Sample records for equal exchange determining

  1. 36 CFR 254.11 - Exchanges at approximately equal value.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... equal value. 254.11 Section 254.11 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LANDOWNERSHIP ADJUSTMENTS Land Exchanges § 254.11 Exchanges at approximately equal value. (a) The authorized officer may exchange lands which are of approximately equal value upon a determination that: (1...

  2. 76 FR 67515 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Order...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-01

    ..., determined by the Clearing House using stress test methodology equal to the theoretical two largest IRS Clearing Member losses produced by such stress test or such other methodology determined by the IRS Risk... portion, determined by the Clearing House using stress test methodology equal to the theoretical third and...

  3. 78 FR 11709 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-19

    ... Proposed Rule Change To Clarify the Measure Used To Determine Whether the Price of a Stock Is Equal to or... Exchange proposes to clarify the measure used to determine whether the price of a stock is equal to or... section (a)(11)(A) of this Rule with a price equal to or greater than $1; and (C) The price move shall be...

  4. Equity Theory Ratios as Causal Schemas.

    PubMed

    Arvanitis, Alexios; Hantzi, Alexandra

    2016-01-01

    Equity theory approaches justice evaluations based on ratios of exchange inputs to exchange outcomes. Situations are evaluated as just if ratios are equal and unjust if unequal. We suggest that equity ratios serve a more fundamental cognitive function than the evaluation of justice. More particularly, we propose that they serve as causal schemas for exchange outcomes, that is, they assist in determining whether certain outcomes are caused by inputs of other people in the context of an exchange process. Equality or inequality of ratios in this sense points to an exchange process. Indeed, Study 1 shows that different exchange situations, such as disproportional or balanced proportional situations, create perceptions of give-and-take on the basis of equity ratios. Study 2 shows that perceptions of justice are based more on communicatively accepted rules of interaction than equity-based evaluations, thereby offering a distinction between an attribution and an evaluation cognitive process for exchange outcomes.

  5. Equity Theory Ratios as Causal Schemas

    PubMed Central

    Arvanitis, Alexios; Hantzi, Alexandra

    2016-01-01

    Equity theory approaches justice evaluations based on ratios of exchange inputs to exchange outcomes. Situations are evaluated as just if ratios are equal and unjust if unequal. We suggest that equity ratios serve a more fundamental cognitive function than the evaluation of justice. More particularly, we propose that they serve as causal schemas for exchange outcomes, that is, they assist in determining whether certain outcomes are caused by inputs of other people in the context of an exchange process. Equality or inequality of ratios in this sense points to an exchange process. Indeed, Study 1 shows that different exchange situations, such as disproportional or balanced proportional situations, create perceptions of give-and-take on the basis of equity ratios. Study 2 shows that perceptions of justice are based more on communicatively accepted rules of interaction than equity-based evaluations, thereby offering a distinction between an attribution and an evaluation cognitive process for exchange outcomes. PMID:27594846

  6. Individual Basepair Stability of DNA and RNA Studied by NMR-Detected Solvent Exchange

    PubMed Central

    Steinert, Hannah S.; Rinnenthal, Jörg; Schwalbe, Harald

    2012-01-01

    In this study, we have optimized NMR methodology to determine the thermodynamic parameters of basepair opening in DNA and RNA duplexes by characterizing the temperature dependence of imino proton exchange rates of individual basepairs. Contributions of the nuclear Overhauser effect to exchange rates measured with inversion recovery experiments are quantified, and the influence of intrinsic and external catalysis exchange mechanisms on the imino proton exchange rates is analyzed. Basepairs in DNA and RNA have an approximately equal stability, and the enthalpy and entropy values of their basepair dissociation are correlated linearly. Furthermore, the compensation temperature, Tc, which is derived from the slope of the correlation, coincides with the melting temperature, and duplex unfolding occurs at that temperature where all basepairs are equally thermodynamically stable. The impact of protium-deuterium exchange of the imino hydrogen on the free energy of RNA basepair opening is investigated, and it is found that two A·U basepairs show distinct fractionation factors. PMID:22713572

  7. Token reinforcement, choice, and self-control in pigeons.

    PubMed Central

    Jackson, K; Hackenberg, T D

    1996-01-01

    Pigeons were exposed to self-control procedures that involved illumination of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a form of token reinforcement. In a discrete-trials arrangement, subjects chose between one and three LEDs; each LED was exchangeable for 2-s access to food during distinct posttrial exchange periods. In Experiment 1, subjects generally preferred the immediate presentation of a single LED over the delayed presentation of three LEDs, but differences in the delay to the exchange period between the two options prevented a clear assessment of the relative influence of LED delay and exchange-period delay as determinants of choice. In Experiment 2, in which delays to the exchange period from either alternative were equal in most conditions, all subjects preferred the delayed three LEDs more often than in Experiment-1. In Experiment 3, subjects preferred the option that resulted in a greater amount of food more often if the choices also produced LEDs than if they did not. In Experiment 4, preference for the delayed three LEDs was obtained when delays to the exchange period were equal, but reversed in favor of an immediate single LED when the latter choice also resulted in quicker access to exchange periods. The overall pattern of results suggests that (a) delay to the exchange period is a more critical determinant of choice than is delay to token presentation; (b) tokens may function as conditioned reinforcers, although their discriminative properties may be responsible for the self-control that occurs under token reinforcer arrangements; and (c) previously reported differences in the self-control choices of humans and pigeons may have resulted at least in part from the procedural conventions of using token reinforcers with human subjects and food reinforcers with pigeon subjects. PMID:8755699

  8. Thermo-aerodynamic efficiency of non-circular ducts with vortex enhancement of heat exchange in different types of compact heat exchangers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vasilev, V. Ya; Nikiforova, S. A.

    2018-03-01

    Experimental studies of thermo-aerodynamic characteristics of non-circular ducts with discrete turbulators on walls and interrupted channels have confirmed the rational enhancement of convective heat transfer, in which the growth of heat transfer outstrips or equals the growth of aerodynamic losses. Determining the regularities of rational (energy-saving) enhancement of heat transfer and the proposed method for comparing the characteristics of smooth-channel (without enhancement) heat exchangers with effective analogs provide new results, confirming the high efficiency of vortex enhancement of convective heat transfer in non-circular ducts of plate-finned heat exchange surfaces. This allows creating heat exchangers with much smaller mass and volume for operation in energy-saving modes.

  9. 77 FR 68862 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-16

    ... order book in Penny Pilot Securities. The Exchange proposes to decrease the lower volume tier level from... average TCV. The Exchange also proposes to lower the upper volume tier level from an ADV equal to or... Exchange proposes to add an additional volume tier level at an ADV equal to or greater than 1.25% of...

  10. Quantum secret information equal exchange protocol based on dense coding

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jiang, Ying-Hua; Zhang, Shi-Bin; Dai, Jin-Qiao; Shi, Zhi-Ping

    2018-04-01

    In this paper, we design a novel quantum secret information equal exchange protocol, which implements the equal exchange of secret information between the two parties with the help of semi-trusted third party (TP). In the protocol, EPR pairs prepared by the TP are, respectively, distributed to both the communication parties. Then, the two parties perform Pauli operation on each particle and return the new particles to TP, respectively. TP measures each new pair with Bell basis and announces the measurement results. Both parties deduce the secret information of each other according to the result of announcement by TP. Finally, the security analysis shows that this protocol solves the problem about equal exchange of secret information between two parties and verifies the security of semi-trusted TPs. It proves that the protocol can effectively resist glitch attacks, intercept retransmission attacks and entanglement attack.

  11. Social Support and Employee Well-Being: The Conditioning Effect of Perceived Patterns of Supportive Exchange

    PubMed Central

    Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Bamberger, Peter A.; Bacharach, Samuel B.

    2014-01-01

    Seeking to explain divergent empirical findings regarding the direct effect of social support on well-being, the authors posit that the pattern of supportive exchange (i.e., reciprocal, under-, or over-reciprocating) determines the impact of receiving support on well-being. Findings generated on the basis of longitudinal data collected from a sample of older blue-collar workers support the authors’ predictions, indicating that receiving emotional support is associated with enhanced well-being when the pattern of supportive exchange is perceived by an individual as being reciprocal (support received equals support given), with this association being weaker when the exchange of support is perceived as being under-reciprocating (support given exceeds support received). Moreover, receiving support was found to adversely affect well-being when the pattern of exchange was perceived as being over-reciprocating (support received exceeds support given). Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID:21362616

  12. Social support and employee well-being: the conditioning effect of perceived patterns of supportive exchange.

    PubMed

    Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Bamberger, Peter A; Bacharach, Samuel B

    2011-03-01

    Seeking to explain divergent empirical findings regarding the direct effect of social support on well-being, the authors posit that the pattern of supportive exchange (i.e., reciprocal, under-, or over-reciprocating) determines the impact of receiving support on well-being. Findings generated on the basis of longitudinal data collected from a sample of older blue-collar workers support the authors' predictions, indicating that receiving emotional support is associated with enhanced well-being when the pattern of supportive exchange is perceived by an individual as being reciprocal (support received equals support given), with this association being weaker when the exchange of support is perceived as being under-reciprocating (support given exceeds support received). Moreover, receiving support was found to adversely affect well-being when the pattern of exchange was perceived as being over-reciprocating (support received exceeds support given). Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

  13. S-matrix method for the numerical determination of bound states.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bhatia, A. K.; Madan, R. N.

    1973-01-01

    A rapid numerical technique for the determination of bound states of a partial-wave-projected Schroedinger equation is presented. First, one needs to integrate the equation only outwards as in the scattering case, and second, the number of trials necessary to determine the eigenenergy and the corresponding eigenfunction is considerably less than in the usual method. As a nontrivial example of the technique, bound states are calculated in the exchange approximation for the e-/He+ system and l equals 1 partial wave.

  14. Inverse problem and variation method to optimize cascade heat exchange network in central heating system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Yin; Wei, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Yinping; Wang, Xin

    2017-12-01

    Urban heating in northern China accounts for 40% of total building energy usage. In central heating systems, heat is often transferred from heat source to users by the heat network where several heat exchangers are installed at heat source, substations and terminals respectively. For given overall heating capacity and heat source temperature, increasing the terminal fluid temperature is an effective way to improve the thermal performance of such cascade heat exchange network for energy saving. In this paper, the mathematical optimization model of the cascade heat exchange network with three-stage heat exchangers in series is established. Aim at maximizing the cold fluid temperature for given hot fluid temperature and overall heating capacity, the optimal heat exchange area distribution and the medium fluids' flow rates are determined through inverse problem and variation method. The preliminary results show that the heat exchange areas should be distributed equally for each heat exchanger. It also indicates that in order to improve the thermal performance of the whole system, more heat exchange areas should be allocated to the heat exchanger where flow rate difference between two fluids is relatively small. This work is important for guiding the optimization design of practical cascade heating systems.

  15. 36 CFR 254.12 - Value equalization; cash equalization waiver.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Value equalization; cash... AGRICULTURE LANDOWNERSHIP ADJUSTMENTS Land Exchanges § 254.12 Value equalization; cash equalization waiver. (a..., either with or without adjustments of relative values as compensation for various costs, the parties to...

  16. Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize stream-subsurface water exchange

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Harvey, Judson W.; Wagner, Brian J.; Bencala, Kenneth E.

