125 °F throughout the driving period. Pavement temperature shall be measured and recorded...

40 CFR 86.1229-85 - Dynamometer load determination and fuel temperature profile.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... specified driving schedule. The design of the laboratory facility should include consideration of any parameters that may affect fuel temperatures, such as solar loading, pavement heat, and relative wind... be at least 125 °F throughout the driving period. Pavement temperature shall be measured and recorded...

40 CFR 86.1229-85 - Dynamometer load determination and fuel temperature profile.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... specified driving schedule. The design of the laboratory facility should include consideration of any parameters that may affect fuel temperatures, such as solar loading, pavement heat, and relative wind... be at least 125 °F throughout the driving period. Pavement temperature shall be measured and recorded...

CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY-DUTY MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS UNDER TRANSIENT DRIVING CONDITIONS

EPA Science Inventory

The objective of this program was to characterize heavy-duty diesel truck and bus emissions produced during transient driving cycles. In the initial phase of the program an improved road-load simulation method was developed for use in operating large trucks on a chassis dynamomet...

Vehicle Component Benchmarking Using a Chassis Dynamometer: Using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu and a 2013 Mercedes E350 (SAE Paper 2015-01-0589)

EPA Science Inventory

Light-duty vehicle greenhouse gas (GHG) and fuel economy (FE) standards for MYs 2012 -2025 are requiring vehicle powertrains to become much more efficient. The EPA is using a full vehicle simulation model, called the Advanced Light-duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA), to ...

40 CFR 86.535-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test and a “hot” start test following the “cold” start by 10... Administrator. (d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test points, provided... the proper speed-time relationship, or to permit sampling system adjustments. (e) The drive wheel...

Determining Off-Cycle Fuel Economy Benefits of 2-Layer HVAC Technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Eric W; Moniot, Matthew; Jehlik, Forrest

This work presents a methodology to determine the off-cycle fuel economy benefit of a 2-Layer HVAC system which reduces ventilation and heat rejection losses of the heater core versus a vehicle using a standard system. Experimental dynamometer tests using EPA drive cycles over a broad range of ambient temperatures were conducted on a highly instrumented 2016 Lexus RX350 (3.5L, 8 speed automatic). These tests were conducted to measure differences in engine efficiency caused by changes in engine warmup due to the 2-Layer HVAC technology in use versus the technology being disabled (disabled equals fresh air-considered as the standard technology baseline).more » These experimental datasets were used to develop simplified response surface and lumped capacitance vehicle thermal models predictive of vehicle efficiency as a function of thermal state. These vehicle models were integrated into a database of measured on road testing and coupled with U.S. typical meteorological data to simulate vehicle efficiency across seasonal thermal and operational conditions for hundreds of thousands of drive cycles. Fuel economy benefits utilizing the 2-Layer HVAC technology are presented in addition to goodness of fit statistics of the modeling approach relative to the experimental test data.« less

40 CFR 600.109-78 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false EPA driving cycles. 600.109-78 Section... Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.109-78 EPA driving cycles. (a) The driving cycle to be... driving cycle to be utilized for generation of the highway fuel economy data is specified in this...

Round-robin testing of Soleq EV cort according to the SAE J1634 test procedure dated May 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cole, G.H.

1993-05-01

The Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practice, SAE J1634, {open_quotes}Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test Procedure{close_quotes}, May 1993, describes a standard method of determining the range and energy consumption for electric vehicles. Consequent to the U.S. Department of Energy`s (DOE) rulemaking released on February 4, 1994, the EPA is currently considering factoring electric vehicles into the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) calculations using the SAE J1634 procedure. The purpose of this project is to provide information regarding the suitability of this recommended practice for determining the energy economy value to be factored into the CAFE. Issues leading to possiblemore » inconsistent results (such as the repeatability of the procedure, thoroughness of the procedure`s methods, and variance between different laboratories using different dynamometers) need to be resolved prior to passing legislation which will mandate use of this test in determining the electric vehicle CAFE credit. To this end, separate tests were performed on a Soleq EVcort vehicle by the INEL, the EPA, Ford Motor Company, Southwest Research Institute, and the California Air Resources Board using their own facilities and personnel. Acceptable departures from the driving profile prescribed by SAEJ1634 are not well defined. This deficiency in the procedure is even more noticeable due to the EVcort`s marginal acceleration performance.« less

40 CFR 600.109-08 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false EPA driving cycles. 600.109-08 Section... Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.109-08 EPA driving cycles. (a) The FTP driving cycle is prescribed in § 86.115 of this chapter. (b) The highway fuel economy driving cycle is specified in this...

40 CFR 86.237-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 kilometers) and a hot start drive of approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 kilometers). (b... and hot start test. The cold start test is divided into two periods. The first period, representing..., consists of the remainder of the driving schedule, including engine shutdown. The hot start test is...

40 CFR 86.237-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 kilometers) and a hot start drive of approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 kilometers). (b... and hot start test. The cold start test is divided into two periods. The first period, representing..., consists of the remainder of the driving schedule, including engine shutdown. The hot start test is...

40 CFR 86.237-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... approximately 7.5 miles (12.1 kilometers) and a hot start drive of approximately 3.6 miles (5.8 kilometers). (b... and hot start test. The cold start test is divided into two periods. The first period, representing..., consists of the remainder of the driving schedule, including engine shutdown. The hot start test is...

40 CFR 1066.710 - Reference materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Dynamometer Simulation Using Coastdown Techniques, Revised March 2010, IBR approved for §§ 1066.301(b) and..., 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, (301) 975-6478, http://www.nist.gov, or...

40 CFR 1066.710 - Reference materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Dynamometer Simulation Using Coastdown Techniques, Revised March 2010, IBR approved for §§ 1066.301(b) and..., 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, (301) 975-6478, http://www.nist.gov, or...

40 CFR 86.135-00 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... see § 86.135-90. (d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may be performed at test point...; the rocking of the vehicle changes the tire rolling radius on each roll. This rocking may be minimized...

40 CFR 600.109-08 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false EPA driving cycles. 600.109-08 Section 600.109-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL... Emission Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.109-08 EPA driving...

40 CFR 600.109-78 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false EPA driving cycles. 600.109-78 Section 600.109-78 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL... Emission Regulations for 1978 and Later Model Year Automobiles-Test Procedures § 600.109-78 EPA driving...

MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM BRAKE WEAR ASSOCIATED WITH ON-ROAD VEHICLES

EPA Science Inventory

This paper will focus on brake wear emissions of mercury and trace metals collected from 16 in-use light-duty vehicles (14 gasoline and 2 diesel) on a chassis dynamometer over the course of urban drive cycles.

On-road particle number measurements using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gallus, Jens; Kirchner, Ulf; Vogt, Rainer; Börensen, Christoph; Benter, Thorsten

2016-01-01

In this study the on-road particle number (PN) performance of a Euro-5 direct-injection (DI) gasoline passenger car was investigated. PN emissions were measured using the prototype of a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). PN PEMS correlations with chassis dynamometer tests show a good agreement with a chassis dynamometer set-up down to emissions in the range of 1·1010 #/km. Parallel on-line soot measurements by a photo acoustic soot sensor (PASS) were applied as independent measurement technique and indicate a good on-road performance for the PN-PEMS. PN-to-soot ratios were 1.3·1012 #/mg, which was comparable for both test cell and on-road measurements. During on-road trips different driving styles as well as different road types were investigated. Comparisons to the world harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC) 5.3 and to European field operational test (euroFOT) data indicate the PEMS trips to be representative for normal driving. Driving situations in varying traffic seem to be a major contributor to a high test-to-test variability of PN emissions. However, there is a trend to increasing PN emissions with more severe driving styles. A cold start effect is clearly visible for PN, especially at low ambient temperatures down to 8 °C.

Air toxic emissions from passenger cars operating on ethanol blend gasoline

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions of gaseous and particulate contaminants have been characterized during the operation of two flex-fuel and one non-flex-fueled light-duty vehicle. These vehicles were operated on a chassis dynamometer using a driving cycle representative of urban conditions while burning...

NASA-EPA automotive thermal reactor technology program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Blankenship, C. P.; Hibbard, R. R.

1972-01-01

The status of the NASA-EPA automotive thermal reactor technology program is summarized. This program is concerned primarily with materials evaluation, reactor design, and combustion kinetics. From engine dynamometer tests of candidate metals and coatings, two ferritic iron alloys (GE 1541 and Armco 18-SR) and a nickel-base alloy (Inconel 601) offer promise for reactor use. None of the coatings evaluated warrant further consideration. Development studies on a ceramic thermal reactor appear promising based on initial vehicle road tests. A chemical kinetic study has shown that gas temperatures of at least 900 K to 1000 K are required for the effective cleanup of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, but that higher temperatures require shorter combustion times and thus may permit smaller reactors.

Design and Modeling of a Test Bench for Dual-Motor Electric Drive Tracked Vehicles Based on a Dynamic Load Emulation Method.

PubMed

Wang, Zhe; Lv, Haoliang; Zhou, Xiaojun; Chen, Zhaomeng; Yang, Yong

2018-06-21

Dual-motor Electric Drive Tracked Vehicles (DDTVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their high transmission efficiency and economical fuel consumption. A test bench for the development and validation of new DDTV technologies is necessary and urgent. How to load the vehicle on a DDTV test bench exactly the same as on a real road is a crucial issue when designing the bench. This paper proposes a novel dynamic load emulation method to address this problem. The method adopts dual dynamometers to simulate both the road load and the inertia load that are imposed on the dual independent drive systems. The vehicle’s total inertia equivalent to the drive wheels is calculated with separate consideration of vehicle body, tracks and road wheels to obtain a more accurate inertia load. A speed tracking control strategy with feedforward compensation is implemented to control the dual dynamometers, so as to make the real-time dynamic load emulation possible. Additionally, a MATLAB/Simulink model of the test bench is built based on a dynamics analysis of the platform. Experiments are finally carried out on this test bench under different test conditions. The outcomes show that the proposed load emulation method is effective, and has good robustness and adaptability to complex driving conditions. Besides, the accuracy of the established test bench model is also demonstrated by comparing the results obtained from the simulation model and experiments.

Further validation of artificial neural network-based emissions simulation models for conventional and hybrid electric vehicles.

PubMed

Tóth-Nagy, Csaba; Conley, John J; Jarrett, Ronald P; Clark, Nigel N

2006-07-01

With the advent of hybrid electric vehicles, computer-based vehicle simulation becomes more useful to the engineer and designer trying to optimize the complex combination of control strategy, power plant, drive train, vehicle, and driving conditions. With the desire to incorporate emissions as a design criterion, researchers at West Virginia University have developed artificial neural network (ANN) models for predicting emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. The ANN models were trained on engine and exhaust emissions data collected from transient dynamometer tests of heavy-duty diesel engines then used to predict emissions based on engine speed and torque data from simulated operation of a tractor truck and hybrid electric bus. Simulated vehicle operation was performed with the ADVISOR software package. Predicted emissions (carbon dioxide [CO2] and oxides of nitrogen [NO(x)]) were then compared with actual emissions data collected from chassis dynamometer tests of similar vehicles. This paper expands on previous research to include different driving cycles for the hybrid electric bus and varying weights of the conventional truck. Results showed that different hybrid control strategies had a significant effect on engine behavior (and, thus, emissions) and may affect emissions during different driving cycles. The ANN models underpredicted emissions of CO2 and NO(x) in the case of a class-8 truck but were more accurate as the truck weight increased.

Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles.

PubMed

Karavalakis, Georgios; Gysel, Nicholas; Schmitz, Debra A; Cho, Arthur K; Sioutas, Constantinos; Schauer, James J; Cocker, David R; Durbin, Thomas D

2017-04-15

The emissions and the potential health effects of particulate matter (PM) were assessed from two heavy-duty trucks with and without emission control aftertreatment systems when operating on CARB ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and three different biodiesel blends. The CARB ULSD was blended with soy-based biodiesel, animal fat biodiesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel at 50vol%. Testing was conducted over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) in triplicate for both trucks. The aftertreatment controls effectively decreased PM mass and number emissions, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared to the uncontrolled truck. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) exhibited increases with the biodiesel blends, showing some feedstock dependency for the controlled truck. The oxidative potential of the emitted PM, measured by means of the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, showed reductions with the use of biodiesel blends relative to CARB ULSD for the uncontrolled truck. Overall, the cellular responses to the particles from each fuel were reflective of the chemical content, i.e., particles from CARB ULSD were the most reactive and exhibited the highest cellular responses. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Investigation of Data Fusion Applied to Health Monitoring of Wind Turbine Drive train Components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dempsey, Paula J.; Sheng, Shuangwen

2011-01-01

The research described was performed on diagnostic tools used to detect damage to dynamic mechanical components in a wind turbine gearbox. Different monitoring technologies were evaluated by collecting vibration and oil debris data from tests performed on a "healthy" gearbox and a damaged gearbox in a dynamometer test stand located at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The damaged gearbox tested was removed from the field after experiencing component damage due to two losses of oil events and was retested under controlled conditions in the dynamometer test stand. Preliminary results indicate oil debris and vibration can be integrated to assess the health of the wind turbine gearbox.

Development of an Industry Dynamometer/Spin Test Facility--Equipment Only: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-05-164

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McDade, Mark

2016-12-01

The Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL) owns and operates a megawatt-scale dynamometer used for testing wind turbine drive trains up to 1.5 megawatt (MW) in rated capacity. At this time, this unit is the only unit of its type in the United States, available for use by the American Wind Industry. Currently this dynamometer is heavily backlogged and unavailable to provide testing needed by various wind industry members. DOE/NREL is in possession of two critical pieces of equipment that may be used to develop an alternative Dynamometer facility, but does not have the funds or other resources necessarymore » to develop such a facility. The Participant possesses complimentary facilities and infrastructure that when combined with the NREL equipment can create such a test facility. The Participant is also committed to expending funds to develop and operate such a facility to the subsequent benefit of the Wind Industry and DOE Wind Energy program. In exchange for DOE/NREL providing the critical equipment, the Participant will grant DOE/NREL a minimum of 90 days of testing time per year in the new facility while incurring no facilities fees.« less

75 FR 44948 - California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Within-the-Scope Determination for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-30

... amendments to its evaporative emission test procedures, four-wheel drive dynamometer provisions, and vehicle... manufacturer has certified vehicles using an alternative running loss test procedure, CARB may conduct... manufacturer's approved alternative running loss test procedure; (3) provide manufacturers an option to use an...

Texas-specific drive cycles and idle emissions rates for using with EPA's MOVES model : final report.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-05-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) newest emissions model, MOtor Vehicle : Emission Simulator (MOVES), uses a disaggregate approach that enables the users of the model to create : and use local drive schedules (drive cycles) in order ...

Modeling transit bus fuel consumption on the basis of cycle properties.

PubMed

Delgado, Oscar F; Clark, Nigel N; Thompson, Gregory J

2011-04-01

A method exists to predict heavy-duty vehicle fuel economy and emissions over an "unseen" cycle or during unseen on-road activity on the basis of fuel consumption and emissions data from measured chassis dynamometer test cycles and properties (statistical parameters) of those cycles. No regression is required for the method, which relies solely on the linear association of vehicle performance with cycle properties. This method has been advanced and examined using previously published heavy-duty truck data gathered using the West Virginia University heavy-duty chassis dynamometer with the trucks exercised over limited test cycles. In this study, data were available from a Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority emission testing program conducted in 2006. Chassis dynamometer data from two conventional diesel buses, two compressed natural gas buses, and one hybrid diesel bus were evaluated using an expanded driving cycle set of 16 or 17 different driving cycles. Cycle properties and vehicle fuel consumption measurements from three baseline cycles were selected to generate a linear model and then to predict unseen fuel consumption over the remaining 13 or 14 cycles. Average velocity, average positive acceleration, and number of stops per distance were found to be the desired cycle properties for use in the model. The methodology allowed for the prediction of fuel consumption with an average error of 8.5% from vehicles operating on a diverse set of chassis dynamometer cycles on the basis of relatively few experimental measurements. It was found that the data used for prediction should be acquired from a set that must include an idle cycle along with a relatively slow transient cycle and a relatively high speed cycle. The method was also applied to oxides of nitrogen prediction and was found to have less predictive capability than for fuel consumption with an average error of 20.4%.

Fuel and Emissions Reduction in Electric Power Take-Off Equipped Utility Vehicles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Konan, Arnaud; Ragatz, Adam; Prohaska, Robert

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) evaluated the performance of Pacific Gas and Electric plug-in hybrid electric power take off (ePTO) utility trucks equipped with Altec, Inc.'s Jobsite Energy Management System. NREL collected on-road performance data from Class 5 utility 'trouble trucks' and Class 8 material handlers and developed representative drive cycles for chassis dynamometer testing. The drive cycles were analyzed and jobsite energy use was quantified for impacts and potential further hybridization for the utility truck vocation.

10 CFR 474.4 - Test procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Test procedures. 474.4 Section 474.4 Energy DEPARTMENT OF...; PETROLEUM-EQUIVALENT FUEL ECONOMY CALCULATION § 474.4 Test procedures. (a) The electric vehicle energy... Schedule and Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule test cycles at 40 CFR parts 86 and 600. (b) The “Special...

Real-time black carbon emission factors of light-duty vehicles tested on a chassis dynamometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forestieri, S. D.; Cappa, C. D.; Kuwayama, T.; Collier, S.; Zhang, Q.; Kleeman, M. J.

2012-12-01

Eight light-duty gasoline vehicles were tested on a Chassis dynamometer using the California Unified Driving Cycle (UDC) at the Haagen-Smit vehicle test facility at the California Air Resources Board (CARB) in El Monte, CA during September 2011. In addition, one light-duty gasoline vehicle, one ultra low-emission vehicle, one diesel passenger vehicle, and one gasoline direct injection vehicle were tested on a constant velocity driving cycle. Vehicle exhaust was diluted through CARB's CVS tunnel and a secondary dilution system in order to examine particulate matter (PM) emissions at atmospherically relevant concentrations (5-30 μg-m3). A variety of real-time instrumentation was used to characterize how the major PM components vary during a typical driving cycle, which includes a cold start phase followed by a hot stabilized running phase. Aerosol absorption coefficients were obtained at 532 nm and 405 nm with a time resolution of 2 seconds from a photo-acoustic spectrometer. These absorption coefficients were then converted to black carbon (BC) concentrations via a mass absorption coefficient. Non-refractory organic and inorganic PM and CO2 concentrations were quantified with a time resolution of 10 seconds using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). Real-time BC and CO2 concentrations allowed for the determination of BC emission factors (EFs), providing insights into the variability of BC EFs during different phases of a typical driving cycle and aiding in the modeling BC emissions.

General Purpose Vehicle Mechanic Career Ladder, AFSCs 47232, 47252, and 47275.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

general-purpose vehicles; gasoline and diesel engines; automotive electrical and emission control systems maintenance; drive trains and brake systems...OR HYDRAULIC PRESSES ELECTRONIC IGNITION TESTERS HEADLIGHT TESTERS OSCILLOSCOPES DYNAMOMETERS EXHAUST EMISSION TESTERS GAS SHIELD WELDING...collection forms; man-hour accounting forms and reports; corrosion control procedures; troubleshooting exhaust systems, and emission control systems

Laboratory testing of airborne brake wear particle emissions using a dynamometer system under urban city driving cycles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hagino, Hiroyuki; Oyama, Motoaki; Sasaki, Sousuke

2016-04-01

To measure driving-distance-based mass emission factors for airborne brake wear particulate matter (PM; i.e., brake wear particles) related to the non-asbestos organic friction of brake assembly materials (pads and lining), and to characterize the components of brake wear particles, a brake wear dynamometer with a constant-volume sampling system was developed. Only a limited number of studies have investigated brake emissions under urban city driving cycles that correspond to the tailpipe emission test (i.e., JC08 or JE05 mode of Japanese tailpipe emission test cycles). The tests were performed using two passenger cars and one middle-class truck. The observed airborne brake wear particle emissions ranged from 0.04 to 1.4 mg/km/vehicle for PM10 (particles up to 10 μm (in size), and from 0.04 to 1.2 mg/km/vehicle for PM2.5. The proportion of brake wear debris emitted as airborne brake wear particles was 2-21% of the mass of wear. Oxygenated carbonaceous components were included in the airborne PM but not in the original friction material, which indicates that changes in carbon composition occurred during the abrasion process. Furthermore, this study identified the key tracers of brake wear particles (e.g., Fe, Cu, Ba, and Sb) at emission levels comparable to traffic-related atmospheric environments.

40 CFR 86.099-17 - Emission control diagnostic system for 1999 and later light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Model Year New Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks and Heavy-Duty Engines, and for 1985 and Later Model Year New Gasoline Fueled, Natural Gas-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled... regulations shall be evaluated periodically, but no less frequently than once per Urban Dynamometer Driving...

Carbonaceous PM2.5 emitted from light-duty vehicles operating on low-level ethanol fuel blends.

EPA Science Inventory

This study aims to examine carbonaceous aerosol emissions from three Tier 2-certified 2008 model year LDVs burning e0, e10, and e85 fuel blends at -7°C and 24°C. The LDVs were tested on an electric chasis dynamometer using the LA-92 Urban Driving Cycle (UDC). Exhaust was ...

Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Matter Measurement in the Denver, Colorado, Area.

PubMed

Cadle, Steven H; Mulawa, Patricia; Hunsanger, Eric C; Nelson, Ken; Ragazzi, Ronald A; Barrett, Richard; Gallagher, Gerald L; Lawson, Douglas R; Knapp, Kenneth T; Snow, Richard

1999-09-01

A study of particulate matter (PM) emissions from in-use, light-duty vehicles was conducted during the summer of 1996 and the winter of 1997 in the Denver, CO, region. Vehicles were tested as received on chassis dynamometers on the Federal Test Procedure Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the IM240 driving schedule. Both PM10 and regulated emissions were measured for each phase of the UDDS. For the summer portion of the study, 92 gasoline vehicles, 10 diesel vehicles, and 9 gasoline vehicles with visible smoke emissions were tested once. For the winter, 56 gasoline vehicles, 12 diesel vehicles, and 15 gasoline vehicles with visible smoke were tested twice, once indoors at 60 °F and once outdoors at the prevailing temperature. Vehicle model year ranged from 1966 to 1996. Impactor particle size distributions were obtained on a subset of vehicles. Continuous estimates of the particle number emissions were obtained with an electrical aerosol analyzer. This data set is being provided to the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study program and to the State of Colorado and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use in updating emissions inventories.

40 CFR 600.109-08 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false EPA driving cycles. 600.109-08 Section 600.109-08 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) ENERGY POLICY FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust...

40 CFR 86.162-00 - Approval of alternative air conditioning test simulations and descriptions of AC1 and AC2.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... conditioning system compressor, converted to an equivalent roadload component, to the normal dynamometer... driving the SC03 cycle with the air conditioning system operating. (1) Engine revolutions/minute (ERPMt...)(i) (A) and (B) are replaced with 76 °F and 50 grains of water/pound of dry air and the solar heat...

NSR and Title V Permitting Applicability for Dynamometer Chassis Testing of Transportation Vehicles

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the Title V air operating permit regulations. This document is part of the Title V Policy and Guidance Database available at www2.epa.gov/title-v-operating-permits/title-v-operating-permit-policy-and-guidance-document-index. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.

Controlled Speed Accessory Drive demonstration program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoehn, F. W.

1981-01-01

A Controlled Speed Accessory Drive System was examined in an effort to improve the fuel economy of passenger cars. Concept feasibility and the performance of a typical system during actual road driving conditions were demonstrated. The CSAD system is described as a mechanical device which limits engine accessory speeds, thereby reducing parasitic horsepower losses and improving overall vehicle fuel economy. Fuel consumption data were compiled for fleets of GSA vehicles. Various motor pool locations were selected, each representing different climatic conditions. On the basis of a total accumulated fleet usage of nearly three million miles, an overall fuel economy improvement of 6 percent to 7 percent was demonstrated. Coincident chassis dynamometer tests were accomplished on selected vehicles to establish the effect of different accessory drive systems on exhaust emissions, and to evaluate the magnitude of the mileage benefits which could be derived.

78 FR 66107 - National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Residual Risk and Technology Review for...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-04

.... Alexander Drive in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. If EPA holds a public hearing, the EPA will keep... Drive in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Persons interested in presenting oral testimony or... Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; telephone number: (919) 541-7966; fax number: (919...

Diesel and CNG Transit Bus Emissions Characterization By Two Chassis Dynamometer Laboratories: Results and Issues

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nigel N. Clark, Mridul Gautam; Byron L. Rapp; Donald W. Lyons

1999-05-03

Emissions of six 32 passenger transit buses were characterized using one of the West Virginia University (WVU) Transportable Heavy Duty Emissions Testing Laboratories, and the fixed base chassis dynamometer at the Colorado Institute for Fuels and High Altitude Engine Research (CIFHAER). Three of the buses were powered with 1997 ISB 5.9 liter Cummins diesel engines, and three were powered with the 1997 5.9 liter Cummins natural gas (NG) counterpart. The NG engines were LEV certified. Objectives were to contrast the emissions performance of the diesel and NG units, and to compare results from the two laboratories. Both laboratories found thatmore » oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter (PM) emissions were substantially lower for the natural gas buses than for the diesel buses. It was observed that by varying the rapidity of pedal movement during accelerations in the Central Business District cycle (CBD), CO and PM emissions from the diesel buses could be varied by a factor of three or more. The driving styles may be characterized as aggressive and non-aggressive, but both styles followed the CBD speed command acceptably. PM emissions were far higher for the aggressive driving style. For the NG fueled vehicles driving style had a similar, although smaller, effect on NO{sub x}. It is evident that driver habits may cause substantial deviation in emissions for the CBD cycle. When the CO emissions are used as a surrogate for driver aggression, a regression analysis shows that NO{sub x} and PM emissions from the two laboratories agree closely for equivalent driving style. Implications of driver habit for emissions inventories and regulations are briefly considered.« less

Multi-mode energy management strategy for fuel cell electric vehicles based on driving pattern identification using learning vector quantization neural network algorithm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Ke; Li, Feiqiang; Hu, Xiao; He, Lin; Niu, Wenxu; Lu, Sihao; Zhang, Tong

2018-06-01

The development of fuel cell electric vehicles can to a certain extent alleviate worldwide energy and environmental issues. While a single energy management strategy cannot meet the complex road conditions of an actual vehicle, this article proposes a multi-mode energy management strategy for electric vehicles with a fuel cell range extender based on driving condition recognition technology, which contains a patterns recognizer and a multi-mode energy management controller. This paper introduces a learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural network to design the driving patterns recognizer according to a vehicle's driving information. This multi-mode strategy can automatically switch to the genetic algorithm optimized thermostat strategy under specific driving conditions in the light of the differences in condition recognition results. Simulation experiments were carried out based on the model's validity verification using a dynamometer test bench. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can obtain better economic performance than the single-mode thermostat strategy under dynamic driving conditions.

40 CFR 59.515 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Center, U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC; the EPA Library, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; you may inspect the materials at the National Archives and Records...

40 CFR 59.515 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Center, U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC; the EPA Library, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; you may inspect the materials at the National Archives and Records...

40 CFR 59.515 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Center, U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC; the EPA Library, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; you may inspect the materials at the National Archives and Records...

40 CFR 59.515 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Center, U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC; the EPA Library, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; you may inspect the materials at the National Archives and Records...

40 CFR 59.515 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Center, U.S. EPA, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC; the EPA Library, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; you may inspect the materials at the National Archives and Records...

Analysis of an Increase in the Efficiency of a Spark Ignition Engine Through the Application of an Automotive Thermoelectric Generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Merkisz, Jerzy; Fuc, Pawel; Lijewski, Piotr; Ziolkowski, Andrzej; Galant, Marta; Siedlecki, Maciej

2016-08-01

We have analyzed the increase of the overall efficiency of a spark ignition engine through energy recovery following the application of an automotive thermoelectric generator (ATEG) of our own design. The design of the generator was developed following emission investigations during vehicle driving under city traffic conditions. The measurement points were defined by actual operation conditions (engine speed and load), subsequently reproduced on an engine dynamometer. Both the vehicle used in the on-road tests and the engine dynamometer were fit with the same, downsized spark ignition engine (with high effective power-to-displacement ratio). The thermodynamic parameters of the exhaust gases (temperature and exhaust gas mass flow) were measured on the engine testbed, along with the fuel consumption and electric current generated by the thermoelectric modules. On this basis, the power of the ATEG and its impact on overall engine efficiency were determined.

Road vehicle emission factors development: A review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Franco, Vicente; Kousoulidou, Marina; Muntean, Marilena; Ntziachristos, Leonidas; Hausberger, Stefan; Dilara, Panagiota

2013-05-01

Pollutant emissions need to be accurately estimated to ensure that air quality plans are designed and implemented appropriately. Emission factors (EFs) are empirical functional relations between pollutant emissions and the activity that causes them. In this review article, the techniques used to measure road vehicle emissions are examined in relation to the development of EFs found in emission models used to produce emission inventories. The emission measurement techniques covered include those most widely used for road vehicle emissions data collection, namely chassis and engine dynamometer measurements, remote sensing, road tunnel studies and portable emission measurements systems (PEMS). The main advantages and disadvantages of each method with regards to emissions modelling are presented. A review of the ways in which EFs may be derived from test data is also performed, with a clear distinction between data obtained under controlled conditions (engine and chassis dynamometer measurements using standard driving cycles) and measurements under real-world operation.

77 FR 63313 - Notice of Meeting of the EPA's Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee (CHPAC)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-16

... (CHPAC) will be held November 7 and 8, 2012 at EPA's Potomac Yards Building (2777 South Crystal Drive... CHPAC will meet November 7 and 8, 2012. ADDRESSES: 2777 South Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202. FOR... Accommodations: For information on access or services for individuals with disabilities, please contact Martha...

Criteria pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from CNG transit buses equipped with three-way catalysts compared to lean-burn engines and oxidation catalyst technologies.

PubMed

Yoon, Seungju; Collins, John; Thiruvengadam, Arvind; Gautam, Mridul; Herner, Jorn; Ayala, Alberto

2013-08-01

Engine and exhaust control technologies applied to compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses have advanced from lean-burn, to lean-burn with oxidation catalyst (OxC), to stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst (TWC). With this technology advancement, regulated gaseous and particulate matter emissions have been significantly reduced. Two CNG transit buses equipped with stoichiometric combustion engines and TWCs were tested on a chassis dynamometer, and their emissions were measured. Emissions from the stoichiometric engines with TWCs were then compared to the emissions from lean-burn CNG transit buses tested in previous studies. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC was effective in reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), particulate matter (PM), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) by 87% to 98% depending on pollutants and test cycles, compared to lean combustion. The high removal efficiencies exceeded the emission reduction required from the certification standards, especially for NO(x) and PM. While the certification standards require 95% and 90% reductions for NO(x) and PM, respectively, from the engine model years 1998-2003 to the engine model year 2007, the measured NO(x) and PM emissions show 96% and 95% reductions, respectively, from the lean-burn engines to the stoichiometric engines with TWC over the transient Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) cycle. One drawback of stoichiometric combustion with TWC is that this technology produces higher carbon monoxide (CO) emissions than lean combustion. In regard to controlling CO emissions, lean combustion with OxC is more effective than stoichiometric combustion. Stoichiometric combustion with TWC produced higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) than lean combustion during the UDDS cycle, but lower GHG emissions during the steady-state cruise cycle. Stoichiometric combustion with three-way catalyst is currently the best emission control technology available for compressed natural gas (CNG) transit buses to meet the stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2010 heavy-duty engine NO(x) emissions standard. For existing lean-burn CNG transit buses in the fleet, oxidation catalyst would be the most effective retrofit technology for the control of NMHC and CO emissions.

Transistorized PWM inverter-induction motor drive system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peak, S. C.; Plunkett, A. B.

1982-01-01

This paper describes the development of a transistorized PWM inverter-induction motor traction drive system. A vehicle performance analysis was performed to establish the vehicle tractive effort-speed requirements. These requirements were then converted into a set of inverter and motor specifications. The inverter was a transistorized three-phase bridge using General Electric power Darlington transistors. The description of the design and development of this inverter is the principal object of this paper. The high-speed induction motor is a design which is optimized for use with an inverter power source. The primary feedback control is a torque angle control with voltage and torque outer loop controls. A current-controlled PWM technique is used to control the motor voltage. The drive has a constant torque output with PWM operation to base motor speed and a constant horsepower output with square wave operation to maximum speed. The drive system was dynamometer tested and the results are presented.

Motorcycle emissions and fuel consumption in urban and rural driving conditions.

PubMed

Chen, K S; Wang, W C; Chen, H M; Lin, C F; Hsu, H C; Kao, J H; Hu, M T

2003-08-01

This work reports sampling of motorcycle on-road driving cycles in actual urban and rural environments and the development of representative driving cycles using the principle of least total variance in individual regions. Based on the representative driving cycles in individual regions, emission factors for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)=NO+NO(2)) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)), as well as fuel consumption, were determined using a chassis dynamometer. The measurement results show that the representative driving cycles are almost identical in the three largest cities in Taiwan, but they differ significantly from the rural driving cycle. Irrespective of driving conditions, emission factors differ insignificantly between the urban and rural regions at a 95% confidence level. However, the fuel consumption in urban centers is approximately 30% higher than in the rural regions, with driving conditions in the former usually poor compared to the latter. Two-stroke motorcycles generally have considerably higher HC emissions and quite lower NO(x) emissions than those of four-stroke motorcycles. Comparisons with other studies suggest that factors such as road characteristics, traffic volume, vehicle type, driving conditions and driver behavior may affect motorcycle emission levels in real traffic situations.

Testing of the Eagle-Picher nickel-iron, the Globe ISOA lead-acid, and the Westinghouse nickel-iron battery subsystems in an electric-vehicle environment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hewitt, R.; Bryant, J.

1982-01-01

Three full size developmental batteries were tested with electric vehicles; two nickel-iron batteries and a lead-acid battery. Constant speed and driving schedule tests were done on a chassis dynamometer. Several aspects of battery performance were evaluated for capacity, recharge efficiency, voltage response, and self discharge. Each of these three batteries exhibited some strengths and some weaknesses.

