'Pre-Run, Re-Run': An innovative research capacity building exercise.

PubMed

McAllister, Margaret; Brien, Donna Lee

2017-11-01

Within higher education it is ironic that experienced and novice researchers rarely take the opportunity to come together to share their research - whether these be to discuss findings, puzzles or developing projects. Within this paper, an innovative strategy building on these assumptions is described. It is entitled: 'Pre-run, Re-run' and is a learning community where specific processes are modelled by all to help build professional communication, collegial respect, and scholarship. Our evaluation showed that there is value in bringing together researchers especially when they have diverse profiles. Also, mixing experience with naivety, by inviting professors and junior staff to fraternize equally, offers the possibility for wide ranging discussion, as well as sharing a range of successful techniques, knowledge of the big picture and ways around obstacles that would otherwise be off-putting for novices. The less experienced perspective can equally be revitalizing because newcomers to scholarship often bring a fresh focus and enthusiasm and energy for practice. While this was a local innovation, which may not be generalizable to all settings, others hoping to bring together disciplines may benefit from utilizing the successful methods to build a productive, mixed research culture. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Has the "Equal Environments" assumption been tested in twin studies?

PubMed

Eaves, Lindon; Foley, Debra; Silberg, Judy

2003-12-01

A recurring criticism of the twin method for quantifying genetic and environmental components of human differences is the necessity of the so-called "equal environments assumption" (EEA) (i.e., that monozygotic and dizygotic twins experience equally correlated environments). It has been proposed to test the EEA by stratifying twin correlations by indices of the amount of shared environment. However, relevant environments may also be influenced by genetic differences. We present a model for the role of genetic factors in niche selection by twins that may account for variation in indices of the shared twin environment (e.g., contact between members of twin pairs). Simulations reveal that stratification of twin correlations by amount of contact can yield spurious evidence of large shared environmental effects in some strata and even give false indications of genotype x environment interaction. The stratification approach to testing the equal environments assumption may be misleading and the results of such tests may actually be consistent with a simpler theory of the role of genetic factors in niche selection.

20 CFR 416.1866 - Deciding whether you are a child: Are you the head of a household?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the head of a household. (b) If you share decision-making equally. If you live with one or more people and everyone has an equal voice in the decision-making (for example, a group of students who share off... are responsible for the day-to-day decisions on the operation of your own household. If you live with...

Halving It All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deutsch, Francine M.

Noting that details of everyday life contribute to parental equality or inequality, this qualitative study focused on how couples transformed parental roles to create truly equal families. Participating in the study were 88 couples in 4 categories, based on division of parental responsibilities: equal sharers, 60-40 couples, 75-25 couples, and…

Administration of structured lipid composed of MCT and fish oil reduces net protein catabolism in enterally fed burned rats.

PubMed Central

Teo, T C; DeMichele, S J; Selleck, K M; Babayan, V K; Blackburn, G L; Bistrian, B R

1989-01-01

The effects of enteral feeding with safflower oil or a structured lipid (SL) derived from 60% medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and 40% fish oil (MCT/fish oil) on protein and energy metabolism were compared in gastrostomy-fed burned rats (30% body surface area) by measuring oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, nitrogen balance, total liver protein, whole-body leucine kinetics, and rectus muscle and liver protein fractional synthetic rates (FSR, %/day). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (195 +/- 5g) received 50 ml/day of an enteral regimen containing 50 kcal, 2 g amino acids, and 40% nonprotein calories as lipid for three days. Protein kinetics were estimated by using a continuous L-[1-14C] leucine infusion technique on day 2. Thermally injured rats enterally fed MCT/fish oil yielded significantly higher daily and cumulative nitrogen balances (p less than or equal to 0.025) and rectus muscle (39%) FSR (p less than or equal to 0.05) when compared with safflower oil. MCT/fish oil showed a 22% decrease (p less than or equal to 0.005) in per cent flux oxidized and a 7% (p less than or equal to 0.05) decrease in total energy expenditure (TEE) versus safflower oil. A 15% increase in liver FSR was accompanied by a significant elevation (p less than or equal to 0.025) in total liver protein with MCT/fish oil. This novel SL shares the properties of other structured lipids in that it reduces the net protein catabolic effects of burn injury, in part, by influencing tissue protein synthetic rates. The reduction in TEE is unique to MCT/fish oil and may relate to the ability of fish oil to diminish the injury response. PMID:2500898

76 FR 45885 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To List...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-01

... Registration Statements, the Funds face the risk of non-performance by the counterparties to over-the- counter... the Fund in a fashion such that its per Share NAV will equal, in dollar terms, the spot price of a... intend to operate the Fund in a fashion such that its per Share NAV will equal, in dollar terms, the spot...

Electron-electron correlation in two-photon double ionization of He-like ions [Counterintuitive electron correlation in two-photon double ionization of He-like ions

DOE PAGES

Hu, S. X.

2018-01-18

Electron correlation plays a crucial role in quantum many-body physics ranging from molecular bonding, strong-field–induced multi-electron ionization, to superconducting in materials. Understanding the dynamic electron correlation in the photoionization of relatively simple quantum three-body systems, such as He and He-like ions, is an important step toward manipulating complex systems through photo-induced processes. Here we have performed ab initio investigations of two-photon double ionization (TPDI) of He and He-like ions [Li +, Be 2+, and C 4+] exposed to intense attosecond x-ray pulses. Results from such fully correlated quantum calculations show weaker and weaker electron correlation effects in TPDI spectra asmore » the ionic charge increases, which is counterintuitive to the belief that the strongly correlated ground state and the strong Coulomb field of He-like ions should lead to more equal-energy sharing in photoionization. Lastly, these findings indicate that the final-state electron–electron correlation ultimately determines their energy sharing in TPDI.« less

Electron-electron correlation in two-photon double ionization of He-like ions [Counterintuitive electron correlation in two-photon double ionization of He-like ions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hu, S. X.

Electron correlation plays a crucial role in quantum many-body physics ranging from molecular bonding, strong-field–induced multi-electron ionization, to superconducting in materials. Understanding the dynamic electron correlation in the photoionization of relatively simple quantum three-body systems, such as He and He-like ions, is an important step toward manipulating complex systems through photo-induced processes. Here we have performed ab initio investigations of two-photon double ionization (TPDI) of He and He-like ions [Li +, Be 2+, and C 4+] exposed to intense attosecond x-ray pulses. Results from such fully correlated quantum calculations show weaker and weaker electron correlation effects in TPDI spectra asmore » the ionic charge increases, which is counterintuitive to the belief that the strongly correlated ground state and the strong Coulomb field of He-like ions should lead to more equal-energy sharing in photoionization. Lastly, these findings indicate that the final-state electron–electron correlation ultimately determines their energy sharing in TPDI.« less

Development of a breadboard design of a high-performance, high-reliability switching regulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lindena, S. J.

1975-01-01

A comparison of two potential conversion methods, the series inverter and the inductive energy transfer (IET) conversion technique, is presented. The investigations showed that a characteristic of the series inverter circuit (high equalizing current values in each half cycle) could not be accomplished with available components, and the investigations continued with the IET circuit only. An IET circuit system was built with the use of computer-aided design in a 2, 4, and 8 stage configuration, and these stages were staggered 180, 90, and 45 degrees, respectively. All stages were pulsewidth modulated to regulate over an input voltage range from 200 to 400 volts dc at a regulated output voltage of 56 volts. The output power capability was 100 to 500 watts for the 2 and 8 stage configuration and 50 to 250 watts for the 4 stage configuration. Equal control of up to eight 45 degree staggered stages was accomplished through the use of a digital-to-analog control circuit. Equal power sharing of all stages was achieved through a new technique using an inductively coupled balancing circuit. Conclusions are listed.

Myth 18: It Is Fair to Teach All Children the Same Way

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Carolyn R.

2009-01-01

Fairness is often considered synonymous with equality: the equal treatment of people sharing a uniform description or role. This concept--"fair" means "equal"--has spawned the notion that it is fair to teach all children the same way. Put simply, if fairness means equality in family life, restaurant dining, and sports--not to mention in observing…

12 CFR 209.4 - Amounts and payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... number of shares required to be canceled and shall pay therefor a sum equal to the cash subscription paid... subscription. The total subscription of a member bank (other than a mutual savings bank) shall equal six... Reserve Bank capital stock subscription to equal six percent of the member bank's capital and surplus...

Prehension synergies: A study of digit force adjustments to the continuously varied load force exerted on a partially constrained hand-held object

PubMed Central

Friedman, Jason; Latash, Mark L.; Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M.

2009-01-01

We examined how the digit forces adjust when a load force acting on a hand-held object continuously varies. The subjects were required to hold the handle still while a linearly increasing and then decreasing force was applied to the handle. The handle was constrained, such that it could only move up and down, and rotate about a horizontal axis. In addition the moment arm of the thumb tangential force was 1.5 times the moment arm of the virtual finger (VF, an imagined finger with the mechanical action equal to that of the four fingers) force. Unlike the situation when there are equal moment arms, the experimental setup forced the subjects to choose between (a) sharing equally the increase in load force between the thumb and virtual finger but generating a moment of tangential force, which had to be compensated by negatively covarying the moment due to normal forces, or (b) sharing unequally the load force increase between the thumb and VF but preventing generation of a moment of tangential forces. We found that different subjects tended to use one of these two strategies. These findings suggest that the selection by the CNS of prehension synergies at the VF-thumb level with respect to the moment of force are non-obligatory and reflect individual subject preferences. This unequal sharing of the load by the tangential forces, in contrast to the previously observed equal sharing, suggests that the invariant feature of prehension may be a correlated increase in tangential forces rather than an equal increase. PMID:19554319

All inequality is not equal: children correct inequalities using resource value

PubMed Central

Shaw, Alex; Olson, Kristina R.

2013-01-01

Fairness concerns guide children's judgments about how to share resources with others. However, it is unclear from past research if children take extant inequalities or the value of resources involved in an inequality into account when sharing with others; these questions are the focus of the current studies. In all experiments, children saw an inequality between two recipients—one had two more resources than another. What varied between conditions was the value of the resources that the child could subsequently distribute. When the resources were equal in value to those involved in the original inequality, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two resources to the child with fewer resources (Experiment 1). However, as the value of the resources increased relative to those initially shared by the experimenter, children were more likely to distribute the two high value resources equally between the two recipients, presumably to minimize the overall inequality in value (Experiments 1 and 2). We found that children specifically use value, not just size, when trying to equalize outcomes (Experiment 3) and further found that children focus on the relative rather than absolute value of the resources they share—when the experimenter had unequally distributed the same high value resource that the child would later share, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two high value resources to the person who had received fewer high value resources. These results illustrate that children attempt to correct past inequalities and try to maintain equality not just in the count of resources but also by using the value of resources. PMID:23882227

Fractions: How to Fair Share

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, P. Holt; Edgington, Cynthia P.; Nguyen, Kenny H.; Pescosolido, Ryan S.; Confrey, Jere

2011-01-01

Children learn from a very early age what it means to get their "fair share." Whether it is candy or birthday cake, many children successfully create equal-size groups or parts of a collection or whole but later struggle to create fair shares of multiple wholes, such as fairly sharing four pies among a family of seven. Recent research suggests…

Egalitarianism and Marital Happiness: Israeli Wives and Husbands on a Collision Course?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rabin, Claire; Shapira-Berman, Ofrit

1997-01-01

Investigates the different ways married men and women view the level of equality in their relationship and the connection between different indexes of marital equality and marital satisfaction with Israeli couples (N=150). Results show that, although equal role sharing and decision making were predictive of women's marital satisfaction, these also…

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... payments to a Part D sponsor subject to risk—(1) Adjusted allowable risk corridor costs. For purposes of... equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... payments to a Part D sponsor subject to risk—(1) Adjusted allowable risk corridor costs. For purposes of... equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... payments to a Part D sponsor subject to risk—(1) Adjusted allowable risk corridor costs. For purposes of... equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... range as follows: (A) First threshold lower limit. The first threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

PACER SHARE Productivity and Personnel Management Demonstration: Third-Year Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

12 Productivity Gainsharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Risks of the Demonstration...SHARE’s cor- porate focus. Payments to DS employees are made in equal dollar shares rather than being based on a percentage of salary. RISKS OF THE...DEMONSTRATION Despite the goals of PACER SHARE and the expected benefits of the interventions, there may be risks in the demonstration. Or

"Who Is Worthy of My Generosity?" Recipient Characteristics and the Development of Children's Sharing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malti, Tina; Gummerum, Michaela; Ongley, Sophia; Chaparro, Maria; Nola, Marta; Bae, Na Young

2016-01-01

Previous research has shown that the majority of 8-year-old children share valuable resources equally with others, whereas 4-year-olds are more likely to favor themselves in their sharing allocations. In this study, we examine whether these patterns of sharing behavior are affected by the needs of the recipient or by the recipient's previous moral…

Single and Double Photoionization of Mg

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdel-Naby, Shahin; Pindzola, M. S.; Colgan, J.

2014-05-01

Single and double photoionization cross sections for Mg are calculated using a time-dependent close-coupling method. The correlation between the two 3 s subshell electrons of Mg is obtained by relaxation of the close-coupled equations in imaginary time. An implicit method is used to propagate the close-coupled equations in real time to obtain single and double ionization cross sections for Mg. Energy and angle triple differential cross sections for double photoionization at equal energy sharing of E1 =E2 = 16 . 4 eV are compared with Elettra experiments and previous theoretical calculations. This work was supported in part by grants from NSF and US DoE. Computational work was carried out at NERSC in Oakland, California, NICS in Knoxville, Tennessee, and OLCF in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Extrinsic Rewards Diminish Costly Sharing in 3-Year-Olds.

PubMed

Ulber, Julia; Hamann, Katharina; Tomasello, Michael

2016-07-01

Two studies investigated the influence of external rewards and social praise in young children's fairness-related behavior. The motivation of ninety-six 3-year-olds' to equalize unfair resource allocations was measured in three scenarios (collaboration, windfall, and dictator game) following three different treatments (material reward, verbal praise, and neutral response). In all scenarios, children's willingness to engage in costly sharing was negatively influenced when they had received a reward for equal sharing during treatment than when they had received praise or no reward. The negative effect of material rewards was not due to subjects responding in kind to their partner's termination of rewards. These results provide new evidence for the intrinsic motivation of prosociality-in this case, costly sharing behavior-in preschool children. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

Novel Control Strategy for Multiple Run-of-the-River Hydro Power Plants to Provide Grid Ancillary Services

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mohanpurkar, Manish; Luo, Yusheng; Hovsapian, Rob

Hydropower plant (HPP) generation comprises a considerable portion of bulk electricity generation and is delivered with a low-carbon footprint. In fact, HPP electricity generation provides the largest share from renewable energy resources, which include wind and solar. Increasing penetration levels of wind and solar lead to a lower inertia on the electric grid, which poses stability challenges. In recent years, breakthroughs in energy storage technologies have demonstrated the economic and technical feasibility of extensive deployments of renewable energy resources on electric grids. If integrated with scalable, multi-time-step energy storage so that the total output can be controlled, multiple run-of-the-river (ROR)more » HPPs can be deployed. Although the size of a single energy storage system is much smaller than that of a typical reservoir, the ratings of storages and multiple ROR HPPs approximately equal the rating of a large, conventional HPP. This paper proposes cohesively managing multiple sets of energy storage systems distributed in different locations. This paper also describes the challenges associated with ROR HPP system architecture and operation.« less

47 CFR 27.1237 - Pro rata allocation of transition costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) Proponent-driven transitions. BRS licensees and lessees, entities that lease EBS spectrum for a commercial... equals the pro rata share; (2) L equals the amount of spectrum used by a BRS licensee or lessee or... agreement with an EBS or BRS licensee; (3) T equals the total amount of spectrum licensed or leased for...

47 CFR 27.1237 - Pro rata allocation of transition costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Proponent-driven transitions. BRS licensees and lessees, entities that lease EBS spectrum for a commercial... equals the pro rata share; (2) L equals the amount of spectrum used by a BRS licensee or lessee or... agreement with an EBS or BRS licensee; (3) T equals the total amount of spectrum licensed or leased for...

47 CFR 27.1237 - Pro rata allocation of transition costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Proponent-driven transitions. BRS licensees and lessees, entities that lease EBS spectrum for a commercial... equals the pro rata share; (2) L equals the amount of spectrum used by a BRS licensee or lessee or... agreement with an EBS or BRS licensee; (3) T equals the total amount of spectrum licensed or leased for...

Towards a 3d Spatial Urban Energy Modelling Approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bahu, J.-M.; Koch, A.; Kremers, E.; Murshed, S. M.

2013-09-01

Today's needs to reduce the environmental impact of energy use impose dramatic changes for energy infrastructure and existing demand patterns (e.g. buildings) corresponding to their specific context. In addition, future energy systems are expected to integrate a considerable share of fluctuating power sources and equally a high share of distributed generation of electricity. Energy system models capable of describing such future systems and allowing the simulation of the impact of these developments thus require a spatial representation in order to reflect the local context and the boundary conditions. This paper describes two recent research approaches developed at EIFER in the fields of (a) geo-localised simulation of heat energy demand in cities based on 3D morphological data and (b) spatially explicit Agent-Based Models (ABM) for the simulation of smart grids. 3D city models were used to assess solar potential and heat energy demand of residential buildings which enable cities to target the building refurbishment potentials. Distributed energy systems require innovative modelling techniques where individual components are represented and can interact. With this approach, several smart grid demonstrators were simulated, where heterogeneous models are spatially represented. Coupling 3D geodata with energy system ABMs holds different advantages for both approaches. On one hand, energy system models can be enhanced with high resolution data from 3D city models and their semantic relations. Furthermore, they allow for spatial analysis and visualisation of the results, with emphasis on spatially and structurally correlations among the different layers (e.g. infrastructure, buildings, administrative zones) to provide an integrated approach. On the other hand, 3D models can benefit from more detailed system description of energy infrastructure, representing dynamic phenomena and high resolution models for energy use at component level. The proposed modelling strategies conceptually and practically integrate urban spatial and energy planning approaches. The combined modelling approach that will be developed based on the described sectorial models holds the potential to represent hybrid energy systems coupling distributed generation of electricity with thermal conversion systems.

Some Equalities Are More Equal Than Others: Quality Equality Emerges Later Than Numerical Equality.

PubMed

Sheskin, Mark; Nadal, Amber; Croom, Adam; Mayer, Tanya; Nissel, Jenny; Bloom, Paul

2016-09-01

By age 6, children typically share an equal number of resources between themselves and others. However, fairness involves not merely that each person receive an equal number of resources ("numerical equality") but also that each person receive equal quality resources ("quality equality"). In Study 1, children (N = 87, 3-10 years) typically split four resources "two each" by age 6, but typically monopolized the better two resources until age 10. In Study 2, a new group of 6- to 8-year-olds (N = 32) allocated resources to third parties according to quality equality, indicating that children in this age group understand that fairness requires both types of equality. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

Non-egalitarian allocations among preschool peers in a face-to-face bargaining task.

PubMed

Melis, Alicia P; Floedl, Anja; Tomasello, Michael

2015-01-01

In face-to-face bargaining tasks human adults almost always agree on an equal split of resources. This is due to mutually recognized fairness and equality norms. Early developmental studies on sharing and equality norms found that egalitarian allocations of resources are not common before children are 5 or 6 years old. However, recent studies have shown that in some face-to face collaborative situations, or when recipients express their desires, children at much younger ages choose equal allocations. We investigated the ability of 3.5 and 5-year-olds to negotiate face-to-face, whether to collaborate to obtain an equal or an unequal distribution of rewards. We hypothesized that the face-to-face interaction and interdependency between partners would facilitate egalitarian outcomes at both ages. In the first experiment we found that 5-year-olds were more egalitarian than 3.5-year-olds, but neither of the age classes shared equally. In the second experiment, in which we increased the magnitude of the inequality, we found that children at both ages mostly agreed on the unequal distribution. These results show that communication and face-to-face interactions are not sufficient to guarantee equal allocations at 3-5 years of age. These results add to previous findings suggesting that in the context of non-collaboratively produced resources it is only after 5 years of age that children use equality norms to allocate resources.

26 CFR 1.1244(d)-3 - Stock dividend, recapitalizations, changes in name, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... time of the issuance. In 1960, C purchases an additional 200 shares of such stock from another... will be treated as meeting such requirements. Assuming all the shares with respect to which the dividend is received have equal rights to dividends, such part is the number of shares which bears the same...

Gender Diversity Policies in Universities: A Multi-Perspective Framework of Policy Measures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Timmers, Tanya M.; Willemsen, Tineke M.; Tijdens, Kea G.

2010-01-01

Are policies to increase women's share among university professors effective? The importance of gender equality on the labor market has been well established, but our understanding of what kind of policy is effective to increase the share of women is still unclear. Three sets of factors explain women's low shares at higher job levels, notably…

50 CFR 648.63 - General category Sectors and harvesting cooperatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of TAC to Sectors. (i) The sector allocation shall be equal to a percentage share of the ACL... specified in § 648.53(h). The sector's percentage share of the IFQ scallop fishery ACL catch shall not change, but the amount of allocation based on the percentage share will change based on the ACL specified...

50 CFR 648.63 - General category Sectors and harvesting cooperatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of TAC to Sectors. (i) The sector allocation shall be equal to a percentage share of the ACL... specified in § 648.53(h). The sector's percentage share of the IFQ scallop fishery ACL catch shall not change, but the amount of allocation based on the percentage share will change based on the ACL specified...

50 CFR 648.63 - General category Sectors and harvesting cooperatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of TAC to Sectors. (i) The sector allocation shall be equal to a percentage share of the ACL... specified in § 648.53(h). The sector's percentage share of the IFQ scallop fishery ACL catch shall not change, but the amount of allocation based on the percentage share will change based on the ACL specified...

Local load-sharing fiber bundle model in higher dimensions.

PubMed

Sinha, Santanu; Kjellstadli, Jonas T; Hansen, Alex

2015-08-01

We consider the local load-sharing fiber bundle model in one to five dimensions. Depending on the breaking threshold distribution of the fibers, there is a transition where the fracture process becomes localized. In the localized phase, the model behaves as the invasion percolation model. The difference between the local load-sharing fiber bundle model and the equal load-sharing fiber bundle model vanishes with increasing dimensionality with the characteristics of a power law.

Parental Sharing of Childcare Tasks in Sweden.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haas, Linda

1982-01-01

Studied fathers' participation in childrearing among 128 Swedish parents. Results showed most couples, even in dual-career households, do not share childcare equally. Socialization and work-related structural obstacles, especially related to the wife's occupation, were the most important variables. (Author/JAC)

Women Share in Science and Technology Education and Their Job Performance in Nigeria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osezuah, Simon; Nwadiani, C. O.

2012-10-01

This investigation focused on womenís share in Science and Technology education and their job performance in Nigeria. The investigation was conducted with two questions that were raised as a guide. A sample of 4886 was drawn through the questionnaire method. Analysis of the data was conducted through the use of frequency count. Findings obtained indicated that there was disparity between male and female gender in access to Science and Technology education in Nigeria, and also that there were no differences between women and men scientists and technologists in job performance. The conclusion was therefore reached that women do not have equal share with men in Science and Technology education even though the male and female scientists and technologists perform jobs equally in Nigeria. Recommendation was therefore made accordingly.

26 CFR 1.356-4 - Exchanges for section 306 stock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... exchange for section 306 stock, an amount equal to the fair market value of the property plus the money, if... a basis to him of $100) and a share of preferred stock which is section 306 stock (having a basis to him of $100) surrenders both shares in a transaction to which section 356 is applicable for one share...

28 CFR 42.613 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Pay Act and by title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act. (g) Recipient means any State... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND...) Chairman of the EEOC refers to the Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or his or her...

Moral equality and success of common-pool water governance in Namibia.

PubMed

Schnegg, Michael; Bollig, Michael; Linke, Theresa

2016-09-01

In the course of decentralization, pastoral communities in Namibia have had to find new ways to share their most salient resource, water, and the costs involved in providing it. Using data from sixty communities, we examine (1) whether and to what extent different sharing rules emerge, (2) how variations can be explained, (3) how rules are perceived and influence success, and (4) what economic consequences they have. Our results reveal that either all members pay the same (numerical equality) or payment is according to usage (proportional equality). We find that although proportional equality provides more success, the rule can only pertain where the state maintains an active role. Simulations show that where it does not prevail, wealth inequality is likely to grow. These findings have political implications and suggest that, in the context of the widespread decentralization policies, the state should not withdraw if it aims to ensure the success of common-pool resource management and to fight poverty.

Non-Egalitarian Allocations among Preschool Peers in a Face-to-Face Bargaining Task

PubMed Central

Melis, Alicia P.; Floedl, Anja; Tomasello, Michael

2015-01-01

In face-to-face bargaining tasks human adults almost always agree on an equal split of resources. This is due to mutually recognized fairness and equality norms. Early developmental studies on sharing and equality norms found that egalitarian allocations of resources are not common before children are 5 or 6 years old. However, recent studies have shown that in some face-to face collaborative situations, or when recipients express their desires, children at much younger ages choose equal allocations. We investigated the ability of 3.5 and 5-year-olds to negotiate face-to-face, whether to collaborate to obtain an equal or an unequal distribution of rewards. We hypothesized that the face-to-face interaction and interdependency between partners would facilitate egalitarian outcomes at both ages. In the first experiment we found that 5-year-olds were more egalitarian than 3.5-year-olds, but neither of the age classes shared equally. In the second experiment, in which we increased the magnitude of the inequality, we found that children at both ages mostly agreed on the unequal distribution. These results show that communication and face-to-face interactions are not sufficient to guarantee equal allocations at 3–5 years of age. These results add to previous findings suggesting that in the context of non-collaboratively produced resources it is only after 5 years of age that children use equality norms to allocate resources. PMID:25786250

Access to Higher Education in Canada: Equality of Opportunity vs. Equality of Results.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anisef, Paul

1983-01-01

Discusses the issue of access to higher education in Canada and suggests that those who do not gain entry share common social and cultural properties. Recommends three strategies for enhancing accessibility: a monitoring system, compensatory education programs, and financial assistance programs. (JAC)

Two-stage energy storage equalization system for lithium-ion battery pack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, W.; Yang, Z. X.; Dong, G. Q.; Li, Y. B.; He, Q. Y.

2017-11-01

How to raise the efficiency of energy storage and maximize storage capacity is a core problem in current energy storage management. For that, two-stage energy storage equalization system which contains two-stage equalization topology and control strategy based on a symmetric multi-winding transformer and DC-DC (direct current-direct current) converter is proposed with bidirectional active equalization theory, in order to realize the objectives of consistent lithium-ion battery packs voltages and cells voltages inside packs by using a method of the Range. Modeling analysis demonstrates that the voltage dispersion of lithium-ion battery packs and cells inside packs can be kept within 2 percent during charging and discharging. Equalization time was 0.5 ms, which shortened equalization time of 33.3 percent compared with DC-DC converter. Therefore, the proposed two-stage lithium-ion battery equalization system can achieve maximum storage capacity between lithium-ion battery packs and cells inside packs, meanwhile efficiency of energy storage is significantly improved.

Why power matters: creating a foundation of mutual support in couple relationships.

PubMed

Knudson-Martin, Carmen

2013-03-01

Research shows that equal power helps couples create intimacy and relationship success. However, though couples increasingly desire equal relationships, cultural models of mutual support are not well developed. Clinicians often approach heterosexual couple therapy as though partners are inherently equal, thus reinforcing unacknowledged gender inequities. This article examines research that shows why power imbalances are destructive to intimate relationships and focuses on four gender-related aspects of mutual support: (a) shared relational responsibility, (b) mutual vulnerability, (c) mutual attunement, and (d) shared influence. Case examples illustrate how socio-emotional attunement, interrupting the flow of power, and introducing alternative relational experience help couple therapists identify and address power disparities in these important relational processes. Encouraging the powerful person to take relational initiative and introducing alternative gender discourse are especially important. © FPI, Inc.

Shared Parenting: Perspectives from Other Nations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roby, Pamela A.

1975-01-01

Article provided us with a cross-national picture of the inequality between men and women in the hours they work and explained that until husbands shared in the care of their children, women will continue to be blocked from equal opportunity in the work world. (Editor/RK)

Heuristic approaches for energy-efficient shared restoration in WDM networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alilou, Shahab

In recent years, there has been ongoing research on the design of energy-efficient Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks. The explosive growth of Internet traffic has led to increased power consumption of network components. Network survivability has also been a relevant research topic, as it plays a crucial role in assuring continuity of service with no disruption, regardless of network component failure. Network survivability mechanisms tend to utilize considerable resources such as spare capacity in order to protect and restore information. This thesis investigates techniques for reducing energy demand and enhancing energy efficiency in the context of network survivability. We propose two novel heuristic energy-efficient shared protection approaches for WDM networks. These approaches intend to save energy by setting on sleep mode devices that are not being used while providing shared backup paths to satisfy network survivability. The first approach exploits properties of a math series in order to assign weight to the network links. It aims at reducing power consumption at the network indirectly by aggregating traffic on a set of nodes and links with high traffic load level. Routing traffic on links and nodes that are already under utilization makes it possible for the links and nodes with no load to be set on sleep mode. The second approach is intended to dynamically route traffic through nodes and links with high traffic load level. Similar to the first approach, this approach computes a pair of paths for every newly arrived demand. It computes these paths for every new demand by comparing the power consumption of nodes and links in the network before the demand arrives with their potential power consumption if they are chosen along the paths of this demand. Simulations of two different networks were used to compare the total network power consumption obtained using the proposed techniques against a standard shared-path restoration scheme. Shared-path restoration is a network survivability method in which a link-disjoint backup path and wavelength is reserved at the time of call setup for a working path. However, in order to reduce spare capacity consumption, this reserved backup path and wavelength may be shared with other backup paths. Pool Sharing Scheme (PSS) is employed to implement shared-path restoration scheme [1]. In an optical network, the failure of a single link leads to the failure of all the lightpaths that pass through that particular link. PSS ensures that the amount of backup bandwidth required on a link to restore the failed connections will not be more than the total amount of reserved backup bandwidth on that link. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approaches lead to up to 35% power savings in WDM networks when traffic load is low. However, power saving decreases to 14% at high traffic load level. Furthermore, in terms of the total capacity consumption for working paths, PSS outperforms the two proposed approaches, as expected. In terms of total capacity consumption all the approaches behave similarly. In general, at low traffic load level, the two proposed approaches behave similar to PSS in terms of average link load, and the ratio of block demands. Nevertheless, at high traffic load, the proposed approaches result in higher ratio of blocked demands than PSS. They also lead to higher average link load than PSS for the equal number of generated demands.

Exploring the Content of Shared Mental Models in Project Teams

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-30

FINAL REPORT Grant Title: EXPLORING THE CONTENT OF SHARED MENTAL MODELS IN PROJECT TEAMS Office of Naval Research Award Number: N000140210535... Research Laboratory, Attn: code 5227, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC •t• The University of Massachusetts Amherst is an Affirmative Action/Equal...satisfaction. 2.0 PROJECT SUMMARY No consensus among researchers studying shared cognition exists regarding the identification of what should be

Equal Opportunity -- and You.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lutes, Carol

The author suggests alternatives to chip away at occupational traditionalism and vestigal hang-ups shared by men and women about women in the world of work, and which encourage the development of programs to ensure that equal opportunity will be a reality. Background statistics are presented which indicate that women are increasingly entering the…

A 5 kA pulsed power supply for inductive and plasma loads in large volume plasma device.

PubMed

Srivastava, P K; Singh, S K; Sanyasi, A K; Awasthi, L M; Mattoo, S K

2016-07-01

This paper describes 5 kA, 12 ms pulsed power supply for inductive load of Electron Energy Filter (EEF) in large volume plasma device. The power supply is based upon the principle of rapid sourcing of energy from the capacitor bank (2.8 F/200 V) by using a static switch, comprising of ten Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). A suitable mechanism is developed to ensure equal sharing of current and uniform power distribution during the operation of these IGBTs. Safe commutation of power to the EEF is ensured by the proper optimization of its components and by the introduction of over voltage protection (>6 kV) using an indigenously designed snubber circuit. Various time sequences relevant to different actions of power supply, viz., pulse width control and repetition rate, are realized through optically isolated computer controlled interface.

A 5 kA pulsed power supply for inductive and plasma loads in large volume plasma device

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Srivastava, P. K., E-mail: pkumar@ipr.res.in; Singh, S. K.; Sanyasi, A. K.

This paper describes 5 kA, 12 ms pulsed power supply for inductive load of Electron Energy Filter (EEF) in large volume plasma device. The power supply is based upon the principle of rapid sourcing of energy from the capacitor bank (2.8 F/200 V) by using a static switch, comprising of ten Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). A suitable mechanism is developed to ensure equal sharing of current and uniform power distribution during the operation of these IGBTs. Safe commutation of power to the EEF is ensured by the proper optimization of its components and by the introduction of over voltagemore » protection (>6 kV) using an indigenously designed snubber circuit. Various time sequences relevant to different actions of power supply, viz., pulse width control and repetition rate, are realized through optically isolated computer controlled interface.« less

Mass-polariton theory of light in dispersive media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Partanen, Mikko; Tulkki, Jukka

2017-12-01

We have recently shown that the electromagnetic pulse in a medium is made of mass-polariton (MP) quasiparticles, which are quantized coupled states of the field and an atomic mass density wave (MDW) [M. Partanen et al., Phys. Rev. A 95, 063850 (2017), 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.063850]. In this work, we generalize the MP theory of light for dispersive media assuming that absorption and scattering losses are very small. Following our previous work, we present two different approaches to the coupled state of light: (1) the MP quasiparticle theory, which is derived by only using the fundamental conservation laws and the Lorentz transformation; (2) the classical optoelastic continuum dynamics (OCD), which is a generalization of the electrodynamics of continuous media to include the dynamics of the medium under the influence of optical forces. We show that the total momentum and the transferred mass of the light pulse can be determined in a straightforward way if we know the field energy of the pulse and the dispersion relation of the medium. In analogy to the nondispersive case, we also find unambiguous correspondence between the MP and OCD theories. For the coupled MP state of a single photon and the medium, we obtain the total MP momentum pMP=npℏ ω /c , where np is the phase refractive index. The field's share of the MP momentum is equal to pfield=ℏ ω /(ngc ) , where ng is the group refractive index and the share of the MDW is equal to pMDW=pMP-pfield . Thus, as in a nondispersive medium, the total momentum of the MP is equal to the Minkowski momentum and the field's share of the momentum is equal to the Abraham momentum. We also show that the correspondence between the MP and OCD models and the conservation of momentum at interfaces gives an unambiguous formula for the optical force. The dynamics of the light pulse and the related MDW lead to nonequilibrium of the medium and to relaxation of the atomic density by sound waves in the same way as for nondispersive media. We also carry out simulations for optimal measurements of atomic displacements related to the MDW in silicon. In the simulations, we consider different waveguide cross sections and optical pulse widths and account for the breakdown threshold irradiance of materials. We also compare the MP theory to previous theories of the momentum of light in a dispersive medium. We show that our generalized MP theory resolves all the problems related to the Abraham-Minkowski dilemma in a dispersive medium.

Jarzynski equality: connections to thermodynamics and the second law.

PubMed

Palmieri, Benoit; Ronis, David

2007-01-01

The one-dimensional expanding ideal gas model is used to compute the exact nonequilibrium distribution function. The state of the system during the expansion is defined in terms of local thermodynamics quantities. The final equilibrium free energy, obtained a long time after the expansion, is compared against the free energy that appears in the Jarzynski equality. Within this model, where the Jarzynski equality holds rigorously, the free energy change that appears in the equality does not equal the actual free energy change of the system at any time of the process. More generally, the work bound that is obtained from the Jarzynski equality is an upper bound to the upper bound that is obtained from the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The cancellation of the dissipative (nonequilibrium) terms that result in the Jarzynski equality is shown in the framework of response theory. This is used to show that the intuitive assumption that the Jarzynski work bound becomes equal to the average work done when the system evolves quasistatically is incorrect under some conditions.

Low profile, highly configurable, current sharing paralleled wide band gap power device power module

DOEpatents

McPherson, Brice; Killeen, Peter D.; Lostetter, Alex; Shaw, Robert; Passmore, Brandon; Hornberger, Jared; Berry, Tony M

2016-08-23

A power module with multiple equalized parallel power paths supporting multiple parallel bare die power devices constructed with low inductance equalized current paths for even current sharing and clean switching events. Wide low profile power contacts provide low inductance, short current paths, and large conductor cross section area provides for massive current carrying. An internal gate & source kelvin interconnection substrate is provided with individual ballast resistors and simple bolted construction. Gate drive connectors are provided on either left or right size of the module. The module is configurable as half bridge, full bridge, common source, and common drain topologies.

The need for carbon dioxide disposal: A threat and an opportunity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lackner, K.S.; Butt, D.P.; Wendt, C.H.

Ready energy is a cornerstone of modern society. The policies outlined at the recent Kyoto conference have put in question the largest, most readily available and most cost-effective energy resource available. Even if a doubling of atmospheric CO{sub 2} is deemed acceptable, emission reductions worldwide would have to be drastic. For 10 billion people to share equally into the 1990 emission level would allow a per capita emission of 10% of the current US level. Substantial reductions in CO{sub 2} emissions to the atmosphere are unavoidable. Uncertain is the time available to accomplish this reduction. There are also reasons tomore » be optimistic about the future of coal and other fossil fuels. Barring a surprise technological breakthrough in alternative energies, fossil energy consumption is bound to grow. Political and economic drivers even stronger than the threat of climate change favor economic growth and therefore increased energy consumption. To resolve this apparent contradiction requires new technologies that prevent CO{sub 2} generated by combustion from entering the atmosphere. The authors will outline available technologies and show how the coal industry can adapt to them.« less

Dual-task interference with equal task emphasis: graded capacity sharing or central postponement?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruthruff, Eric; Pashler, Harold E.; Hazeltine, Eliot

2003-01-01

Most studies using the psychological refractory period (PRP) design suggest that dual-task performance is limited by a central bottleneck. Because subjects are usually told to emphasize Task 1, however, the bottleneck might reflect a strategic choice rather than a structural limitation. To evaluate the possibility that central operations can proceed in parallel, albeit with capacity limitations, we conducted two dual-task experiments with equal task emphasis. In both experiments, subjects tended to either group responses together or respond to one task well before the other. In addition, stimulus-response compatibility effects were roughly constant across stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). At the short SOA, compatibility effects also carried over onto response times for the other task. This pattern of results is difficult to reconcile with the possibility that subjects share capacity roughly equally between simultaneous central operations. However, this pattern is consistent with the existence of a structural central bottleneck.

26 CFR 26.2642-6 - Qualified severance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... from time to time, in equal or unequal shares, for the benefit of any one or more members of the group.... For this purpose, the fraction or percentage may be determined by means of a formula (for example, that fraction of the trust the numerator of which is equal to the transferor's unused GST tax exemption...

26 CFR 26.2642-6 - Qualified severance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... from time to time, in equal or unequal shares, for the benefit of any one or more members of the group.... For this purpose, the fraction or percentage may be determined by means of a formula (for example, that fraction of the trust the numerator of which is equal to the transferor's unused GST tax exemption...

Shared Savings Financing for College and University Energy Efficiency Investments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Business Officer, 1984

1984-01-01

Shared savings arrangements for campus energy efficient investments are discussed. Shared savings is a term for an agreement in which a private company offers to implement an energy efficiency program, including capital improvements, in exchange for a portion of the energy cost savings. Attention is directed to: types of shared savings…

10 CFR 455.102 - Energy conservation measure cost-share credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Energy conservation measure cost-share credit. 455.102 Section 455.102 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION GRANT PROGRAMS FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS... Energy conservation measure cost-share credit. To the extent a State provides in its State Plan, DOE may...

10 CFR 455.102 - Energy conservation measure cost-share credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Energy conservation measure cost-share credit. 455.102 Section 455.102 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION GRANT PROGRAMS FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS... Energy conservation measure cost-share credit. To the extent a State provides in its State Plan, DOE may...

10 CFR 455.102 - Energy conservation measure cost-share credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Energy conservation measure cost-share credit. 455.102 Section 455.102 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION GRANT PROGRAMS FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS... Energy conservation measure cost-share credit. To the extent a State provides in its State Plan, DOE may...

The logic of job-sharing in the provision and delivery of health care.