    1996-01-01

    Stream water was locally recharged into shallow groundwater flow paths that returned to the stream (hyporheic exchange) in St. Kevin Gulch, a Rocky Mountain stream in Colorado contaminated by acid mine drainage. Two approaches were used to characterize hyporheic exchange: sub-reach-scale measurement of hydraulic heads and hydraulic conductivity to compute streambed fluxes (hydrometric approach) and reachscale modeling of in-stream solute tracer injections to determine characteristic length and timescales of exchange with storage zones (stream tracer approach). Subsurface data were the standard of comparison used to evaluate the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize hyporheic exchange. The reach-averaged hyporheic exchange flux (1.5 mL s−1 m−1), determined by hydrometric methods, was largest when stream base flow was low (10 L s−1); hyporheic exchange persisted when base flow was 10-fold higher, decreasing by approximately 30%. Reliability of the stream tracer approach to detect hyporheic exchange was assessed using first-order uncertainty analysis that considered model parameter sensitivity. The stream tracer approach did not reliably characterize hyporheic exchange at high base flow: the model was apparently more sensitive to exchange with surface water storage zones than with the hyporheic zone. At low base flow the stream tracer approach reliably characterized exchange between the stream and gravel streambed (timescale of hours) but was relatively insensitive to slower exchange with deeper alluvium (timescale of tens of hours) that was detected by subsurface measurements. The stream tracer approach was therefore not equally sensitive to all timescales of hyporheic exchange. We conclude that while the stream tracer approach is an efficient means to characterize surface-subsurface exchange, future studies will need to more routinely consider decreasing sensitivities of tracer methods at higher base flow and a potential bias toward characterizing only a fast component of hyporheic exchange. Stream tracer models with multiple rate constants to consider both fast exchange with streambed gravel and slower exchange with deeper alluvium appear to be warranted.

  17. A Space Commodities Futures Trading Exchange to Grow the Lunar Economy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cahan, B. B. C.

    2017-10-01

    This paper proposes to establish a Space Commodities Futures Trading Exchange in order to define and trade essential commodities that, when traded on an open exchange, improve availability, quality, price discovery, financeability, and equal access.

  18. 29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION FILED AGAINST RECIPIENTS OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE § 1691.2 Exchange of...

  19. 29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

  20. 29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

  1. 29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

  2. 29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

  3. 29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

  4. 75 FR 11962 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-03-12

    ... difference is that the Exchange used clearing firm floating monthly rate information for the month of March... changes in clearing firm floating monthly rates for the month of March 2010. The Exchange believes that... equal to the indicative lease rate for March 2010 (which is $4,875). Specifically, the Exchange proposes...

  5. Determination of exchangeable protons in natural organic matter using a home-made hydrogen/carbon analyser.

    PubMed

    Haiber, S; Barth, U

    2001-01-01

    A home made hydrogen/carbon analyser was used to determine the portion of exchangeable protons in aquatic humic substances. For this purpose, equal sample amounts were dissolved in H2O and D2O, respectively, dried and combusted in a stream of oxygen. The amount of water resulting from combustion was measured by an infrared detector which recorded the OH bending vibration of H2O. The bands stemming from HOD or D2O were not registered by the detection unit. Thus, combustion of organic samples containing exchangeable protons dissolved in D2O resulted in a significantly smaller signal compared to the signal observed for the same sample dissolved in H2O. The relative intensity loss of the H2O signal observed after combustion was used to derive the portion of exchangeable protons in a standard reference material, a humic substance isolated by the International Humic Substances Society (Suwannee River fulvic acid). According to this method about 20% of the sample protons could be identified as exchangeable protons. With regard to titration data the portion of protons bound to non acidic hydroxy functions could be estimated. The validity of this procedure was proved by combustion experiments using commercially available deuterated substances as well as organic model compounds dissolved in D2O and H2O, respectively.

  6. 17 CFR 201.58 - Judicial review.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Judicial review. 201.58 Section 201.58 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE Regulations Pertaining to the Equal Access to Justice Act § 201.58 Judicial review. Judicial review of final...

  7. 17 CFR 201.37 - Delegations of authority.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Delegations of authority. 201.37 Section 201.37 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION RULES OF PRACTICE Regulations Pertaining to the Equal Access to Justice Act § 201.37 Delegations of authority. (a...

  8. A counter-intuitive approach to calculating non-exchangeable 2H isotopic composition of hair: treating the molar exchange fraction fE as a process-related rather than compound-specific variable

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Landwehr, J.M.; Meier-Augenstein, W.; Kemp, H.F.

    2011-01-01

    Hair is a keratinous tissue that incorporates hydrogen from material that an animal consumes but it is metabolically inert following synthesis. The stable hydrogen isotope composition of hair has been used in ecological studies to track migrations of mammals as well as for forensic and archaeological purposes to determine the provenance of human remains or the recent geographic life trajectory of living people. Measurement of the total hydrogen isotopic composition of a hair sample yields a composite value comprised of both metabolically informative, non-exchangeable hydrogen and exchangeable hydrogen, with the latter reflecting ambient or sample preparation conditions. Neither of these attributes is directly measurable, and the non-exchangeable hydrogen composition is obtained by estimation using a commonly applied mathematical expression incorporating sample measurements obtained from two distinct equilibration procedures. This commonly used approach treats the fraction of exchangeable hydrogen as a mixing ratio, with a minimal procedural fractionation factor assumed to be close or equal to 1. Instead, we propose to use full molar ratios to derive an expression for the non-exchangeable hydrogen composition explicitly as a function of both the procedural fractionation factor α and the molar hydrogen exchange fraction fE. We apply these derivations in a longitudinal study of a hair sample and demonstrate that the molar hydrogen exchange fraction fE should, like the procedural fractionation factor α, be treated as a process-dependent parameter, i.e. a reaction-specific constant. This is a counter-intuitive notion given that maximum theoretical values for the molar hydrogen exchange fraction fE can be calculated that are arguably protein-type specific and, as such, fE could be regarded as a compound-specific constant. We also make some additional suggestions for future approaches to determine the non-exchangeable hydrogen composition of hair and the use of standards.

  9. Role of Na+ conductance, Na+-H+ exchange, and Na+-K+-2Cl− symport in the regulatory volume increase of rat hepatocytes

    PubMed Central

    Wehner, Frank; Tinel, Hanna

    1998-01-01

    In rat hepatocytes under hypertonic stress, the entry of Na+ (which is thereafter exchanged for K+ via Na+-K+-ATPase) plays the key role in regulatory volume increase (RVI).In the present study, the contributions of Na+ conductance, Na+-H+ exchange and Na+-K+-2Cl− symport to this process were quantified in confluent primary cultures by means of intracellular microelectrodes and cable analysis, microfluorometric determinations of cell pH and buffer capacity, and measurements of frusemide (furosemide)/bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake, respectively. Osmolarity was increased from 300 to 400 mosmol l−1 by addition of sucrose.The experiments indicate a relative contribution of approximately 4:1:1 to hypertonicity-induced Na+ entry for the above-mentioned transporters and the overall Na+ yield equalled 51 mmol l−1 (10 min)−1.This Na+ gain is in good agreement with the stimulation of Na+ extrusion via Na+-K+-ATPase plus the actual increase in cell Na+, namely 55 mmol l−1 (10 min)−1, as was determined on the basis of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ uptake and by means of Na+-sensitive microelectrodes, respectively.The overall increase in Na+ and K+ activity plus the expected concomitant increase in cell Cl− equalled 68 mmol l−1, which fits well with the increase in osmotic activity expected to occur from an initial cell shrinkage to 87.5 % and a RVI to 92.6 % of control, namely 53 mosmol l−1.The prominent role of Na+ conductance in the RVI of rat hepatocytes could be confirmed on the basis of the pharmacological profile of this process, which was characterized by means of confocal laser-scanning microscopy. PMID:9481677

  10. 42 CFR 457.370 - Alignment with Exchange initial open enrollment period.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 42 Public Health 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Alignment with Exchange initial open enrollment period. 457.370 Section 457.370 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF... Alignment with Exchange initial open enrollment period. The terms of § 435.1205 apply equally to the State...

  11. Comparison of the function of exchange in couples of similar and differing physical attractiveness.

    PubMed

    Murstein, Bernard I; Reif, Jeffrey A; Syracuse-Siewert, Gia

    2002-08-01

    Couples (22 young, married, 18 young unmarried) completed the Exchange Orientation Scale, which measures how much individuals believe equality of exchange should characterize their social relationships, as well as the Norman Personality Trait Scale, which gives measures for the self and ideal-self. Couples also rated their sexual satisfaction, their partners' physical attractiveness, their own attractiveness, and had their photographs evaluated for attractiveness by disinterested raters. Subgroups were formed of physically attractive couples, couples in which the members were of disparate attractiveness, and couples in which the individuals perceived themselves as equal to their partners in attractiveness or as inferior. In accordance with exchange theory, the hypotheses were (1) unmarried men would show higher exchange scores than married men, (2) attractive men in disparately attractive couples would show greater exchange scores than attractive men in both-attractive couples, (3) attractive members of disparately attractive couples would possess lower self-acceptance and (4) experience greater sexual satisfaction than attractive members of both-attractive couples. Results supported all hypotheses in varying extents.

  12. Comparative assessment of the methods for exchangeable acidity measuring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vanchikova, E. V.; Shamrikova, E. V.; Bespyatykh, N. V.; Zaboeva, G. A.; Bobrova, Yu. I.; Kyz"yurova, E. V.; Grishchenko, N. V.

    2016-05-01

    A comparative assessment of the results of measuring the exchangeable acidity and its components by different methods was performed for the main mineral genetic horizons of texturally-differentiated gleyed and nongleyed soddy-podzolic and gley-podzolic soils of the Komi Republic. It was shown that the contents of all the components of exchangeable soil acidity determined by the Russian method (with potassium chloride solution as extractant, c(KCl) = 1 mol/dm3) were significantly higher than those obtained by the international method (with barium chloride solution as extractant, c(BaCl2) = 0.1 mol/dm3). The error of the estimate of the concentration of H+ ions extracted with barium chloride solution equaled 100%, and this allowed only qualitative description of this component of the soil acidity. In the case of the extraction with potassium chloride, the error of measurements was 50%. It was also shown that the use of potentiometric titration suggested by the Russian method overestimates the results of soil acidity measurement caused by the exchangeable metal ions (Al(III), Fe(III), and Mn(II)) in comparison with the atomic emission method.

  13. Experimental Validation of a Time-Accurate Finite Element Model for Coupled Multibody Dynamics and Liquid Sloshing

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-04-16

    velocity of the fluid mesh, P is the relative pressure, xr is the position vector, τ is the deviatoric stress tensor, D is the rate of deformation...corresponds to a slip factor of zero. The slip factor determines how much of the fluid and structure forces are mutually exchanged. Equations 22 and 23...updated from last to first. viii.Average the fluid pressure (This step eliminates the pressure checker-boarding effect and allows use of equal

  14. 47 CFR 36.191 - Equal access equipment.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... provided by long distance carriers affiliated with the local exchange company is included. (d) Effective... AND RESERVES FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Equal Access Equipment... excluded. In the case of independent telephone companies, intrastate toll service provided by the...

  15. 76 FR 49812 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-11

    ... the Exchange's Consolidated Book. \\5\\ See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 64688 (June 16, 2011... least equal to the NBBO and if there are no Customer Orders in the Exchange's Consolidated Book at the... of participants in mergers or with intentions to merge that have been announced or cancelled; and (f...

  16. Application of Monte Carlo techniques to transient thermal modeling of cavity radiometers having diffuse-specular surfaces

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mahan, J. R.; Eskin, L. D.

    1981-01-01

    A viable alternative to the net exchange method of radiative analysis which is equally applicable to diffuse and diffuse-specular enclosures is presented. It is particularly more advantageous to use than the net exchange method in the case of a transient thermal analysis involving conduction and storage of energy as well as radiative exchange. A new quantity, called the distribution factor is defined which replaces the angle factor and the configuration factor. Once obtained, the array of distribution factors for an ensemble of surface elements which define an enclosure permits the instantaneous net radiative heat fluxes to all of the surfaces to be computed directly in terms of the known surface temperatures at that instant. The formulation of the thermal model is described, as is the determination of distribution factors by application of a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that when fewer than 10,000 packets are emitted, an unsatisfactory approximation for the distribution factors is obtained, but that 10,000 packets is sufficient.