Fuel consumption for various driving styles in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles: Integrating driving cycle predictions with fuel consumption optimization

DOE PAGES

Rios-Torres, Jackeline; Liu, Jun; Khattak, Asad

2018-06-14

Here, improving fuel economy and lowering emissions are key societal goals. Standard driving cycles, pre-designed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have long been used to estimate vehicle fuel economy in laboratory-controlled conditions. They have also been used to test and tune different energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper aims to estimate fuel consumption for a conventional vehicle and a HEV using personalized driving cycles extracted from real-world data to study the effects of different driving styles and vehicle types on fuel consumption when compared to the estimates based on standard driving cycles. To domore » this, we extracted driving cycles for conventional vehicles and HEVs from a large-scale U.S. survey that contains real-world GPS-based driving records. Next, the driving cycles were assigned to one of three categories: volatile, normal, or calm. Then, the driving cycles were used along with a driver-vehicle simulation that captures driver decisions (vehicle speed during a trip), powertrain, and vehicle dynamics to estimate fuel consumption for conventional vehicles and HEVs with power-split powertrain. To further optimize fuel consumption for HEVs, the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is applied. The results show that depending on the driving style and the driving scenario, conventional vehicle fuel consumption can vary widely compared with standard EPA driving cycles. Specifically, conventional vehicle fuel consumption was 13% lower in calm urban driving, but almost 34% higher for volatile highway driving compared with standard EPA driving cycles. Interestingly, when a driving cycle is predicted based on the application of case-based reasoning and used to tune the power distribution in a hybrid electric vehicle, its fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 12% in urban driving. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.« less

Fuel consumption for various driving styles in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles: Integrating driving cycle predictions with fuel consumption optimization

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rios-Torres, Jackeline; Liu, Jun; Khattak, Asad

Here, improving fuel economy and lowering emissions are key societal goals. Standard driving cycles, pre-designed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have long been used to estimate vehicle fuel economy in laboratory-controlled conditions. They have also been used to test and tune different energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This paper aims to estimate fuel consumption for a conventional vehicle and a HEV using personalized driving cycles extracted from real-world data to study the effects of different driving styles and vehicle types on fuel consumption when compared to the estimates based on standard driving cycles. To domore » this, we extracted driving cycles for conventional vehicles and HEVs from a large-scale U.S. survey that contains real-world GPS-based driving records. Next, the driving cycles were assigned to one of three categories: volatile, normal, or calm. Then, the driving cycles were used along with a driver-vehicle simulation that captures driver decisions (vehicle speed during a trip), powertrain, and vehicle dynamics to estimate fuel consumption for conventional vehicles and HEVs with power-split powertrain. To further optimize fuel consumption for HEVs, the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is applied. The results show that depending on the driving style and the driving scenario, conventional vehicle fuel consumption can vary widely compared with standard EPA driving cycles. Specifically, conventional vehicle fuel consumption was 13% lower in calm urban driving, but almost 34% higher for volatile highway driving compared with standard EPA driving cycles. Interestingly, when a driving cycle is predicted based on the application of case-based reasoning and used to tune the power distribution in a hybrid electric vehicle, its fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 12% in urban driving. Implications and limitations of the findings are discussed.« less

Prediction of in-use emissions of heavy-duty diesel vehicles from engine testing.

PubMed

Yanowitz, Janet; Graboski, Michael S; McCormick, Robert L

2002-01-15

A model of a heavy-duty vehicle driveline with automatic transmission has been developed for estimating engine speed and load from vehicle speed. The model has been validated using emissions tests conducted on three diesel vehicles on a chassis dynamometer and then on the engines removed from the vehicles tested on an engine dynamometer. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were proportional to work done by the engine. For two of the engines, the NOx/horsepower(HP) ratio was the same on the engine and on the chassis dynamometer tests. For the third engine NOx/HP was significantly higher from the chassis test, possibly due to the use of dual engine maps. The engine certification test generated consistently less particulate matter emissions on a gram per brake horsepower-hour basis than the Heavy Duty Transient and Central Business District chassis cycles. A good linear correlation (r2 = 0.97 and 0.91) was found between rates of HP increase integrated over the test cycle and PM emissions for both the chassis and the engine tests for two of the vehicles. The model also shows how small changes in vehicle speeds can lead to a doubling of load on the engine. Additionally, the model showed that it is impossible to drive a vehicle cycle equivalent to the heavy-duty engine federal test procedure on these vehicles.

HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE IN USE EMISSION PERFORMANCE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nylund, N; Ikonen, M; Laurikko, J

2003-08-24

Engines for heavy-duty vehicles are emission certified by running engines according to specified load pattern or duty cycle. In the US, the US Heavy-Duty Transient cycle has been in use already for a number of years, and Europe is, according to the requirements of the Directive 1999/96/EC gradually switching to transient-type testing. Evaluating the in-use emission performance of heavy-duty vehicles presents a problem. Taking engines out of vehicles for engine dynamometer testing is difficult and costly. In addition, engine dynamometer testing does not take into account the properties of the vehicle itself (i.e. mass, transmission etc.). It is also debatable,more » how well the standardized duty cycles reflect real-life -driving patterns. VTT Processes has recently commissioned a new emission laboratory for heavy-duty vehicles. The facility comprises both engine test stand and a fully transient heavy-duty chassis dynamometer. The roller diameter of the dynamometer is 2.5 meters. Regulated emissions are measured using a full-flow CVS system. The HD vehicle chassis dynamometer measurements (emissions, fuel consumption) has been granted accreditation by the Centre of Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES, Finland). A national program to generate emission data on buses has been set up for the years 2002-2004. The target is to generate emission factors for some 50 different buses representing different degree of sophistication (Euro 1 to Euro5/EEV, with and without exhaust gas aftertreatment), different fuel technologies (diesel, natural gas) and different ages (the effect of aging). The work is funded by the Metropolitan Council of Helsinki, Helsinki City Transport, The Ministry of Transport and Communications Finland and the gas company Gasum Oy. The International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles (IANGV) has opted to buy into the project. For IANGV, VTT will deliver comprehensive emission data (including particle size distribution and chemical and biological characterization of particles) for up-to-date diesel and natural gas vehicles. The paper describes the methodology used for the measurements on buses, the test matrix and some preliminary emission data on both regulated and unregulated emissions.« less

Characterizing emission rates of regulated pollutants from model year 2012+ heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with DPF and SCR systems.

PubMed

Jiang, Yu; Yang, Jiacheng; Cocker, David; Karavalakis, Georgios; Johnson, Kent C; Durbin, Thomas D

2018-04-01

The regulated emissions of five 2012 and newer, low-mileage, heavy-duty Class 8 diesel trucks equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems were evaluated over test cycles representing urban, highway, and stop-and-go driving on a chassis dynamometer. NOx emissions over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) ranged from 0.495 to 1.363g/mi (0.136 to 0.387g/bhp-hr) for four of the normal emitting trucks. For those trucks, NOx emissions were lowest over the cruise (0.068 to 0.471g/mi) and high-speed cruise (0.067 to 0.249g/mi) cycles, and highest for the creep cycle (2.131 to 9.468g/mi). A fifth truck showed an anomaly in that it had never regenerated throughout its relatively short operating lifetime due to its unusual, unladed service history. This truck exhibited NOx emissions of 3.519g/mi initially over the UDDS, with UDDS NOx emissions decreasing to 0.39g/mi after a series of parked regenerations. PM, THC, and CO emissions were found to be very low for most of the testing conditions, due to the presence of the DPF/SCR aftertreatment system, and were comparable to background levels in some cases. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Visiting EPA Region 3’s Offices

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Information on visiting EPA Region 3’s offices in Philadelphia, Pa., Annapolis, Md., Fort Meade, Md. and Wheeling, W. Va. including the address, building access, public transportation and driving directions.

Vehicle performance tests of the Ford/GE first generation single-shaft (ETX-I) alternating current propulsion system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crumley, R. L.; MacDowall, R. D.; Hardin, J. E.; Burke, A. F.

1989-04-01

This report is concerned with the test and evaluation of the ETX-I electric test vehicle, which is a Mercury LN7 retrofitted with the single-shaft ac electric powertrain developed by Ford and General Electric under contract to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) during the period 1982 to 1985. The lead-acid battery used in the ETX-I was developed by Lucas Chloride Electric Vehicle (EV) Systems (LCEVS) as part of the same DOE contract. Extensive tests of the powertrain and battery were done by General Electric and Lucas Chloride before they were integrated into the ETX-I test vehicle by Ford. Ford did limited testing of the ETX-I vehicle on a chassis dynamometer to determine the energy consumption of the powertrain for several driving schedules before the vehicle was shipped to INEL for complete dynamometer testing. Ford also performed track tests with the ETX-I to determine its acceleration performance characteristics.

Evaluation of the micro-carburetor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weiss, M. F.; Hall, R. A.; Mazor, S. D.

1981-01-01

A prototype sonic, variable-venturi automotive carburetor was evaluated for its effects on vehicle performance, fuel economy, and exhaust emissions. A 350 CID Chevrolet Impala vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer over the 1975 Federal Test Procedure, urban driving cycle. The Micro-carburetor was tested and compared with stock and modified-stock engine configurations. Subsequently, the test vehicle's performance characteristics were examined with the stock carburetor and again with the Micro-carburetor in a series of on-road driveability tests. The test engine was then removed from the vehicle and installed on an engine dynamometer. Engine tests were conducted to compare the fuel economy, thermal efficiency, and cylinder-to-cylinder mixture distribution of the Micro-carburetor to that of the stock configuration. Test results show increases in thermal efficiency and improvements in fuel economy at all test conditions. Improve fuel/air mixture preparation is implied from the information presented. Further improvements in fuel economy and exhaust emissions are possible through a detailed recalibration of the Micro-carburetor.

Characterizing particulate matter emissions from vehicles: chassis-dynamometer tests using a High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Collier, S.; Zhang, Q.; Forestieri, S.; Kleeman, M.; Cappa, C. D.; Kuwayama, T.

2012-12-01

During September of 2011 a suite of real-time instruments was used to sample vehicle emissions at the California Air Resources Board Haagen-Schmidt facility in El Monte, CA. A representative fleet of 8 spark ignition gasoline vehicles, a diesel passenger vehicle, a gasoline direct-injection vehicle and an ultra-low emissions vehicle were tested on a chassis dynamometer. The emissions were sampled into the facility's standard CVS tunnel and diluted to atmospherically relevant levels (5-30 μg/m3) while controlling other factors such as relative humidity or background black carbon particulate loading concentrations. An Aerodyne High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-MS) was among the real-time instruments used and sampled vehicle emissions at 10 second time resolution in order to characterize the non-refractory organic and inorganic particulate matter (PM). PM composition and concentration were tracked throughout the cold start driving cycle which included periods of fast acceleration and high velocity cruise control, meant to recreate typical commuter driving behavior. Variations in inorganic and organic PM composition for a given vehicle throughout the driving cycle as well as for various vehicles with differing emissions loading were characterized. Differences in PM composition for a given vehicle whose emissions are being exposed to differing experimental conditions such as varying relative humidity will also be reported. In conjunction with measurements from a Multi Wavelength Photoacoustic Black Carbon Spectrometer (MWPA-BC) and real-time gas measurements from the CARB facility, we determine the real-time emission ratios of primary organic aerosols (POA) with respect to BC and common combustion gas phase pollutants and compared to different vehicle driving conditions. The results of these tests offer the vehicle emissions community a first time glimpse at the real-time behavior of vehicle PM emissions for a variety of conditions and vehicle types at atmospherically relevant conditions and without chemical interferences from other primary or secondary aerosol sources.

Investigation of Transmission Warming Technologies at Various Ambient Conditions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jehlik, Forrest; Iliev, Simeon; Wood, Eric

This work details two approaches for evaluating transmission warming technology: experimental dynamometer testing and development of a simplified transmission efficiency model to quantify effects under varied real world ambient and driving conditions. Two vehicles were used for this investigation: a 2013 Ford Taurus and a 2011 Ford Fusion. The Taurus included a production transmission warming system and was tested over hot and cold ambient temperatures with the transmission warming system enabled and disabled. A robot driver was used to minimize driver variability and increase repeatability. Additionally the Fusion was tested cold and with the transmission pre-heated prior to completing themore » test cycles. These data were used to develop a simplified thermally responsive transmission model to estimate effects of transmission warming in real world conditions. For the Taurus, the fuel consumption variability within one standard deviation was shown to be under 0.5% for eight repeat Urban Dynamometer Driving Cycles (UDDS). These results were valid with the transmission warming system active or passive. Using the transmission warming system under 22 degrees C ambient temperature, fuel consumption reduction was shown to be 1.4%. For the Fusion, pre-warming the transmission reduced fuel consumption 2.5% for an urban drive cycle at -7 degrees C ambient temperature, with 1.5% of the 2.5% gain associated with the transmission, while consumption for the US06 test was shown to be reduced by 7% with 5.5% of the 7% gain associated with the transmission. It was found that engine warming due to conduction between the pre-heated transmission and the engine resulted in the remainder of the benefit. For +22 degrees C ambient tests, the pre-heated transmission was shown to reduce fuel consumption approximately 1% on an urban cycle, while no benefit was seen for the US06 cycle. The simplified modeling results showed gains in efficiency ranging from 0-1.5% depending on the ambient temperature and drive cycle.« less

Real-time black carbon emission factor measurements from light duty vehicles.

PubMed

Forestieri, Sara D; Collier, Sonya; Kuwayama, Toshihiro; Zhang, Qi; Kleeman, Michael J; Cappa, Christopher D

2013-11-19

Eight light-duty gasoline low emission vehicles (LEV I) were tested on a Chassis dynamometer using the California Unified Cycle (UC) at the Haagen-Smit vehicle test facility at the California Air Resources Board in El Monte, CA during September 2011. The UC includes a cold start phase followed by a hot stabilized running phase. In addition, a light-duty gasoline LEV vehicle and ultralow emission vehicle (ULEV), and a light-duty diesel passenger vehicle and gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle were tested on a constant velocity driving cycle. A variety of instruments with response times ≥0.1 Hz were used to characterize how the emissions of the major particulate matter components varied for the LEVs during a typical driving cycle. This study focuses primarily on emissions of black carbon (BC). These measurements allowed for the determination of BC emission factors throughout the driving cycle, providing insights into the temporal variability of BC emission factors during different phases of a typical driving cycle.

40 CFR 600.109-08 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust....115 of this chapter. (b) The highway fuel economy driving cycle is specified in this paragraph. (1) The Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule is set forth in appendix I of this part. The driving...

40 CFR 600.109-08 - EPA driving cycles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES Fuel Economy and Carbon-Related Exhaust....115 of this chapter. (b) The highway fuel economy driving cycle is specified in this paragraph. (1) The Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule is set forth in appendix I of this part. The driving...

The Bigger the Hand, the Bigger the Difference? Implications for Testing Strength With Two Popular Handgrip Dynamometers.

PubMed

Abe, Takashi; Loenneke, Jeremy P; Thiebaud, Robert S; Loftin, Mark

2017-10-16

Studies developed the frail elderly handgrip strength (HGS) diagnostic criteria using multiple types of handgrip dynamometers. If different handgrip dynamometer report different values, then this would have the potential to misclassify people into the wrong diagnostic category. To examine the characteristics of HGS measured by two standard handgrip dynamometers, and to investigate the influence of hand size on HGS. University research laboratory. 87 young and middle-aged adults aged 20-60 years participated in this study. Standard methods of HGS measurements were used for hydraulic and Smedley's spring-type dynamometer, although the participants were instructed to maintain an upright standing position in both tests. Test-retest reliability of hydraulic and Smedley dynamometers provided comparable results to that observed with previous studies. However, the difference in HGS between the two dynamometers (Hydraulic-Smedley difference) was positively associated (r = 0.670, p < 0.001) with the mean of the two dynamometers. The participants who had relatively low HGS (at least <35 kg) produced similar HGS values when the two dynamometers were compared, while persons who had relatively higher HGS (at least >45 kg) produced greater strength values with the hydraulic compared to the Smedley. The hand and palm lengths were weakly correlated (r = 0.349 and r = 0.358, respectively, both p < 0.001) to the difference in HGS between the two dynamometers. Test-retest reliability of hydraulic and Smedley dynamometers provides comparable results to previous studies. However, the difference in HGS between the two dynamometers was positively associated with the mean of the two dynamometers. This Hydraulic-Smedley difference would not affect persons who have relatively low HGS (at least < 35 kg), while when HGS is relatively high, the comparison between dynamometers should be done with caution.

Drive Cycle Analysis, Measurement of Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a PHEV School Bus: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barnitt, R.; Gonder, J.

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) collected and analyzed real-world school bus drive cycle data and selected similar standard drive cycles for testing on a chassis dynamometer. NREL tested a first-generation plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) school bus equipped with a 6.4L engine and an Enova PHEV drive system comprising a 25-kW/80 kW (continuous/peak) motor and a 370-volt lithium ion battery pack. A Bluebird 7.2L conventional school bus was also tested. Both vehicles were tested over three different drive cycles to capture a range of driving activity. PHEV fuel savings in charge-depleting (CD) mode ranged from slightly more than 30%more » to a little over 50%. However, the larger fuel savings lasted over a shorter driving distance, as the fully charged PHEV school bus would initially operate in CD mode for some distance, then in a transitional mode, and finally in a charge-sustaining (CS) mode for continued driving. The test results indicate that a PHEV school bus can achieve significant fuel savings during CD operation relative to a conventional bus. In CS mode, the tested bus showed small fuel savings and somewhat higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions than the baseline comparison bus.« less

75 FR 859 - Exposure Modeling Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-01-06

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0879; FRL-8806-4] Exposure Modeling Public Meeting AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice of Cancellation and Rescheduling of... S. Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Chuck Peck, Environmental...

40 CFR 1066.201 - Dynamometer overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Dynamometer overview. 1066.201 Section 1066.201 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer Specifications § 1066.201 Dynamometer overview. This subpart...

Fuel Economy and Emissions Effects of Low Tire Pressure, Open Windows, Roof Top and Hitch-Mounted Cargo, and Trailer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, John F; Huff, Shean P; West, Brian H

To quantify the fuel economy (FE) effect of some common vehicle accessories or alterations, a compact passenger sedan and a sport utility vehicle (SUV) were subjected to SAE J2263 coastdown procedures. Coastdowns were conducted with low tire pressure, all windows open, with a roof top or hitch-mounted cargo carrier, and with the SUV pulling an enclosed cargo trailer. From these coastdowns, vehicle dynamometer coefficients were developed which enabled the execution of vehicle dynamometer experiments to determine the effect of these changes on vehicle FE and emissions over standard drive cycles and at steady highway speeds. The FE penalty associated withmore » the rooftop cargo box mounted on the compact sedan was as high as 25-27% at higher speeds, where the aerodynamic drag is most pronounced. For both vehicles, use of a hitch mounted cargo tray carrying a similar load resulted in very small FE penalties, unlike the rooftop cargo box. The results for the SUV pulling a 3500 pound enclosed cargo trailer were rather dramatic, resulting in FE penalties ranging from 30%, for the city cycle, to 50% at 80 mph, at which point significant CO generation indicated protective enrichment due to high load. Low tire pressure cases resulted in negligible to 10% FE penalty depending on the specific case and test point. Driving with all four windows open decreased FE by 4-8.5% for the compact sedan, and 1-4% for the SUV.« less

40 CFR 1066.275 - Daily dynamometer readiness verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer Specifications § 1066.275 Daily... automated process for this verification procedure, perform this evaluation by setting the initial speed and... your dynamometer does not perform this verification with an automated process: (1) With the dynamometer...

Determination the validity of the new developed Sport Experts® hand grip dynamometer, measuring continuity of force, and comparison with current Takei and Baseline® dynamometers.

PubMed

Güçlüöver, A; Kutlu, M; Ciğerci, A E; Esen, H T; Demirkan, E; Erdoğdu, M

2015-11-01

In this study the Sport Experts ™ brand of hand grip dynamometer, measuring the continuity of force with the new developed load cell technology, was compared with Takei and Baseline® dynamometers, the current in use. It was tried to determine the correlation between them. In a study with provides use of clinical, orthopedic and rehabilitative purposes in the athletes and patient populations, this developed dynamometer can provide useful data by observing the continuity of force. The sample of the study included 60 badminton players in 2010-2011; consisting of Turkish Junior National male players (N.=16, age: 16.8±1.5), Junior National female players (N.=14, age: 16.9±1.6), amateur level male players (N.=15, age: 16.3±0.8) and amateur level female players (N.=15, age: 16.1±0.6). ANOVA was used in the statistical methods in order to compare the hand grip strength made by different brands; Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship level between dynamometers. Furthermore, test-retest reliability analysis was completed the new developed expert dynamometer. There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of the dynamometers (P>0.05). Besides, a highly significant relationship (r=0.95 to 0.96) was found among all three dynamometers. However, the reliability coefficient was found (Chronbachs α: 0.989, ICC:0.97, r=0.97), (P<0.01) for the new developed expert dynamometer. Comparison between the dynamometers and the statistical results obtained from the correlation relationships shows interchangeability of dynamometers. As a result, our observation of force continuity (progression) of the athlete and patient populations is thought to be important.

40 CFR 1066.215 - Summary of verification procedures for chassis dynamometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer Specifications § 1066.215 Summary... judgment. (c) Automated dynamometer verifications and calibrations. In some cases, dynamometers are... specified in this subpart. You may use these automated functions instead of following the procedures we...

40 CFR 89.307 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent... torque measurement for each range used by the following method: (1) Warm up the dynamometer following the dynamometer manufacturer's specifications. (2) Determine the dynamometer calibration moment arm (a distance...

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok.

PubMed

Nutramon, Tamsanya; Supachart, Chungpaibulpatana

2009-01-01

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.

The EPA CompTox Chemistry Dashboard - an online resource for environmental chemists (ACS Spring Meeting)

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Computational Toxicology Program integrates advances in biology, chemistry, and computer science to help prioritize chemicals for further research based on potential human health risks. This work involves computational and data drive...

The EPA Comptox Chemistry Dashboard: A Web-Based Data Integration Hub for Toxicology Data (SOT)

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Computational Toxicology Program integrates advances in biology, chemistry, and computer science to help prioritize chemicals for further research based on potential human health risks. This work involves computational and data drive...

On-road emission factors of PM pollutants for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on urban street driving conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kam, Winnie; Liacos, James W.; Schauer, James J.; Delfino, Ralph J.; Sioutas, Constantinos

2012-12-01

An on-road sampling campaign was conducted on two major surface streets (Wilshire and Sunset Boulevards) in Los Angeles, CA, to characterize PM components including metals, trace elements, and organic species for three PM size fractions (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-0.25, and PM0.25). Fuel-based emission factors (mass of pollutant per kg of fuel) were calculated to assess the emissions profile of a light-duty vehicle (LDV) traffic fleet characterized by stop-and-go driving conditions that are reflective of urban street driving. Emission factors for metals and trace elements were highest in PM10-2.5 while emission factors for PAHs and hopanes and steranes were highest in PM0.25. PM2.5 emission factors were also compared to previous freeway, roadway tunnel, and dynamometer studies based on an LDV fleet to determine how various environments and driving conditions may influence concentrations of PM components. The on-road sampling methodology deployed in the current study captured substantially higher levels of metals and trace elements associated with vehicular abrasion (Fe, Ca, Cu, and Ba) and crustal origins (Mg and Al) than previous LDV studies. The semi-volatile nature of PAHs resulted in higher levels of PAHs in the particulate phase for LDV tunnel studies (Phuleria et al., 2006) and lower levels of PAHs in the particulate phase for freeway studies (Ning et al., 2008). With the exception of a few high molecular weight PAHs, the current study's emission factors were in between the LDV tunnel and LDV freeway studies. In contrast, hopane and sterane emission factors were generally comparable between the current study, the LDV tunnel, and LDV freeway, as expected given the greater atmospheric stability of these organic compounds. Overall, the emission factors from the dynamometer studies for metals, trace elements, and organic species are lower than the current study. Lastly, n-alkanes (C19-C40) were quantified and alkane carbon preference indices (CPIs) were determined to be in the range of 1-2, indicating substantial anthropogenic source contribution for surface streets in Los Angeles.

Investigating Impact Metrics for Performance for the US EPA National Center for Computational Toxicology (ACS Fall meeting)

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Computational Toxicology Program integrates advances in biology, chemistry, and computer science to help prioritize chemicals for further research based on potential human health risks. This work involves computational and data drive...

40 CFR 90.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...). (3) Record all pre-test data specified in § 90.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 90.410) within... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Engine dynamometer test run. 90.409... Test Procedures § 90.409 Engine dynamometer test run. (a) Engine and dynamometer start-up. (1) Only...

40 CFR 90.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...). (3) Record all pre-test data specified in § 90.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 90.410) within... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 90.409... Test Procedures § 90.409 Engine dynamometer test run. (a) Engine and dynamometer start-up. (1) Only...

40 CFR 90.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...). (3) Record all pre-test data specified in § 90.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 90.410) within... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 90.409... Test Procedures § 90.409 Engine dynamometer test run. (a) Engine and dynamometer start-up. (1) Only...

40 CFR 90.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...). (3) Record all pre-test data specified in § 90.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 90.410) within... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 90.409... Test Procedures § 90.409 Engine dynamometer test run. (a) Engine and dynamometer start-up. (1) Only...

40 CFR 90.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...). (3) Record all pre-test data specified in § 90.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 90.410) within... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 90.409... Test Procedures § 90.409 Engine dynamometer test run. (a) Engine and dynamometer start-up. (1) Only...

Emission rates of regulated pollutants from on-road heavy-duty diesel vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shah, Sandip D.; Johnson, Kent C.; Wayne Miller, J.; Cocker, David R.

Emissions from heavy-duty diesel (HDD) vehicles are affected by many factors. Changes in engine technology, operating mode, fuel properties, vehicle speed and ambient conditions can have significant effects on emission rates of regulated species. This paper presents the results of on-road emissions testing of 11 HDD vehicles (model years 1996-2000) over the ARB Four Phase driving schedule and the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). Emission rates were found to be highly dependent on vehicle operating mode. Per mile NO x emission rates for vehicle operation at low speeds, in simulated congested traffic, were three times higher per mile emissions then while cruising on the freeway. Comparisons of NO x emission factors to EMFAC baseline emission factors were within 5-40% for vehicles of various model years tested over the UDDS. A comparison of NO x emission factors for a weighted average of the ARB four phase driving schedule yielded values within 17-57% of EMFAC values. Generally, particulate matter (PM) emission rates were lower than EMFAC values.

Auto Indexer Auto-Indexer for Percussive Hammers: Vane Motor Dynamometer Testing

DOE Data Explorer

Su, Jiann

2012-01-01

Objectives Options associated with geothermal drilling operations are generally limited by factors such as formation temperature and rock strength. The objective of the research is to expand the "tool box" available to the geothermal driller by furthering the development of a high-temperature drilling motor that can be used in directional drilling applications for drilling high temperature geothermal formations. The motor is specifically designed to operate in conjunction with a pneumatic down-the-hole-hammer. It provides a more compact design compared to traditional drilling motors such as PDMs (positive displacement motors). The packaging can help to enhance directional drilling capabilities. It uses no elastomeric components, which enables it to operate in higher temperatures ( >250 °F). Current work on the motor has shown that is a capable of operating under pneumatic power with a down-the-hole-hammer. Further development work will include continued testing and refining motor components and evaluating motor capabilities. Targets/Milestones Complete testing current motor - 12/31/2010 Make final material and design decisions - 01/31/2011 Build and test final prototype - 04/31/2011 Final demonstration - 07/31/2011 Impacts The development of the motor will help to achieve program technical objectives by improving well construction capabilities. This includes enabling high-temperature drilling as well as enhancing directional drilling. A key component in the auto indexer is the drive motor. It is an air-driven vane motor that converts the energy stored in the compressed air to mechanical energy. The motor is attached to hammer-like components which impart an impulsive load onto the drive shaft. The impulsive force on the drive shaft in turn creates an indexing action. A controlled test was performed to characterize the performance of the the vane motor for a given pressure. The Sandia dynamometer test station was used to determine the performance of the motor for a given input pressure.

EVA Metro Sedan electric-propulsion system: test and evaluation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Reimers, E.

1979-09-01

The procedure and results of the performance evaluation of the EVA Metro Sedan (car No. 1) variable speed dc chopper motor drive and its three speed automatic transmission are presented. The propulsion system for a battery powered vehicle manufactured by Electric Vehicle Associates, Valley View, Ohio, was removed from the vehicle, mounted on the programmable electric dynamometer test facility and evaluated with the aid of a hp 3052A Data Acquisition System. Performance data for the automatic transmission, the solid state dc motor speed controller, and the dc motor in the continuous and pulsating dc power mode, as derived on themore » dynamometer test facility, as well as the entire propulsion system are given. This concept and the system's components were evaluated in terms of commercial applicability, maintainability, and energy utility to establish a design base for the further development of this system or similar propulsion drives. The propulsion system of the EVA Metro Sedan is powered by sixteen 6-volt traction batteries, Type EV 106 (Exide Battery Mfg. Co.). A thyristor controlled cable form Pulsomatic Mark 10 controller, actuated by a foot throttle, controls the voltage applied to a dc series field motor, rated at 10 hp at 3800 rpm (Baldor Electric Co.). Gear speed reduction to the wheel is accomplished by the original equipment three speed automatic transmission with torque converter (Renault 12 Sedan). The brake consists of a power-assisted, hydraulic braking system with front wheel disk and rear drum. An ability to recuperate electric energy with subsequent storage in the battery power supply is not provided.« less

40 CFR 86.208-94 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.208-94 Dynamometer. (a) For testing that is... the manufacturer, a dynamometer with different characteristics may be used provided cold CO emissions...

40 CFR 86.208-94 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.208-94 Dynamometer. (a) For testing that is... the manufacturer, a dynamometer with different characteristics may be used provided cold CO emissions...

40 CFR 86.208-94 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.208-94 Dynamometer. (a) For testing that is... the manufacturer, a dynamometer with different characteristics may be used provided cold CO emissions...

40 CFR 86.518-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... down the dynamometer for each inertia load combination used. Coastdown times for the interval from 70... of conducting a dynamometer coastdown at one or more inertia-horsepower settings and comparing the...

40 CFR 86.518-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... down the dynamometer for each inertia load combination used. Coastdown times for the interval from 70... of conducting a dynamometer coastdown at one or more inertia-horsepower settings and comparing the...

40 CFR 86.518-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... down the dynamometer for each inertia load combination used. Coastdown times for the interval from 70... of conducting a dynamometer coastdown at one or more inertia-horsepower settings and comparing the...

40 CFR 86.518-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... down the dynamometer for each inertia load combination used. Coastdown times for the interval from 70... of conducting a dynamometer coastdown at one or more inertia-horsepower settings and comparing the...

40 CFR 86.518-78 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... down the dynamometer for each inertia load combination used. Coastdown times for the interval from 70... of conducting a dynamometer coastdown at one or more inertia-horsepower settings and comparing the...

40 CFR 86.118-00 - Dynamometer calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 1977 and Later Model Year New Light-Duty Vehicles and New Light-Duty Trucks and New Otto-Cycle Complete... required. (b) For large single roll electric dynamometers or equivalent dynamometer configurations, the...

40 CFR 91.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... specifications. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine speed and torque... accuracy. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine torque and speed...

40 CFR 91.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... specifications. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine speed and torque... accuracy. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine torque and speed...

40 CFR 91.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... specifications. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine speed and torque... accuracy. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine torque and speed...

40 CFR 91.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... specifications. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine speed and torque... accuracy. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine torque and speed...

40 CFR 91.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... specifications. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine speed and torque... accuracy. (1) The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of engine torque and speed...

78 FR 2882 - Findings of Failure To Submit a Complete State Implementation Plan for Section 110(a) Pertaining...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-15

..., 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. General..., Chicago, IL 60604. EPA Region VI: Guy Donaldson, Chief, Arkansas, Louisiana, New Air Planning Section, EPA... Technology Transfer and Advancement Act J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental...

40 CFR 63.14 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...., Washington, DC, and at the EPA Library (MD-35), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. For... (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post Office Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Telephone (610... following Web site: http://www.proquest.com. (1) ASTM D523-89, Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss, IBR...

40 CFR 63.14 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...., Washington, DC, and at the EPA Library (MD-35), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. For... (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post Office Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959; or ProQuest, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. (1) ASTM D523-89, Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss, IBR...

77 FR 31356 - Pesticide Products; Receipt of Applications To Register New Uses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-25

... Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012- 0241. Company name and address: Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive.... Registration Number: 264-825. Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012- 0325. Company name and address: Bayer CropScience... pesticide manufacturer. Potentially affected entities may include, but are not limited to: Crop production...

On-Road Validation of a Simplified Model for Estimating Real-World Fuel Economy: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Eric; Gonder, Jeff; Jehlik, Forrest

On-road fuel economy is known to vary significantly between individual trips in real-world driving conditions. This work introduces a methodology for rapidly simulating a specific vehicle's fuel economy over the wide range of real-world conditions experienced across the country. On-road test data collected using a highly instrumented vehicle is used to refine and validate this modeling approach. Model accuracy relative to on-road data collection is relevant to the estimation of 'off-cycle credits' that compensate for real-world fuel economy benefits that are not observed during certification testing on a chassis dynamometer.

Vibration characterization and control of miniature Stirling-cycle cryocoolers for space application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ross, R. G., Jr.; Johnson, D. L.; Kotsubo, V.

1991-01-01

This paper provides a summary overview of the vibration characteristics of split Stirling cryocoolers of the Oxford type and describes means being developed to achieve vibration levels consistent with the exacting requirements of sensitive infrared spectrometer instruments currently under development for NASA applications. A key emphasis of the paper is on exploring both active and passive means of reducing the residual upper harmonics of the drive frequency that remain with nulled back-to-back compressor and displacer units. Vibration supression results, measured with JPL's unique six-DOF force dynamometer, are presented for an 80 K Stirling cooler.