PubMed

Branine, M

1998-01-01

By definition the practice of job-sharing starts from the premiss that there is a full-time job to be shared by those who want to balance their work with other commitments. In a public sector institution, such as the National Health Service (NHS), where most employees are female, it seems logical to believe that a job-sharing policy would be able to promote equal opportunities, to increase employee job satisfaction and to reduce labour costs. Hence, this paper attempts to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a job-sharing policy, and to analyse the reasons for the limited number of job-sharers in the NHS despite the apparent benefits of job-sharing to both the employees and the employer. This study was carried out in 15 NHS Trusts in northern England and Scotland, by the use of questionnaires and interviews, and found that most NHS managers did not see the practice of job-sharing as a major cost-saving opportunity or as a working pattern that would enhance employee satisfaction and commitment. They saw job-sharing as just a routine equal opportunities request which did not deserve such managerial attention or long-term strategic thinking. It is argued in this paper that job-sharing is a potentially useful option against a background of demographic and other social and economic changes which require the development and use of long-term strategic policies. Therefore it is concluded that, in the NHS, there is a need for a more active and creative approach to job-sharing rather than the reactive and passive approach that has dominated the practice so far.

The logic of job-sharing in the provision and delivery of health care.

PubMed

Branine, M

1998-01-01

By definition the practice of job-sharing starts from the premiss that there is a full-time job to be shared by those who want to balance their work with other commitments. In a public sector institution, such as the National Health Service (NHS), where most employees are female, it seems logical to believe that a job-sharing policy would be able to promote equal opportunities, to increase employee job satisfaction and to reduce labour costs. Hence, this paper attempts to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a job-sharing policy, and to analyse the reasons for the limited number of job-sharers in the NHS despite the apparent benefits of job-sharing to both the employees and the employer. This study was carried out in 15 NHS Trusts in northern England and Scotland, by the use of questionnaires and interviews, and found that most NHS managers did not see the practice of job-sharing as a major cost-saving opportunity or as a working pattern that would enhance employee satisfaction and commitment. They saw job-sharing as just a routine equal opportunities request which did not deserve such managerial attention or long-term strategic thinking. It is argued in this paper that job-sharing is a potentially useful option against a background of demographic and other social and economic changes which require the development and use of long-term strategic policies. Therefore, it is concluded that, in the NHS, there is a need for a more active and creative approach to job-sharing, rather than the reactive and passive approach that has dominated the practice so far.

Does Equality in Custody Arrangement Improve the Parent-Child Relationship?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Donnelly, Denise; Finkelhor, David

1992-01-01

In nationally representative sample of children whose parents were divorced, separated, or unmarried, found no evidence that children in shared custody had less conflictual or better relationships with their parents. Children in sole custody gave parents more support than those in shared custody. When parents had high levels of disagreements with…

12 CFR 705.7 - Loans to participating credit unions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... nonmember deposit. (b) Matching requirements. Participating credit unions will be encouraged to develop, as... matched by the participating credit union by increasing its share deposits in an amount equal to the loan amount. However, any loan monies matched by member share deposits will be credited as a two-for-one match...

Experimental and Analytical Performance of a Dual Brayton Power Conversion System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lavelle, Thomas A.; Hervol, David S.; Briggs, Maxwell; Owen, A. Karl

2009-01-01

The interactions between two closed Brayton cycle (CBC) power conversion units (PCU) which share a common gas inventory and heat source have been studied experimentally using the Dual Brayton Power Conversion System (DBPCS) and analytically using the Closed- Cycle System Simulation (CCSS) computer code. Selected operating modes include steady-state operation at equal and unequal shaft speeds and various start-up scenarios. Equal shaft speed steady-state tests were conducted for heater exit temperatures of 840 to 950 K and speeds of 50 to 90 krpm, providing a system performance map. Unequal shaft speed steady-state testing over the same operating conditions shows that the power produced by each Brayton is sensitive to the operating conditions of the other due to redistribution of gas inventory. Startup scenarios show that starting the engines one at a time can dramatically reduce the required motoring energy. Although the DBPCS is not considered a flight-like system, these insights, as well as the operational experience gained from operating and modeling this system provide valuable information for the future development of Brayton systems.

26 CFR 26.2642-6 - Qualified severance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... from time to time, in equal or unequal shares, for the benefit of any one or more members of the group... percentage may be determined by means of a formula (for example, that fraction of the trust the numerator of which is equal to the transferor's unused GST tax exemption, and the denominator of which is the fair...

From Togetherness to Equal Partnership in Role Play.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hannikainen, Maritta

1998-01-01

Explored different kinds of participation in play and development of joint role play. Observed games and play sessions of a 2-year-old girl in a day care group. Found that the girl proceeded from a feeling of togetherness in a shared space through parallel and successive play actions to reciprocity and equal exchange of play actions. (JPB)

La Metamorfosis de la Escuela. (The Metamorphosis of the School)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illich, Ivan

1970-01-01

The author attacks present school systems as hindrances to education, arguing that everyone has a right to an equal part of a nation's educational budget. One solution he proposes is to offer everyone an equal share of public resources by providing both children and adults with one month of intensive education each year, and supplementing this…

10 CFR 420.34 - Matching contributions or cost-sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Matching contributions or cost-sharing. 420.34 Section 420.34 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Implementation of Special Projects Financial Assistance § 420.34 Matching contributions or cost-sharing. DOE may require (as set...

10 CFR 420.34 - Matching contributions or cost-sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Matching contributions or cost-sharing. 420.34 Section 420.34 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Implementation of Special Projects Financial Assistance § 420.34 Matching contributions or cost-sharing. DOE may require (as set...

10 CFR 420.34 - Matching contributions or cost-sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Matching contributions or cost-sharing. 420.34 Section 420.34 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Implementation of Special Projects Financial Assistance § 420.34 Matching contributions or cost-sharing. DOE may require (as set...

10 CFR 420.34 - Matching contributions or cost-sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Matching contributions or cost-sharing. 420.34 Section 420.34 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Implementation of Special Projects Financial Assistance § 420.34 Matching contributions or cost-sharing. DOE may require (as set...

10 CFR 420.34 - Matching contributions or cost-sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Matching contributions or cost-sharing. 420.34 Section 420.34 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION STATE ENERGY PROGRAM Implementation of Special Projects Financial Assistance § 420.34 Matching contributions or cost-sharing. DOE may require (as set...

Mitochondria in Cancer Energy Metabolism

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth. Metabolic demands to sustain rapid proliferation must be compelling since aerobic glycolysis is the first as well as the most commonly shared characteristic of cancer. During the last decade, the significance of metabolic reprogramming of cancer has been at the center of attention. Nonetheless, despite all the knowledge gained on cancer biology, the field is not able to reach agreement on the issue of mitochondria: Are damaged mitochondria the cause for aerobic glycolysis in cancer? Warburg proposed the damaged mitochondria theory over 80 years ago; the field has been testing the theory equally long. In this review, we will discuss alterations in metabolic fluxes of cancer cells, and provide an opinion on the damaged mitochondria theory. PMID:26877834

10 CFR 602.12 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cost sharing. 602.12 Section 602.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OTHER HEALTH STUDIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM § 602.12 Cost sharing. Cost sharing is not required, nor will it be considered, as a criterion in...

Two Balls' Collision of Mass Ratio 3:1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogawara, Yasuo; Hull, Michael M.

2018-04-01

Students will sometimes ask why momentum and kinetic energy concepts are both necessary. When physics teachers demonstrate situations that require both an understanding of kinetic energy and momentum, a favorite is Newton's cradle, or a comparable demonstration of two balls of equal mass hitting each other. However, in addition to the case of two balls of equal mass, if a ball hits another ball of three times the mass with equal speed, the results are also interesting, and, like the equal-mass demonstration, both kinetic energy and momentum are critical for understanding the motion.

Rethinking Mathematics Teaching in Liberia: Realistic Mathematics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stemn, Blidi S.

2017-01-01

In some African cultures, the concept of division does not necessarily mean sharing money or an item equally. How an item is shared might depend on the ages of the individuals involved. This article describes the use of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach to teach division word problems involving money in a 3rd-grade class in…

The composition, heating value and renewable share of the energy content of mixed municipal solid waste in Finland

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Horttanainen, M., E-mail: mika.horttanainen@lut.fi; Teirasvuo, N.; Kapustina, V.

Highlights: • New experimental data of mixed MSW properties in a Finnish case region. • The share of renewable energy of mixed MSW. • The results were compared with earlier international studies. • The average share of renewable energy was 30% and the average LHVar 19 MJ/kg. • Well operating source separation decreases the renewable energy content of MSW. - Abstract: For the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from waste incineration it is essential to know the share of the renewable energy content of the combusted waste. The composition and heating value information is generally available, but the renewable energymore » share or heating values of different fractions of waste have rarely been determined. In this study, data from Finnish studies concerning the composition and energy content of mixed MSW were collected, new experimental data on the compositions, heating values and renewable share of energy were presented and the results were compared to the estimations concluded from earlier international studies. In the town of Lappeenranta in south-eastern Finland, the share of renewable energy ranged between 25% and 34% in the energy content tests implemented for two sample trucks. The heating values of the waste and fractions of plastic waste were high in the samples compared to the earlier studies in Finland. These high values were caused by good source separation and led to a low share of renewable energy content in the waste. The results showed that in mixed municipal solid waste the renewable share of the energy content can be significantly lower than the general assumptions (50–60%) when the source separation of organic waste, paper and cardboard is carried out successfully. The number of samples was however small for making extensive conclusions on the results concerning the heating values and renewable share of energy and additional research is needed for this purpose.« less

The effect of equalizing landing task demands on sex differences in lower extremity energy absorption.

PubMed

Montgomery, Melissa M; Shultz, Sandra J; Schmitz, Randy J

2014-08-01

Less lean mass and strength may result in greater relative task demands on females compared to males when landing from a standardized height and could explain sex differences in energy absorption strategies. We compared the magnitude of sex differences in energy absorption when task demands were equalized relative to the amount of lower extremity lean mass available to dissipate kinetic energy upon landing. Male-female pairs (n=35) were assessed for lower extremity lean mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relative task demands were calculated when landing from a standardized height. Based on the difference in lower extremity lean mass within each pair, task demands were equalized by increasing the drop height for males. Joint energetics were measured while landing from the two heights. Multivariate repeated measures ANOVAs compared the magnitude of sex differences in joint energetics between conditions. The multivariate test for absolute energy absorption was significant (P<0.01). The magnitude of sex difference in energy absorption was greater at the hip and knee (both P<0.01), but not the ankle (P=0.43) during the equalized condition compared to the standardized and exaggerated conditions (all P<0.01). There was no difference in the magnitude of sex differences between equalized, standardized and exaggerated conditions for relative energy absorption (P=0.18). Equalizing task demands increased the difference in absolute hip and knee energy absorption between sexes, but had no effect on relative joint contributions to total energy absorption. Sex differences in energy absorption are likely influenced by factors other than differences in relative task demands. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Directional fidelity of nanoscale motors and particles is limited by the 2nd law of thermodynamics—Via a universal equality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Zhisong; Hou, Ruizheng; Efremov, Artem

2013-07-01

Directional motion of nanoscale motors and driven particles in an isothermal environment costs a finite amount of energy despite zero work as decreed by the 2nd law, but quantifying this general limit remains difficult. Here we derive a universal equality linking directional fidelity of an arbitrary nanoscale object to the least possible energy driving it. The fidelity-energy equality depends on the environmental temperature alone; any lower energy would violate the 2nd law in a thought experiment. Real experimental proof for the equality comes from force-induced motion of biological nanomotors by three independent groups - for translational as well as rotational motion. Interestingly, the natural self-propelled motion of a biological nanomotor (F1-ATPase) known to have nearly 100% energy efficiency evidently pays the 2nd law decreed least energy cost for direction production.

26 CFR 1.1032-1 - Disposition by a corporation of its own capital stock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... involved. For example, the receipt by a corporation of the subscription price of shares of its stock upon... corporation of its own capital stock. (a) The disposition by a corporation of shares of its own stock... or issue price be equal to, in excess of, or less than, the par or stated value of such stock. Also...

75 FR 8774 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-25

... limits were introduced as a means of forestalling the potential manipulation of an equity's price by... significantly reduced concerns of market manipulation or disruption in the underlying markets. Shares in these... values on a per-share basis, the option strike prices result in being equal to \\1/ 100\\th of the...

10 CFR 603.530 - Acceptable cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Evaluation Cost Sharing § 603.530 Acceptable cost sharing. The contracting officer may accept any cash or in... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Acceptable cost sharing. 603.530 Section 603.530 Energy..., they represent meaningful cost sharing that demonstrates the recipient's commitment to the success of...

The Path of New Information Technology Affecting Educational Equality in the New Digital Divide--Based on Information System Success Model

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zheng, Qian; Liang, Chang-Yong

2017-01-01

New information technology (new IT) plays an increasingly important role in the field of education, which greatly enriches the teaching means and promotes the sharing of education resources. However, because of the New Digital Divide existing, the impact of new IT on educational equality has yet to be discussed. Based on Information System Success…

Equation Structure and the Meaning of the Equal Sign: The Impact of Task Selection in Eliciting Elementary Students' Understandings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Ana C.; Knuth, Eric J.; Blanton, Maria L.; Isler, Isil; Gardiner, Angela Murphy; Marum, Tim

2013-01-01

This paper reports results from a written assessment given to 290 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students prior to any instructional intervention. We share and discuss students' responses to items addressing their understanding of equation structure and the meaning of the equal sign. We found that many students held an operational conception of…

The composition, heating value and renewable share of the energy content of mixed municipal solid waste in Finland.

PubMed

Horttanainen, M; Teirasvuo, N; Kapustina, V; Hupponen, M; Luoranen, M

2013-12-01

For the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from waste incineration it is essential to know the share of the renewable energy content of the combusted waste. The composition and heating value information is generally available, but the renewable energy share or heating values of different fractions of waste have rarely been determined. In this study, data from Finnish studies concerning the composition and energy content of mixed MSW were collected, new experimental data on the compositions, heating values and renewable share of energy were presented and the results were compared to the estimations concluded from earlier international studies. In the town of Lappeenranta in south-eastern Finland, the share of renewable energy ranged between 25% and 34% in the energy content tests implemented for two sample trucks. The heating values of the waste and fractions of plastic waste were high in the samples compared to the earlier studies in Finland. These high values were caused by good source separation and led to a low share of renewable energy content in the waste. The results showed that in mixed municipal solid waste the renewable share of the energy content can be significantly lower than the general assumptions (50-60%) when the source separation of organic waste, paper and cardboard is carried out successfully. The number of samples was however small for making extensive conclusions on the results concerning the heating values and renewable share of energy and additional research is needed for this purpose. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

NREL Develops OpenEI.org, a Public Website Where Energy Data can be Generated, Shared, and Compared (Fact Sheet)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

2013-12-01

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed OpenEI.org, a public, open, data-sharing platform where consumers, analysts, industry experts, and energy decision makers can go to boost their energy IQs, search for energy data, share data, and get access to energy applications. The free site blends elements of social media, linked open-data practices, and MediaWiki-based technology to build a collaborative environment for creating and sharing energy data with the world. The result is a powerful platform that is helping government and industry leaders around the world define policy options, make informed investment decisions, and create new businesses.

Steganography on multiple MP3 files using spread spectrum and Shamir's secret sharing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoeseph, N. M.; Purnomo, F. A.; Riasti, B. K.; Safiie, M. A.; Hidayat, T. N.

2016-11-01

The purpose of steganography is how to hide data into another media. In order to increase security of data, steganography technique is often combined with cryptography. The weakness of this combination technique is the data was centralized. Therefore, a steganography technique is develop by using combination of spread spectrum and secret sharing technique. In steganography with secret sharing, shares of data is created and hidden in several medium. Medium used to concealed shares were MP3 files. Hiding technique used was Spread Spectrum. Secret sharing scheme used was Shamir's Secret Sharing. The result showed that steganography with spread spectrum combined with Shamir's Secret Share using MP3 files as medium produce a technique that could hid data into several cover. To extract and reconstruct the data hidden in stego object, it is needed the amount of stego object which more or equal to its threshold. Furthermore, stego objects were imperceptible and robust.

Asymptotically-Equal-To 10 eV ionization shift in Ir K{alpha}{sub 2} from a near-coincident Lu K-edge

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pereira, N. R.; Weber, B. V.; Phipps, D.

Close to an x-ray filter's K-edge the transmission depends strongly on the photon energy. For a few atom pairs, the K-edge of one is only a few tens of eV higher than a K-line energy of another, so that a small change in the line's energy becomes a measurable change in intensity behind such a matching filter. Lutetium's K-edge is Asymptotically-Equal-To 27 eV above iridium's K{alpha}{sub 2} line, Asymptotically-Equal-To 63.287 keV for cold Ir. A Lu filter reduces this line's intensity by Asymptotically-Equal-To 10 % when it is emitted by a plasma, indicating an ionization shift {Delta}E Asymptotically-Equal-To 10{+-}1 eV.

Population increase, economic growth, educational inequality, and income distribution: some recent evidence.

PubMed

Ram, R

1984-04-01

The relationship between population increase, economic growth, education and income inequality was examined in a cross-section study based on data from 26 developing and 2 developed countries. As other studies have noted, high population growth is associated with a less equal income distribution. A 1 percentage point reduction in the rate of population growth tends to raise the income share of the poorest 80% in the less developed world by almost 5 percentage points and is associated with a 1.7 percentage point increase in the income share of the poorest 40%. The relationship between short-run income growth and equality, on the other hand, is strong and positive. Estimates suggest that a 1 percentage point increase in the short-run rate of growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) increases the income share of the bottom 80% by about 2 percentage points and that of the poorest 40% by almost 1 percentage point. Although higher mean schooling appears to be a mild equalizer, educational inequality does not appear to have an adverse effect on income distribution. Overall, these results challenge the widely held belief that there must be a growth-equity trade-off. Moreover, they suggest that the impact of educational inequality on income distribution may be different from that observed in earlier studies, implying a need for caution in using these earlier results as a basis for educational policy development.

Entanglement Distillation from Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Shares

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vrana, Péter; Christandl, Matthias

2017-06-01

We study the problem of converting a product of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states shared by subsets of several parties in an arbitrary way into GHZ states shared by every party. Such a state can be described by a hypergraph on the parties as vertices and with each hyperedge corresponding to a GHZ state shared among the parties incident with it. Our result is that if SLOCC transformations are allowed, then the best asymptotic rate is the minimum of bipartite log-ranks of the initial state, which in turn equals the minimum cut of the hypergraph. This generalizes a result by Strassen on the asymptotic subrank of the matrix multiplication tensor.

Evaluating the benefits of commercial building energy codes and improving federal incentives for code adoption.

PubMed

Gilbraith, Nathaniel; Azevedo, Inês L; Jaramillo, Paulina

2014-12-16

The federal government has the goal of decreasing commercial building energy consumption and pollutant emissions by incentivizing the adoption of commercial building energy codes. Quantitative estimates of code benefits at the state level that can inform the size and allocation of these incentives are not available. We estimate the state-level climate, environmental, and health benefits (i.e., social benefits) and reductions in energy bills (private benefits) of a more stringent code (ASHRAE 90.1-2010) relative to a baseline code (ASHRAE 90.1-2007). We find that reductions in site energy use intensity range from 93 MJ/m(2) of new construction per year (California) to 270 MJ/m(2) of new construction per year (North Dakota). Total annual benefits from more stringent codes total $506 million for all states, where $372 million are from reductions in energy bills, and $134 million are from social benefits. These total benefits range from $0.6 million in Wyoming to $49 million in Texas. Private benefits range from $0.38 per square meter in Washington State to $1.06 per square meter in New Hampshire. Social benefits range from $0.2 per square meter annually in California to $2.5 per square meter in Ohio. Reductions in human/environmental damages and future climate damages account for nearly equal shares of social benefits.

Propensity for distinguishing two free electrons with equal energies in electron-impact ionization of helium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ren, Xueguang; Senftleben, Arne; Pflüger, Thomas; Bartschat, Klaus; Zatsarinny, Oleg; Berakdar, Jamal; Colgan, James; Pindzola, Michael S.; Bray, Igor; Fursa, Dmitry V.; Dorn, Alexander

2015-11-01

We report a combined experimental and theoretical study on the electron-impact ionization of helium at E0=70.6 eV and equal energy sharing of the two outgoing electrons (E1=E2=23 eV ), where a double-peak or dip structure in the binary region of the triple differential cross section is observed. The experimental cross sections are compared with results from convergent close-coupling (CCC), B -spline R-matrix-with-pseudostates (BSR), and time-dependent close-coupling (TDCC) calculations, as well as predictions from the dynamic screening three-Coulomb (DS3C) theory. Excellent agreement is obtained between experiment and the nonperturbative CCC, BSR, and TDCC theories, and good agreement is also found for the DS3C model. The data are further analyzed regarding contributions in particular coupling schemes for the spins of either the two outgoing electrons or one of the outgoing electrons and the 1 s electron remaining in the residual ion. While both coupling schemes can be used to explain the observed double-peak structure in the cross section, the second one allows for the isolation of the exchange contribution between the incident projectile and the target. For different observation angles of the two outgoing electrons, we interpret the results as a propensity for distinguishing these two electrons—one being more likely the incident projectile and the other one being more likely ejected from the target.

Energy choices and risk beliefs: is it just global warming and fear of a nuclear power plant accident?

PubMed

Greenberg, Michael; Truelove, Heather Barnes

2011-05-01

A survey of 3,200 U.S. residents focused on two issues associated with the use of nuclear and coal fuels to produce electrical energy. The first was the association between risk beliefs and preferences for coal and nuclear energy. As expected, concern about nuclear power plant accidents led to decreased support for nuclear power, and those who believed that coal causes global warming preferred less coal use. Yet other risk beliefs about the coal and nuclear energy fuel cycles were stronger or equal correlates of public preferences. The second issue is the existence of what we call acknowledged risk takers, respondents who favored increased reliance on nuclear energy, although also noting that there could be a serious nuclear plant accident, and those who favored greater coal use, despite acknowledging a link to global warming. The pro-nuclear group disproportionately was affluent educated white males, and the pro-coal group was relatively poor less educated African-American and Latino females. Yet both shared four similarities: older age, trust in management, belief that the energy facilities help the local economy, and individualistic personal values. These findings show that there is no single public with regard to energy preferences and risk beliefs. Rather, there are multiple populations with different viewpoints that surely would benefit by hearing a clear and comprehensive national energy life cycle policy from the national government. © 2010 Society for Risk Analysis.

Developing new scenarios for water allocation negotiations: a case study of the Euphrates River Basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jarkeh, Mohammad Reza; Mianabadi, Ameneh; Mianabadi, Hojjat

2016-10-01

Mismanagement and uneven distribution of water may lead to or increase conflict among countries. Allocation of water among trans-boundary river neighbours is a key issue in utilization of shared water resources. The bankruptcy theory is a cooperative Game Theory method which is used when the amount of demand of riparian states is larger than total available water. In this study, we survey the application of seven methods of Classical Bankruptcy Rules (CBRs) including Proportional (CBR-PRO), Adjusted Proportional (CBR-AP), Constrained Equal Awards (CBR-CEA), Constrained Equal Losses (CBR-CEL), Piniles (CBR-Piniles), Minimal Overlap (CBR-MO), Talmud (CBR-Talmud) and four Sequential Sharing Rules (SSRs) including Proportional (SSR-PRO), Constrained Equal Awards (SSR-CEA), Constrained Equal Losses (SSR-CEL) and Talmud (SSR-Talmud) methods in allocation of the Euphrates River among three riparian countries: Turkey, Syria and Iraq. However, there is not a certain documented method to find more equitable allocation rule. Therefore, in this paper, a new method is established for choosing the most appropriate allocating rule which seems to be more equitable than other allocation rules to satisfy the stakeholders. The results reveal that, based on the new propose model, the CBR-AP seems to be more equitable to allocate the Euphrates River water among Turkey, Syria and Iraq.

Exploration of the Tavis-Cummings Model with Multiple Qubits in Circuit QED

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fink, J. M.; Blais, A.; Wallraff, A.

2009-03-01

Superconducting qubits in coplanar waveguide resonators provide an unprecedentedly large dipole coupling strength to microwave frequency photons confined in an on-chip waveguide resonator [1]. In contrast to atoms in traditional cavity QED a controlled number of qubits remain at fixed positions with constant coupling to the cavity field at all times. Utilizing these properties we have performed measurements with up to three independently flux-tunable qubits to study cavity mediated multi-qubit interactions. By tuning the qubits in resonance with the cavity field individually, we demonstrate the square root of N scaling of the collective dipole coupling strength with the number of resonant atoms N as described by the Tavis-Cummings model. To our knowledge this is the first observation of this nonlinearity in a system in which the atom number can be changed one by one in a discrete fashion. In addition, the energies of both bright and dark coupled multi-qubit / photon states are well explained by the Tavis-Cummings model over a wide range of detunings. On resonance we obtain an equal superposition of a photon and a Dicke state with an excitation equally shared among the N qubits.[1] J. M. Fink et al. Nature 454, 315 (2008).

10 CFR 603.575 - Repayment of Federal cost share.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Repayment of Federal cost share. 603.575 Section 603.575 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS Pre-Award Business Evaluation Accounting, Payments, and Recovery of Funds § 603.575 Repayment of Federal cost share...

Equity, Equal Shares or Equal Final Outcomes? Group Goal Guides Allocations of Public Goods.

PubMed

Kazemi, Ali; Eek, Daniel; Gärling, Tommy

2017-01-01

In an experiment we investigate preferences for allocation of a public good among group members who contributed unequally in providing the public good. Inducing the group goal of productivity resulted in preferences for equitable allocations, whereas inducing the group goals of harmony and social concern resulted in preferences for equal final outcomes. The study makes a contribution by simultaneously treating provision and allocation of a public good, thus viewing these as related processes. Another contribution is that a new paradigm is introduced that bears closer resemblance to real life public good dilemmas than previous research paradigms do.

10 CFR 603.525 - Value and reasonableness of the recipient's cost sharing contribution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Value and reasonableness of the recipient's cost sharing contribution. 603.525 Section 603.525 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS TECHNOLOGY INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS Pre-Award Business Evaluation Cost Sharing § 603.525 Value and reasonableness of the...

Study of electrode pattern design for a CZT-based PET detector.

PubMed

Gu, Y; Levin, C S

2014-06-07

We are developing a 1 mm resolution small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system using 3D positioning cadmium zinc telluride photon detectors comprising 40 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm crystals metalized with a cross-strip electrode pattern with a 1 mm anode strip pitch. We optimized the electrode pattern design for intrinsic sensitivity and spatial, energy and time resolution performance using a test detector comprising cathode and steering electrode strips of varying dimensions. The study found 3 and 5 mm width cathode strips locate charge-shared photon interactions near cathode strip boundaries with equal precision. 3 mm width cathode strips exhibited large time resolution variability as a function of photon interaction location between the anode and cathode planes (~26 to ~127.5 ns full width at half maximum (FWHM) for 0.5 mm and 4.2 mm depths, respectively). 5 mm width cathode strips by contrast exhibited more stable time resolution for the same interaction locations (~34 to ~83 ns FWHM), provided more linear spatial positioning in the direction orthogonal to the electrode planes, and as much as 68.4% improvement in photon sensitivity over the 3 mm wide cathode strips. The results were understood by analyzing the cathode strips' weighting functions, which indicated a stronger 'small pixel' effect in the 3 mm wide cathode strips. Photon sensitivity and anode energy resolution were seen to improve with decreasing steering electrode bias from 0 to -80 V w.r.t. the anode potential. A slight improvement in energy resolution was seen for wider steering electrode strips (400 versus 100 µm) for charge-shared photon interactions. Although this study successfully focused on electrode pattern features for PET performance, the results are generally applicable to semiconductor photon detectors employing cross-trip electrode patterns.

Study of electrode pattern design for a CZT-based PET detector

PubMed Central

Gu, Y; Levin, C S

2014-01-01

We are developing a 1 mm resolution small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system using 3-D positioning Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) photon detectors comprising 40 mm × 40 mm × 5 mm crystals metalized with a cross-strip electrode pattern with a 1 mm anode strip pitch. We optimized the electrode pattern design for intrinsic sensitivity and spatial, energy and time resolution performance using a test detector comprising cathode and steering electrode strips of varying dimensions. The study found 3 mm and 5 mm width cathode strips locate charge-shared photon interactions near cathode strip boundaries with equal precision. 3 mm width cathode strips exhibited large time resolution variability as a function of photon interaction location between the anode and cathode planes (~26 ns to ~127.5 ns FWHM for 0.5 mm and 4.2 mm depths, respectively). 5 mm width cathode strips by contrast exhibited more stable time resolution for the same interaction locations (~34 ns to ~83 ns FWHM), provided more linear spatial positioning in the direction orthogonal to the electrode planes, and as much as 68.4% improvement in photon sensitivity over the 3 mm wide cathode strips. The results were understood by analyzing the cathode strips’ weighting functions, which indicated a stronger “small pixel” effect in the 3 mm wide cathode strips. Photon sensitivity and anode energy resolution were seen to improve with decreasing steering electrode bias from 0 V to −80 V w.r.t the anode potential. A slight improvement in energy resolution was seen for wider steering electrode strips (400 μm vs. 100 μm) for charge-shared photon interactions. Although this study successfully focused on electrode pattern features for PET performance, the results are generally applicable to semiconductor photon detectors employing cross-trip electrode patterns. PMID:24786208

Storybooks aren't just for fun: narrative and non-narrative picture books foster equal amounts of generic language during mother-toddler book sharing

PubMed Central

Nyhout, Angela; O'Neill, Daniela K.

2014-01-01

Parents and children encounter a variety of animals and objects in the early picture books they share, but little is known about how the context in which these entities are presented influences talk about them. The present study investigated how the presence or absence of a visual narrative context influences mothers' tendency to refer to animals as individual characters or as members of a kind when sharing picture books with their toddlers (mean age 21.3 months). Mother-child dyads shared both a narrative and a non-narrative book, each featuring six animals and matched in terms of length and quantity of text. Mothers made more specific (individual-referring) statements about animals in the narrative books, whereas they provided more labels for animals in the non-narrative books. But, of most interest, the frequency and proportion of mothers' use of generic (kind-referring) utterances did not differ across the two different types of books. Further coding of the content of the utterances revealed that mothers provided more story-specific descriptions of states and actions of the animals when sharing narrative books and more physical descriptions of animals when sharing non-narrative books. However, the two books did not differ in terms of their elicitation of natural facts about the animals. Overall, although the two types of books encouraged different types of talk from mothers, they stimulated generic language and talk about natural facts to an equal degree. Implications for learning from picture storybooks and book genre selection in classrooms and home reading are discussed. PMID:24795675

Storybooks aren't just for fun: narrative and non-narrative picture books foster equal amounts of generic language during mother-toddler book sharing.

PubMed

Nyhout, Angela; O'Neill, Daniela K

2014-01-01

Parents and children encounter a variety of animals and objects in the early picture books they share, but little is known about how the context in which these entities are presented influences talk about them. The present study investigated how the presence or absence of a visual narrative context influences mothers' tendency to refer to animals as individual characters or as members of a kind when sharing picture books with their toddlers (mean age 21.3 months). Mother-child dyads shared both a narrative and a non-narrative book, each featuring six animals and matched in terms of length and quantity of text. Mothers made more specific (individual-referring) statements about animals in the narrative books, whereas they provided more labels for animals in the non-narrative books. But, of most interest, the frequency and proportion of mothers' use of generic (kind-referring) utterances did not differ across the two different types of books. Further coding of the content of the utterances revealed that mothers provided more story-specific descriptions of states and actions of the animals when sharing narrative books and more physical descriptions of animals when sharing non-narrative books. However, the two books did not differ in terms of their elicitation of natural facts about the animals. Overall, although the two types of books encouraged different types of talk from mothers, they stimulated generic language and talk about natural facts to an equal degree. Implications for learning from picture storybooks and book genre selection in classrooms and home reading are discussed.

Novel Control Strategy for Multiple Run-of-the-River Hydro Power Plants to Provide Grid Ancillary Services

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mohanpurkar, Manish; Luo, Yusheng; Hovsapian, Rob

Electricity generated by Hydropower Plants (HPPs) contributes a considerable portion of bulk electricity generation and delivers it with a low carbon footprint. In fact, HPP electricity generation provides the largest share from renewable energy resources, which includes solar and wind energy. The increasing penetration of wind and solar penetration leads to a lowered inertia in the grid and hence poses stability challenges. In recent years, breakthrough in energy storage technologies have demonstrated the economic and technical feasibility of extensive deployments in power grids. Multiple ROR HPPs if integrated with scalable, multi time-step energy storage so that the total output canmore » be controlled. Although, the size of a single energy storage is far smaller than that of a typical reservoir, cohesively managing multiple sets of energy storage distributed in different locations is proposed. The ratings of storages and multiple ROR HPPs approximately equals the rating of a large, conventional HPP. The challenges associated with the system architecture and operation are described. Energy storage technologies such as supercapacitors, flywheels, batteries etc. can function as a dispatchable synthetic reservoir with a scalable size of energy storage will be integrated. Supercapacitors, flywheels, and battery are chosen to provide fast, medium, and slow responses to support grid requirements. Various dynamic and transient power grid conditions are simulated and performances of integrated ROR HPPs with energy storage is provided. The end goal of this research is to investigate the inertial equivalence of a large, conventional HPP with a unique set of multiple ROR HPPs and optimally rated energy storage systems.« less

'Part of the solution': Developing sustainable energy through co-operatives and learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duguid, Fiona C. B.

After five years of development, WindShare Co-operative in Toronto, Ontario became the first urban wind turbine in North America and the first co-operatively owned and operated wind turbine in Canada. The development of WindShare Co-operative has spurred the growth of a green energy co-operative sector in Ontario. This study, which included 27 interviews and a focus group with members of WindShare Co-operative, focuses on the roles of community-based green energy co-operatives in advancing sustainable energy development and energy literacy. Sustainable energy development is firmly rooted in the triple bottom line of environmental, social and economic success, and green energy co-operatives can be a way to help achieve those successes. Green energy co-operatives are structures for providing renewable energy generation or energy conservation practices, both of which have important environmental impacts regarding climate change and pollution levels. Co-operative structures are supported by processes that include local ownership, democracy, participation, community organizing, learning and social change. These processes have a significant social impact by creating a venue for people to be directly involved in the energy industry, by involving learning through participation in a community-based organization, and by advancing energy literacy within the membership and the general public. In regards to the economic impacts, green energy co-operatives foster a local economy and local investment opportunities, which have repercussions regarding building expertise within Ontario's green energy and co-operative development future, and more generally, captures members' interest because they have a direct stake in the co-operative. This thesis shows that green energy co-operatives, like WindShare, play an important role in advancing sustainable energy development, energy literacy and the triple bottom line. Members of WindShare expressed resounding feelings of pride, efficacy and understanding of WindShare's role in sustainable energy. WindShare Co-operative provided the structure whereby members felt a part of the solution in terms of sustainable energy development. Policies and practices at all levels of government should encourage the advancement of green energy co-operatives to support Canada's efforts at public involvement in combating climate change and pollution.

Experimental Study of Split-Path Transmission Load Sharing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krantz, Timothy L.; Delgado, Irebert R.

1996-01-01

Split-path transmissions are promising, attractive alternatives to the common planetary transmissions for helicopters. The split-path design offers two parallel paths for transmitting torque from the engine to the rotor. Ideally, the transmitted torque is shared equally between the two load paths; however, because of manufacturing tolerances, the design must be sized to allow for other than equal load sharing. To study the effect of tolerances, experiments were conducted using the NASA split-path test gearbox. Two gearboxes, nominally identical except for manufacturing tolerances, were tested. The clocking angle was considered to be a design parameter and used to adjust the load sharing of an otherwise fixed design. The torque carried in each path was measured for a matrix of input torques and clocking angles. The data were used to determine the optimal value and a tolerance for the clocking angles such that the most heavily loaded split path carried no greater than 53 percent of an input shaft torque of 367 N-m. The range of clocking angles satisfying this condition was -0.0012 +/- 0.0007 rad for box 1 and -0.0023 +/- 0.0009 rad for box 2. This study indicates that split-path gearboxes can be used successfully in rotorcraft and can be manufactured with existing technology.

Tensions among siblings in parent care.

PubMed

Lashewicz, Bonnie; Keating, Norah

2009-06-01

From a place of "genealogical equivalence" as children of their parents, siblings spend a lifetime developing separate identities. As parents near the end of their lives, issues of sibling equivalence are renegotiated in the face of equal obligations to provide care and equal entitlement to parent assets. In this paper, we hypothesize how unresolved issues of rivalry for parent affection/attention among siblings may be reasserted when parents need care. Data are drawn from a project about how parent care and assets are shared. In-depth interviews with three sibling groups experiencing conflict over sharing parent care and assets along with six Canadian legal case portrayals of disputes among siblings over how parent care and assets were shared are examined. Findings are that disputes occur when siblings perceive others as dominating parent care and assets through tactics such as separating the parent from other siblings and preventing other siblings from being engaged in decisions about care and assets. Discussion is focused on paradoxes faced by siblings given expectations for equity in parent relationships alongside perceived pre-eminence in care and asset decisions.

DSM-5 and culture: the need to move towards a shared model of care within a more equal patient-physician partnership.

PubMed

Jacob, K S

2014-02-01

The universal models employed by psychiatry de-emphasise the role of context and culture. Despite highlighting the impact of culture on psychiatric diagnosis and management in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5, most of the changes suggested remain in the introduction and appendices of the manual. Nevertheless, clinical and biological heterogeneity within phenomenological categories mandates the need to individualise care. However, social and cultural context, patient beliefs about causation, impact, treatment and outcome expectations are never systematically elicited, as they were not essential to diagnosis and classification. Patient experience and narratives are trivialised and the biomedical model is considered universal and transcendental. The need to elicit patient perspectives, evaluate local reality, assess culture, educate patients about possible interventions, and negotiate a shared plan of management between patient and clinician is cardinal for success. The biopsychosocial model, which operates within a paternalistic physician-patient relationship, needs to move towards a shared approach, within a more equal patient-clinician partnership. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A serach for moderate- and high-energy neturino emission correlated with gamma-ray bursts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Becker-Szendy, R.; Bratton, C. B.; Breault, J.; Casper, D.; Dye, S. T.; Gajewski, W.; Goldhaber, M.; Haines, T. J.; Halverson, P. G.; Kielczewska, D.

1995-01-01

A temporal correlation analysis between moderate- (60 Mev less than or equal to E(sub nu)greater than or equal to 2500 MeV) and high-energy (E(sub nu) greater than or equal to 2000 MeV) neutrino interactions consist of two types: the moderate-energy interactions that are contained within the volume of IMB-3 and the upward-going muons produced by high-energy nu(sub mu) interactions in the rock around the detector. No evidence is found for moderate- or high-energy neutrino emission from GRBs nor for any neutrino/neutrino correlation. The nonobservation of nu/GRB correlations allows upper limits to be placed on the neutrino flux associated with GRBs.

Electronegativity Equalization and Partial Charge

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sanderson, R. T.

1974-01-01

This article elaborates the relationship between covalent radius, homonuclear bond energy, and electronegativity, and sets the background for bond energy calculation by discussing the nature of heteronuclear covalent bonding on the basis of electronegativity equalization and particle charge. (DT)

A Method to Analyze and Optimize the Load Sharing of Split Path Transmissions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krantz, Timothy L.

1996-01-01

Split-path transmissions are promising alternatives to the common planetary transmissions for rotorcraft. Heretofore, split-path designs proposed for or used in rotorcraft have featured load-sharing devices that add undesirable weight and complexity to the designs. A method was developed to analyze and optimize the load sharing in split-path transmissions without load-sharing devices. The method uses the clocking angle as a design parameter to optimize for equal load sharing. In addition, the clocking angle tolerance necessary to maintain acceptable load sharing can be calculated. The method evaluates the effects of gear-shaft twisting and bending, tooth bending, Hertzian deformations within bearings, and movement of bearing supports on load sharing. It was used to study the NASA split-path test gearbox and the U.S. Army's Comanche helicopter main rotor gearbox. Acceptable load sharing was found to be achievable and maintainable by using proven manufacturing processes. The analytical results compare favorably to available experimental data.

How much would each researcher receive if competitive government research funding were distributed equally among researchers?