  17. Price dynamics and market power in an agent-based power exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cincotti, Silvano; Guerci, Eric; Raberto, Marco

    2005-05-01

    This paper presents an agent-based model of a power exchange. Supply of electric power is provided by competing generating companies, whereas demand is assumed to be inelastic with respect to price and is constant over time. The transmission network topology is assumed to be a fully connected graph and no transmission constraints are taken into account. The price formation process follows a common scheme for real power exchanges: a clearing house mechanism with uniform price, i.e., with price set equal across all matched buyer-seller pairs. A single class of generating companies is considered, characterized by linear cost function for each technology. Generating companies compete for the sale of electricity through repeated rounds of the uniform auction and determine their supply functions according to production costs. However, an individual reinforcement learning algorithm characterizes generating companies behaviors in order to attain the expected maximum possible profit in each auction round. The paper investigates how the market competitive equilibrium is affected by market microstructure and production costs.

  18. 28 CFR 42.602 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 42.602 Section 42.602 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procedures for Complaints of Employment Discrimination Filed Against Recipients of...

  19. 77 FR 1769 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-11

    ... liquidity on the Exchange. Currently, under a tiered structure of credits, a SLP that meets the 10% average... 50529 (August 15, 2011) (SR-NYSE-2011-39). $0.0020 credit per share per transaction if the SLP adds... all assigned SLP securities; and \\4\\ Consolidated ADV is equal to the volume reported by all exchanges...

  20. 77 FR 60491 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-03

    ... options are ultimately derivative of the same benchmark--the S&P 500 Index--they should be treated equally...-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To Eliminate Position Limits for Options on the SPDR[supreg] S&P 500[supreg] Exchange-Traded Fund,\\1\\ Which List and...

  1. 76 FR 49818 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-11

    ... Exchange's Consolidated Book. \\5\\ See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 64688 (June 16, 2011), 76 FR... equal to the NBBO and if there are no Customer Orders in the Exchange's Consolidated Book at the same... of participants in mergers or with intentions to merge that have been announced or cancelled; and (f...

  2. 18 CFR 301.3 - Filing procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... FOR SALES FROM UTILITIES TO BONNEVILLE POWER ADMINISTRATION UNDER NORTHWEST POWER ACT § 301.3 Filing procedures. (a) Bonneville's ASC review procedures. The procedures established by Bonneville's Administrator... Bonneville's ASC review procedures. (b) Exchange Period. The Exchange Period will be equal to the term of...

  3. Comparison of heat exchanger and solar block wall in a swine nursery

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jones, D.D.; Friday, W.H.; Thieme, R.H.

    1984-01-01

    A pig nursery building was divided into two equal rooms, one with a heat exchanger and one with a solar block wall. The average air inlet temperatures were 16.4/sup 0/C in the heat exchanger room and 11.9/sup 0/C in the solar heated room. Supplemental heating costs were 67% higher in the solar block wall room.

  4. RKKY exchange interaction within the parabolic quantum-well

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baķ, Zygmunt

    2001-03-01

    Indirect magnetic exchange in a semimagnetic semiconductor heterostructure with the parabolic quantum-well barrier potential is considered. Within the analytical method, we provide the exact derivation of the spatial dependence of the RKKY exchange integral. Using the effective dimensionality approach, we show that the spectral dimensionality of the free electron (hole) system equals four. We prove, that the RKKY exchange integral shows conventional, sign reversal variation with the 2 kF period, however, the envelope function falls off in a manner characteristic to 4D systems.

  5. 17 CFR 49.27 - Access and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 49.27 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION SWAP DATA REPOSITORIES § 49.27 Access and fees. (a) Fair, open and equal access. (1) A registered swap data repository..., swap dealers, major swap participants and any other counterparties, on a fair, open and equal basis...

  6. 17 CFR 49.27 - Access and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 49.27 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SWAP DATA REPOSITORIES § 49.27 Access and fees. (a) Fair, open and equal access. (1) A registered swap data repository..., swap dealers, major swap participants and any other counterparties, on a fair, open and equal basis...

  7. 17 CFR 49.27 - Access and fees.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 49.27 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION SWAP DATA REPOSITORIES § 49.27 Access and fees. (a) Fair, open and equal access. (1) A registered swap data repository..., swap dealers, major swap participants and any other counterparties, on a fair, open and equal basis...

  8. 41 CFR 60-300.5 - Equal opportunity clause.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... job service or exchange provides the information to the appropriate employment service delivery system... 41 Public Contracts and Property Management 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Equal opportunity clause. 60-300.5 Section 60-300.5 Public Contracts and Property Management Other Provisions Relating to...

  9. 28 CFR 42.602 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 42.602 Section 42.602 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Procedures for Complaints of Employment Discrimination Filed Against Recipients of Federal Financial Assistance § 42.602...

  10. 29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

  11. 29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

  12. 29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

  13. 29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

  14. 29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

  15. 29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

  16. 29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

  17. 29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

  18. 29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

  19. 21 CFR 886.1840 - Simulatan (including crossed cylinder).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... of cylinder lenses that provides various equal plus and minus refractive strengths. The lenses are arranged so that the user can exchange the positions of plus and minus cylinder lenses of equal strengths... given object is clearly in focus, as the examiner uses different lenses). (b) Classification. Class I...

  20. Comparison of two adaptive temperature-based replica exchange methods applied to a sharp phase transition of protein unfolding-folding.

    PubMed

    Lee, Michael S; Olson, Mark A

    2011-06-28

    Temperature-based replica exchange (T-ReX) enhances sampling of molecular dynamics simulations by autonomously heating and cooling simulation clients via a Metropolis exchange criterion. A pathological case for T-ReX can occur when a change in state (e.g., folding to unfolding of a protein) has a large energetic difference over a short temperature interval leading to insufficient exchanges amongst replica clients near the transition temperature. One solution is to allow the temperature set to dynamically adapt in the temperature space, thereby enriching the population of clients near the transition temperature. In this work, we evaluated two approaches for adapting the temperature set: a method that equalizes exchange rates over all neighbor temperature pairs and a method that attempts to induce clients to visit all temperatures (dubbed "current maximization") by positioning many clients at or near the transition temperature. As a test case, we simulated the 57-residue SH3 domain of alpha-spectrin. Exchange rate equalization yielded the same unfolding-folding transition temperature as fixed-temperature ReX with much smoother convergence of this value. Surprisingly, the current maximization method yielded a significantly lower transition temperature, in close agreement with experimental observation, likely due to more extensive sampling of the transition state.

  1. Directionality in drug action on sodium-calcium exchange.

    PubMed

    Noble, D; Blaustein, M P

    2007-03-01

    In pathological conditions, the exchanger may generate deleterious calcium entry. A drug that inhibited calcium entry, while still allowing transport of calcium out of the cell would then seem attractive. In fact, this is impossible for thermodynamic reasons. Inhibitors may appear to be more effective when the exchanger is operating in net calcium entry mode than in calcium exit mode. This is, however, always attributable to differences in conditions because there is strong internal sodium dependence of drug action on the exchanger. When the exchanger is operating near equilibrium, drug action is found to be equally effective in both directions.

  2. 17 CFR 256.411 - Provision for deferred income taxes-credit.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... taxes-credit. 256.411 Section 256.411 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE... deferred income taxes—credit. This account shall be credited and Accumulated Deferred Income Taxes debited with an amount equal to the portion of taxes on income payable for the year which is attributable to a...

  3. Strategic Delay and Information Exchange in Endogenous Social Networks

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2010-09-01

    suppose that firm 1 experiments while firm 2 delays and copies a successful innovation by firm 1. In this case, the social surplus is equal to 2pH 2 + (1...suppose that there has been an innovation and the second firm has probability of success equal to p. In this case, social surplus is equal to 2112 if...there is copying, and it is equal to HI1 + pli if the second firm is forced to experiment. This implies that to maximize ex post social welfare

  4. Teacher Exchange and Rotation Is Not Equivalent to Partner Assistance

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Guilin, Yuan

    2018-01-01

    Given that education quality has long lagged behind in China's rural schools, one-way "partner assistance" no longer conforms to the new situation of integrated urban-rural governance and the equalization of public services. Only two-way "exchange and rotation" with full participation can truly support schools and teachers in…

  5. Difference between blocking and Néel temperatures in the exchange biased Fe3O4/CoO system.

    PubMed

    van der Zaag, P J; Ijiri, Y; Borchers, J A; Feiner, L F; Wolf, R M; Gaines, J M; Erwin, R W; Verheijen, M A

    2000-06-26

    The blocking temperature T(B) has been determined as a function of the antiferromagnetic layer thickness in the Fe3O4/CoO exchange biased system. For CoO layers thinner than 50 A, T(B) is reduced below the Néel temperature T(N) of bulk CoO (291 K), independent of crystallographic orientation or film substrate ( alpha-Al2O3, SrTiO3, and MgO). Neutron diffraction studies show that T(B) does not track the CoO ordering temperature and, hence, that this reduction in T(B) does not arise from finite-size scaling. Instead, the ordering temperature of the CoO layers is enhanced above the bulk T(N) for layer thicknesses approximately less than or equal to 100 A due to the proximity of magnetic Fe3O4 layers.

  6. Communication Application for Use During the First Dental Visit for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

    PubMed

    Zink, Adriana Gledys; Molina, Eder Cassola; Diniz, Michele Baffi; Santos, Maria Teresa Botti Rodrigues; Guaré, Renata Oliveira

    2018-01-01

    The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an application (app) facilitating patient-professional communication among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compare it with the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). Forty nine- to 15-year-olds were randomly divided into two groups: G1 (app; N equals 20) and G2 (PECS; N equals 20). Initially, the visual contact timing of the groups was measured. Pictures of a room, ground, chair, dentist, mouth, low-speed handpiece, and air-water syringe were presented to both groups. Each picture was shown up to three times per appointment to evaluate whether or not the child accepted the procedure. After dental prophylaxis, caries experience was recorded. The prevalence of dental caries was 37.5 percent. Differences in the number of attempts required for each picture to acquire the skill proposed were found between the groups (Mann-Whitney, P<0.05). A significant difference in the median number of attempts (G1 equals 9.5 and G2 equals 15) and appointments (G1 equals three and G2 equals five) was observed (Mann-Whitney, P<0.05). The app was more effective than the Picture Exchange Communication System for dentist-patient communication, decreasing the number of appointments required for preventive dental care and clinical examinations.

  7. Differences in gas exchange contribute to habitat differentiation in Iberian columbines from contrasting light and water environments.

    PubMed

    Jaime, R; Serichol, C; Alcántara, J M; Rey, P J

    2014-03-01

    During photosynthesis, respiration and transpiration, gas exchange occurs via the stomata and so plants face a trade-off between maximising photosynthesis while minimising transpiration (expressed as water use efficiency, WUE). The ability to cope with this trade-off and regulate photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance may be related to niche differentiation between closely related species. The present study explored this as a possible mechanism for habitat differentiation in Iberian columbines. The roles of irradiance and water stress were assessed to determine niche differentiation among Iberian columbines via distinct gas exchange processes. Photosynthesis-irradiance curves (P-I curves) were obtained for four taxa, and common garden experiments were conducted to examine plant responses to water and irradiance stress, by measuring instantaneous gas exchange and plant performance. Gas exchange was also measured in ten individuals using two to four field populations per taxon. The taxa had different P-I curves and gas exchange in the field. At the species level, water stress and irradiance explained habitat differentiation. Within each species, a combination of irradiance and water stress explained the between-subspecies habitat differentiation. Despite differences in stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, taxa did not have different WUE under field conditions, which suggests that the environment equally modifies photosynthesis and transpiration. The P-I curves, gas exchange in the field and plant responses to experimental water and irradiance stresses support the hypothesis that habitat differentiation is associated with differences among taxa in tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by distinct gas exchange responses. © 2013 German Botanical Society and The Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands.