On-Road Validation of a Simplified Model for Estimating Real-World Fuel Economy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Eric; Gonder, Jeffrey; Jehlik, Forrest

On-road fuel economy is known to vary significantly between individual trips in real-world driving conditions. This work introduces a methodology for rapidly simulating a specific vehicle's fuel economy over the wide range of real-world conditions experienced across the country. On-road test data collected using a highly instrumented vehicle is used to refine and validate this modeling approach. Here, model accuracy relative to on-road data collection is relevant to the estimation of 'off-cycle credits' that compensate for real-world fuel economy benefits that are not observed during certification testing on a chassis dynamometer.

On the road performance tests of electric test vehicle for correlation with road load simulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dustin, M. O.; Slavik, R. J.

1982-01-01

A dynamometer (road load simulator) is used to test and evaluate electric vehicle propulsion systems. To improve correlation between system tests on the road load simulator and on the road, similar performance tests are conducted using the same vehicle. The results of track tests on the electric propulsion system test vehicle are described. The tests include range at constant speeds and over SAE J227a driving cycles, maximum accelerations, maximum gradability, and tire rolling resistance determination. Road power requirements and energy consumption were also determined from coast down tests.

On-Road Validation of a Simplified Model for Estimating Real-World Fuel Economy

DOE PAGES

Wood, Eric; Gonder, Jeffrey; Jehlik, Forrest

2017-03-28

On-road fuel economy is known to vary significantly between individual trips in real-world driving conditions. This work introduces a methodology for rapidly simulating a specific vehicle's fuel economy over the wide range of real-world conditions experienced across the country. On-road test data collected using a highly instrumented vehicle is used to refine and validate this modeling approach. Here, model accuracy relative to on-road data collection is relevant to the estimation of 'off-cycle credits' that compensate for real-world fuel economy benefits that are not observed during certification testing on a chassis dynamometer.

Development and Testing of an UltraBattery-Equipped Honda Civic Hybrid

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sally; Tyler Gray; Pattie Hovorka

2012-08-01

The UltraBattery Retrofit Project DP1.8 and Carbon Enriched Project C3, performed by ECOtality North America (ECOtality) and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Advanced Lead Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC), are established to demonstrate the suitability of advanced lead battery technology in hybrid electrical vehicles (HEVs). A profile, termed the “Simulated Honda Civic HEV Profile” (SHCHEVP) has been developed in Project DP1.8 in order to provide reproducible laboratory evaluations of different battery types under real-world HEV conditions. The cycle is based on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and Highway Fuel Economy Test cycles and simulates operation of amore » battery pack in a Honda Civic HEV. One pass through the SHCHEVP takes 2,140 seconds and simulates 17.7 miles of driving. A complete nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack was removed from a Honda Civic HEV and operated under SHCHEVP to validate the profile. The voltage behavior and energy balance of the battery during this operation was virtually the same as that displayed by the battery when in the Honda Civic operating on the dynamometer under the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule and Highway Fuel Economy Test cycles, thus confirming the efficacy of the simulated profile. An important objective of the project has been to benchmark the performance of the UltraBatteries manufactured by both Furukawa Battery Co., Ltd., Japan (Furakawa) and East Penn Manufacturing Co., Inc. (East Penn). Accordingly, UltraBattery packs from both Furakawa and East Penn have been characterized under a range of conditions. Resistance measurements and capacity tests at various rates show that both battery types are very similar in performance. Both technologies, as well as a standard lead-acid module (included for baseline data), were evaluated under a simple HEV screening test. Both Furakawa and East Penn UltraBattery packs operated for over 32,000 HEV cycles, with minimal loss in performance; whereas the standard lead-acid unit experienced significant degradation after only 6,273 cycles. The high-carbon, ALABC battery manufactured in Project C3 also was tested under the advanced HEV schedule. Its performance was significantly better than the standard lead-acid unit, but was still inferior compared with the UltraBattery. The batteries supplied by Exide as part of the C3 Project performed well under the HEV screening test, especially at high temperatures. The results suggest that higher operating temperatures may improve the performance of lead-acid-based technologies operated under HEV conditions—it is recommended that life studies be conducted on these technologies under such conditions.« less

0-6629 : Texas specific drive cycles and idle emissions rates for using with EPA's MOVES model, [project summary].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-08-01

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys : newest emissions model, Motor Vehicle Emission : Simulator (MOVES), enables users to use local : drive schedules(representative vehicle speed : profiles) in order to perform an accurate analysis : of emi...

Impact of a Diesel High Pressure Common Rail Fuel System and Onboard Vehicle Storage on B20 Biodiesel Blend Stability

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Christensen, Earl; McCormick, Robert L.; Sigelko, Jenny

Adoption of high-pressure common-rail (HPCR) fuel systems, which subject diesel fuels to higher temperatures and pressures, has brought into question the efficacy of ASTM International specifications for biodiesel and biodiesel blend oxidation stability, as well as the lack of any stability parameter for diesel fuel. A controlled experiment was developed to investigate the impact of a light-duty diesel HPCR fuel system on the stability of 20% biodiesel (B20) blends under conditions of intermittent use and long-term storage in a relatively hot and dry climate. B20 samples with Rancimat induction periods (IPs) near the current 6.0-hour minimum specification (6.5 hr) andmore » roughly double the ASTM specification (13.5 hr) were prepared from a conventional diesel and a highly unsaturated biodiesel. Four 2011 model year Volkswagen Passats equipped with HPCR fuel injection systems were utilized: one on B0, two on B20-6.5 hr, and one on B20-13.5 hr. Each vehicle was operated over a one-hour drive cycle in a hot running loss test cell to initially stress the fuel. The cars were then kept at Volkswagen's Arizona Proving Ground for two (35 degrees C average daily maximum) to six months (26 degrees C average daily maximum). The fuel was then stressed again by running a portion of the one-hour dynamometer drive cycle (limited by the amount of fuel in the tank). Fuel rail and fuel tank samples were analyzed for IP, acid number, peroxide content, polymer content, and ester profile. The HPCR fuel pumps were removed, dismantled, and inspected for deposits or abnormal wear. Analysis of fuels collected during initial dynamometer tests showed no impact of exposure to HPCR conditions. Long-term storage with intermittent use showed that IP remained above 3 hours, acid number below 0.3 mg KOH/g, peroxides low, no change in ester profile, and no production of polymers. Final dynamometer tests produced only small changes in fuel properties. Inspection of the HPCR fuel pumps revealed no deposits or abnormal wear for any fuel. The results provide some confidence that the ASTM D7467 stability requirement of 6 hr. minimum IP for B6 to B20 blends provides adequate protection for modern engine fuel systems.« less

Euro 6 Unregulated Pollutant Characterization and Statistical Analysis of After-Treatment Device and Driving-Condition Impact on Recent Passenger-Car Emissions.

PubMed

Martinet, Simon; Liu, Yao; Louis, Cédric; Tassel, Patrick; Perret, Pascal; Chaumond, Agnès; André, Michel

2017-05-16

This study aims to measure and analyze unregulated compound emissions for two Euro 6 diesel and gasoline vehicles. The vehicles were tested on a chassis dynamometer under various driving cycles: Artemis driving cycles (urban, road, and motorway), the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the World Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle (WLTC) for Europe, and world approval cycles. The emissions of unregulated compounds (such as total particle number (PN) (over 5.6 nm); black carbon (BC); NO 2 ; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX); carbonyl compounds; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) were measured with several online devices, and different samples were collected using cartridges and quartz filters. Furthermore, a preliminary statistical analysis was performed on eight Euro 4-6 diesel and gasoline vehicles to study the impacts of driving conditions and after-treatment and engine technologies on emissions of regulated and unregulated pollutants. The results indicate that urban conditions with cold starts induce high emissions of BTEX and carbonyl compounds. Motorway conditions are characterized by high emissions of particle numbers and CO, which mainly induced by gasoline vehicles. Compared with gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles equipped with catalyzed or additive DPF emit fewer particles but more NO x and carbonyl compounds.

Sulfur driven nucleation mode formation in diesel exhaust under transient driving conditions.

PubMed

Karjalainen, Panu; Rönkkö, Topi; Pirjola, Liisa; Heikkilä, Juha; Happonen, Matti; Arnold, Frank; Rothe, Dieter; Bielaczyc, Piotr; Keskinen, Jorma

2014-02-18

Sulfur driven diesel exhaust nucleation particle formation processes were studied in an aerosol laboratory, on engine dynamometers, and on the road. All test engines were equipped with a combination of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and a partial diesel particulate filter (pDPF). At steady operating conditions, the formation of semivolatile nucleation particles directly depended on SO2 conversion in the catalyst. The nucleation particle emission was most significant after a rapid increase in engine load and exhaust gas temperature. Results indicate that the nucleation particle formation at transient driving conditions does not require compounds such as hydrocarbons or sulfated hydrocarbons, however, it cannot be explained only by the nucleation of sulfuric acid. A real-world exhaust study with a heavy duty diesel truck showed that the nucleation particle formation occurs even with ultralow sulfur diesel fuel, even at downhill driving conditions, and that nucleation particles can contribute 60% of total particle number emissions. In general, due to sulfur storage and release within the exhaust aftertreatment systems and transients in driving, emissions of nucleation particles can even be the dominant part of modern diesel vehicle exhaust particulate number emissions.

Electric vehicle chassis dynamometer test methods at JPL and their correlation to track tests

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marte, J.; Bryant, J.

1983-01-01

Early in its electric vehicle (EV) test program, JPL recognized that EV test procedures were too vague and too loosely defined to permit much meaningful data to be obtained from the testing. Therefore, JPL adopted more stringent test procedures and chose the chassis dynamometer rather than the track as its principal test technique. Through the years, test procedures continued to evolve towards a methodology based on chassis dynamometers which would exhibit good correlation with track testing. Based on comparative dynamometer and track test results on the ETV-1 vehicle, the test methods discussed in this report demonstrate a means by which excellent track-to-dynamometer correlation can be obtained.

40 CFR 1066.215 - Summary of verification and calibration procedures for chassis dynamometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer... manufacturer instructions and good engineering judgment. (c) Automated dynamometer verifications and... accomplish the verifications and calibrations specified in this subpart. You may use these automated...

40 CFR 1066.215 - Summary of verification and calibration procedures for chassis dynamometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer... manufacturer instructions and good engineering judgment. (c) Automated dynamometer verifications and... accomplish the verifications and calibrations specified in this subpart. You may use these automated...

Simulated Real-World Energy Impacts of a Thermally Sensitive Powertrain Considering Viscous Losses and Enrichment: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, E.; Gonder, J.; Lopp, S.

It is widely understood that cold ambient temperatures increase vehicle fuel consumption due to heat transfer losses, increased friction (increased viscosity lubricants), and enrichment strategies (accelerated catalyst heating). However, relatively little effort has been dedicated to thoroughly quantifying these impacts across a large set of real world drive cycle data and ambient conditions. This work leverages experimental dynamometer vehicle data collected under various drive cycles and ambient conditions to develop a simplified modeling framework for quantifying thermal effects on vehicle energy consumption. These models are applied over a wide array of real-world usage profiles and typical meteorological data to developmore » estimates of in-use fuel economy. The paper concludes with a discussion of how this integrated testing/modeling approach may be applied to quantify real-world, off-cycle fuel economy benefits of various technologies.« less

Development and performance characterization of an electric ground vehicle with independently actuated in-wheel motors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Rongrong; Chen, Yan; Feng, Daiwei; Huang, Xiaoyu; Wang, Junmin

This paper presents the development and experimental characterizations of a prototyping pure electric ground vehicle, which is equipped with four independently actuated in-wheel motors (FIAIWM) and is powered by a 72 V 200 Ah LiFeYPO 4 battery pack. Such an electric ground vehicle (EGV) employs four in-wheel (or hub) motors to independently drive/brake the four wheels and is one of the promising vehicle architectures primarily due to its actuation flexibility, energy efficiency, and performance potentials. Experimental data obtained from the EGV chassis dynamometer tests were employed to generate the in-wheel motor torque response and power efficiency maps in both driving and regenerative braking modes. A torque distribution method is proposed to show the potentials of optimizing the FIAIWM EGV operational energy efficiency by utilizing the actuation flexibility and the characterized in-wheel motor efficiency and torque response.

21 CFR 888.1250 - Nonpowered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Nonpowered dynamometer. 888.1250 Section 888.1250 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1250 Nonpowered dynamometer. (a...

21 CFR 888.1250 - Nonpowered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Nonpowered dynamometer. 888.1250 Section 888.1250 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1250 Nonpowered dynamometer. (a...

21 CFR 888.1250 - Nonpowered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Nonpowered dynamometer. 888.1250 Section 888.1250 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1250 Nonpowered dynamometer. (a...

21 CFR 888.1250 - Nonpowered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Nonpowered dynamometer. 888.1250 Section 888.1250 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1250 Nonpowered dynamometer. (a...

21 CFR 888.1250 - Nonpowered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Nonpowered dynamometer. 888.1250 Section 888.1250 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1250 Nonpowered dynamometer. (a...

40 CFR 610.61 - Engine dynamometer tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... dynamometer durability test procedures used by research organizations in government, the oil industry, engine... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Engine dynamometer tests. 610.61... ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Special Test Procedures § 610.61 Engine...

40 CFR 610.61 - Engine dynamometer tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... dynamometer durability test procedures used by research organizations in government, the oil industry, engine... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Engine dynamometer tests. 610.61... ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Special Test Procedures § 610.61 Engine...

40 CFR 610.61 - Engine dynamometer tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... dynamometer durability test procedures used by research organizations in government, the oil industry, engine... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Engine dynamometer tests. 610.61... ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Special Test Procedures § 610.61 Engine...

40 CFR 610.61 - Engine dynamometer tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... dynamometer durability test procedures used by research organizations in government, the oil industry, engine... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Engine dynamometer tests. 610.61... ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Special Test Procedures § 610.61 Engine...

40 CFR 610.61 - Engine dynamometer tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... dynamometer durability test procedures used by research organizations in government, the oil industry, engine... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Engine dynamometer tests. 610.61... ECONOMY RETROFIT DEVICES Test Procedures and Evaluation Criteria Special Test Procedures § 610.61 Engine...

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Port Drayage Drive Cycle Characterization and Development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prohaska, Robert; Konan, Arnaud; Kelly, Kenneth

In an effort to better understand the operational requirements of port drayage vehicles and their potential for adoption of advanced technologies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers collected over 36,000 miles of in-use duty cycle data from 30 Class 8 drayage trucks operating at the Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles in Southern California. These data include 1-Hz global positioning system location and SAE J1939 high-speed controller area network information. Researchers processed the data through NREL's Drive-Cycle Rapid Investigation, Visualization, and Evaluation tool to examine vehicle kinematic and dynamic patterns across the spectrum of operations. Using themore » k-medoids clustering method, a repeatable and quantitative process for multi-mode drive cycle segmentation, the analysis led to the creation of multiple drive cycles representing four distinct modes of operation that can be used independently or in combination. These drive cycles are statistically representative of real-world operation of port drayage vehicles. When combined with modeling and simulation tools, these representative test cycles allow advanced vehicle or systems developers to efficiently and accurately evaluate vehicle technology performance requirements to reduce cost and development time while ultimately leading to the commercialization of advanced technologies that meet the performance requirements of the port drayage vocation. The drive cycles, which are suitable for chassis dynamometer testing, were compared to several existing test cycles. This paper presents the clustering methodology, accompanying results of the port drayage duty cycle analysis and custom drive cycle creation.« less

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Port Drayage Drive Cycle Characterization and Development: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prohaska, Robert; Konan, Arnaud; Kelly, Kenneth

In an effort to better understand the operational requirements of port drayage vehicles and their potential for adoption of advanced technologies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers collected over 36,000 miles of in-use duty cycle data from 30 Class 8 drayage trucks operating at the Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles in Southern California. These data include 1-Hz global positioning system location and SAE J1939 high-speed controller area network information. Researchers processed the data through NREL's Drive-Cycle Rapid Investigation, Visualization, and Evaluation tool to examine vehicle kinematic and dynamic patterns across the spectrum of operations. Using themore » k-medoids clustering method, a repeatable and quantitative process for multi-mode drive cycle segmentation, the analysis led to the creation of multiple drive cycles representing four distinct modes of operation that can be used independently or in combination. These drive cycles are statistically representative of real-world operation of port drayage vehicles. When combined with modeling and simulation tools, these representative test cycles allow advanced vehicle or systems developers to efficiently and accurately evaluate vehicle technology performance requirements to reduce cost and development time while ultimately leading to the commercialization of advanced technologies that meet the performance requirements of the port drayage vocation. The drive cycles, which are suitable for chassis dynamometer testing, were compared to several existing test cycles. This paper presents the clustering methodology, accompanying results of the port drayage duty cycle analysis and custom drive cycle creation.« less

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Port Drayage Drive Cycle Characterization and Development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prohaska, Robert; Konan, Arnaud; Kelly, Kenneth

2016-05-02

In an effort to better understand the operational requirements of port drayage vehicles and their potential for adoption of advanced technologies, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers collected over 36,000 miles of in-use duty cycle data from 30 Class 8 drayage trucks operating at the Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles in Southern California. These data include 1-Hz global positioning system location and SAE J1939 high-speed controller area network information. Researchers processed the data through NREL's Drive-Cycle Rapid Investigation, Visualization, and Evaluation tool to examine vehicle kinematic and dynamic patterns across the spectrum of operations. Using themore » k-medoids clustering method, a repeatable and quantitative process for multi-mode drive cycle segmentation, the analysis led to the creation of multiple drive cycles representing four distinct modes of operation that can be used independently or in combination. These drive cycles are statistically representative of real-world operation of port drayage vehicles. When combined with modeling and simulation tools, these representative test cycles allow advanced vehicle or systems developers to efficiently and accurately evaluate vehicle technology performance requirements to reduce cost and development time while ultimately leading to the commercialization of advanced technologies that meet the performance requirements of the port drayage vocation. The drive cycles, which are suitable for chassis dynamometer testing, were compared to several existing test cycles. This paper presents the clustering methodology, accompanying results of the port drayage duty cycle analysis and custom drive cycle creation.« less

Development and review of Euro 5 passenger car emission factors based on experimental results over various driving cycles.

PubMed

Fontaras, Georgios; Franco, Vicente; Dilara, Panagiota; Martini, Giorgio; Manfredi, Urbano

2014-01-15

The emissions of CO2 and regulated pollutants (NOx, HC, CO, PM) of thirteen Euro 5 compliant passenger cars (seven gasoline, six Diesel) were measured on a chassis dynamometer. The vehicles were driven repeatedly over the European type-approval driving cycle (NEDC) and the more dynamic WMTC and CADC driving cycles. Distance-specific emission factors were derived for each pollutant and sub-cycle, and these were subsequently compared to the corresponding emission factors provided by the reference European models used for vehicle emission inventory compilation (COPERT and HBEFA) and put in context with the applicable European emission limits. The measured emissions stayed below the legal emission limits when the type-approval cycle (NEDC) was used. Over the more dynamic cycles (considered more representative of real-world driving) the emissions were consistently higher but in most cases remained below the type-approval limit. The high NOx emissions of Diesel vehicles under real-world driving conditions remain the main cause for environmental concern regarding the emission profile of Euro 5 passenger cars. Measured emissions of NOx exceeded the type-approval limits (up to 5 times in extreme cases) and presented significantly increased average values (0.35 g/km for urban driving and 0.56 g/km for motorway driving). The comparison with the reference models showed good correlation in all cases, a positive finding considering the importance of these tools in emission monitoring and policy-making processes. © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Improved transistorized AC motor controller for battery powered urban electric passenger vehicles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peak, S. C.

1982-01-01

An ac motor controller for an induction motor electric vehicle drive system was designed, fabricated, tested, evaluated, and cost analyzed. A vehicle performance analysis was done to establish the vehicle tractive effort-speed requirements. These requirements were then converted into a set of ac motor and ac controller requirements. The power inverter is a three-phase bridge using power Darlington transistors. The induction motor was optimized for use with an inverter power source. The drive system has a constant torque output to base motor speed and a constant horsepower output to maximum speed. A gear shifting transmission is not required. The ac controller was scaled from the base 20 hp (41 hp peak) at 108 volts dec to an expanded horsepower and battery voltage range. Motor reversal was accomplished by electronic reversal of the inverter phase sequence. The ac controller can also be used as a boost chopper battery charger. The drive system was tested on a dynamometer and results are presented. The current-controlled pulse width modulation control scheme yielded improved motor current waveforms. The ac controller favors a higher system voltage.

Criterion and Construct Validity of an Isometric Midthigh-Pull Dynamometer for Assessing Whole-Body Strength in Professional Rugby League Players.

PubMed

Dobbin, Nick; Hunwicks, Richard; Jones, Ben; Till, Kevin; Highton, Jamie; Twist, Craig

2018-02-01

To examine the criterion and construct validity of an isometric midthigh-pull dynamometer to assess whole-body strength in professional rugby league players. Fifty-six male rugby league players (33 senior and 23 youth players) performed 4 isometric midthigh-pull efforts (ie, 2 on the dynamometer and 2 on the force platform) in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Isometric peak force was underestimated (P < .05) using the dynamometer compared with the force platform (95% LoA: -213.5 ± 342.6 N). Linear regression showed that peak force derived from the dynamometer explained 85% (adjusted R 2  = .85, SEE = 173 N) of the variance in the dependent variable, with the following prediction equation derived: predicted peak force = [1.046 × dynamometer peak force] + 117.594. Cross-validation revealed a nonsignificant bias (P > .05) between the predicted and peak force from the force platform and an adjusted R 2 (79.6%) that represented shrinkage of 0.4% relative to the cross-validation model (80%). Peak force was greater for the senior than the youth professionals using the dynamometer (2261.2 ± 222 cf 1725.1 ± 298.0 N, respectively; P < .05). The isometric midthigh pull assessed using a dynamometer underestimates criterion peak force but is capable of distinguishing muscle-function characteristics between professional rugby league players of different standards.

21 CFR 888.1240 - AC-powered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false AC-powered dynamometer. 888.1240 Section 888.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1240 AC-powered dynamometer. (a...

21 CFR 888.1240 - AC-powered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false AC-powered dynamometer. 888.1240 Section 888.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1240 AC-powered dynamometer. (a...

21 CFR 888.1240 - AC-powered dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 8 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false AC-powered dynamometer. 888.1240 Section 888.1240 Food and Drugs FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL DEVICES ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES Diagnostic Devices § 888.1240 AC-powered dynamometer. (a...

40 CFR 86.333-79 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent... basic operating adjustments. (b) Check the dynamometer torque measurement for each range used by the following: (1) Warm up the dynamometer following the equipment manufacturer's specifications. (2) Determine...

40 CFR 86.1237-96 - Dynamometer runs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer runs. 86.1237-96 Section 86.1237-96 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1237-96 Dynamometer runs. Section 86.1237-96 includes text that...

40 CFR 86.1237-96 - Dynamometer runs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer runs. 86.1237-96 Section 86.1237-96 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1237-96 Dynamometer runs. Section 86.1237-96 includes text that...

40 CFR 1066.270 - Unloaded coastdown verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... manufacturer. (2) With the dynamometer in coastdown mode, set the dynamometer inertia for the smallest vehicle... with the dynamometer inertia set for the largest vehicle weight that you expect to test. (4) Determine the average coastdown force, F, for each speed and inertia setting using the following equation...

40 CFR 1066.270 - Unloaded coastdown verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... manufacturer. (2) With the dynamometer in coastdown mode, set the dynamometer inertia for the smallest vehicle... with the dynamometer inertia set for the largest vehicle weight that you expect to test. (4) Determine the average coastdown force, F, for each speed and inertia setting using the following equation...

Emissions of toxic pollutants from compressed natural gas and low sulfur diesel-fueled heavy-duty transit buses tested over multiple driving cycles.

PubMed

Kado, Norman Y; Okamoto, Robert A; Kuzmicky, Paul A; Kobayashi, Reiko; Ayala, Alberto; Gebel, Michael E; Rieger, Paul L; Maddox, Christine; Zafonte, Leo

2005-10-01

The number of heavy-duty vehicles using alternative fuels such as compressed natural gas (CNG) and new low-sulfur diesel fuel formulations and equipped with after-treatment devices are projected to increase. However, few peer-reviewed studies have characterized the emissions of particulate matter (PM) and other toxic compounds from these vehicles. In this study, chemical and biological analyses were used to characterize the identifiable toxic air pollutants emitted from both CNG and low-sulfur-diesel-fueled heavy-duty transit buses tested on a chassis dynamometer over three transient driving cycles and a steady-state cruise condition. The CNG bus had no after-treatment, and the diesel bus was tested first equipped with an oxidation catalyst (OC) and then with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). Emissions were analyzed for PM, volatile organic compounds (VOCs; determined on-site), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and mutagenic activity. The 2000 model year CNG-fueled vehicle had the highest emissions of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and carbonyls (e.g., formaldehyde) of the three vehicle configurations tested in this study. The 1998 model year diesel bus equipped with an OC and fueled with low-sulfur diesel had the highest emission rates of PM and PAHs. The highest specific mutagenic activities (revertants/microg PM, or potency) and the highest mutagen emission rates (revertants/mi) were from the CNG bus in strain TA98 tested over the New York Bus (NYB) driving cycle. The 1998 model year diesel bus with DPF had the lowest VOCs, PAH, and mutagenic activity emission. In general, the NYB driving cycle had the highest emission rates (g/mi), and the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) had the lowest emission rates for all toxics tested over the three transient test cycles investigated. Also, transient emissions were, in general, higher than steady-state emissions. The emissions of toxic compounds from an in-use CNG transit bus (without an oxidation catalyst) and from a vehicle fueled with low-sulfur diesel fuel (equipped with DPF) were lower than from the low-sulfur diesel fueled vehicle equipped with OC. All vehicle configurations had generally lower emissions of toxics than an uncontrolled diesel engine. Tunnel backgrounds (measurements without the vehicle running) were measured throughout this study and were helpful in determining the incremental increase in pollutant emissions. Also, the on-site determination of VOCs, especially 1,3-butadiene, helped minimize measurement losses due to sample degradation after collection.

Secondary organic aerosol production from diesel vehicle exhaust: impact of aftertreatment, fuel chemistry and driving cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gordon, T. D.; Presto, A. A.; Nguyen, N. T.; Robertson, W. H.; Na, K.; Sahay, K. N.; Zhang, M.; Maddox, C.; Rieger, P.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Maldonado, H.; Maricq, M. M.; Robinson, A. L.

2014-05-01

Environmental chamber ("smog chamber") experiments were conducted to investigate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from dilute emissions from two medium-duty diesel vehicles (MDDVs) and three heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) under urban-like conditions. Some of the vehicles were equipped with emission control aftertreatment devices, including diesel particulate filters (DPFs), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs). Experiments were also performed with different fuels (100% biodiesel and low-, medium- or high-aromatic ultralow sulfur diesel) and driving cycles (Unified Cycle,~Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, and creep + idle). During normal operation, vehicles with a catalyzed DPF emitted very little primary particulate matter (PM). Furthermore, photooxidation of dilute emissions from these vehicles produced essentially no SOA (below detection limit). However, significant primary PM emissions and SOA production were measured during active DPF regeneration experiments. Nevertheless, under reasonable assumptions about DPF regeneration frequency, the contribution of regeneration emissions to the total vehicle emissions is negligible, reducing PM trapping efficiency by less than 2%. Therefore, catalyzed DPFs appear to be very effective in reducing both primary PM emissions and SOA production from diesel vehicles. For both MDDVs and HDDVs without aftertreatment substantial SOA formed in the smog chamber - with the emissions from some vehicles generating twice as much SOA as primary organic aerosol after 3 h of oxidation at typical urban VOC / NOx ratios (3 : 1). Comprehensive organic gas speciation was performed on these emissions, but less than half of the measured SOA could be explained by traditional (speciated) SOA precursors. The remainder presumably originates from the large fraction (~30%) of the nonmethane organic gas emissions that could not be speciated using traditional one-dimensional gas chromatography. The unspeciated organics - likely comprising less volatile species such as intermediate volatility organic compounds - appear to be important SOA precursors; we estimate that the effective SOA yield (defined as the ratio of SOA mass to reacted precursor mass) was 9 ± 6% if both speciated SOA precursors and unspeciated organics are included in the analysis. SOA production from creep + idle operation was 3-4 times larger than SOA production from the same vehicle operated over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). Fuel properties had little or no effect on primary PM emissions or SOA formation.

Secondary organic aerosol production from diesel vehicle exhaust: impact of aftertreatment, fuel chemistry and driving cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gordon, T. D.; Presto, A. A.; Nguyen, N. T.; Robertson, W. H.; Na, K.; Sahay, K. N.; Zhang, M.; Maddox, C.; Rieger, P.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Maldonado, H.; Maricq, M. M.; Robinson, A. L.

2013-09-01

Environmental chamber ("smog chamber") experiments were conducted to investigate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from dilute emissions from two medium-duty diesel vehicles (MDDVs) and three heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) under urban-like conditions. Some of the vehicles were equipped with emission control aftertreatment devices including diesel particulate filters (DPF), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC). Experiments were also performed with different fuels (100% biodiesel and low-, medium- or high-aromatic ultralow sulfur diesel) and driving cycles (Unified Cycle, Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule, and creep+idle). During normal operation, vehicles with a catalyzed DPF emitted very little primary particulate matter (PM). Furthermore, photo-oxidation of dilute emissions from these vehicles produced essentially no SOA (below detection limit). However, significant primary PM emissions and SOA production were measured during active DPF regeneration experiments. Nevertheless, under reasonable assumptions about DPF regeneration frequency, the contribution of regeneration emissions to the total vehicle emissions is negligible, reducing PM trapping efficiency by less than 2%. Therefore, catalyzed DPFs appear to be very effective in reducing both primary and secondary fine particulate matter from diesel vehicles. For both MDDVs and HDDVs without aftertreatment substantial SOA formed in the smog chamber - with the emissions from some vehicles generating twice as much SOA as primary organic aerosol after three hours of oxidation at typical urban VOC : NOx ratios (3:1). Comprehensive organic gas speciation was performed on these emissions, but less than half of the measured SOA could be explained by traditional (speciated) SOA precursors. The remainder presumably originates from the large fraction (~30%) of the non-methane organic gas emissions that could not be speciated using traditional one-dimensional gas-chromatography. The unspeciated organics - likely comprising less volatile species, such as intermediate volatility organic compounds - appear to be important SOA precursors; we estimate that the effective SOA yield (defined as the ratio of SOA mass to reacted precursor mass) was 9 ± 6% if both speciated SOA precursors and unspeciated organics are included in the analysis. SOA production from creep+idle operation was 3-4 times larger than SOA production from the same vehicle operated over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS). Fuel properties had little or no effect on primary PM emissions or SOA formation.

76 FR 3134 - Environmental Laboratory Advisory Board (ELAB) Meeting Dates and Agenda

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-19

... 1 p.m. ET to discuss the ideas and views presented at the previous ELAB meetings, as well as new..., Designated Federal Officer, U.S. EPA (E243-05), 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709..., 2011. Kevin Teichman, Acting EPA Science Advisor. [FR Doc. 2011-995 Filed 1-13-11; 4:15 pm] BILLING...

40 CFR 86.1218-85 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the power absorption unit. The dynamometer is driven above the test speed range. The device used to... coastdown. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the dynamometer. This method neglects the... with paired rolls, the inertia and power absorption of the free (rear) roll may be neglected if its...

40 CFR 86.1218-85 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the power absorption unit. The dynamometer is driven above the test speed range. The device used to... coastdown. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the dynamometer. This method neglects the... with paired rolls, the inertia and power absorption of the free (rear) roll may be neglected if its...

40 CFR 86.1218-85 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the power absorption unit. The dynamometer is driven above the test speed range. The device used to... coastdown. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the dynamometer. This method neglects the... with paired rolls, the inertia and power absorption of the free (rear) roll may be neglected if its...

40 CFR 86.1218-85 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the power absorption unit. The dynamometer is driven above the test speed range. The device used to... coastdown. The kinetic energy of the system is dissipated by the dynamometer. This method neglects the... with paired rolls, the inertia and power absorption of the free (rear) roll may be neglected if its...

40 CFR 86.118-00 - Dynamometer calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year New Light-Duty Vehicles and New Light-Duty Trucks and New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.118-00 Dynamometer calibrations. (a) The dynamometer shall be...

40 CFR 86.118-00 - Dynamometer calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year New Light-Duty Vehicles and New Light-Duty Trucks and New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.118-00 Dynamometer calibrations. (a) The dynamometer shall be...

40 CFR 1066.235 - Speed verification procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... before testing, and after major maintenance. (c) Procedure. Use one of the following procedures to verify... dynamometer control circuits. Determine the speed error as follows: (i) Set the dynamometer to speed-control mode. Set the dynamometer speed to a value between 4.2 m/s and the maximum speed expected during...

40 CFR 90.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Emission Test Equipment Provisions § 90.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used...-cell or transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell...

40 CFR 86.1334-84 - Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. 86.1334-84 Section 86.1334-84 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.1334-84 Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. (a) Control system...

40 CFR 86.1334-84 - Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. 86.1334-84 Section 86.1334-84 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.1334-84 Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. (a) Control system...

40 CFR 86.1334-84 - Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. 86.1334-84 Section 86.1334-84 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.1334-84 Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. (a) Control system...

40 CFR 86.1334-84 - Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. 86.1334-84 Section 86.1334-84 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... Exhaust Test Procedures § 86.1334-84 Pre-test engine and dynamometer preparation. (a) Control system...

40 CFR 90.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Emission Test Equipment Provisions § 90.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used...-cell or transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell...

40 CFR 90.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Emission Test Equipment Provisions § 90.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used...-cell or transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell...

40 CFR 90.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Emission Test Equipment Provisions § 90.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used...-cell or transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell...

40 CFR 90.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... (a) Dynamometer specifications. The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of speed and power output must meet the engine speed and torque accuracy requirements shown in Table 2 in... measurement of power output must meet the calibration frequency shown in Table 2 in Appendix A of this subpart...