PubMed Central

Katzav, Joel

2017-01-01

Scientists are increasingly dissatisfied with funding systems that rely on peer assessment and, accordingly, have suggested several proposals for reform. One of these proposals is to distribute available funds equally among all qualified researchers, with no interference from peer review. Despite its numerous benefits, such egalitarian sharing faces the objection, among others, that it would lead to an unacceptable dilution of resources. The aim of the present paper is to assess this particular objection. We estimate (for the Netherlands, the U.S. and the U.K.) how much researchers would receive were they to get an equal share of the government budgets that are currently allocated through competitive peer assessment. For the Netherlands, we furthermore estimate what researchers would receive were we to differentiate between researchers working in low-cost, intermediate-cost and high-cost disciplines. Given these estimates, we then determine what researchers could afford in terms of PhD students, Postdocs, travel and equipment. According to our results, researchers could, on average, maintain current PhD student and Postdoc employment levels, and still have at their disposal a moderate (the U.K.) to considerable (the Netherlands, U.S.) budget for travel and equipment. This suggests that the worry that egalitarian sharing leads to unacceptable dilution of resources is unjustified. Indeed, our results strongly suggest that there is room for far more egalitarian distribution of funds than happens in the highly competitive funding schemes so prevalent today. PMID:28886054

How much would each researcher receive if competitive government research funding were distributed equally among researchers?

PubMed

Vaesen, Krist; Katzav, Joel

2017-01-01

Scientists are increasingly dissatisfied with funding systems that rely on peer assessment and, accordingly, have suggested several proposals for reform. One of these proposals is to distribute available funds equally among all qualified researchers, with no interference from peer review. Despite its numerous benefits, such egalitarian sharing faces the objection, among others, that it would lead to an unacceptable dilution of resources. The aim of the present paper is to assess this particular objection. We estimate (for the Netherlands, the U.S. and the U.K.) how much researchers would receive were they to get an equal share of the government budgets that are currently allocated through competitive peer assessment. For the Netherlands, we furthermore estimate what researchers would receive were we to differentiate between researchers working in low-cost, intermediate-cost and high-cost disciplines. Given these estimates, we then determine what researchers could afford in terms of PhD students, Postdocs, travel and equipment. According to our results, researchers could, on average, maintain current PhD student and Postdoc employment levels, and still have at their disposal a moderate (the U.K.) to considerable (the Netherlands, U.S.) budget for travel and equipment. This suggests that the worry that egalitarian sharing leads to unacceptable dilution of resources is unjustified. Indeed, our results strongly suggest that there is room for far more egalitarian distribution of funds than happens in the highly competitive funding schemes so prevalent today.

Equality in Educational Policy and the Heritability of Educational Attainment

PubMed Central

Colodro-Conde, Lucía; Rijsdijk, Frühling; Tornero-Gómez, María J.; Sánchez-Romera, Juan F.; Ordoñana, Juan R.

2015-01-01

Secular variation in the heritability of educational attainment are proposed to be due to the implementation of more egalitarian educational policies leading to increased equality in educational opportunities in the second part of the 20th century. The action of effect is hypothesized to be a decrease of shared environmental (e.g., family socioeconomic status or parents’ education) influences on educational attainment, giving more room for genetic differences between individuals to impact on the variation of the trait. However, this hypothesis has not yet found consistent evidence. Support for this effect relies mainly on comparisons between countries adopting different educational systems or between different time periods within a country reflecting changes in general policy. Using a population-based sample of 1271 pairs of adult twins, we analyzed the effect of the introduction of a specific educational policy in Spain in 1970. The shared-environmental variance decreased, leading to an increase in heritability in the post-reform cohort (44 vs. 67%) for males. Unstandardized estimates of genetic variance were of a similar magnitude (.56 vs. .57) between cohorts, while shared environmental variance decreased from .56 to .04. Heritability remained in the same range for women (40 vs. 34%). Our results support the role of educational policy in affecting the relative weight of genetic and environmental factors on educational attainment, such that increasing equality in educational opportunities increases heritability estimates by reducing variation of non-genetic familial origin. PMID:26618539

Advanced Performance Hydraulic Wind Energy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Jack A.; Bruce, Allan; Lam, Adrienne S.

2013-01-01

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, has developed a novel advanced hydraulic wind energy design, which has up to 23% performance improvement over conventional wind turbine and conventional hydraulic wind energy systems with 5 m/sec winds. It also has significant cost advantages with levelized costs equal to coal (after carbon tax rebate). The design is equally applicable to tidal energy systems and has passed preliminary laboratory proof-of-performance tests, as funded by the Department of Energy.

Transfer of Decision Making and Farm Tasks from Father to Son in Father-and-Son Farming Arrangements. RS-51, August 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coughenour, C. Milton; And Others

The study examined the division of decision-making and farm tasks in a joint father and son enterprise, the extent to which the decisions tended to be shared equally, and the extent to which the principal operator had responsibility for those tasks not shared. Data were collected in 1974 from fathers and sons who were joint operators of 145 farms…

What does equity in health mean?

PubMed

Mooney, G

1987-01-01

The author posits some ethical concerns and theories of distribution in order to gain some insight into the meaning of equity in health, as referred to in WHO documents. It is pointed out that the lack of clarity in the WHO positions is evidenced by examining 1) the European strategy document, which focuses on giving equal health to all and equity access to health care, and 2) the Global Strategy for Health, which talks about reducing inequality and health as a human right. The question raised in document 1 is whether more equal sharing of health might mean less health for the available quantity of resources. The question raised in document 2 is whether there is a right to health per se. The question is how does one measure health policy effects. Health effects are different for an 8-year-old girl and an octogenarian. How does one measure the fairness of access to health care in remote mountain villages versus an urban area? Is equal utilization which is more easily measured comparable to equal need as a measure? How does one distribute doctors equitably? The author espouses the determinant of health as Aday's illness and health promotion, which is not biased by class and controversy. The Aday definition embraces both demand and need, although his definition is still open to question. Concepts of health with distinction between need and demand are made. Theories of Veatch which relate to distributive justice and equity in health care are provided as entitlement theory (market forces determine allocation of resources), utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number regardless of redistribution issues), maximum theory (maximize the minimum position or giver priority to the least well off), and equality (fairness in distribution). Different organizational and financing structures will influence the approach to equity. The conclusion is that equity is a value laden concept which has no uniquely correct definition. 5 theories of equity in distribution of health resources are discussed: 1) a theory of maximum (Rawl's theory modified to include health care institutions providing opportunity as the social good), 2) altruism as a basis for equity (Titmuss' Kantian view of national responsibility to provide equitable service delivery altruistically or equal access), 3) a fair share theory of distribution (Margolis' process utility theory of doing one's fair share or equality of access for equal need, 4) commitment to equity (Sen's focus on sympathy and commitment to another's ill health status and access), and 5) equity as externality (Culyer's health care consumption where government determines the merit good or extent of consumption). If policy objectives are not clear and the definitions muddy, resources may be badly wasted or misdirected and the pursuit of equity unfulfilled, even though there is agreement in principle.

Equal opportunities for men: a perspective of an ERC grantee and father of three

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobek, Sebastian

2017-04-01

Equal opportunities is still regarded a "women's issue" by many. Implicit to this notion is the assumption that men are made to work and make a career. However, if we agree that life consists of more than work and sleep, and if we agree that men have the right to be with their children, equal opportunities are of course equally important for men: it means to provide opportunities for men to spend time with their families and children. In this presentation, I would like to share my personal experience as ERC grantee, father of three children, and husband of a scientist. I will highlight the importance of personal choices, but also of policies and institutional structures that promote or impede equal opportunities for men. I will make the point that providing opportunities for men to be with their children, while they pursue an academic career, will be beneficial not only for them, but also for women, and therefore constitutes a key component in work towards equal opportunities.

10 CFR 605.13 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Cost sharing. 605.13 Section 605.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS THE OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM... evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 605.10(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 605.13 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Cost sharing. 605.13 Section 605.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS THE OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM... evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 605.10(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 605.13 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cost sharing. 605.13 Section 605.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS THE OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM... evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 605.10(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 605.13 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Cost sharing. 605.13 Section 605.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS THE OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM... evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 605.10(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 605.13 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Cost sharing. 605.13 Section 605.13 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS THE OFFICE OF ENERGY RESEARCH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM... evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 605.10(d)(5). ...

Evolution of equal division among unequal partners.

PubMed

Debove, Stéphane; Baumard, Nicolas; André, Jean-Baptiste

2015-02-01

One of the hallmarks of human fairness is its insensitivity to power: although strong individuals are often in a position to coerce weak individuals, fairness requires them to share the benefits of cooperation equally. The existence of such egalitarianism is poorly explained by current evolutionary models. We present a model based on cooperation and partner choice that can account for the emergence of a psychological disposition toward fairness, whatever the balance of power between the cooperative partners. We model the evolution of the division of a benefit in an interaction similar to an ultimatum game, in a population made up of individuals of variable strength. The model shows that strong individuals will not receive any advantage from their strength, instead having to share the benefits of cooperation equally with weak individuals at the evolutionary equilibrium, a result that is robust to variations in population size and the proportion of weak individuals. We discuss how this model suggests an explanation for why egalitarian behaviors toward everyone, including the weak, should be more likely to evolve in humans than in any other species. © 2015 The Author(s). Evolution © 2015 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

Community understandings of and responses to gender equality and empowerment in Rakai, Uganda.

PubMed

Mullinax, Margo; Higgins, Jenny; Wagman, Jennifer; Nakyanjo, Neema; Kigozi, Godfrey; Serwadda, David; Wawer, Maria; Gray, Ronald; Nalugoda, Fred

2013-01-01

Women's rights and gender empowerment programmes are now part of the international agenda for improving global public health, the benefits of which are well documented. However, the public health community has, yet, to address how people define and understand gender equality and how they enact the process of empowerment in their lives. This study uses safe homes and respect for everyone (SHARE), an anti-violence intervention in rural Rakai, Uganda, as a case study to investigate perceptions of gender equality. Investigators analysed 12 focus groups of adult women and men to explore how macro-level concepts of gender equality are being processed on an interpersonal level and the effects on health outcomes. Respondents generally agreed that women lack basic rights. However, they also expressed widespread disagreement about the meanings of gender equality, and reported difficulties integrating the concepts of gender equality into their interpersonal relationships. Community members reported that equality, with the resulting shift in gender norms, could expose women to adverse consequences such as violence, infidelity and abandonment with increased sexual health risks, and potential adverse effects on education. Efforts to increase women's rights must occur in conjunction with community-based work on understandings of gender equality.

A hybrid integrated services digital network-internet protocol solution for resident education.

PubMed

Erickson, Delnora; Greer, Lester; Belard, Arnaud; Tinnel, Brent; O'Connell, John

2010-05-01

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of incorporating Web-based application sharing of virtual medical simulation software within a multipoint video teleconference (VTC) as a training tool in graduate medical education. National Capital Consortium Radiation Oncology Residency Program resident and attending physicians participated in dosimetry teaching sessions held via VTC using Acrobat Connect application sharing. Residents at remote locations could take turns designing radiation treatments using standard three-dimensional planning software, whereas instructors gave immediate feedback and demonstrated proper techniques. Immediately after each dosimetry lesson, residents were asked to complete a survey that evaluated the effectiveness of the session. At the end of a 3-month trial of using Adobe Connect, residents completed a final survey that compared this teaching technology to the prior VTC-alone method. The mean difference from equality across all quality measures from the weekly survey was 0.8, where 0 indicated neither enhanced nor detracted from the learning experience and 1 indicated a minor enhancement in the learning experience. The mean difference from equality across all measures from the final survey comparing use of application sharing with VTC to VTC alone was 1.5, where 1 indicated slightly better and 2 indicated a somewhat better experience. The teaching efficacy of multipoint VTC is perceived by medical residents to be more effective when complemented by application-sharing software such as Adobe Acrobat Connect.

Comparison of distributed acceleration and standard models of cosmic-ray transport

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Letaw, J. R.; Silberberg, R.; Tsao, C. H.

1995-01-01

Recent cosmic-ray abundance measurements for elements in the range 3 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28 and energies 10 MeV/n less than or equal to E less than or equal to 1 TeV/n have been analyzed with computer transport modeling. About 500 elemental and isotopic measurements have been explored in this analysis. The transport code includes the effects of ionization losses, nuclear spallation reactions (including those of secondaries), all nuclear decay modes, stripping and attachment of electrons, escape from the Galaxy, weak reacceleration and solar modulation. Four models of reacceleration (with several submodels of various reacceleration strengths) were explored. A chi (exp 2) analysis show that the reacceleration models yield at least equally good fits to the data as the standard propagation model. However, with reacceleration, the ad hoc assumptions of the standard model regarding discontinuities in the energy dependence of the mean path length traversed by cosmic rays, and in the momentum spectrum of the cosmic-ray source spectrum are eliminated. Futhermore, the difficulty between rigidity dependent leakage and energy independent anisotropy below energies of 10(exp 14) eV is alleviated.

Marginal instability threshold condition of the aperiodic ordinary mode in equal-mass plasmas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Vafin, S.; Schlickeiser, R.; Yoon, P. H.

The purely growing ordinary (O) mode instability for counter-streaming bi-Maxwellian plasma particle distribution functions has recently received renewed attention due to its importance for the solar wind plasma. Here, the analytical marginal instability condition is derived for magnetized plasmas consisting of equal-mass charged particles, distributed in counter-streams with equal temperatures. The equal-mass composition assumption enormously facilitates the theoretical analysis due to the equality of the values of the electron and positron (positive and negative ion) plasma and gyrofrequencies. The existence of a new instability domain of the O-mode at small plasma beta values is confirmed, when the parallel counter-stream freemore » energy exceeds the perpendicular bi-Maxwellian free energy.« less

Reconstruction of Energy Surfaces from Friction Force Microscopy Measurements with the Jarzynski Equality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berkovich, Ronen; Klafter, Joseph; Urbakh, Michael

Free energy is one of the most fundamental thermodynamic functions, determining relative phase stability and serving as a generating function for other thermodynamic quantities. The calculation of free energies is a challenging enterprise. In equilibrium statistical mechanics, the free energy is related to the canonical partition function. The partition function itself involves integrations over all degrees of freedom in the system and, in most cases, cannot be easily calculated directly. In 1997, Jarzynski proved a remarkable equality that allows computing the equilibrium free-energy difference between two states from the probability distribution of the nonequilibrium work done on the system to switch between the two states. The Jarzynski equality provides a powerful free-energy difference estimator from a set of irreversible experiments. This method is closely related to free-energy perturbation approach, which is also a computational technique for estimating free-energy differences. The ability to map potential profiles and topologies is of major significance to areas as diverse as biological recognition and nanoscale friction. This capability has been demonstrated for frictional studies where a force between the tip of the scanning force microscope and the surface is probed. The surface free-energy corrugation produces a detectable friction forces. Thus, friction force microscopy (FFM) should be able to discriminate between energetically different areas on the probed surface. Here, we apply the Jarzynski equality for the analysis of FFM measurements and thus obtain a variation of the free energy along a surface.

Identifying Galactic Cosmic Ray Origins With Super-TIGER

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

deNolfo, Georgia; Binns, W. R.; Israel, M. H.; Christian, E. R.; Mitchell, J. W.; Hams, T.; Link, J. T.; Sasaki, M.; Labrador, A. W.; Mewaldt, R. A.;

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kirschner, J.; Kerherve, G.; Winkler, C.

In this article, a novel time-of-flight spectrometer for two-electron-emission (e,2e/{gamma},2e) correlation spectroscopy from surfaces at low electron energies is presented. The spectrometer consists of electron optics that collect emitted electrons over a solid angle of approximately 1 sr and focus them onto a multichannel plate using a reflection technique. The flight time of an electron with kinetic energy of E{sub kin}{approx_equal}25 eV is around 100 ns. The corresponding time- and energy resolution are typically {approx_equal}1 ns and {approx_equal}0.65 eV, respectively. The first (e,2e) data obtained with the present setup from a LiF film are presented.

The relationship between relational models and individualism and collectivism: evidence from culturally diverse work groups.

PubMed

Vodosek, Markus

2009-04-01

Relational models theory (Fiske, 1991 ) proposes that all thinking about social relationships is based on four elementary mental models: communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, and market pricing. Triandis and his colleagues (e.g., Triandis, Kurowski, & Gelfand, 1994 ) have suggested a relationship between the constructs of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism and Fiske's relational models. However, no previous research has examined this proposed relationship empirically. The objective of the current study was to test the association between the two frameworks in order to further our understanding of why members of culturally diverse groups may prefer different relational models in interactions with other group members. Findings from this study support a relationship between Triandis' constructs and Fiske's four relational models and uphold Fiske's ( 1991 ) claim that the use of the relational models is culturally dependent. As hypothesized, horizontal collectivism was associated with a preference for equality matching and communal sharing, vertical individualism was related to a preference for authority ranking, and vertical collectivism was related to a preference for authority ranking and communal sharing. However, contrary to expectations, horizontal individualism was not related to a preference for equality matching and market pricing, and vertical individualism was not associated with market pricing. By showing that there is a relationship between Triandis' and Fiske's frameworks, this study closes a gap in relational models theory, namely how culture relates to people's preferences for relational models. Thus, the findings from this study will enable future researchers to explain and predict what relational models are likely to be used in a certain cultural context.

Political Broadcast Advertising and Primary Election Voting

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wanat, John

1974-01-01

Results of a research project which hypothisized that: Other things being equal, the heavier a candidate's usage of broadcast advertising in a primary election campaign, the greater will be his share of the votes in the election. (Author/HB)

47 CFR 0.332 - Actions taken under delegated authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... safety, homeland security, national security, emergency management and preparedness, and disaster management communications—the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. (d) Complaints involving equal... frequencies shared with broadcast, common carrier, or government services—Office of Engineering and Technology...

3 CFR 9016 - Proclamation 9016 of September 13, 2013. National Hispanic Heritage Month, 2013

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... blend of backgrounds, those who journey to our shores embrace America. Sharing the dream of equality and..., we must never scale back our dreams. My Administration remains committed to building a rising...

25 CFR 111.4 - Election of shareholders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... PAYMENTS § 111.4 Election of shareholders. An Indian holding equal rights in two or more tribes can share... enrolled and to relinquish in writing his claims to payments to the other. In the case of a minor the...

The equal load-sharing model of cascade failures in power grids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scala, Antonio; De Sanctis Lucentini, Pier Giorgio

2016-11-01

Electric power-systems are one of the most important critical infrastructures. In recent years, they have been exposed to extreme stress due to the increasing power demand, the introduction of distributed renewable energy sources, and the development of extensive interconnections. We investigate the phenomenon of abrupt breakdown of an electric power-system under two scenarios: load growth (mimicking the ever-increasing customer demand) and power fluctuations (mimicking the effects of renewable sources). Our results indicate that increasing the system size causes breakdowns to become more abrupt; in fact, mapping the system to a solvable statistical-physics model indicates the occurrence of a first order transition in the large size limit. Such an enhancement for the systemic risk failures (black-outs) with increasing network size is an effect that should be considered in the current projects aiming to integrate national power-grids into ;super-grids;.

Expert Systems on Multiprocessor Architectures. Volume 3. Technical Reports

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

choice of load balancing vs. load sharing 1141. While load balancing strives to keep all sites equally loaded, load sharing merely tries to prevent ...unnecessary idleness. Loo. balancing is appropriate to object- oriented real- time systems because * real-time systems ne ,l to prevent long waits for...oetavir ConClass siy51cr Iz a n ubjeU rephitation ’-enare ir order wo prevent a partic=Lar abiec:;ram heing (ntrlu ~lel Ar iic]en:f etautaan ire chanw

Vibrio chromosomes share common history.

PubMed

Kirkup, Benjamin C; Chang, LeeAnn; Chang, Sarah; Gevers, Dirk; Polz, Martin F

2010-05-10

While most gamma proteobacteria have a single circular chromosome, Vibrionales have two circular chromosomes. Horizontal gene transfer is common among Vibrios, and in light of this genetic mobility, it is an open question to what extent the two chromosomes themselves share a common history since their formation. Single copy genes from each chromosome (142 genes from chromosome I and 42 genes from chromosome II) were identified from 19 sequenced Vibrionales genomes and their phylogenetic comparison suggests consistent phylogenies for each chromosome. Additionally, study of the gene organization and phylogeny of the respective origins of replication confirmed the shared history. Thus, while elements within the chromosomes may have experienced significant genetic mobility, the backbones share a common history. This allows conclusions based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) for one chromosome to be applied equally to both chromosomes.

Equipartition terms in transition path ensemble: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations of alanine dipeptide.

PubMed

Li, Wenjin

2018-02-28

Transition path ensemble consists of reactive trajectories and possesses all the information necessary for the understanding of the mechanism and dynamics of important condensed phase processes. However, quantitative description of the properties of the transition path ensemble is far from being established. Here, with numerical calculations on a model system, the equipartition terms defined in thermal equilibrium were for the first time estimated in the transition path ensemble. It was not surprising to observe that the energy was not equally distributed among all the coordinates. However, the energies distributed on a pair of conjugated coordinates remained equal. Higher energies were observed to be distributed on several coordinates, which are highly coupled to the reaction coordinate, while the rest were almost equally distributed. In addition, the ensemble-averaged energy on each coordinate as a function of time was also quantified. These quantitative analyses on energy distributions provided new insights into the transition path ensemble.

10 CFR 602.12 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Cost sharing. 602.12 Section 602.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OTHER HEALTH STUDIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... the evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 602.9(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 602.12 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Cost sharing. 602.12 Section 602.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OTHER HEALTH STUDIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... the evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 602.9(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 602.12 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Cost sharing. 602.12 Section 602.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OTHER HEALTH STUDIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... the evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 602.9(d)(5). ...

10 CFR 602.12 - Cost sharing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Cost sharing. 602.12 Section 602.12 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (CONTINUED) ASSISTANCE REGULATIONS EPIDEMIOLOGY AND OTHER HEALTH STUDIES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE... the evaluation and selection process unless otherwise provided under § 602.9(d)(5). ...

How Will the Affordable Care Act's Cost-Sharing Reductions Affect Consumers' Out-of-Pocket Costs in 2016?

PubMed

Collins, Sara R; Gunja, Munira; Beutel, Sophie

2016-03-01

Health insurers selling plans in the Affordable Care Act's market­places are required to reduce cost-sharing in silver plans for low- and moderate-income people earning between 100 percent and 250 percent of the federal pov­erty level. In 2016, as many as 7 million Americans may have plans with these cost-sharing reductions. In the largest markets in the 38 states using the federal website for marketplace enrollment, the cost-sharing reductions substantially lower projected out-of-pocket costs for people who qualify for them. However, the degree to which consumers' out-of-pocket spending will fall varies by plan and how much health care they use. This is because insurers use deductibles, out-of-pocket limits, and copayments in different combinations to lower cost-sharing for eligible enrollees. In 2017, marketplace insurers will have the option of offering standard plans, which may help simplify consumers' choices and lead to more equal cost-sharing.

A balloon-borne instrument for high-resolution astrophysical spectroscopy in the 20-8000 keV energy range

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Paciesas, W. S.; Baker, R.; Boclet, D.; Brown, S.; Cline, T.; Costlow, H.; Durouchoux, P.; Ehrmann, C.; Gehrels, N.; Hameury, J. M.

1983-01-01

The Low Energy Gamma ray Spectrometer (LEGS) is designed to perform fine energy resolution measurements of astrophysical sources. The instrument is configured for a particular balloon flight with either of two sets of high purity germanium detectors. In one configuration, the instrument uses an array of three coaxial detectors (effective volume equal to or approximately 230 cubic cm) inside an NaI (T1) shield and collimator (field of view equal to or approximately 16 deg FWHM) and operates in the 80 to 8000 keV energy range. In the other configuration, three planar detectors (effective area equal to or approximately square cm) surrounded by a combination of passive Fe and active NaI for shielding and collimation (field of view equal to or approximately 5 deg x 10 deg FWHM) are optimized for the 20 to 200 keV energy range. In a typical one day balloon flight, LEGS sensitivity limit (3 sigma) for narrow line features is less than or approximately .0008 ph/cm/s square (coaxial array: 80 to 2000 keV) and less than or approximately .0003 ph/square cm/s (planar array: 50 to 150 keV).

Food sharing in vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment

PubMed Central

Carter, Gerald G.; Wilkinson, Gerald S.

2013-01-01

Common vampire bats often regurgitate food to roost-mates that fail to feed. The original explanation for this costly helping behaviour invoked both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Several authors have since suggested that food sharing is maintained solely by indirect fitness because non-kin food sharing could have resulted from kin recognition errors, indiscriminate altruism within groups, or harassment. To test these alternatives, we examined predictors of food-sharing decisions under controlled conditions of mixed relatedness and equal familiarity. Over a 2 year period, we individually fasted 20 vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and induced food sharing on 48 days. Surprisingly, donors initiated food sharing more often than recipients, which is inconsistent with harassment. Food received was the best predictor of food given across dyads, and 8.5 times more important than relatedness. Sixty-four per cent of sharing dyads were unrelated, approaching the 67 per cent expected if nepotism was absent. Consistent with social bonding, the food-sharing network was consistent and correlated with mutual allogrooming. Together with past work, these findings support the hypothesis that food sharing in vampire bats provides mutual direct fitness benefits, and is not explained solely by kin selection or harassment. PMID:23282995

Food sharing in vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment.

PubMed

Carter, Gerald G; Wilkinson, Gerald S

2013-02-22

Common vampire bats often regurgitate food to roost-mates that fail to feed. The original explanation for this costly helping behaviour invoked both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Several authors have since suggested that food sharing is maintained solely by indirect fitness because non-kin food sharing could have resulted from kin recognition errors, indiscriminate altruism within groups, or harassment. To test these alternatives, we examined predictors of food-sharing decisions under controlled conditions of mixed relatedness and equal familiarity. Over a 2 year period, we individually fasted 20 vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and induced food sharing on 48 days. Surprisingly, donors initiated food sharing more often than recipients, which is inconsistent with harassment. Food received was the best predictor of food given across dyads, and 8.5 times more important than relatedness. Sixty-four per cent of sharing dyads were unrelated, approaching the 67 per cent expected if nepotism was absent. Consistent with social bonding, the food-sharing network was consistent and correlated with mutual allogrooming. Together with past work, these findings support the hypothesis that food sharing in vampire bats provides mutual direct fitness benefits, and is not explained solely by kin selection or harassment.

Reducing injection loss in drill strings

DOEpatents

Drumheller, Douglas S.

2004-09-14

A system and method for transferring wave energy into or out of a periodic structure having a characteristic wave impedance profile at a prime frequency, the characteristic wave impedance profile comprising a real portion and an imaginary portion, comprising: locating one or more energy transfer elements each having a wave impedance at the prime frequency approximately equal to the real portion of the characteristic wave impedance at one or more points on the periodic structure with the imaginary portion approximately equaling zero; and employing the one or more energy transfer elements to transfer wave energy into or out of the periodic structure. The energy transfer may be repeaters. Quarter-wave transformers can be provided at one or more points on the periodic structure with the imaginary portion approximately equaling zero to transmit waves across one or more discontinuities. A terminator can be employed for cancellation of waves. The invention substantially eliminates reflections of the wave energy at the prime frequency by joints between sections of the periodic structure.

The Energy Measure for the Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leslie, Trevor M.; Shvydkoy, Roman

2018-04-01

The potential failure of energy equality for a solution u of the Euler or Navier-Stokes equations can be quantified using a so-called `energy measure': the weak-* limit of the measures {|u(t)|^2dx} as t approaches the first possible blowup time. We show that membership of u in certain (weak or strong) {L^q L^p} classes gives a uniform lower bound on the lower local dimension of E ; more precisely, it implies uniform boundedness of a certain upper s-density of E . We also define and give lower bounds on the `concentration dimension' associated to E , which is the Hausdorff dimension of the smallest set on which energy can concentrate. Both the lower local dimension and the concentration dimension of E measure the departure from energy equality. As an application of our estimates, we prove that any solution to the 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations which is Type-I in time must satisfy the energy equality at the first blowup time.

Differential acceleration in the final beam lines of a Heavy Ion Fusion driver

DOE PAGES

Friedman, Alex

2013-10-19

A long-standing challenge in the design of a Heavy Ion Fusion power plant is that the ion beams entering the target chamber, which number of order a hundred, all need to be routed from one or two multi-beam accelerators through a set of transport lines. The beams are divided into groups, which each have unique arrival times and may have unique kinetic energies. It is also necessary to arrange for each beam to enter the target chamber from a prescribed location on the periphery of that chamber. Furthermore, it has generally been assumed that additional constraints must be obeyed: thatmore » the path lengths of the beams in a group must be equal, and that any delay of \\main-pulse" beams relative to \\foot-pulse" beams must be provided by the insertion of large delay-arcs in the main beam transport lines. Here we introduce the notion of applying \\di erential acceleration" to individual beams or sets of beam at strategic stages of the transport lines. That is, by accelerating some beams \\sooner" and others \\later," it is possible to simplify the beam line con guration in a number of cases. For example, the time delay between the foot and main pulses can be generated without resorting to large arcs in the main-pulse beam lines. It is also possible to use di erential acceleration to e ect the simultaneous arrival on target of a set of beams ( e.g., for the foot-pulse) without requiring that their path lengths be precisely equal. We illustrate the technique for two model con gurations, one corresponding to a typical indirect-drive scenario requiring distinct foot and main energies, and the other to an ion-driven fast-ignition scenario wherein the foot and main beams share a common energy.« less

Dark Energy and Key Physical Parameters of Clusters of Galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chernin, A. D.; Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.

We discuss the physics of clusters of galaxies embedded in the cosmic dark energy background and show that 1) the halo cut-off radius of a cluster like the Virgo cluster is practically, if not exactly, equal to the zero-gravity radius at which the dark matter gravity is balanced by the dark energy antigravity; 2) the halo averaged density is equal to two densities of dark energy; 3) the halo edge (cut-off) density is the dark energy density with a numerical factor of the unity order slightly depending on the halo profile.

Charging system and method for multicell storage batteries

DOEpatents

Cox, Jay A.

1978-01-01

A battery-charging system includes a first charging circuit connected in series with a plurality of battery cells for controlled current charging. A second charging circuit applies a controlled voltage across each individual cell for equalization of the cells to the fully charged condition. This controlled voltage is determined at a level above the fully charged open-circuit voltage but at a sufficiently low level to prevent corrosion of cell components by electrochemical reaction. In this second circuit for cell equalization, a transformer primary receives closely regulated, square-wave voltage which is coupled to a plurality of equal secondary coil windings. Each secondary winding is connected in parallel to each cell of a series-connected pair of cells through half-wave rectifiers and a shared, intermediate conductor.

Confidence bounds and hypothesis tests for normal distribution coefficients of variation

Treesearch

Steve Verrill; Richard A. Johnson

2007-01-01

For normally distributed populations, we obtain confidence bounds on a ratio of two coefficients of variation, provide a test for the equality of k coefficients of variation, and provide confidence bounds on a coefficient of variation shared by k populations.

Soy

MedlinePlus

... Soy URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007204.htm Soy To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Humans have been eating soy beans for almost 5000 years. The soybean is high in protein. The quality of protein from soy equals that of protein ...

Participation in a mobile health intervention trial to improve retention in HIV care: does gender matter?

PubMed Central

van der Kop, Mia L; Muhula, Samuel; Ekström, Anna M; Jongbloed, Kate; Smillie, Kirsten; Abunah, Bonface; Kinagwi, Koki; Kyomuhangi, Lennie B; Gelmon, Lawrence; Ojakaa, David I; Lester, Richard T; Awiti, Patricia O

2017-01-01

Background To be consistent with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals on gender equality, mobile health (mHealth) programmes should aim to use communications technology to promote the empowerment of women. We conducted a pre-trial analysis of data from the WelTel Retain study on retention in HIV care to assess gender-based differences in phone access, phone sharing and concerns about receiving text messages from a healthcare provider. Methods Between April 2013–June 2015, HIV-positive adults were screened for trial participation at two clinics in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Proportions of men and women excluded from the trial due to phone-related criteria were compared using a chi-square test. Gender-based differences in phone sharing patterns and concerns among trial participants were similarly compared. Results Of 1068 individuals screened, there was no difference in the proportion of men (n = 39/378, 10.3%) and women (n = 71/690, 10.3%) excluded because of phone-related criteria (p-value = 0.989). Among those who shared their phone, women (n = 52/108, 48.1%) were more likely than men (n = 6/60, 10.0%) to share with other non-household and household members (p <0.001). Few participants had concerns about receiving text messages from their healthcare provider; those with concerns were all women (n = 6/700). Discussion In this study, men and women were equally able to participate in a trial of an mHealth intervention. Equitable access in these urban slums may indicate the ‘gender digital divide’ is narrowing in some settings; however, gender-specific phone sharing patterns and concerns regarding privacy must be fully considered in the development and scale-up of mHealth programmes. PMID:27080746

Participation in a mobile health intervention trial to improve retention in HIV care: does gender matter?

PubMed

van der Kop, Mia L; Muhula, Samuel; Ekström, Anna M; Jongbloed, Kate; Smillie, Kirsten; Abunah, Bonface; Kinagwi, Koki; Kyomuhangi, Lennie B; Gelmon, Lawrence; Ojakaa, David I; Lester, Richard T; Awiti, Patricia O

2017-02-01

Background To be consistent with the United Nations' sustainable development goals on gender equality, mobile health (mHealth) programmes should aim to use communications technology to promote the empowerment of women. We conducted a pre-trial analysis of data from the WelTel Retain study on retention in HIV care to assess gender-based differences in phone access, phone sharing and concerns about receiving text messages from a healthcare provider. Methods Between April 2013-June 2015, HIV-positive adults were screened for trial participation at two clinics in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Proportions of men and women excluded from the trial due to phone-related criteria were compared using a chi-square test. Gender-based differences in phone sharing patterns and concerns among trial participants were similarly compared. Results Of 1068 individuals screened, there was no difference in the proportion of men ( n = 39/378, 10.3%) and women ( n = 71/690, 10.3%) excluded because of phone-related criteria ( p-value = 0.989). Among those who shared their phone, women ( n = 52/108, 48.1%) were more likely than men ( n = 6/60, 10.0%) to share with other non-household and household members ( p < 0.001). Few participants had concerns about receiving text messages from their healthcare provider; those with concerns were all women ( n = 6/700). Discussion In this study, men and women were equally able to participate in a trial of an mHealth intervention. Equitable access in these urban slums may indicate the 'gender digital divide' is narrowing in some settings; however, gender-specific phone sharing patterns and concerns regarding privacy must be fully considered in the development and scale-up of mHealth programmes.

Burden Sharing with Climate Change Impacts

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tavoni, M.; van Vuuren, D.; De Cian, E.; Marangoni, G.; Hof, A.

2014-12-01

Efficiency and equity have been at the center of the climate change policy making since the very first international environmental agreements on climate change, though over time how to implement these principles has taken different forms. Studies based on Integrated Assessment Models have also shown that the economic effort of achieving a 2 degree target in a cost-effective way would differ widely across regions (Tavoni et al. 2013) because of diverse economic and energy structure, baseline emissions, energy and carbon intensity. Policy instruments, such as a fully-fledged, global emission trading schemes can be used to pursuing efficiency and equity at the same time but the literature has analyzed the compensations required to redistribute only mitigation costs. However, most of these studies have neglected the potential impacts of climate change. In this paper we use two integrated assessment models -FAIR and WITCH- to explore the 2°C policy space when accounting for climate change impacts. Impacts are represented via two different reduced forms equations, which despite their simplicity allows us exploring the key sensitivities- Our results show that in a 2 degree stabilization scenarios residual damages remain significant (see Figure 1) and that if you would like to compensate those as part of an equal effort scheme - this would lead to a different allocation than focusing on a mitigation based perspective only. The residual damages and adaptation costs are not equally distributed - and while we do not cover the full uncertainty space - with 2 different models and 2 sets of damage curves we are still able to show quite similar results in terms of vulnerable regions and the relative position of the different scenarios. Therefore, accounting for the residual damages and the associated adaptation costs on top of the mitigation burden increases and redistributes the full burden of total climate change.

3 CFR 8773 - Proclamation 8773 of January 13, 2012. Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday, 2012

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., sharing his dream of an America that ensured the true equality of all our people. From the steps of the... remarkable dream is unending, with persistence, progress is within our reach. On the Martin Luther King, Jr...

A 20-Year Educational Experiment: The Diaspora of Adolescence. The Iconoclast.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMurtry, John

1994-01-01

Describes adolescent development in a family where children were treated as equal partners in decision making and behavior. Maintains that adolescents will grow from the relationship of shared power and responsibility. Discusses issues such as sexuality, television viewing, and athletics. (CFR)

48 CFR 922.804-2 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Construction. 922.804-2... APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Equal Employment Opportunity 922.804-2 Construction. (a) Construction contracts, including cost-sharing contracts, are subject to OFCCP orders applicable in particular...

48 CFR 922.804-2 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Construction. 922.804-2... APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Equal Employment Opportunity 922.804-2 Construction. (a) Construction contracts, including cost-sharing contracts, are subject to OFCCP orders applicable in particular...

48 CFR 922.804-2 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Construction. 922.804-2... APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Equal Employment Opportunity 922.804-2 Construction. (a) Construction contracts, including cost-sharing contracts, are subject to OFCCP orders applicable in particular...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

Data traffic reduction schemes for sparse Cholesky factorizations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Naik, Vijay K.; Patrick, Merrell L.

1988-01-01

Load distribution schemes are presented which minimize the total data traffic in the Cholesky factorization of dense and sparse, symmetric, positive definite matrices on multiprocessor systems with local and shared memory. The total data traffic in factoring an n x n sparse, symmetric, positive definite matrix representing an n-vertex regular 2-D grid graph using n (sup alpha), alpha is equal to or less than 1, processors are shown to be O(n(sup 1 + alpha/2)). It is O(n(sup 3/2)), when n (sup alpha), alpha is equal to or greater than 1, processors are used. Under the conditions of uniform load distribution, these results are shown to be asymptotically optimal. The schemes allow efficient use of up to O(n) processors before the total data traffic reaches the maximum value of O(n(sup 3/2)). The partitioning employed within the scheme, allows a better utilization of the data accessed from shared memory than those of previously published methods.

Conservation laws, symmetry properties, and the equivalence principle in a class of alternative theories of gravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barraco, D. E.; Domínguez, E.; Guibert, R.

1999-08-01

We consider a subclass of alternative theories of gravitation obtained by a first order formalism from a Lagrangian density LT=f(R)-g+LM where the matter field Lagrangian density LM does not depend on the connection. For this theory we derive an analogue of the Einstein pseudotensor and the von Freud superpotential. Then we derive, using the arbitrariness that is always present in the choice of pseudotensor and superpotential, a generalization of the Møller superpotential as associated with a double-index differential conservation law. This superpotential allows us to deduce that there are two analogues of the Komar vector of general relativity (GR): one associated with the general connection and the other with the metric connection. Astonishingly both of them satisfy the physical condition that the inertial mass must be equal to the gravitational (active) mass for any class of matter. We also obtain a generalization of Tolman's expression for the energy, and prove that those theories with f(0)=0 share with GR the property that the total energy is independent of any two-dimensional surface which encloses the support of the matter distribution.

The boundary layer moist static energy budget: Convection picks up moisture and leaves footprints in the marine boundary layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Szoeke, S. P.

2017-12-01

Averaged over the tropical marine boundary layer (BL), 130 W m-2 turbulent surface moist static energy (MSE) flux, 120 W m-2 of which is evaporation, is balanced by upward MSE flux at the BL top due to 1) incorporation of cold air by downdrafts from deep convective clouds, and 2) turbulent entrainment of dry air into the BL. Cold saturated downdraft air, and warm clear air entrained into the BL have distinct thermodynamic properties. This work observationally quantifies their respective MSE fluxes in the central Indian Ocean in 2011, under different convective conditions of the intraseasonal (40-90 day) Madden Julian oscillation (MJO). Under convectively suppressed conditions, entrainment and downdraft fluxes export equal shares (60 W m-2) of MSE from the BL. Downdraft fluxes are more variable, increasing for stronger convection. In the convectively active phase of the MJO, downdrafts export 90 W m-2 from the BL, compared to 40 W m-2 by entrainment. These processes that control the internal, latent (condensation), and MSE of the tropical marine atmospheric BL determine the parcel buoyancy and strength of tropical deep convection.

The economics of time shared computing: Congestion, user costs and capacity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agnew, C. E.

1982-01-01

Time shared systems permit the fixed costs of computing resources to be spread over large numbers of users. However, bottleneck results in the theory of closed queueing networks can be used to show that this economy of scale will be offset by the increased congestion that results as more users are added to the system. If one considers the total costs, including the congestion cost, there is an optimal number of users for a system which equals the saturation value usually used to define system capacity.

[Case and studies].