  8. Monoterpene biosynthesis potential of plant subcellular compartments.

    PubMed

    Dong, Lemeng; Jongedijk, Esmer; Bouwmeester, Harro; Van Der Krol, Alexander

    2016-01-01

    Subcellular monoterpene biosynthesis capacity based on local geranyl diphosphate (GDP) availability or locally boosted GDP production was determined for plastids, cytosol and mitochondria. A geraniol synthase (GES) was targeted to plastids, cytosol, or mitochondria. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated local GDP availability for each compartment but resulted in different product levels. A GDP synthase from Picea abies (PaGDPS1) was shown to boost GDP production. PaGDPS1 was also targeted to plastids, cytosol or mitochondria and PaGDPS1 and GES were coexpressed in all possible combinations. Geraniol and geraniol-derived products were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS, respectively. GES product levels were highest for plastid-targeted GES, followed by mitochondrial- and then cytosolic-targeted GES. For each compartment local boosting of GDP biosynthesis increased GES product levels. GDP exchange between compartments is not equal: while no GDP is exchanged from the cytosol to the plastids, 100% of GDP in mitochondria can be exchanged to plastids, while only 7% of GDP from plastids is available for mitochondria. This suggests a direct exchange mechanism for GDP between plastids and mitochondria. Cytosolic PaGDPS1 competes with plastidial GES activity, suggesting an effective drain of isopentenyl diphosphate from the plastids to the cytosol. © 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2015 New Phytologist Trust.

  9. From Togetherness to Equal Partnership in Role Play.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hannikainen, Maritta

    1998-01-01

    Explored different kinds of participation in play and development of joint role play. Observed games and play sessions of a 2-year-old girl in a day care group. Found that the girl proceeded from a feeling of togetherness in a shared space through parallel and successive play actions to reciprocity and equal exchange of play actions. (JPB)

  10. 76 FR 35503 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-17

    ... Price Reporting Authority (``OPRA''), the Consolidated Tape Association (``CTA'') tape and/or the Market... equal to $100. The minimum price variation shall be established on a class-by- class basis by the..., the proposal permits the Exchange to designate $0.01 as the minimum price variation for quotes and...

  11. 77 FR 6608 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Order Granting Approval of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-08

    ... daily volume (``CADV'') \\4\\ of equal to or greater than 2 million shares for two consecutive calendar... CLP quoting requirement in each assigned security on a daily and monthly basis; (5) a disciplinary... member's customer, research and investment banking business. \\5\\ See Exchange Rules 11.5-11.8. To become...

  12. The Education Connection: Christopher Columbus to Sherman Alexie.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Connell-Szasz, Margaret

    1999-01-01

    Educational exchange between American Indians and outsiders is examined in three periods. From first contact to the mid-1800s, knowledge was exchanged relatively equally. From the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s, acculturation was imposed upon American Indians. The political liberalism of the 1960s spawned renewed interest in Indian culture and rights,…

  13. Forecasting of magnitude and duration of currency crises based on the analysis of distortions of fractal scaling in exchange rate fluctuations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Uritskaya, Olga Y.

    2005-05-01

    Results of fractal stability analysis of daily exchange rate fluctuations of more than 30 floating currencies for a 10-year period are presented. It is shown for the first time that small- and large-scale dynamical instabilities of national monetary systems correlate with deviations of the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) exponent from the value 1.5 predicted by the efficient market hypothesis. The observed dependence is used for classification of long-term stability of floating exchange rates as well as for revealing various forms of distortion of stable currency dynamics prior to large-scale crises. A normal range of DFA exponents consistent with crisis-free long-term exchange rate fluctuations is determined, and several typical scenarios of unstable currency dynamics with DFA exponents fluctuating beyond the normal range are identified. It is shown that monetary crashes are usually preceded by prolonged periods of abnormal (decreased or increased) DFA exponent, with the after-crash exponent tending to the value 1.5 indicating a more reliable exchange rate dynamics. Statistically significant regression relations (R=0.99, p<0.01) between duration and magnitude of currency crises and the degree of distortion of monofractal patterns of exchange rate dynamics are found. It is demonstrated that the parameters of these relations characterizing small- and large-scale crises are nearly equal, which implies a common instability mechanism underlying these events. The obtained dependences have been used as a basic ingredient of a forecasting technique which provided correct in-sample predictions of monetary crisis magnitude and duration over various time scales. The developed technique can be recommended for real-time monitoring of dynamical stability of floating exchange rate systems and creating advanced early-warning-system models for currency crisis prevention.

  14. 78 FR 19047 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-28

    ... Change To Provide the Ability To Prevent Zero Display Reserve Orders From Executing in a Locked Market... Exchange not to execute a Zero Display Reserve Order \\4\\ when the protected bid is equal to the protected offer (i.e., a locked market); (ii) clarify that a Zero Display Reserve Order will be eligible for...

  15. 76 FR 57092 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-15

    ...'' is a member of BATS Options registered with the Exchange for the purpose of making markets in options...). The proposed bulk-quoting market making interface will be used by Users to submit and update their... promoting just and equitable principles of trade, by making available on an equal basis a new market making...

  16. Asymmetrical effects of mesophyll conductance on fundamental photosynthetic parameters and their relationships estimated from leaf gas exchange measurements

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Most previous analyses of leaf gas exchange measurements assumed an infinite value of mesophyll conductance (gm) and thus equaled CO2 partial pressures in the substomatal cavity and chloroplast. Yet an increasing number of studies have recognized that gm is finite and there is a drawdown of CO2 part...

  17. 26 CFR 1.356-4 - Exchanges for section 306 stock.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... exchange for section 306 stock, an amount equal to the fair market value of the property plus the money, if... a basis to him of $100) and a share of preferred stock which is section 306 stock (having a basis to him of $100) surrenders both shares in a transaction to which section 356 is applicable for one share...

  18. High charge state carbon and oxygen ions in Earth's equatorial quasi-trapping region

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Christon, S. P.; Hamilton, D. C.; Gloeckler, G.; Eastmann, T. E.

    1994-01-01

    Observations of energetic (1.5 - 300 keV/e) medium-to-high charge state (+3 less than or equal to Q less than or equal to +7) solar wind origin C and O ions made in the quasi-trapping region (QTR) of Earth's magnetosphere are compared to ion trajectories calculated in model equatorial magnetospheric magnetic and electric fields. These comparisons indicate that solar wind ions entering the QTR on the nightside as an energetic component of the plasma sheet exit the region on the dayside, experiencing little or no charge exchange on the way. Measurements made by the CHarge Energy Mass (CHEM) ion spectrometer on board the Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorer/Charge Composition Explorer (AMPTE/CCE) spacecraft at 7 less than L less than 9 from September 1984 to January 1989 are the source of the new results contained herein: quantitative long-term determination of number densities, average energies, energy spectra, local time distributions, and their variation with geomagnetic disturbance level as indexed by Kp. Solar wind primaries (ions with charge states unchanged) and their secondaries (ions with generally lower charge states produced from primaries in the magnetosphere via charge exchange)are observed throughout the QTR and have distinctly different local time variations that persist over the entire 4-year analysis interval. During Kp larger than or equal to 3 deg intervals, primary ion (e.g., O(+6)) densities exhibit a pronounced predawn maximum with average energy minimum and a broad near-local-noon density minimum with average energy maximum. Secondary ion (e.g., O(+5)) densities do not have an identifiable predawn peak, rather they have a broad dayside maximum peaked in local morning and a nightside minimum. During Kp less than or equal to 2(-) intervals, primary ion density peaks are less intense, broader in local time extent, and centered near midnight, while secondary ion density local time variations diminish. The long-time-interval baseline helps to refine and extend previous observations; for example, we show that ionospheric contribution to O(+3)) is negligible. Through comparison with model ion trajectories, we interpret the lack of pronounced secondary ion density peaks colocated with the primary density peaks to indicate that: (1) negligible charge exchange occurs at L greater than 7, that is, solar wind secondaries are produced at L less than 7, and (2) solar wind secondaries do not form a significant portion of the plasma sheet population injected into the QTR. We conclude that little of the energetic solar wind secondary ion population is recirculated through the magnetosphere.

  19. 26 CFR 1.684-1 - Recognition of gain on transfers to certain foreign trusts and estates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... required to recognize gain at the time of the transfer equal to the excess of the fair market value of the...) of this section, A recognizes gain at the time of the transfer equal to 800X. Example 4. Exchange of... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Recognition of gain on transfers to certain...

  20. 26 CFR 1.684-1 - Recognition of gain on transfers to certain foreign trusts and estates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... required to recognize gain at the time of the transfer equal to the excess of the fair market value of the...) of this section, A recognizes gain at the time of the transfer equal to 800X. Example 4. Exchange of... 26 Internal Revenue 8 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Recognition of gain on transfers to certain...

  1. Advanced electric propulsion research - 1990

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Monheiser, Jeffery M.; Wilbur, Paul J.

    1991-01-01

    An experimental study of impingement current collection on the accelerator grid of an ion thruster is presented. The equipment, instruments, and procedures being used to conduct the study are discussed. The contribution to this current due to charge-exchange ions produced close to the grid is determined using a volume-integration procedure and measured ion beam current design, computed neutral atom density and measured beam plasma potential data. This current, which is expected to be almost equal to that measured directly, is found to be an order of magnitude less. The impingement current determined by integrating the current density of ambient ions in the beam plasma close to the grid is found to agree with the directly measured impingement current. Possible reasons for the disagreement between the directly measured and volume integrated impingement currents are discussed.

  2. Evaluation of Catalytic and Thermal Cracking in a JP-8 Fueled Pulsed Detonation Engine (Postprint)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-09-01

    this research. Each 0.91-m-long heat exchanger was fabricated with a 50.8-mm-dia, inconel - 625 , Schedule-10 inner tube and a 63.5-mm-dia, inconel -600...detonation tube had an inconel heat exchanger (described later). The PDE cycle consisted of three equally timed phases--fill, fire, and purge, as shown in...prevent phase change. The fuel was pressure fed to the inlet of the fuel heating system (FHS). The FHS consisted of two inconel heat exchangers, a

  3. 77 FR 41864 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-16

    ... on EDGX if they post greater than or equal to 0.50% of the Total Consolidated Volume in Average Daily Volume on EDGX in total, where at least 2 million shares are Non-Displayed Orders that yield Flag HA. The... thereby potentially increases volume on EDGX to the extent the order executes on EDGX. The Exchange also...

  4. A biologically active fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules.

    PubMed

    Kardosová, A; Ebringerová, A; Alföldi, J; Nosál'ová, G; Franová, S; Hríbalová, V

    2003-11-01

    From the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules a low-molecular-weight fructofuranan of the inulin-type has been isolated by water extraction and ethanol precipitation, followed by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration of the crude precipitate. The methods employed in structural determination were methylation analysis and 1H and 13C NMR spectral measurements. In tests for antitussive activity in cats the fructan was found to be equally active as some non-narcotic, synthetic preparations used in clinical practice to treat coughing, and in mitogenic and comitogenic tests its biological response was comparable to that of the commercial Zymosan immunomodulator.

  5. Insight into climate change from the carbon exchange of biocrusts utilizing non-rainfall water.

    PubMed

    Ouyang, Hailong; Hu, Chunxiang

    2017-05-31

    Biocrusts are model ecosystems of global change studies. However, light and non-rainfall water (NRW) were previously few considered. Different biocrust types further aggravated the inconsistence. So carbon-exchange of biocrusts (cyanobacteria crusts-AC1/AC2; cyanolichen crust-LC1; chlorolichen crust-LC2; moss crust-MC) utilizing NRW at various temperatures and light-intensities were determined under simulated and insitu mesocosm experiments. Carbon input of all biocrusts were negatively correlated with experimental temperature under all light-intensity with saturated water and stronger light with equivalent NRW, but positively correlated with temperature under weak light with equivalent NRW. LCPs and R/Pg of AC1 were lowest, followed in turn by AC2, LC2 and MC. Thus AC1 had most opportunities to use NRW, and 2.5 °C warming did cause significant changes of carbon exchange. Structural equation models further revealed that air-temperature was most important for carbon-exchange of ACs, but equally important as NRW for LC2 and MC; positive influence of warming on carbon-input in ACs was much stronger than the latter. Therefore, temperature effect on biocrust carbon-input depends on both moisture and light. Meanwhile, the role of NRW, transitional states between ACs, and obvious carbon-fixation differences between lichen crusts should be fully considered in the future study of biocrusts responding to climate change.