40 CFR 90.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... (a) Dynamometer specifications. The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of speed and power output must meet the engine speed and torque accuracy requirements shown in Table 2 in... measurement of power output must meet the calibration frequency shown in Table 2 in Appendix A of this subpart...

40 CFR 90.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... (a) Dynamometer specifications. The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of speed and power output must meet the engine speed and torque accuracy requirements shown in Table 2 in... measurement of power output must meet the calibration frequency shown in Table 2 in Appendix A of this subpart...

40 CFR 90.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... (a) Dynamometer specifications. The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of speed and power output must meet the engine speed and torque accuracy requirements shown in Table 2 in... measurement of power output must meet the calibration frequency shown in Table 2 in Appendix A of this subpart...

40 CFR 90.305 - Dynamometer specifications and calibration accuracy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... (a) Dynamometer specifications. The dynamometer test stand and other instruments for measurement of speed and power output must meet the engine speed and torque accuracy requirements shown in Table 2 in... measurement of power output must meet the calibration frequency shown in Table 2 in Appendix A of this subpart...

40 CFR 1066.270 - Unloaded coastdown verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... manufacturer. (2) With the dynamometer in coastdown mode, set the dynamometer inertia for the smallest vehicle...)(2) of this section with the dynamometer inertia and road-load coefficients set for the largest... inertia setting for each of the coastdowns performed using the following equation: ER28AP14.078 Where: F...

Upgraded demonstration vehicle task report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bryant, J.; Hardy, K.; Livingston, R.; Sandberg, J.

1981-01-01

Vehicle/battery performance capabilities and interface problems that occurred when upgraded developmental batteries were integrated with upgraded versions of comercially available electric vehicles were investigated. Developmental batteries used included nickel zinc batteries, a nickel iron battery, and an improved lead acid battery. Testing of the electric vehicles and upgraded batteries was performed in the complete vehicle system environment to characterize performance and identify problems unique to the vehicle/battery system. Constant speed tests and driving schedule range tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer. The results from these tests of the upgraded batteries and vehicles were compared to performance capabilities for the same vehicles equipped with standard batteries.

Comparisons of MOVES Light-duty Gasoline NOx Emission Rates with Real-world Measurements

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, D.; Sonntag, D.; Warila, J.

2017-12-01

Recent studies have shown differences between air quality model estimates and monitored values for nitrogen oxides. Several studies have suggested that the discrepancy between monitored and modeled values is due to an overestimation of NOx from mobile sources in EPA's emission inventory, particularly for light-duty gasoline vehicles. EPA's MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) is an emission modeling system that estimates emissions for cars, trucks and other mobile sources at the national, county, and project level for criteria pollutants, greenhouse gases, and air toxics. Studies that directly measure vehicle emissions provide useful data for evaluating MOVES when the measurement conditions are properly accounted for in modeling. In this presentation, we show comparisons of MOVES2014 to thousands of real-world NOx emissions measurements from individual light-duty gasoline vehicles. The comparison studies include in-use vehicle emissions tests conducted on chassis dynamometer tests in support of Denver, Colorado's Vehicle Inspection & Maintenance Program and remote sensing data collected using road-side instruments in multiple locations and calendar years in the United States. In addition, we conduct comparisons of MOVES predictions to fleet-wide emissions measured from tunnels. We also present details on the methodology used to conduct the MOVES model runs in comparing to the independent data.

Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Lightweighting: Novel Mathematical Methods to Estimate Use-Phase Fuel Consumption.

PubMed

Kim, Hyung Chul; Wallington, Timothy J; Sullivan, John L; Keoleian, Gregory A

2015-08-18

Lightweighting is a key strategy to improve vehicle fuel economy. Assessing the life-cycle benefits of lightweighting requires a quantitative description of the use-phase fuel consumption reduction associated with mass reduction. We present novel methods of estimating mass-induced fuel consumption (MIF) and fuel reduction values (FRVs) from fuel economy and dynamometer test data in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) database. In the past, FRVs have been measured using experimental testing. We demonstrate that FRVs can be mathematically derived from coast down coefficients in the EPA vehicle test database avoiding additional testing. MIF and FRVs calculated for 83 different 2013 MY vehicles are in the ranges 0.22-0.43 and 0.15-0.26 L/(100 km 100 kg), respectively, and increase to 0.27-0.53 L/(100 km 100 kg) with powertrain resizing to retain equivalent vehicle performance. We show how use-phase fuel consumption can be estimated using MIF and FRVs in life cycle assessments (LCAs) of vehicle lightweighting from total vehicle and vehicle component perspectives with, and without, powertrain resizing. The mass-induced fuel consumption model is illustrated by estimating lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission benefits from lightweighting a grille opening reinforcement component using magnesium or carbon fiber composite for 83 different vehicle models.

40 CFR 86.137-90 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... filters to the weighing chamber for post-test conditioning, if applicable. (22) Disconnect the exhaust... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-90 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 86.137-90 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... filters to the weighing chamber for post-test conditioning, if applicable. (22) Disconnect the exhaust... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-90 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 86.137-90 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... filters to the weighing chamber for post-test conditioning, if applicable. (22) Disconnect the exhaust... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-90 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 86.137-90 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... filters to the weighing chamber for post-test conditioning, if applicable. (22) Disconnect the exhaust... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-90 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 86.137-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... filters to the weighing chamber for post-test conditioning, if applicable. (22) Disconnect the exhaust... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-94 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 91.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Provisions § 91.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used to convert a weight or a... with the adjusted or repaired system. (b) Option. A master load-cell or transfer standard may be used...

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... control of pre-selectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emissions test... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak...

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... control of pre-selectable power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the emissions test... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak...

40 CFR 86.1237-85 - Dynamometer runs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer runs. 86.1237-85 Section... Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1237-85 Dynamometer runs. (a) The vehicle shall be either driven... the diurnal loss test and beginning of the hot soak preparation run shall not exceed 3 minutes, and...

40 CFR 86.137-96 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions. 86.137-96 Section 86.137-96 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-96 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 86.137-96 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer test run, gaseous and particulate emissions. 86.137-96 Section 86.137-96 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY... New Otto-Cycle Complete Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.137-96 Dynamometer test run, gaseous...

40 CFR 86.884-7 - Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke emission tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke... Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke emission tests. (a) The following sequence of operations shall be... the preconditioning prior to the smoke cycle. (ii) With the throttle remaining in the fully open...

40 CFR 91.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Provisions § 91.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used to convert a weight or a... with the adjusted or repaired system. (b) Option. A master load-cell or transfer standard may be used...

40 CFR 91.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Provisions § 91.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used to convert a weight or a... with the adjusted or repaired system. (b) Option. A master load-cell or transfer standard may be used...

40 CFR 91.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Dynamometer torque cell calibration... Provisions § 91.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used to convert a weight or a... with the adjusted or repaired system. (b) Option. A master load-cell or transfer standard may be used...

40 CFR 90.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Dynamometer torque cell calibration. 90... Equipment Provisions § 90.306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used to convert a... (a)(6) of this section with the adjusted or repaired system. (b) Option. A master load-cell or...

40 CFR 91.306 - Dynamometer torque cell calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Dynamometer torque cell calibration. 91....306 Dynamometer torque cell calibration. (a)(1) Any lever arm used to convert a weight or a force... with the adjusted or repaired system. (b) Option. A master load-cell or transfer standard may be used...

Effects of diesel/biodiesel blends on regulated and unregulated pollutants from a passenger vehicle operated over the European and the Athens driving cycles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karavalakis, George; Stournas, Stamoulis; Bakeas, Evangelos

This paper presents the regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions of a diesel passenger vehicle, operated with low sulphur automotive diesel and soy methyl ester blends. Emission and fuel consumption measurements were conducted under real driving conditions (Athens Driving Cycle, ADC) and compared with those of a modified New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) using a chassis dynamometer. A Euro II compliant diesel vehicle was used in this study, equipped with an indirect injection diesel engine, fuelled with diesel fuel and biodiesel blends at proportions of 5, 10, and 20% respectively. Unregulated emissions of 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 5 nitro-PAHs, 13 carbonyl compounds (CBCs) and the soluble organic fraction (SOF) of the particulate matter were measured. Qualitative hydrocarbon analysis was also performed on the SOF. Regulated emissions of NO x, CO, HC, CO 2, and PM were also measured over the two test cycles. It was established that some of the emissions measured over the (hot-start) NEDC differed from the real-world cycle. Significant differences were also observed in the vehicle's fuel consumption between the two test cycles. The addition of biodiesel reduced the regulated emissions of CO, HC and PM, while an increase in NO x was observed over the ADC. Carbonyl emissions, PAHs and nitro-PAHs were reduced with the addition of biodiesel over both driving cycles.

Comparison of particle mass and solid particle number (SPN) emissions from a heavy-duty diesel vehicle under on-road driving conditions and a standard testing cycle.

PubMed

Zheng, Zhongqing; Durbin, Thomas D; Xue, Jian; Johnson, Kent C; Li, Yang; Hu, Shaohua; Huai, Tao; Ayala, Alberto; Kittelson, David B; Jung, Heejung S

2014-01-01

It is important to understand the differences between emissions from standard laboratory testing cycles and those from actual on-road driving conditions, especially for solid particle number (SPN) emissions now being regulated in Europe. This study compared particle mass and SPN emissions from a heavy-duty diesel vehicle operating over the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and actual on-road driving conditions. Particle mass emissions were calculated using the integrated particle size distribution (IPSD) method and called MIPSD. The MIPSD emissions for the UDDS and on-road tests were more than 6 times lower than the U.S. 2007 heavy-duty particulate matter (PM) mass standard. The MIPSD emissions for the UDDS fell between those for the on-road uphill and downhill driving. SPN and MIPSD measurements were dominated by nucleation particles for the UDDS and uphill driving and by accumulation mode particles for cruise and downhill driving. The SPN emissions were ∼ 3 times lower than the Euro 6 heavy-duty SPN limit for the UDDS and downhill driving and ∼ 4-5 times higher than the Euro 6 SPN limit for the more aggressive uphill driving; however, it is likely that most of the "solid" particles measured under these conditions were associated with a combination release of stored sulfates and enhanced sulfate formation associated with high exhaust temperatures, leading to growth of volatile particles into the solid particle counting range above 23 nm. Except for these conditions, a linear relationship was found between SPN and accumulation mode MIPSD. The coefficient of variation (COV) of SPN emissions of particles >23 nm ranged from 8 to 26% for the UDDS and on-road tests.

A Soft-Switching Inverter for High-Temperature Advanced Hybrid Electric Vehicle Traction Motor Drives

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lai, Jason; Yu, Wensong; Sun, Pengwei

2012-03-31

The state-of-the-art hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) require the inverter cooling system to have a separate loop to avoid power semiconductor junction over temperatures because the engine coolant temperature of 105°C does not allow for much temperature rise in silicon devices. The proposed work is to develop an advanced soft-switching inverter that will eliminate the device switching loss and cut down the power loss so that the inverter can operate at high-temperature conditions while operating at high switching frequencies with small current ripple in low inductance based permanent magnet motors. The proposed tasks also include high-temperature packaging and thermal modeling andmore » simulation to ensure the packaged module can operate at the desired temperature. The developed module will be integrated with the motor and vehicle controller for dynamometer and in-vehicle testing to prove its superiority. This report will describe the detailed technical design of the soft-switching inverters and their test results. The experiments were conducted both in module level for the module conduction and switching characteristics and in inverter level for its efficiency under inductive and dynamometer load conditions. The performance will be compared with the DOE original specification.« less

40 CFR 86.884-7 - Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke emission tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... provide the speed and load necessary to comply with the heavy-duty “curb idle” definition per § 86.084-2..., and held in, the fully open position. The inertia of the engine and the dynamometer, or alternately a... mode, motoring assist may be used to offset excessive dynamometer inertia load when necessary. No...

40 CFR 86.884-7 - Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke emission tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... be set to provide the speed and load necessary to comply with the heavy-duty “curb idle” definition..., and held in, the fully open position. The inertia of the engine and the dynamometer, or alternately a... mode, motoring assist may be used to offset excessive dynamometer inertia load when necessary. No...

40 CFR 86.884-7 - Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke emission tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... be set to provide the speed and load necessary to comply with the heavy-duty “curb idle” definition..., and held in, the fully open position. The inertia of the engine and the dynamometer, or alternately a... mode, motoring assist may be used to offset excessive dynamometer inertia load when necessary. No...

40 CFR 86.884-7 - Dynamometer operation cycle for smoke emission tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... be set to provide the speed and load necessary to comply with the heavy-duty “curb idle” definition..., and held in, the fully open position. The inertia of the engine and the dynamometer, or alternately a... mode, motoring assist may be used to offset excessive dynamometer inertia load when necessary. No...

Batu Pahat Driving Cycle for Light Duty Gasoline Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zainul Abidin, Zainul Ameerul Ikhsan B.; Faisal Hushim, Mohd; Ahmad, Osman Bin

2017-08-01

Driving cycle is a series of data points that represents the vehicle speed versus time. Transient driving cycles involve many changes such as frequent speed changes during typical on-road driving condition [2]. Model driving cycles involve protracted periods at constant speeds. The Batu Pahat Driving Cycle (BPDC) developed to represent the driving pattern of people in a district of Batu Pahat. Based on this driving cycle, it will be a reference to other researchers to study about the gases emission release and fuel consumption by the vehicle on the dynamometer or automotive simulation based on this driving cycle. Existing driving cycles used such as the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), the Federal Test Procedure (FTP-72/75, and Japan 10-15 Mode Cycle is not appropriate for Batu Pahat district because of different road conditions, driving habits and environmental of developed driving cycle countries are not same [2][14]. Batu Pahat drive cycle was developed for low-capacity gasoline engine under 150 cc and operating on urban roads, rural roads and road around Universiti Tun Hussein Onn. The importance of these driving cycle as the reference for other research to measure and do automotive simulation regarding fuel consumption and gas emission release from the motorcycle for these three type of driving cycle area. Another use for driving cycles is in vehicle simulations [3]. More specifically, they are used in propulsion system simulations to predict the performance of internal combustion engines, transmissions, electric drive systems, batteries, fuel cell systems, and similar components [18]. Data collection methods used in this study is the use of Global Positioning System (GPS). The results obtained are not similar to each other due to differences in congestion on data taken. From the driving cycle graph obtained, such as the average velocity, maximum velocity, the duration and Positive Acceleration Kinetic Energy (PKE) can be determined. In addition, the best driving cycle sample can be determined from the sum of error calculated. The least sum of error means the best driving cycle

Modeling Heavy/Medium-Duty Fuel Consumption Based on Drive Cycle Properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Lijuan; Duran, Adam; Gonder, Jeffrey

This paper presents multiple methods for predicting heavy/medium-duty vehicle fuel consumption based on driving cycle information. A polynomial model, a black box artificial neural net model, a polynomial neural network model, and a multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model were developed and verified using data collected from chassis testing performed on a parcel delivery diesel truck operating over the Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT), City Suburban Heavy Vehicle Cycle (CSHVC), New York Composite Cycle (NYCC), and hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV) drive cycles. Each model was trained using one of four drive cycles as a training cycle and the other threemore » as testing cycles. By comparing the training and testing results, a representative training cycle was chosen and used to further tune each method. HHDDT as the training cycle gave the best predictive results, because HHDDT contains a variety of drive characteristics, such as high speed, acceleration, idling, and deceleration. Among the four model approaches, MARS gave the best predictive performance, with an average absolute percent error of -1.84% over the four chassis dynamometer drive cycles. To further evaluate the accuracy of the predictive models, the approaches were first applied to real-world data. MARS outperformed the other three approaches, providing an average absolute percent error of -2.2% of four real-world road segments. The MARS model performance was then compared to HHDDT, CSHVC, NYCC, and HHV drive cycles with the performance from Future Automotive System Technology Simulator (FASTSim). The results indicated that the MARS method achieved a comparative predictive performance with FASTSim.« less

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak according to the provisions of §§ 86.132 and 86.133, and a “hot” start test following the “cold” start by 10...

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak according to the provisions of §§ 86.132 and 86.133, and a “hot” start test following the “cold” start by 10...

40 CFR 86.135-12 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Heavy-Duty Vehicles; Test Procedures § 86.135-12 Dynamometer procedure. (a) Overview. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start test, after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36-hour soak according to the provisions of §§ 86.132 and 86.133, and a “hot” start test following the “cold” start by 10...

Phase 1 Integrated Systems Test and Characterization Report for the 5-Megawatt Dynamometer and Controllable Grid Interface

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wallen, Robert B; Lambert, Scott R; Gevorgian, Vahan

This report details the commissioning of the 5-megawatt dynamometer at the National Wind Technology Center at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The purpose of these characterization tests were to verify the dynamometer's performance over the widest possible range of operating conditions, gain insight into system-level behavior, and establish confidence in measurement data.

Validity and reliability of a low-cost digital dynamometer for measuring isometric strength of lower limb.

PubMed

Romero-Franco, Natalia; Jiménez-Reyes, Pedro; Montaño-Munuera, Juan A

2017-11-01

Lower limb isometric strength is a key parameter to monitor the training process or recognise muscle weakness and injury risk. However, valid and reliable methods to evaluate it often require high-cost tools. The aim of this study was to analyse the concurrent validity and reliability of a low-cost digital dynamometer for measuring isometric strength in lower limb. Eleven physically active and healthy participants performed maximal isometric strength for: flexion and extension of ankle, flexion and extension of knee, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation of hip. Data obtained by the digital dynamometer were compared with the isokinetic dynamometer to examine its concurrent validity. Data obtained by the digital dynamometer from 2 different evaluators and 2 different sessions were compared to examine its inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. Intra-class correlation (ICC) for validity was excellent in every movement (ICC > 0.9). Intra and inter-tester reliability was excellent for all the movements assessed (ICC > 0.75). The low-cost digital dynamometer demonstrated strong concurrent validity and excellent intra and inter-tester reliability for assessing isometric strength in the main lower limb movements.

Real-world fuel use and gaseous emission rates for flex fuel vehicles operated on E85 versus gasoline.

PubMed

Delavarrafiee, Maryam; Frey, H Christopher

2018-03-01

Flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) typically operate on gasoline or E85, an 85%/15% volume blend of ethanol and gasoline. Differences in FFV fuel use and tailpipe emission rates are quantified for E85 versus gasoline based on real-world measurements of five FFVs with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), supplemented chassis dynamometer data, and estimates from the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model. Because of inter-vehicle variability, an individual FFV may have higher nitrogen oxide (NO x ) or carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates on E85 versus gasoline, even though average rates are lower. Based on PEMS data, the comparison of tailpipe emission rates for E85 versus gasoline is sensitive to vehicle-specific power (VSP). For example, although CO emission rates are lower for all VSP modes, they are proportionally lowest at higher VSP. Driving cycles with high power demand are more advantageous with respect to CO emissions, but less advantageous for NO x . Chassis dynamometer data are available for 121 FFVs at 50,000 useful life miles. Based on the dynamometer data, the average difference in tailpipe emissions for E85 versus gasoline is -23% for NO x , -30% for CO, and no significant difference for hydrocarbons (HC). To account for both the fuel cycle and tailpipe emissions from the vehicle, a life cycle inventory was conducted. Although tailpipe NO x emissions are lower for E85 versus gasoline for FFVs and thus benefit areas where the vehicles operate, the life cycle NO x emissions are higher because the NO x emissions generated during fuel production are higher. The fuel production emissions take place typically in rural areas. Although there are not significant differences in the total HC emissions, there are differences in HC speciation. The net effect of lower tailpipe NO x emissions and differences in HC speciation on ozone formation should be further evaluated. Reported comparisons of flex fuel vehicle (FFV) tailpipe emission rates for E85 versus gasoline have been inconsistent. To date, this is the most comprehensive evaluation of available and new data. The large range of inter-vehicle variability illustrates why prior studies based on small sample sizes led to apparently contradictory findings. E85 leads to significant reductions in tailpipe nitrogen oxide (NO x ) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates compared with gasoline, indicating a potential benefit for ozone air quality management in NO x -limited areas. The comparison of FFV tailpipe emissions between E85 and gasoline is sensitive to power demand and driving cycles.

Fuel Consumption Sensitivity of Conventional and Hybrid Electric Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles to Driving Style

DOE PAGES

Thomas, John; Huff, Shean; West, Brian; ...

2017-08-11

Aggressive driving is a very important topic for many reasons, one of which is higher energy used per unit distance traveled, potentially accompanied by an elevated production of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Examining a large data set of self-reported fuel economy (FE) values revealed that the dispersion of FE values is quite large and is larger for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) than for conventional gasoline vehicles. This occurred despite the fact that the city and highway FE ratings for HEVs are generally much closer in value than for conventional gasoline vehicles. A study was undertaken to better understand thismore » and better quantify the effects of aggressive driving, including reviewing past aggressive driving studies, developing and exercising a new vehicle energy model, and conducting a related experimental investigation. The vehicle energy model focused on the limitations of regenerative braking in combination with varying levels of driving-style aggressiveness to show that this could account for greater FE variation in an HEV compared to a similar conventional vehicle. A closely matched pair of gasoline-fueled sedans, one an HEV and the other having a conventional powertrain, was chosen for both modeling and chassis dynamometer experimental comparisons. Results indicate that the regenerative braking limitations could be a main contributor to the greater HEV FE variation under the range of drive cycles considered. Finally, the complete body of results gives insight into the range of fuel use penalties that results from aggressive driving and why the variation can be larger on a percent basis for an HEV compared to a similar conventional vehicle, while the absolute fuel use penalty for aggressive driving is generally larger for conventional vehicles than HEVs.« less

Fuel Consumption Sensitivity of Conventional and Hybrid Electric Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles to Driving Style

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomas, John; Huff, Shean; West, Brian

Aggressive driving is a very important topic for many reasons, one of which is higher energy used per unit distance traveled, potentially accompanied by an elevated production of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Examining a large data set of self-reported fuel economy (FE) values revealed that the dispersion of FE values is quite large and is larger for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) than for conventional gasoline vehicles. This occurred despite the fact that the city and highway FE ratings for HEVs are generally much closer in value than for conventional gasoline vehicles. A study was undertaken to better understand thismore » and better quantify the effects of aggressive driving, including reviewing past aggressive driving studies, developing and exercising a new vehicle energy model, and conducting a related experimental investigation. The vehicle energy model focused on the limitations of regenerative braking in combination with varying levels of driving-style aggressiveness to show that this could account for greater FE variation in an HEV compared to a similar conventional vehicle. A closely matched pair of gasoline-fueled sedans, one an HEV and the other having a conventional powertrain, was chosen for both modeling and chassis dynamometer experimental comparisons. Results indicate that the regenerative braking limitations could be a main contributor to the greater HEV FE variation under the range of drive cycles considered. Finally, the complete body of results gives insight into the range of fuel use penalties that results from aggressive driving and why the variation can be larger on a percent basis for an HEV compared to a similar conventional vehicle, while the absolute fuel use penalty for aggressive driving is generally larger for conventional vehicles than HEVs.« less

A novel approach to estimate emissions from large transportation networks: Hierarchical clustering-based link-driving-schedules for EPA-MOVES using dynamic time warping measures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Aziz, H. M. Abdul; Ukkusuri, Satish V.

We present that EPA-MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) is often integrated with traffic simulators to assess emission levels of large-scale urban networks with signalized intersections. High variations in speed profiles exist in the context of congested urban networks with signalized intersections. The traditional average-speed-based emission estimation technique with EPA-MOVES provides faster execution while underestimates the emissions in most cases because of ignoring the speed variation at congested networks with signalized intersections. In contrast, the atomic second-by-second speed profile (i.e., the trajectory of each vehicle)-based technique provides accurate emissions at the cost of excessive computational power and time. We addressed thismore » issue by developing a novel method to determine the link-driving-schedules (LDSs) for the EPA-MOVES tool. Our research developed a hierarchical clustering technique with dynamic time warping similarity measures (HC-DTW) to find the LDS for EPA-MOVES that is capable of producing emission estimates better than the average-speed-based technique with execution time faster than the atomic speed profile approach. We applied the HC-DTW on a sample data from a signalized corridor and found that HC-DTW can significantly reduce computational time without compromising the accuracy. The developed technique in this research can substantially contribute to the EPA-MOVES-based emission estimation process for large-scale urban transportation network by reducing the computational time with reasonably accurate estimates. This method is highly appropriate for transportation networks with higher variation in speed such as signalized intersections. Lastly, experimental results show error difference ranging from 2% to 8% for most pollutants except PM 10.« less

A novel approach to estimate emissions from large transportation networks: Hierarchical clustering-based link-driving-schedules for EPA-MOVES using dynamic time warping measures

DOE PAGES

Aziz, H. M. Abdul; Ukkusuri, Satish V.

2017-06-29

We present that EPA-MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) is often integrated with traffic simulators to assess emission levels of large-scale urban networks with signalized intersections. High variations in speed profiles exist in the context of congested urban networks with signalized intersections. The traditional average-speed-based emission estimation technique with EPA-MOVES provides faster execution while underestimates the emissions in most cases because of ignoring the speed variation at congested networks with signalized intersections. In contrast, the atomic second-by-second speed profile (i.e., the trajectory of each vehicle)-based technique provides accurate emissions at the cost of excessive computational power and time. We addressed thismore » issue by developing a novel method to determine the link-driving-schedules (LDSs) for the EPA-MOVES tool. Our research developed a hierarchical clustering technique with dynamic time warping similarity measures (HC-DTW) to find the LDS for EPA-MOVES that is capable of producing emission estimates better than the average-speed-based technique with execution time faster than the atomic speed profile approach. We applied the HC-DTW on a sample data from a signalized corridor and found that HC-DTW can significantly reduce computational time without compromising the accuracy. The developed technique in this research can substantially contribute to the EPA-MOVES-based emission estimation process for large-scale urban transportation network by reducing the computational time with reasonably accurate estimates. This method is highly appropriate for transportation networks with higher variation in speed such as signalized intersections. Lastly, experimental results show error difference ranging from 2% to 8% for most pollutants except PM 10.« less

Two-Speed Gearbox Dynamic Simulation Predictions and Test Validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lewicki, David G.; DeSmidt, Hans; Smith, Edward C.; Bauman, Steven W.

2010-01-01

Dynamic simulations and experimental validation tests were performed on a two-stage, two-speed gearbox as part of the drive system research activities of the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Subsonics Rotary Wing Project. The gearbox was driven by two electromagnetic motors and had two electromagnetic, multi-disk clutches to control output speed. A dynamic model of the system was created which included a direct current electric motor with proportional-integral-derivative (PID) speed control, a two-speed gearbox with dual electromagnetically actuated clutches, and an eddy current dynamometer. A six degree-of-freedom model of the gearbox accounted for the system torsional dynamics and included gear, clutch, shaft, and load inertias as well as shaft flexibilities and a dry clutch stick-slip friction model. Experimental validation tests were performed on the gearbox in the NASA Glenn gear noise test facility. Gearbox output speed and torque as well as drive motor speed and current were compared to those from the analytical predictions. The experiments correlate very well with the predictions, thus validating the dynamic simulation methodologies.

Experimental Performance Evaluation of a High Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and Drive for a Flywheel Application at Different Frequencies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagorny, Aleksandr S.; Jansen, Ralph H.; Kankam, M. David

2007-01-01

This paper presents the results of an experimental performance characterization study of a high speed, permanent magnet motor/generator (M/G) and drive applied to a flywheel module. Unlike the conventional electric machine the flywheel M/G is not a separated unit; its stator and rotor are integrated into a flywheel assembly. The M/G rotor is mounted on a flywheel rotor, which is magnetically levitated and sealed within a vacuum chamber during the operation. Thus, it is not possible to test the M/G using direct load measurements with a dynamometer and torque transducer. Accordingly, a new in-situ testing method had to be developed. The paper describes a new flywheel M/G and drive performance evaluation technique, which allows the estimation of the losses, efficiency and power quality of the flywheel high speed permanent magnet M/G, while working in vacuum, over wide frequency and torque ranges. This method does not require any hardware modification nor any special addition to the test rig. This new measurement technique is useful for high-speed applications, when applying an external load is technically difficult.

Fuel economy and exhaust emissions characteristics of diesel vehicles: Test results of a prototype Chrysler Volare, 225 CID (3.7-liter) automobile

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walter, R. A.

1982-01-01

The results obtained from fuel economy and emission tests conducted on a prototype Chrysler Volare diesel vehicle are documented. The vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer over selected drive cycles and steady-state conditions. The fuel used, was a DOE/BETC referee fuel. Particulate emission rates were calculated from dilution tunnel measurements and large volume particulate samples were collected for biological and chemical analysis. The vehicle obtained 32.7 mpg for the FTP urban cycle and 48.8 mpg for the highway cycle. The emissions rates were 0.42/1.58/1.17/0.28 g/mile of HC, CO, NOx and particulates respectively.

Fuel economy and exhaust emissions characteristics of diesel vehicles: Test results of a prototype fiat 131TC 2.4 liter automobile

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quayle, S. S.

1982-01-01

The results obtained from fuel economy and emission tests conducted on a prototype Fiat 131 turbocharged diesel vehicle are presented. The vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer over selected drive cycles and steady-state conditions. Two fuels were used, a United States number 2 diesel and a European diesel fuel. Particulate emission rates were calculated from dilution tunnel measurements and large volume particulate samples were collected for biological and chemical analysis. It was determined that turbocharging accompanied by complementary modifications results in small but substantial improvements in regulated emissions, fuel economy, and performance. Notably, particulate levels were reduced by 30 percent.

Simulated Real-World Energy Impacts of a Thermally Sensitive Powertrain Considering Viscous Losses and Enrichment (Presentation)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, E.; Gonder, J.; Lopp, S.

It is widely understood that cold-temperature engine operation negatively impacts vehicle fuel use due to a combination of increased friction (high-viscosity engine oil) and temporary enrichment (accelerated catalyst heating). However, relatively little effort has been dedicated to thoroughly quantifying these impacts across a large number of driving cycles and ambient conditions. This work leverages high-quality dynamometer data collected at various ambient conditions to develop a modeling framework for quantifying engine cold-start fuel penalties over a wide array of real-world usage profiles. Additionally, mitigation strategies including energy retention and exhaust heat recovery are explored with benefits quantified for each approach.

Comparison between overground and dynamometer manual wheelchair propulsion.

PubMed

Koontz, Alicia M; Worobey, Lynn A; Rice, Ian M; Collinger, Jennifer L; Boninger, Michael L

2012-08-01

Laboratory-based simulators afford many advantages for studying physiology and biomechanics; however, they may not perfectly mimic wheelchair propulsion over natural surfaces. The goal of this study was to compare kinetic and temporal parameters between propulsion overground on a tile surface and on a dynamometer. Twenty-four experienced manual wheelchair users propelled at a self-selected speed on smooth, level tile and a dynamometer while kinetic data were collected using an instrumented wheel. A Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationship between propulsion variables obtained on the dynamometer and the overground condition. Ensemble resultant force and moment curves were compared using cross-correlation and qualitative analysis of curve shape. User biomechanics were correlated (R ranging from 0.41 to 0.83) between surfaces. Overall, findings suggest that although the dynamometer does not perfectly emulate overground propulsion, wheelchair users were consistent with the direction and amount of force applied, the time peak force was reached, push angle, and their stroke frequency between conditions.

Comparison Between Overground and Dynamometer Manual Wheelchair Propulsion

PubMed Central

Worobey, Lynn A.; Rice, Ian M.; Collinger, Jennifer L.; Boninger, Michael L.

2017-01-01

Laboratory-based simulators afford many advantages for studying physiology and biomechanics; however, they may not perfectly mimic wheelchair propulsion over natural surfaces. The goal of this study was to compare kinetic and temporal parameters between propulsion overground on a tile surface and on a dynamometer. Twenty-four experienced manual wheelchair users propelled at a self-selected speed on smooth, level tile and a dynamometer while kinetic data were collected using an instrumented wheel. A Pearson correlation test was used to examine the relationship between propulsion variables obtained on the dynamometer and the overground condition. Ensemble resultant force and moment curves were compared using cross-correlation and qualitative analysis of curve shape. User biomechanics were correlated (R ranging from 0.41 to 0.83) between surfaces. Overall, findings suggest that although the dynamometer does not perfectly emulate overground propulsion, wheelchair users were consistent with the direction and amount of force applied, the time peak force was reached, push angle, and their stroke frequency between conditions. PMID:22085811

78 FR 33785 - Receipt of Several Pesticide Petitions Filed for Residues of Pesticide Chemicals in or on Various...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-05

...: [email protected] . 7. PP 2F8101. (EPA-HQ-OPP-2013-0226). Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive..., pads at 0.9 ppm; cattle/goat/hog/horse/sheep, fat at 0.5 ppm; cattle/goat/hog/horse/sheep, meat at 1...: [email protected] . 8. PP 2F8120. (EPA-HQ-OPP-2013-0015). Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Road...