PubMed

Schubert, András

2015-11-15

Case studies and case reports form an important and ever growing part of scientific and scholarly literature. The paper deals with the share and citation rate of these publication types on different fields of research. In general, evidence seems to support the opinion that an excessive number of such publications may negatively influence the impact factor of the journal. In the literature of scientometrics, case studies (at least the presence of the term "case study" in the titles of the papers) have a moderate share, but their citation rate is practically equal to that of other publication types.

Socially Extended Cognition and Shared Intentionality

PubMed Central

Lyre, Holger

2018-01-01

The paper looks at the intersection of extended cognition and social cognition. The central claim is that the mechanisms of shared intentionality can equally be considered as coupling mechanisms of cognitive extension into the social domain. This claim will be demonstrated by investigating a detailed example of cooperative action, and it will be argued that such cases imply that socially extended cognition is not only about cognitive vehicles, but that content must additionally be taken into account. It is finally outlined how social content externalism can in principle be grounded in socially extended cognition. PMID:29892254

Network Computing Infrastructure to Share Tools and Data in Global Nuclear Energy Partnership

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Guehee; Suzuki, Yoshio; Teshima, Naoya

CCSE/JAEA (Center for Computational Science and e-Systems/Japan Atomic Energy Agency) integrated a prototype system of a network computing infrastructure for sharing tools and data to support the U.S. and Japan collaboration in GNEP (Global Nuclear Energy Partnership). We focused on three technical issues to apply our information process infrastructure, which are accessibility, security, and usability. In designing the prototype system, we integrated and improved both network and Web technologies. For the accessibility issue, we adopted SSL-VPN (Security Socket Layer-Virtual Private Network) technology for the access beyond firewalls. For the security issue, we developed an authentication gateway based on the PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) authentication mechanism to strengthen the security. Also, we set fine access control policy to shared tools and data and used shared key based encryption method to protect tools and data against leakage to third parties. For the usability issue, we chose Web browsers as user interface and developed Web application to provide functions to support sharing tools and data. By using WebDAV (Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning) function, users can manipulate shared tools and data through the Windows-like folder environment. We implemented the prototype system in Grid infrastructure for atomic energy research: AEGIS (Atomic Energy Grid Infrastructure) developed by CCSE/JAEA. The prototype system was applied for the trial use in the first period of GNEP.

Atomic electron energies including relativistic effects and quantum electrodynamic corrections

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aoyagi, M.; Chen, M. H.; Crasemann, B.; Huang, K. N.; Mark, H.

1977-01-01

Atomic electron energies have been calculated relativistically. Hartree-Fock-Slater wave functions served as zeroth-order eigenfunctions to compute the expectation of the total Hamiltonian. A first order correction to the local approximation was thus included. Quantum-electrodynamic corrections were made. For all orbitals in all atoms with 2 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 106, the following quantities are listed: total energies, electron kinetic energies, electron-nucleus potential energies, electron-electron potential energies consisting of electrostatic and Breit interaction (magnetic and retardation) terms, and vacuum polarization energies. These results will serve for detailed comparison of calculations based on other approaches. The magnitude of quantum electrodynamic corrections is exhibited quantitatively for each state.

Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability.

PubMed

Schader, Christian; Muller, Adrian; Scialabba, Nadia El-Hage; Hecht, Judith; Isensee, Anne; Erb, Karl-Heinz; Smith, Pete; Makkar, Harinder P S; Klocke, Peter; Leiber, Florian; Schwegler, Patrizia; Stolze, Matthias; Niggli, Urs

2015-12-06

Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions -18%; arable land occupation -26%, N-surplus -46%; P-surplus -40%; non-renewable energy use -36%, pesticide use intensity -22%, freshwater use -21%, soil erosion potential -12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption. © 2015 The Authors.

Impacts of feeding less food-competing feedstuffs to livestock on global food system sustainability

PubMed Central

Hecht, Judith; Isensee, Anne; Smith, Pete; Makkar, Harinder P. S.; Klocke, Peter; Leiber, Florian; Stolze, Matthias; Niggli, Urs

2015-01-01

Increasing efficiency in livestock production and reducing the share of animal products in human consumption are two strategies to curb the adverse environmental impacts of the livestock sector. Here, we explore the room for sustainable livestock production by modelling the impacts and constraints of a third strategy in which livestock feed components that compete with direct human food crop production are reduced. Thus, in the outmost scenario, animals are fed only from grassland and by-products from food production. We show that this strategy could provide sufficient food (equal amounts of human-digestible energy and a similar protein/calorie ratio as in the reference scenario for 2050) and reduce environmental impacts compared with the reference scenario (in the most extreme case of zero human-edible concentrate feed: greenhouse gas emissions −18%; arable land occupation −26%, N-surplus −46%; P-surplus −40%; non-renewable energy use −36%, pesticide use intensity −22%, freshwater use −21%, soil erosion potential −12%). These results occur despite the fact that environmental efficiency of livestock production is reduced compared with the reference scenario, which is the consequence of the grassland-based feed for ruminants and the less optimal feeding rations based on by-products for non-ruminants. This apparent contradiction results from considerable reductions of animal products in human diets (protein intake per capita from livestock products reduced by 71%). We show that such a strategy focusing on feed components which do not compete with direct human food consumption offers a viable complement to strategies focusing on increased efficiency in production or reduced shares of animal products in consumption. PMID:26674194

Householders' Mental Models of Domestic Energy Consumption: Using a Sort-And-Cluster Method to Identify Shared Concepts of Appliance Similarity.

PubMed

Gabe-Thomas, Elizabeth; Walker, Ian; Verplanken, Bas; Shaddick, Gavin

2016-01-01

If in-home displays and other interventions are to successfully influence people's energy consumption, they need to communicate about energy in terms that make sense to users. Here we explore householders' perceptions of energy consumption, using a novel combination of card-sorting and clustering to reveal shared patterns in the way people think about domestic energy consumption. The data suggest that, when participants were asked to group appliances which they felt naturally 'went together', there are relatively few shared ideas about which appliances are conceptually related. To the extent participants agreed on which appliances belonged together, these groupings were based on activities (e.g., entertainment) and location within the home (e.g., kitchen); energy consumption was not an important factor in people's categorisations. This suggests messages about behaviour change aimed at reducing energy consumption might better be tied to social practices than to consumption itself.

The increasing labor force participation of older workers and its effect on the income of the aged.

PubMed

Leonesio, Michael V; Bridges, Benjamin; Gesumaria, Robert; Del Bene, Linda

2012-01-01

The labor force participation rates of men and women aged 62-79 have notably increased since the mid-1990s. The result is a dramatic increase in the share of total money income attributable to earnings. For persons aged 65-69, the earnings share of total income increased from 28 percent in 1980 to 42 percent in 2009. For this age group in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Social Security benefits and earnings were roughly equal shares of total money income (about 30 percent); the earnings share is now more than 12 percentage points larger. When we focus on aged persons who receive Social Security benefits, earnings shares have increased markedly throughout the 62-79 age range since the early 1990s. We show that for aged persons with labor market earnings, those earnings have a large effect on their relative position in the distribution of annual money income of older Americans.

Transformed by Disappointment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hall, Karen E.

2011-01-01

American author Napoleon Hill stated that "with every disappointment, heartbreak, or failure, there exists an equal (usually greater) positive benefit." In this article, the author shares how weathering her own personal storms has helped her to guide her students to the learning opportunities inherent in their challenges. Her experience with the…

Cost Sharing in Public Universities: A Kenyan Case Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodrigues, Anthony J.; Wandiga, Shem O.

1997-01-01

Presents an analysis of government policy on higher education finance in Kenya, outlines parameters of an appropriate tuition policy (cost recovery, equity, equal access, affordability, student loan program objectives), and provides a model for simulating loan program outcomes. Suggests several proposed policy and administrative reforms concerning…

Family Relational Values in the Parent-Adolescent Relationship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edgar-Smith, Susan E.; Wozniak, Robert H.

2010-01-01

This study measured the relational family values system of upper-middle-class mothers, fathers, and adolescents in the United States. Results revealed that participants shared common family values that mainly reflected the importance of individualism, equality in family relationships, family member interdependence, and parental guidance. Parent…

47 CFR 73.2080 - Equal employment opportunities (EEO).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... against in employment by such stations because of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex... gender from among those who share their religious affiliation or belief. For purposes of this rule, a..., or sex, and solicit their recruitment assistance on a continuing basis; (4) Conduct a continuing...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Technologies: Potential Navigational Impacts and Mitigation Measures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cool, Richard, M.; Hudon, Thomas, J.; Basco, David, R.

2009-12-10

On April 15, 2008, the Department of Energy (DOE) issued a Funding Opportunity Announcement for Advanced Water Power Projects which included a Topic Area for Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Market Acceleration Projects. Within this Topic Area, DOE identified potential navigational impacts of marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies and measures to prevent adverse impacts on navigation as a sub-topic area. DOE defines marine and hydrokinetic technologies as those capable of utilizing one or more of the following resource categories for energy generation: ocean waves; tides or ocean currents; free flowing water in rivers or streams; and energy generation frommore » the differentials in ocean temperature. PCCI was awarded Cooperative Agreement DE-FC36-08GO18177 from the DOE to identify the potential navigational impacts and mitigation measures for marine hydrokinetic technologies, as summarized herein. The contract also required cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and two recipients of awards (Pacific Energy Ventures and reVision) in a sub-topic area to develop a protocol to identify streamlined, best-siting practices. Over the period of this contract, PCCI and our sub-consultants, David Basco, Ph.D., and Neil Rondorf of Science Applications International Corporation, met with USCG headquarters personnel, with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers headquarters and regional personnel, with U.S. Navy regional personnel and other ocean users in order to develop an understanding of existing practices for the identification of navigational impacts that might occur during construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning. At these same meetings, “standard” and potential mitigation measures were discussed so that guidance could be prepared for project developers. Concurrently, PCCI reviewed navigation guidance published by the USCG and international community. This report summarizes the results of this effort, provides guidance in the form of a checklist for assessing the navigational impacts of potential marine and hydrokinetic projects, and provides guidance for improving the existing navigational guidance promulgated by the USCG in Navigation Vessel Inspection Circular 02 07. At the request of the USCG, our checklist and mitigation guidance was written in a generic nature so that it could be equally applied to offshore wind projects. PCCI teleconferenced on a monthly basis with DOE, Pacific Energy Ventures and reVision in order to share information and review work products. Although the focus of our effort was on marine and hydrokinetic technologies, as defined above, this effort drew upon earlier work by the USCG on offshore wind renewable energy installations. The guidance provided herein can be applied equally to marine and hydrokinetic technologies and to offshore wind, which are collectively referred to by the USCG as Renewable Energy Installations.« less

Force sharing in high-power parallel servo-actuators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Neal, T. P.

1974-01-01

The various existing force sharing schemes were examined by conducting a literature survey. A list of potentially applicable concepts was compiled from this survey, and a brief analysis was then made of each concept, which resulted in two competing schemes being selected for in-depth evaluation. A functional design of the equalization logic for the two schemes was undertaken and specific space shuttle application was chosen for experimental evaluation. The application was scaled down so that existing hardware could be utilized. Next, an analog computer study was conducted to evaluate the more important characteristics of the two competing force sharing schemes. On the basis of the computers study, a final configuration was selected. A load simulator was then designed to evaluate this configuration on actual hardware.

Shared environmental influences on personality: A combined twin and adoption approach

PubMed Central

Matteson, Lindsay K.; McGue, Matt; Iacono, William G.

2013-01-01

In the past, shared environmental influences on personality traits have been found to be negligible in behavior genetic studies (e.g., Bouchard & McGue, 2003). However, most studies have been based on biometrical modeling of twins only. Failure to meet key assumptions of the classical twin design could lead to biased estimates of shared environmental effects. Alternative approaches to the etiology of personality are needed. In the current study we estimated the impact of shared environmental factors on adolescent personality by simultaneously modeling both twin and adoption data. We found evidence for significant shared environmental influences on Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Absorption (15% variance explained), Alienation (10%), Harm Avoidance (14%), and Traditionalism (26%) scales. Additionally, we found that in most cases biometrical models constraining parameter estimates to be equal across study type (twins versus adoptees) fit no worse than models allowing these parameters to vary; this suggests that results converge across study design despite the potential (sometimes opposite) biases of twin and adoption studies. Thus, we can be more confident that our findings represent the true contribution of shared environmental variance to personality development. PMID:24065564

Parental share in public and domestic spheres: a population study on gender equality, death, and sickness.

PubMed

Månsdotter, Anna; Lindholm, Lars; Lundberg, Michael; Winkvist, Anna; Ohman, Ann

2006-07-01

Examine the relation between aspects of gender equality and population health based on the premise that sex differences in health are mainly caused by the gender system. All Swedish couples (98 240 people) who had their first child together in 1978. The exposure of gender equality is shown by the parents' division of income and occupational position (public sphere), and parental leave and temporary child care (domestic sphere). People were classified by these indicators during 1978-1980 into different categories; those on an equal footing with their partner and those who were traditionally or untraditionally unequal. Health is measured by the outcomes of death during 1981-2001 and sickness absence during 1986-2000. Data are obtained by linking individual information from various national sources. The statistical method used is multiple logistic regressions with odds ratios as estimates of relative risks. From the public sphere is shown that traditionally unequal women have decreased health risks compared with equal women, while traditionally unequal men tend to have increased health risks compared with equal men. From the domestic sphere is indicated that both women and men run higher risks of death and sickness when being traditionally unequal compared with equal. Understanding the relation between gender equality and health, which was found to depend on sex, life sphere, and inequality type, seems to require a combination of the hypotheses of convergence, stress and expansion.

Genomes in the cloud: balancing privacy rights and the public good.

PubMed

Ohno-Machado, Lucila; Farcas, Claudiu; Kim, Jihoon; Wang, Shuang; Jiang, Xiaoqian

2013-01-01

The NIH-funded iDASH1 National Center for Biomedical Computing was created in 2010 with the goal of developing infrastructure, algorithms, and tools to integrate Data for Analysis, 'anonymization,' and SHaring. iDASH is based on the premise that, while a strong case for not sharing information to preserve individual privacy can be made, an equally compelling case for sharing genome information for the public good (i.e., to support new discoveries that promote health or alleviate the burden of disease) should also be made. In fact, these cases do not need to be mutually exclusive: genome data sharing on a cloud does not necessarily have to compromise individual privacy, although current practices need significant improvement. So far, protection of subject data from re-identification and misuse has been relying primarily on regulations such as HIPAA, the Common Rule, and GINA. However, protection of biometrics such as a genome requires specialized infrastructure and tools.

The challenge of genuine power sharing in participatory research: the gap between theory and practice.

PubMed

Mason, R; Boutilier, M

1996-01-01

Participatory research is often suggested as a strategy to overcome power imbalances between researchers and research "subjects" because it values equally the knowledge of each individual who participates in the project. However, there is little documentation of the dilemmas that may arise when a complex community service organization attempts to engage in participatory research. In our experience of a participatory research project with multiple partners, power imbalances arose from organizationally based perspectives that were unaccounted for in the participatory research literature, demonstrating that power is a complex and elusive factor in establishing equal relations.

Accuracy of Lagrange-sinc functions as a basis set for electronic structure calculations of atoms and molecules

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Choi, Sunghwan; Hong, Kwangwoo; Kim, Jaewook

2015-03-07

We developed a self-consistent field program based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory using Lagrange-sinc functions as a basis set and examined its numerical accuracy for atoms and molecules through comparison with the results of Gaussian basis sets. The result of the Kohn-Sham inversion formula from the Lagrange-sinc basis set manifests that the pseudopotential method is essential for cost-effective calculations. The Lagrange-sinc basis set shows faster convergence of the kinetic and correlation energies of benzene as its size increases than the finite difference method does, though both share the same uniform grid. Using a scaling factor smaller than or equal tomore » 0.226 bohr and pseudopotentials with nonlinear core correction, its accuracy for the atomization energies of the G2-1 set is comparable to all-electron complete basis set limits (mean absolute deviation ≤1 kcal/mol). The same basis set also shows small mean absolute deviations in the ionization energies, electron affinities, and static polarizabilities of atoms in the G2-1 set. In particular, the Lagrange-sinc basis set shows high accuracy with rapid convergence in describing density or orbital changes by an external electric field. Moreover, the Lagrange-sinc basis set can readily improve its accuracy toward a complete basis set limit by simply decreasing the scaling factor regardless of systems.« less

The Happiest Kids on Earth. Gender Equality and Adolescent Life Satisfaction in Europe and North America.

PubMed

Looze, M E de; Huijts, T; Stevens, G W J M; Torsheim, T; Vollebergh, W A M

2018-05-01

Cross-national differences in adolescent life satisfaction in Europe and North America are consistent, but remain poorly understood. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the explanatory role of economic factors, such as national wealth and income equality, they revealed weak associations, at most. This study examines whether societal gender equality can explain the observed cross-national variability in adolescent life satisfaction. Based on the assumption that gender equality fosters a supportive social context, for example within families through a more equal involvement of fathers and mothers in child care tasks, adolescent life satisfaction was expected to be higher in more gender-equal countries. To test this hypothesis, national-level data of gender equality (i.e., women's share in political participation, decision making power, economic participation and command over resources) were linked to data from 175,470 adolescents aged 11-16 years old (M age  = 13.6, SD = 1.64, 52% girls) from 34 European and North American countries involved in the 2009/10 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Results of linear multilevel regression analyses indicate that adolescents in countries with relatively high levels of gender equality report higher life satisfaction than their peers in countries with lower levels of gender equality. The association between gender equality and adolescent life satisfaction remained significant after controlling for national wealth and income equality. It was equally strong for boys and girls. Moreover, the association between gender equality and life satisfaction was explained by social support in the family, peer and school context. This analysis suggests that gender equality fosters social support among members of a society, which in turn contributes to adolescent life satisfaction. Thus, promoting gender equality is likely to benefit all members of a society; not just by giving equal rights to women and girls, but also by fostering a supportive social climate for all.

Solar energy an investment in our nations energy and economic security

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barnett, A.; Sklar, A.

1996-07-01

The solar energy industries are engaged in aggressive efforts to develop, validate, and deploy solar energy systems for a wide variety of applications in every sector of the economy. In many cases, efforts are in partnership with the United States Departmet of Energy (DOE) and it`s laboratories. These partnerships are heavily cost shared by industry and were entered into with good faith by companies and corporations willing to include their significant cost-share in their budget planning.

41 CFR 102-38.295 - May we retain sales proceeds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., equal to your direct costs and reasonably related indirect costs (including your share of the Governmentwide costs to support the eFAS Internet portal and Governmentwide reporting requirements) incurred in... subcontract provisions authorize the proceeds of sale to be credited to the price or cost of the contract or...

41 CFR 102-38.295 - May we retain sales proceeds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., equal to your direct costs and reasonably related indirect costs (including your share of the Governmentwide costs to support the eFAS Internet portal and Governmentwide reporting requirements) incurred in... subcontract provisions authorize the proceeds of sale to be credited to the price or cost of the contract or...

Dialogue as Moral Paradigm: Paths toward Intercultural Transformation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keller, J. Gregory

2011-01-01

The Council of Europe's 2008 "White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue: 'living together as equals in dignity'" points to the need for shared values upon which intercultural dialogue might rest. In order, however, to overcome the monologic separateness that threatens community, we must educate ourselves to recognize the dialogism of our…

Inclusion Needs of 3.0 Students in Latin America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Budden, Connie B.; Brenes, Lizette; Baraya, Aristides R.; Budden, Michael C.

2010-01-01

Recent changes in information and communication technologies offer people unprecedented opportunities to generate and share knowledge. Currently, inclusion refers to equal opportunities for the 3.0 person and it is not limited to special physical needs or reducing the digital divide. Faced with this reality, universities, in general must transform…

Terra II--A Spaceship Earth Simulation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mastrude, Peggy

1985-01-01

This simulation helps students in grades four to eight see their planet as one environment with limited resources shared by all. Students learn that the earth is a large system comprised of small systems, that systems are interdependent and often have irreplaceable parts, and that resources are not equally divided among countries. (RM)

School Facilities and Deferred Maintenance. Issuegram 43.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGuire, C. Kent

School systems have been forced to postpone purchases of new equipment and to defer repair and renovation projects. At present, 39 states provide support for local school district capital expenditures through five primary mechnanisms: full state assumption, state/local sharing, state flat grant, state equalizing grant, and state loans. In response…

[Intensive care and radio, two universes that feed of each other].

PubMed

Houguet, Morgan

2014-04-01

The discovery of the healthcare environment can be a stupefying and sometimes difficult process. It is a setting where life rubs shoulders with death every day and where laughter and tears are equally commonplace. Morgan Houguet, a young nurse, shares the humanity of his practice in intensive care.

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Public Welfare Department of Health and Human Services GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

Dialoguing with Dreams in Existential Art Therapy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moon, Bruce L.

2007-01-01

This article presents a theoretical and methodological framework for interactive dialogue and analysis of dream images in existential art therapy. In this phenomenological-existential approach, the client and art therapist are regarded as equal partners with respect to sharing in the process of creation and discovery of meaning (Frankl, 1955,…

A Dramatic Approach to Reading Comprehension: Strategies and Activities for Classroom Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelner, Lenore Blank; Flynn, Rosalind M.

2006-01-01

Integration occurs when separate parts or elements are combined into a unified whole. This book focuses on classroom arts integration--equally incorporating skills in drama and reading comprehension into all lessons. Drama and reading comprehension share a multitude of authentic connections, including meaning making and interpretation. Each…

26 CFR 1.884-5 - Qualified resident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... local currency of the shares traded using an exchange rate equal to the average of the spot rates on the... paragraph (d) of this section (relating to publicly-traded corporations); (3) Meets the requirements of... foreign corporation is a resident and whose stock is primarily and regularly traded on an established...

Collaboration Indices for Monitoring Potential Problems in Online Small Groups

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jahng, Namsook

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study is to test the validity and reliability of three collaboration indices ("quantity", "equality", "and shareness") proposed by Jahng et al. (2010). The present study repeated the quantitative assessment of Jahng et al., and performed a further qualitative analysis to identify possible factors…

Marital Equality When Fathers Stay at Home.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zimmerman, Toni Schindler; Northen, Leslie Parker; Seng, Stephanie Crandall; Grogan, John W.

1999-01-01

Examines the experience of the family arrangement in which fathers choose to stay at home as the primary caregiver while their wives provide the family's income. Results indicate that couples choose this arrangement for both practical and philosophical reasons and that these couples are sharing more responsibilities than couples have…

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

Reaching for the Stars in your Golden Years: The Importance of Outreach for Senior Citizens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rapson, V.

2014-07-01

Astronomy outreach is often geared towards young children, but rarely towards senior citizens. This article shares the author's experience of conducting astronomy outreach activities at senior living communities and discusses why senior citizens are an equally important demographic to educate about astronomy.

33 CFR 277.6 - Basic policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... maintenance costs. That part of the cost attributable to the requirements of railroad or highway traffic shall... cost of a bridge alteration shall be limited to providing a functional facility equal in every respect... procedures in this regulation, shall be cost shared on the basis of 50 percent Federal and 50 percent non...

Virtually Unpacking Your Backpack: Educational Philosophy and Pedagogical Praxis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franklin, Yvette

2014-01-01

In this autoethnographic, conceptual philosophical reflection, the author inquires: "Can my students and I, in a technologically mediated virtual space, harness the work of philosophy of education scholars to engage in a shared experience of (re)considering paths to sensitivity to diversity for equity and equality?" The author engages…

Becoming Better Parents. Fourth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balson, Maurice

In response to new problems facing parents and families, this book provides democratic parenting strategies that diverge from traditional autocratic methods and reflect the values of respect, shared responsibility, self-discipline, and social equality. The goal of the book is to create a new tradition in child raising that will help to foster the…

Indigenous Knowledge Centers (IKC): Strong Medicine on Higher Education Campuses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delikat, Melissa

2017-01-01

Indigenous Knowledge Centers (IKC) on higher education campuses are unexplored in educational research, but they may be one of the most critical advancements in equality and decolonization efforts. This dissertation presents findings to descriptively introduce IKCs through a shared learning journey that is both culturally safe and relevant. Using…

Democratic Parenting: Paradoxical Messages in Democratic Parent Education Theories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oryan, Shlomit; Gastil, John

2013-01-01

Some prominent parent education theories in the United States and other Western countries base their educational viewpoint explicitly on democratic values, such as mutual respect, equality and personal freedom. These democratic parenting theories advocate sharing power with children and including them in family decision making. This study presents…

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

A Back-to-Front Derivation: The Equal Spacing of Quantum Levels Is a Proof of Simple Harmonic Oscillator Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andrews, David L.; Romero, Luciana C. Davila

2009-01-01

The dynamical behaviour of simple harmonic motion can be found in numerous natural phenomena. Within the quantum realm of atomic, molecular and optical systems, two main features are associated with harmonic oscillations: a finite ground-state energy and equally spaced quantum energy levels. Here it is shown that there is in fact a one-to-one…

Theoretical L-shell Coster-Kronig energies 11 or equal to z or equal to 103

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, M. H.; Crasemann, B.; Huang, K. N.; Aoyagi, M.; Mark, H.

1976-01-01

Relativistic relaxed-orbital calculations of L-shell Coster-Kronig transition energies have been performed for all possible transitions in atoms with atomic numbers. Hartree-Fock-Slater wave functions served as zeroth-order eigenfunctions to compute the expectation of the total Hamiltonian. A first-order approximation to the local approximation was thus included. Quantum-electrodynamic corrections were made. Each transition energy was computed as the difference between results of separate self-consistent-field calculations for the initial, singly ionized state and the final two-hole state. The following quantities are listed: total transition energy, 'electric' (Dirac-Hartree-Fock-Slater) contribution, magnetic and retardation contributions, and contributions due to vacuum polarization and self energy.

Energy performance of building fabric - Comparing two types of vernacular residential houses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Draganova, Vanya Y.; Matsumoto, Hiroshi; Tsuzuki, Kazuyo

2017-10-01

Notwithstanding apparent differences, Japanese and Bulgarian traditional residential houses share a lot of common features - building materials, building techniques, even layout design. Despite the similarities, these two types of houses have not been compared so far. The study initiates such comparison. The focus is on houses in areas with similar climate in both countries. Current legislation requirements are compared, as well as the criteria for thermal comfort of people. Achieving high energy performance results from a dynamic system of 4 main key factors - thermal comfort range, heating/cooling source, building envelope and climatic conditions. A change in any single one of them can affect the final energy performance. However, it can be expected that a combination of changes in more than one factor usually occurs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the thermal performance of building envelope designed under current regulations and a traditional one, having in mind the different thermal comfort range in the two countries. A sample building model is calculated in Scenario 1 - Japanese traditional building fabric, Scenario 2 - Bulgarian traditional building fabric and Scenario 3 - meeting the requirements of the more demanding current regulations. The energy modelling is conducted using EnergyPlus through OpenStudio cross-platform of software tools. The 3D geometry for the simulation is created using OpenStudio SketchUp Plug-in. Equal number of inhabitants, electricity consumption and natural ventilation is assumed. The results show that overall low energy consumption can be achieved using traditional building fabric as well, when paired with a wider thermal comfort range. Under these conditions traditional building design is still viable today. This knowledge can reestablish the use of traditional building fabric in contemporary design, stimulate preservation of local culture, building traditions and community identity.

A System of Systems Approach to the EU Energy System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jess, Tom; Madani, Kaveh; Mahlooji, Maral; Ristic, Bora

2016-04-01

Around the world, measures to prevent dangerous climate change are being adopted and may change energy systems fundamentally. The European Union (EU) is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emission by 20% by 2020 and by 80-95% by 2050. In order to achieve this, EU member states aim to increase the share of renewables in the energy mix to 20% by 2020. This commitment comes as part of a series of other aims, principles, and policies to reform the EU's energy system. Cost-efficiency in the emissions reductions measures as well as strategic goals under the Resource Efficient Europe flagship initiative which would include a more prudent approach to other natural resources such as water and land. Using the "System of Systems Approach", as from Hadian and Madani (2015), energy sources' Relative Aggregate Footprints (RAF) in the EU are evaluated. RAF aggregates across four criteria: carbon footprint, water footprint, land footprint, and economic cost. The four criteria are weighted by resource availability across the EU and for each Member State. This provides an evaluation of the overall resource use efficiency of the EU's energy portfolio and gives insight into the differences in the desirability of energy sources across Member States. Broadly, nuclear, onshore wind, and geothermal are most desirable under equal criteria weights and EU average weighting introduces only small changes in the relative performance of only few technologies. The member state specific weightings show that most countries have similar energy technology preferences. However, the UK deviates most strongly from the average, with an even stronger preference for nuclear and coal. Sweden, Malta and Finland also deviate from the typical preferences indicating the complexity in play in reforming the EU energy system. Reference Hadian S, Madani K (2015) A System of Systems Approach to Energy Sustainability Assessment: Are All Renewables Really Green? Ecological Indicators, 52, 194-206.

Transportation Energy Futures Series: Freight Transportation Modal Shares: Scenarios for a Low-Carbon Future

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brogan, J. J.; Aeppli, A. E.; Beagan, D. F.

2013-03-01

Truck, rail, water, air, and pipeline modes each serve a distinct share of the freight transportation market. The current allocation of freight by mode is the product of technologic, economic, and regulatory frameworks, and a variety of factors -- price, speed, reliability, accessibility, visibility, security, and safety -- influence mode. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this report considers how analytical methods can be used to project future modal shares and offers insights on federal policy decisions with the potential to prompt shifts to energy-efficient, low-emission modes. There are substantial opportunities to reduce the energy used for freight transportation, butmore » it will be difficult to shift large volumes from one mode to another without imposing considerable additional costs on businesses and consumers. This report explores federal government actions that could help trigger the shifts in modal shares needed to reduce energy consumption and emissions. This is one in a series of reports produced as a result of the Transportation Energy Futures project, a Department of Energy-sponsored multi-agency effort to pinpoint underexplored strategies for reducing GHGs and petroleum dependence related to transportation.« less

Triple differential cross sections for the electron-impact ionization of H{sub 2} molecules for equal and unequal outgoing electron energies

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Colgan, J.; Al-Hagan, O.; Madison, D. H.

A comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of the triple differential cross sections arising from the electron-impact ionization of molecular hydrogen is made, at an incident electron energy of 35.4 eV, for cases where the outgoing electrons have equal and unequal energies, and for a range of experimental geometries. Generally, good agreement is found between two theoretical approaches and experiment, with the best agreement arising for intermediate geometries with large gun angles and for the perpendicular geometry.

Electron beam accelerator with magnetic pulse compression and accelerator switching

DOEpatents

Birx, D.L.; Reginato, L.L.

1984-03-22

An electron beam accelerator is described comprising an electron beam generator-injector to produce a focused beam of greater than or equal to .1 MeV energy electrons; a plurality of substantially identical, aligned accelerator modules to sequentially receive and increase the kinetic energies of the beam electron by about .1-1 MeV per module. Each accelerator module includes a pulse-forming network that delivers a voltage pulse to the module of substantially .1-1 MeV maximum energy over a time duration of less than or equal to 1 ..mu..sec.

Biogas - the calculable energy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kith, Károly; Nagy, Orsolya; Balla, Zoltán; Tamás, András

2015-04-01

EU actions against climate change are rising energy prices, both have emphasized the use of renewable energy,increase investments and energy efficiency. A number of objectives formulated in the EC decree no. 29/2009 by 2020. This document is based on the share of renewable energies in energy consumption should be increased to 20% (EC, 2009). The EU average is 20% but the share of renewables vary from one member state to another. In Hungary in 2020, 14.65% renewable energy share is planned to be achieved. According to the latest Eurostat data, the share of renewable energy in energy consumption of the EU average was 14.1%, while in Hungary, this share was 9.6% in 2012. (EUROSTAT, 2014). The use of renewable energy plant level is influenced by several factors. The most important of these is the cost savings and efficiency gains. Hungarian investments in renewable energy production usually have high associated costs and the payback period is substantially more than five years, depending on the support rate. For example, the payback period is also influenced by the green electricity generated feed prices, which is one of the lowest in Hungary compared the Member States of the European Union. Consequently, it is important to increase the production of green energy. Nowadays, predictable biogas energy is an outstanding type of decentralized energy production. It follows directly that agricultural by-products can be used to produce energy and they also create jobs by the construction of a biogas plant. It is important to dispose of and destroy hazardous and noxious substances in energy production. It follows from this that the construction of biogas plants have a positive impact, in addition to green energy which is prepared to reduce the load on the environment. The production of biogas and green electricity is one of the most environment friendly forms of energy production. Biogas production also has other important ecological effects, such as the substitution of fertilizers, reducing its use in agriculture, which protects groundwater and surface water conditions and reduces the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the future more emphasis should be given to increase the effectiveness of existing technologies and other types of innovation could be expanded in energy production. It can be concluded that green energy investments can be rewarding if accurate planning is carried out before the investment.

Multipolar anisotropy of E{sub 0} Greater-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 10{sup 17} eV cosmic rays according to data of the Yakutsk array for studying extensive air showers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Glushkov, A. V., E-mail: a.v.glushkov@ikfia.ysn.ru

The results obtained by analyzing arrival directions for primary cosmic particles characterized by energies in the region E{sub 0} Greater-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 10{sup 17} eV and zenith angles in the range {theta} Less-Than-Or-Slanted-Equal-To 60 Degree-Sign and detected at the Yakutsk array for studying extensive air showers (EASs) over the period spanning 1974 and 2009 are presented. It is shown that these events exhibit different anisotropies in different energy intervals.

A minimax technique for time-domain design of preset digital equalizers using linear programming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vaughn, G. L.; Houts, R. C.

1975-01-01

A linear programming technique is presented for the design of a preset finite-impulse response (FIR) digital filter to equalize the intersymbol interference (ISI) present in a baseband channel with known impulse response. A minimax technique is used which minimizes the maximum absolute error between the actual received waveform and a specified raised-cosine waveform. Transversal and frequency-sampling FIR digital filters are compared as to the accuracy of the approximation, the resultant ISI and the transmitted energy required. The transversal designs typically have slightly better waveform accuracy for a given distortion; however, the frequency-sampling equalizer uses fewer multipliers and requires less transmitted energy. A restricted transversal design is shown to use the least number of multipliers at the cost of a significant increase in energy and loss of waveform accuracy at the receiver.

Thermodynamics of k-essence

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bilic, Neven

We discuss thermodynamic properties of dark energy using the formalism of field theory at finite temperature. In particular, we apply our formalism to a purely kinetic type of k-essence. We show quite generally that the entropy associated with dark energy is always equal or greater than zero. Hence, contrary to often stated claims, a violation of the null energy condition (phantom dark energy) does not necessarily yield a negative entropy. In addition, we find that the thermal fluctuations of a k-essence field may be represented by a free boson gas with an effective number of degrees of freedom equal tomore » c{sub s}{sup -3}.« less

Ligand reorganization and activation energies in nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Jianjun; Wang, Jianji; Stell, George

2006-10-01

The activation energy and ligand reorganization energy for nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions in chemical and biological systems are investigated in this paper. The free energy surfaces and the activation energy are derived exactly in the general case in which the ligand vibration frequencies are not equal. The activation energy is derived by free energy minimization at the transition state. Our formulation leads to the Marcus-Hush [J. Chem. Phys. 24, 979 (1956); 98, 7170 (1994); 28, 962 (1958)] results in the equal-frequency limit and also generalizes the Marcus-Sumi [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4894 (1986)] model in the context of studying the solvent dynamic effect on electron transfer reactions. It is found that when the ligand vibration frequencies are different, the activation energy derived from the Marcus-Hush formula deviates by 5%-10% from the exact value. If the reduced reorganization energy approximation is introduced in the Marcus-Hush formula, the result is almost exact.

[A new method of evaluating the utilization of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids and fatty acids) on the plastic and energy goals in the animal body].

PubMed

Virovets, O A; Gapparov, M M

1998-01-01

With use of a new method, based on detection in blood serum of radioactivity of water, formed from tritium marked precursors--glucose, amino acids (valine, serine, histidine) and palmitine acid--their distribution on oxidizing and anabolic ways of metabolism was determined. The work was carried out on laboratory rats. In young pubertal rats the ratio of flows on these ways for glucose was found equal 2.83, i.e. it in a greater degree was used as energy substratum. On the contrary, for palmitine acid this ratio was equal 0.10--it was comprised in a plastic material of organism in a greater degree. For serine, histidine and valine it is equal 0.34, 0.71 and 0.46, accordingly. In growing rats the distribution of flows was shifted aside of anabolic way: the ratio of flows is equal 0.19; in old rats--aside of oxidizing: a ratio of flows is equal 0.71.

Validation of the 2015 prostate cancer grade groups for predicting long-term oncologic outcomes in a shared equal-access health system.

PubMed

Schulman, Ariel A; Howard, Lauren E; Tay, Kae Jack; Tsivian, Efrat; Sze, Christina; Amling, Christopher L; Aronson, William J; Cooperberg, Matthew R; Kane, Christopher J; Terris, Martha K; Freedland, Stephen J; Polascik, Thomas J

2017-11-01

A 5-tier prognostic grade group (GG) system was enacted to simplify the risk stratification of patients with prostate cancer in which Gleason scores of ≤6, 3 + 4, 4 + 3, 8, and 9 or 10 are considered GG 1 through 5, respectively. The authors investigated the utility of biopsy GG for predicting long-term oncologic outcomes after radical prostatectomy in an equal-access health system. Men who underwent prostatectomy at 1 of 6 Veterans Affairs hospitals in the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed. The prognostic ability of biopsy GG was examined using Cox models. Interactions between GG and race also were tested. In total, 2509 men were identified who had data available on biopsy Gleason scores, covariates, and follow-up. The cohort included men with GG 1 (909 patients; 36.2%), GG 2 (813 patients; 32.4%), GG 3 (398 patients; 15.9%), GG 4 (279 patients; 11.1%), and GG 5 (110 patients; 4.4%) prostate cancer. The cohort included 1002 African American men (41%). The median follow-up was 60 months (interquartile range, 33-90 months). Higher GG was associated with higher clinical stage, older age, more recent surgery, and surgical center (P < .001) as well as increased biochemical recurrence, secondary therapy, castration-resistant prostate cancer, metastases, and prostate cancer-specific mortality (all P < .001). There were no significant interactions with race in predicting measured outcomes. The 5-tier GG system predicted multiple long-term endpoints after radical prostatectomy in an equal-access health system. The predictive value was consistent across races. Cancer 2017;123:4122-4129. © 2017 American Cancer Society. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Householders’ Mental Models of Domestic Energy Consumption: Using a Sort-And-Cluster Method to Identify Shared Concepts of Appliance Similarity

PubMed Central

Walker, Ian; Verplanken, Bas; Shaddick, Gavin

2016-01-01

If in-home displays and other interventions are to successfully influence people’s energy consumption, they need to communicate about energy in terms that make sense to users. Here we explore householders’ perceptions of energy consumption, using a novel combination of card-sorting and clustering to reveal shared patterns in the way people think about domestic energy consumption. The data suggest that, when participants were asked to group appliances which they felt naturally ‘went together’, there are relatively few shared ideas about which appliances are conceptually related. To the extent participants agreed on which appliances belonged together, these groupings were based on activities (e.g., entertainment) and location within the home (e.g., kitchen); energy consumption was not an important factor in people’s categorisations. This suggests messages about behaviour change aimed at reducing energy consumption might better be tied to social practices than to consumption itself. PMID:27467206

The practice of quality-associated costing: application to transfusion manufacturing processes.

PubMed

Trenchard, P M; Dixon, R

1997-01-01

This article applies the new method of quality-associated costing (QAC) to the mixture of processes that create red cell and plasma products from whole blood donations. The article compares QAC with two commonly encountered but arbitrary models and illustrates the invalidity of clinical cost-benefit analysis based on these models. The first, an "isolated" cost model, seeks to allocate each whole process cost to only one product class. The other is a "shared" cost model, and it seeks to allocate an approximately equal share of all process costs to all associated products.

Share of Energy Used by Appliances and Consumer Electronics Increases in U.S. Homes

EIA Publications

2011-01-01

Over the past three decades, the share of residential electricity used by appliances and electronics in U.S. homes has nearly doubled from 17% to 3% , growing from 1.77 quadrillion Btu (quads) to 3.25 quads. This rise has occurred while federal energy efficiency standards were enacted on every major appliance, overall household energy consumption actually decreased from 10.58 quads to 10.55 quads, and energy use per household fell 31%.