  6. Large Exciton Energy Shifts by Reversible Surface Exchange in 2D II-VI Nanocrystals.

    PubMed

    Zhou, Yang; Wang, Fudong; Buhro, William E

    2015-12-09

    Reaction of n-octylamine-passivated {CdSe[n-octylamine](0.53±0.06)} quantum belts with anhydrous metal carboxylates M(oleate)2 (M = Cd, Zn) results in a rapid exchange of the L-type amine passivation for Z-type M(oleate)2 passivation. The cadmium-carboxylate derivative is determined to have the composition {CdSe[Cd(oleate)2](0.19±0.02)}. The morphologies and crystal structures of the quantum belts are largely unaffected by the exchange processes. Addition of n-octylamine or oleylamine to the M(oleate)2-passivated quantum belts removes M(oleate)2 and restores the L-type amine passivation. Analogous, reversible surface exchanges are also demonstrated for CdS quantum platelets. The absorption and emission spectra of the quantum belts and platelets are reversibly shifted to lower energy by M(oleate)2 passivation vs amine passivation. The largest shift of 140 meV is observed for the Cd(oleate)2-passivated CdSe quantum belts. These shifts are attributed entirely to changes in the strain states in the Zn(oleate)2-passivated nanocrystals, whereas changes in strain states and confinement dimensions contribute roughly equally to the shifts in the Cd(oleate)2-passivated nanocrystals. Addition of Cd(oleate)2, which electronically couples to the nanocrystal lattices, increases the effective thickness of the belts and platelets by approximately a half of a monolayer, thus increasing the confinement dimension.

  7. The exchangeable fraction of selectively sorbed 137Cs in soils and natural sorbents as a function of the K+ and NH{4/+} concentrations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stepina, I. A.; Popov, V. E.

    2011-06-01

    The exchangeable portion of the selectively sorbed 137Cs extractable by a 1 M ammonium acetate solution (α Ex ) for soils, illite, bentonite, and tripolite was found to increase with the increasing concentration of the competitive cation M+ (K+ or NH{4/+}) and can be approximated by a logarithmic relationship. For clinoptilolite, the values of α Ex did not depend on the concentration of M+. The expression 1 - α Ex ( C M= n )/α Ex ( C M = 16) as a function of the M+ concentration (where α Ex ( C M= n ) is the α Ex value at the competitive cation concentration equal to 16 mmol/dm3) was proposed to compare the dependence of α Ex on the concentration of K+ or NH{4/+}in different sorbents. For soils and illite, these dependences almost coincided, which indicated that the selective sorption of 137Cs in soils is determined by the presence of illite-group minerals.

  8. Replica exchange enveloping distribution sampling (RE-EDS): A robust method to estimate multiple free-energy differences from a single simulation.

    PubMed

    Sidler, Dominik; Schwaninger, Arthur; Riniker, Sereina

    2016-10-21

    In molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free-energy differences are often calculated using free energy perturbation or thermodynamic integration (TI) methods. However, both techniques are only suited to calculate free-energy differences between two end states. Enveloping distribution sampling (EDS) presents an attractive alternative that allows to calculate multiple free-energy differences in a single simulation. In EDS, a reference state is simulated which "envelopes" the end states. The challenge of this methodology is the determination of optimal reference-state parameters to ensure equal sampling of all end states. Currently, the automatic determination of the reference-state parameters for multiple end states is an unsolved issue that limits the application of the methodology. To resolve this, we have generalised the replica-exchange EDS (RE-EDS) approach, introduced by Lee et al. [J. Chem. Theory Comput. 10, 2738 (2014)] for constant-pH MD simulations. By exchanging configurations between replicas with different reference-state parameters, the complexity of the parameter-choice problem can be substantially reduced. A new robust scheme to estimate the reference-state parameters from a short initial RE-EDS simulation with default parameters was developed, which allowed the calculation of 36 free-energy differences between nine small-molecule inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from a single simulation. The resulting free-energy differences were in excellent agreement with values obtained previously by TI and two-state EDS simulations.

  9. 26 CFR 1.467-7 - Section 467 recapture and other rules relating to dispositions and modifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... is equal to the net present value at the time of the transfer (but after giving effect to the... lessee's section 467 loan is equal to the net present value, as of the time the substitute lessee first... that is not a sale or exchange, the section 467 gain is the excess (if any) of the fair market value of...

  10. 26 CFR 1.467-7 - Section 467 recapture and other rules relating to dispositions and modifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... is equal to the net present value at the time of the transfer (but after giving effect to the... lessee's section 467 loan is equal to the net present value, as of the time the substitute lessee first... that is not a sale or exchange, the section 467 gain is the excess (if any) of the fair market value of...

  11. 26 CFR 1.467-7 - Section 467 recapture and other rules relating to dispositions and modifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... is equal to the net present value at the time of the transfer (but after giving effect to the... lessee's section 467 loan is equal to the net present value, as of the time the substitute lessee first... that is not a sale or exchange, the section 467 gain is the excess (if any) of the fair market value of...

  12. 26 CFR 1.467-7 - Section 467 recapture and other rules relating to dispositions and modifications.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... is equal to the net present value at the time of the transfer (but after giving effect to the... lessee's section 467 loan is equal to the net present value, as of the time the substitute lessee first... that is not a sale or exchange, the section 467 gain is the excess (if any) of the fair market value of...

  13. Redistribution of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and aluminum following lime or gypsum applications to a Brazilian Oxisol

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Pavan, M.A.; Bingham, F.T.; Pratt, P.F.

    A greenhouse experiment was carried out with 16 columns of an undisturbed Oxisol that had sufficient subsoil acidity to restrict root growth of a wide variety of crop plants. The objective was to determine the effects of surface applied CaCO/sub 3/, CaSO/sub 4/ x 2H/sup 2/O, and water on subsoil pH and exchangeable Al, Ca, and Mg. Eight soil columns were treated with CaCO/sub 3/ or CaSO/sub 4/ x 2H/sup 2/O at rates equal to 0.25 and 1.50 x the lime equivalent (KCL-extractable Al). The irrigation treatments consisted of trickle irrigation applied at 8.94 and 17.88 mm day/sup -1/ formore » 6 months. These treatments were superimposed on the amendment treatments. Observations included volume and composition of drainage water during the course of the experiment and chemical composition of the soil column by depth increments once the irrigation treatments were completed. Soil analysis included pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations, and composition of saturation extracts of soil. Effects of CaCO/sub 3/ treatments were observed only in the upper 20 cm of the profiles irrespective of irrigation and fertilizer treatments. The CaCO/sub 3/ treatments increased soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Al; and CaSO/sub 4/ x 2H/sup 2/O treatments reduced the level of exchangeable Al and Mg throughout the 100-cm depth profiles while increasing the level of exhangeable Ca. Soil pH and CEC were unaffected by the latter treatment. Based on the effectiveness of CaSO/sup 4/ x 2H/sup 2/O in reducing exchangeable Al and Mg while increasing exchangeable Ca, the combination of dolomitic lime and gypsum appears to be an appropriate amendment treatment for Oxisols with toxic concentrations of available Al.« less

  14. "It Doesn't Really Matter Which University You Attend or Which Subject You Study While Abroad." The Massification of Student Mobility Programmes and Its Implications for Equality in Higher Education

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Courtois, Aline

    2018-01-01

    Based on documentary analysis and interviews, the article examines the current practices of Irish universities in their efforts to increase their students' participation in international exchange programmes. It argues that increased participation, while a positive outcome, obscures a growing differentiation in the types of exchange programmes and…

  15. Steady RANS methodology for calculating pressure drop in an in-line molten salt compact crossflow heat exchanger

    DOE PAGES

    Carasik, Lane B.; Shaver, Dillon R.; Haefner, Jonah B.; ...

    2017-08-21

    We report the development of molten salt cooled reactors (MSR) and fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactors (FHR) requires the use of advanced design tools for the primary heat exchanger design. Due to geometric and flow characteristics, compact (pitch to diameter ratios equal to or less than 1.25) heat exchangers with a crossflow flow arrangement can become desirable for these reactors. Unfortunately, the available experimental data is limited for compact tube bundles or banks in crossflow. Computational Fluid Dynamics can be used to alleviate the lack of experimental data in these tube banks. Previous computational efforts have been primarily focused onmore » large S/D ratios (larger than 1.4) using unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes and Large Eddy Simulation frameworks. These approaches are useful, but have large computational requirements that make comprehensive design studies impractical. A CFD study was conducted with steady RANS in an effort to provide a starting point for future design work. The study was performed for an in-line tube bank geometry with FLiBe (LiF-BeF2), a frequently selected molten salt, as the working fluid. Based on the estimated pressure drops, the pressure and velocity distributions in the domain, an appropriate meshing strategy was determined and presented. Periodic boundaries in the spanwise direction transverse flow were determined to be an appropriate boundary condition for reduced computational domains. The domain size was investigated and a minimum of 2-flow channels for a domain is recommended to ensure the behavior is accounted for. Finally, the standard low Re κ-ε (Lien) turbulence model was determined to be the most appropriate for steady RANS of this case at the time of writing.« less

  16. Steady RANS methodology for calculating pressure drop in an in-line molten salt compact crossflow heat exchanger

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Carasik, Lane B.; Shaver, Dillon R.; Haefner, Jonah B.

    We report the development of molten salt cooled reactors (MSR) and fluoride-salt cooled high temperature reactors (FHR) requires the use of advanced design tools for the primary heat exchanger design. Due to geometric and flow characteristics, compact (pitch to diameter ratios equal to or less than 1.25) heat exchangers with a crossflow flow arrangement can become desirable for these reactors. Unfortunately, the available experimental data is limited for compact tube bundles or banks in crossflow. Computational Fluid Dynamics can be used to alleviate the lack of experimental data in these tube banks. Previous computational efforts have been primarily focused onmore » large S/D ratios (larger than 1.4) using unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes and Large Eddy Simulation frameworks. These approaches are useful, but have large computational requirements that make comprehensive design studies impractical. A CFD study was conducted with steady RANS in an effort to provide a starting point for future design work. The study was performed for an in-line tube bank geometry with FLiBe (LiF-BeF2), a frequently selected molten salt, as the working fluid. Based on the estimated pressure drops, the pressure and velocity distributions in the domain, an appropriate meshing strategy was determined and presented. Periodic boundaries in the spanwise direction transverse flow were determined to be an appropriate boundary condition for reduced computational domains. The domain size was investigated and a minimum of 2-flow channels for a domain is recommended to ensure the behavior is accounted for. Finally, the standard low Re κ-ε (Lien) turbulence model was determined to be the most appropriate for steady RANS of this case at the time of writing.« less

  17. Program of operation for the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Edwards, Melvin D.

    1977-01-01

    The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) has been established as a nationwide program directed at improving access to water and water-related data and disseminating information about the availability of these data throughout the entire water-resources community. NAWDEX is composed of a confederation of water-oriented organizations working together to facilitate the exchange of data and to improve the technology of data handling and transfer. This report is intended to provide guidelines to assure that all member organizations participate equally and that a climate of cooperation and open communication is established among participating members. (Woodard-USGS)

  18. The loss rates of O+ in the inner magnetosphere caused by both magnetic field line curvature scattering and charge exchange reactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ji, Y.; Shen, C.