A Novel Strategy to Eliminate the Influence of Water Adsorption on Quartz Surfaces on Piezoelectric Dynamometers

PubMed Central

Jia, Zhenyuan; Jin, Lei; Liu, Wei; Ren, Zongjin

2016-01-01

Piezoelectric dynamometers are out of use in high humidity. Experimental results showed that piezoelectric coefficients measured by the force-induced charges method initially fluctuated in a small range and then was unstable, and they could not be measured at high relative humidity (RH). The traditional shielding method-insulation paste was not quiet convenient, and it even added the weight of piezoelectric dynamometers. In this paper, a novel strategy that eliminates the influence of water adsorption with quartz surfaces on piezoelectric dynamometers was proposed. First, a water-quartz model was developed to analyze the origin of the RH effect. In the model, water vapor, which was adsorbed by the quartz sheet side surface, was considered. Second, equivalent sheet resistor of the side surface was researched, while the relationship of the three R’s (Roughness, RH, and Resistor) was respectively discussed based on the adsorption mechanism. Finally, fluorination technology was skillfully adapted to each surface of quartz sheets to shield the water vapor. The experiment verified the fluorination strategy and made piezoelectric dynamometers work in high humidity up to 90%RH successfully. The results showed that the presented model above was reasonable. In addition, these observations also drew some useful insights to change the structure of piezoelectric dynamometers and improve the properties. PMID:27399719

Reliability and Validity of Isometric Knee Extensor Strength Test With Hand-Held Dynamometer Depending on Its Fixation: A Pilot Study

PubMed Central

Kim, Won Kuel; Seo, Kyung Mook; Kang, Si Hyun

2014-01-01

Objective To determine the reliability and validity of hand-held dynamometer (HHD) depending on its fixation in measuring isometric knee extensor strength by comparing the results with an isokinetic dynamometer. Methods Twenty-seven healthy female volunteers participated in this study. The subjects were tested in seated and supine position using three measurement methods: isometric knee extension by isokinetic dynamometer, non-fixed HHD, and fixed HHD. During the measurement, the knee joints of subjects were fixed at a 35° angle from the extended position. The fixed HHD measurement was conducted with the HHD fixed to distal tibia with a Velcro strap; non-fixed HHD was performed with a hand-held method without Velcro fixation. All the measurements were repeated three times and among them, the maximum values of peak torque were used for the analysis. Results The data from the fixed HHD method showed higher validity than the non-fixed method compared with the results of the isokinetic dynamometer. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between fixed HHD and isokinetic dynamometer method were statistically significant (supine-right: r=0.806, p<0.05; seating-right: r=0.473, p<0.05; supine-left: r=0.524, p<0.05), whereas Pearson correlation coefficients between non-fixed dynamometer and isokinetic dynamometer methods were not statistically significant, except for the result of the supine position of the left leg (r=0.384, p<0.05). Both fixed and non-fixed HHD methods showed excellent inter-rater reliability. However, the fixed HHD method showed a higher reliability than the non-fixed HHD method by considering the intraclass correlation coefficient (fixed HHD, 0.952-0.984; non-fixed HHD, 0.940-0.963). Conclusion Fixation of HHD during measurement in the supine position increases the reliability and validity in measuring the quadriceps strength. PMID:24639931

Silent Flange Coupling Design Used for the Schenck Eddy Current Dynamometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schinteie, D.; Croitorescu, V.

2016-11-01

The silent flange used for coupling different machines/systems to an eddy current dynamometer represents one of the modular components each test-bench should use. By introducing a silent flange into a dynamometer, the coupling steps are easier and faster. For an appropriate design, the silent flange was analyzed using dedicated software during different operation procedures and scenarios, for materials that allow easy manufacturing. This study shows that the design for this silent flange model has no danger of failure due to the small deformation and the values for the equivalent stresses. The silent flange coupling is suitable for the dynamometer for his high positioning accuracy, the zero backlash and the fact that there is no motion between the shafts.

Axial calibration methods of piezoelectric load sharing dynamometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jun; Chang, Qingbing; Ren, Zongjin; Shao, Jun; Wang, Xinlei; Tian, Yu

2018-06-01

The relationship between input and output of load sharing dynamometer is seriously non-linear in different loading points of a plane, so it's significant for accutately measuring force to precisely calibrate the non-linear relationship. In this paper, firstly, based on piezoelectric load sharing dynamometer, calibration experiments of different loading points are performed in a plane. And then load sharing testing system is respectively calibrated based on BP algorithm and ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) algorithm. Finally, the results show that the calibration result of ELM is better than BP for calibrating the non-linear relationship between input and output of loading sharing dynamometer in the different loading points of a plane, which verifies that ELM algorithm is feasible in solving force non-linear measurement problem.

Bettis Asphalt and Construction, Inc.

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against Bettis Asphalt and Construction, Inc. for alleged violations at its facility located at 2350 Northwest Water Works Drive, Topeka, Kansas 66606.

Effects of cold temperature and ethanol content on VOC ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Emissions of speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including mobile source air toxics (MSATs), were measured in vehicle exhaust from three light-duty spark ignition vehicles operating on summer and winter grade gasoline (E0) and ethanol blended (E10 and E85) fuels. Vehicle testing was conducted using a three-phase LA92 driving cycle in a temperature-controlled chassis dynamometer at two ambient temperatures (-7 °C and 24 °C). The cold start phase and cold ambient temperature increased VOC and MSAT emissions dramatically by up to several orders of magnitude compared to emissions during other phases and warm ambient temperature testing, respectively. As a result, calculated ozone formation potentials during the cold starts were significantly higher during cold temperature tests by 7 to 21 times the warm temperature values. The use of E85 fuel generally led to substantial reductions in hydrocarbons and increases in oxygenates such as ethanol and acetaldehyde compared to E0 and E10 fuels. However, the VOC emissions from E0 and E10 fuels were not significantly different. Cold temperature effects on cold start MSAT emissions varied by individual MSAT compound, but were consistent over a range of modern spark ignition vehicles. This manuscript communicates APPCD research activities on air toxics VOC emissions from mobile sources from the EPAct dynamometer study. Speciated VOC emissions from light-duty vehicles running on gasoline and ethanol blends at cold tem

Evaluation of Exhaust Emissions from Three Diesel-Hybrid Cars and Simulation of After-Treatment Systems for Ultralow Real-World NOx Emissions.

PubMed

Franco, Vicente; Zacharopoulou, Theodora; Hammer, Jan; Schmidt, Helge; Mock, Peter; Weiss, Martin; Samaras, Zissis

2016-12-06

Hybridization offers great potential for decreasing pollutant and carbon dioxide emissions of diesel cars. However, an assessment of the real-world emissions performance of modern diesel hybrids is missing. Here, we test three diesel-hybrid cars on the road and benchmark our findings with two cars against tests on the chassis dynamometer and model simulations. The pollutant emissions of the two cars tested on the chassis dynamometer were in compliance with the relevant Euro standards over the New European Driving Cycle and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure. On the road, all three diesel-hybrids exceeded the regulatory NO x limits (average exceedance for all trips: +150% for the Volvo, +510% for the Peugeot, and +550% for the Mercedes-Benz) and also showed elevated on-road CO 2 emissions (average exceedance of certification values: +178, +77, and +52%, respectively). These findings point to a wide discrepancy between certified and on-road CO 2 and suggest that hybridization alone is insufficient to achieve low-NO x emissions of diesel powertrains. Instead, our simulation suggests that properly calibrated selective catalytic reduction filter and lean-NO x trap after-treatment technologies can reduce the on-road NO x emissions to 0.023 and 0.068 g/km on average, respectively, well below the Euro 6 limit (0.080 g/km).

About the Center for Corporate Climate Leadership

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA's Center for Corporate Climate Leadership encourages organizations with emerging climate objectives to identify and achieve cost-effective GHG emission reductions, while helping more advanced organizations drive innovations in reducing GHG impacts.

Astronaut candidate strength measurement using the Cybex 2 and the LIDO Multi-Joint 2 dynamometers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carroll, Amy E.; Wilmington, Robert P.

1992-01-01

The Anthropometry and Biomechanics Laboratory in the man-Systems division at NASA's Johnson Space Center has as one of its responsibilities the anthropometry and strength measurement data collection of astronaut candidates. The anthropometry data is used to ensure that the astronaut candidates are within the height restrictions for space vehicle and space suit design requirements, for example. The strength data is used to help detect abnormalities or isolate injuries to muscle groups that could jeopardize the astronauts safety. The Cybex II Dynamometer has been used for strength measurements from 1985 through 1991. The Cybex II was one of the first instruments of its kind to measure strength and similarity of muscle groups by isolating the specific joint of interest. In November 1991, a LIDO Multi-Joint II Dynamometer was purchased to upgrade the strength measurement data collection capability of the Anthropometry and Biomechanics Laboratory. The LIDO Multi-Joint II Dynamometer design offers several advantages over the Cybex II Dynamometer including a more sophisticated method of joint isolation and a more accurate and efficient computer based data collection system.

Dynamic calibration of a wheelchair dynamometer.

PubMed

DiGiovine, C P; Cooper, R A; Boninger, M L

2001-01-01

The inertia and resistance of a wheelchair dynamometer must be determined in order to compare the results of one study to another, independent of the type of device used. The purpose of this study was to describe and implement a dynamic calibration test for characterizing the electro-mechanical properties of a dynamometer. The inertia, the viscous friction, the kinetic friction, the motor back-electromotive force constant, and the motor constant were calculated using three different methods. The methodology based on a dynamic calibration test along with a nonlinear regression analysis produced the best results. The coefficient of determination comparing the dynamometer model output to the measured angular velocity and torque was 0.999 for a ramp input and 0.989 for a sinusoidal input. The inertia and resistance were determined for the rollers and the wheelchair wheels. The calculation of the electro-mechanical parameters allows for the complete description of the propulsive torque produced by an individual, given only the angular velocity and acceleration. The measurement of the electro-mechanical properties of the dynamometer as well as the wheelchair/human system provides the information necessary to simulate real-world conditions.

A microcomputer controlled snow ski binding system--I. Instrumentation and field evaluation.

PubMed

MacGregor, D; Hull, M L; Dorius, L K

1985-01-01

This paper presents the design and field evaluation of the first microcomputer controlled ski binding system. This system incorporates an Intel 8086 microcomputer controller and an integral binding/dynamometer. This instrumentation system not only undertakes real time control, but also it records dynamometer data via a miniature digital cassette tape recorder. The integral binding/dynamometer offers the same operational and mounting convenience of commercially available mechanical bindings. The binding may be released either manually or electrically via the controller. Comprised of four octagonal half strain rings, the strain gage dynamometer measures the three moment load components at the boot. To enable the user to conveniently operate the computer, extensive operating software was developed. The operating software is discussed in relation to both the acquisition and storage of data from the dynamometer and the control of the electro-mechanical snow ski binding. The binding system has been used successfully to both record boot moment components and control ski binding release during actual skiing maneuvers. Moment histories typical of three common recreational skiing maneuvers are presented.

The Direct Measurement of Engine Power on an Airplane in Flight with a Hub Type Dynamometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gove, W D; Green, M W

1927-01-01

This report describes tests made to obtain direct measurements of engine power in flight. Tests were made with a Bendemann hub dynamometer installed on a modified DH-4 Airplane, Liberty 12 Engine, to determine the suitability of this apparatus. This dynamometer unit, which was designed specially for use with a liberty 12 engine, is a special propeller hub in which is incorporated a system of pistons and cylinders interposed between the propeller and the engine crankshaft. The torque and thrust forces are balanced by fluid pressures, which are recorded by instruments in the cockpit. These tests have shown the suitability of this type of hub dynamometer for measurement of power in flight and for the determination of the torque and power coefficients of the propeller. (author)

40 CFR 86.131-00 - Vehicle preparation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... test dynamometer. This signal provides the input information that controls dynamometer dynamic inertia... implement dynamic inertia adjustments for a portion or all of their product line, this requirement is not...

Fuel economy and exhaust emissions characteristics of diesel vehicles: Test results of a prototype Fiat 131 NA 2.4 liter automobile

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quayle, S. S.; Davis, M. M.; Walter, R. A.

1981-01-01

The vehicle was tested on a chassis dynamometer over selected drive cycles and steady-state conditions. Two fuels were used, a U.S. no. 2 diesel and a European diesel fuel. The vehicle was tested with retarded timing and with and without an oxidation catalyst. Particulate emission rates were calculated from dilution tunnel measurements and large volume particulate samples were collected for biological and chemical analysis. It was determined that while the catalyst was generally effective in reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide levels, it was also a factor in increasing particulate emissions. Increased particulate emission rates were particularly evident when the vehicle was operated on the European fuel which has a high sulfur content.

Experimental data of lithium-ion battery and ultracapacitor under DST and UDDS profiles at room temperature.

PubMed

Wang, Yujie; Liu, Chang; Pan, Rui; Chen, Zonghai

2017-06-01

This article provides the dataset of both the LiFePO 4 type lithium-ion battery (LIB) behavior and the Maxwell ultracapacitor behavior. The dynamic stress test (DST) condition and the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) condition were carried out to analyze the battery/ultracapacitor features. The datasets were achieved at room temperature, in August, 2016. The shared data contributes to clarify the behavior of the LIBs and ultracapacitors and can be used to predict the state-of-charge (SOC) of the LIBs and ultracapacitors, which is also shown in the article of "Modeling and state-of-charge prediction of lithium-ion battery and ultracapacitor hybrids with a co-estimator" (United States Advanced Battery Consortium, 1996) [1].

Bettis Asphalt and Construction, Inc. - Clean Water Act Public Notice

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against Bettis Asphalt and Construction, Inc. for alleged violations at its facility located at 2350 Northwest Water Works Drive, Topeka, KS 66606.

Bull Moose Tube Company

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against the Bull Moose Tube Company, a business located at 1819 Clarkson Road, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, for alleged violations at the facility located at 406 East Industrial Drive,

Characterizing SI Engine Transient Fuel Consumption in ALPHA

EPA Science Inventory

Examine typical transient engine operation encountered over the EPA's vehicle and engine testing drive cycles to characterize that transient fuel usage, and then describe the changes made to ALPHA to better model transient engine operation.

40 CFR 1066.410 - Dynamometer test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... configuration that allows for proper simulation of vehicle cooling during in-use operation, subject to our... simulation of the actual normal forces that the tire and dynamometer roll interface would see if a loaded...

40 CFR 1066.410 - Dynamometer test procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... configuration that allows for proper simulation of vehicle cooling during in-use operation, subject to our... simulation of the actual normal forces that the tire and dynamometer roll interface would see if a loaded...

National Wind Technology Center Dynamic 5-Megawatt Dynamometer

ScienceCinema

Felker, Fort

2018-06-06

The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) offers wind industry engineers a unique opportunity to conduct a wide range of tests. Its custom-designed dynamometers can test wind turbine systems from 1 kilowatt (kW) to 5 megawatts (MW). The NWTC's new dynamometer facility simulates operating field conditions to assess the reliability and performance of wind turbine prototypes and commercial machines, thereby reducing deployment time, failures, and maintenance or replacement costs. Funded by the U.S. Department of Energy with American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds, the 5-MW dynamometer will provide the ability to test wind turbine drivetrains and connect those drivetrains directly to the electricity grid or through a controllable grid interface (CGI). The CGI tests the low-voltage ride-through capability of a drivetrain as well as its response to faults and other abnormal grid conditions.

Comparing passive angle-torque curves recorded simultaneously with a load cell versus an isokinetic dynamometer during dorsiflexion stretch tolerance assessments.

PubMed

Buckner, Samuel L; Jenkins, Nathaniel D M; Costa, Pablo B; Ryan, Eric D; Herda, Trent J; Cramer, Joel T

2015-05-01

The purpose of the present study was to compare the passive angle-torque curves and the passive stiffness (PS, N m °(-)(1)) values recorded simultaneously from a load cell versus an isokinetic dynamometer during dorsiflexion stretch tolerance assessments in vivo. Nine healthy men (mean ± SD age = 21.4 ± 1.6 years) completed stretch tolerance assessments on a custom-built apparatus where passive torque was measured simultaneously from an isokinetic dynamometer and a load cell. Passive torque values that corresponded with the last 10° of dorsiflexion, verified by surface electromyographic amplitude, were analyzed for each device (θ1, θ2, θ3, …, θ10). Passive torque values measured with the load cell were greater (p ≤ 0.05) than the dynamometer torque values for θ4 through θ10. There were more statistical differentiations among joint angles for passive torque measured by the load cell, and the load cell measured a greater (p ≤ 0.01) increase in passive torque and PS than the isokinetic dynamometer. These findings suggested that when examining the angle-torque curves from passive dorsiflexion stretch tolerance tests, a load cell placed under the distal end of the foot may be more sensitive than the torque recorded from an isokinetic dynamometer. Copyright © 2015 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of Hot Exhaust Emission Factors for Iranian-Made Euro-2 Certified Light-Duty Vehicles.

PubMed

Banitalebi, Ehsan; Hosseini, Vahid

2016-01-05

Emission factors (EFs) are fundamental, necessary data for air pollution research and scenario implementation. With the vision of generating national EFs of the Iranian transportation system, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to develop the basic EFs for a statistically significant sample of Iranian gasoline-fueled privately owned light duty vehicles (LDVs) operated in Tehran. A smaller sample size of the same fleet was examined by chassis dynamometer (CD) bag emission measurement tests to quantify the systematic differences between the PEMS and CD methods. The selected fleet was tested over four different routes of uphill highways, flat highways, uphill urban streets, and flat urban streets. Real driving emissions (RDEs) and fuel consumption (FC) rates were calculated by weighted averaging of the results from each route. The activity of the fleet over each route type was assumed as a weighting factor. The activity data were obtained from a Tehran traffic model. The RDEs of the selected fleet were considerably higher than the certified emission levels of all vehicles. Differences between Tehran real driving cycles and the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) was attributed to the lower loading of NEDC. A table of EFs based on RDEs was developed for the sample fleet.

New research assessing the effect of engine operating conditions on regulated emissions of a 4-stroke motorcycle by test bench measurements

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Iodice, Paolo, E-mail: paolo.iodice@unina.it; Senatore, Adolfo

In the latest years the effect of powered two-wheelers on air polluting emissions is generally noteworthy all over the world, notwithstanding advances in internal combustion engines allowed to reduce considerably both fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of SI engines. Nowadays, in fact, these vehicles represent common means of quotidian moving, serving to meet daily urban transport necessities with a significant environmental impact on air quality. Besides, the emissive behavior of the two-wheelers measured under fixed legislative driving standards (and not on the local driving conditions) might not be sufficiently representative of real world motorcycle riding. The purpose of this investigationmore » is a deeper research on emissive levels of in-use motorcycles equipped with last generation SI engines under real world driving behavior. In order to analyze the effect of vehicle instantaneous speed and acceleration on emissive behavior, instantaneous emissions of CO, HC and NO{sub X} were measured in the exhaust of a four-stroke motorcycle, equipped with a three-way catalyst and belonging to the Euro-3 legislative category. Experimental tests were executed on a chassis dynamometer bench in the laboratories of the National Research Council (Italy), during the Type Approval test cycle, at constant speed and under real-world driving cycles. This analytical-experimental investigation was executed with a methodology that improves vehicles emission assessment in comparison with the modeling approaches that are based on fixed legislative driving standards. The statistical processing results so obtained are very useful also in order to improve the database of emission models commonly used for estimating emissions from road transport sector, then they can be used to evaluate the environmental impact of last generation medium-size motorcycles under real driving behaviors.« less

Validity and reliability of isometric muscle strength measurements of hip abduction and abduction with external hip rotation in a bent-hip position using a handheld dynamometer with a belt.

PubMed

Aramaki, Hidefumi; Katoh, Munenori; Hiiragi, Yukinobu; Kawasaki, Tsubasa; Kurihara, Tomohisa; Ohmi, Yorikatsu

2016-07-01

[Purpose] This study aimed to investigate the relatedness, reliability, and validity of isometric muscle strength measurements of hip abduction and abduction with an external hip rotation in a bent-hip position using a handheld dynamometer with a belt. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty healthy young adults, with a mean age of 21.5 ± 0.6 years were included. Isometric hip muscle strength in the subjects' right legs was measured under two posture positions using two devices: a handheld dynamometer with a belt and an isokinetic dynamometer. Reliability was evaluated using an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC); relatedness and validity were evaluated using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. Differences in measurements of devices were assessed by two-way ANOVA. [Results] ICC (1, 1) was ≥0.9; significant positive correlations in measurements were found between the two devices under both conditions. No main effect was found between the measurement values. [Conclusion] Our findings revealed that there was relatedness, reliability, and validity of this method for isometric muscle strength measurements using a handheld dynamometer with a belt.

40 CFR 92.106 - Equipment for loading the engine.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... settings except idle and dynamic brake; and (ii) Less accuracy and precision is allowed at idle and dynamic...) For engine testing using a dynamometer, the engine dynamometer system must be capable of controlling...

Variability in operation-based NO(x) emission factors with different test routes, and its effects on the real-driving emissions of light diesel vehicles.

PubMed

Lee, Taewoo; Park, Junhong; Kwon, Sangil; Lee, Jongtae; Kim, Jeongsoo

2013-09-01

The objective of this study is to quantify the differences in NO(x) emissions between standard and non-standard driving and vehicle operating conditions, and to estimate by how much NO(x) emissions exceed the legislative emission limits under typical Korean road traffic conditions. Twelve Euro 3-5 light-duty diesel vehicles (LDDVs) manufactured in Korea were driven on a chassis dynamometer over the standard New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and a representative Korean on-road driving cycle (KDC). NO(x) emissions, average speeds and accelerations were calculated for each 1-km trip segment, so called averaging windows. The results suggest that the NO(x) emissions of the tested vehicles are more susceptible to variations in the driving cycles than to those in the operating conditions. Even under comparable operating conditions, the NO(x) control capabilities of vehicles differ from each other, i.e., NO(x) control is weaker for the KDC than for the NEDC. The NO(x) emissions over the KDC for given vehicle operating conditions exceed those over the NEDC by more than a factor of 8. Consequently, on-road NO(x) emission factors are estimated here to exceed the Euro 5 emission limit by up to a factor of 8, 4 and 3 for typical Korean urban, rural, and motorway road traffic conditions, respectively. Our findings support the development of technical regulations for supplementary real-world emission tests for emission certification and the corresponding research actions taken by automotive industries. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

77 FR 3229 - Codex Alimentarius Commission: Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR)

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-23

... be held at EPA, Room S-7100, One Potomac Yard South; 2777 South Crystal Drive, Arlington, Virginia..., sexual orientation, and marital or family status (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs...

78 FR 41928 - Notice of Meeting of the EPA's Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-12

..., 2013. ADDRESSES: 2777 South Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Martha... information on access or services for individuals with disabilities, please contact Martha Berger at 202- 564...

Dual-Shaft Electric Propulsion (DSEP) Technology Development Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

1992-08-01

The background, progress, and current state of the DOE-sponsored Advanced Dual-Shaft Electric Propulsion Technology Development are presented. Three electric-drive vehicles were build as conversions of a commercial gasoline-powered van, using program-designed components and systems as required. The vehicles were tested primarily on dynamometer or test tract. Component and system testing represented a major portion of the development effort. Test data are summarized in this report, and an Appendix contains the final component design specifications. This major programmatic concerns were the traction battery, the battery management system, the dc-to-ac inverter, the drive motor, the transaxle and its ancillary equipment, and the vehicle controller. Additional effort was devoted to vehicle-related equipment: gear selector, power steering, power brakes, accelerator, dashboard instrumentation, and heater. Design, development, and test activities are reported for each of these items, together with an appraisal (lessons learned) and recommendations for possible further work. Other programmatic results include a Cost and Commercialization Analysis, a Reliability and Hazards Analysis Study, Technical Recommendations for Next-Generation Development, and an assessment of overall program efforts.

Vehicle test report: South Coast Technology electric Volkswagen Rabbit with developmental low-power armature chopper

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Marte, J. E.; Bryant, J. A.; Livingston, R.

1983-01-01

Dynamometer performance of a South Coast Technology electric conversion of a Volkswagen (VW) Rabbit designated SCT-8 was tested. The SCT-8 vehicle was fitted with a transistorized chopper in the motor armature circuit to supplement the standard motor speed control via field weakening. The armature chopper allowed speed control below the motor base speed. This low speed control was intended to reduce energy loss at idle during stop-and-go traffic; to eliminate the need for using the clutch below base motor speed; and to improve the drivability. Test results indicate an improvement of about 3.5% in battery energy economy for the SAE J227a-D driving cycle and 6% for the C-cycle with only a minor reduction in acceleration performance. A further reduction of about 6% would be possible if provision were made for shutting down field power during the idle phases of the driving cycles. Drivability of the vehicle equipped with the armature chopper was significantly improved compared with the standard SCT Electric Rabbit.

Investigation of Combined Motor/Magnetic Bearings for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hofmann, Heath

2003-01-01

Dr. Hofmann's work in the summer of 2003 consisted of two separate projects. In the first part of the summer, Dr. Hofmann prepared and collected information regarding rotor losses in synchronous machines; in particular, machines with low rotor losses operating in vacuum and supported by magnetic bearings, such as the motor/generator for flywheel energy storage systems. This work culminated in a presentation at NASA Glenn Research Center on this topic. In the second part, Dr. Hofmann investigated an approach to flywheel energy storage where the phases of the flywheel motor/generator are connected in parallel with the phases of an induction machine driving a mechanical actuator. With this approach, additional power electronics for driving the flywheel unit are not required. Simulations of the connection of a flywheel energy storage system to a model of an electromechanical actuator testbed at NASA Glenn were performed that validated the proposed approach. A proof-of-concept experiment using the D1 flywheel unit at NASA Glenn and a Sundstrand induction machine connected to a dynamometer was successfully conducted.

Development of an integrated digital hand grip dynamometer and norm of hand grip strength.

PubMed

Chang, Ho; Chen, Chih-Hao; Huang, Tung-Sun; Tai, Chun-Yen

2015-01-01

This study designs and fabricates a novel integrated digital hand grip dynamometer and analyzes collected grip strength data. The dynamometer directly stores collected data in a computer, unlike those on the market that cannot directly store information. A strain gauge load cell is used as a force sensor. The dynamometer is designed to maximize ergonomics. Excitation voltage of the load cell is 5 V, and a 9 V battery supplies power to its circuit. The signal receiver is National Instruments (NI) data acquisition (DAQ) card that transmits signals to the computer. The operation system is designed using LabView. This study assesses the correlation between variables of collected data. The correlation coefficients for height, weight and palm length were 0.793, 0.609 and 0.715, respectively, indicating that variables were moderately to strongly correlate with grip strength.

Lipid remodeling and an altered membrane-associated proteome may drive the differential effects of EPA and DHA treatment on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and protein accretion.

PubMed

Jeromson, Stewart; Mackenzie, Ivor; Doherty, Mary K; Whitfield, Phillip D; Bell, Gordon; Dick, James; Shaw, Andy; Rao, Francesco V; Ashcroft, Stephen P; Philp, Andrew; Galloway, Stuart D R; Gallagher, Iain; Hamilton, D Lee

2018-06-01

In striated muscle, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have differential effects on the metabolism of glucose and differential effects on the metabolism of protein. We have shown that, despite similar incorporation, treatment of C 2 C 12 myotubes (CM) with EPA but not DHA improves glucose uptake and protein accretion. We hypothesized that these differential effects of EPA and DHA may be due to divergent shifts in lipidomic profiles leading to altered proteomic profiles. We therefore carried out an assessment of the impact of treating CM with EPA and DHA on lipidomic and proteomic profiles. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) analysis revealed that both EPA and DHA led to similar but substantials changes in fatty acid profiles with the exception of arachidonic acid, which was decreased only by DHA, and docosapentanoic acid (DPA), which was increased only by EPA treatment. Global lipidomic analysis showed that EPA and DHA induced large alterations in the cellular lipid profiles and in particular, the phospholipid classes. Subsequent targeted analysis confirmed that the most differentially regulated species were phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines containing long-chain fatty acids with five (EPA treatment) or six (DHA treatment) double bonds. As these are typically membrane-associated lipid species we hypothesized that these treatments differentially altered the membrane-associated proteome. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics of the membrane fraction revealed significant divergence in the effects of EPA and DHA on the membrane-associated proteome. We conclude that the EPA-specific increase in polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction is associated with an altered membrane-associated proteome and these may be critical events in the metabolic remodeling induced by EPA treatment.

48 CFR 1552.219-71 - Procedures for Participation in the EPA Mentor-Protege Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...)), including historically black colleges and universities. Further, in accordance with Public Law 102-389 (the... King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, Telephone: (513) 487-2024 Fax: (513) 487-2004. (End of provision) [67...

48 CFR 1552.219-71 - Procedures for Participation in the EPA Mentor-Protege Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...)), including historically black colleges and universities. Further, in accordance with Public Law 102-389 (the... King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, Telephone: (513) 487-2024 Fax: (513) 487-2004. (End of provision) [67...

48 CFR 1552.219-71 - Procedures for Participation in the EPA Mentor-Protege Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...)), including historically black colleges and universities. Further, in accordance with Public Law 102-389 (the... King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, Telephone: (513) 487-2024 Fax: (513) 487-2004. (End of provision) [67...

48 CFR 1552.219-71 - Procedures for Participation in the EPA Mentor-Protege Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...)), including historically black colleges and universities. Further, in accordance with Public Law 102-389 (the... King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, Telephone: (513) 487-2024 Fax: (513) 487-2004. (End of provision) [67...

CHS Inc. - Clean Water Act Public Notice

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against CHS Inc., a corporation with its headquarters at 5500 Cenex Drive, Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota 55077, for alleged violations at a CHS Inc. facility it formerly operated

U.S. Freight: Economy in Motion 1998

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1995-01-01

MOBILE is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions of air pollutants by motor vehicles. Using information on the types and ages of vehicles and on local driving conditions, MOBILE estimates...

Highway Vehicle Retrofit Evaluation : Phase 2. Report. Testing and Final Evaluation Results.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-11-01

This report presents the results of engine dynamometer and vehicle chassis dynamometer tests conducted with selected automotive retrofit devices in the classes of ultrasonic carburetors, high-velocity intake manifolds, tuned exhaust systems, and high...

The Martin Vigorimeter Represents a Reliable and More Practical Tool Than the Jamar Dynamometer to Assess Handgrip Strength in the Geriatric Patient.

PubMed

Sipers, Walther M W H; Verdijk, Lex B; Sipers, Simone J E; Schols, Jos M G A; van Loon, Luc J C

2016-05-01

Geriatric patients with low skeletal muscle mass and strength generally have a relatively poor clinical outcome following acute illness. Therefore, it is recommended to routinely assess skeletal muscle mass and strength in patients admitted to the acute care geriatric ward. Handgrip strength is generally measured as a proxy for muscle strength and/or functional performance. To compare the applicability and test-retest reliability of measuring handgrip strength using the Jamar dynamometer and the Martin Vigorimeter in geriatric patients during hospitalization. A total of 96 geriatric patients (age 85 ± 5 y) admitted to the acute care geriatric ward participated in this study. Handgrip strength was assessed 3 times on 2 different occasions within 1 week of hospital admission using both the Jamar dynamometer and the Martin Vigorimeter. Maximal handgrip strength as determined over the 3 successive attempts performed on 2 occasions averaged 17 ± 7 kg and 35 ± 13 kPa when using the Jamar dynamometer and Martin Vigorimeter, respectively. Handgrip strength was significantly greater when using the dominant versus nondominant hand using both the Jamar dynamometer (17 ± 7 kg vs 16 ± 7 kg; P = .003) and Martin Vigorimeter (34 ± 12 kPa vs 33 ± 13 kPa; P = .022). Test-retest reliability showed an ICC of 0.94 and 0.92 when applying the Jamar dynamometer or Martin Vigorimeter, respectively (both P < .001). Furthermore, handgrip strength assessed with the Jamar and Martin Vigorimeter showed a strong correlation for both the first (ρ = 0.83, P < .001) and second measurement (ρ = 0.79, P < .001). Almost 80% of the geriatric patients needed help from nursing staff with transfer from bed to an arm-rested chair measuring handgrip strength with the Jamar dynamometer according to the Southampton protocol, which is not necessary when using the Martin Vigorimeter. The Martin Vigorimeter represents a reliable and more practical tool than the Jamar dynamometer to assess handgrip strength in the geriatric patient on admission to the acute geriatric ward. Copyright © 2016 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Impact of biodiesel and renewable diesel on emissions of regulated pollutants and greenhouse gases on a 2000 heavy duty diesel truck

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Na, Kwangsam; Biswas, Subhasis; Robertson, William; Sahay, Keshav; Okamoto, Robert; Mitchell, Alexander; Lemieux, Sharon

2015-04-01

As part of a broad evaluation of the environmental impacts of biodiesel and renewable diesel as alternative motor fuels and fuel blends in California, the California Air Resources Board's (CARB) Heavy-duty Diesel Emission Testing Laboratory conducted chassis dynamometer exhaust emission measurements on in-use heavy-heavy-duty diesel trucks (HHDDT). The results presented here detail the impact of biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels and fuel blends as compared to CARB ULSD on particulate matter (PM), regulated gases, and two greenhouse gases emissions from a HHDDT with a 2000 C15 Caterpillar engine with no exhaust after treatment devices. This vehicle was tested over the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the cruise portion of the California HHDDT driving schedule. Three neat blend stocks (soy-based and animal-based fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesels, and a renewable diesel) and CARB-certified ultra-low sulfur diesel (CARB ULSD) along with their 20% and 50% blends (blended with CARB ULSD) were tested. The effects of blend level on emission characteristics were discussed on g·km-1 basis. The results showed that PM, total hydrocarbon (THC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were dependent on driving cycles, showing higher emissions for the UDDS cycles with medium load than the highway cruise cycle with high load on per km basis. When comparing CARB ULSD to biodiesels and renewable diesel blends, it was observed that the PM, THC, and CO emissions decreased with increasing blend levels regardless of the driving cycles. Note that biodiesel blends showed higher degree of emission reductions for PM, THC, and CO than renewable diesel blends. Both biodiesels and renewable diesel blends effectively reduced PM emissions, mainly due to reduction in elemental carbon emissions (EC), however no readily apparent reductions in organic carbon (OC) emissions were observed. When compared to CARB ULSD, soy- and animal-based biodiesel blends showed statistically significant increases in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions for 50% or higher biodiesel blends. The 20% blends of the biodiesels showed no statistically significant effect on NOx emissions on any cycle. In contrast, renewable diesel slightly decreased NOx emissions and the degree of reduction was statistically significant for 50% or higher blends over the UDDS cycle, but not at the 20% blends. The highway cruise cycles did not show a statistically strong NOx emission trend with increasing blend level of renewable diesel. Biodiesel and renewable fuel impacts on two greenhouse gases, CO2 and N2O emissions were of lower magnitude when compared to other regulated pollutants emissions, showing a change in their emissions within approximately ±3% from the CARB ULSD.

40 CFR 1066.210 - Dynamometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... chassis dynamometer typically uses electrically generated load forces combined with its rotational inertia... (known as “road load”). Load forces are calculated using vehicle-specific coefficients and response characteristics. The load forces are applied to the vehicle tires by rolls connected to intermediate motor...