The High Cost of Saving Energy Dollars.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rose, Patricia

1985-01-01

In alternative financing a private company provides the capital and expertise for improving school energy efficiency. Savings are split between the school system and the company. Options for municipal leasing, cost sharing, and shared savings are explained along with financial, procedural, and legal considerations. (MLF)

Behavioral effects of Splenda, Equal and sucrose: clues from planarians on sweeteners

PubMed Central

Ouyang, Kevin; Nayak, Sunil; Lee, Young; Kim, Erin; Wu, Michael; Tallarida, Christopher S.; Rawls, Scott M.

2016-01-01

Sweetened diets share commonalities with drugs of abuse, but studies comparing behavioral effects of different sweeteners are lacking. Common table sugar produces rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians. We postulated that Splenda and Equal would produce similar responses and used a tetrad of behavioral assays to test this hypothesis. Acute exposure to a relatively high concentration (10%) of each sweetener produced stereotyped responses (C-shapes) and reduced motility, with Equal producing greater motor effects than sucrose or Splenda. In experiments testing for anxiogenic-like effects, planarians withdrawn from Splenda (1, 3%) or sucrose (1, 3%), but not Equal, and placed into a petri dish with dark and light compartments spent more time in the dark compared to water controls. In place conditioning experiments, both Splenda (0.01%) and sucrose (0.01%) produced an environmental preference shift. Maltodextrin (0.1%), a principal ingredient of Splenda and Equal, produced a significant preference shift. In contrast, sucralose, an indigestible polysaccharide contained in Splenda and Equal, was ineffective. Our data reveal that Splenda produces sucrose-like rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians that may be dependent on maltodextrin and dextrose. The ineffectiveness of Equal may be due to the presence of aspartame, which is too water insoluble to test in our planarian assay, or to its bitter aftertaste that could mask any rewarding effects produce by maltodextrin or dextrose. PMID:27845240

Behavioral effects of Splenda, Equal and sucrose: Clues from planarians on sweeteners.

PubMed

Ouyang, Kevin; Nayak, Sunil; Lee, Young; Kim, Erin; Wu, Michael; Tallarida, Christopher S; Rawls, Scott M

2017-01-01

Sweetened diets share commonalities with drugs of abuse, but studies comparing behavioral effects of different sweeteners are lacking. Common table sugar produces rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians. We postulated that Splenda and Equal would produce similar responses and used a tetrad of behavioral assays to test this hypothesis. Acute exposure to a relatively high concentration (10%) of each sweetener produced stereotyped responses (C-shapes) and reduced motility, with Equal producing greater motor effects than sucrose or Splenda. In experiments testing for anxiogenic-like effects, planarians withdrawn from Splenda (1, 3%) or sucrose (1, 3%), but not Equal, and placed into a petri dish with dark and light compartments spent more time in the dark compared to water controls. In place conditioning experiments, both Splenda (0.01%) and sucrose (0.01%) produced an environmental preference shift. Maltodextrin (0.1%), a principal ingredient of Splenda and Equal, produced a significant preference shift. In contrast, sucralose, an indigestible polysaccharide contained in Splenda and Equal, was ineffective. Our data reveal that Splenda produces sucrose-like rewarding and withdrawal effects in planarians that may be dependent on maltodextrin and dextrose. The ineffectiveness of Equal may be due to the presence of aspartame, which is too water insoluble to test in our planarian assay, or to its bitter aftertaste that could mask any rewarding effects produce by maltodextrin or dextrose. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Parental share in public and domestic spheres: a population study on gender equality, death, and sickness

PubMed Central

Månsdotter, Anna; Lindholm, Lars; Lundberg, Michael; Winkvist, Anna; Öhman, Ann

2006-01-01

Study objective Examine the relation between aspects of gender equality and population health based on the premise that sex differences in health are mainly caused by the gender system. Setting/participants All Swedish couples (98 240 people) who had their first child together in 1978. Design The exposure of gender equality is shown by the parents' division of income and occupational position (public sphere), and parental leave and temporary child care (domestic sphere). People were classified by these indicators during 1978–1980 into different categories; those on an equal footing with their partner and those who were traditionally or untraditionally unequal. Health is measured by the outcomes of death during 1981–2001 and sickness absence during 1986–2000. Data are obtained by linking individual information from various national sources. The statistical method used is multiple logistic regressions with odds ratios as estimates of relative risks. Main results From the public sphere is shown that traditionally unequal women have decreased health risks compared with equal women, while traditionally unequal men tend to have increased health risks compared with equal men. From the domestic sphere is indicated that both women and men run higher risks of death and sickness when being traditionally unequal compared with equal. Conclusions Understanding the relation between gender equality and health, which was found to depend on sex, life sphere, and inequality type, seems to require a combination of the hypotheses of convergence, stress and expansion. PMID:16790834

Human pursuance of equality hinges on mental processes of projecting oneself into the perspectives of others and into future situations.

PubMed

Takesue, Hirofumi; Miyauchi, Carlos Makoto; Sakaiya, Shiro; Fan, Hongwei; Matsuda, Tetsuya; Kato, Junko

2017-07-19

In the pursuance of equality, behavioural scientists disagree about distinct motivators, that is, consideration of others and prospective calculation for oneself. However, accumulating data suggest that these motivators may share a common process in the brain whereby perspectives and events that did not arise in the immediate environment are conceived. To examine this, we devised a game imitating a real decision-making situation regarding redistribution among income classes in a welfare state. The neural correlates of redistributive decisions were examined under contrasting conditions, with and without uncertainty, which affects support for equality in society. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and the caudate nucleus were activated by equality decisions with uncertainty but by selfless decisions without uncertainty. Activation was also correlated with subjective values. Activation in both the dACC and the caudate nucleus was associated with the attitude to prefer accordance with others, whereas activation in the caudate nucleus reflected that the expected reward involved the prospective calculation of relative income. The neural correlates suggest that consideration of others and prospective calculation for oneself may underlie the support for equality. Projecting oneself into the perspective of others and into prospective future situations may underpin the pursuance of equality.

Securing Gender Equality through a Nexus of Energy Policy Performance and Relative Political Performance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perkins-Ozuagiemhe, Andrea Christen

This dissertation presents what is believed to be the first empirical study that measures the effect of increasing access to modern household energy sources upon advancing gender equality within developing countries. As a powerful and fundamental public infrastructural socio-economic building block, improved access to modern energy in developing countries delivers the necessary economic ingredient of time as a major component of household production and consumption and captures the interdependence between market and household economies. Thus, because it has been empirically proven that men and women differ in their utilization of household energy with women spending more time engaged in non-market household labor than men, improving access to modern household energy in developing countries, especially in rural areas, theoretically would disproportionately affect women's lives. Essentially, the element of "time" not only extends the day for women to use towards more economically and educationally productive activities, but also lessens the burden of domestic chores from women with technological advancements in more time-efficient household appliances and cleaner modern energy sources. This dissertation introduces gender differentiation in a model in the form of a gender relative status composite measure comparing socio-economic achievements in secondary education, life expectancy, and labor force participation rates by varying degree of demographic transition, thereby, measuring the effect of improved access to modern household energy upon overall gender equality. Fixed effects panel regressions employing a Driscoll-Kraay non-parametric covariance matrix, and estimated and interpreted adjusted predictions and marginal effects of the two-way interaction between a country's available access to residential electric power (kWh per capita) and the level of relative political performance against predicted values of gender relative status are employed. The models confirm that, in fact, that women are not impacted equally by energy policy preferences as men and that women in developing countries benefit from increased access to modern household energy. Thus, gender-differentiated energy usage illustrates why treating population as a homogenous group fails to capture how energy policy preferences and energy policy performance can affect different subgroups of population in terms of individual choices and how those differences can affect an overall economic growth and development. Fundamental theoretical implications emerge from this dissertation's empirical findings. First, improving gender equality through technological advancements in household electricity facilitates the progress of demographic transition in terms of reducing fertility rates. Time altering effects of increased access and use of household electricity modify intra-household relations by diminishing differing roles between men and women. When women gain greater autonomy facilitated by increasing time via access to modern household electricity for more economically and educationally productive activities, fertility rates and child births tend to decrease by altering choice in family size with increased investments in children. The effect that the reduction in fertility generated by increased gender equality has upon demographic transition is that it alters the change in age structure in a developing country by decreasing youth dependency ratios generating the demographic dividend. Gender equality-generated fertility reductions may also facilitate the return to human capital by lessening the burden of non-SNA work and activities including reducing child care, increasing female labor force participation rates.

Modulation for terrestrial broadcasting of digital HDTV

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kohn, Elliott S.

1991-01-01

The digital modulation methods used by the DigiCipher, DSC-HDTV, ADTV, and ATVA-P digital high-definition television (HDTV) systems are discussed. Three of the systems use a quadrature amplitude modulation method, and the fourth uses a vestigial sideband modulation method. The channel equalization and spectrum sharing of the digital HDTV systems is discussed.

Money and Education: A Guide to Illinois School Finance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMaster, Donald; Sinkin, Judy G.

Illinois' education finance plan is described in the first of this report's two chapters, and the second chapter considers the finance plan's equity. Chapter 1 covers the state's Resource Equalizer Aid Program and the tax revenue it guarantees districts; the calculation of maximum tax guarantees and local shares; the apportionment of state aid;…

42 CFR 433.10 - Rates of FFP for program services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...) of the Act. Under the formula, if a State's per capita income is equal to the national average per... income is lower than the national average, the Federal share is increased, with a statutory maximum of 83... both the State and national average per capita incomes; this procedure magnifies any difference between...

42 CFR 433.10 - Rates of FFP for program services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) of the Act. Under the formula, if a State's per capita income is equal to the national average per... income is lower than the national average, the Federal share is increased, with a statutory maximum of 83... both the State and national average per capita incomes; this procedure magnifies any difference between...

Team Teaching in Social Work: Sharing Power with Bachelor of Social Work Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zapf, Michael Kim; Jerome, Les; Williams, Margaret

2011-01-01

Team teaching in social work education usually involves sequential lectures delivered by different instructors--relay or tag-team teaching. Truly collaborative or collegial team teaching involves a committed group of diverse instructors interacting together as equals in the classroom. Having more than one teacher in the classroom confounds…

Intimate Partnership: Foundation to the Successful Balance of Family and Work.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zimmerman, Toni Schindler; Haddock, Shelley A.; Current, Lisa R.; Ziemba, Scott

2003-01-01

Examines data from interviews with 47 middle-class, dual-earner couples with children, who perceive themselves as successful in balancing family and work. Details how these couples practiced marital partnership in ways that supported effective work-family balance. Data indicates that these successful couples equally share housework and emotion…

Environmental Literacy: A System of Best-Fit for Promoting Environmental Awareness in Low Literate Communities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Daudi, Sabiha S.

2008-01-01

Environmental literacy has been defined in various ways: from acquisition of scientific knowledge to addressing environmental concerns through indigenous knowledge. Program planners and educators need to identify and employ strategies for inclusive program development where all stakeholders are given an equal opportunity to share their opinions as…

(Re-)Defining the Egalitarian Partnership: A Model of Male-Female Interdependence.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maier, J. Marcus

Researchers investigating marital egalitarianism have defined that concept in diverse ways, examining such factors as marital power, equal role sharing, and status and resource factors. Data from a series of 12 workshops held between 1982 and 1985 were used to develop an alternate means of conceptualizing an egalitarian partnership between spouses…

Mediating Relations: Therapeutic Discourse in American Prime Time Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, Mimi

Although "The Equalizer" and "Finder of Lost Loves" are different kinds of prime time fiction--urban thriller on the one hand and fantasy melodrama on the other--they share an underlying dramatic structure and symbolic problematic in their repeated enactments of a therapeutic cure overseen by a mediating, authority figure. The…

Neo-Conservatives as Social Darwinists: Implications for Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sola, Peter; And Others

1986-01-01

Compares the Social Darwinism of the 1890s with neo-conservatism of the 1980s. Discusses the ideologies of fair play versus fair shares, the theory of supply-side economics, and the implications of neo-conservatism for higher education. Argues that neo-conservatism is altering radically our conceptions of democracy, equality, and freedom. (KH)

The Four Elementary Forms of Sociality: Framework for a Unified Theory of Social Relations.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fiske, Alan Page

1992-01-01

A theory is presented that postulates that people in all cultures use four relational models to generate most kinds of social interaction, evaluation, and affect. Ethnographic and field studies (n=19) have supported cultural variations on communal sharing; authority ranking; equality matching; and market pricing. (SLD)

Working with External Evaluators

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Silver, Lauren; Burg, Scott

2015-01-01

Hiring an external evaluator is not right for every museum or every project. Evaluations are highly situational, grounded in specific times and places; each one is unique. The museum and the evaluator share equal responsibility in an evaluation's success, so it is worth investing time and effort to ensure that both are clear about the goals,…

Managing Democracy in the Workplace for Sustainable Productivity in Nigeria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arikpo, Arikpo B.; Etor, Robert B.; Usang, Ewa

2007-01-01

Democracy engenders freedom for all, human rights, participation based on equality, shared values, the rule of law, due process, good governance and transparency. In the workplace, it would include freedom of expression, association, participation, access to available information and the right of workers to understand what goes on where they work.…

A Call to (Link) Arms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gee, E. Gordon

2009-01-01

The transformative effect of higher education--to change individual lives and remedy global problems of all kinds--is without question and it is shared equally among individuals. Public or private, two-year, four-year, research, and liberal arts--each of the institutions has a sacred responsibility to educate the next generation of citizens and to…

Native Amazonian Children Forego Egalitarianism in Merit-Based Tasks When They Learn to Count

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jara-Ettinger, Julian; Gibson, Edward; Kidd, Celeste; Piantadosi, Steve

2016-01-01

Cooperation often results in a final material resource that must be shared, but deciding how to distribute that resource is not straightforward. A distribution could count as fair if all members receive an equal reward ("egalitarian distributions"), or if each member's reward is proportional to their merit ("merit-based…

The Feasibility of Wind and Solar Energy Application for Oil and Gas Offshore Platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tiong, Y. K.; Zahari, M. A.; Wong, S. F.; Dol, S. S.

2015-04-01

Renewable energy is an energy which is freely available in nature such as winds and solar energy. It plays a critical role in greening the energy sector as these sources of energy produce little or no pollution to environment. This paper will focus on capability of renewable energy (wind and solar) in generating power for offshore application. Data of wind speeds and solar irradiation that are available around SHELL Sabah Water Platform for every 10 minutes, 24 hours a day, for a period of one year are provided by SHELL Sarawak Sdn. Bhd. The suitable wind turbine and photovoltaic panel that are able to give a high output and higher reliability during operation period are selected by using the tabulated data. The highest power output generated using single wind energy application is equal to 492 kW while for solar energy application is equal to 20 kW. Using the calculated data, the feasibility of renewable energy is then determined based on the platform energy demand.

17 CFR 210.4-07 - Discount on shares.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 1940, AND ENERGY POLICY AND CONSERVATION ACT OF 1975 Rules of General Application § 210.4-07 Discount on shares. Discount on shares, or any unamortized balance thereof, shall be shown separately as a...

10 CFR 470.16 - Cost sharing and funds from other sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cost sharing and funds from other sources. 470.16 Section... § 470.16 Cost sharing and funds from other sources. Proposers are encouraged to offer to share in the... other entities to obtain supplemental funding. ...

Comparativism and the Grounds for Person-Centered Care and Shared Decision Making.

PubMed

Herlitz, Anders

2017-01-01

This article provides a new argument and a new value-theoretical ground for person-centered care and shared decision making that ascribes to it the role of enabling rational choice in situations involving clinical choice. Rather than referring to good health outcomes and/or ethical grounds such as patient autonomy, it argues that a plausible justification and ground for person-centered care and shared decision making is preservation of rationality in the face of comparative non-determinacy in clinical settings. Often, no alternative treatment will be better than or equal to every other alternative. In the face of such comparative non-determinacy, Ruth Chang has argued that we can make rational decisions by invoking reasons that are created through acts of willing. This article transfers this view to clinical decision making and argues that shared decision making provides a solution to non-determinacy problems in clinical settings. This view of the role of shared decision making provides a new understanding of its nature, and it also allows us to better understand when caregivers should engage in shared decision making and when they should not. Copyright 2017 The Journal of Clinical Ethics. All rights reserved.

External costs as a measure of environmental impact in the generation of electricity in Poland

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cel, W.; Czechowska-Kosacka, A.; Kujawska, Justyna; Wasąg, H.

2018-05-01

The depletion of natural resources, rising fossil fuel prices and growing environmental awareness, are leading to an increase in the popularity of renewable energy sources. In Poland, the share of energy derived from renewable sources continues to grow and now stands at 12.9% of the country’s gross electricity consumption. Energy from renewable sources in Poland is 60€ more expensive per MWh than energy from conventional sources. According to the European Climate and Energy Package, Poland is committed to increasing its share of renewable energy to 15% in 2020, and a further 5% by 2030. It is very important to ensure that the increase in the share of renewable energy will increase the price of energy for the end users. To convince the public of the need to incur greater costs in the purchase of “green” power, we should put forward arguments showing the benefits of its use. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the viability of support through a system of certification for renewable energy sources and also to estimate the potential increase in energy prices caused by raising RES contribution.

Justice and health for all.

PubMed

de Jong, G A; Rutten, F F

1983-01-01

The ethical aspects of the distribution of resources for health care at the macro level deserve more study than they hitherto received. The socio-medical and economic policy implications of four distribution principles are reviewed: the utilitarian, the egalitarian, the equal access and the libertarian. Policy in welfare states is primarily based on the equal access principle. Economic factors have led to policy proposals in libertarian and utilitarian directions; competition, cost-sharing, cost-effectiveness and individual responsibility are central to the discussion. The authors conclude that it remains to be seen whether these alternatives produce the results expected. They recommend more comprehensive examination of the practical and political feasibilities of a more egalitarian policy.

[Results of measuring the charge and energy spectra of heavy nuclei on board the artificial Earth satellite Kosmos-936].

PubMed

Dashin, S A; Marennyĭ, A M; Gertsen, G P

1982-01-01

The measurements were performed using a package of dielectric track detectors mounted behind the shield of 60-80 kg.m-2 thick. The charge of nuclei was determined from the complete track length. As a result, 1915 tracks of nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 6 in the energy range 100-450 MeV/nuclon were detected and identified. The differential charge spectrum of nuclei with 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28 and the energy spectrum of nuclei of the iron group were built. For iron nuclei the following ration of isotope groups was obtained: (Fe52 + Fe53 + Fe54): (Fe55 + Fe56 + Fe57) : (Fe58 + Fe59 + Fe60) = (0.30 +/- 0.08) = (0.49 +/- 0.10) : (0.21 +/- 0.05).

Chemical composition of cosmic rays with Z greater than or equal to 30 and E greater than or equal to 325 MeV/N

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Binns, W. R.; Fernandez, J. I.; Israel, M. H.; Klarmann, J.; Maehl, R. C.; Mewaldt, R. A.

1974-01-01

Results are presented on the chemical composition of VVH cosmic rays from a series of six high-altitude balloon flights of a large-area, high-resolution electronic detector. The charge composition in the 32 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 45 interval is found to be inconsistent with S-process nucleosynthesis. The energy spectrum of particles with Z greater than or equal to 32 between 600 and 1500 MeV/N at the top of the atmosphere is measured and is found to be consistent with the 25 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 27 group within experimental error.

The excess burden of breast carcinoma in minority and medically underserved communities: application, research, and redressing institutional racism.

PubMed

Shinagawa, S M

2000-03-01

In 1998, the American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported an overall downward trend in cancer incidence and mortality between 1990 and 1995 for all cancers combined. Many minority and medically underserved populations, however, did not share equally in these improvements. A review of surveillance and other reports and recent literature on disparities in cancer incidence and mortality in minority and medically underserved communities was conducted 1) to ascertain the extent to which these communities bear an excess cancer burden, and 2) to explore the macrosocietal and microinstitutional barriers to equitable benefits in cancer health care delivery. Tragic disparities in cancer incidence and mortality in minority and medically underserved communities continue to be inadequately addressed. Overall improvements in U.S. cancer incidence and mortality rates are not shared equally by all segments of our society. While numerous individual and cultural barriers to optimal cancer control and care exist in minority and medically underserved communities, a major factor precluding these populations from sharing equally in advances in cancer research is prevailing societal and institutional racism. Immediate and equitable application of existing cancer control interventions and quality treatment options will significantly decrease cancer incidence and mortality. Enhanced surveillance efforts and a greater investment in targeted cancer research in those communities with the greatest disparities must be employed immediately if we are to achieve the goal of the president of the United States of eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in cancer and other diseases by 2010. Unless we acknowledge and redress institutionalized racism, the miscarriage of health justice will be perpetuated while celebrated advances in cancer research leading to declining incidence and mortality rates continue to evade our nation's minority and medically underserved communities. Copyright 2000 American Cancer Society.

The cost of energy from utility-owned solar electric systems. A required revenue methodology for ERDA/EPRI evaluations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1976-01-01

This methodology calculates the electric energy busbar cost from a utility-owned solar electric system. This approach is applicable to both publicly- and privately-owned utilities. Busbar cost represents the minimum price per unit of energy consistent with producing system-resultant revenues equal to the sum of system-resultant costs. This equality is expressed in present value terms, where the discount rate used reflects the rate of return required on invested capital. Major input variables describe the output capabilities and capital cost of the energy system, the cash flows required for system operation amd maintenance, and the financial structure and tax environment of the utility.

Reconfiguration of a smart surface using heteroclinic connections

PubMed Central

McInnes, Colin R.; Xu, Ming

2017-01-01

A reconfigurable smart surface with multiple equilibria is presented, modelled using discrete point masses and linear springs with geometric nonlinearity. An energy-efficient reconfiguration scheme is then investigated to connect equal-energy unstable (but actively controlled) equilibria. In principle, zero net energy input is required to transition the surface between these unstable states, compared to transitions between stable equilibria across a potential barrier. These transitions between equal-energy unstable states, therefore, form heteroclinic connections in the phase space of the problem. Moreover, the smart surface model developed can be considered as a unit module for a range of applications, including modules which can aggregate together to form larger distributed smart surface systems. PMID:28265191

An interactive environmental model for economic growth: evidence from a panel of countries.

PubMed

Ramakrishnan, Suresh; Hishan, Sanil S; Nabi, Agha Amad; Arshad, Zeeshan; Kanjanapathy, Malini; Zaman, Khalid; Khan, Faisal

2016-07-01

This study aims to determine an interactive environmental model for economic growth that would be supported by the "sustainability principles" across the globe. The study examines the relationship between environmental pollutants (i.e., carbon dioxide emission, sulfur dioxide emission, mono-nitrogen oxide, and nitrous oxide emission); population growth; energy use; trade openness; per capita food production; and it's resulting impact on the real per capita GDP and sectoral growth (i.e., share of agriculture, industry, and services in GDP) in a panel of 34 high-income OECD, high-income non-OECD, and Europe and Central Asian countries, for the period of 1995-2014. The results of the panel fixed effect regression show that per capita GDP are influenced by sulfur dioxide emission, population growth, and per capita food production variability, while energy and trade openness significantly increases per capita income of the region. The results of the panel Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) show that carbon dioxide emission significantly decreases the share of agriculture and industry in GDP, while it further supports the share of services sector to GDP. Both the sulfur dioxide and mono-nitrogen oxide emission decreases the share of services in GDP; nitrous oxide decreases the share of industry in GDP; while mono-nitrogen oxide supports the industrial activities. The following key growth-specific results has been obtained from the panel SUR estimation, i.e., (i) Both the food production per capita and trade openness significantly associated with the increasing share of agriculture, (ii) food production and energy use significantly increases the service sectors' productivity; (iii) food production decreases the industrial activities; (iv) trade openness decreases the share of services to GDP while it supports the industrial share to GDP; and finally, (v) energy demand decreases along with the increase agricultural share in the region. The results emphasize the need for an interactive environmental model that facilitates the process of sustainable development across the globe.

A documentation of two- and three-dimensional shock-separated turbulent boundary layers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, J. D.; Brown, J. L.; Kussoy, M. I.

1988-01-01

A shock-related separation of a turbulent boundary layer has been studied and documented. The flow was that of an axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer over a 5.02-cm-diam cylinder that was aligned with the wind tunnel axis. The boundary layer was compressed by a 30 deg half-angle conical flare, with the cone axis inclined at an angle alpha to the cylinder axis. Nominal test conditions were P sub tau equals 1.7 atm and M sub infinity equals 2.85. Measurements were confined to the upper-symmetry, phi equals 0 deg, plane. Data are presented for the cases of alpha equal to 0. 5. and 10 deg and include mean surface pressures, streamwise and normal mean velocities, kinematic turbulent stresses and kinetic energies, as well as reverse-flow intermittencies. All data are given in tabular form; pressures, streamwise velocities, turbulent shear stresses, and kinetic energies are also presented graphically.

Recent progresses of neural network unsupervised learning: I. Independent component analyses generalizing PCA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szu, Harold H.

1999-03-01

The early vision principle of redundancy reduction of 108 sensor excitations is understandable from computer vision viewpoint toward sparse edge maps. It is only recently derived using a truly unsupervised learning paradigm of artificial neural networks (ANN). In fact, the biological vision, Hubel- Wiesel edge maps, is reproduced seeking the underlying independent components analyses (ICA) among 102 image samples by maximizing the ANN output entropy (partial)H(V)/(partial)[W] equals (partial)[W]/(partial)t. When a pair of newborn eyes or ears meet the bustling and hustling world without supervision, they seek ICA by comparing 2 sensory measurements (x1(t), x2(t))T equalsV X(t). Assuming a linear and instantaneous mixture model of the external world X(t) equals [A] S(t), where both the mixing matrix ([A] equalsV [a1, a2] of ICA vectors and the source percentages (s1(t), s2(t))T equalsV S(t) are unknown, we seek the independent sources approximately equals [I] where the approximated sign indicates that higher order statistics (HOS) may not be trivial. Without a teacher, the ANN weight matrix [W] equalsV [w1, w2] adjusts the outputs V(t) equals tanh([W]X(t)) approximately equals [W]X(t) until no desired outputs except the (Gaussian) 'garbage' (neither YES '1' nor NO '-1' but at linear may-be range 'origin 0') defined by Gaussian covariance G equals [I] equals [W][A] at the fixed point (partial)E/(partial)wi equals 0 resulted in an exact Toplitz matrix inversion for a stationary covariance assumption. We generalize AR by a nonlinear output vi(t+1) equals tanh(wiTX(t)) within E equals <[x(t+1) - vi(t+1)]2>, and the gradient descent (partial)E/(partial)wi equals - (partial)wi/(partial)t. Further generalization is possible because of specific image/speech having a specific histogram whose gray scale statistics departs from that of Gaussian random variable and can be measured by the fourth order cumulant, Kurtosis K(vi) equals - 3 2 (K greater than or equal to 0 super-G for speeches, K less than or equal to 0 sub-G for images). Thus, the stationary value at (partial)K/(partial)wi equals plus or minus 4 PTLwi/(partial)t can de-mix unknown mixtures of noisy images/speeches without a teacher. This stationary statistics may be parallel implemented using the 'factorized pdf code: (rho) (v1, v2) equals (rho) (v1) (rho) (v2)' occurred at a maximal entropy algorithm improved by the natural gradient of Amari. Real world applications are given in Part II, (Wavelet Appl-VI, SPIE Proc. Vol. 3723) such as remote sensing subpixel composition, speech segmentation by means of ICA de-hyphenation, and cable TV bandwidth enhancement by simultaneously mixing sport and movie entertainment events.

Analysis of layer-by-layer thin-film oxide growth using RHEED and Atomic Force Microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adler, Eli; Sullivan, M. C.; Gutierrez-Llorente, Araceli; Joress, H.; Woll, A.; Brock, J. D.

2015-03-01

Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is commonly used as an in situ analysis tool for layer-by-layer thin-film growth. Atomic force microscopy is an equally common ex situ tool for analysis of the film surface, providing visual evidence of the surface morphology. During growth, the RHEED intensity oscillates as the film surface changes in roughness. It is often assumed that the maxima of the RHEED oscillations signify a complete layer, however, the oscillations in oxide systems can be misleading. Thus, using only the RHEED maxima is insufficient. X-ray reflectivity can also be used to analyze growth, as the intensity oscillates in phase with the smoothness of the surface. Using x-ray reflectivity to determine the thin film layer deposition, we grew three films where the x-ray and RHEED oscillations were nearly exactly out of phase and halted deposition at different points in the growth. Pre-growth and post-growth AFM images emphasize the fact that the maxima in RHEED are not a justification for determining layer completion. Work conducted at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) supported by NSF Awards DMR-1332208 and DMR-0936384 and the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities are supported through DMR-1120296.

Nuclear energy release from fragmentation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Cheng; Souza, S. R.; Tsang, M. B.; Zhang, Feng-Shou

2016-08-01

It is well known that binary fission occurs with positive energy gain. In this article we examine the energetics of splitting uranium and thorium isotopes into various numbers of fragments (from two to eight) with nearly equal size. We find that the energy released by splitting 230,232Th and 235,238U into three equal size fragments is largest. The statistical multifragmentation model (SMM) is applied to calculate the probability of different breakup channels for excited nuclei. By weighing the probability distributions of fragment multiplicity at different excitation energies, we find the peaks of energy release for 230,232Th and 235,238U are around 0.7-0.75 MeV/u at excitation energy between 1.2 and 2 MeV/u in the primary breakup process. Taking into account the secondary de-excitation processes of primary fragments with the GEMINI code, these energy peaks fall to about 0.45 MeV/u.

An Improved Distributed Secondary Control Method for DC Microgrids With Enhanced Dynamic Current Sharing Performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Panbao; Lu, Xiaonan; Yang, Xu

This paper proposes an improved distributed secondary control scheme for dc microgrids (MGs), aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of conventional droop control method. The proposed secondary control scheme can remove the dc voltage deviation and improve the current sharing accuracy by using voltage-shifting and slope-adjusting approaches simultaneously. Meanwhile, the average value of droop coefficients is calculated, and then it is controlled by an additional controller included in the distributed secondary control layer to ensure that each droop coefficient converges at a reasonable value. Hence, by adjusting the droop coefficient, each participating converter has equal output impedance, and the accurate proportionalmore » load current sharing can be achieved with different line resistances. Furthermore, the current sharing performance in steady and transient states can be enhanced by using the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by detailed experimental tests based on a 3 × 1 kW prototype with three interface converters.« less

Social media and patient self-management: not all sites are created equal.

PubMed

Ellis, Leonie; Showell, Chris; Turner, Paul

2013-01-01

This paper compares two social media sites that aim to support patients to enhance self-management. The first site, PatientsLikeMe is a well established global site designed to allow peer-to-peer communication between people with similar conditions. The second, HealthShare, is a recently developed site for Australians described as "Australia's Social Health Network". The comparison conducted examines the purpose, ownership, and design of both sites as well as how the data they collect is used. Analysis highlights that PatientsLikeMe actively facilitates patient self-management, while HealthShare is revealed to be a professionally moderated health information portal presented as a social networking site. While the impetus for the development of PatientsLikeMe is clear, the motives underpinning HealthShare are less obvious. With increasing patient interest in connecting with, and sharing information with one another, awareness of the nature and motivations underpinning sites that provide these services is of increasing relevance.

The amalgamation stage of fusion reactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mouze, Genevieve

2005-04-01

There is no need of a repulsive potential in the amalgamation stage for explaining the small fusion cross sections. The repulsive potential proposed by A. Adamian et al.(1) can advantageously be replaced by the affinity of the reaction of re-dissociation of the compound nucleus into its entrance-channel configuration. This reaction, which occurs after the penetration of the Coulomb barrier, is an equilibrium between dual and compact form of the compound nucleus, and the energy Q released in the dissociation is equal to the energy required for amalgamating. The total energy of the confined system being equal to the height B of the Coulomb barrier, the intrinsic excitation energy of the compact nucleus is equal to (B - Q). In the reaction 82Se+ 138Ba (2), the dissociation of 220Th releases 180.524 MeV, and B= 196.08 MeV. With an intrinsic excitation energy of 15.56 MeV, the confined compact 220Th has enough energy for emitting two neutrons ( S(2n) = 13.85 MeV). Thus the favored xn channel of fusion reactions can be precisely predicted. This new, mass-data-based model of fusion is completely parameter-free. 1 G.G. Adamian et al., PRC 69 (2004) 044601. 2 K. Satou et al. PRC C 65(2002) 054602.

A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Seminatural Wetlands and Activated Sludge Wastewater-Treatment Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mannino, Ilda; Franco, Daniel; Piccioni, Enrico; Favero, Laura; Mattiuzzo, Erika; Zanetto, Gabriele

2008-01-01

A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate the competitiveness of seminatural Free Water Surface (FWS) wetlands compared to traditional wastewater-treatment plants. Six scenarios of the service costs of three FWS wetlands and three different wastewater-treatment plants based on active sludge processes were compared. The six scenarios were all equally effective in their wastewater-treatment capacity. The service costs were estimated using real accounting data from an experimental wetland and by means of a market survey. Some assumptions had to be made to perform the analysis. A reference wastewater situation was established to solve the problem of the different levels of dilution that characterize the inflow water of the different systems; the land purchase cost was excluded from the analysis, considering the use of public land as shared social services, and an equal life span for both seminatural and traditional wastewater-treatment plants was set. The results suggest that seminatural systems are competitive with traditional biotechnological systems, with an average service cost improvement of 2.1-fold to 8-fold, according to the specific solution and discount rate. The main improvement factor was the lower maintenance cost of the seminatural systems, due to the self-regulating, low artificial energy inputs and the absence of waste to be disposed. In this work, only the waste-treatment capacity of wetlands was considered as a parameter for the economic competitiveness analysis. Other goods/services and environmental benefits provided by FWS wetlands were not considered.

Nonmonotonous electron mobility due to structurally induced resonant coupling of subband states in an asymmetric double quantum well

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nayak, R. K.; Das, S.; Panda, A. K.

We show that sharp nonmonotic variation of low temperature electron mobility μ can be achieved in GaAs/Al{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}As barrier delta-doped double quantum well structure due to quantum mechanical transfer of subband electron wave functions within the wells. We vary the potential profile of the coupled structure as a function of the doping concentration in order to bring the subbands into resonance such that the subband energy levels anticross and the eigen states of the coupled structure equally share both the wells thereby giving rise to a dip in mobility. When the wells are of equal widths, the dip inmore » mobility occurs under symmetric doping of the side barriers. In case of unequal well widths, the resonance can be obtained by suitable asymmetric variation of the doping concentrations. The dip in mobility becomes sharp and also the wavy nature of mobility takes a rectangular shape by increasing the barrier width. We show that the dip in mobility at resonance is governed by the interface roughness scattering through step like changes in the subband mobilities. It is also gratifying to show that the drop in mobility at the onset of occupation of second subband is substantially supressed through the quantum mechanical transfer of subband wave functions between the wells. Our results can be utilized for performance enhancement of coupled quantum well devices.« less

A cost-effectiveness analysis of seminatural wetlands and activated sludge wastewater-treatment systems.

PubMed

Mannino, Ilda; Franco, Daniel; Piccioni, Enrico; Favero, Laura; Mattiuzzo, Erika; Zanetto, Gabriele

2008-01-01

A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed to evaluate the competitiveness of seminatural Free Water Surface (FWS) wetlands compared to traditional wastewater-treatment plants. Six scenarios of the service costs of three FWS wetlands and three different wastewater-treatment plants based on active sludge processes were compared. The six scenarios were all equally effective in their wastewater-treatment capacity. The service costs were estimated using real accounting data from an experimental wetland and by means of a market survey. Some assumptions had to be made to perform the analysis. A reference wastewater situation was established to solve the problem of the different levels of dilution that characterize the inflow water of the different systems; the land purchase cost was excluded from the analysis, considering the use of public land as shared social services, and an equal life span for both seminatural and traditional wastewater-treatment plants was set. The results suggest that seminatural systems are competitive with traditional biotechnological systems, with an average service cost improvement of 2.1-fold to 8-fold, according to the specific solution and discount rate. The main improvement factor was the lower maintenance cost of the seminatural systems, due to the self-regulating, low artificial energy inputs and the absence of waste to be disposed. In this work, only the waste-treatment capacity of wetlands was considered as a parameter for the economic competitiveness analysis. Other goods/services and environmental benefits provided by FWS wetlands were not considered.

30 CFR 585.541 - What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes? 585.541 Section 585.541 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ALTERNATE USES OF EXISTING FACILITIES ON THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF...

30 CFR 285.541 - What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes? 285.541 Section 285.541 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, REGULATION, AND ENFORCEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY ALTERNATE USES OF EXISTING FACILITIES ON THE...

30 CFR 585.541 - What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes? 585.541 Section 585.541 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ALTERNATE USES OF EXISTING FACILITIES ON THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF...

30 CFR 585.541 - What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false What is a qualified project for revenue sharing purposes? 585.541 Section 585.541 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ALTERNATE USES OF EXISTING FACILITIES ON THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF...

Highly Relativistic Radiation Belt Electron Acceleration, Transport, and Loss: Large Solar Storm Events of March and June 2015

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baker, D. N.; Jaynes, A. N.; Kanekal, S. G.; Foster, J.C.; Erickson, P. J.; Fennell, Joseph; Blake, J. B.; Zhao, H.; Li, X.; Elkington, S. R.;

Steady-state heat conduction in quiescent fluids: Incompleteness of the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brenner, Howard

2011-10-01

Linear irreversible thermodynamic principles are used to demonstrate, by counterexample, the existence of a fundamental incompleteness in the basic pre-constitutive mass, momentum, and energy equations governing fluid mechanics and transport phenomena in continua. The demonstration is effected by addressing the elementary case of steady-state heat conduction (and transport processes in general) occurring in quiescent fluids. The counterexample questions the universal assumption of equality of the four physically different velocities entering into the basic pre-constitutive mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. Explicitly, it is argued that such equality is an implicit constitutive assumption rather than an established empirical fact of unquestioned authority. Such equality, if indeed true, would require formal proof of its validity, currently absent from the literature. In fact, our counterexample shows the assumption of equality to be false. As the current set of pre-constitutive conservation equations appearing in textbooks are regarded as applicable both to continua and noncontinua (e.g., rarefied gases), our elementary counterexample negating belief in the equality of all four velocities impacts on all aspects of fluid mechanics and transport processes, continua and noncontinua alike.

Dark energy and key physical parameters of clusters of galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bisnovatyi-Kogan, G. S.; Chernin, A. D.

2012-04-01

We study physics of clusters of galaxies embedded in the cosmic dark energy background. Under the assumption that dark energy is described by the cosmological constant, we show that the dynamical effects of dark energy are strong in clusters like the Virgo cluster. Specifically, the key physical parameters of the dark mater halos in clusters are determined by dark energy: (1) the halo cut-off radius is practically, if not exactly, equal to the zero-gravity radius at which the dark matter gravity is balanced by the dark energy antigravity; (2) the halo averaged density is equal to two densities of dark energy; (3) the halo edge (cut-off) density is the dark energy density with a numerical factor of the unity order slightly depending on the halo profile. The cluster gravitational potential well in which the particles of the dark halo (as well as galaxies and intracluster plasma) move is strongly affected by dark energy: the maximum of the potential is located at the zero-gravity radius of the cluster.

Ligand reorganization and activation energies in nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhu Jianjun; Wang Jianji; Stell, George

2006-10-28

The activation energy and ligand reorganization energy for nonadiabatic electron transfer reactions in chemical and biological systems are investigated in this paper. The free energy surfaces and the activation energy are derived exactly in the general case in which the ligand vibration frequencies are not equal. The activation energy is derived by free energy minimization at the transition state. Our formulation leads to the Marcus-Hush [J. Chem. Phys. 24, 979 (1956); 98, 7170 (1994); 28, 962 (1958)] results in the equal-frequency limit and also generalizes the Marcus-Sumi [J. Chem. Phys. 84, 4894 (1986)] model in the context of studying themore » solvent dynamic effect on electron transfer reactions. It is found that when the ligand vibration frequencies are different, the activation energy derived from the Marcus-Hush formula deviates by 5%-10% from the exact value. If the reduced reorganization energy approximation is introduced in the Marcus-Hush formula, the result is almost exact.« less

24 CFR 891.705 - Project assistance contract.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... for an assisted unit (or residential space in a group home) that is leased to an eligible family is equal to the difference between the contract rent for the unit (or pro rata share of the contract rent in a group home) and the tenant rent payable by the family. (2) Payments to the Borrower for vacant...

Activation of Operational Thinking during Arithmetic Practice Hinders Learning and Transfer

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chesney, Dana L.; McNeil, Nicole M.