    2014-03-01

    With consideration of magnetic field line curvature (FLC) pitch angle scattering and charge exchange reactions, the O+ (>300 keV) in the inner magnetosphere loss rates are investigated by using an eigenfunction analysis. The FLC scattering provides a mechanism for the ring current O+ to enter the loss cone and influence the loss rates caused by charge exchange reactions. Assuming that the pitch angle change is small for each scattering event, the diffusion equation including a charge exchange term is constructed and solved; the eigenvalues of the equation are identified. The resultant loss rates of O+ are approximately equal to the linear superposition of the loss rate without considering the charge exchange reactions and the loss rate associated with charge exchange reactions alone. The loss time is consistent with the observations from the early recovery phases of magnetic storms.

  19. Amotosalen-inactivated plasma is as equally well tolerated as quarantine plasma in patients undergoing large volume therapeutic plasma exchange.

    PubMed

    Guignier, C; Benamara, A; Oriol, P; Coppo, P; Mariat, C; Garraud, O

    2018-02-01

    A retrospective - single center - survey compared tolerance of individual donor therapeutic plasma in a series of 88 patients principally presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy; all patients underwent therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) performed with more than 90% of either of two types of plasma preparations. One plasma type used in TPE was prepared with pathogen reduction by amotosalen addition and UVA illumination, and the other one was non-manipulated (quarantine plasma). Both types of plasma were single donor. Occurrences of adverse reactions were equally low in either arm (amotosalen: 9 in 4689 bags of ∼200mL [0.019] versus quarantine: 2 in 828 bags [0.024]), confirming the safe use of amotosalen inactivated therapeutic plasma for TPE. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

  20. Respiratory weight losses during exercise.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mitchell, J. W.; Nadel, E. R.; Stolwijk, J. A. J.

    1972-01-01

    Evaporative water loss from the respiratory tract was determined over a wide range of exercise. The absolute humidity of the expired air was the same at all levels of exercise and equal to that measured at rest. The rate of respiratory water loss during exercise was found to be 0.019 of the oxygen uptake times (44 minus water vapor pressure). The rate of weight loss during exercise due to CO2-O2 exchange was calculated. For exercise at oxygen consumption rates exceeding 1.5 L/min in a dry environment with a water vapor pressure of 10 mm Hg, the total rate of weight loss via the respiratory tract is on the order of 2-5 g/min.

  1. Survival of rats subjected to acute anemia at different levels of erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.

    PubMed

    Arturson, G; Westman, M

    1975-12-01

    An experimental procedure was worked out in which rats were subjected to an exchange of erythrocytes, followed by acute anemia by means of hemodilution. One group of rats received erythrocytes with a high concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and the other group was given erythrocytes with a low DPG concentration. The survival rate was equal in the two groups. Irrespective of DPG concentration, the rats whose hemoglobin concentration reached the lowest level died. The rats that died were also more acidotic than the others. The results indicate that the hemoglobin concentration and the pH value were more important determinants for survival than the DPG concentrations.

  2. Copper-doped waveguides in glass substrates

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Spirkova-Hradilova, Jarmila; Tresnakova-Nebolova, Pavlina; Jirka, Ivan; Mach, Karel; Perina, Vratislav; Mackova, Anna; Kuncova, Gabriela

    2001-05-01

    We have studied fabrication and properties of copper ion- exchanged waveguides fabricated in various types of special soda-lime silicate glass as well as commercial optical glass substrates. The ion exchange was performed in melts containing either CuI or CuII at temperatures from 350 degrees C to 500 degrees C for times ranging from 5 minutes to 21 hrs. Optical properties of the fabricated waveguides were studied using mode spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy and composition of the waveguides was determined by SEM, RBS, EPR and ESCA. After the ion exchange the refractive index increased, according to fabrication conditions, up to (Delta) n equals +0.0693 and the guides supported up to 16 TE and TM modes. The CuI $ARLR CuII redox reaction during the fabrication depended strongly on the composition as well as the temperature of the reaction melts. In the Cu2Cl2ZnCl2 melts the oxidation of CuI to CuII was strongly hampered, so that CuI prevailed in the waveguiding region. These samples exhibited the most intensive blue-green luminescence, in spite of those fabricated using the CuII-based reaction melts, where practically no blue-green luminescence was observed. ESCA measurement revealed an easy charge transfer between the both oxidation states of copper in the very surface regions of the samples.

  3. [Characteristics of mercury exchange flux between soil and atmosphere under the snow retention and snow melting control].

    PubMed

    Zhang, Gang; Wang, Ning; Ai, Jian-Chao; Zhang, Lei; Yang, Jing; Liu, Zi-Qi

    2013-02-01

    Jiapigou gold mine, located in the upper Songhua River, was once the largest mine in China due to gold output, where gold extraction with algamation was widely applied to extract gold resulting in severe mercury pollution to ambient environmental medium. In order to study the characteristics of mercury exchange flux between soil (snow) and atmosphere under the snow retention and snow melting control, sampling sites were selected in equal distances along the slope which is situated in the typical hill-valley terrain unit. Mercury exchange flux between soil (snow) and atmosphere was determined with the method of dynamic flux chamber and in all sampling sites the atmosphere concentration from 0 to 150 cm near to the earth in the vertical direction was measured. Furthermore, the impact factors including synchronous meteorology, the surface characteristics under the snow retention and snow melting control and the mercury concentration in vertical direction were also investigated. The results are as follows: During the period of snow retention and melting the air mercury tends to gather towards valley bottom along the slope and an obvious deposit tendency process was found from air to the earth's surface under the control of thermal inversion due to the underlying surface of cold source (snow surface). However, during the period of snow melting, mercury exchange flux between the soil and atmosphere on the surface of the earth with the snow being melted demonstrates alternative deposit and release processes. As for the earth with snow covered, the deposit level of mercury exchange flux between soil and atmosphere is lower than that during the period of snow retention. The relationship between mercury exchange flux and impact factors shows that in snow retention there is a remarkable negative linear correlation between mercury exchange flux and air mercury concentration as well as between the former and the air temperature. In addition, in snow melting mercury exchange flux is remarkably negatively linearly correlated to air mercury concentration and positively linearly correlated to air temperature. Furthermore, there is a general positive linear correlation between mercury exchange flux and soil temperature on the surface of earth after snow melting.

  4. Use of Inert Gases and Carbon Monoxide to Study the Possible Influence of Countercurrent Exchange on Passive Absorption from the Small Bowel

    PubMed Central

    Bond, John H.; Levitt, David G.; Levitt, Michael D.

    1974-01-01

    The purpose of the present study was to quantitate the influence of countercurrent exchange on passive absorption of highly diffusible substances from the small intestine of the rabbit. The absorption of carbon monoxide, which is tightly bound to hemoglobin and therefore cannot exchange, was compared to the absorption of four unbound gases (H2, He, CH4, and 133Xe), which should exchange freely. The degree to which the observed absorption of the unbound gases falls below that predicted from CO absorption should provide a quantitative measure of countercurrent exchange. CO uptake at high luminal Pco is flow-limited and, assuming that villus and central hemoglobin concentrations are equal, the flow that equilibrates with CO (Fco) was calculated to equal 7.24 ml/min/100 g. The observed absorption rate of the unbound gases was from two to four times greater than would have been predicted had their entire uptake been accounted for by equilibration with Fco. This is the opposite of what would occur if countercurrent exchange retarded absorption of the unbound gases. The unbound gases have both flow- and diffusion-limited components, and Fco should account for only the fraction of absorption that is flow limited. A simple model of perfusion and diffusion made it possible to calculate the fraction of the total uptake of unbound gases that was flow limited. This fraction of the total observed absorption rate was still about 1.8 times greater than predicted by CO absorption. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that plasma skimming reduces the hemoglobin of villus blood to about 60% of that of central blood. Thus, Fco is actually about 1.7 times greater than initially calculated, and with this correction, there is close agreement between the predicted and observed rates of absorption of each of the unbound gases. We conclude that countercurrent exchange does not influence passive absorption under the conditions of this study. PMID:4436431

  5. Binding energies of benzene on coinage metal surfaces: Equal stability on different metals

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maaß, Friedrich; Jiang, Yingda; Liu, Wei; Tkatchenko, Alexandre; Tegeder, Petra

    2018-06-01

    Interfaces between organic molecules and inorganic solids adapt a prominent role in fundamental science, catalysis, molecular sensors, and molecular electronics. The molecular adsorption geometry, which is dictated by the strength of lateral and vertical interactions, determines the electronic structure of the molecule/substrate system. In this study, we investigate the binding properties of benzene on the noble metal surfaces Au(111), Ag(111), and Cu(111), respectively, using temperature-programmed desorption and first-principles calculations that account for non-locality of both electronic exchange and correlation effects. In the monolayer regime, we observed for all three systems a decrease of the binding energy with increasing coverage due to repulsive adsorbate/adsorbate interactions. Although the electronic properties of the noble metal surfaces are rather different, the binding strength of benzene on these surfaces is equal within the experimental error (accuracy of 0.05 eV), in excellent agreement with our calculations. This points toward the existence of a universal trend for the binding energy of aromatic molecules resulting from a subtle balance between Pauli repulsion and many-body van der Waals attraction.

  6. Arbitrary Inequality in Reputation Systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Frey, Vincenz; van de Rijt, Arnout

    2016-12-01

    Trust is an essential condition for exchange. Large societies must substitute the trust traditionally provided through kinship and sanctions in small groups to make exchange possible. The rise of internet-supported reputation systems has been celebrated for providing trust at a global scale, enabling the massive volumes of transactions between distant strangers that are characteristic of modern human societies. Here we problematize an overlooked side-effect of reputation systems: Equally trustworthy individuals may realize highly unequal exchange volumes. We report the results of a laboratory experiment that shows emergent differentiation between ex ante equivalent individuals when information on performance in past exchanges is shared. This arbitrary inequality results from cumulative advantage in the reputation-building process: Random initial distinctions grow as parties of good repute are chosen over those lacking a reputation. We conjecture that reputation systems produce artificial concentration in a wide range of markets and leave superior but untried exchange alternatives unexploited.

  7. Arbitrary Inequality in Reputation Systems

    PubMed Central

    Frey, Vincenz; van de Rijt, Arnout

    2016-01-01

    Trust is an essential condition for exchange. Large societies must substitute the trust traditionally provided through kinship and sanctions in small groups to make exchange possible. The rise of internet-supported reputation systems has been celebrated for providing trust at a global scale, enabling the massive volumes of transactions between distant strangers that are characteristic of modern human societies. Here we problematize an overlooked side-effect of reputation systems: Equally trustworthy individuals may realize highly unequal exchange volumes. We report the results of a laboratory experiment that shows emergent differentiation between ex ante equivalent individuals when information on performance in past exchanges is shared. This arbitrary inequality results from cumulative advantage in the reputation-building process: Random initial distinctions grow as parties of good repute are chosen over those lacking a reputation. We conjecture that reputation systems produce artificial concentration in a wide range of markets and leave superior but untried exchange alternatives unexploited. PMID:27995957

  8. Hyporheic exchange and fulvic acid redox reactions in an alpine stream/wetland ecosystem, Colorado front range

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Miller, Matthew P.; McKnight, Diane M.; Cory, R.M.; Williams, Mark W.; Runkel, Robert L.

    2006-01-01

    The influence of hyporheic zone interactions on the redox state of fulvic acids and other redox active species was investigated in an alpine stream and adjacent wetland, which is a more reducing environment. A tracer injection experiment using bromide (Br-) was conducted in the stream system. Simulations with a transport model showed that rates of exchange between the stream and hyporheic zone were rapid (?? ??? 10-3 s -1). Parallel factor analysis of fluorescence spectra was used to quantify the redox state of dissolved fulvic acids. The rate coefficient for oxidation of reduced fulvic acids (?? = 6.5 ?? 10-3 s -1) in the stream indicates that electron-transfer reactions occur over short time scales. The rate coefficients for decay of ammonium (?? = 1.2 ?? 10-3 s-1) and production of nitrate (?? = -1.0 ?? 10-3 s-1) were opposite in sign but almost equal in magnitude. Our results suggest that fulvic acids are involved in rapid electron-transfer processes in and near the stream channel and may be important in determining ecological energy flow at the catchment scale. ?? 2006 American Chemical Society.