40 CFR 1066.210 - Dynamometers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... chassis dynamometer typically uses electrically generated load forces combined with its rotational inertia... (known as “road load”). Load forces are calculated using vehicle-specific coefficients and response characteristics. The load forces are applied to the vehicle tires by rolls connected to intermediate motor...

Reliability and Validity of a New Method for Isometric Back Extensor Strength Evaluation Using A Hand-Held Dynamometer.

PubMed

Park, Hee-Won; Baek, Sora; Kim, Hong Young; Park, Jung-Gyoo; Kang, Eun Kyoung

2017-10-01

To investigate the reliability and validity of a new method for isometric back extensor strength measurement using a portable dynamometer. A chair equipped with a small portable dynamometer was designed (Power Track II Commander Muscle Tester). A total of 15 men (mean age, 34.8±7.5 years) and 15 women (mean age, 33.1±5.5 years) with no current back problems or previous history of back surgery were recruited. Subjects were asked to push the back of the chair while seated, and their isometric back extensor strength was measured by the portable dynamometer. Test-retest reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For the validity assessment, isometric back extensor strength of all subjects was measured by a widely used physical performance evaluation instrument, BTE PrimusRS system. The limit of agreement (LoA) from the Bland-Altman plot was evaluated between two methods. The test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC=0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.91). The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated acceptable agreement between the two methods: the lower 95% LoA was -63.1 N and the upper 95% LoA was 61.1 N. This study shows that isometric back extensor strength measurement using a portable dynamometer has good reliability and validity.

Bull Moose Tube Company - Clean Water Act Public Notice

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of a proposed Administrative Penalty Assessment against the Bull Moose Tube Company, a business located at 1819 Clarkson Road, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, for alleged violations at the facility located at 406 East Industrial Drive,

40 CFR 86.135-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and methanol-fueled Otto-cycle vehicles. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start... analyzed for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Methanol and formaldehyde samples (exhaust and dilution air) are collected and analyzed for methanol-fueled vehicles (a...

40 CFR 86.135-90 - Dynamometer procedure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and methanol-fueled Otto-cycle vehicles. The dynamometer run consists of two tests, a “cold” start... analyzed for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Methanol and formaldehyde samples (exhaust and dilution air) are collected and analyzed for methanol-fueled vehicles (a...

40 CFR 1066.250 - Base inertia verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Base inertia verification. 1066.250... CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer Specifications § 1066.250 Base inertia verification. (a) Overview. This section describes how to verify the dynamometer's base inertia. (b) Scope and frequency...

40 CFR 1066.250 - Base inertia verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 34 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Base inertia verification. 1066.250... CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer Specifications § 1066.250 Base inertia verification. (a) Overview. This section describes how to verify the dynamometer's base inertia. (b) Scope and frequency...

40 CFR 1066.250 - Base inertia verification.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 33 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Base inertia verification. 1066.250... CONTROLS VEHICLE-TESTING PROCEDURES Dynamometer Specifications § 1066.250 Base inertia verification. (a) Overview. This section describes how to verify the dynamometer's base inertia. (b) Scope and frequency...

The Dynamometer Hub for the Testing Propellers and Engines During Flight

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Enoch, O

1921-01-01

The need for a device to measure flight resistance, engine and propeller power, and efficiency during flight grew in proportion to the demand for increased flying capacity in military types of aircraft. Here, a dynamometer hub was inserted between the engine and the propeller. Taken as a whole, the tests that were conducted show that though the dynamometer is a sensitive instrument liable to numerous derangements, it is undeniably useful even in its present form, when handled with care and skill. Facilitating, as it does, the possibility of maintaining the fixed position of the engine, the blocking out of the weight effect when the plane is in the sloping position, and the possibility of taking direct measurements of force at the point of transmission, the dynamometer appears to be by far the best solution of the problem of a flying test bench, utilized as a hydraulic balance with the smallest possible measuring stroke and the least tendency to oscillation.

AGING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH PROGRAM: ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGE THROUGH INNOVATION

EPA Science Inventory

A driving force behind the Sustainable Water Infrastructure (SI) initiative and the Aging Water Infrastructure (AWI) research program is the Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap Analysis. In this report, EPA estimated that if operation, maintenance, and capital inves...

Reference Values of Grip Strength, Prevalence of Low Grip Strength, and Factors Affecting Grip Strength Values in Chinese Adults.

PubMed

Yu, Ruby; Ong, Sherlin; Cheung, Osbert; Leung, Jason; Woo, Jean

2017-06-01

The objectives of this study were to update the reference values of grip strength, to estimate the prevalence of low grip strength, and to examine the impact of different aspects of measurement protocol on grip strength values in Chinese adults. A cross-sectional survey of Chinese men (n = 714) and women (n = 4014) aged 18-102 years was undertaken in different community settings in Hong Kong. Grip strength was measured with a digital dynamometer (TKK 5401 Grip-D; Takei, Niigata, Japan). Low grip strength was defined as grip strength 2 standard deviations or more below the mean for young adults. The effects of measurement protocol on grip strength values were examined in a subsample of 45 men and women with repeated measures of grip strength taken with a hydraulic dynamometer (Baseline; Fabrication Enterprises Inc, Irvington, NY), using pair t-tests, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland and Altman plots. Grip strength was greater among men than among women (P < .001) and the rate of decline differed between sexes (P < .001). The prevalence of low grip strength also increased with age, reaching a rate of 16.5% in men and 20.6% in women aged 65+. Although the TKK digital dynamometer gave higher grip strength values than the Baseline hydraulic dynamometer (P < .001), the degree of agreement between the 2 dynamometers was satisfactory. Higher grip strength values were also observed when the measurement was performed with the elbow extended in a standing position, compared with that with the elbow flexed at 90° in a sitting position, using the same dynamometer (P < .05). This study updated the reference values of grip strength and estimated the prevalence of low grip strength among Chinese adults spanning a wide age range. These findings might be useful for risk estimation and evaluation of interventions. However, grip strength measurements should be interpreted with caution, as grip strength values can be affected by type of dynamometer used, assessment posture, and elbow position. Copyright © 2017 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Real-world vehicle emission factors in Chinese metropolis city--Beijing.

PubMed

Wang, Qi-dong; He, Ke-bin; Huo, Hong; Lents, James

2005-01-01

The dynamometer tests with different driving cycles and the real-world tests are presented. Results indicated the pollutants emission factors and fuel consumption factor with ECE15 + EUDC driving cycle usually take the lowest value and with real world driving cycle occur the highest value, and different driving cycles will lead to significantly different vehicle emission factors with the same vehicle. Relative to the ECE15 + EUDC driving cycle, the increasing rate of pollutant emission factors of CO, NOx and HC are - 0.42-2.99, -0.32-0.81 and -0.11-11 with FTP75 testing, 0.11-1.29, -0.77-0.64 and 0.47-10.50 with Beijing 1997 testing and 0.25-1.83, 0.09-0.75 and - 0.58-1.50 with real world testing. Compared to the carburetor vehicles, the retrofit and MPI + TWC vehicles' pollution emissionfactors decrease with different degree. The retrofit vehicle (Santana) will reduce 4.44%-58.44% CO, -4.95%-36.79% NOx, -32.32%-33.89% HC, and -9.39%-14.29% fuel consumption, and especially that the MPI + TWC vehicle will decrease CO by 82.48%-91.76%, NOx by 44.87%-92.79%, HC by 90.00%-93.89% and fuel consumption by 5.44%-10.55%. Vehicles can cause pollution at a very high rate when operated in high power modes; however, they may not often operate in these high power modes. In analyzing vehicle emissions, it describes the fraction of time that vehicles operate in various power modes. In Beijing, vehicles spend 90% of their operation in low power modes or decelerating.

The DOE ETV-1 Electric Test Vehicle. Phase 3: Performance Testing and system evaluation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kurtz, D.

1981-01-01

Engineering tests were conducted in order to characterize overall system performance and component efficiencies within the system environment. A dynamometer was used in order to minimize the ambient effects and large uncertainties present in track testing. Extensive test requirements were defined and procedures were carefully controlled in order to maintain a high degree of credibility. Limited track testing was performed in order to corroborate the dynamometer results. Test results include an energy flow analysis through the major subsystems and incorporate the aerodynamic and rolling losses under cyclic and various steady speed conditions. The major output from all relevant dynamometer and track tests is also included.

40 CFR 86.1318-84 - Engine dynamometer system calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Engine dynamometer system calibrations...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Otto-Cycle and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous and Particulate...

40 CFR 86.218-94 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year Gasoline-Fueled New Light-Duty Vehicles, New Light-Duty Trucks and New Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.218-94 Dynamometer calibration. The...

40 CFR 86.1337-2007 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... engine, dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. (2..., loaded particulate sample filter cartridge into the filter holder assembly. It is recommended that this be done within the filter stabilization environment, with both ends of the filter holder assembly...

40 CFR 86.1337-2007 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... engine, dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. (2..., loaded particulate sample filter cartridge into the filter holder assembly. It is recommended that this be done within the filter stabilization environment, with both ends of the filter holder assembly...

40 CFR 86.1337-2007 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... engine, dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. (2..., loaded particulate sample filter cartridge into the filter holder assembly. It is recommended that this be done within the filter stabilization environment, with both ends of the filter holder assembly...

40 CFR 86.1337-2007 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... engine, dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. (2..., loaded particulate sample filter cartridge into the filter holder assembly. It is recommended that this be done within the filter stabilization environment, with both ends of the filter holder assembly...

40 CFR 86.1318-84 - Engine dynamometer system calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Engine dynamometer system calibrations...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Otto-Cycle and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous and Particulate...

40 CFR 86.1318-84 - Engine dynamometer system calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Engine dynamometer system calibrations...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Otto-Cycle and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous and Particulate...

40 CFR 86.1318-84 - Engine dynamometer system calibrations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Engine dynamometer system calibrations...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Otto-Cycle and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous and Particulate...

Reliability and Validity of a New Method for Isometric Back Extensor Strength Evaluation Using A Hand-Held Dynamometer

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Objective To investigate the reliability and validity of a new method for isometric back extensor strength measurement using a portable dynamometer. Methods A chair equipped with a small portable dynamometer was designed (Power Track II Commander Muscle Tester). A total of 15 men (mean age, 34.8±7.5 years) and 15 women (mean age, 33.1±5.5 years) with no current back problems or previous history of back surgery were recruited. Subjects were asked to push the back of the chair while seated, and their isometric back extensor strength was measured by the portable dynamometer. Test-retest reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For the validity assessment, isometric back extensor strength of all subjects was measured by a widely used physical performance evaluation instrument, BTE PrimusRS system. The limit of agreement (LoA) from the Bland-Altman plot was evaluated between two methods. Results The test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC=0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.91). The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated acceptable agreement between the two methods: the lower 95% LoA was −63.1 N and the upper 95% LoA was 61.1 N. Conclusion This study shows that isometric back extensor strength measurement using a portable dynamometer has good reliability and validity. PMID:29201818

Poor correlation between handgrip strength and isokinetic performance of knee flexor and extensor muscles in community-dwelling elderly women.

PubMed

Felicio, Diogo Carvalho; Pereira, Daniele Sirineu; Assumpção, Alexandra Miranda; de Jesus-Moraleida, Fabianna Resende; de Queiroz, Barbara Zille; da Silva, Juscelio Pereira; de Brito Rosa, Naysa Maciel; Dias, João Marcos Domingues; Pereira, Leani Souza Máximo

2014-01-01

To investigate the correlation between handgrip strength and performance of knee flexor and extensor muscles determined using an isokinetic dynamometer in community-dwelling elderly women. This was a cross-sectional study. Sample selection for the study was made by convenience, and 221 (71.07 ± 4.93 years) community-dwelling elderly women were included. Knee flexor and extensor muscle performance was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer Biodex System 3 Pro. The isokinetic variables chosen for analysis were peak torque, peak torque/bodyweight, total work/bodyweight, total work, average power, and agonist/antagonist ratio at the angular velocities of 60°/s and 180°/s. Assessment of handgrip strength was carried out using the Jamar dynamometer. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to identify intervariable correlations. Only knee flexor peak torque (60°/s) and average power (60°/s), and knee extensor peak torque (180°/s) and total work (180°/s) were significantly (P < 0.05), yet poorly, correlated with handgrip strength (r < 0.30). The majority of analyses did not show any correlation between variables assessed by isokinetic dynamometer and handgrip dynamometer. Caution is required when generalizing handgrip strength as a predictor of global muscle strength in community-dwelling elderly women. © 2013 Japan Geriatrics Society.

Regulated, carbonyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a light-duty vehicle fueled with diesel and biodiesel blends.

PubMed

Bakeas, Evangelos B; Karavalakis, Georgios

2013-02-01

This study investigates the impact of low concentration biodiesel blends on the regulated, carbonyl and PAH emissions from a modern passenger vehicle. The vehicle was a Euro 4 compliant SUV type fitted with a common-rail diesel engine and a diesel oxidation catalyst. Emission and fuel consumption measurements were performed on a chassis dynamometer using a constant volume sampling (CVS) technique, following the European regulations. All measurements were conducted over the NEDC and Artemis driving cycles. Aiming to evaluate the fuel impact on emissions, a soy-based biodiesel was blended with an ultra low sulphur diesel at proportions of 10 and 30% by volume. The experimental results revealed that emissions of PM, HC and CO decreased with biodiesel over most driving conditions. Some increases were observed over the NEDC which may be attributed to the cold-start effect and to certain fuel characteristics. NO x emissions were found to be higher with biodiesel especially during Artemis operation. CO 2 emissions and fuel consumption followed similar patterns and increased with biodiesel. Most carbonyl compound emissions increased with biodiesel, with the exception of aromatic aldehydes. It was found that carbonyl emissions decreased as the mean speed and load of the driving cycle was increased. Most PAH emissions were found to be lower with biodiesel, however, some increases were observed for certain toxic compounds.

System and component design and test of a 10 hp, 18,000 rpm AC dynamometer utilizing a high frequency AC voltage link, part 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lipo, Thomas A.; Alan, Irfan

1991-01-01

Hard and soft switching test results conducted with one of the samples of first generation MOS-controlled thyristor (MCTs) and similar test results with several different samples of second generation MCT's are reported. A simple chopper circuit is used to investigate the basic switching characteristics of MCT under hard switching and various types of resonant circuits are used to determine soft switching characteristics of MCT under both zero voltage and zero current switching. Next, operation principles of a pulse density modulated converter (PDMC) for three phase (3F) to 3F two-step power conversion via parallel resonant high frequency (HF) AC link are reviewed. The details for the selection of power switches and other power components required for the construction of the power circuit for the second generation 3F to 3F converter system are discussed. The problems encountered in the first generation system are considered. Design and performance of the first generation 3F to 3F power converter system and field oriented induction moter drive based upon a 3 kVA, 20 kHz parallel resonant HF AC link are described. Low harmonic current at the input and output, unity power factor operation of input, and bidirectional flow capability of the system are shown via both computer and experimental results. The work completed on the construction and testing of the second generation converter and field oriented induction motor drive based upon specifications for a 10 hp squirrel cage dynamometer and a 20 kHz parallel resonant HF AC link is discussed. The induction machine is designed to deliver 10 hp or 7.46 kW when operated as an AC-dynamo with power fed back to the source through the converter. Results presented reveal that the proposed power level requires additional energy storage elements to overcome difficulties with a peak link voltage variation problem that limits reaching to the desired power level. The power level test of the second generation converter after the addition of extra energy storage elements to the HF link are described. The importance of the source voltage level to achieve a better current regulation for the source side PDMC is also briefly discussed. The power levels achieved in the motoring mode of operation show that the proposed power levels achieved in the generating mode of operation can also be easily achieved provided that no mechanical speed limitation were present to drive the induction machine at the proposed power level.

75 FR 27249 - Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-14

... other health care 325411 facilities, commercial 325412 research laboratories, 562213 commercial waste... hearing is held, it will be held at EPA's Campus located at 109 T.W. Alexander Drive in Research Triangle... (E143-03), [[Page 27250

40 CFR 86.1308-84 - Dynamometer and engine equipment specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... technique involves the calibration of a master load cell (i.e., dynamometer case load cell). This... hydraulically actuated precalibrated master load cell. This calibration is then transferred to the flywheel torque measuring device. The technique involves the following steps: (i) A master load cell shall be...

Dyna Soars: Low Torque Measurement Dynamometer

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dolph, Darrel A.

2004-01-01

Students in the Electronics Engineering Technology program at Pennsylvania College of Technology designed and built a computerized dynamometer platform for testing dc brushless motors. As the capstone experience for EET-320, Measurement and Tests course, students were divided into teams of four and were given three weeks to complete the project.…

40 CFR 86.208-94 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year Gasoline-Fueled New Light-Duty Vehicles, New Light-Duty Trucks and New Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.208-94 Dynamometer. (a) For testing that is...

40 CFR 86.237-94 - Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year Gasoline-Fueled New Light-Duty Vehicles, New Light-Duty Trucks and New Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicles; Cold Temperature Test Procedures § 86.237-94 Dynamometer...

40 CFR 86.1308-84 - Dynamometer and engine equipment specifications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Dynamometer and engine equipment... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Emission Regulations for New Otto-Cycle and Diesel Heavy-Duty Engines; Gaseous and Particulate...

40 CFR 86.1237-85 - Dynamometer runs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES (CONTINUED) Evaporative... or pushed onto the dynamometer; however, if driven, the period of engine operation between the end of... manner that it is not exposed to precipitation (e.g., rain or dew). (b) The following steps shall be...

40 CFR 86.1316-94 - Calibrations; frequency and overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... through 86.1324. (2) Calibrate the engine dynamometer flywheel torque and speed measurement transducers... torque feedback signal at steady-state conditions by comparing: (i) Shaft torque feedback to dynamometer beam load; or (ii) By comparing in-line torque to armature current; or (iii) By checking the in-line...

40 CFR 86.1316-94 - Calibrations; frequency and overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... through 86.1324. (2) Calibrate the engine dynamometer flywheel torque and speed measurement transducers... torque feedback signal at steady-state conditions by comparing: (i) Shaft torque feedback to dynamometer beam load; or (ii) By comparing in-line torque to armature current; or (iii) By checking the in-line...

40 CFR 89.307 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... instructions for initial start-up and basic operating adjustments. (b) Check the dynamometer torque measurement... transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell and read... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

40 CFR 86.1316-94 - Calibrations; frequency and overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... through 86.1324. (2) Calibrate the engine dynamometer flywheel torque and speed measurement transducers... torque feedback signal at steady-state conditions by comparing: (i) Shaft torque feedback to dynamometer beam load; or (ii) By comparing in-line torque to armature current; or (iii) By checking the in-line...

40 CFR 86.1316-94 - Calibrations; frequency and overview.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... through 86.1324. (2) Calibrate the engine dynamometer flywheel torque and speed measurement transducers... torque feedback signal at steady-state conditions by comparing: (i) Shaft torque feedback to dynamometer beam load; or (ii) By comparing in-line torque to armature current; or (iii) By checking the in-line...

Development and application of a mobile laboratory for measuring emissions from diesel engines. 1. Regulated gaseous emissions.

PubMed

Cocker, David R; Shah, Sandip D; Johnson, Kent; Miller, J Wayne; Norbeck, Joseph M

2004-04-01

Information about in-use emissions from diesel engines remains a critical issue for inventory development and policy design. Toward that end, we have developed and verified the first mobile laboratory that measures on-road or real-world emissions from engines at the quality level specified in the U.S. Congress Code of Federal Regulations. This unique mobile laboratory provides information on integrated and modal regulated gaseous emission rates and integrated emission rates for speciated volatile and semivolatile organic compounds and particulate matter during real-world operation. Total emissions are captured and collected from the HDD vehicle that is pulling the mobile laboratory. While primarily intended to accumulate data from HDD vehicles, it may also be used to measure emission rates from stationary diesel sources such as back-up generators. This paper describes the development of the mobile laboratory, its measurement capabilities, and the verification process and provides the first data on total capture gaseous on-road emission measurements following the California Air Resources Board (ARB) 4-mode driving cycle, the hot urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS), the modified 5-mode cycle, and a 53.2-mi highway chase experiment. NOx mass emission rates (g mi(-1)) for the ARB 4-mode driving cycle, the hot UDDS driving cycle, and the chase experimentwerefoundto exceed current emission factor estimates for the engine type tested by approximately 50%. It was determined that congested traffic flow as well as "off-Federal Test Procedure cycle" emissions can lead to significant increases in per mile NOx emission rates for HDD vehicles.

Environmental Fate and Bioaccumulation Modelling at the US Environmental Protection Agency: Application to Inform Decision-Making

EPA Science Inventory

This chapter reviews the regulatory background and policy applications driving the use of various types of environmental fate and bioaccumulation models at US EPA (air quality, surface water and watersheds, contaminated sites). Comparing current research frontiers with contempora...

Evaluation of transportation/air quality model improvements based on TOTEMS on-road driving style and tailpipe emissions data.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-06-01

In June 2012, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released the Operating Mode : Distribution Generator (OMDG) a tool for developing an operating mode distribution as an input : to the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator model (MOVES). The t...

Test driving ToxCast: endocrine profiling for1858 chemicals included in phase II

EPA Science Inventory

Introduction: Identifying chemicals to test for potential endocrine disruption beyond those already implicated in the peer-reviewed literature is a challenge. This review is intended to help by summarizing findings from the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ToxCast™ high th...

MAKING LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY DATA AVAILABLE

EPA Science Inventory

Making Life Cycle Inventory Data Available

Mary Ann Curran
US EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Address: 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (MS-466)
Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA
Phone: 513-569-7782
Fax: 513-569-7111
E-Mail: curran.maryann@...

Electro-Mechanical Actuator. DC Resonant Link Controller

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schreiner, Kenneth E.

1996-01-01

This report summarizes the work performed on the 68 HP electro-mechanical actuator (EMA) system developed on NASA contract for the Electrical Actuation (ELA) Technology Bridging Program. The system was designed to demonstrate the capability of large, high power linear ELAs for applications such as Thrust Vector Control (TVC) on rocket engines. It consists of a motor controller, drive electronics and a linear actuator capable of up to 32,00 lbs loading at 7.4 inches/second. The drive electronics are based on the Resonant DC link concept and operate at a nominal frequency of 55 kHz. The induction motor is a specially designed high speed, low inertia motor capable of a 68 peak HP. The actuator was originally designed by MOOG Aerospace under an internal R & D program to meet Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) TVC requirements. The design was modified to meet this programs linear rate specification of 7.4 inches/second. The motor and driver were tested on a dynamometer at the Martin Marietta Space Systems facility. System frequency response, step response and force-velocity tests were conducted at the MOOG Aerospace facility. A complete description of the system and all test results can be found in the body of the report.

Tire footprint studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chawla, Mangal; Medzorian, John

1995-01-01

This presentation covers the results of tire footprint studies conducted in the Landing Gear Development Facility of the USAF Wright Laboratory at the Wright Patterson Air force Base, OH. Tire footprint studies are essential in understanding tire wear mechanisms and computing tire tread wear rates. The power input into the tread is the driving force for tread wear. Variables needed for power input calculations include the footprint pressure and slip velocity distributions. Studies were performed on the effects of power input distributions due to vertical load, camber, yaw, inflation pressure, and tire construction. For the present study, two tire constructions, one radial and the other bias, were selected. These tires were for the F-16 Block 30 fighter aircraft, both of which were previously worn. The present study was limited to steady straight roll with a 14,000 lb vertical load, a 310 psi inflation pressure, and zero yaw and camber. All tests were conducted on the Tire Force Machine (TFM) with a specialized sensor plate with embedded pressure sensors (X, Y, and Z) and slip sensors (X and Y). All tests were conducted for a table speed of 1 in/s. Tests on the TFM show that the power intensity distributions and total power for both tire constructions are quite similar for straight roll. Later on, tests were also conducted on a modified dynamometer which was overlaid with a grit wear surface. The tire speed was maintained at 40 miles per hour and yaw was set to four degrees. Dynamometer tests showed that radial tires have more tread wear than the bias tire; however, in the field, radial tires have longer life.

40 CFR 86.159-00 - Exhaust emission test procedures for US06 emissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... from the dynamometer rolls shall be used. A speed vs. time recording, as evidence of dynamometer test... vehicle. In the case of vehicles with rear engine compartments (or if special designs make the above... appropriate throttle action to maintain the proper speed-time relationship, or to permit sampling system...

40 CFR 1066.220 - Linearity verification for chassis dynamometer systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... dynamometer speed and torque at least as frequently as indicated in Table 1 of § 1066.215. The intent of... linear regression and the linearity criteria specified in Table 1 of this section. (b) Performance requirements. If a measurement system does not meet the applicable linearity criteria in Table 1 of this...

40 CFR 1066.260 - Parasitic friction compensation evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... also first verify the dynamometer's parasitic loss curve as specified in § 1066.255. (c) Procedure. Use...-load coefficients A, B, and C set to 0. Set the dynamometer to speed-control mode with a target speed... friction compensation is executed perfectly, there will be no change in speed during the measurement...

40 CFR 1066.260 - Parasitic friction compensation evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... also first verify the dynamometer's parasitic loss curve as specified in § 1066.255. (c) Procedure. Use...-load coefficients A, B, and C set to 0. Set the dynamometer to speed-control mode with a target speed... friction compensation is executed perfectly, there will be no change in speed during the measurement...

40 CFR 1066.260 - Parasitic friction compensation evaluation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... and 1066.240. You must also first verify the dynamometer's parasitic loss curve as specified in § 1066... with the road-load coefficients A, B, and C set to 0. Set the dynamometer to speed-control mode with a... times. If friction compensation is executed perfectly, there will be no change in speed during the...

40 CFR 86.333-79 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... basic operating adjustments. (b) Check the dynamometer torque measurement for each range used by the... or transfer standard may be used to verify the in-use torque measurement system. (1) The master load... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

40 CFR 86.333-79 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... basic operating adjustments. (b) Check the dynamometer torque measurement for each range used by the... or transfer standard may be used to verify the in-use torque measurement system. (1) The master load... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

40 CFR 86.333-79 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... basic operating adjustments. (b) Check the dynamometer torque measurement for each range used by the... or transfer standard may be used to verify the in-use torque measurement system. (1) The master load... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

40 CFR 89.307 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... torque measurement for each range used by the following method: (1) Warm up the dynamometer following the... transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell and read... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

40 CFR 89.307 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... torque measurement for each range used by the following method: (1) Warm up the dynamometer following the... transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell and read... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

40 CFR 89.307 - Dynamometer calibration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... torque measurement for each range used by the following method: (1) Warm up the dynamometer following the... transfer standard may be used to verify the torque measurement system. (1) The master load-cell and read... master load-cell for each in-use range used. (5) The in-use torque measurement must be within 2 percent...

Differences between emissions measured in urban driving and certification testing of heavy-duty diesel engines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dixit, Poornima; Miller, J. Wayne; Cocker, David R.; Oshinuga, Adewale; Jiang, Yu; Durbin, Thomas D.; Johnson, Kent C.

2017-10-01

Emissions from eight heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) equipped with three different exhaust aftertreatment systems (ATS) for controlling nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were quantified on a chassis dynamometer using driving schedules representative of stop-and-go and free-flow driving in metropolitan areas. The three control technologies were: 1) cooled exhaust gas recirculation (CEGR) plus a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 2) CEGR and DPF plus advanced engine controls; and 3) CEGR and DPF plus selective catalytic reduction with ammonia (SCR). Results for all control technologies and driving conditions showed PM emission factors were less than the standard, while selected non-regulated emissions (ammonia, carbonyls, and C4-C12 hydrocarbons) and a greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide) were at measurement detection limits. However, NOx emission factors depended on the control technology, engine calibration, and driving mode. For example, emissions from engines with cooled-exhaust gas recirculation (CEGR) were 239% higher for stop-and-go driving as compared with free-flow. For CEGR plus selective catalytic reduction (SCR), the ratio was 450%. A deeper analysis was carried out with the assumption that emissions measured for a drive cycle on either the chassis or in-use driving would be similar. Applying the same NTE rules to the chassis data showed emissions during stop-and-go driving often exceeded the certification standard and >90% of the driving did not fall within the Not-To-Exceed (NTE) control area suggesting the NTE requirements do not provide sufficient emissions control under in-use conditions. On-road measurement of emissions using the same mobile lab while the vehicle followed a free-flow driving schedule verified the chassis results. These results have implications for scientists who build inventories using certification values instead of real world emission values and for metropolitan populations, who are exposed to elevated emissions. The differences in values between real world emissions and certification cycles should be narrowed. For example, one might use a different mix of cold and hot start testing to greater emphasize low temperature/load operation, a separate cycle to specifically characterize low-load operation, or broaden the in-use compliance testing requirements and associated conformity factors to incorporate a wider envelope of vehicle operation, especially at low load conditions. .

Initial development of a device for controlling manually applied forces.

PubMed

Waddington, Gordon S; Adams, Roger D

2007-05-01

In both simulation and manual therapy studies, substantial variability has been shown when therapists attempt to replicate an applied force. Knowledge about the forces employed during treatment could reduce this variability. In the current project, a prototype for a mobilizing device incorporating a dynamometer was constructed. The prototype device was built around a conventional "hand-grip" dynamometer to give dial visibility during application of mobilizing forces and a moulded handle was used to increase the hand contact surface during force application. The variability of the mobilization forces produced was measured, and ratings of comfort during a simulated spinal mobilization technique were obtained from therapists. Thirty physiotherapists were randomly allocated to apply either: (i) their own estimate of a grade III mobilization force using their hands in a pisiform grip or (ii) a 100N force with the manual therapy dynamometer, and to rate comfort during the performance of both techniques on a 100mm visual analogue scale. Variance in dynamometer-dial-guided force application was always significantly less than the variance in therapist-concept-guided force application. Repeated-measures tests showed that the mean force produced at grade III was not significantly different from 100N, but physiotherapist comfort ratings were found to be significantly greater (P<0.01) when the manual therapy dynamometer was used. Manually applied force variability was significantly less and therapist comfort greater when using a device with visual access to a dial giving immediate force readout.

EPA GHG certification of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles: Development of road grade profiles representative of US controlled access highways

DOE PAGES

Wood, Eric; Duran, Adam; Kelly, Kenneth

2016-09-27

In collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has conducted a national analysis of road grade characteristics experienced by U.S. medium- and heavy-duty trucks on controlled access highways. These characteristics have been developed using TomTom's commercially available street map and road grade database. Using the TomTom national road grade database, national statistics on road grade and hill distances were generated for the U.S. network of controlled access highways. These statistical distributions were then weighted using data provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for activity of medium- and heavy-dutymore » trucks on controlled access highways. Here, the national activity-weighted road grade and hill distance distributions were then used as targets for development of a handful of sample grade profiles potentially to be used in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model certification tool as well as in dynamometer testing of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and their powertrains.« less

EPA GHG certification of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles: Development of road grade profiles representative of US controlled access highways

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wood, Eric; Duran, Adam; Kelly, Kenneth

In collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has conducted a national analysis of road grade characteristics experienced by U.S. medium- and heavy-duty trucks on controlled access highways. These characteristics have been developed using TomTom's commercially available street map and road grade database. Using the TomTom national road grade database, national statistics on road grade and hill distances were generated for the U.S. network of controlled access highways. These statistical distributions were then weighted using data provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for activity of medium- and heavy-dutymore » trucks on controlled access highways. Here, the national activity-weighted road grade and hill distance distributions were then used as targets for development of a handful of sample grade profiles potentially to be used in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model certification tool as well as in dynamometer testing of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles and their powertrains.« less

Eicosapentaenoic Acid as a Potential Therapeutic Approach to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease on Hemodialysis: A Review

PubMed Central

Borow, Kenneth M.; Mason, R. Preston; Vijayaraghavan, Krishnaswami

2017-01-01

Background Patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis have excess cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden with substantially increased CV event rates compared with the general population. Summary Traditional interventions that, according to standard clinical guidelines, reduce CV risk such as antihypertensive therapy, diet, exercise, and statins are not similarly effective in the hemodialysis population. This raises the question of whether additional risk factors, such as enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress, may drive the increased CVD burden in hemodialysis patients. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is incorporated into the atherosclerotic plaque as well as membrane phospholipid bilayers and produces beneficial effects on inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression. EPA levels and the ratio of EPA to the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) are reduced in hemodialysis patients. Serum EPA levels have been inversely correlated with proinflammatory cytokines, and the EPA/AA ratio has been inversely associated with CV events in hemodialysis cohorts. Three recent studies involving over 800 hemodialysis patients and follow-up of 2–3 years suggest that EPA therapy may improve clinical outcomes in this patient population as evidenced by significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and/or CV events. Key Messages Further studies with high-purity EPA are warranted in patients on hemodialysis, especially given the fact that other interventions including antihypertensives, diet, exercise, and statins have not provided meaningful benefit. PMID:29344023

75 FR 32767 - Pesticide Products; Registration Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-09

... difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic... docket ID number and other identifying information (subject heading, Federal Register date and page... address: Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709...

M&R Holdings, LLC d/b/a Brandon’s Reserve Residential Development - Clean Water Act Public Notice

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The EPA is providing notice of an Administrative Penalty Assessment in the form of an Expedited Storm Water Settlement Agreement against M&R Holdings, LLC d/b/a Brandon’s Reserve Residential Development, a business located at 15602 Wilden Drive, Urbandale,

40 CFR 282.53 - Arkansas State-Administered Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... administered by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, was approved by EPA pursuant to 42 U... Pollution Control and Ecology, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913. (1) State statutes and... include: (1) Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology Regulation Number 12—Storage Tank...

40 CFR 282.53 - Arkansas State-Administered Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... administered by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, was approved by EPA pursuant to 42 U... Pollution Control and Ecology, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913. (1) State statutes and... include: (1) Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology Regulation Number 12—Storage Tank...

40 CFR 60.17 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (C267-01), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC or at the National Archives and Records Administration... Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post Office Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428...) ASTM D86-96, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products (Approved April 10, 1996), IBR...