2014-01-01

Many children in the U.S. initially come to understand the equal sign operationally, as a symbol meaning "add up the numbers" rather than relationally, as an indication that the two sides of an equation share a common value. According to a change-resistance account (McNeil & Alibali, 2005b), children's operational ways of thinking…

Variations of Reasoning in Equal Sharing of Children Who Experience Low Achievement in Mathematics: Competence in Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hunt, Jessica; Westenskow, Arla; Moyer-Packenham, Patricia S.

2017-01-01

For children with persistent mathematics difficulties, research and practice espouses that an altered kind of mathematics instruction is necessary due to sustained performance differences. Yet, a critical issue in mathematics education rests in the question of why research locates the problem within these children. In this paper, we challenge a…

Rational Number Learning in the Early Years: What is Possible?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hunting, Robert P.

This report describes an investigation of how young children respond to two types of tasks: (1) finding one-half of a continuous and a discrete material; and (2) attempting to share continuous and discrete material equally between two dolls. Continuous material, such as string, paper, or liquid, is quantified by adults using measurement units. A…

Democratic Consensus and the Young: A Cross-National Comparison of Britain and America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ranade, Wendy; Norris, Pippa

1984-01-01

One hundred ninety-nine American and 204 British university students were surveyed. They shared similar, strongly positive attitudes towards democratic "rules of the game," such as free speech, the role of law, and equality. But Americans showed a greater trust of government and a stronger sense of being able to affect the political…

Identifying Educationally Influential Specialists: Issues Arising from the Use of "Classic" Criteria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wright, Frances C.; Ryan, David P.; Dodge, Jason E.; Last, Linda D.; Law, Calvin H. L.; Smith, Andrew J.

2004-01-01

Introduction: Educationally influential physicians (EIPs) are identified by their colleagues as people who (1) encourage learning and enjoy sharing their knowledge, (2) are clinical experts and always seem up to date, and (3) treat others as equals. We aimed to identify surgical and pathologist EIPs for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Ontario as part…

11 CFR 100.52 - Gift, subscription, loan, advance or deposit of money.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... loan on which his or her spouse's signature is required when jointly owned assets are used as... campaign if the value of the candidate's share of the property used as collateral equals or exceeds the amount of the loan that is used for the candidate's campaign. (5) If a political committee makes a loan...

Understanding of Ratioproportionality and Equality Vs. Equity in Children's Sharing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peterson, Lizette

In this study preschool, first grade, and sixth grade children played games which assessed ratio-proportionality ability, thought to be a precursor to proportionality ability, thought to be a precursor to equity allocations. The 48 children (eight boys and eight girls from each grade) played a game with one train which had six cars and one train…

Patient-Centered Culturally Sensitive Health Care: Trend or Major Thrust in Health Care Delivery?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Killion, Cheryl M.

2007-01-01

In this reaction article to the Major Contribution, the merits and challenges of implementing patient-centered culturally sensitive health care, or cultural competence plus, are explicated. Three themes are addressed: separate but equal?, factoring in mental health, and sharing the load. The need to refine the conceptualization of the two…

20 CFR 25.200 - How is the Special Schedule applied for employees in the Republic of the Philippines?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

..., which cause permanent disability or death, shall be payable at the rates specified in the special... rate, shared equally by the eligible survivors in the same class. (c) Death beneficiaries. Benefits are... DEATH OF NONCITIZEN FEDERAL EMPLOYEES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES Extensions of the Special Schedule of...

20 CFR 25.200 - How is the Special Schedule applied for employees in the Republic of the Philippines?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., which cause permanent disability or death, shall be payable at the rates specified in the special... rate, shared equally by the eligible survivors in the same class. (c) Death beneficiaries. Benefits are... weekly rate of compensation for disability or death shall not exceed $35. (j) Method of payment. Only...

20 CFR 25.200 - How is the Special Schedule applied for employees in the Republic of the Philippines?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., which cause permanent disability or death, shall be payable at the rates specified in the special... rate, shared equally by the eligible survivors in the same class. (c) Death beneficiaries. Benefits are... weekly rate of compensation for disability or death shall not exceed $35. (j) Method of payment. Only...

20 CFR 25.200 - How is the Special Schedule applied for employees in the Republic of the Philippines?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

..., which cause permanent disability or death, shall be payable at the rates specified in the special... rate, shared equally by the eligible survivors in the same class. (c) Death beneficiaries. Benefits are... DEATH OF NONCITIZEN FEDERAL EMPLOYEES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES Extensions of the Special Schedule of...

20 CFR 25.200 - How is the Special Schedule applied for employees in the Republic of the Philippines?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., which cause permanent disability or death, shall be payable at the rates specified in the special... rate, shared equally by the eligible survivors in the same class. (c) Death beneficiaries. Benefits are... DEATH OF NONCITIZEN FEDERAL EMPLOYEES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES Extensions of the Special Schedule of...

Changing Policy and Legislation in Special and Inclusive Education: A Perspective from Northern Ireland

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, Ron

2014-01-01

It is now 15 years since the signing of the 1998 Belfast (or "Good Friday") Peace Agreement which committed all participants to exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences, and towards a shared and inclusive society defined by the principles of respect for diversity, equality and the interdependence of people. In…

Using Fiction to Teach Introductory Anthropology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ellenbaum, Charles O.

A discussion of the role of fiction in a college level anthropology course is divided into two sections. The first section describes several advantages of using fiction rather than a text to teach anthropology. Teacher and students share more or less equally in the teaching process with this approach. The teacher is no longer an authority on a…

Acts of Love (and Work): Gender Imbalance in Emotional Work and Women's Psychological Distress

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strazdins, Lyndall; Broom, Dorothy H.

2004-01-01

Family members do work to meet people's emotional needs, improve their well-being, and maintain harmony. When emotional work is shared equally, both men and women have access to emotional resources in the family. However, like housework and child care, the distribution of emotional work is gendered. This study examines the psychological health…

Challenges to Education in the 1980s.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jordan, K. Forbis

During the 1980s, the issues that emerge concerning the public and federal interest in education will include the extent of education to be provided at public expense; the relative share of that fiscal burden to be borne by local, state, and federal revenue sources; public funds for nonpublic schools; equal access to education for all students;…

HIGHER HORIZONS. PROGRESS REPORT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LANDERS, JACOB

HUMAN TALENT IS MUCH TOO PRECIOUS TO BE STIFLED AND WASTED. THEREFORE, IT SHOULD BE SOUGHT OUT, UNCOVERED, AND DEVELOPED IN THE SCHOOLS. HIGHER HORIZONS IS A QUEST FOR THE KIND OF EDUCATION WHICH, ADJUSTED TO THE NEEDS OF DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, WILL ENABLE THEM TO COMPETE WITH OTHER CHILDREN ON AN EQUAL BASIS AND TO RECEIVE A FAIR SHARE OF THE…

United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Promoting Health and Well-Being through Physical Education Partnerships

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Timothy

2016-01-01

This paper shares a health and wellbeing partnership, modelling implementation of physical education (PE) advocated by the United Nations (UN). The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) exemplifies global efforts towards equality, specifically Goal 3 and 4 address health and wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into cross…

5 CFR 870.801 - Order of precedence and payment of benefits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... his/her children; (4) If none, to the parents in equal shares or the entire amount to the surviving parent; (5) If none, to the executor or administrator of the estate; (6) If none, to the next of kin... compensationers after separation or the completion of 12 months in nonpay status, the appropriate office is OPM...

77 FR 6608 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-08

... daily volume (``CADV'') \\4\\ of equal to or greater than 2 million shares for two consecutive calendar... CLP quoting requirement in each assigned security on a daily and monthly basis; (5) a disciplinary... member's customer, research and investment banking business. \\5\\ See Exchange Rules 11.5-11.8. To become...

Co-Teaching as an Approach to Enhance Science Learning and Teaching in Primary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Colette; Beggs, Jim

2006-01-01

In this article, we explore some of the experiences of student teachers, classroom teachers, science teacher educators, and children in co-teaching contexts in primary schools. The model of co-teaching adopted enabled student teachers (science specialist), classroom teachers, and university tutors to share expertise and work as equals, without…

Mutuality in the Rhetoric and Composition Classroom. Studies in Writing & Rhetoric.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wallace, David L.; Ewald, Helen Rothschild

This book discusses the centrality of rhetoric in the academy, asserting the intimate connection between language and knowledge making and stressing the need for a change in the roles of teachers and students in today's classroom. The goal is mutuality, or sharing authority between teachers and students, and allowing everyone an equal voice. For…

What's in Your Refrigerator? Children's Views on Equality, Work, Money and Access to Food

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammond, Libby-Lee; Hesterman, Sandra; Knaus, Marianne

2015-01-01

This study investigates young children's theorising about families and their differential access to food from a perspective of wealth and poverty. Fifty-two children, aged 6-7 years, attending a Western Australian school were invited to share their perspectives on this global issue. The single case study method utilised three children's focus…

Conformational transition free energy profiles of an adsorbed, lattice model protein by multicanonical Monte Carlo simulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castells, Victoria; Van Tassel, Paul R.

2005-02-01

Proteins often undergo changes in internal conformation upon interacting with a surface. We investigate the thermodynamics of surface induced conformational change in a lattice model protein using a multicanonical Monte Carlo method. The protein is a linear heteropolymer of 27 segments (of types A and B) confined to a cubic lattice. The segmental order and nearest neighbor contact energies are chosen to yield, in the absence of an adsorbing surface, a unique 3×3×3 folded structure. The surface is a plane of sites interacting either equally with A and B segments (equal affinity surface) or more strongly with the A segments (A affinity surface). We use a multicanonical Monte Carlo algorithm, with configuration bias and jump walking moves, featuring an iteratively updated sampling function that converges to the reciprocal of the density of states 1/Ω(E), E being the potential energy. We find inflection points in the configurational entropy, S(E)=klnΩ(E), for all but a strongly adsorbing equal affinity surface, indicating the presence of free energy barriers to transition. When protein-surface interactions are weak, the free energy profiles F(E)=E-TS(E) qualitatively resemble those of a protein in the absence of a surface: a free energy barrier separates a folded, lowest energy state from globular, higher energy states. The surface acts in this case to stabilize the globular states relative to the folded state. When the protein surface interactions are stronger, the situation differs markedly: the folded state no longer occurs at the lowest energy and free energy barriers may be absent altogether.

Techniques for precise energy calibration of particle pixel detectors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kroupa, M.; Campbell-Ricketts, T.; Bahadori, A.; Empl, A.

2017-03-01

We demonstrate techniques to improve the accuracy of the energy calibration of Timepix pixel detectors, used for the measurement of energetic particles. The typical signal from such particles spreads among many pixels due to charge sharing effects. As a consequence, the deposited energy in each pixel cannot be reconstructed unless the detector is calibrated, limiting the usability of such signals for calibration. To avoid this shortcoming, we calibrate using low energy X-rays. However, charge sharing effects still occur, resulting in part of the energy being deposited in adjacent pixels and possibly lost. This systematic error in the calibration process results in an error of about 5% in the energy measurements of calibrated devices. We use FLUKA simulations to assess the magnitude of charge sharing effects, allowing a corrected energy calibration to be performed on several Timepix pixel detectors and resulting in substantial improvement in energy deposition measurements. Next, we address shortcomings in calibration associated with the huge range (from kiloelectron-volts to megaelectron-volts) of energy deposited per pixel which result in a nonlinear energy response over the full range. We introduce a new method to characterize the non-linear response of the Timepix detectors at high input energies. We demonstrate improvement using a broad range of particle types and energies, showing that the new method reduces the energy measurement errors, in some cases by more than 90%.

Techniques for precise energy calibration of particle pixel detectors.

PubMed

Kroupa, M; Campbell-Ricketts, T; Bahadori, A; Empl, A

2017-03-01

We demonstrate techniques to improve the accuracy of the energy calibration of Timepix pixel detectors, used for the measurement of energetic particles. The typical signal from such particles spreads among many pixels due to charge sharing effects. As a consequence, the deposited energy in each pixel cannot be reconstructed unless the detector is calibrated, limiting the usability of such signals for calibration. To avoid this shortcoming, we calibrate using low energy X-rays. However, charge sharing effects still occur, resulting in part of the energy being deposited in adjacent pixels and possibly lost. This systematic error in the calibration process results in an error of about 5% in the energy measurements of calibrated devices. We use FLUKA simulations to assess the magnitude of charge sharing effects, allowing a corrected energy calibration to be performed on several Timepix pixel detectors and resulting in substantial improvement in energy deposition measurements. Next, we address shortcomings in calibration associated with the huge range (from kiloelectron-volts to megaelectron-volts) of energy deposited per pixel which result in a nonlinear energy response over the full range. We introduce a new method to characterize the non-linear response of the Timepix detectors at high input energies. We demonstrate improvement using a broad range of particle types and energies, showing that the new method reduces the energy measurement errors, in some cases by more than 90%.

10 CFR 431.72 - Definitions concerning commercial warm air furnaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Definitions concerning commercial warm air furnaces. 431.72 Section 431.72 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR... hour or more. Thermal efficiency for a commercial warm air furnace equals 100 percent minus percent...

Shared decision making or paternalism in nursing consultations? A qualitative study of primary care asthma nurses’ views on sharing decisions with patients regarding inhaler device selection

PubMed Central

Upton, Jane; Fletcher, Monica; Madoc‐Sutton, Hazel; Sheikh, Aziz; Caress, Ann‐Louise; Walker, Samantha

2011-01-01

Abstract Background  Although patients with asthma would like more involvement in the decision‐making process, and UK government policy concerning chronic conditions supports shared decision making, it is not widely used in practice. Objective  To investigate how nurses approach decision making in relation to inhaler choice and long‐term inhaler use within a routine asthma consultation and to better understand the barriers and facilitators to shared decision making in practice. Setting and participants  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with post‐registration, qualified nurses who routinely undertook asthma consultations and were registered on a respiratory course. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using the Framework approach. Results  Twenty participants were interviewed. Despite holding positive views about shared decision making, limited shared decision making was reported. Opportunities for patients to share decisions were only offered in relation to inhaler device, which were based on the nurse’s pre‐selected recommendations. Giving patients this ‘choice’ was seen as key to improving adherence. Discussion  There is a discrepancy between nurses’ understanding of shared decision making and the depictions of shared decision making presented in the academic literature and NHS policy. In this study, shared decision making was used as a tool to support the nurses’ agenda, rather than as a natural expression of equality between the nurse and patient. Conclusion  There is a misalignment between the goals of practice nurses and the rhetoric regarding patient empowerment. Shared decision making may therefore only be embraced if it improves patient outcomes. This study indicates attitudinal shifts and improvements in knowledge of ‘shared decision‐making’ are needed if policy dictates are to be realised. PMID:21323822

Comparison of properties of tablets and energy profile of compaction of two spray-dried lactoses.

PubMed

Muzíková, Jitka; Sináglová, Pavla

2013-01-01

The paper compared two spray-dried lactoses Flowlac 100 and SuperTab 14SD from the standpoint of tensile strength and disintegration time of tablets, the effect of an addition of the lubricant magnesium stearate and silicified microcrystalline cellulose on these properties, and also from the standpoint of the energy profile of compression. The comparison of the values was performed at the compression force of 15 kN. The strength of tablets was higher in the case of SuperTab 14SD, an increase in the concentration of magnesium stearate did not decrease tablet strength. Prosolv SMCC 90 increased the strength of tablets and made it equal for both lactoses, but it also increased the sensitivity to the added lubricant. The disintegration time of tablets was shorter in the case of SuperTab 14SD, an increased concentration of magnesium stearate prolonged it, and an addition of Prosolv SMCC 90 shortened it and made it equal for both lactoses. From the energy standpoint, the maximal energy was higher in the case of SuperTab 14SD, an addition of Prosolv SMCC 90 increased it and again made it equal for both lactoses. The differences in the values of the maximal energy were primarily due to the values of the energy for friction and the energy accumulated by the tablet after compression, and there was no marked difference in the values of the energy of decompression. SuperTab 14SD showed a higher plasticity than Flowlac 100.

Isotopic composition of cosmic ray nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 10

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Webber, W. R.; Lezniak, J. A.; Kish, J.

1974-01-01

Results of measurements of the isotopic composition of Z greater than or equal to 10 cosmic ray nuclei using a new technique employing a combination of Cerenkov and total energy counters. An effective mass resolution of about 0.4 AMU is obtained for particles with energies between 400 and 500 MeV/nuc and charges between 12 and 16. The preliminary mass distribution of nuclei with charges from 12 to 28 is presented and discussed.

Movable-Bed Laboratory Experiments Comparing Radiation Stress and Energy Flux Factor as Predictors of Longshore Transport Rate.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

acceleration of gravity H wave height H average wave height Hrms root-mean-square wave height Hs significant wave height IX longshore transport rate in...wave height, H, measured during the tests (and discussed later in Section IV) is equal to Hrms . By rewriting equation (4), S ( Cg cos.) C (7) xy 8 Cg...only for conditions where H equals Hrms * 2. Energy Flux. In literature, the longshore transport rate has been empirically related most frequently to a

Harnessing energy-sharing collisions of Manakov solitons to implement universal NOR and OR logic gates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vijayajayanthi, M.; Kanna, T.; Murali, K.; Lakshmanan, M.

2018-06-01

The energy-sharing collision of bright optical solitons in the Manakov system, governing pulse propagation in high birefringent fiber, is employed theoretically to realize optical logic gates. In particular, we successfully construct (theoretically) the universal NOR gate and the OR gate from the energy-sharing collisions of just four bright solitons which can be well described by the exact bright four-soliton solution of the Manakov system. This construction procedure has important merits such as realizing the two input gates with a minimal number of soliton collisions and possibilities of multistate logic. The recent experiments on Manakov solitons suggest the possibility of implementation of this theoretical construction of such gates and ultimately an all-optical computer.

10 CFR 1042.515 - Compensation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... employees of the opposite sex for equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort... OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Discrimination on the Basis of Sex in Employment in...

Verbal learning in schizopsychotic outpatients and healthy volunteers as a function of cognitive performance levels.

PubMed

Karilampi, Ulla; Helldin, Lars; Hjärthag, Fredrik; Norlander, Torsten; Archer, Trevor

2007-02-01

The aim was to analyze and compare neurocognitive test profiles related to different levels of verbal learning performance among schizopsychotic patients and healthy volunteers. A single-center patient cohort of 196 participants was compared with an equal-sized volunteer group to form three cognitive subgroups based on the shared verbal learning performance. 43.9% of the patients had normal learning ability. Despite this, all patients underperformed the volunteers on all subtests with the exception of working memory, and, for those with high learning ability, even verbal facility. All patients also presented equally poor visuomotor processing speed/efficacy. A global neurocognitive retardation of speed-related processing in schizophrenia is suggested.

[Basic concepts of radiology physics].

PubMed

Gambini, D-J

2010-11-01

An x-ray tube mainly emits low-energy X-rays, with few maximum energy E₀ (equal in keV to the voltage U in kV) x-rays. Aluminium filtration (mandatory minimum thickness of 1.5 to 2.5 mm based on tube voltage) reduces soft X-rays and provides a mean energy equal to 2/3 E₀. The half value layer of a reference material characterizes the spectrum. X-ray attenuation in tissues is due to secondary electron interactions: photoelectric effect at low-energy, especially in dense materials with high Z number; compton effect at intermediate-energy, proportional to density. The optimization of acquisition parameters of a medically necessary examination is based on appropriate selection of the highest voltage (U in kV) providing the best contrast and lowest tube current (Q in mAs) providing a diagnostic image.

Methods for assessing the energy-saving efficiency of industrial symbiosis in industrial parks.

PubMed

Li, Wenfeng; Cui, Zhaojie; Han, Feng

2015-01-01

The available energy resources are being depleted worldwide. Industrial symbiosis (IS) provides a promising approach for increasing the efficiency of energy utilization, with numerous studies reporting the superiority of this technology. However, studies quantifying the energy-saving efficiency of IS remain insufficient. This paper proposes an index system for the quantitative evaluation of the energy-saving efficiency of IS. Both energy-saving and financial indexes were selected, the former include the IS energy-saving index, the contribution rate of energy saved through IS, fractional energy savings, and cut rate of energy consumption per total output value; and the latter include the IS investment payback period, IS input-output ratio, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR) of IS. The proposed methods were applied to a case study on the XF Industrial Park (XF IP), in the city of Liaocheng in Shandong Province of China. Three energy-saving channels using IS were found in the XF IP: (a) utilizing the energy of high-temperature materials among industrial processes, (b) recovering waste heat and steam between different processes, and (c) saving energy by sharing infrastructures. The results showed that the energy efficiency index of IS was 0.326, accounting for 34.6% of the comprehensive energy-saving index in 2011, and the fractional energy-savings were 12.42%. The index of energy consumption per total industrial output value varied from 90.9 tce/MRMB to 51.6 tce/MRMB. Thus, the cut rate of energy consumption per total industrial output value was 43.42%. The average values of the IS input-output ratio was 406.2 RMB/tce, 57.2% lower than the price of standard coal. Static investment payback period in the XF IP was 8.5 months, indicating that the XF IP began to earn profit 8.5 months after the construction of all IS modes. The NVP and IRR of each IS mode in the XF IP were greater than zero, with average values equal to 1,789.96 MRMB and 140.96%, respectively. The computation result for each indicator revealed that IS could lead to the use of energy with high efficiency and lighten the financial burden of enterprises in the XF IP. And the proposed index system may help IPs and EIPs to make strategic decisions when designing IS modes.

Nurture Net of Nature: Re-Evaluating the Role of Shared Environments in Academic Achievement and Verbal Intelligence

PubMed Central

Daw, Jonathan; Guo, Guang; Harris, Kathie Mullan

2016-01-01

Prominent authors in the behavioral genetics tradition have long argued that shared environments do not meaningfully shape intelligence and academic achievement. However, we argue that these conclusions are erroneous due to large violations of the additivity assumption underlying behavioral genetics methods – that sources of genetic and shared and nonshared environmental variance are independent and non-interactive. This is compounded in some cases by the theoretical equation of the effective and objective environments, where the former is defined by whether siblings are made more or less similar, and the latter by whether siblings are equally subject to the environmental characteristic in question. Using monozygotic twin fixed effects models, which compare outcomes among genetically identical pairs, we show that many characteristics of objectively shared environments significantly moderate the effects of nonshared environments on adolescent academic achievement and verbal intelligence, violating the additivity assumption of behavioral genetic methods. Importantly, these effects would be categorized as nonshared environmental influences in standard twin models despite their roots in shared environments. These findings should encourage caution among those who claim that the frequently trivial variance attributed to shared environments in behavioral genetic models means that families, schools, and neighborhoods do not meaningfully influence these outcomes. PMID:26004471

Nurture net of nature: Re-evaluating the role of shared environments in academic achievement and verbal intelligence.

PubMed

Daw, Jonathan; Guo, Guang; Harris, Kathie Mullan

2015-07-01

Prominent authors in the behavioral genetics tradition have long argued that shared environments do not meaningfully shape intelligence and academic achievement. However, we argue that these conclusions are erroneous due to large violations of the additivity assumption underlying behavioral genetics methods - that sources of genetic and shared and nonshared environmental variance are independent and non-interactive. This is compounded in some cases by the theoretical equation of the effective and objective environments, where the former is defined by whether siblings are made more or less similar, and the latter by whether siblings are equally subject to the environmental characteristic in question. Using monozygotic twin fixed effects models, which compare outcomes among genetically identical pairs, we show that many characteristics of objectively shared environments significantly moderate the effects of nonshared environments on adolescent academic achievement and verbal intelligence, violating the additivity assumption of behavioral genetic methods. Importantly, these effects would be categorized as nonshared environmental influences in standard twin models despite their roots in shared environments. These findings should encourage caution among those who claim that the frequently trivial variance attributed to shared environments in behavioral genetic models means that families, schools, and neighborhoods do not meaningfully influence these outcomes. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Money, Food, and Daily Life Objects Are Similarly Shared in the Dictator Game. A Study among Poles and Tsimane'.

PubMed

Sorokowski, Piotr; Oleszkiewicz, Anna; Niemczyk, Agnieszka; Marczak, Michalina; Huanca, Tomas; Velasco, Esther C; Sorokowska, Agnieszka

2017-01-01

The dictator game (DG) is one of the most popular methods for measuring sharing behaviors. However, the matter of goods used in the game has rarely been examined and discussed. We conducted a study in which all participants played standard version of DG in one of the three versions - "money," "food," or "daily life objects" sharing. Further, we wanted to expand the generalizability of our findings by investigating whether patterns in sharing various goods are independent of culture and the level of market integration. Thus, the study was conducted among people who function daily under the conditions of low market integration (109 Tsimane' - forager-horticulturists from Bolivian Amazon) and in a society highly integrated with the market-based economy (85 Polish people). We observed that among both Polish and Tsimane' people the participants were equally likely to share money, food and small, daily life objects with an unknown partner, which implies that generosity might not be related with the type of possessed resources. However, regardless of the kind of goods given, Tsimane' people were less eager to share with anonymous others than Polish people. We present several implications of our findings for studies on generosity and altruism.

How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

DOE PAGES

Cebulla, Felix; Haas, Jannik; Eichman, Josh; ...

2018-02-03

Electrical energy storage (EES) is a promising flexibility source for prospective low-carbon energy systems. In the last couple of years, many studies for EES capacity planning have been produced. However, these resulted in a very broad range of power and energy capacity requirements for storage, making it difficult for policymakers to identify clear storage planning recommendations. Therefore, we studied 17 recent storage expansion studies pertinent to the U.S., Europe, and Germany. We then systemized the storage requirement per variable renewable energy (VRE) share and generation technology. Our synthesis reveals that with increasing VRE shares, the EES power capacity increases linearly;more » and the energy capacity, exponentially. Further, by analyzing the outliers, the EES energy requirements can be at least halved. It becomes clear that grids dominated by photovoltaic energy call for more EES, while large shares of wind rely more on transmission capacity. Taking into account the energy mix clarifies - to a large degree - the apparent conflict of the storage requirements between the existing studies. Finally, there might exist a negative bias towards storage because transmission costs are frequently optimistic (by neglecting execution delays and social opposition) and storage can cope with uncertainties, but these issues are rarely acknowledged in the planning process.« less

How much electrical energy storage do we need? A synthesis for the U.S., Europe, and Germany

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cebulla, Felix; Haas, Jannik; Eichman, Josh

Electrical energy storage (EES) is a promising flexibility source for prospective low-carbon energy systems. In the last couple of years, many studies for EES capacity planning have been produced. However, these resulted in a very broad range of power and energy capacity requirements for storage, making it difficult for policymakers to identify clear storage planning recommendations. Therefore, we studied 17 recent storage expansion studies pertinent to the U.S., Europe, and Germany. We then systemized the storage requirement per variable renewable energy (VRE) share and generation technology. Our synthesis reveals that with increasing VRE shares, the EES power capacity increases linearly;more » and the energy capacity, exponentially. Further, by analyzing the outliers, the EES energy requirements can be at least halved. It becomes clear that grids dominated by photovoltaic energy call for more EES, while large shares of wind rely more on transmission capacity. Taking into account the energy mix clarifies - to a large degree - the apparent conflict of the storage requirements between the existing studies. Finally, there might exist a negative bias towards storage because transmission costs are frequently optimistic (by neglecting execution delays and social opposition) and storage can cope with uncertainties, but these issues are rarely acknowledged in the planning process.« less

Optimal Rate Schedules with Data Sharing in Energy Harvesting Communication Systems.

PubMed

Wu, Weiwei; Li, Huafan; Shan, Feng; Zhao, Yingchao

2017-12-20

Despite the abundant research on energy-efficient rate scheduling polices in energy harvesting communication systems, few works have exploited data sharing among multiple applications to further enhance the energy utilization efficiency, considering that the harvested energy from environments is limited and unstable. In this paper, to overcome the energy shortage of wireless devices at transmitting data to a platform running multiple applications/requesters, we design rate scheduling policies to respond to data requests as soon as possible by encouraging data sharing among data requests and reducing the redundancy. We formulate the problem as a transmission completion time minimization problem under constraints of dynamical data requests and energy arrivals. We develop offline and online algorithms to solve this problem. For the offline setting, we discover the relationship between two problems: the completion time minimization problem and the energy consumption minimization problem with a given completion time. We first derive the optimal algorithm for the min-energy problem and then adopt it as a building block to compute the optimal solution for the min-completion-time problem. For the online setting without future information, we develop an event-driven online algorithm to complete the transmission as soon as possible. Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Optimal Rate Schedules with Data Sharing in Energy Harvesting Communication Systems

PubMed Central

Wu, Weiwei; Li, Huafan; Shan, Feng; Zhao, Yingchao

2017-01-01

Despite the abundant research on energy-efficient rate scheduling polices in energy harvesting communication systems, few works have exploited data sharing among multiple applications to further enhance the energy utilization efficiency, considering that the harvested energy from environments is limited and unstable. In this paper, to overcome the energy shortage of wireless devices at transmitting data to a platform running multiple applications/requesters, we design rate scheduling policies to respond to data requests as soon as possible by encouraging data sharing among data requests and reducing the redundancy. We formulate the problem as a transmission completion time minimization problem under constraints of dynamical data requests and energy arrivals. We develop offline and online algorithms to solve this problem. For the offline setting, we discover the relationship between two problems: the completion time minimization problem and the energy consumption minimization problem with a given completion time. We first derive the optimal algorithm for the min-energy problem and then adopt it as a building block to compute the optimal solution for the min-completion-time problem. For the online setting without future information, we develop an event-driven online algorithm to complete the transmission as soon as possible. Simulation results validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. PMID:29261135

Heavy-Element Abundances in Solar Energetic Particle Events

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reames, D. V.; Ng, C. K.

2004-01-01

We survey the relative abundances of elements with 1 < or equal to Z < or equal to 82 in solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed at 2-10 MeV/amu during nearly 9 years aboard the Wind spacecraft, with special emphasis on enhanced abundances of elements with Z > or equal to 34. Abundances of Fe/O again show a bimodal distribution with distinct contributions from impulsive and gradual SEP events as seen in earlier solar cycles. Periods with greatly enhanced abundances of (50 < or equal to Z < or equal to 56)/O, like those with enhanced (3)He/(4)He, fall prominently in the Fe-rich population of the impulsive SEP events. In a sample of the 39 largest impulsive events, 25 have measurable enhancements in (50 < or equal to z < or equal to 56)/O and (76 < or equal to Z < or equal to 82)/O, relative to coronal values, ranging from approx. 100 to 10,000. By contrast, in a sample of 45 large gradual events the corresponding enhancements vary from approx. 0.2 to 20. However, the magnitude of the heavy-element enhancements in impulsive events is less striking than their strong correlation with the Fe spectral index and flare size, with the largest enhancements occurring in flares with the steepest Fe spectra, the smallest Fe fluence, and the lowest X-ray intensity, as reported here for the first time. Thus it seems that small events with low energy input can produce only steep spectra of the dominant species but accelerate rare heavy elements with great efficiency, probably by selective absorption of resonant waves in the flare plasma. With increased energy input, enhancements diminish, as heavy ions are depleted, and spectra of the dominant species harden.

Social inequalities and pharmaceutical cost sharing in Italian regions.

PubMed

Terraneo, Marco; Sarti, Simone; Tognetti Bordogna, Mara

2014-01-01

In recent years, Italian citizens have increasingly been asked to share pharmaceutical costs, but at the same time, households' medicines expenditure has decreased. Cost-sharing policies have to be assessed not just in terms of limitation of moral hazard and revenue to the state, but also for equal opportunities for citizen users accessing health services. The aim of this article is to analyze how Italian co-payment policies ("ticket") on medicines may affect pharmaceutical expenditure of households, considering territorial and social groups variation. We reviewed the per capita private spending on medicines of Italian regions, separating pharmaceutical outlay and "ticket." Across the period 2001-2010 we found that the overall per capita private spending on medicines remained substantially stable, although medicine expenditure decreases while the "ticket" increases. When cost sharing rises, out-of-pocket spending on medicines by poorer families seems to remain unchanged; however, poorer families seem to reduce their pharmaceutical expenditure. Our analysis suggests that applying co-payment in Italy is partly successful, in terms of greater revenue to the health system, but in the last few years, cost-sharing increases would seem to have rebounded negatively on more vulnerable families, due to the economic crisis.

Factors Influencing Renewable Energy Production & Supply - A Global Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ali, Anika; Saqlawi, Juman Al

2016-04-01

Renewable energy is one of the key technologies through which the energy needs of the future can be met in a sustainable and carbon-neutral manner. Increasing the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix of each country is therefore a critical need. While different countries have approached this in different ways, there are some common aspects which influence the pace and effectiveness of renewable energy incorporation. This presentation looks at data and information from 34 selected countries, analyses the patterns, compares the different parameters and identifies the common factors which positively influence renewable energy incorporation. The most successful countries are analysed for their renewable energy performance against their GDP, policy/regulatory initiatives in the field of renewables, landmass, climatic conditions and population to identify the most influencing factors to bring about positive change in renewable energy share.

Involvement as inclusion? Shared decision-making in social work practice in Israel: a qualitative account.

PubMed

Levin, Lia

2015-03-01

Shared decision-making (SDM), a representation of shared knowledge and power between social workers and their clients, is gaining popularity and prevalence in social services around the world. In many senses, SDM reflects values traditionally associated with social work and service provision, such as equality and anti-discrimination. In the complex context of social problem-solving, however, the relationship between SDM, social workers and their clients is multi-faceted and deserves particular attention. The current study examined SDM and the dilemmas it entails through interviews conducted in 2012 with 77 Israeli social workers and policy makers whose responses were analysed according to the guiding principles of descriptive phenomenological content analysis and dialogical commonality. Participants' responses represent notions of hope, change, identity and choice. Findings are discussed in correspondence with current and recent trends in Israeli social services, and the social work profession in Israel. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Trajectories of Marital Conflict Across the Life Course: Predictors and Interactions With Marital Happiness Trajectories

PubMed Central

Kamp Dush, Claire M.; Taylor, Miles G.

2011-01-01

Using typologies outlined by Gottman and Fitzpatrick as well as institutional and companionate models of marriage, the authors conducted a latent class analysis of marital conflict trajectories using 20 years of data from the Marital Instability Over the Life Course study. Respondents were in one of three groups: high, medium (around the mean), or low conflict. Several factors predicted conflict trajectory group membership; respondents who believed in lifelong marriage and shared decisions equally with their spouse were more likely to report low and less likely to report high conflict. The conflict trajectories were intersected with marital happiness trajectories to examine predictors of high and low quality marriages. A stronger belief in lifelong marriage, shared decision making, and husbands sharing a greater proportion of housework were associated with an increased likelihood of membership in a high happiness, low conflict marriage, and a decreased likelihood of a low marital happiness group. PMID:22328798

Use of a Nationwide Personally Controlled Electronic Health Record by Healthcare Professionals and Patients: A Case Study with the French DMP.

PubMed

Seroussi, Brigitte; Bouaud, Jacques

2017-01-01

If the wide adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) is necessary to address health information sharing and care coordination issues, it is not sufficient. In order to address health information sharing, some countries, among which, France, have implemented a centralized framework with "new" nationwide care records. The French DMP is a centralized, nationally shared, electronic medical record, created according to the opt-in model. More than five years after the launching of the DMP project, DMPs have been created for 1.5% of the target population, which demonstrates the poor adoption of the tool by healthcare professionals. Among the 583,997 existing DMPs in June 2016, 41% were empty, and 24% of non-empty DMPs were actually accessed. If these "active" DMPs were equally accessed by both healthcare professionals and patients, patients accessed DMP documents four times more than healthcare professionals.

Skyshine at neutron energies less than or equal to 400 MeV

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alsmiller, A.G. Jr.; Barish, J.; Childs, R.L.

1980-10-01

The dose equivalent at an air-ground interface as a function of distance from an assumed azimuthally symmetric point source of neutrons can be calculated as a double integral. The integration is over the source strength as a function of energy and polar angle weighted by an importance function that depends on the source variables and on the distance from the source to the filed point. The neutron importance function for a source 15 m above the ground emitting only into the upper hemisphere has been calculated using the two-dimensional discrete ordinates code, DOT, and the first collision source code, GRTUNCL,more » in the adjoint mode. This importance function is presented for neutron energies less than or equal to 400 MeV, for source cosine intervals of 1 to .8, .8 to .6 to .4, .4 to .2 and .2 to 0, and for various distances from the source to the field point. As part of the adjoint calculations a photon importance function is also obtained. This importance function for photon energies less than or equal to 14 MEV and for various source cosine intervals and source-to-field point distances is also presented. These importance functions may be used to obtain skyshine dose equivalent estimates for any known source energy-angle distribution.« less

3 CFR 9069 - Proclamation 9069 of December 9, 2013. Human Rights Day and Human Rights Week, 2013

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... vitality. Yet across the globe, our common and inalienable rights bind us as one. All women and men—across borders and regardless of race, creed, sexual orientation, gender identity, or income level—share the... liberty, equality, and justice under the law. On Human Rights Day and during Human Rights Week, we resolve...

77 FR 1769 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-01-11

... liquidity on the Exchange. Currently, under a tiered structure of credits, a SLP that meets the 10% average... 50529 (August 15, 2011) (SR-NYSE-2011-39). $0.0020 credit per share per transaction if the SLP adds... all assigned SLP securities; and \\4\\ Consolidated ADV is equal to the volume reported by all exchanges...

Why Chalk Breaks into Three Pieces When Dropped

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cross, Rod

2015-01-01

It has been the author's experience over many years, no doubt shared by others, that a stick of chalk usually breaks into three pieces when accidentally dropped onto the floor. I rarely gave it any thought, apart from noting that the fundamental mode of vibration of a freely supported, rigid rod has two nodes at an equal distance from each…

Causal Relations and Feature Similarity in Children's Inductive Reasoning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayes, Brett K.; Thompson, Susan P.

2007-01-01

Four experiments examined the development of property induction on the basis of causal relations. In the first 2 studies, 5-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults were presented with triads in which a target instance was equally similar to 2 inductive bases but shared a causal antecedent feature with 1 of them. All 3 age groups used causal relations…

78 FR 43242 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-19

... approval of the Board before one or more federally-insured credit union(s) merge or before a federally... together treated as one respondent) times 35 hours per respondent equals 8,400 total annual burden hours... year engage in share insurance terminations. If one or more credit unions were to engage in a voluntary...

78 FR 53163 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Submission to OMB for Reinstatement, With Change, of a...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-28

...-insured credit unions and changes in insured status and requires written approval of the Board before one... together treated as one respondent) times 35 hours per respondent equals 8,400 total annual burden hours... year engage in share insurance terminations. If one or more credit unions were to engage in a voluntary...

11 CFR 100.52 - Gift, subscription, loan, advance or deposit of money.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... CFR 100.72 and 100.73), advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made by any person for the... campaign if the value of the candidate's share of the property used as collateral equals or exceeds the... on demand. (d)(1) For purposes of this section, the term anything of value includes all in-kind...

11 CFR 100.52 - Gift, subscription, loan, advance or deposit of money.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... CFR 100.72 and 100.73), advance, or deposit of money or anything of value made by any person for the... campaign if the value of the candidate's share of the property used as collateral equals or exceeds the... on demand. (d)(1) For purposes of this section, the term anything of value includes all in-kind...

Confidence bounds and hypothesis tests for normal distribution coefficients of variation

Treesearch

Steve P. Verrill; Richard A. Johnson

2007-01-01

For normally distributed populations, we obtain confidence bounds on a ratio of two coefficients of variation, provide a test for the equality of k coefficients of variation, and provide confidence bounds on a coefficient of variation shared by k populations. To develop these confidence bounds and test, we first establish that estimators based on Newton steps from n-...

Women: The Path to Equal Employment. Research Report No. 56.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Humphrey, Melvin

A study of female employment in the private sector between 1966 and 1975 was done (1) to measure the progress of women toward fair-share goals in level of employment, job quality, and salary level and (2) to project when employment gaps will close. The data utilized was reported by those employers who are required to and did file Employer…

Educational New Paternalism: Human Capital, Cultural Capital, and the Politics of Equal Opportunity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDermott, Kathryn A.; Nygreen, Kysa

2013-01-01

Since the 1990s, a growing number of urban schools have gained attention for their distinctive approach to academics and character education. These schools, most of them charters, share the stated goals of closing the racial achievement gap and preparing all of their students for college. In this article, we identify common elements of their…

Is Birdsong More Like Speech or Music?