  9. Medium of exchange matters: what's fair for goods is unfair for money.

    PubMed

    DeVoe, Sanford E; Iyengar, Sheena S

    2010-02-01

    Organized groups face a fundamental problem of how to distribute resources fairly. We found people view it as less fair to distribute resources equally when the allocated resource invokes the market by being a medium of exchange than when the allocated resource is a good that holds value in use. These differences in fairness can be attributed to being a medium of exchange, and not to other essential properties of money (i.e., being a unit of account or a store of value). These findings suggest that egalitarian outcomes have a greater likelihood of being accepted as fair when the resources being distributed take the form of in-kind goods rather than of cash transfers.

  10. Therapeutic plasma exchange: a paired comparison of Fresenius AS104 vs. COBE Spectra.

    PubMed

    Burgstaler, E A; Pineda, A A

    2001-01-01

    For therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), continuous flow separators are known to be efficient as exemplified by Fresenius AS104 and COBE Spectra. The AS104 uses an interface monitoring system in the centrifuge during TPE, whereas Spectra uses computer algorithms to establish the plasma-cell interface. To determine the plasma collection efficiency (PLCE), anticoagulant (AC) volumes used, and platelets (PLT) lost of the AS104 and the Spectra, we performed a prospective paired comparison of 20 TPE (each machine). The study included 17 patients, 1.3 plasma volume exchanges (without AC), equal inlet rates, and AC ratio of 13:1. Processing times did not include reinfuse mode. Platelet loss was determined by sampling the collection bags. Inlet rates were between 60-110 ml/min. Diagnosis included peripheral neuropathies, TTP and cryoglobulinemia. The AS104 had significantly (P<0.0001) lower average whole blood processed (F:6,601 vs. S:8,584 ml), AC volume (F:532 vs. S:719 ml), and processing time (F:80 vs. S:102 minutes) than Spectra. The AS104 had significantly (P<0.0001) higher average plasma flow rates (F:53 vs. S:44 ml/minute), plasma collection efficiency (F:90 vs. S:69%), and platelet loss (F:2.0 vs. S:0.14 x 10(11) plt) than Spectra. Platelet loss correlated with inlet flow rate with the AS104 but not with the Spectra. The AS104 has a significantly higher collection efficiency than Spectra allowing it to remove the same amount of plasma in significantly less time, by processing significantly less blood, using significantly less AC, but removing significantly more platelets than Spectra. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  11. Guidelines for Exchangeable APT Data Packages.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-06-01

    trofit all their machines to the newer CNC controls. Recognizing this problem, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) proposed to the Air Force...machine tools, but the approach and benefits are clear for subse- quent application to lathe operations. Furthermore, the approach is equally

  12. Replica exchange with solute tempering: A method for sampling biological systems in explicit water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Pu; Kim, Byungchan; Friesner, Richard A.; Berne, B. J.

    2005-09-01

    An innovative replica exchange (parallel tempering) method called replica exchange with solute tempering (REST) for the efficient sampling of aqueous protein solutions is presented here. The method bypasses the poor scaling with system size of standard replica exchange and thus reduces the number of replicas (parallel processes) that must be used. This reduction is accomplished by deforming the Hamiltonian function for each replica in such a way that the acceptance probability for the exchange of replica configurations does not depend on the number of explicit water molecules in the system. For proof of concept, REST is compared with standard replica exchange for an alanine dipeptide molecule in water. The comparisons confirm that REST greatly reduces the number of CPUs required by regular replica exchange and increases the sampling efficiency. This method reduces the CPU time required for calculating thermodynamic averages and for the ab initio folding of proteins in explicit water. Author contributions: B.J.B. designed research; P.L. and B.K. performed research; P.L. and B.K. analyzed data; and P.L., B.K., R.A.F., and B.J.B. wrote the paper.Abbreviations: REST, replica exchange with solute tempering; REM, replica exchange method; MD, molecular dynamics.*P.L. and B.K. contributed equally to this work.

  13. Electron impact excitation of highly charged sodium-like ions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Blaha, M.; Davis, J.

    1978-01-01

    Optical transition probabilities and electron collision strengths for Ca X, Fe XVI, Zn XX, Kr XXVI and Mo XXXII are calculated for transitions between n equal to 3 and n equal to 4 levels. The calculations neglect relativistic effects on the radial functions. A semi-empirical approach provides wave functions of the excited states; a distorted wave function without exchange is employed to obtain the excitation cross sections. The density dependence of the relative intensities of certain emission lines in the sodium isoelectronic sequence is also discussed.

  14. Hydrogen-oxygen proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Baldwin, R.; Pham, M.; Leonida, A.; Mcelroy, J.; Nalette, T.

    1989-01-01

    Hydrogen-oxygen solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers (products of Hamilton Standard) both use a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) as the sole electrolyte. These solid electrolyte devices have been under continuous development for over 30 years. This experience has resulted in a demonstrated ten-year SPE cell life capability under load conditions. Ultimate life of PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers is primarily related to the chemical stability of the membrane. For perfluorocarbon proton exchange membranes an accurate measure of the membrane stability is the fluoride loss rate. Millions of cell hours have contributed to establishing a relationship between fluoride loss rates and average expected ultimate cell life. This relationship is shown. Several features have been introduced into SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers such that applications requiring greater than or equal to 100,000 hours of life can be considered. Equally important as the ultimate life is the voltage stability of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells and electrolyzers. Here again the features of SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers have shown a cell voltage stability in the order of 1 microvolt per hour. That level of stability has been demonstrated for tens of thousands of hours in SPE fuel cells at up to 500 amps per square foot (ASF) current density.

  15. Cultural variations in the sexual marketplace: gender equality correlates with more sexual activity.

    PubMed

    Baumeister, Roy F; Mendoza, Juan Pablo

    2011-01-01

    Sexual economics theory assumes that heterosexual communities can be analyzed as marketplaces in which men offer women resources such as love, respect, money, and commitment in exchange for sex. In response to economic, political, and other disadvantages, women collectively restrict their sexuality to maintain a low supply relative to male demand, thereby ensuring a high price. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that sexual norms and practices would be more restrictive in countries marked by gender inequality than in countries where the genders were more equal. An international online sex survey (N>317,000) yielded four measures of sexual activity, and 37 nations' means on all four measures were correlated with independent (World Economic Forum) ratings of gender equality. Consistent with predictions, relatively high gender equality was associated with more casual sex, more sex partners per capita, younger ages for first sex, and greater tolerance/approval of premarital sex.

  16. Basic experiments during loss of vacuum event (LOVE) in fusion experimental reactor

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ogawa, Masuro; Kunugi, Tomoaki; Seki, Yasushi

    If a loss of vacuum event (LOVE) occurs due to damage of the vacuum vessel of a nuclear fusion experimental reactor, some chemical reactions such as a graphic oxidation and a buoyancy-driven exchange flow take place after equalization of the gas pressure between the inside and outside of the vacuum vessel. The graphite oxidation would generate inflammable carbon monoxide and release tritium retained in the graphite. The exchange flow through the breaches may transport the carbon monoxide and tritium out of the vacuum vessel. To add confidence to the safety evaluations and analyses, it is important to grasp the basicmore » phenomena such as the exchange flow and the graphite oxidation. Experiments of the exchange flow and the graphite oxidation were carried out to obtain the exchange flow rate and the rate constant for the carbon monoxide combustion, respectively. These experimental results were compared with existing correlations. The authors plan a scaled-model test and a full-scale model test for the LOVE.« less

  17. Inverse heat transfer problem in digital temperature control in plate fin and tube heat exchangers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Taler, Dawid; Sury, Adam

    2011-12-01

    The aim of the paper is a steady-state inverse heat transfer problem for plate-fin and tube heat exchangers. The objective of the process control is to adjust the number of fan revolutions per minute so that the water temperature at the heat exchanger outlet is equal to a preset value. Two control techniques were developed. The first is based on the presented mathematical model of the heat exchanger while the second is a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The first procedure is very stable. The digital PID controller becomes unstable if the water volumetric flow rate changes significantly. The developed techniques were implemented in digital control system of the water exit temperature in a plate fin and tube heat exchanger. The measured exit temperature of the water was very close to the set value of the temperature if the first method was used. The experiments showed that the PID controller works also well but becomes frequently unstable.

  18. 13 CFR 107.1585 - Exchange of Debentures for Participating Securities.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Capital Investments (at cost) equal to the amount of the Debenture being refinanced; and (d) Classify all your existing Loans and Investments as Earmarked Assets. [63 FR 5869, Feb. 5, 1998] ... SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES SBA Financial Assistance for Licensees (Leverage) Participating...

  19. Ion exchange phenomena

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bourg, I.C.; Sposito, G.

    Ion exchange phenomena involve the population of readily exchangeable ions, the subset of adsorbed solutes that balance the intrinsic surface charge and can be readily replaced by major background electrolyte ions (Sposito, 2008). These phenomena have occupied a central place in soil chemistry research since Way (1850) first showed that potassium uptake by soils resulted in the release of an equal quantity of moles of charge of calcium and magnesium. Ion exchange phenomena are now routinely modeled in studies of soil formation (White et al., 2005), soil reclamation (Kopittke et al., 2006), soil fertilitization (Agbenin and Yakubu, 2006), colloidal dispersion/flocculationmore » (Charlet and Tournassat, 2005), the mechanics of argillaceous media (Gajo and Loret, 2007), aquitard pore water chemistry (Tournassat et al., 2008), and groundwater (Timms and Hendry, 2007; McNab et al., 2009) and contaminant hydrology (Chatterjee et al., 2008; van Oploo et al., 2008; Serrano et al., 2009).« less

  20. Anesthesiologists and anesthetist: are we paying for outcome or process?

    PubMed

    Rutsohn, Phil

    2005-01-01

    The concept of Value Exchange is fundamental to any discipline that focuses on interactions between providers and consumers. In both the study of Marketing and the study of Economics, one learns that a producer and consumer will engage in an exchange relationship only so long as the value/cost relationship is positive. Once the cost of the exchange is equal to the value of that exchange, further economic activity is irrational. In a market-based economy, the market is obviously the regulator unless there is some imperfection inhibiting the interaction of the buyer and seller. When there is an imperfection, it is the government's responsibility to intervene and function as a proxy promoting rational buying and selling. In this paper, the author will attempt to demonstrate that the consumer has been economically irrational when purchasing anesthesia services and government has been slow and minimally effective when intervening to rectify this market imperfection.

  1. 47 CFR 65.304 - Capital structure.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Capital structure. 65.304 Section 65.304... OF RETURN PRESCRIPTION PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGIES Exchange Carriers § 65.304 Capital structure. The proportion of each cost of capital component in the capital structure is equal to: Proportion in the capital...

  2. Noise effects on entanglement distribution by separable state

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bordbar, Najmeh Tabe; Memarzadeh, Laleh

    2018-02-01

    We investigate noise effects on the performance of entanglement distribution by separable state. We consider a realistic situation in which the mediating particle between two distant nodes of the network goes through a noisy channel. For a large class of noise models, we show that the average value of distributed entanglement between two parties is equal to entanglement between particular bipartite partitions of target qubits and exchange qubit in intermediate steps of the protocol. This result is valid for distributing two-qubit/qudit and three-qubit entangled states. In explicit examples of the noise family, we show that there exists a critical value of noise parameter beyond which distribution of distillable entanglement is not possible. Furthermore, we determine how this critical value increases in terms of Hilbert space dimension, when distributing d-dimensional Bell states.

  3. Peroxisomal membrane manganese superoxide dismutase: characterization of the isozyme from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Schrad.) cotyledons.