Abstract: Using System Dynamics Analysis for Evaluating the Sustainability of “Complete Streets” Practices

EPA Science Inventory

Abstract: Using System Dynamics Analysis for Evaluating the Sustainability of “Complete Streets” Practices Primary Author: Nicholas R. Flanders 109 T.W. Alexander Drive Mail Code: E343-02 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 919-541-3660 Flanders.nick@Epa.gov Topic categ...

Delivering an Informational Hub for Data at the National Center for Computational Toxicology (ACS Spring Meeting) 7 of 7

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Computational Toxicology Program integrates advances in biology, chemistry, and computer science to help prioritize chemicals for further research based on potential human health risks. This work involves computational and data drive...

WRF-CMAQ Two-way Coupled System with Aerosol Feedback: Software Development and Preliminary Results

EPA Science Inventory

Air quality models such as the EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) require meteorological data as part of the input to drive the chemistry and transport simulation. The Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP) is used to convert meteorological data into CMAQ-ready...

76 FR 22067 - Receipt of Several Pesticide Petitions Filed for Residues of Pesticide Chemicals in or on Various...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-20

...., Princeton, NJ 08540 on behalf of Arkion Life Sciences, 551 Mews Drive, Suite J, New Castle, DE 19720...) 3055407, e-mail address: [email protected] . 3. PP 1F7836. (EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0283). Dow AgroSciences, LLC...

40 CFR 282.53 - Arkansas State-Administered Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... administered by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, was approved by EPA pursuant to 42 U... Pollution Control and Ecology, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913. (1) State statutes and... include: (1) Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology Regulation Number 12—Storage Tank...

40 CFR 282.53 - Arkansas State-Administered Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... administered by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, was approved by EPA pursuant to 42 U... Pollution Control and Ecology, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913. (1) State statutes and... include: (1) Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology Regulation Number 12—Storage Tank...

40 CFR 282.53 - Arkansas State-Administered Program.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... administered by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, was approved by EPA pursuant to 42 U... Pollution Control and Ecology, 8001 National Drive, Little Rock, AR 72219-8913. (1) State statutes and... include: (1) Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology Regulation Number 12—Storage Tank...

40 CFR 272.1151 - State-administered program: Final authorization.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Management and Budget's Publication Office, 7461 Crowner Drive, Lansing, Michigan 48913, Phone: (517) 322..., DC 20460. Phone: (202) 382-5926; U.S. EPA, Region V, Waste, Pesticides and Toxics Division, Program Management Branch, 7th floor, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL. Phone: Ms. Judy Feigler, (312) 886-4179...

76 FR 53454 - Exposure Modeling Public Meeting; Notice of Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-26

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0879; FRL-8885-9] Exposure Modeling Public...: An Exposure Modeling Public Meeting (EMPM) will be held for one day on September 20, 2011. This... Building), Fourth Floor Conference Center (S-4370-80), 2777 S. Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202. FOR...

75 FR 39014 - Exposure Modeling Public Meeting; Notice of Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-07

... ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY [EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0879; FRL-8834-3] Exposure Modeling Public...: An Exposure Modeling Public Meeting (EMPM) will be held for 1 day on July 27, 2010. This notice... Yard (South Building), Fourth Floor, South Conference Room (S-4370/80), 2777 S. Crystal Drive...

40 CFR 86.1336-84 - Engine starting, restarting, and shutdown.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... dynamometer shall be equal (nominal ±0.5 seconds) to the time required with a starter motor. Motoring by the dynamometer shall be terminated not more than one second after the engine starts. The 24 ±1-second free idle... after 15 seconds of cranking, cranking shall cease and the reason for failure to start shall be...

Renewable Fuels and Lubricants Laboratory | Transportation Research | NREL

Science.gov Websites

delivery vans to full-size buses and Class 8 tractors. Heavy-Duty and Light-Duty Engine Dynamometer Test Cells The ReFUEL Laboratory features two engine dynamometer test cells-one for heavy-duty (up to 600 hp the Heavy-Duty Federal Test Procedures (HD-FTP), are highly standardized, and results can be readily

40 CFR 86.1337-96 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. For a single... sample is lost. A separate leak check is needed. A leak check of a filter assembly that has only one seal ring in contact with the filter media will not detect a leak when tested under vacuum. A pressure leak...

40 CFR 86.1337-96 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. For a single... sample is lost. A separate leak check is needed. A leak check of a filter assembly that has only one seal ring in contact with the filter media will not detect a leak when tested under vacuum. A pressure leak...

40 CFR 86.1337-96 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. For a single... sample is lost. A separate leak check is needed. A leak check of a filter assembly that has only one seal ring in contact with the filter media will not detect a leak when tested under vacuum. A pressure leak...

40 CFR 86.1337-96 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., dynamometer, and sampling system. (iii) Change filters, etc., and leak check as necessary. For a single... sample is lost. A separate leak check is needed. A leak check of a filter assembly that has only one seal ring in contact with the filter media will not detect a leak when tested under vacuum. A pressure leak...

40 CFR 91.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... all pre-test data specified in § 91.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 91.410) within 10 minutes... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Engine dynamometer test run. 91.409... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.409...

40 CFR 91.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... all pre-test data specified in § 91.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 91.410) within 10 minutes... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 91.409... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.409...

40 CFR 89.407 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...) Perform the pre-test procedure as specified in § 89.406. (3) Read and record the general test data as... (c)(5)(i) through (iii) of this section. (6) Read and record all pre-test data specified in § 89.405... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 89.407...

40 CFR 86.341-79 - Diesel engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... and sample probes as required; (2) Observe pre-test procedure, § 86.339; (3) Read and record the... observed torque for the rated and intermediate speeds; (8) Read and record all pre-test data specified in... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Diesel engine dynamometer test run. 86...

40 CFR 91.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... all pre-test data specified in § 91.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 91.410) within 10 minutes... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 91.409... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.409...

40 CFR 89.407 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Perform the pre-test procedure as specified in § 89.406. (3) Read and record the general test data as... (c)(5)(i) through (iii) of this section. (6) Read and record all pre-test data specified in § 89.405... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 89.407...

40 CFR 86.341-79 - Diesel engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... and sample probes as required; (2) Observe pre-test procedure, § 86.339; (3) Read and record the... observed torque for the rated and intermediate speeds; (8) Read and record all pre-test data specified in... 40 Protection of Environment 19 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Diesel engine dynamometer test run. 86...

40 CFR 86.341-79 - Diesel engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... and sample probes as required; (2) Observe pre-test procedure, § 86.339; (3) Read and record the... observed torque for the rated and intermediate speeds; (8) Read and record all pre-test data specified in... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Diesel engine dynamometer test run. 86...

40 CFR 91.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... all pre-test data specified in § 91.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 91.410) within 10 minutes... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 91.409... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.409...

40 CFR 86.341-79 - Diesel engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... and sample probes as required; (2) Observe pre-test procedure, § 86.339; (3) Read and record the... observed torque for the rated and intermediate speeds; (8) Read and record all pre-test data specified in... 40 Protection of Environment 18 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Diesel engine dynamometer test run. 86...

40 CFR 89.407 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Perform the pre-test procedure as specified in § 89.406. (3) Read and record the general test data as... (c)(5)(i) through (iii) of this section. (6) Read and record all pre-test data specified in § 89.405... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 89.407...

40 CFR 91.409 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... all pre-test data specified in § 91.405(c). (4) Start the test cycle (see § 91.410) within 10 minutes... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 91.409... (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM MARINE SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES Gaseous Exhaust Test Procedures § 91.409...

40 CFR 89.407 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Perform the pre-test procedure as specified in § 89.406. (3) Read and record the general test data as... (c)(5)(i) through (iii) of this section. (6) Read and record all pre-test data specified in § 89.405... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Engine dynamometer test run. 89.407...

40 CFR 89.407 - Engine dynamometer test run.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Perform the pre-test procedure as specified in § 89.406. (3) Read and record the general test data as... (c)(5)(i) through (iii) of this section. (6) Read and record all pre-test data specified in § 89.405... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Engine dynamometer test run. 89.407...

[Supplementary device for a dynamometer to evaluate and register muscular endurance indices].

PubMed

Timoshenko, D A; Bokser, O Ia

1986-01-01

In practice of psychophysiologic research muscular endurance index is used for estimation of CNS function. Muscular endurance index is defined as relative time needed for maintaining the preset muscular effort. The described device widens the possibilities of a digital dynamometer for automatic estimation and recording of muscular endurance index in real time.

NREL-Prime Next-Generation Drivetrain Dynamometer Test Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keller, Jonathan; Erdman, Bill; Blodgett, Douglas

2016-08-01

Advances in wind turbine drivetrain technologies are necessary to improve reliability and reduce the cost of energy for land-based and offshore wind turbines. The NREL-Prime Next-Generation Drivetrain team developed a geared, medium-speed drivetrain that is lighter, more reliable and more efficient than existing designs. One of the objectives of Phase II of the project was to complete the detailed design, fabrication, and dynamometer testing of a 750 kilowatt (kW) drivetrain that includes the key gearbox innovations designed by Romax Technology and power converter innovations designed by DNV Kema Renewables. The purpose of this document is to summarize these tests completedmore » in NREL's National Wind Technology Center 2.5 megawatt (MW) dynamometer.« less

An instrumented object for hand exercise and assessment using a pneumatic pressure sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohan, A.; Tharion, G.; Kumar, R. K.; Devasahayam, S. R.

2018-05-01

Measurement of grip force is important for both exercise training and assessment of the hand during physical rehabilitation. The standard method uses a grip dynamometer which measures the force between the fingers and opposing thumb. The primary limitation of the grip dynamometer is the restriction of measurement to cylindrical grasps. Any deformation of the hand due to muscular or skeletal disease makes the grip dynamometer difficult or impossible to use. An alternative to the grip dynamometer is a sealed pneumatic object that can be gripped by the hand. Measurement of the internal pressure in the object can be related to the grip force. In this paper, we analyze such a pneumatic pressure sensing object for hand grip assessment and also describe an easy fabrication of the grip sensor. The instrumented object presented in this paper is designed to assess both the maximal voluntary grip forces and continuous grip force to monitor control of hand function during exercise under instruction from a therapist. Potential uses of such a pneumatic pressure sensing object for hand grip are in physical rehabilitation of patients following paralysing illnesses like stroke and spinal cord injury.

Development of a portable anchored dynamometer for collection of maximal voluntary isometric contractions in biomechanics research on dancers.

PubMed

Krasnow, Donna; Ambegaonkar, Jatin P; Stecyk, Shane; Wilmerding, M Virginia; Wyon, Matthew; Koutedakis, Yiannis

2011-12-01

Surface electromyography (sEMG) has been used in dance medicine research since the 1970s, but normalization procedures are not consistently employed in the field. The purpose of this project was to develop a portable anchored dynamometer (PAD) specifically for dance-related research. Due to the limited studies in the dance research literature using normalization procedures for sEMG data, a review of the procedures used in the exercise science literature was conducted. A portable anchored dynamometer was then developed and tested with dancers, using methods validated in previous literature. We collected sEMG maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC, mV) from 10 female dancers (mean age 31.0 ± 15 yrs, mean height 163 ± 7.6 cm, mean weight 57.6 ± 6.9 kg, and 17.0 ± 13.9 yrs of training in ballet and/or modern dance) over three trials (5 sec each) for eight muscles bilaterally (quadriceps, tibialis anterior, abductor hallucis, gastrocnemius, hamstrings, gluteus maximus, erector spinae, and rectus abdominus). Consistency of data and feedback from dancers suggest that this dance-specific portable anchored dynamometer is effective for future sEMG studies in dance research.

ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS DRIVE SEASONAL CHANGES IN POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND WATER IN AN ESTUARINE SYSTEM. (R826940)

EPA Science Inventory

The perspectives, information and conclusions conveyed in research project abstracts, progress reports, final reports, journal abstracts and journal publications convey the viewpoints of the principal investigator and may not represent the views and policies of ORD and EPA. Concl...

Characterizing SI Engine Transient Fuel Consumption in ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Examine typical transient engine operation encountered over the EPA's vehicle and engine testing drive cycles to characterize that transient fuel usage, and then describe the changes made to ALPHA to better model transient engine operation. To present an approach to capture dynamic fuel consumption during engine transients and then implement these identified characteristics in ALPHA.

COLLOID MOBILIZATION AND TRANSPORT IN CONTAMINANT PLUMES: FIELD EXPERIMENTS, LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS, AND MODELING (EPA/600/S-99/001)

EPA Science Inventory

The major hypothesis driving this research, that the transport of colloids in a contaminant plume is limited by the advance of the chemical agent causing colloid mobilization, was tested by (1) examining the dependence of colloid transport and mobilization on chemical perturbatio...

75 FR 33190 - Trifloxystrobin; Pesticide Tolerances

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-11

....gpoaccess.gov/ecfr . To access the harmonized test guidelines referenced in this document electronically, please go http://www.epa.gov/ocspp and select ``Test Methods and Guidelines.'' C. How Can I File an... (PP 8F7487) by Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12014, Research Triangle Park, NC...

75 FR 13282 - Pesticide Products; Registration Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-19

.... Company name and address: Arysta LifeScience, North Americal LLC, 15401 Weston Parkway, Suite 150, Cary... CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Active...: EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0262. Company name and address: Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, 2T.W. Alexander...

75 FR 11884 - Pesticide Products; Registration Applications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-03-12

.... Company Name and Address: Arysta LifeScience North America, 15401 Weston Parkway, Suite 150, Cary, NC... Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-0279. Company Name and Address: Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W...: Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Active...

76 FR 80940 - Environmental Laboratory Advisory Board Meeting Dates and Agenda

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-27

... Officer, US EPA, Mail Code E243-05, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, or email... information. For information on access or services for individuals with disabilities or to request accommodation of a disability, please contact Lara P. Autry on the number above, preferably at least 10 days...

MODELING AIR TOXICS AND PM 2.5 CONCENTRATION FIELDS AS A MEANS FOR FACILITATING HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS

EPA Science Inventory

The capability of the US EPA Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system is extended to provide gridded ambient air quality concentration fields at fine scales. These fields will drive human exposure to air toxics and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) models...

77 FR 77077 - Pesticide Product Registration; Receipt of Applications for New Uses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

... affected entities may include: Crop production (NAICS code 111). Animal production (NAICS code 112). Food... File Symbol: 264-1049 and 72155- RNO. Docket ID Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0946. Applicant: Bayer CropScience, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, P. O. Box 12014, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Active Ingredient...

The electrodynamometric balance of the small wind tunnel of the French Service of Aeronautical Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rebuffet, P

1930-01-01

This investigation shows the attempt to improve the electrodynamomoter designed by Mr. Villey. The force to be measured acts on a flexible steel plate which is placed in front of a fixed plate. The deformation varies the original thickness of the layer of air between the two plates, thus causing a more rapid variation in the coefficient of electrostatic attraction of the two plates than in the capacity of the condenser formed by the dynamometer. The measurements are made by a differential method. The capacity of the test dynamometer is compared with that of a similar instrument of constant capacity, this comparison being made by means of an electrometer. Diagrams are shown of the dynamometer, the electrometer, and the electrical connections.

Vehicle test report: South Coast technology electric conversion of a Volkswagen Rabbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Price, T. W.; Shain, T. W.; Bryant, J. A.

1981-01-01

The South Coast Technology Volkswagen Rabbit, was tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL) dynamometer facility and at JPL's Edwards Test Station (ETS). The tests were performed to characterize certain parameters of the South Coast Rabbit and to provide baseline data that will be used for the comparison of near term batteries that are to be incorporated into the vehicle. The vehicle tests were concentrated on the electrical drive system; i.e., the batteries, controller, and motor. The tests included coastdowns to characterize the road load, maximum effort acceleration, and range evaluation for both cyclic and constant speed conditions. A qualitative evaluation of the vehicle was made by comparing its constant speed range performance with those vehicles described in the document 'state of the Art assessment of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles'. The Rabbit performance was near to the best of the 1977 vehicles.

Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds in diesel exhaust emissions.

PubMed

Mabilia, Rosanna; Cecinato, Angelo; Tomasi Scianò, Maria Concetta; Di Palo, Vincenzo; Possanzini, Massimiliano

2004-01-01

Exhaust emissions from a recent model heavy-duty diesel vehicle (city bus) in a chassis dynamometer were measured during a transient driving cycle. Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gaseous carbonyls, substances that create health hazards and are, as yet, unregulated were collected, the former on filters and the latter on dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica cartridges and analysed by GC-MS and HPLC, respectively. PAH emission rates decreased with the number of benzene fused rings. They averaged 0.2 mg km(-1) for a total of 11 PAHs ranging from fluoranthene to benzo(ghi)perylene. Fluoranthene and pyrene accounted for 90% of total PAHs. The sum of emission rates of C1 approximately C6 carbonyls averaged 174 mg km(-1), even if formaldehyde alone represented approximately 70% of the total carbonyl mass, followed by acetaldehyde (13%). Results obtained were compared with emission data reported in previous studies.

Electric vehicle test report Cutler-Hammer Corvette

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Vehicles were characterized for the state of the art assessment of electric vehicles. The vehicle evaluated was a Chevrolet Corvette converted to electric operation. The original internal combustion engine was replaced by an electric traction motor. Eighteen batteries supplied the electrical energy. A controller, an onboard battery charger, and several dashboard instruments completed the conversion. The emphasis was on the electrical portion of the drive train, although some analysis and discussion of the mechanical elements are included. Tests were conducted both on the road (actually a mile long runway) and in a chassis dynamometer equipped laboratory. The majority of the tests performed were according to SAE Procedure J227a and included maximum effort accelerations, constant speed range, and cyclic range. Some tests that are not a part of the SAE Procedure J227a are described and the analysis of the data from all tests is discussed.

Mechanical correction of dynamometer moment for the effects of segment motion during isometric knee-extension tests

PubMed Central

Baltzopoulos, Vasilios; Richards, Paula J.; Maganaris, Constantinos N.

2011-01-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dynamometer and joint axis misalignment on measured isometric knee-extension moments using inverse dynamics based on the actual joint kinematic information derived from the real-time X-ray video and to compare the errors when the moments were calculated using measurements from external anatomical surface markers or obtained from the isokinetic dynamometer. Six healthy males participated in this study. They performed isometric contractions at 90° and 20° of knee flexion, gradually increasing to maximum effort. For the calculation of the actual knee-joint moment and the joint moment relative to the knee-joint center, determined using the external marker, two free body diagrams were used of the Cybex arm and the lower leg segment system. In the first free body diagram, the mean center of the circular profiles of the femoral epicondyles was used as the knee-joint center, whereas in the second diagram, the joint center was assumed to coincide with the external marker. Then, the calculated knee-joint moments were compared with those measured by the dynamometer. The results indicate that 1) the actual knee-joint moment was different from the dynamometer recorded moment (difference ranged between 1.9% and 4.3%) and the moment calculated using the skin marker (difference ranged between 2.5% and 3%), and 2) during isometric knee extension, the internal knee angle changed significantly from rest to the maximum contraction state by about 19°. Therefore, these differences cannot be neglected if the moment–knee-joint angle relationship or the muscle mechanical properties, such as length-tension relationship, need to be determined. PMID:21474701

Longitudinal assessment of grip strength using bulb dynamometer in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

PubMed Central

Pizzato, Tatiana M.; Baptista, Cyntia R. J. A.; Souza, Mariana A.; Benedicto, Michelle M. B.; Martinez, Edson Z.; Mattiello-Sverzut, Ana C.

2014-01-01

BACKGROUND: Grip strength is used to infer functional status in several pathological conditions, and the hand dynamometer has been used to estimate performance in other areas. However, this relationship is controversial in neuromuscular diseases and studies with the bulb dynamometer comparing healthy children and children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) are limited. OBJECTIVE: The evolution of grip strength and the magnitude of weakness were examined in boys with DMD compared to healthy boys. The functional data of the DMD boys were correlated with grip strength. METHOD: Grip strength was recorded in 18 ambulant boys with DMD (Duchenne Group, DG) aged 4 to 13 years (mean 7.4±2.1) and 150 healthy volunteers (Control Group, CG) age-matched using a bulb dynamometer (North Coast- NC70154). The follow-up of the DG was 6 to 33 months (3-12 sessions), and functional performance was verified using the Vignos scale. RESULTS: There was no difference between grip strength obtained by the dominant and non-dominant side for both groups. Grip strength increased in the CG with chronological age while the DG remained stable or decreased. The comparison between groups showed significant difference in grip strength, with CG values higher than DG values (confidence interval of 95%). In summary, there was an increment in the differences between the groups with increasing age. Participants with 24 months or more of follow-up showed a progression of weakness as well as maintained Vignos scores. CONCLUSIONS: The amplitude of weakness increased with age in the DG. The bulb dynamometer detected the progression of muscular weakness. Functional performance remained virtually unchanged in spite of the increase in weakness. PMID:25003277

Effects of Cold Temperature and Ethanol Content on VOC Emissions from Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles.

PubMed

George, Ingrid J; Hays, Michael D; Herrington, Jason S; Preston, William; Snow, Richard; Faircloth, James; George, Barbara Jane; Long, Thomas; Baldauf, Richard W

2015-11-03

Emissions of speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including mobile source air toxics (MSATs), were measured in vehicle exhaust from three light-duty spark ignition vehicles operating on summer and winter grade gasoline (E0) and ethanol blended (E10 and E85) fuels. Vehicle testing was conducted using a three-phase LA92 driving cycle in a temperature-controlled chassis dynamometer at two ambient temperatures (-7 and 24 °C). The cold start driving phase and cold ambient temperature increased VOC and MSAT emissions up to several orders of magnitude compared to emissions during other vehicle operation phases and warm ambient temperature testing, respectively. As a result, calculated ozone formation potentials (OFPs) were 7 to 21 times greater for the cold starts during cold temperature tests than comparable warm temperature tests. The use of E85 fuel generally led to substantial reductions in hydrocarbons and increases in oxygenates such as ethanol and acetaldehyde compared to E0 and E10 fuels. However, at the same ambient temperature, the VOC emissions from the E0 and E10 fuels and OFPs from all fuels were not significantly different. Cold temperature effects on cold start MSAT emissions varied by individual MSAT compound, but were consistent over a range of modern spark ignition vehicles.

Volatile properties of particles emitted by compressed natural gas and diesel buses during steady-state and transient driving modes.

PubMed

Jayaratne, E R; Meyer, N K; Ristovski, Z D; Morawska, L

2012-01-03

Volatile properties of particle emissions from four compressed natural gas (CNG) and four diesel buses were investigated under steady-state and transient driving modes on a chassis dynamometer. The exhaust was diluted utilizing a full-flow continuous volume sampling system and passed through a thermodenuder at controlled temperature. Particle number concentration and size distribution were measured with a condensation particle counter and a scanning mobility particle sizer, respectively. We show that while almost all the particles emitted by the CNG buses were in the nanoparticle size range, at least 85% and 98% were removed at 100 and 250 °C, respectively. Closer analysis of the volatility of particles emitted during transient cycles showed that volatilization began at around 40 °C, with the majority occurring by 80 °C. Particles produced during hard acceleration from rest exhibited lower volatility than those produced during other times of the cycle. On the basis of our results and the observation of ash deposits on the walls of the tailpipes, we suggest that these nonvolatile particles were composed mostly of ash from lubricating oil. Heating the diesel bus emissions to 100 °C removed ultrafine particle numbers by 69-82% when a nucleation mode was present and just 18% when it was not.

40 HP Electro-Mechanical Actuator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fulmer, Chris

1996-01-01

This report summarizes the work performed on the 40 BP electro-mechanical actuator (EMA) system developed on NASA contract NAS3-25799 for the NASA National Launch System and Electrical Actuation (ELA) Technology Bridging Programs. The system was designed to demonstrate the capability of large, high power linear ELA's for applications such as Thrust Vector Control (TVC) on rocket engines. It consists of a motor controller, high frequency power source, drive electronics and a linear actuator. The power source is a 25kVA 20 kHz Mapham inverter. The drive electronics are based on the pulse population modulation concept and operate at a nominal frequency of 40 kHz. The induction motor is a specially designed high speed, low inertia motor capable of a 68 peak HP. The actuator was originally designed by MOOG Aerospace under an internal R & D program to meet Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) TVC requirements. The design was modified to meet this programs linear rate specification of 7.4 inches/second. The motor and driver were tested on a dynamometer at the Martin Marietta Space Systems facility. System frequency response and step response tests were conducted at the Marshall Space Flight Center facility. A complete description of the system and all test results can be found in the body of the report.

The effects of the catalytic converter and fuel sulfur level on motor vehicle particulate matter emissions: gasoline vehicles.

PubMed

Maricq, M Matti; Chase, Richard E; Xu, Ning; Podsiadlik, Diane H

2002-01-15

Scanning mobility and electrical low-pressure impactor particle size measurements conducted during chassis dynamometer testing reveal that neither the catalytic converter nor the fuel sulfur content has a significant effect on gasoline vehicle tailpipe particulate matter (PM) emissions. For current technology, port fuel injection, gasoline engines, particle number emissions are < or = 2 times higher from vehicles equipped with blank monoliths as compared to active catalysts, insignificant in contrast to the 90+% removal of hydrocarbons. PM mass emission rates derived from the size distributions are equal within the experimental uncertainty of 50-100%. Gravimetric measurements exhibit a 3-10-fold PM mass increase when the active catalyst is omitted, which is attributed to gaseous hydrocarbons adsorbing onto the filter medium. Both particle number and gravimetric measurements show that gasoline vehicle tailpipe PM emissions are independent (within 2 mg/mi) of fuel sulfur content over the 30-990 ppm concentration range. Nuclei mode sulfate aerosol is not observed in either test cell measurements or during wind tunnel testing. For three-way catalyst equipped vehicles, the principal sulfur emission is SO2; however a sulfur balance is not obtained over the drive cycle. Instead, sulfur is stored on the catalyst during moderate driving and then partially removed during high speed/load operation.

40 CFR 60.17 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (C267-01), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC or at the National Archives and Records Administration... Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post Office Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428...), 60.593(d), 60.593a(d), and 60.633(h). (8) ASTM D129-64, 78, 95, 00, Standard Test Method for Sulfur...

40 CFR 60.17 - Incorporations by reference.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (C267-01), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC or at the National Archives and Records Administration... Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, Post Office Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428...), 60.593(d), 60.593a(d), and 60.633(h). (8) ASTM D129-64, 78, 95, 00, Standard Test Method for Sulfur...

75 FR 45112 - Draft Toxicological Review of Hexachloroethane: In Support of Summary Information on the...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-02

... Office of Research and Development. EPA is releasing this draft assessment solely for the purpose of pre.... Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709; telephone: 919-541... qualitative risk information on effects that may result from exposure to chemical substances found in the...

Micromechanical apparatus for measurement of forces

DOEpatents

Tanner, Danelle Mary; Allen, James Joe

2004-05-25

A new class of micromechanical dynamometers has been disclosed which are particularly suited to fabrication in parallel with other microelectromechanical apparatus. Forces in the microNewton regime and below can be measured with such dynamometers which are based on a high-compliance deflection element (e.g. a ring or annulus) suspended above a substrate for deflection by an applied force, and one or more distance scales for optically measuring the deflection.

Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability of the Rate of Force Development of Hip Abductor Muscles Measured by Hand-Held Dynamometer

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Takeda, Kazuya; Tanabe, Shigeo; Koyama, Soichiro; Nagai, Tomoko; Sakurai, Hiroaki; Kanada, Yoshikiyo; Shomoto, Koji

2018-01-01

The aim of this study was to clarify the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the rate of force development in hip abductor muscle force measurements using a hand-held dynamometer. Thirty healthy adults were separately assessed by two independent raters on two separate days. Rate of force development was calculated from the slope of the…

Torsional Vibration in the National Wind Technology Center’s 2.5-Megawatt Dynamometer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sethuraman, Latha; Keller, Jonathan; Wallen, Robb

2016-08-31

This report documents the torsional drivetrain dynamics of the NWTC's 2.5-megawatt dynamometer as identified experimentally and as calculated using lumped parameter models using known inertia and stiffness parameters. The report is presented in two parts beginning with the identification of the primary torsional modes followed by the investigation of approaches to damp the torsional vibrations. The key mechanical parameters for the lumped parameter models and justification for the element grouping used in the derivation of the torsional modes are presented. The sensitivities of the torsional modes to different test article properties are discussed. The oscillations observed from the low-speed andmore » generator torque measurements were used to identify the extent of damping inherently achieved through active and passive compensation techniques. A simplified Simulink model of the dynamometer test article integrating the electro-mechanical power conversion and control features was established to emulate the torque behavior that was observed during testing. The torque response in the high-speed, low-speed, and generator shafts were tested and validated against experimental measurements involving step changes in load with the dynamometer operating under speed-regulation mode. The Simulink model serves as a ready reference to identify the torque sensitivities to various system parameters and to explore opportunities to improve torsional damping under different conditions.« less

Development and Testing of an Integrated Rotating Dynamometer Based on Fiber Bragg Grating for Four-Component Cutting Force Measurement

PubMed Central

Liu, Mingyao; Bing, Junjun; Xiao, Li; Yun, Kang; Wan, Liang

2018-01-01

Cutting force measurement is of great importance in machining processes. Hence, various methods of measuring the cutting force have been proposed by many researchers. In this work, a novel integrated rotating dynamometer based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was designed, constructed, and tested to measure four-component cutting force. The dynamometer consists of FBGs that are pasted on the newly designed elastic structure which is then mounted on the rotating spindle. The elastic structure is designed as two mutual-perpendicular semi-octagonal rings. The signals of the FBGs are transmitted to FBG interrogator via fiber optic rotary joints and optical fiber, and the wavelength values are displayed on a computer. In order to determine the static and dynamic characteristics, many tests have been done. The results show that it is suitable for measuring cutting force. PMID:29670062

Development and Testing of an Integrated Rotating Dynamometer Based on Fiber Bragg Grating for Four-Component Cutting Force Measurement.

PubMed

Liu, Mingyao; Bing, Junjun; Xiao, Li; Yun, Kang; Wan, Liang

2018-04-18

Cutting force measurement is of great importance in machining processes. Hence, various methods of measuring the cutting force have been proposed by many researchers. In this work, a novel integrated rotating dynamometer based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was designed, constructed, and tested to measure four-component cutting force. The dynamometer consists of FBGs that are pasted on the newly designed elastic structure which is then mounted on the rotating spindle. The elastic structure is designed as two mutual-perpendicular semi-octagonal rings. The signals of the FBGs are transmitted to FBG interrogator via fiber optic rotary joints and optical fiber, and the wavelength values are displayed on a computer. In order to determine the static and dynamic characteristics, many tests have been done. The results show that it is suitable for measuring cutting force.

Prediction of Cutting Force in Turning Process-an Experimental Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thangarasu, S. K.; Shankar, S.; Thomas, A. Tony; Sridhar, G.

2018-02-01

This Paper deals with a prediction of Cutting forces in a turning process. The turning process with advanced cutting tool has a several advantages over grinding such as short cycle time, process flexibility, compatible surface roughness, high material removal rate and less environment problems without the use of cutting fluid. In this a full bridge dynamometer has been used to measure the cutting forces over mild steel work piece and cemented carbide insert tool for different combination of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The experiments are planned based on taguchi design and measured cutting forces were compared with the predicted forces in order to validate the feasibility of the proposed design. The percentage contribution of each process parameter had been analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Both the experimental results taken from the lathe tool dynamometer and the designed full bridge dynamometer were analyzed using Taguchi design of experiment and Analysis of Variance.

Real-time emission factor measurements of isocyanic acid from light duty gasoline vehicles.

PubMed

Brady, James M; Crisp, Timia A; Collier, Sonya; Kuwayama, Toshihiro; Forestieri, Sara D; Perraud, Véronique; Zhang, Qi; Kleeman, Michael J; Cappa, Christopher D; Bertram, Timothy H

2014-10-07

Exposure to gas-phase isocyanic acid (HNCO) has been previously shown to be associated with the development of atherosclerosis, cataracts and rheumatoid arthritis. As such, accurate emission inventories for HNCO are critical for modeling the spatial and temporal distribution of HNCO on a regional and global scale. To date, HNCO emission rates from light duty gasoline vehicles, operated under driving conditions, have not been determined. Here, we present the first measurements of real-time emission factors of isocyanic acid from a fleet of eight light duty gasoline-powered vehicles (LDGVs) tested on a chassis dynamometer using the Unified Driving Cycle (UC) at the California Air Resources Board (CARB) Haagen-Smit test facility, all of which were equipped with three-way catalytic converters. HNCO emissions were observed from all vehicles, in contrast to the idealized laboratory measurements. We report the tested fleet averaged HNCO emission factors, which depend strongly on the phase of the drive cycle; ranging from 0.46 ± 0.13 mg kg fuel(-1) during engine start to 1.70 ± 1.77 mg kg fuel(-1) during hard acceleration after the engine and catalytic converter were warm. The tested eight-car fleet average fuel based HNCO emission factor was 0.91 ± 0.58 mg kg fuel(-1), within the range previously estimated for light duty diesel-powered vehicles (0.21-3.96 mg kg fuel(-1)). Our results suggest that HNCO emissions from LDGVs represent a significant emission source in urban areas that should be accounted for in global and regional models.

Intermediate Volatility Organic Compound Emissions from On-Road Diesel Vehicles: Chemical Composition, Emission Factors, and Estimated Secondary Organic Aerosol Production.

PubMed

Zhao, Yunliang; Nguyen, Ngoc T; Presto, Albert A; Hennigan, Christopher J; May, Andrew A; Robinson, Allen L

2015-10-06

Emissions of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from five on-road diesel vehicles and one off-road diesel engine were characterized during dynamometer testing. The testing evaluated the effects of driving cycles, fuel composition and exhaust aftertreatment devices. On average, more than 90% of the IVOC emissions were not identified on a molecular basis, instead appearing as an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) during gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry analysis. Fuel-based emissions factors (EFs) of total IVOCs (speciated + unspeciated) depend strongly on aftertreatment technology and driving cycle. Total-IVOC emissions from vehicles equipped with catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPF) are substantially lower (factor of 7 to 28, depending on driving cycle) than from vehicles without any exhaust aftertreatment. Total-IVOC emissions from creep and idle operations are substantially higher than emissions from high-speed operations. Although the magnitude of the total-IVOC emissions can vary widely, there is little variation in the IVOC composition across the set of tests. The new emissions data are combined with published yield data to investigate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. SOA production from unspeciated IVOCs is estimated using surrogate compounds, which are assigned based on gas-chromatograph retention time and mass spectral signature of the IVOC UCM. IVOCs contribute the vast majority of the SOA formed from exhaust from on-road diesel vehicles. The estimated SOA production is greater than predictions by previous studies and substantially higher than primary organic aerosol. Catalyzed DPFs substantially reduce SOA formation potential of diesel exhaust, except at low speed operations.