PubMed

Shannon, Robert V

2016-04-01

Music and speech share many acoustic cues but not all are equally important. For example, harmonic pitch is essential for music but not for speech. When birds communicate is their song more like speech or music? A new study contrasting pitch and spectral patterns shows that birds perceive their song more like humans perceive speech. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Discussing Gender Roles and Equality by Reading "Max: The Stubborn Little Wolf"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lara, Gilberto P.; Leija, María G.

2014-01-01

In the beginning of this article, the authors share the story of Mr. Paredes, a fourth grade teacher in a bilingual classroom, who explains his approach in selecting particular pieces of children's literature that address gender roles and equity. His hope, he states, is that the students will be able to identify the stereotype and challenge…

Smart Schools, Smart Growth: Investing in Education Facilities and Stronger Communities. California Builds Better Schools. Working Paper 09-1

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fuller, Bruce; Vincent, Jeff; Bierbaum, Ariel H.; Kirschenbaum, Greta; McCoy, Deborah; Rigby, Jessica

2009-01-01

This report examines how California's massive and ongoing investment in school construction could better advance the shared goals of school improvement, sustainable urban growth, and equal opportunity. This brief is organized in five parts. First, the authors sketch a "framework" for how smart growth principles could help guide school…

The Shifting Financial Aid System in Spanish University: Grant-Recipients' Experiences and Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Río-Ruiz, Manuel Ángel; Jiménez-Rodrigo, María Luisa; Caro-Cabrera, Manuel Jesús

2015-01-01

In 2012 Spain inaugurated a reform of its higher education financial aid system inspired by three principles: cost-sharing, increasing academic performance and school efficiency. This reform has shifted the aim of the system from equality of access to a type of meritocracy that can be defined as class-biased, as it is only applied to low-income…

Quantum-secret-sharing scheme based on local distinguishability of orthogonal multiqudit entangled states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jingtao; Li, Lixiang; Peng, Haipeng; Yang, Yixian

2017-02-01

In this study, we propose the concept of judgment space to investigate the quantum-secret-sharing scheme based on local distinguishability (called LOCC-QSS). Because of the proposing of this conception, the property of orthogonal mutiqudit entangled states under restricted local operation and classical communication (LOCC) can be described more clearly. According to these properties, we reveal that, in the previous (k ,n )-threshold LOCC-QSS scheme, there are two required conditions for the selected quantum states to resist the unambiguous attack: (i) their k -level judgment spaces are orthogonal, and (ii) their (k -1 )-level judgment spaces are equal. Practically, if k

Equal status in Ultimatum Games promotes rational sharing.

PubMed

Han, Xiao; Cao, Shinan; Bao, Jian-Zhang; Wang, Wen-Xu; Zhang, Boyu; Gao, Zi-You; Sánchez, Angel

2018-01-19

Experiments on the Ultimatum Game (UG) repeatedly show that people's behaviour is far from rational. In UG experiments, a subject proposes how to divide a pot and the other can accept or reject the proposal, in which case both lose everything. While rational people would offer and accept the minimum possible amount, in experiments low offers are often rejected and offers are typically larger than the minimum, and even fair. Several theoretical works have proposed that these results may arise evolutionarily when subjects act in both roles and there is a fixed interaction structure in the population specifying who plays with whom. We report the first experiments on structured UG with subjects playing simultaneously both roles. We observe that acceptance levels of responders approach rationality and proposers accommodate their offers to their environment. More precisely, subjects keep low acceptance levels all the time, but as proposers they follow a best-response-like approach to choose their offers. We thus find that status equality promotes rational sharing while the influence of structure leads to fairer offers compared to well-mixed populations. Our results are far from what is observed in single-role UG experiments and largely different from available predictions based on evolutionary game theory.

Memories of Crisis: Bohr, Kuhn, and the Quantum Mechanical ``Revolution''

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seth, Suman

2013-04-01

``The history of science, to my knowledge,'' wrote Thomas Kuhn, describing the years just prior to the development of matrix and wave mechanics, ``offers no equally clear, detailed, and cogent example of the creative functions of normal science and crisis.'' By 1924, most quantum theorists shared a sense that there was much wrong with all extant atomic models. Yet not all shared equally in the sense that the failure was either terribly surprising or particularly demoralizing. Not all agreed, that is, that a crisis for Bohr-like models was a crisis for quantum theory. This paper attempts to answer four questions: two about history, two about memory. First, which sub-groups of the quantum theoretical community saw themselves and their field in a state of crisis in the early 1920s? Second, why did they do so, and how was a sense of crisis related to their theoretical practices in physics? Third, do we regard the years before 1925 as a crisis because they were followed by the quantum mechanical revolution? And fourth, to reverse the last question, were we to call into the question the existence of a crisis (for some at least) does that make a subsequent revolution less revolutionary?

Simulation of load-sharing in standalone distributed generation system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ajewole, Titus O.; Craven, Robert P. M.; Kayode, Olakunle; Babalola, Olufisayo S.

2018-05-01

This paper presents a study on load-sharing among the component generating units of a multi-source electric microgrid that is operated as an autonomous ac supply-mode system. Emerging trend in power system development permits deployment of microgrids for standalone or stand-by applications, thereby requiring active- and reactive power sharing among the discrete generating units contained in hybrid-source microgrids. In this study, therefore, a laboratory-scale model of a microgrid energized with three renewable energy-based sources is employed as a simulation platform to investigate power sharing among the power-generating units. Each source is represented by a source emulator that captures the real operational characteristics of the mimicked generating unit and, with implementation of real-life weather data and load profiles on the model; the sharing of the load among the generating units is investigated. There is a proportionate generation of power by the three source emulators, with their frequencies perfectly synchronized at the point of common coupling as a result of balance flow of power among them. This hybrid topology of renewable energy-based microgrid could therefore be seamlessly adapted into national energy mix by the indigenous electric utility providers in Nigeria.

Discussion of future cooperative actions and closing remarks

Treesearch

Patricia L. Pettit

1996-01-01

The knowledge shared and the energy generated by this symposium should not be lost as we leave for our homes and our jobs. We have a great wealth of experience, knowledge, and energy assembled. How can we continue to communicate with each other, share information, involve others, and influence decision makers? The steering committee for this symposium in hopes of...

Enhancement of solar heavy nuclei at high energies in the 4 July 1974 event

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bertsch, D. L.; Reames, D.

1976-01-01

Relative abundances of energetic nuclei in the 4 July 1974 solar event are presented. The results show a marked enhancement of abundances that systematically increase with nuclear charge numbers in the range of the observation, 6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 26 for energies above 15 MeV/nucleon. While such enhancements are commonly seen below 10 MeV/nucleon, most observations at higher energies are found to be consistent with solar system abundances. The energy spectrum of oxygen is observed to be significantly steeper than most other solar events studied in this energy region. It is proposed that these observations are characteristic of particle populations at energies approximately 1 MeV/nucleon, and that the anomalous features observed here may be the result of the high energy extension of such a population that is commonly masked by other processes or populations that might occur in larger solar events.

10 CFR 490.803 - Waiver requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Waiver requirements. 490.803 Section 490.803 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Compliance § 490... as specified in § 490.804 of this subpart, equal to the amount of alternative fuel used if the...

10 CFR 490.803 - Waiver requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Waiver requirements. 490.803 Section 490.803 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Compliance § 490... as specified in § 490.804 of this subpart, equal to the amount of alternative fuel used if the...

10 CFR 490.803 - Waiver requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Waiver requirements. 490.803 Section 490.803 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Compliance § 490... as specified in § 490.804 of this subpart, equal to the amount of alternative fuel used if the...

10 CFR 490.803 - Waiver requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Waiver requirements. 490.803 Section 490.803 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Compliance § 490... as specified in § 490.804 of this subpart, equal to the amount of alternative fuel used if the...

10 CFR 490.803 - Waiver requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Waiver requirements. 490.803 Section 490.803 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ALTERNATIVE FUEL TRANSPORTATION PROGRAM Alternative Compliance § 490... as specified in § 490.804 of this subpart, equal to the amount of alternative fuel used if the...

Using instability to reconfigure smart structures in a spring-mass model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jiaying; McInnes, Colin R.

2017-07-01

Multistable phenomenon have long been used in mechanism design. In this paper a subset of unstable configurations of a smart structure model will be used to develop energy-efficient schemes to reconfigure the structure. This new concept for reconfiguration uses heteroclinic connections to transition the structure between different unstable equal-energy states. In an ideal structure model zero net energy input is required for the reconfiguration, compared to transitions between stable equilibria across a potential barrier. A simple smart structure model is firstly used to identify sets of equal-energy unstable configurations using dynamical systems theory. Dissipation is then added to be more representative of a practical structure. A range of strategies are then used to reconfigure the smart structure using heteroclinic connections with different approaches to handle dissipation.

Transportation Energy Futures: Freight Transportation Modal Shares: Scenarios for a Low-Carbon Future

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brogan, J. J.; Aeppli, A. E.; Brown, D. F.

2013-03-01

Freight transportation modes—truck, rail, water, air, and pipeline—each serve a distinct share of the freight transportation market. A variety of factors influence the modes chosen by shippers, carriers, and others involved in freight supply chains. Analytical methods can be used to project future modal shares, and federal policy actions could influence future freight mode choices. This report considers how these topics have been addressed in existing literature and offers insights on federal policy decisions with the potential to prompt mode choices that reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.

Emission of a Dual-Fuel Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rózycki, Andrzej

2012-02-01

The paper describes the results of a four-cylinder dual fuel turbocharged compression ignition engine. The aim of the study was to determine the maximum CNG share in thefuel mixture delivered into the cylinder. Analysis of the investigation results showed that the CNG energy share in the fuel charge delivered into the cylinder can reach 45%. At that level of CNG energy share a 15% reduction in maximum torque is achieved in comparison with the standard fuelling. The unburnt hydrocarbon emission increases significantly. Emissions of other principal pollutants reach values comparable with those obtained at standard fuelling.

Correlated electron-nuclear dynamics in above-threshold multiphoton ionization of asymmetric molecule.

PubMed

Wang, Zhuo; Li, Min; Zhou, Yueming; Lan, Pengfei; Lu, Peixiang

2017-02-20

The partition of the photon energy into the subsystems of molecules determines many photon-induced chemical and physical dynamics in laser-molecule interactions. The electron-nuclear energy sharing from multiphoton ionization of molecules has been used to uncover the correlated dynamics of the electron and fragments. However, most previous studies focus on symmetric molecules. Here we study the electron-nuclear energy sharing in strong-field photoionization of HeH 2+ by solving the one-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). Compared with symmetric molecules, the joint electron-nuclear energy spectrum (JES) of HeH 2+ reveals an anomalous energy shift at certain nuclear energies, while it disappears at higher and lower nuclear energies. Through tracing the time evolution of the wavepacket of bound states, we identify that this energy shift originates from the joint effect of the Stark shift, associated with the permanent dipole, and the Autler-Townes effect due to the coupling of the 2pσ and 2sσ states in strong fields. The energy shift in the JES appears at certain nuclear distances only when both Stark effect and Autler-Townes effect play important roles. We further demonstrate that the electron-nuclei energy sharing can be controlled by varying laser intensity for asymmetric molecules, providing alternative approaches to manipulate photochemical reactions for more complex molecules.

A Snapshot of the Continuous Emission of the Active Galactic Nucleus in NGC 3783 from Gamma-Ray to Radio Wavelengths

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alloin, D.; Santos-Lleo, M.; Peterson, B. M.; Wamsteker, W.; Altieri, B.; Brinkmann, W.; Clavel, J.; Crenshaw, D. M.; George, I. M.; Glass, I. S.;

The value of a kurtosis metric in estimating the hazard to hearing of complex industrial noise exposures.

PubMed

Qiu, Wei; Hamernik, Roger P; Davis, Robert I

2013-05-01

A series of Gaussian and non-Gaussian equal energy noise exposures were designed with the objective of establishing the extent to which the kurtosis statistic could be used to grade the severity of noise trauma produced by the exposures. Here, 225 chinchillas distributed in 29 groups, with 6 to 8 animals per group, were exposed at 97 dB SPL. The equal energy exposures were presented either continuously for 5 d or on an interrupted schedule for 19 d. The non-Gaussian noises all differed in the level of the kurtosis statistic or in the temporal structure of the noise, where the latter was defined by different peak, interval, and duration histograms of the impact noise transients embedded in the noise signal. Noise-induced trauma was estimated from auditory evoked potential hearing thresholds and surface preparation histology that quantified sensory cell loss. Results indicated that the equal energy hypothesis is a valid unifying principle for estimating the consequences of an exposure if and only if the equivalent energy exposures had the same kurtosis. Furthermore, for the same level of kurtosis the detailed temporal structure of an exposure does not have a strong effect on trauma.

Sliding mode control of direct coupled interleaved boost converter for fuel cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, W. Y.; Ding, Y. H.; Ke, X.; Ma, X.

2017-12-01

A three phase direct coupled interleaved boost converter (TP-DIBC) was recommended in this paper. This converter has a small unbalance current sharing among the branches of TP-DIBC. An adaptive control law sliding mode control (SMC) is designed for the TP-DIBC. The aim is to 1) reduce ripple output voltage, inductor current and regulate output voltage tightly 2) The total current carried by direct coupled interleaved boost converter (DIBC) must be equally shared between different parallel branches. The efficacy and robustness of the proposed TP-DIBC and adaptive SMC is confirmed via computer simulations using Matlab SimPower System Tools. The simulation result is in line with the expectation.

FPGA implementation of current-sharing strategy for parallel-connected SEPICs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ezhilarasi, A.; Ramaswamy, M.

2016-01-01

The attempt echoes to evolve an equal current-sharing algorithm over a number of single-ended primary inductance converters connected in parallel. The methodology involves the development of state-space model to predict the condition for the existence of a stable equilibrium portrait. It acquires the role of a variable structure controller to guide the trajectory, with a view to circumvent the circuit non-linearities and arrive at a stable performance through a preferred operating range. The design elicits an acceptable servo and regulatory characteristics, the desired time response and ensures regulation of the load voltage. The simulation results validated through a field programmable gate array-based prototype serves to illustrate its suitability for present-day applications.

Voluntary Green Power Procurement | Energy Analysis | NREL

Science.gov Websites

state renewable portfolio standards (RPSs). Pie chart depicting the voluntary market share of non -hydropower renewable generation. And, chart depicting the voluntary market share of non-hydropower renewable generation over time, from 2006 to 2015. Voluntary market share of U.S. non-hydropower renewable generation

A bioenergetic basis for membrane divergence in archaea and bacteria.

PubMed

Sojo, Víctor; Pomiankowski, Andrew; Lane, Nick

2014-08-01

Membrane bioenergetics are universal, yet the phospholipid membranes of archaea and bacteria-the deepest branches in the tree of life-are fundamentally different. This deep divergence in membrane chemistry is reflected in other stark differences between the two domains, including ion pumping and DNA replication. We resolve this paradox by considering the energy requirements of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). We develop a mathematical model based on the premise that LUCA depended on natural proton gradients. Our analysis shows that such gradients can power carbon and energy metabolism, but only in leaky cells with a proton permeability equivalent to fatty acid vesicles. Membranes with lower permeability (equivalent to modern phospholipids) collapse free-energy availability, precluding exploitation of natural gradients. Pumping protons across leaky membranes offers no advantage, even when permeability is decreased 1,000-fold. We hypothesize that a sodium-proton antiporter (SPAP) provided the first step towards modern membranes. SPAP increases the free energy available from natural proton gradients by ∼60%, enabling survival in 50-fold lower gradients, thereby facilitating ecological spread and divergence. Critically, SPAP also provides a steadily amplifying advantage to proton pumping as membrane permeability falls, for the first time favoring the evolution of ion-tight phospholipid membranes. The phospholipids of archaea and bacteria incorporate different stereoisomers of glycerol phosphate. We conclude that the enzymes involved took these alternatives by chance in independent populations that had already evolved distinct ion pumps. Our model offers a quantitatively robust explanation for why membrane bioenergetics are universal, yet ion pumps and phospholipid membranes arose later and independently in separate populations. Our findings elucidate the paradox that archaea and bacteria share DNA transcription, ribosomal translation, and ATP synthase, yet differ in equally fundamental traits that depend on the membrane, including DNA replication.

Energy transports by ocean and atmosphere based on an entropy extremum principle. I - Zonal averaged transports

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sohn, Byung-Ju; Smith, Eric A.

1993-01-01

The maximum entropy production principle suggested by Paltridge (1975) is applied to separating the satellite-determined required total transports into atmospheric and oceanic components. Instead of using the excessively restrictive equal energy dissipation hypothesis as a deterministic tool for separating transports between the atmosphere and ocean fluids, the satellite-inferred required 2D energy transports are imposed on Paltridge's energy balance model, which is then solved as a variational problem using the equal energy dissipation hypothesis only to provide an initial guess field. It is suggested that Southern Ocean transports are weaker than previously reported. It is argued that a maximum entropy production principle can serve as a governing rule on macroscale global climate, and, in conjunction with conventional satellite measurements of the net radiation balance, provides a means to decompose atmosphere and ocean transports from the total transport field.

Low-energy elastic differential scattering of He/++/ by He.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lam, S. K.; Doverspike, L. D.; Champion, R. L.

1973-01-01

Experimental results are developed for the relative elastic differential scattering of He(++) by He for collision energies in the range 4 equal to or less than E equal to or less than 75 eV. In the analysis of the data, semiclassical considerations are utilized, assuming that the dynamics of the scattering is governed solely by the B and E states of He2(++). It is shown that existing ab initio calculations for the intermolecular potentials predict differential cross sections which are not in particularly good agreement with the experimental data.

Controllable load sharing for soft adhesive interfaces on three-dimensional surfaces.

PubMed

Song, Sukho; Drotlef, Dirk-Michael; Majidi, Carmel; Sitti, Metin

2017-05-30

For adhering to three-dimensional (3D) surfaces or objects, current adhesion systems are limited by a fundamental trade-off between 3D surface conformability and high adhesion strength. This limitation arises from the need for a soft, mechanically compliant interface, which enables conformability to nonflat and irregularly shaped surfaces but significantly reduces the interfacial fracture strength. In this work, we overcome this trade-off with an adhesion-based soft-gripping system that exhibits enhanced fracture strength without sacrificing conformability to nonplanar 3D surfaces. Composed of a gecko-inspired elastomeric microfibrillar adhesive membrane supported by a pressure-controlled deformable gripper body, the proposed soft-gripping system controls the bonding strength by changing its internal pressure and exploiting the mechanics of interfacial equal load sharing. The soft adhesion system can use up to ∼26% of the maximum adhesion of the fibrillar membrane, which is 14× higher than the adhering membrane without load sharing. Our proposed load-sharing method suggests a paradigm for soft adhesion-based gripping and transfer-printing systems that achieves area scaling similar to that of a natural gecko footpad.

Controllable load sharing for soft adhesive interfaces on three-dimensional surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Sukho; Drotlef, Dirk-Michael; Majidi, Carmel; Sitti, Metin

2017-05-01

For adhering to three-dimensional (3D) surfaces or objects, current adhesion systems are limited by a fundamental trade-off between 3D surface conformability and high adhesion strength. This limitation arises from the need for a soft, mechanically compliant interface, which enables conformability to nonflat and irregularly shaped surfaces but significantly reduces the interfacial fracture strength. In this work, we overcome this trade-off with an adhesion-based soft-gripping system that exhibits enhanced fracture strength without sacrificing conformability to nonplanar 3D surfaces. Composed of a gecko-inspired elastomeric microfibrillar adhesive membrane supported by a pressure-controlled deformable gripper body, the proposed soft-gripping system controls the bonding strength by changing its internal pressure and exploiting the mechanics of interfacial equal load sharing. The soft adhesion system can use up to ˜26% of the maximum adhesion of the fibrillar membrane, which is 14× higher than the adhering membrane without load sharing. Our proposed load-sharing method suggests a paradigm for soft adhesion-based gripping and transfer-printing systems that achieves area scaling similar to that of a natural gecko footpad.

Controllable load sharing for soft adhesive interfaces on three-dimensional surfaces

PubMed Central

Song, Sukho; Drotlef, Dirk-Michael; Majidi, Carmel; Sitti, Metin

2017-01-01

For adhering to three-dimensional (3D) surfaces or objects, current adhesion systems are limited by a fundamental trade-off between 3D surface conformability and high adhesion strength. This limitation arises from the need for a soft, mechanically compliant interface, which enables conformability to nonflat and irregularly shaped surfaces but significantly reduces the interfacial fracture strength. In this work, we overcome this trade-off with an adhesion-based soft-gripping system that exhibits enhanced fracture strength without sacrificing conformability to nonplanar 3D surfaces. Composed of a gecko-inspired elastomeric microfibrillar adhesive membrane supported by a pressure-controlled deformable gripper body, the proposed soft-gripping system controls the bonding strength by changing its internal pressure and exploiting the mechanics of interfacial equal load sharing. The soft adhesion system can use up to ∼26% of the maximum adhesion of the fibrillar membrane, which is 14× higher than the adhering membrane without load sharing. Our proposed load-sharing method suggests a paradigm for soft adhesion-based gripping and transfer-printing systems that achieves area scaling similar to that of a natural gecko footpad. PMID:28507143

Energy localization in the phi4 oscillator chain.

PubMed

Ponno, A; Ruggiero, J; Drigo, E; De Luca, J

2006-05-01

We study energy localization in a finite one-dimensional phi(4) oscillator chain with initial energy in a single oscillator of the chain. We numerically calculate the effective number of degrees of freedom sharing the energy on the lattice as a function of time. We find that for energies smaller than a critical value, energy equipartition among the oscillators is reached in a relatively short time. On the other hand, above the critical energy, a decreasing number of particles sharing the energy is observed. We give an estimate of the effective number of degrees of freedom as a function of the energy. Our results suggest that localization is due to the appearance, above threshold, of a breather-like structure. Analytic arguments are given, based on the averaging theory and the analysis of a discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation approximating the dynamics, to support and explain the numerical results.

Ground-State Structure of the Proton-Bound Formate Dimer by Cold-Ion Infrared Action Spectroscopy.

PubMed

Thomas, Daniel; Marianski, Mateusz; Mucha, Eike; Meijer, Gerard; Johnson, Mark A; von Helden, Gert

2018-06-19

The proton-bound dicarboxylate motif, RCOO-·H+·-OOCR, is a prevalent chemical configuration found in many condensed phase systems. We study the archetypal proton-bound formate dimer, HCOO-·H+·-OOCH, utilizing cold-ion infrared action spectroscopy in the photon energy range of 400-1800 cm-1. The spectrum obtained at ~0.4 K utilizing action spectroscopy of ions captured in helium nanodroplets is compared to that measured at ~10 K by photodissociation of Ar-ion complexes. Similar band patterns are obtained by the two techniques that are consistent with calculations for a C2 symmetry structure with a proton shared equally between the two formate moieties. Isotopic substitution experiments point to the nominal parallel stretch of the bridging proton appearing as a sharp, dominant feature near 600 cm-1. Multidimensional anharmonic calculations, however, reveal that the bridging proton motion is strongly coupled to the flanking -COO- framework, an effect that is qualitatively in line with the expected change in -C=O bond rehybridization upon protonation. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Energy Drinks

MedlinePlus

... R S T U V W X Y Z Energy Drinks Share: © Thinkstock Energy drinks are widely promoted as products that increase ... people has been quite effective. Next to multivitamins, energy drinks are the most popular dietary supplement consumed ...

Making non-discrimination and equal opportunity a reality in Kenya's health provider education system: results of a gender analysis.

PubMed

Newman, Constance; Kimeu, Anastasiah; Shamblin, Leigh; Penders, Christopher; McQuide, Pamela A; Bwonya, Judith

2011-01-01

IntraHealth International's USAID-funded Capacity Kenya project conducted a performance needs assessment of the Kenya health provider education system in 2010. Various stakeholders shared their understandings of the role played by gender and identified opportunities to improve gender equality in health provider education. Findings suggest that occupational segregation, sexual harassment and discrimination based on pregnancy and family responsibilities present problems, especially for female students and faculty. To grow and sustain its workforce over the long term, Kenyan human resource leaders and managers must act to eliminate gender-based obstacles by implementing existing non-discrimination and equal opportunity policies and laws to increase the entry, retention and productivity of students and faculty. Families and communities must support girls' schooling and defer early marriage. All this will result in a fuller pool of students, faculty and matriculated health workers and, ultimately, a more robust health workforce to meet Kenya's health challenges.

Conflicting contraceptive norms for men: equal responsibility versus women's bodily autonomy.

PubMed

James-Hawkins, Laurie; Dalessandro, Cristen; Sennott, Christie

2018-05-15

Most research investigating how men and women in heterosexual relationships negotiate contraceptive use focuses on the women's point of view. Using a sample of 44 interviews with men attending a western US university, this study examines norms governing men's participation in contraceptive use and pregnancy prevention and their responses to those norms. The paper demonstrates how competing norms around sexual health decision-making and women's bodily autonomy contribute to unintended outcomes that undermine young people's quest for egalitarian sexual relationships. While men largely agree that responsibility for sexual health decision-making should be shared with women, they also believe that women should have power over their own bodies and sexual health. However, the coexistence of these two competing norms - which call for both equal responsibility in decision-making and women's bodily autonomy - results in a disconnect between men saying that sexual health decision-making should be equal, but not always participating equally. Thus, men largely give contraceptive decision-making power over to women, putting the burden of pregnancy prevention onto women and letting men off the hook. It is concluded that men's negotiation of these competing norms reinforces unequal power and inequality in sexual relationships.

The Need for Direct High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jones, Frank C.; Streitmatter, Robert

2004-01-01

Measuring the chemical composition of the cosmic rays in the energy region of greater than or equal to 10(exp 12)eV would be highly useful in settling several nagging questions concerning the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy. In particular an accurate measurement of secondary to primary ratios such as Boron to Carbon would gibe clear evidence as to whether the propagation of cosmic rays is determined by a diffusion coefficient that varies with the particle's energy as E(sup 0.5) or E(sup 0.3). This would go a long ways in helping us to understand the anistropy (or lack thereof) of the highest energy cosmic rays and the power requirements for producing those particles at approximately equal to 10(exp 18) eV which are believed to be highest energy particles produced in the Galaxy. This would be only one of the benefits of a mission such as ACCESS to perform direct particle measurements on very high energy cosmic rays.

Energy storage connection system

DOEpatents

Benedict, Eric L.; Borland, Nicholas P.; Dale, Magdelena; Freeman, Belvin; Kite, Kim A.; Petter, Jeffrey K.; Taylor, Brendan F.

2012-07-03

A power system for connecting a variable voltage power source, such as a power controller, with a plurality of energy storage devices, at least two of which have a different initial voltage than the output voltage of the variable voltage power source. The power system includes a controller that increases the output voltage of the variable voltage power source. When such output voltage is substantially equal to the initial voltage of a first one of the energy storage devices, the controller sends a signal that causes a switch to connect the variable voltage power source with the first one of the energy storage devices. The controller then causes the output voltage of the variable voltage power source to continue increasing. When the output voltage is substantially equal to the initial voltage of a second one of the energy storage devices, the controller sends a signal that causes a switch to connect the variable voltage power source with the second one of the energy storage devices.

An Educational Paper on the Effect Of Even Distribution in the Use of Available Energy Resources So as to Enhance Sustainability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Njuh Elongo, A. I.

2017-12-01

This paper seeks to suggest a possible and proper solution to the problem of over-exploitation of a certain major energy resource up-to its point of near extinction or pass its peak value. To achieve or present this hypothesis, an experiment was done which varied the following factors which are; the available natural resources, the demand rate and hence consumption rate. The question being " Can sharing the exploitation and consumption of available resources equally, improve sustainability?. " This was investigated through a simple experiment in a farm, via the use of goats grazing on grass. The test experiment was done on one farm where the goats were fed with three different types of grass found around the area, and was fed to them simultaneously as the number of goats also were increased with time. Also, on the other farm which hosted the control experiment, the three types of grass was introduced to the feeding process only when its predecessor was almost going towards extinction. The population of the goats also was increased with time. It was found that on the first farm(test farm) , the resources (being the grass) lasted for a longer time on the farm which hosted the test experiment. So it was concluded that, certainly, the "even distribution" of the exploitation and consumption of resources leads to an increase in sustainability.

Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-26

are funded in equal parts by Egypt, Israel, and the United States with additional contributions from Germany , Japan, and Switzerland. For more...to a World Bank Doing Business 2008 Report, Egypt’s pace of business reforms and deregulation between 2006 and 2007 ranked first worldwide. In...recent years, the state has reinvigorated its privatization program by divesting shares in the state-dominated banking and insurance sectors

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-31

character of cer- tain functions. [REVOLUTION AFRICAINE] Coordination hasn’t been the strong suit of the executive, political and legislative institutions... Westminister Bank of Britain was charged with marketing the loan provided that the nine banks participating in the loan are given equal shares. The...transitional government that would hold legislative elections to pave the way for a secular democratic regime that would bring about peace between

Are the Real Time Costs of Children Equally Shared by Mothers and Fathers?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ekert-Jaffe, Olivia

2011-01-01

This article attempts to estimate the time cost of children in France for couples who do not forgo any income, on the basis of the INSEE 1998-1999 time use survey. Having a child involves an increase in domestic work and/or the dedication of occupational income to pay for childcare. The reduction in "time for oneself"--leisure and…

77 FR 41864 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-16

... on EDGX if they post greater than or equal to 0.50% of the Total Consolidated Volume in Average Daily Volume on EDGX in total, where at least 2 million shares are Non-Displayed Orders that yield Flag HA. The... thereby potentially increases volume on EDGX to the extent the order executes on EDGX. The Exchange also...

Defense Simulation Internet: next generation information highway.

PubMed

Lilienthal, M G

1995-06-01

The Department of Defense has been engaged in the Defense Modeling and Simulation Initiative (DMSI) to provide advanced distributed simulation warfighters in geographically distributed localities. Lessons learned from the Defense Simulation Internet (DSI) concerning architecture, standards, protocols, interoperability, information sharing, and distributed data bases are equally applicable to telemedicine. Much of the vision and objectives of the DMSI are easily translated into the vision for world wide telemedicine.

77 FR 51073 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NASDAQ OMX PHLX LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-23

... liquidity in a transparent market environment. As among equally priced orders on the PSX book, PSX allocates... against the PSX book.\\3\\ No information about the receipt of an incoming marketable order will be provided... unexecuted shares will be cancelled back to the member, routed, or posted to the book as applicable. As is...

Automatic load sharing in inverter modules

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagano, S.

1979-01-01

Active feedback loads transistor equally with little power loss. Circuit is suitable for balancing modular inverters in spacecraft, computer power supplies, solar-electric power generators, and electric vehicles. Current-balancing circuit senses differences between collector current for power transistor and average value of load currents for all power transistors. Principle is effective not only in fixed duty-cycle inverters but also in converters operating at variable duty cycles.

30 CFR 580.73 - Will BOEM share data and information with coastal States?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... CONTINENTAL SHELF Data Requirements Protections § 580.73 Will BOEM share data and information with coastal... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Will BOEM share data and information with coastal States? 580.73 Section 580.73 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF...

30 CFR 580.73 - Will BOEM share data and information with coastal States?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... CONTINENTAL SHELF Data Requirements Protections § 580.73 Will BOEM share data and information with coastal... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Will BOEM share data and information with coastal States? 580.73 Section 580.73 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF...

30 CFR 580.73 - Will BOEM share data and information with coastal States?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... CONTINENTAL SHELF Data Requirements Protections § 580.73 Will BOEM share data and information with coastal... 30 Mineral Resources 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Will BOEM share data and information with coastal States? 580.73 Section 580.73 Mineral Resources BUREAU OF OCEAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT, DEPARTMENT OF...

Experimental Verification of a Jarzynski-Related Information-Theoretic Equality by a Single Trapped Ion.

PubMed

Xiong, T P; Yan, L L; Zhou, F; Rehan, K; Liang, D F; Chen, L; Yang, W L; Ma, Z H; Feng, M; Vedral, V

2018-01-05

Most nonequilibrium processes in thermodynamics are quantified only by inequalities; however, the Jarzynski relation presents a remarkably simple and general equality relating nonequilibrium quantities with the equilibrium free energy, and this equality holds in both the classical and quantum regimes. We report a single-spin test and confirmation of the Jarzynski relation in the quantum regime using a single ultracold ^{40}Ca^{+} ion trapped in a harmonic potential, based on a general information-theoretic equality for a temporal evolution of the system sandwiched between two projective measurements. By considering both initially pure and mixed states, respectively, we verify, in an exact and fundamental fashion, the nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics relevant to the mutual information and Jarzynski equality.

Quantified Energy Dissipation Rates in the Terrestrial Bow Shock. 2; Waves and Dissipation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, L. B., III; Sibeck, D. G.; Breneman, A. W.; Le Contel, O.; Cully, C.; Turner, D. L.; Angelopoulos, V.; Malaspina, D. M.

2014-01-01

We present the first quantified measure of the energy dissipation rates, due to wave-particle interactions, in the transition region of the Earth's collision-less bow shock using data from the Time History of Events and Macro-Scale Interactions during Sub-Storms spacecraft. Our results show that wave-particle interactions can regulate the global structure and dominate the energy dissipation of collision-less shocks. In every bow shock crossing examined, we observed both low-frequency (less than 10 hertz) and high-frequency (approximately or greater than10 hertz) electromagnetic waves throughout the entire transition region and into the magnetosheath. The low-frequency waves were consistent with magnetosonic-whistler waves. The high-frequency waves were combinations of ion-acoustic waves, electron cyclotron drift instability driven waves, electrostatic solitary waves, and whistler mode waves. The high-frequency waves had the following: (1) peak amplitudes exceeding delta B approximately equal to 10 nanoteslas and delta E approximately equal to 300 millivolts per meter, though more typical values were delta B approximately equal to 0.1-1.0 nanoteslas and delta E approximately equal to 10-50 millivolts per meter (2) Poynting fluxes in excess of 2000 microWm(sup -2) (micro-waves per square meter) (typical values were approximately 1-10 microWm(sup -2) (micro-waves per square meter); (3) resistivities greater than 9000 omega meters; and (4) associated energy dissipation rates greater than 10 microWm(sup -3) (micro-waves per cubic meter). The dissipation rates due to wave-particle interactions exceeded rates necessary to explain the increase in entropy across the shock ramps for approximately 90 percent of the wave burst durations. For approximately 22 percent of these times, the wave-particle interactions needed to only be less than or equal to 0.1 percent efficient to balance the nonlinear wave steepening that produced the shock waves. These results show that wave-particle interactions have the capacity to regulate the global structure and dominate the energy dissipation of collision-less shocks.

Competitive growth, energy allocation, and host modification in the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus dirus: field data.

PubMed

Caddigan, Sara C; Pfenning, Alaina C; Sparkes, Timothy C

2017-01-01

The acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus dirus is a trophically transmitted parasite that modifies both the physiology and behavior of its intermediate host (isopod) prior to transmission to its definitive host (fish). Infected isopods often contain multiple A. dirus individuals and we examined the relationships between host sharing, body size, energy content, and host modification to determine if host sharing was costly and if these costs could influence the modification of host behavior (mating behavior). Using field-based measures of parasite energy content (glycogen, lipid) and parasite body size (volume), we showed that host sharing was costly in terms of energy content but not in terms of body size. Analysis of the predictors of host behavior revealed that energy content, and body size, were not predictors of host behavior. Of the variables examined, parasite intensity was the only predictor of host behavior. Hosts that contained more parasites were less likely to be modified (i.e., less likely to undergo mating suppression). We suggest that intraspecific competition influenced parasite energy content and that the costs associated with competition are likely to shape the strategy of growth and energy allocation adopted by the parasites. These costs did not appear to have a direct effect on the modification of host mating behavior.

International Charter of principles for sharing bio-specimens and data.

PubMed

Mascalzoni, Deborah; Dove, Edward S; Rubinstein, Yaffa; Dawkins, Hugh J S; Kole, Anna; McCormack, Pauline; Woods, Simon; Riess, Olaf; Schaefer, Franz; Lochmüller, Hanns; Knoppers, Bartha M; Hansson, Mats

2015-06-01

There is a growing international agreement on the need to provide greater access to research data and bio-specimen collections to optimize their long-term value and exploit their potential for health discovery and validation. This is especially evident for rare disease research. Currently, the rising value of data and bio-specimen collections does not correspond with an equal increase in data/sample-sharing and data/sample access. Contradictory legal and ethical frameworks across national borders are obstacles to effective sharing: more specifically, the absence of an integrated model proves to be a major logistical obstruction. The Charter intends to amend the obstacle by providing both the ethical foundations on which data sharing should be based, as well as a general Material and Data Transfer Agreement (MTA/DTA). This Charter is the result of a careful negotiation of different stakeholders' interest and is built on earlier consensus documents and position statements, which provided the general international legal framework. Further to this, the Charter provides tools that may help accelerate sharing. The Charter has been formulated to serve as an enabling tool for effective and transparent data and bio-specimen sharing and the general MTA/DTA constitutes a mechanism to ensure uniformity of access across projects and countries, and may be regarded as a consistent basic agreement for addressing data and material sharing globally. The Charter is forward looking in terms of emerging issues from the perspective of a multi-stakeholder group, and where possible, provides strategies that may address these issues.

Effect of Energy Equalization on the Intelligibility of Speech in Fluctuating Background Interference for Listeners With Hearing Impairment

PubMed Central

D’Aquila, Laura A.; Desloge, Joseph G.; Braida, Louis D.

2017-01-01

The masking release (MR; i.e., better speech recognition in fluctuating compared with continuous noise backgrounds) that is evident for listeners with normal hearing (NH) is generally reduced or absent for listeners with sensorineural hearing impairment (HI). In this study, a real-time signal-processing technique was developed to improve MR in listeners with HI and offer insight into the mechanisms influencing the size of MR. This technique compares short-term and long-term estimates of energy, increases the level of short-term segments whose energy is below the average energy, and normalizes the overall energy of the processed signal to be equivalent to that of the original long-term estimate. This signal-processing algorithm was used to create two types of energy-equalized (EEQ) signals: EEQ1, which operated on the wideband speech plus noise signal, and EEQ4, which operated independently on each of four bands with equal logarithmic width. Consonant identification was tested in backgrounds of continuous and various types of fluctuating speech-shaped Gaussian noise including those with both regularly and irregularly spaced temporal fluctuations. Listeners with HI achieved similar scores for EEQ and the original (unprocessed) stimuli in continuous-noise backgrounds, while superior performance was obtained for the EEQ signals in fluctuating background noises that had regular temporal gaps but not for those with irregularly spaced fluctuations. Thus, in noise backgrounds with regularly spaced temporal fluctuations, the energy-normalized signals led to larger values of MR and higher intelligibility than obtained with unprocessed signals. PMID:28602128

Energy-related emissions from telework.

PubMed

Kitou, Erasmia; Horvath, Arpad

2003-08-15

Telework is a growing phenomenon that is thought to save energy and air emissions. This paper applies a systems model to telework and nontelework scenarios in order to quantify greenhouse gas and other air emissions from transportation, heating, cooling, lighting, and electronic and electrical equipment use both at the company and the home office. Using United States data, a WWW-based, scalable decision-support tool was created to evaluate the environmental impacts of teleworkers. For a typical case reflecting United States teleworker patterns, the analysis found that telework has the potential to reduce air emissions. However, Monte Carlo simulation employed to perform a probabilistic analysis over a set of likely parameters has revealed that telework may not affect equally the emissions of all types of pollutants. It may decrease CO2, NOx, SO2, PM10, and CO but not N2O and CH4 emissions. Therefore, the scope and goal of telework programs must be defined early in the implementation process. Work-related transportation (commuting) impacts could be reduced as a result of telework; however, home-related impacts due to an employee spending additional time at home could potentially offset these reductions. Company office-related impacts may not be reduced unless the office space is shared with other employees during telework days or eliminated entirely. In states with high telework potential (California, Georgia, Illinois, New York, Texas), telework could save emissions, but it would depend on commuting and climatic patterns and the electricity mix. Environmentally beneficial telework programs are found to depend mainly on commuting patterns, induced energy usage, and characteristics of the office and home space and equipment use.

Diode laser prostatectomy (VLAP): initial canine evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kopchok, George E.; Verbin, Chris; Ayres, Bruce; Peng, Shi-Kaung; White, Rodney A.

1995-05-01

This study evaluated the acute and chronic effects of diode laser (960 nm) prostatectomy using a Prolase II fiber in a canine model (n equals 5). The laser fiber consists of a 1000 um quartz fiber which reflects a cone of laser energy, at 45 degree(s) to the axis of the fiber, into the prostatic urethra (Visual Laser Ablation of Prostate). Perineal access was used to guide a 15.5 Fr cystoscope to the level of the prostate. Under visual guidance and continual saline irrigation, 60 watts of laser power was delivered for 60 seconds at 3, 9, and 12 o'clock and 30 seconds at the 6 o'clock (posterior) positions for a total energy fluence of 12,600 J. One prostate received an additional 60 second exposure at 3 and 9 o'clock for a total fluence of 19,800 J. The prostates were evaluated at one day (n equals 1) and 8 weeks (n equals 4). The histopathology of laser effects at one day show areas of necrosis with loss of glandular structures and stromal edema. Surrounding this area was a zone of degenerative glandular structures extending up to 17.5 mm (cross sectional diameter). The histopathology of the 8 week laser treated animals demonstrated dilated prostatic urethras with maximum cross- sectional diameter of 23.4 mm (mean equals 18.5 +/- 3.9 mm). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of diode laser energy for prostatic tissue coagulation and eventual sloughing. The results also demonstrate the safety of diode laser energy, with similar tissue response as seen with Nd:YAG laser, for laser prostatectomy.

Root-associated fungal communities in three Pyroleae species and their mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees in subalpine coniferous forests on Mount Fuji, Japan.

PubMed

Jia, Shuzheng; Nakano, Takashi; Hattori, Masahira; Nara, Kazuhide

2017-11-01

Pyroleae species are perennial understory shrubs, many of which are partial mycoheterotrophs. Most fungi colonizing Pyroleae roots are ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and share common mycobionts with their Pyroleae hosts. However, such mycobiont sharing has neither been examined in depth before nor has the interspecific variation in sharing among Pyroleae species. Here, we examined root-associated fungal communities in three co-existing Pyroleae species, including Pyrola alpina, Pyrola incarnata, and Orthilia secunda, with reference to co-existing ECM fungi on the surrounding trees in the same soil blocks in subalpine coniferous forests. We identified 42, 75, and 18 fungal molecular operational taxonomic units in P. alpina, P. incarnata, and O. secunda roots, respectively. Mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees, which was defined as the occurrence of the same mycobiont between Pyroleae and surrounding trees in each soil block, was most frequent among P. incarnata (31 of 44 plants). In P. alpina, sharing was confirmed in 12 of 37 plants, and the fungal community was similar to that of P. incarnata. Mycobiont sharing was least common in O. secunda, found in only 5 of 32 plants. Root-associated fungi of O. secunda were dominated by Wilcoxina species, which were absent from the surrounding ECM roots in the same soil blocks. These results indicate that mycobiont sharing with surrounding trees does not equally occur among Pyroleae plants, some of which may develop independent mycorrhizal associations with ECM fungi, as suggested in O. secunda at our research sites.

Future energy system challenges for Africa: Insights from Integrated Assessment Models

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lucas, Paul; Nielsen, Jens; Calvin, Katherine V.

Although Africa’s share in the global energy system is only small today, the ongoing population growth and economic development imply that this can change significantly. In this paper, we discuss long-term energy developments in Africa using the results of the LIMITS model inter-comparison study. The analysis focusses on the position of Africa in the wider global energy system and climate mitigation. The results show a considerable spread in model outcomes. Without specific climate policy, Africa’s share in global CO 2 emissions is projected to increase from around 1-4% today to 3-23% by 2100. In all models, emissions only start tomore » become really significant on a global scale after 2050. Furthermore, by 2030 still around 50% of total household energy use is supplied through traditional bio-energy, in contrast to existing ambitions from international organisations to provide access to modern energy for all. After 2050, the energy mix is projected to converge towards a global average energy mix with high shares of fossil fuels and electricity use. Finally, although the continent is now a large net exporter of oil and gas, towards 2050 it most likely needs most of its resources to meet its rapidly growing domestic demand. With respect to climate policy, the rapid expansion of the industrial and the power sector also create large mitigation potential and thereby the possibility to align the investment peak in the energy system with climate policy and potential revenues from international carbon trading.« less

10 CFR 1023.329 - Payment of award.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... official. The agency will pay the amount awarded to the applicant within 60 days. ... 10 Energy 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Payment of award. 1023.329 Section 1023.329 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) CONTRACT APPEALS Procedures Relating to Awards Under the Equal...

76 FR 8359 - Boulder Canyon Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-14

....gov . Written comments may also be faxed to (602) 605-2490, Attention: Jack Murray. Western will post... charge for electric service and is divided equally between capacity dollars and energy dollars. Annual energy dollars are divided by annual energy sales, and annual capacity dollars are divided by annual...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sozen, A.; Arcaklioglu, E.

The main goal of this study is to develop the energy sources estimation equations in order to estimate the future projections and make correct investments in Turkey using artificial neural network (ANN) approach. It is also expected that this study will be helpful in demonstrating energy situation of Turkey in amount of EU countries. Basic energy indicators such as population, gross generation, installed capacity, net energy consumption, import, export are used in input layer of ANN. Basic energy sources such as coal, lignite, fuel-oil, natural gas and hydro are in output layer. Data from 1975 to 2003 are used tomore » train. Three years (1981, 1994 and 2003) are only used as test data to confirm this method. Also, in this study, the best approach was investigated for each energy sources by using different learning algorithms (scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) and Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)) and a logistic sigmoid transfer function in the ANN with developed software. The statistical coefficients of multiple determinations (R{sup 2}-value) for training data are equal to 0.99802, 0.99918, 0.997134, 0.998831 and 0.995681 for natural gas, lignite, coal, hydraulic, and fuel-oil, respectively. Similarly, these values for testing data are equal to 0.995623, 0.999456, 0.998545, 0.999236, and 0.99002. The best approach was found for lignite by SCG algorithm with seven neurons so mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is equal to 1.646753 for lignite. According to the results, the future projections of energy indicators using ANN technique have been obviously predicted within acceptable errors. Apart from reducing the whole time required, the importance of the ANN approach is possible to find solutions that make energy applications more viable and thus more attractive to potential users.« less

Alternative Derivations of the Statistical Mechanical Distribution Laws

PubMed Central

Wall, Frederick T.

1971-01-01

A new approach is presented for the derivation of statistical mechanical distribution laws. The derivations are accomplished by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy under constant temperature and volume, instead of maximizing the entropy under constant energy and volume. An alternative method involves stipulating equality of chemical potential, or equality of activity, for particles in different energy levels. This approach leads to a general statement of distribution laws applicable to all systems for which thermodynamic probabilities can be written. The methods also avoid use of the calculus of variations, Lagrangian multipliers, and Stirling's approximation for the factorial. The results are applied specifically to Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics. The special significance of chemical potential and activity is discussed for microscopic systems. PMID:16578712

Alternative derivations of the statistical mechanical distribution laws.

PubMed

Wall, F T

1971-08-01

A new approach is presented for the derivation of statistical mechanical distribution laws. The derivations are accomplished by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy under constant temperature and volume, instead of maximizing the entropy under constant energy and volume. An alternative method involves stipulating equality of chemical potential, or equality of activity, for particles in different energy levels. This approach leads to a general statement of distribution laws applicable to all systems for which thermodynamic probabilities can be written. The methods also avoid use of the calculus of variations, Lagrangian multipliers, and Stirling's approximation for the factorial. The results are applied specifically to Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics. The special significance of chemical potential and activity is discussed for microscopic systems.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liu, Rumeng; Wang, Lifeng, E-mail: walfe@nuaa.edu.cn

The nonlinear thermal vibration behavior of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is investigated by molecular dynamics simulation and a nonlinear, nonplanar beam model. Whirling motion with energy transfer between flexural motions is found in the free vibration of the SWCNT excited by the thermal motion of atoms where the geometric nonlinearity is significant. A nonlinear, nonplanar beam model considering the coupling in two vertical vibrational directions is presented to explain the whirling motion of the SWCNT. Energy in different vibrational modes is not equal even over a time scale of tens of nanoseconds, which is much larger than the periodmore » of fundamental natural vibration of the SWCNT at equilibrium state. The energy of different modes becomes equal when the time scale increases to the microsecond range.« less

Physician response to the United Mine Workers' cost-sharing program: the other side of the coin.

PubMed Central

Fahs, M C

1992-01-01

The effect of cost sharing on health services utilization is analyzed from a new perspective, that is, its effects on physician response to cost sharing. A primary data set was constructed using medical records and billing files from a large multispecialty group practice during the three-year period surrounding the introduction of cost sharing to the United Mine Workers Health and Retirement Fund. This same group practice also served an equally large number of patients covered by United Steelworkers' health benefit plans, for which similar utilization data were available. The questions addressed in this interinsurer study are: (1) to what extent does a physician's treatment of medically similar cases vary, following a drop in patient visits as a result of cost sharing? and (2) what is the impact, if any, on costs of care for other patients in the practice (e.g., "spillover effects" such as cost shifting)? Answers to these kinds of questions are necessary to predict the effects of cost sharing on overall health care costs. A fixed-effects model of physician service use was applied to data on episodes of treatment for all patients in a private group practice. This shows that the introduction of cost sharing to some patients in a practice does, in fact, increase the treatment costs to other patients in the same practice who remain under stable insurance plans. The analysis demonstrates that when the economic effects of cost sharing on physician service use are analyzed for all patients within a physician practice, the findings are remarkably different from those of an analysis limited to those patients directly affected by cost sharing. PMID:1563952

Automatic Bayes Factors for Testing Equality- and Inequality-Constrained Hypotheses on Variances.

PubMed

Böing-Messing, Florian; Mulder, Joris

2018-05-03

In comparing characteristics of independent populations, researchers frequently expect a certain structure of the population variances. These expectations can be formulated as hypotheses with equality and/or inequality constraints on the variances. In this article, we consider the Bayes factor for testing such (in)equality-constrained hypotheses on variances. Application of Bayes factors requires specification of a prior under every hypothesis to be tested. However, specifying subjective priors for variances based on prior information is a difficult task. We therefore consider so-called automatic or default Bayes factors. These methods avoid the need for the user to specify priors by using information from the sample data. We present three automatic Bayes factors for testing variances. The first is a Bayes factor with equal priors on all variances, where the priors are specified automatically using a small share of the information in the sample data. The second is the fractional Bayes factor, where a fraction of the likelihood is used for automatic prior specification. The third is an adjustment of the fractional Bayes factor such that the parsimony of inequality-constrained hypotheses is properly taken into account. The Bayes factors are evaluated by investigating different properties such as information consistency and large sample consistency. Based on this evaluation, it is concluded that the adjusted fractional Bayes factor is generally recommendable for testing equality- and inequality-constrained hypotheses on variances.

Quantum Jarzynski equality of measurement-based work extraction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morikuni, Yohei; Tajima, Hiroyasu; Hatano, Naomichi

2017-03-01

Many studies of quantum-size heat engines assume that the dynamics of an internal system is unitary and that the extracted work is equal to the energy loss of the internal system. Both assumptions, however, should be under scrutiny. In the present paper, we analyze quantum-scale heat engines, employing the measurement-based formulation of the work extraction recently introduced by Hayashi and Tajima [M. Hayashi and H. Tajima, arXiv:1504.06150]. We first demonstrate the inappropriateness of the unitary time evolution of the internal system (namely, the first assumption above) using a simple two-level system; we show that the variance of the energy transferred to an external system diverges when the dynamics of the internal system is approximated to a unitary time evolution. Second, we derive the quantum Jarzynski equality based on the formulation of Hayashi and Tajima as a relation for the work measured by an external macroscopic apparatus. The right-hand side of the equality reduces to unity for "natural" cyclic processes but fluctuates wildly for noncyclic ones, exceeding unity often. This fluctuation should be detectable in experiments and provide evidence for the present formulation.

Quantum Jarzynski equality of measurement-based work extraction.

PubMed

Morikuni, Yohei; Tajima, Hiroyasu; Hatano, Naomichi

2017-03-01

Many studies of quantum-size heat engines assume that the dynamics of an internal system is unitary and that the extracted work is equal to the energy loss of the internal system. Both assumptions, however, should be under scrutiny. In the present paper, we analyze quantum-scale heat engines, employing the measurement-based formulation of the work extraction recently introduced by Hayashi and Tajima [M. Hayashi and H. Tajima, arXiv:1504.06150]. We first demonstrate the inappropriateness of the unitary time evolution of the internal system (namely, the first assumption above) using a simple two-level system; we show that the variance of the energy transferred to an external system diverges when the dynamics of the internal system is approximated to a unitary time evolution. Second, we derive the quantum Jarzynski equality based on the formulation of Hayashi and Tajima as a relation for the work measured by an external macroscopic apparatus. The right-hand side of the equality reduces to unity for "natural" cyclic processes but fluctuates wildly for noncyclic ones, exceeding unity often. This fluctuation should be detectable in experiments and provide evidence for the present formulation.

Comparison of image quality and radiation dose between split-filter dual-energy images and single-energy images in single-source abdominal CT.

PubMed

Euler, André; Obmann, Markus M; Szucs-Farkas, Zsolt; Mileto, Achille; Zaehringer, Caroline; Falkowski, Anna L; Winkel, David J; Marin, Daniele; Stieltjes, Bram; Krauss, Bernhard; Schindera, Sebastian T

2018-02-19

To compare image quality and radiation dose of abdominal split-filter dual-energy CT (SF-DECT) combined with monoenergetic imaging to single-energy CT (SECT) with automatic tube voltage selection (ATVS). Two-hundred single-source abdominal CT scans were performed as SECT with ATVS (n = 100) and SF-DECT (n = 100). SF-DECT scans were reconstructed and subdivided into composed images (SF-CI) and monoenergetic images at 55 keV (SF-MI). Objective and subjective image quality were compared among single-energy images (SEI), SF-CI and SF-MI. CNR and FOM were separately calculated for the liver (e.g. CNR liv ) and the portal vein (CNR pv ). Radiation dose was compared using size-specific dose estimate (SSDE). Results of the three groups were compared using non-parametric tests. Image noise of SF-CI was 18% lower compared to SEI and 48% lower compared to SF-MI (p < 0.001). Composed images yielded higher CNR liv over single-energy images (23.4 vs. 20.9; p < 0.001), whereas CNR pv was significantly lower (3.5 vs. 5.2; p < 0.001). Monoenergetic images overcame this inferiority in CNR pv and achieved similar results compared to single-energy images (5.1 vs. 5.2; p > 0.628). Subjective sharpness was equal between single-energy and monoenergetic images and diagnostic confidence was equal between single-energy and composed images. FOM liv was highest for SF-CI. FOM pv was equal for SEI and SF-MI (p = 0.78). SSDE was significant lower for SF-DECT compared to SECT (p < 0.022). The combined use of split-filter dual-energy CT images provides comparable objective and subjective image quality at lower radiation dose compared to single-energy CT with ATVS. • Split-filter dual-energy results in 18% lower noise compared to single-energy with ATVS. • Split-filter dual-energy results in 11% lower SSDE compared to single-energy with ATVS. • Spectral shaping of split-filter dual-energy leads to an increased dose-efficiency.

Climate Neutral Campus Key Terms and Definitions | Climate Neutral Research

Science.gov Websites

energy costs: The amount of money the building owner pays the utility for electricity, fuels, and reliable services is equal to the amount of money the utility pays the owner for renewable energy as much emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissions-producing energy sources. Emissions

A Sequence of Outbursts from the Transient X-Ray Pulsar GS 0834-430

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Colleen A.; Finger, Mark H.; Harmon, B.Alan; Scott, D. Matthew; Wilson, Robert B.; Bildsten, Lars; Chakrabarty, Deepto; Prince, Thomas A.

1997-01-01

GS 0834-430, a 12.3 s accretion-powered pulsar, has been observed in seven outbursts with the BATSE large-area detectors on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. The first five outbursts observed by BATSE occurred at intervals of about 107 days, while the final two outbursts were separated by about 140 days. The photon energy spectrum, measured by Earth occultation in the 20 100 keV band, can be fitted by a power law with photon index alpha approximately equals -3.7 or by an exponential spectrum with temperature kT approximately equals 15 keV, with some variations within outbursts. The source has a low pulse fraction, less than or equal to 0.15 in the 20-50 keV band. We have observed significant temporal and energy-dependent variations in epoch folded pulse profiles. Because the intrinsic torque effects for this system are at least comparable to orbital effects, pulse timing analysis did not produce a unique orbital solution. However, confidence regions for the orbital elements yielded the following 1 sigma limits: orbital period P(sub orb) = 105.8 +/- 0.4 days and eccentricity 0.10 less than or approximately equals epsilon less than or approximately equals 0.17. GS 0834-430 is most likely a Be/X-ray binary.

Offshore Energy Knowledge Exchange Workshop Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

none,

2012-04-12

A report detailing the presentations and topics discussed at the Offshore Energy Knowledge Exchange Workshop, an event designed to bring together offshore energy industry representatives to share information, best practices, and lessons learned.

10 CFR 1023.304 - Eligibility of applicants.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 4 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Eligibility of applicants. 1023.304 Section 1023.304 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS) CONTRACT APPEALS Procedures Relating to Awards Under the Equal Access to Justice Act General Provisions § 1023.304 Eligibility of applicants. (a) To be eligible...

Race and time from diagnosis to radical prostatectomy: does equal access mean equal timely access to the operating room?--Results from the SEARCH database.

PubMed

Bañez, Lionel L; Terris, Martha K; Aronson, William J; Presti, Joseph C; Kane, Christopher J; Amling, Christopher L; Freedland, Stephen J

2009-04-01

African American men with prostate cancer are at higher risk for cancer-specific death than Caucasian men. We determine whether significant delays in management contribute to this disparity. We hypothesize that in an equal-access health care system, time interval from diagnosis to treatment would not differ by race. We identified 1,532 African American and Caucasian men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) from 1988 to 2007 at one of four Veterans Affairs Medical Centers that comprise the Shared Equal-Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database with known biopsy date. We compared time from biopsy to RP between racial groups using linear regression adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. We analyzed risk of potential clinically relevant delays by determining odds of delays >90 and >180 days. Median time interval from diagnosis to RP was 76 and 68 days for African Americans and Caucasian men, respectively (P = 0.004). After controlling for demographic and clinical variables, race was not associated with the time interval between diagnosis and RP (P = 0.09). Furthermore, race was not associated with increased risk of delays >90 (P = 0.45) or >180 days (P = 0.31). In a cohort of men undergoing RP in an equal-access setting, there was no significant difference between racial groups with regard to time interval from diagnosis to RP. Thus, equal-access includes equal timely access to the operating room. Given our previous finding of poorer outcomes among African Americans, treatment delays do not seem to explain these observations. Our findings need to be confirmed in patients electing other treatment modalities and in other practice settings.

Technical Feasibility Study for Zero Energy K-12 Schools

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bonnema, Eric; Goldwasser, David; Torcellini, Paul

This technical feasibility study provides documentation and research results supporting a possible set of strategies to achieve source zero energy K-12 school buildings as defined by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) zero energy building (ZEB) definition (DOE 2015a). Under this definition, a ZEB is an energy-efficient building in which, on a source energy basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported energy.

Causal relations and feature similarity in children's inductive reasoning.

PubMed

Hayes, Brett K; Thompson, Susan P

2007-08-01

Four experiments examined the development of property induction on the basis of causal relations. In the first 2 studies, 5-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults were presented with triads in which a target instance was equally similar to 2 inductive bases but shared a causal antecedent feature with 1 of them. All 3 age groups used causal relations as a basis for property induction, although the proportion of causal inferences increased with age. Subsequent experiments pitted causal relations against featural similarity in induction. It was found that adults and 8-year-olds, but not 5-year-olds, preferred shared causal relations over strong featural similarity as a basis for induction. The implications for models of inductive reasoning and development are discussed.

Genome-wide analysis of genetic correlation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

PubMed Central

Guerreiro, Rita; Escott-Price, Valentina; Darwent, Lee; Parkkinen, Laura; Ansorge, Olaf; Hernandez, Dena G.; Nalls, Michael A.; Clark, Lorraine; Honig, Lawrence; Marder, Karen; van der Flier, Wiesje; Holstege, Henne; Louwersheimer, Eva; Lemstra, Afina; Scheltens, Philip; Rogaeva, Ekaterina; St George-Hyslop, Peter; Londos, Elisabet; Zetterberg, Henrik; Ortega-Cubero, Sara; Pastor, Pau; Ferman, Tanis J.; Graff-Radford, Neill R.; Ross, Owen A.; Barber, Imelda; Braae, Anne; Brown, Kristelle; Morgan, Kevin; Maetzler, Walter; Berg, Daniela; Troakes, Claire; Al-Sarraj, Safa; Lashley, Tammaryn; Compta, Yaroslau; Revesz, Tamas; Lees, Andrew; Cairns, Nigel J.; Halliday, Glenda M.; Mann, David; Pickering-Brown, Stuart; Powell, John; Lunnon, Katie; Lupton, Michelle K.; Dickson, Dennis; Hardy, John; Singleton, Andrew; Bras, Jose

2016-01-01

The similarities between dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and both Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are many and range from clinical presentation, to neuropathological characteristics, to more recently identified, genetic determinants of risk. Because of these overlapping features, diagnosing DLB is challenging and has clinical implications since some therapeutic agents that are applicable in other diseases have adverse effects in DLB. Having shown that DLB shares some genetic risk with PD and AD, we have now quantified the amount of sharing through the application of genetic correlation estimates, and show that, from a purely genetic perspective, and excluding the strong association at the APOE locus, DLB is equally correlated to AD and PD. PMID:26643944

Measuring the wealth of nations.

PubMed

Hamilton, Kirk; Dixon, John A

2003-01-01

The sustainability of development is closely linked to changes in total per capita wealth. This paper presents estimates of the wealth of nations for nearly 100 countries, broken down into produced assets, natural resources and human resources. While the latter is the dominant form of wealth in virtually all countries, in low income natural resource exporters the share of natural resources in total wealth is equal to the share of produced assets. For low income countries in general, cropland forms the vast majority of natural wealth. The analysis suggests the process of development can be viewed as one of portfolio management: sustainable development entails saving the rents from exhaustible resources, managing renewable resources sustainably, and investing savings in both produced assets and human resources.

Music in the Park. An integrating metaphor for the emerging primary (health) care system.

PubMed

Sturmberg, Joachim P; Martin, Carmel M; O'Halloran, Di

2010-06-01

Metaphors are central to the human understanding of complex issues; through the immediate associations they evoke and frame problems and suggest solutions. Our suggestion of Music in the Park as a metaphor for health systems reform brings to the forefront the environmentally diverse but bounded spaces of health services that offer a variety of attractors within their confines, while pushing into the background organizational and economic concerns. Parks, like health services, are embedded in their local landscape, serving their communities, but most importantly parks are public spaces, publically funded, ideally offering universal access and equity and to be shared by all who want to go there. Music, like health, is tangible, technical and scientific, yet ultimately experiential and based on meaning. While it encompasses a wide range of styles and approaches, music making requires as its most important skill active listening which brings with it to be 'in the moment', to take personal risks and to draw energy and inspiration from the participants. Hence 'audiences' are equally active participants because music only has meaning if it internally resonates with the listener and only can exist in what is a co-constructed experience. Music in the Park is a metaphor for primary health care systems based on shared values of experts and unique local communities. Health professionals are players in this arena, who develop and practise the full range of their skills in response to individual and community needs and preferences. Their leadership works through inspiration and empowerment, making patients 'co-producers' of their own health and 'co-shapers' of their health services.

Federal Campuses Handbook for Net Zero Energy, Water, and Waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

In 2015, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) defined a zero energy campus as "an energy-efficient campus where, on a source energy basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported energy." This handbook is focused on applying the EERE definition of zero energy campuses to federal sector campuses. However, it is not intended to replace, substitute, or modify any statutory or regulatory requirements and mandates.

Federal New Buildings Handbook for Net Zero Energy, Water, and Waste

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

In 2015, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) defined zero energy buildings as "an energy-efficient building where, on a source energy basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported energy." This document is focused on applying EERE’s definition of zero energy buildings to federal sector new buildings. However, it is not intended to replace, substitute, or modify any statutory or regulatory requirements and mandates.

End-of-life care: the long conversation.

PubMed

Byock, Ira; Sorrel, Amy Lynn

2015-04-01

California palliative care specialist, author, and consultant Ira Byock, MD, calls the issues surrounding end-of-life care "a public health crisis." But he says many of the same solutions to improving the health care system overall - shared decisionmaking, advancements in medical education, better payment and delivery structures - apply equally to this area of medical care. Dr. Byock is the General Session keynote speaker at TexMed 2015 in May.

Sharing Malaysian Experience in Participation of Girls in STEM Education. In-Progress Reflection No. 3 on "Current and Critical Issues in Curriculum and Learning"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

UNESCO International Bureau of Education, 2016

2016-01-01

The Malaysia government has placed STEM as a focus in developing the country towards achieving the status of a developed nation. The government acknowledges the role of women as equal partners in nation building. Thus, various policies ranging from economy, education, women's welfare, and human resources have been formulated through the years.…

Big Gaps, Small Gaps: Some Colleges and Universities Do Better than Others in Graduating African-American Students. College Results Online

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Mamie; Engle, Jennifer

2010-01-01

In this brief, the authors share what they are learning from looking beneath the averages. They identify public and private four-year institutions that appear to serve their black and white students equally well--that is, where both groups graduate at similar rates. They also identify public and private institutions that have a lot of work to do…

The perils of power in interpretive research.

PubMed

Cohn, Ellen S; Lyons, Kathleen Doyle

2003-01-01

Occupational therapy is based on core values of altruism, equality, and honoring the dignity of others. Embedded in these values is the ever-present negotiation of power. To honor the concern for the welfare of others, researchers are challenged to think about issues of power throughout the research process. This paper identifies dilemmas and raises questions researchers might ask themselves as they struggle to share power in the interpretive research process.

Developing Grit in Our Students: Why Grit Is Such a Desirable Trait, and Practical Strategies for Teachers and Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bashant, Jennifer

2014-01-01

Why do most individuals make use of only a small percentage of their resources, whereas a few exceptional individuals push themselves to their limits? Why do some individuals accomplish more than others of equal intelligence? One personal quality that is shared by most high achieving and successful people is grit. Grit may be the quality that sets…

How Responsive Is Investment in Schooling to Changes in Returns? Evidence from an Unusual Pay Reform in Israel's Kibbutzim. NBER Working Paper No. 17093

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abramitzky, Ran; Lavy, Victor

2011-01-01

This paper uses a novel dataset to test the important theoretical prediction that the level of investment in schooling is increasing in the rate of return to education. We exploit a unique episode where different Israeli kibbutzim shifted from equal sharing to productivity-based wages in different years, resulting in sharp increases in the return…

An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2014 to 2024

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-08-01

shares of gross domestic income (GDI). In principle , GDI equals GDP because each dollar of production yields a dollar of income; in practice, they...Projected Actual Percentage of GDP Percentage of the Population 1999 20092004 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO An Update to...the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data

Nonpublic School Students in Title I, ESEA Programs: A Question of "Equal" Services. A Special Report from the Title I District Practices Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jung, Richard K.

Based on data from a study of Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, this report describes the level of nonpublic school student participation in the Title I program during 1981-82, assesses whether nonpublic students receive an equitable share of Title I resources, and examines variables affecting the access of nonpublic students…

Base drive for paralleled inverter systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nagano, S. (Inventor)

1980-01-01

In a paralleled inverter system, a positive feedback current derived from the total current from all of the modules of the inverter system is applied to the base drive of each of the power transistors of all modules, thereby to provide all modules protection against open or short circuit faults occurring in any of the modules, and force equal current sharing among the modules during turn on of the power transistors.

Quiet-Time Spectra and Abundances of Energetic Particles During the 1996 Solar Minimum

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reames, Donald V.

1999-01-01

We report the energy spectra and abundances of ions with atomic number, Z, in the interval Z is greater than or equal to 2 and Z is less than or equal to 36 and energies approximately 3-20 MeV/amu for solar and interplanetary quiet periods between 1994 November and 1998 April as measured by the large-geometry Low Energy Matrix Telescope (LEMT) telescope on the Wind spacecraft near Earth. The energy spectra show the presence of galactic (GCR) and "anomalous" cosmic ray (ACR) components, depending on the element. ACR components are reported for Mg and Si for the first time at 1 AU and the previous observation of S and Ar is confirmed. However, only GCR components are clearly apparent for the elements Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, as well as for C. New limits are placed on a possible ACR contribution for other elements, including Kr.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feibel, C.E.

This study uses multiple data collection and research methods including in depth interviews, 271 surveys of shared taxi and minibus operators, participant observation, secondary sources, and the literature on public transport from low, medium, and high-income countries. Extensive use is also made of a survey administered in Istanbul in 1976 to 1935 paratransit operators. Primary findings are that private buses are more efficient than public buses on a cost per passenger-km basis, and that private minibuses are as efficient as public buses. In terms of energy efficiency, minibuses are almost as efficient as public and private buses using actual-occupancy levels.more » Large shared taxis are twice as cost and energy efficient as cars, and small shared taxis 50% more efficient. In terms of investment cost per seat, large shared taxis have the lowest cost followed by smaller shared taxis, minibuses, and buses. Considering actual occupancy levels, minibuses are only slightly less effective in terms of congestion than buses, and large and small shared taxis are twice as effective as cars. It is also shown that minibuses and shared taxis have better service quality than buses because of higher frequencies and speeds, and because they provide a much higher probability of getting a seat than buses. Analysis of regulation and policy suggests that there are many unintended cost of public-transport regulations.« less

Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model - Part 1: Abatement share and investment in low-carbon technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ogutu, K. B. Z.; D'Andrea, F.; Ghil, M.; Nyandwi, C.; Manene, M. M.; Muthama, J. N.

2015-04-01

The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model described herein takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. By using an endogenous economic growth module with physical and human capital accumulation, this paper considers the sustainability of economic growth, as economic activity intensifies greenhouse gas emissions that in turn cause economic damage due to climate change. Different types of fossil fuels and different technologies produce different volumes of carbon dioxide in combustion. The shares of different fuels and their future evolution are not known. We assume that the dynamics of hydrocarbon-based energy share and their replacement with renewable energy sources in the global energy balance can be modeled into the 21st century by use of logistic functions. Various climate change mitigation policy measures are considered. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, we consider abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The paper shows that these efforts help to reduce the volume of industrial carbon dioxide emissions, lower temperature deviations, and lead to positive effects in economic growth.

Top 10 Research Questions Related to Energy Balance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shook, Robin P.; Hand, Gregory A.; Blair, Steven N.

2014-01-01

Obesity is the result of a mismatch between the amount of calories consumed and the amount of calories expended during an extended period of time. This relationship is described by the energy balance equation, which states the rate of change in energy storage depots in the body are equal to the rate of energy intake minus the rate of energy…

Optimal Control of the Parametric Oscillator

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andresen, B.; Hoffmann, K. H.; Nulton, J.; Tsirlin, A.; Salamon, P.

2011-01-01

We present a solution to the minimum time control problem for a classical harmonic oscillator to reach a target energy E[subscript T] from a given initial state (q[subscript i], p[subscript i]) by controlling its frequency [omega], [omega][subscript min] less than or equal to [omega] less than or equal to [omega][subscript max]. A brief synopsis…

77 FR 76023 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-26

..., UNS Electric, Inc., UniSource Energy Development Company. Description: Triennial Market Power Update... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 1 Take notice... County Wind Energy, LLC. Description: Gray County Wind and Ensign Wind Shared Facilities Agreement to be...

Rubbing Elbows and Blowing Smoke: Gender, Class, and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Patent Office.

PubMed

Swanson, Kara W

2017-03-01

The United States Patent Office of the 1850s offers a rare opportunity to analyze the early gendering of science. In its crowded rooms, would-be scientists shared a workplace with women earning equal pay for equal work. Scientific men worked as patent examiners, claiming this new occupation as scientific in opposition to those seeking to separate science and technology. At the same time, in an unprecedented and ultimately unsuccessful experiment, female clerks were hired to work alongside male clerks. This article examines the controversies surrounding these workers through the lens of manners and deportment. In the unique context of a workplace combining scientific men and working ladies, office behavior revealed the deep assumption that the emerging American scientist was male and middle class.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Lifecycle Energy Balance

Science.gov Websites

Energy Balance to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: Lifecycle Energy Balance on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: Lifecycle Energy Balance on Twitter Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center: Lifecycle Energy Balance on Google Bookmark Alternative Fuels Data Center

RADIO RANGING DEVICE

DOEpatents

Crane, H.R.; Bourne, M.E.; Nieset, R.T.; Gratian, J.W.; Gratian, A.C.

1961-04-18

A super-generative radar system is described having alternate phases of transmission and reception and being adapted to transmit for unequal durations in the absence of receiving energy and to transmit for equal and longer durations when energy of proper phase is received.

Radio Ranging Device

DOEpatents

Gratian, J. W.; Gratian, A. C.; Crane, H. R.; Bourns, M. E.; Nieset, R. T.

1961-04-18

A super-generative radar system is described as having alternate phases of transmission and reception and is adapted to transmit for unequal durations in the absence of receiving energy and for equal and longer durations when energy of proper phase is received. (AEC)

Hadron intensity and energy spectrum at 4380 m above level

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cananov, S. D.; Chadranyan, E. K.; Khizanishvili, L. A.; Ladaria, N. K.; Roinishvili, N. N.

1985-01-01

The flux value of hadrons with E (sup gamma) h or = 5 TeV, where E (sup gamma) h or = is the energy transferred into electromagnetic component is presented. It is shown that the energy spectrum slope beta of hadrons with E h or = 20 TeV is equal to 1.9.

Ventilation Cooling: An Old Solution to New Problems. Part 1: The Economics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DiMercurio, C.

1981-01-01

This first article in a series about cooling classrooms by ventilation explains that energy consumption for one day of refrigeration cooling is equal to energy use for 35 days of ventilation cooling. Schools using only refrigeration cooling are passing up energy savings that could be provided by ventilation cooling. (Author/MLF)

75 FR 5315 - Boulder Canyon Project-Rate Order No. WAPA-150

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-02

... 85005-6457, e-mail [email protected] . Written comments may also be faxed to (602) 605-2490, attention: Jack... annual base charge for electric service divided equally between capacity and energy dollars. Annual energy dollars are divided by annual energy sales, and annual capacity dollars are divided by annual...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pablant, N. A.; Delgado-Aparicio, L.; Bitter, M.

A new energy resolving x-ray pinhole camera has been recently installed on Alcator C-Mod. This diagnostic is capable of 1D or 2D imaging with a spatial resolution of Almost-Equal-To 1 cm, an energy resolution of Almost-Equal-To 1 keV in the range of 3.5-15 keV and a maximum time resolution of 5 ms. A novel use of a Pilatus 2 hybrid-pixel x-ray detector [P. Kraft et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. 16, 368 (2009)] is employed in which the lower energy threshold of individual pixels is adjusted, allowing regions of a single detector to be sensitive to different x-ray energy ranges. Developmentmore » of this new detector calibration technique was done as a collaboration between PPPL and Dectris Ltd. The calibration procedure is described, and the energy resolution of the detector is characterized. Initial data from this installation on Alcator C-Mod is presented. This diagnostic provides line-integrated measurements of impurity emission which can be used to determine impurity concentrations as well as the electron energy distribution.« less

Scaling from single molecule to macroscopic adhesion at polymer/metal interfaces.

PubMed

Utzig, Thomas; Raman, Sangeetha; Valtiner, Markus

2015-03-10

Understanding the evolution of macroscopic adhesion based on fundamental molecular interactions is crucial to designing strong and smart polymer/metal interfaces that play an important role in many industrial and biomedical applications. Here we show how macroscopic adhesion can be predicted on the basis of single molecular interactions. In particular, we carry out dynamic single molecule-force spectroscopy (SM-AFM) in the framework of Bell-Evans' theory to gain information about the energy barrier between the bound and unbound states of an amine/gold junction. Furthermore, we use Jarzynski's equality to obtain the equilibrium ground-state energy difference of the amine/gold bond from these nonequilibrium force measurements. In addition, we perform surface forces apparatus (SFA) experiments to measure macroscopic adhesion forces at contacts where approximately 10(7) amine/gold bonds are formed simultaneously. The SFA approach provides an amine/gold interaction energy (normalized by the number of interacting molecules) of (36 ± 1)k(B)T, which is in excellent agreement with the interaction free energy of (35 ± 3)k(B)T calculated using Jarzynski's equality and single-molecule AFM experiments. Our results validate Jarzynski's equality for the field of polymer/metal interactions by measuring both sides of the equation. Furthermore, the comparison of SFA and AFM shows how macroscopic interaction energies can be predicted on the basis of single molecular interactions, providing a new strategy to potentially predict adhesive properties of novel glues or coatings as well as bio- and wet adhesion.

Construct the stable vendor managed inventory partnership through a profit-sharing approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, S.; Yu, Z.; Dong, M.

2015-01-01

In real life, the vendor managed inventory (VMI) model is not always a stable supply chain partnership. This paper proposes a cooperative game based profit-sharing method to stabilize the VMI partnership. Specifically, in a B2C setting, we consider a VMI program including a manufacturer and multiple online retailers. The manufacturer provides the finished product at the equal wholesale price to multiple online retailers. The online retailers face the same customer demand information. We offer the model to compute the increased profits generated by information sharing for total possible VMI coalitions. Using the solution concept of Shapley value, the profit-sharing scheme is produced to fairly divide the total increased profits among the VMI members. We find that under a fair allocation scheme, the higher inventory cost of one VMI member increases the surplus of the other members. Furthermore, the manufacturer is glad to increase the size of VMI coalition, whereas, the retailers are delighted to limit the size of the alliance. Finally, the manufacturer can select the appropriate retailer to boost its surplus, which has no effect on the surplus of the other retailers. The numerical examples indicate that the grand coalition is stable under the proposed allocation scheme.

The use of video-based patient education for shared decision-making in the treatment of prostate cancer.

PubMed

Gomella, L G; Albertsen, P C; Benson, M C; Forman, J D; Soloway, M S

2000-08-01

Increased consumerism, patient empowerment, and autonomy are creating a health care revolution. In recent years, the public has become better informed and more sophisticated. An extraordinary amount of treatment advice from books, the media, and the Internet is available to patients today, although much of it is confusing or conflicting. Consequently, the traditional, paternalistic doctor-patient relationship is yielding to a more consumerist one. The new dynamic is based on a participatory ethic and a change in the balance of power. This shared decision-making creates a true partnership between professionals and patients, in which each contributes equally to decisions about treatment or care. Evidence suggests that in diseases such as prostate cancer, where there may be a number of appropriate treatment options for a particular patient, shared decision-making may lead to improved clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. This article explores the evolving relationship between the physician and patient, the pros and cons of shared decision-making, and the use of video technology in the clinical setting. The authors review the use of medical decision aids, including a video-based educational program called CHOICES, in the treatment of prostate cancer and other diseases.

Load sharing in bioinspired fibrillar adhesives with backing layer interactions and interfacial misalignment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bacca, Mattia; Booth, Jamie A.; Turner, Kimberly L.; McMeeking, Robert M.

2016-11-01

Bio-inspired fibrillar adhesives rely on the utilization of short-range intermolecular forces harnessed by intimate contact at fibril tips. The combined adhesive strength of multiple fibrils can only be utilized if equal load sharing (ELS) is obtained at detachment. Previous investigations have highlighted that mechanical coupling of fibrils through a compliant backing layer gives rise to load concentration and the nucleation and propagation of interfacial flaws. However, misalignment of the adhesive and contacting surface has not been considered in theoretical treatments of load sharing with backing layer interactions. Alignment imperfections are difficult to avoid for a flat-on-flat interfacial configuration. In this work we demonstrate that interfacial misalignment can significantly alter load sharing and the kinematics of detachment in a model adhesive system. Load sharing regimes dominated by backing layer interactions and misalignment are revealed, the transition between which is controlled by the misalignment angle, fibril separation, and fibril compliance. In the regime dominated by misalignment, backing layer deformation can counteract misalignment giving rise to improved load sharing when compared to an identical fibrillar array with a rigid backing layer. This result challenges the conventional belief that stiffer (and thinner) backing layers consistently reduce load concentration among fibrils. Finally, we obtain analytically the fibril compliance distribution required to harness backing layer interactions to obtain ELS. Through fibril compliance optimization, ELS can be obtained even with misalignment. However, since misalignment is typically not deterministic, it is of greater practical significance that the array optimized for perfect alignment exhibits load sharing superior to that of a homogeneous array subject to misalignment. These results inform the design of fibrillar arrays with graded compliance capable of exhibiting improved load sharing over large areas.