77 FR 12580 - Public Water System Supervision Program Revision for the State of Colorado

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-01

... (CDPHE), Drinking Water Section, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION... accordance with the provisions of section 1413 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 42 U.S.C. 300g-2, and... correspond to the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) in 40 CFR parts 141 and 142. The EPA...

78 FR 299 - Environmental Laboratory Advisory Board Meeting Dates and Agenda

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-03

.... EPA, 109 T. W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code E243-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 or emailed to..., 2013 at 1:00 p.m. ET to discuss the ideas and views presented at the previous ELAB meetings, as well as new business. Items to be discussed by ELAB over these coming meetings include: (1) Issues in...

The Relationship Between Lower Extremily Strength and Shoulder Overuse Symptoms: A Model Based on Polio Survivors

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-01-01

developed based on a questionnaire designed to measure habitual physical activity.9 The survey 124 included specific activities that might predispose...manual strength examination was then performed by a physical therapist using a hand- 149 held dynamometer (Empi Microfet2, St. Paul, MN). The physical ...subject pushed against the padded dynamometer force plate, 157 which the physical therapist held stationary. The peak force was measured in pounds, and

Validity of Torque-Data Collection at Multiple Sites: A Framework for Collaboration on Clinical-Outcomes Research in Sports Medicine.

PubMed

Kuenze, Christopher; Eltouhky, Moataz; Thomas, Abbey; Sutherlin, Mark; Hart, Joseph

2016-05-01

Collecting torque data using a multimode dynamometer is common in sports-medicine research. The error in torque measurements across multiple sites and dynamometers has not been established. To assess the validity of 2 calibration protocols across 3 dynamometers and the error associated with torque measurement for each system. Observational study. 3 university laboratories at separate institutions. 2 Biodex System 3 dynamometers and 1 Biodex System 4 dynamometer. System calibration was completed using the manufacturer-recommended single-weight method and an experimental calibration method using a series of progressive weights. Both calibration methods were compared with a manually calculated theoretical torque across a range of applied weights. Relative error, absolute error, and percent error were calculated at each weight. Each outcome variable was compared between systems using 95% confidence intervals across low (0-65 Nm), moderate (66-110 Nm), and high (111-165 Nm) torque categorizations. Calibration coefficients were established for each system using both calibration protocols. However, within each system the calibration coefficients generated using the single-weight (System 4 = 2.42 [0.90], System 3a = 1.37 [1.11], System 3b = -0.96 [1.45]) and experimental calibration protocols (System 4 = 3.95 [1.08], System 3a = -0.79 [1.23], System 3b = 2.31 [1.66]) were similar and displayed acceptable mean relative error compared with calculated theoretical torque values. Overall, percent error was greatest for all 3 systems in low-torque conditions (System 4 = 11.66% [6.39], System 3a = 6.82% [11.98], System 3b = 4.35% [9.49]). The System 4 significantly overestimated torque across all 3 weight increments, and the System 3b overestimated torque over the moderate-torque increment. Conversion of raw voltage to torque values using the single-calibration-weight method is valid and comparable to a more complex multiweight calibration process; however, it is clear that calibration must be done for each individual system to ensure accurate data collection.

Estimation of longitudinal force, lateral vehicle speed and yaw rate for four-wheel independent driven electric vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Te; Xu, Xing; Chen, Long; Jiang, Haobing; Cai, Yingfeng; Li, Yong

2018-02-01

Accurate estimation of longitudinal force, lateral vehicle speed and yaw rate is of great significance to torque allocation and stability control for four-wheel independent driven electric vehicle (4WID-EVs). A fusion method is proposed to estimate the longitudinal force, lateral vehicle speed and yaw rate for 4WID-EVs. The electric driving wheel model (EDWM) is introduced into the longitudinal force estimation, the longitudinal force observer (LFO) is designed firstly based on the adaptive high-order sliding mode observer (HSMO), and the convergence of LFO is analyzed and proved. Based on the estimated longitudinal force, an estimation strategy is then presented in which the strong tracking filter (STF) is used to estimate lateral vehicle speed and yaw rate simultaneously. Finally, co-simulation via Carsim and Matlab/Simulink is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The performance of LFO in practice is verified by the experiment on chassis dynamometer bench.

Engineering analysis of shortfall for new technologies. Analysis memorandum

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1981-03-11

The engineering principles that govern the mpg performance of alternative technologies on the EPA test procedure and under in-use conditions are examined. The results can be used to interpret the shortfall of alternative technologies derived from statistical analyses. The analysis examines each of the four technologies in comparison to the conventional technology counterpart. Manual transmissions are compared to automatics, fuel injected S.I. engines to carburetted S.I. engines, front-wheel drive vehicles to rear-wheel drive vehicles and diesel engines to carburetted S.I. engines. The changes in shortfall of the four technologies in comparison to conventional technologies are explained through differences in responsesmore » to the factors.« less

Analysis of the repeatability of the exhaust pollutants emission research results for cold and hot starts under controlled driving cycle conditions.

PubMed

Jaworski, Artur; Kuszewski, Hubert; Ustrzycki, Adam; Balawender, Krzysztof; Lejda, Kazimierz; Woś, Paweł

2018-04-20

Measurement of car engines exhaust pollutants emissions is very important because of their harmful effects on the environment. This article presents the assessment of repeatability of the passenger car engine exhaust pollutants emission research results obtained in the conditions of a chassis dynamometer. The research was conducted in a climate chamber, enabling the temperature conditions to be determined from - 20 to + 30 °C. The emission of CO, CH 4 , CO 2 , NO X , THC, and NMHC was subjected to the analysis. The aim of the research is to draw attention to the accuracy of the pollutant emission research results in driving cycles, and the comparison of pollutant emission results and their repeatability obtained in successive NEDC cycles under cold and hot start conditions. The results of the analysis show that, in the case of a small number of measurements, the results repeatability analysis is necessary for a proper interpretation of the pollutant emission results on the basis of the mean value. According to the authors' judgment, it is beneficial to determine the coefficient of variation for a more complete assessment of exhaust emission result repeatability obtained from a small number of measurements. This parameter is rarely presented by the authors of papers on exhaust components emission research.

Experimental Assessment of NOx Emissions from 73 Euro 6 Diesel Passenger Cars.

PubMed

Yang, Liuhanzi; Franco, Vicente; Mock, Peter; Kolke, Reinhard; Zhang, Shaojun; Wu, Ye; German, John

2015-12-15

Controlling nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from diesel passenger cars during real-world driving is one of the major technical challenges facing diesel auto manufacturers. Three main technologies are available for this purpose: exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), lean-burn NOx traps (LNT), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). Seventy-three Euro 6 diesel passenger cars (8 EGR only, 40 LNT, and 25 SCR) were tested on a chassis dynamometer over both the European type-approval cycle (NEDC, cold engine start) and the more realistic Worldwide harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC version 2.0, hot start) between 2012 and 2015. Most vehicles met the legislative limit of 0.08 g/km of NOx over NEDC (average emission factors by technology: EGR-only 0.07 g/km, LNT 0.04 g/km, and SCR 0.05 g/km), but the average emission factors rose dramatically over WLTC (EGR-only 0.17 g/km, LNT 0.21 g/km, and SCR 0.13 g/km). Five LNT-equipped vehicles exhibited very poor performance over the WLTC, emitting 7-15 times the regulated limit. These results illustrate how diesel NOx emissions are not properly controlled under the current, NEDC-based homologation framework. The upcoming real-driving emissions (RDE) regulation, which mandates an additional on-road emissions test for EU type approvals, could be a step in the right direction to address this problem.

Effect of B20 and Low Aromatic Diesel on Transit Bus NOx Emissions Over Driving Cycles with a Range of Kinetic Intensity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lammert, M. P.; McCormick, R. L.; Sindler, P.

2012-10-01

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions for transit buses for up to five different fuels and three standard transit duty cycles were compared to establish whether there is a real-world biodiesel NOx increase for transit bus duty cycles and engine calibrations. Six buses representing the majority of the current national transit fleet and including hybrid and selective catalyst reduction systems were tested on a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer with certification diesel, certification B20 blend, low aromatic (California Air Resources Board) diesel, low aromatic B20 blend, and B100 fuels over the Manhattan, Orange County and UDDS test cycles. Engine emissions certification level hadmore » the dominant effect on NOx; kinetic intensity was the secondary driving factor. The biodiesel effect on NOx emissions was not statistically significant for most buses and duty cycles for blends with certification diesel, except for a 2008 model year bus. CARB fuel had many more instances of a statistically significant effect of reducing NOx. SCR systems proved effective at reducing NOx to near the detection limit on all duty cycles and fuels, including B100. While offering a fuel economy benefit, a hybrid system significantly increased NOx emissions over a same year bus with a conventional drivetrain and the same engine.« less

Application of LC/MS/MS Techniques to Development of US ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This presentation will describe the U.S. EPA’s drinking water and ambient water method development program in relation to the process employed and the typical challenges encountered in developing standardized LC/MS/MS methods for chemicals of emerging concern. The EPA’s Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List and Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulations, which are the driving forces behind drinking water method development, will be introduced. Three drinking water LC/MS/MS methods (Methods 537, 544 and a new method for nonylphenol) and two ambient water LC/MS/MS methods for cyanotoxins will be described that highlight some of the challenges encountered during development of these methods. This presentation will provide the audience with basic understanding of EPA's drinking water method development program and an introduction to two new ambient water EPA methods.

Beryllium Laboratory Analysis--The Regulations May Drive the Science

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taruru, Seuri K

Beryllium has many industry-specific applications, such as medical X-ray windows for diagnostic equipment, nuclear reactors, aerospace applications, precision instrumentation, and other consumer products for which lightness and rigidity is essential. According to the National Toxicology Program, beryllium oxide (BeO) is one of the most significant beryllium compounds in production. Although beryllium and its compounds have a wide array of beneficial uses, due to its unique properties it is not an ideal metal to be used in all situations. Exposure to beryllium is linked to beryllium sensitization and Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD), which is incurable, debilitating, and potentially fatal. The Internationalmore » Agency for Research on Cancer classifies beryllium and beryllium compounds as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group I), and EPA classifies beryllium as a likely human carcinogen, the lung being the primary target organ. Laboratory analysis for beryllium samples has always presented a challenge to the analytical community. While most metals of interest to industrial hygienists have occupational exposure limits (OELs) in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m 3), the beryllium OELs are in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). Some regulatory agencies have recently published beryllium OELs so low that in some cases a laboratory limit of detection (LOD) in nanograms (ng) is required. For most substances, science drives the regulations, but for beryllium, regulations appear to be driving science to develop laboratory analytical methods that can adequately support the proposed OELs. (EPA has issued guidelines regarding ambient and community airborne beryllium exposure, but this article focuses on beryllium from an occupational exposure perspective.)« less

Beryllium Laboratory Analysis--The Regulations May Drive the Science

DOE PAGES

Taruru, Seuri K

2017-08-01

Beryllium has many industry-specific applications, such as medical X-ray windows for diagnostic equipment, nuclear reactors, aerospace applications, precision instrumentation, and other consumer products for which lightness and rigidity is essential. According to the National Toxicology Program, beryllium oxide (BeO) is one of the most significant beryllium compounds in production. Although beryllium and its compounds have a wide array of beneficial uses, due to its unique properties it is not an ideal metal to be used in all situations. Exposure to beryllium is linked to beryllium sensitization and Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD), which is incurable, debilitating, and potentially fatal. The Internationalmore » Agency for Research on Cancer classifies beryllium and beryllium compounds as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group I), and EPA classifies beryllium as a likely human carcinogen, the lung being the primary target organ. Laboratory analysis for beryllium samples has always presented a challenge to the analytical community. While most metals of interest to industrial hygienists have occupational exposure limits (OELs) in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m 3), the beryllium OELs are in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). Some regulatory agencies have recently published beryllium OELs so low that in some cases a laboratory limit of detection (LOD) in nanograms (ng) is required. For most substances, science drives the regulations, but for beryllium, regulations appear to be driving science to develop laboratory analytical methods that can adequately support the proposed OELs. (EPA has issued guidelines regarding ambient and community airborne beryllium exposure, but this article focuses on beryllium from an occupational exposure perspective.)« less

The use of muscle dynamometer for correction of muscle imbalances in the area of deep stabilising spine system.

PubMed

Malátová, Renata; Rokytová, Jitka; Stumbauer, Jan

2013-08-01

Dorsal pain caused by spine dysfunctions belongs to most frequent chronic illnesses. The muscles of the deep stabilising spine system work as a single functional unit where a dysfunction of only one muscle causes dysfunction of the whole system. Non-invasive, objective and statistically measurable evaluation of the condition of deep stabilising spine system has been made possible by the construction of muscular dynamometer. The aim of our work has been the assessment of deep stabilising spine system by diaphragm test and muscular dynamometer measurements. Based on an initial examination, a 6-week intervention programme was established including instructions on physiological body posture and correct basic body stabilisation for the given exercises and muscle strengthening. Consecutive measurements are then compared with the initial ones. It was presumed that a smaller number of the tested subjects would be able to correctly activate the deep stabilising spine system muscles before the intervention programme when compared to those after the intervention programme. A positive change of 87% has been found. It is clear that if a person actively approaches the programme, then positive adaptation changes on the deep stabilising spine system are seen only after 6 weeks. With the muscular dynamometer, activation of deep stabilising spine system can be objectively measured. Changes between the initial condition of a subject and the difference after some exercise or rehabilitation are especially noticeable. Also, the effect of given therapy or correct performance of the exercise can be followed and observed.

The Takei Handheld Dynamometer: An Effective Clinical Outcome Measure Tool for Hand and Wrist Function in Boxing.

PubMed

Gatt, Ian; Smith-Moore, Sophie; Steggles, Charlie; Loosemore, Mike

2018-05-01

The aim of this article was to explore retrospectively the Takei dynamometer as a valid and reliable outcome measure tool for hand and wrist pathology in the Great Britain amateur boxing squad between 2010 and 2014. Longitudinal retrospective injury surveillance of the Great Britain boxing squad was performed from 2010 to 2014. The location, region affected, description, and duration of each injury were recorded by the team doctor and team physiotherapists. For each significant injury, we recorded hand grip scores using the Takei handheld dynamometer and compared the scores with baseline measures. At the hand, fractures and dislocations were highly detected with an average difference of 40.2% ( P < .05) when comparing postinjury to baseline measures. At the wrist, carpometacarpal and carpal joint injuries were highly detected with an average difference of 32.6% ( P < .05). Other injuries provided varied results. In the absence of pathology, up to 15% difference between left and right scores can be considered normal with a predominance observed below 10%. A difference of 20% can be indicative of a form of pathology, although pathologies can also be present with lower difference or no apparent changes. A difference of >20% should be highly considered for significant pathology. The Takei dynamometer is a valid and reliable outcome measure tool for hand and wrist pathologies in boxing. Our study highlights the importance of appropriate clinical tools to guide injury management in this sport.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Lijuan; Kelly, Kenneth; Walkowicz, Kevin

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Fleet Test and Evaluations team recently conducted chassis dynamometer tests of a class 8 conventional regional delivery truck over the Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT), West Virginia University City (WVU City), and Composite International Truck Local and Commuter Cycle (CILCC) drive cycles. A quantitative study was conducted by analyzing the impacts of various factors on fuel consumption (FC) and fuel economy (FE) by modeling and simulating the truck using NREL's Future Automotive Systems Technology Simulator (FASTSim). Factors used in this study included vehicle weight, and the coefficients of rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag. Themore » simulation results from a single parametric study revealed that FC was approximately a linear function of the weight, coefficient of aerodynamic drag, and rolling resistance over various drive cycles. Among these parameters, the truck weight had the largest effect on FC. The study of the impact of two technologies on FE suggested that, depending on the circumstances, it may be more cost effective to reduce one parameter (such as coefficient of aerodynamic drag) to increase fuel economy, or it may be more beneficial to reduce another (such as the coefficient of rolling resistance). It also provided a convenient way to estimate FE by interpolating within the parameter values and extrapolating outside of them. The simulation results indicated that the FC could be reduced from 38.70 L/100 km, 50.72 L/100 km, and 38.42 L/100 km in the baseline truck to 26.78 L/100 km, 43.14 L/100 km and 29.84 L/100 km over the HHDDT, WVU City and CILCC drive cycles, respectively, when the U.S. Department of Energy's three targeted new technologies were applied simultaneously.« less

“Characterizing Factors Influencing SI Engine Transient Fuel Consumption for Vehicle Simulation in ALPHA,” SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0533, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-0533, Dekraker, P., Stuhldreher, M., Kim, Y. (SwRI).

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This paper examines a) typical transient engine operation encountered over the EPA city and highway drive cycles, b) EPA’s vehicle and engine testing to characterize that transient fuel usage, and c) changes made to ALPHA to better model transient engine

75 FR 32463 - Notice of Receipt of Several Pesticide Petitions Filed for Residues of Pesticide Chemicals in or...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-08

... CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, proposes to...-5967, e-mail address: [email protected] . 5. PP 0F7706. (EPA-HQ-OPP-2010-0311). Bayer CropScience... commodities poultry, fat at 0.1 ppm; poultry, meat byproducts at 0.1 ppm; poultry, meat at 0.1 ppm; and eggs...

The EPA's Study on the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Drinking Water Resources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Burden, Susan

2013-03-01

Natural gas plays a key role in our nation's clean energy future. The United States has vast reserves of natural gas that are commercially viable as a result of advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies, which enable greater access to gas in rock formations deep underground. These advances have spurred a significant increase in the production of both natural gas and oil across the country. However, as the use of hydraulic fracturing has increased, so have concerns about its potential human health and environmental impacts, especially for drinking water. In response to public concern, the US Congress requested that the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conduct scientific research to examine the relationship between hydraulic fracturing and drinking water resources. In 2011, the EPA began research to assess the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water resources, if any, and to identify the driving factors that may affect the severity and frequency of such impacts. The study is organized around the five stages of the hydraulic fracturing water cycle, from water acquisition through the mixing of chemicals and the injection of fracturing fluid to post-fracturing treatment and/or disposal of wastewater. EPA scientists are using a transdisciplinary research approach involving laboratory studies, computer modeling, toxicity assessments, and case studies to answer research questions associated with each stage of the water cycle. This talk will provide an overview of the EPA's study, including a description of the hydraulic fracturing water cycle and a summary of the ongoing research projects.

Isokinetic trunk muscle performance in pre-teens and teens with and without back pain.

PubMed

Bernard, J-C; Boudokhane, S; Pujol, A; Chaléat-Valayer, E; Le Blay, G; Deceuninck, J

2014-02-01

To assess with an isokinetic dynamometer the force and endurance of the spinal flexor and extensor muscles in pre-teens or teens aged 11 to 13 and 14 to 16 years with and without low back pain (LBP). The control group and the LBP group were homogeneous in terms of age, weight, height and Body Mass Index (BMI). Assessment was carried out with the isokinetic dynamometer Cybex Norm®. The spinal flexors and extensors were explored concentrically at speeds of 60°, 90° and 120°/sec. The parameters chosen were: maximal moment of force (MMF), mean power (MP), total work (TW), F/E ratios (between the flexors and the extensors for the aforesaid parameters). In the LBP groups, clinical information (pain, extensibility of the spinal and sub-pelvic muscles, sports practice) and sagittal radiological data were all measured. While no significant difference in isokinetic performance was found between asymptomatic and LBP children in the 11-to-13-year-old group, the isokinetic performances of the LBP children were influenced positively by BMI value, number of hours of physical activity and radiologic value of the lumbar lordosis. As regards these pre-teens, assessment with an isokinetic dynamometer does not highlight muscle characteristics that might explain LBP occurrence. As regards the 14-to-16-year-old group, muscle strength has been found to be correlated with age. LBP teens were showed to have weaker extensors and stronger flexors than the healthy teens. It is with regard to this age group that assessment with an isokinetic dynamometer clearly yields interesting results. Since we have yet to standardize our evaluation criteria (working speed, number of trials…), it is difficult to compare our results with those reported in the literature. This is a preliminary study involving a relatively low number of patients. That said, given the fact that numerous parameters are connected with the age and height of the subjects, assessment with an isokinetic dynamometer can be constructively carried out from the age of 14. In order to further enhance understanding of this phenomenon, a longitudinal and comparative study of a larger group is needed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A MODIFIED ISOMETRIC DYNAMOMETER IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MUSCULAR PERFORMANCE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION

PubMed Central

de Vasconcelos, Rodrigo Antunes; Bevilaqua-Grossi, Débora; Shimano, Antonio Carlos; Paccola, Cleber Jansen; Salvini, Tânia Fátima; Prado, Christiane Lanatovits; Junior, Wilson A. Mello

2015-01-01

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a modified isometric dynamometer (MID) in performance deficits of the knee extensor and flexor muscles in normal individuals and in those with ACL reconstructions. Methods: Sixty male subjects were invited to participate of the study, being divided into three groups with 20 subjects each: control group (GC), group of individuals with ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft (GTP, and group of individuals with ACL reconstruction with hamstrings graft (GTF). All individuals performed isometric tests in the MID, muscular strength deficits collected were subsequently compared to the tests performed on the Biodex System 3 operating in the isometric and isokinetic mode at speeds of 60°/s and 180o/s. Intraclass ICC correlation calculations were done in order to assess MID reliability, specificity, sensitivity and Kappa's consistency coefficient calculations, respectively, for assessing the MID's validity in detecting muscular deficits and intra- and intergroup comparisons when performing the four strength tests using the ANOVA method. Results: The modified isometric dynamometer (MID) showed excellent reliability and good validity in the assessment of the performance of the knee extensor and flexor muscles groups. In the comparison between groups, the GTP showed significantly greater deficits as compared to the GTF and GC groups. Conclusion: Isometric dynamometers connected to mechanotherapy equipments could be an alternative option to collect data concerning performance deficits of the extensor and flexor muscles groups of the knee in subjects with ACL reconstruction. PMID:27004175

Testing the Hip Abductor Muscle Strength of Older Persons Using a Handheld Dynamometer.

PubMed

Awwad, Daniel H; Buckley, Jonathan D; Thomson, Rebecca L; O'Connor, Matthew; Carbone, Tania A; Chehade, Mellick J

2017-09-01

To investigate the reliability of a clinically applicable method of dynamometry to assess and monitor hip abductor muscle strength in older persons. Bilateral isometric hip abductor muscle strength measured with a handheld dynamometer, patients supine with the contralateral hip positioned directly against a wall for stabilization. Reliability determined by comparing intra-assessor and inter-assessor results and comparison to a criterion standard (stabilized dynamometer with patients in the standing position). UniSA Nutritional Physiology Research Centre. Twenty-one patients older than 65 years were recruited from the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), bias, and limits of agreement calculated to determine reliability. Intra-assessor and inter-assessor ICCs were high (0.94 and 0.92-0.94, respectively). There was no intra-assessor bias and narrow limits of agreement (±2.4%). There was a small inter-assessor bias but narrow limits of agreement (0.6%-0.9% and ± 2.3%, respectively). There was a wide variation comparing results to the criterion standard (±5.0%-5.2% limits of agreement), highlighting problems attributed to difficulties that the test population had with the standing position used in the criterion standard test. Testing older persons' hip abductor muscle strength while in the supine position with optimal pelvic stabilization using a handheld dynamometer is highly reliable. While further studies must be done to assess patients with specific pathologies, this test has potential application to monitor and evaluate the effects of surgical interventions and/or rehabilitation protocols for a variety of conditions affecting hip abductor function such as hip fractures and arthritis.

Wind Turbine Gearbox Condition Monitoring Round Robin Study - Vibration Analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sheng, S.

2012-07-01

The Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) tested two identical gearboxes. One was tested on the NWTCs 2.5 MW dynamometer and the other was field tested in a turbine in a nearby wind plant. In the field, the test gearbox experienced two oil loss events that resulted in damage to its internal bearings and gears. Since the damage was not severe, the test gearbox was removed from the field and retested in the NWTCs dynamometer before it was disassembled. During the dynamometer retest, some vibration data along with testing condition information were collected. These datamore » enabled NREL to launch a Wind Turbine Gearbox Condition Monitoring Round Robin project, as described in this report. The main objective of this project was to evaluate different vibration analysis algorithms used in wind turbine condition monitoring (CM) and find out whether the typical practices are effective. With involvement of both academic researchers and industrial partners, the project sets an example on providing cutting edge research results back to industry.« less

Design and Development of a Three-Component Force Sensor for Milling Process Monitoring

PubMed Central

Li, Yingxue; Zhao, Yulong; Fei, Jiyou; Qin, Yafei; Zhao, You; Cai, Anjiang; Gao, Song

2017-01-01

A strain-type three-component table dynamometer is presented in this paper, which reduces output errors produced by cutting forces imposed on the different milling positions of a workpiece. A sensor structure with eight parallel elastic beams is proposed, and sensitive regions and Wheastone measuring circuits are also designed in consideration of eliminating the influences of the eccentric forces. To evaluate the sensor decoupling performance, both of the static calibration and dynamic milling test were implemented in different positions of the workpiece. Static experiment results indicate that the maximal deviation between the measured forces and the standard inputs is 4.58%. Milling tests demonstrate that with same machining parameters, the differences of the measured forces between different milling positions derived by the developed sensor are no larger than 6.29%. In addition, the natural frequencies of the dynamometer are kept higher than 2585.5 Hz. All the measuring results show that as a strain-type dynamometer, the developed force sensor has an improved eccentric decoupling accuracy with natural frequencies not much decreased, which owns application potential in milling process monitoring. PMID:28441354

Test plan for performance testing of the Eaton AC-3 electric vehicle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crumley, R.; Heiselmann, H. W.

1985-04-01

An alternating current (ac) propulsion system for an electric vehicle was developed and tested. The test bed vehicle is a modified 1981 Mercury Lynx. The test plan was prepared specifically for the third modification to this test bed and identified as the Eaton AC-3. The scope of the testing done on the Eaton AC-3 includes coastdown and dynamometer tests but does not include environmental, on-road, or track testing. Coastdown testing is performed in accordance with SAE J-1263 (SAE Recommended Practice for Road Load Measurement and Dynamometer Simulation Using Coastdown Techniques).

Design and evaluation of experimental ceramic automobile thermal reactors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stone, P. L.; Blankenship, C. P.

1974-01-01

The paper summarizes the results obtained in an exploratory evaluation of ceramics for automobile thermal reactors. Candidate ceramic materials were evaluated in several reactor designs using both engine dynamometer and vehicle road tests. Silicon carbide contained in a corrugated metal support structure exhibited the best performance, lasting 1100 hours in engine dynamometer tests and for more than 38,600 kilimeters (24,000 miles) in vehicle road tests. Although reactors containing glass-ceramic components did not perform as well as silicon carbide, the glass-ceramics still offer good potential for reactor use with improved reactor designs.

Design and evaluation of experimental ceramic automobile thermal reactors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stone, P. L.; Blankenship, C. P.

1974-01-01

The results obtained in an exploratory evaluation of ceramics for automobile thermal reactors are summarized. Candidate ceramic materials were evaluated in several reactor designs by using both engine-dynamometer and vehicle road tests. Silicon carbide contained in a corrugated-metal support structure exhibited the best performance, lasting 1100 hr in engine-dynamometer tests and more than 38,600 km (24000 miles) in vehicle road tests. Although reactors containing glass-ceramic components did not perform as well as those containing silicon carbide, the glass-ceramics still offer good potential for reactor use with improved reactor designs.

Baseline automotive gas turbine engine development program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wagner, C. E. (Editor); Pampreen, R. C. (Editor)

1979-01-01

Tests results on a baseline engine are presented to document the automotive gas turbine state-of-the-art at the start of the program. The performance characteristics of the engine and of a vehicle powered by this engine are defined. Component improvement concepts in the baseline engine were evaluated on engine dynamometer tests in the complete vehicle on a chassis dynamometer and on road tests. The concepts included advanced combustors, ceramic regenerators, an integrated control system, low cost turbine material, a continuously variable transmission, power-turbine-driven accessories, power augmentation, and linerless insulation in the engine housing.

Correlation Study of Laboratory Physical and Chemical Data with Dynamometer Engine Sequence Performance Testing of Engine Lubricating Oils.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-12-01

and chemical data and dynamomet er and field perfo rmance. The initial stud y produced internal and group correlations among the data and suggests a...sm all (a corre lation of I .0 i~ ~~r kct cor rela t ion ’, Prin cip al comp onent .iii,il ~ 515 Was enmp lo~ ed to stud ~ lhe iner al l re hi t i...Additive ) K = Potassium (Addit ive) V N = Nitr ogen (Additive ) . V Mg = Magnesium (Additive ) B = Boron (Additive ) Other = To include wear and

Enhanced precision of ankle torque measure with an open-unit dynamometer mounted with a 3D force-torque sensor.

PubMed

Toumi, A; Leteneur, S; Gillet, C; Debril, J-F; Decoufour, N; Barbier, F; Jakobi, J M; Simoneau-Buessinger, Emilie

2015-11-01

Many studies have focused on maximum torque exerted by ankle joint muscles during plantar flexion. While strength parameters are typically measured with isokinetic or isolated ankle dynamometers, these devices often present substantial limitations for the measurement of torque because they account for force in only 1 dimension (1D), and the device often constrains the body in a position that augments torque through counter movements. The purposes of this study were to determine the contribution of body position to ankle plantar-flexion torque and to assess the use of 1D and 3D torque sensors. A custom designed 'Booted, Open-Unit, Three dimension, Transportable, Ergometer' (B.O.T.T.E.) was used to quantify plantar flexion in two conditions: (1) when the participant was restrained within the unit (locked-unit) and (2) when the participant's position was independent of the ankle dynamometer (open-unit). Ten young males performed maximal voluntary isometric plantar-flexion contractions using the B.O.T.T.E. in open and locked-unit mechanical configurations. The B.O.T.T.E. was reliable with ICC higher than 0.90, and CV lower than 7 %. The plantar-flexion maximal resultant torque was significantly higher in the locked-unit compared with open-unit configuration (P < 0.001; +61 to +157 %) due to the addition of forces from the body being constrained within the testing device. A 1D compared with 3D torque sensor significantly underestimated the proper capacity of plantar-flexion torque production (P < 0.001; -37 to -60 %). Assessment of plantar-flexion torque should be performed with an open-unit dynamometer mounted with a 3D sensor that is exclusive of accessory muscles but inclusive of all ankle joint movements.

Upgraded automotive gas turbine engine design and development program, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wagner, C. E. (Editor); Pampreen, R. C. (Editor)

1979-01-01

Results are presented for the design and development of an upgraded engine. The design incorporated technology advancements which resulted from development testing on the Baseline Engine. The final engine performance with all retro-fitted components from the development program showed a value of 91 HP at design speed in contrast to the design value of 104 HP. The design speed SFC was 0.53 versus the goal value of 0.44. The miss in power was primarily due to missing the efficiency targets of small size turbomachinery. Most of the SFC deficit was attributed to missed goals in the heat recovery system relative to regenerator effectiveness and expected values of heat loss. Vehicular fuel consumption, as measured on a chassis dynamometer, for a vehicle inertia weight of 3500 lbs., was 15 MPG for combined urban and highway driving cycles. The baseline engine achieved 8 MPG with a 4500 lb. vehicle. Even though the goal of 18.3 MPG was not achieved with the upgraded engine, there was an improvement in fuel economy of 46% over the baseline engine, for comparable vehicle inertia weight.

Performance of a Half-Heusler Thermoelectric Generator for Automotive Application

DOE PAGES

Szybist, James; Davis, Steven; Thomas, John; ...

2018-04-03

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have been researched and developed for harvesting energy from otherwise wasted heat. For automotive applications this will most likely involve using internal combustion engine exhaust as the heat source, with the TEG positioned after the catalyst system. Applications to exhaust gas recirculation systems and compressed air coolers have also been suggested. A thermoelectric generator based on half-Heusler thermoelectric materials was developed, engineered, and fabricated, targeting a gasoline passenger sedan application. This generator was installed on a gasoline engine exhaust system in a dynamometer cell, and positioned immediately downstream of the closecoupled three-way catalyst. The generator was characterizedmore » using a matrix of steady-state conditions representing the important portions of the engine map. Detailed performance results are presented. Measurements indicate the generator can produces over 300 W of power with 900 °C exhaust at relatively high flow rates, but less than 50 W when the exhaust is 600 °C and at lower flow rates. The latter condition is typical of standard test cycles and most driving scenarios.« less

Novel method for on-road emission factor measurements using a plume capture trailer.

PubMed

Morawska, L; Ristovski, Z D; Johnson, G R; Jayaratne, E R; Mengersen, K

2007-01-15

The method outlined provides for emission factor measurements to be made for unmodified vehicles driving under real world conditions at minimal cost. The method consists of a plume capture trailer towed behind a test vehicle. The trailer collects a sample of the naturally diluted plume in a 200 L conductive bag and this is delivered immediately to a mobile laboratory for subsequent analysis of particulate and gaseous emissions. The method offers low test turnaround times with the potential to complete much larger numbers of emission factor measurements than have been possible using dynamometer testing. Samples can be collected at distances up to 3 m from the exhaust pipe allowing investigation of early dilution processes. Particle size distribution measurements, as well as particle number and mass emission factor measurements, based on naturally diluted plumes are presented. A dilution profile relating the plume dilution ratio to distance from the vehicle tail pipe for a diesel passenger vehicle is also presented. Such profiles are an essential input for new mechanistic roadway air quality models.