    PubMed

    Rodríguez-Serrano, María; Romero-Puertas, María C; Pastori, Gabriela M; Corpas, Francisco J; Sandalio, Luisa M; del Río, Luis A; Palma, José M

    2007-01-01

    In this work the manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) bound to peroxisomal membranes of watermelon cotyledons (Citrullus lanatus Schrad.) was purified to homogeneity and some of its molecular properties were determined. The stepwise purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulphate fractionation, batch anion-exchange chromatography, and anion-exchange and gel-filtration column chromatography using a fast protein liquid chromatography system. Peroxisomal membrane Mn-SOD (perMn-SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) was purified 5600-fold with a yield of 2.6 mug of enzyme g(-1) of cotyledons, and had a specific activity of 480 U mg(-1) of protein. The native molecular mass determined for perMn-SOD was 108 000 Da, and it was composed of four equal subunits of 27 kDa, which indicates that perMn-SOD is a homotetramer. Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra of the enzyme showed a shoulder at 275 nm and two absorption maxima at 448 nm and 555 nm, respectively. By isoelectric focusing, a pI of 5.75 was determined for perMn-SOD. In immunoblot assays, purified perMn-SOD was recognized by a polyclonal antibody against Mn-SOD from pea leaves, and the peroxisomal enzyme rapidly dissociated in the presence of dithiothreitol and SDS. The potential binding of the Mn-SOD isozyme to the peroxisomal membrane was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy analysis. The properties of perMn-SOD and the mitMn-SOD are compared and the possible function in peroxisomal membranes of the peripheral protein Mn-SOD is discussed.

  4. Frustrated spin- 1 2 molecular magnetism in the mixed-valence antiferromagnets Ba 3 M Ru 2 O 9 ( M = In , Y, Lu)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ziat, D.; Aczel, Adam A.; Sinclair, R.

    We have performed magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, muon spin relaxation, and neutron-scattering measurements on three members of the family Ba 3MRu 2O 9, where M=In, Y, and Lu. These systems consist of mixed-valence Ru dimers on a triangular lattice with antiferromagnetic interdimer exchange. Although previous work has argued that charge order within the dimers or intradimer double exchange plays an important role in determining the magnetic properties, our results suggest that the dimers are better described as molecular units due to significant orbital hybridization, resulting in one spin-1/2 moment distributed equally over the two Ru sites. These molecular building blocksmore » form a frustrated, quasi-two-dimensional triangular lattice. Our zero- and longitudinal-field μSR results indicate that the molecular moments develop a collective, static magnetic ground state, with oscillations of the zero-field muon spin polarization indicative of long-range magnetic order in the Lu sample. In conclusion, the static magnetism is much more disordered in the Y and In samples, but they do not appear to be conventional spin glasses.« less

  5. Frustrated spin- 1 2 molecular magnetism in the mixed-valence antiferromagnets Ba 3 M Ru 2 O 9 ( M = In , Y, Lu)

    DOE PAGES

    Ziat, D.; Aczel, Adam A.; Sinclair, R.; ...

    2017-05-22

    We have performed magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, muon spin relaxation, and neutron-scattering measurements on three members of the family Ba 3MRu 2O 9, where M=In, Y, and Lu. These systems consist of mixed-valence Ru dimers on a triangular lattice with antiferromagnetic interdimer exchange. Although previous work has argued that charge order within the dimers or intradimer double exchange plays an important role in determining the magnetic properties, our results suggest that the dimers are better described as molecular units due to significant orbital hybridization, resulting in one spin-1/2 moment distributed equally over the two Ru sites. These molecular building blocksmore » form a frustrated, quasi-two-dimensional triangular lattice. Our zero- and longitudinal-field μSR results indicate that the molecular moments develop a collective, static magnetic ground state, with oscillations of the zero-field muon spin polarization indicative of long-range magnetic order in the Lu sample. In conclusion, the static magnetism is much more disordered in the Y and In samples, but they do not appear to be conventional spin glasses.« less

  6. Marital role attitudes and expected role behaviors of college youth in mainland China and Taiwan.

    PubMed

    Hsieh, K H; Burgess, R L

    1994-09-01

    Mainland China and Taiwan have been politically and physically segregated since 1949, and it was not until the late 1980s that limited contacts and cultural exchanges between the two societies began to take place. During their period of segregation, the two societies adopted different approaches toward gender roles. While gender equality was actively promoted in mainland China, the government in Taiwan lacked the theoretical guidance on how to achieve such equality. Gender egalitarianism in Taiwan therefore remains at the abstract or philosophical level with no specification of what gender equality means in concrete terms. Testing the hypothesis that people in mainland China have become more egalitarian than have people in Taiwan with respect to the division of marital roles, the authors investigated the differences in marital role attitudes and expected behavior among selected college students in mainland China and Taiwan. Survey responses were obtained from 185 male and 154 female students from Taiwan and 150 male and 138 female students from mainland China of different years and majors on four dimensions of marital role attitudes and six areas of traditional husband and wife role behaviors. The dimensions were determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The data indicate that although most of the hypothesized societal differences are supported, some are not. The authors speculate that possible regressive changes in mainland China and progressive changes in Taiwan during the past decade were responsible for the discrepancy between hypotheses and results.

  7. Construction of exchange-correlation functionals through interpolation between the non-interacting and the strong-correlation limit

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Zhou, Yongxi; Ernzerhof, Matthias, E-mail: Matthias.Ernzerhof@UMontreal.ca; Bahmann, Hilke

    Drawing on the adiabatic connection of density functional theory, exchange-correlation functionals of Kohn-Sham density functional theory are constructed which interpolate between the extreme limits of the electron-electron interaction strength. The first limit is the non-interacting one, where there is only exchange. The second limit is the strong correlated one, characterized as the minimum of the electron-electron repulsion energy. The exchange-correlation energy in the strong-correlation limit is approximated through a model for the exchange-correlation hole that is referred to as nonlocal-radius model [L. O. Wagner and P. Gori-Giorgi, Phys. Rev. A 90, 052512 (2014)]. Using the non-interacting and strong-correlated extremes, variousmore » interpolation schemes are presented that yield new approximations to the adiabatic connection and thus to the exchange-correlation energy. Some of them rely on empiricism while others do not. Several of the proposed approximations yield the exact exchange-correlation energy for one-electron systems where local and semi-local approximations often fail badly. Other proposed approximations generalize existing global hybrids by using a fraction of the exchange-correlation energy in the strong-correlation limit to replace an equal fraction of the semi-local approximation to the exchange-correlation energy in the strong-correlation limit. The performance of the proposed approximations is evaluated for molecular atomization energies, total atomic energies, and ionization potentials.« less

  8. 17 CFR 201.57 - Commission review.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Commission review. 201.57... Regulations Pertaining to the Equal Access to Justice Act § 201.57 Commission review. In accordance with the... Division of the Commission may seek review of the initial decision on the fee application, or the...

  9. 17 CFR 201.54 - Settlement.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Settlement. 201.54 Section 201... Regulations Pertaining to the Equal Access to Justice Act § 201.54 Settlement. The applicant and counsel for the Office or Division of the Commission may agree on a proposed settlement of the award before final...

  10. 17 CFR 230.419 - Offerings by blank check companies.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ...) Deposit of securities and proceeds in escrow or trust account—(1) General. (i) Except as otherwise...: (A) An escrow account maintained by an “insured depository institution,” as that term is defined in... account established by a broker or dealer registered under the Exchange Act maintaining net capital equal...

  11. 26 CFR 1.884-5 - Qualified resident.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... local currency of the shares traded using an exchange rate equal to the average of the spot rates on the... paragraph (d) of this section (relating to publicly-traded corporations); (3) Meets the requirements of... foreign corporation is a resident and whose stock is primarily and regularly traded on an established...

  12. Unit Price and Choice in a Token-Reinforcement Context

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Foster, Theresa A.; Hackenberg, Timothy D.

    2004-01-01

    Pigeons were exposed to multiple and concurrent second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were produced and exchanged for food according to various fixed-ratio schedules, yielding equal and unequal unit prices (responses per unit food delivery). On one schedule (termed the "standard…

  13. What would optimal vegetation do when confronted with steadily increasing atmospheric CO2

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Roderick, M. L.; Donohue, R. J.; Yang, Y.; McVicar, T.; Farquhar, G. D.

    2015-12-01

    The ongoing increase in atmospheric CO2 presents an interesting opportunity for primary producers. An increase in the substrate availability would, with all else equal, stimulate fixation of carbon from the atmosphere. But all else is not necessarily equal and this is only the beginning of a cascade of changes that can ultimately be traced back to the stomatal regulation of water-carbon exchanges. We first discuss theoretical expectations and then deduce how vegetation might respond to changing CO2 in water- and energy-limited environments. We then use satellite observations to test the theoretical expectations.

  14. Worsened physical condition due to climate change contributes to the increasing hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay.

    PubMed

    Du, Jiabi; Shen, Jian; Park, Kyeong; Wang, Ya Ping; Yu, Xin

    2018-07-15

    There are increasing concerns about the impact of worsened physical condition on hypoxia in a variety of coastal systems, especially considering the influence of changing climate. In this study, an EOF analysis of the DO data for 1985-2012, a long-term numerical simulation of vertical exchange, and statistical analysis were applied to understand the underlying mechanisms for the variation of DO condition in Chesapeake Bay. Three types of analysis consistently demonstrated that both biological and physical conditions contribute equally to seasonal and interannual variations of the hypoxic condition in Chesapeake Bay. We found the physical condition (vertical exchange+temperature) determines the spatial and seasonal pattern of the hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay. The EOF analysis showed that the first mode, which was highly related to the physical forcings and correlated with the summer hypoxia volume, can be well explained by seasonal and interannual variations of physical variables and biological activities, while the second mode is significantly correlated with the estuarine circulation and river discharge. The weakened vertical exchange and increased water temperature since the 1980s demonstrated a worsened physical condition over the past few decades. Under changing climate (e.g., warming, accelerated sea-level rise, altered precipitation and wind patterns), Chesapeake Bay is likely to experience a worsened physical condition, which will amplify the negative impact of anthropogenic inputs on eutrophication and consequently require more efforts for nutrient reduction to improve the water quality condition in Chesapeake Bay. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  15. Program of operation for the National Water Data Ex. (NAWDEX)

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Edwards, M.D.

    1985-01-01

    The National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX) has been established as a nationwide program directed at improving access to water and water-related data and disseminating information about the availability of these data throughout the entire water-resources community. NAWDEX is composed of a confederation of water-oriented organizations working together to facilitate the exchange of data and to improve the technology of data handling and transfer. This program of operation is directed at providing guidelines to assure that all member organizations participate equally and that a climate of cooperation and open communication be established among participating members.

  16. Wealth distribution under Yard-Sale exchange with proportional taxes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bustos-Guajardo, R.; Moukarzel, Cristian F.

    2016-03-01

    Recent analysis of a Yard-Sale (YS) exchange model supplemented with redistributive proportional taxation suggested an asymptotic behavior P(w)˜1/wμ for the wealth distribution, with a parameter-dependent exponent μ. Revisiting this problem, it is here shown analytically, and confirmed by extensive numerical simulation, that the asymptotic behavior of P(w) is not power-law but rather a Gaussian. When taxation is weak, we furthermore show that a restricted-range power-law behavior appears for wealths around the mean value. The corresponding power-law exponent equals 3/2 when the return distribution has zero mean.

  17. The role of metal ions in chemical evolution - Polymerization of alanine and glycine in a cation-exchanged clay environment

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lawless, J. G.; Levi, N.

    1979-01-01

    The effect of the exchangeable cation on the condensation of glycine and alanine was investigated using a series of homoionic bentonites. A cycling procedure of drying, warming and wetting was employed. Peptide bond formation was observed, and the effectiveness of metal ions to catalyze the condensation was Cu(2+) greater than Ni(2) approximately equals Zn(2+) greater than Na(+). Glycine showed 6% of the monomer incorporated into oligomers with the largest detected being the pentamer. Alanine showed less peptide bond formation (a maximum of 2%) and only the dimer was observed.

  18. Direct mapping between exchange potentials of Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham schemes as origin of orbital proximity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cinal, M.

    2010-01-01

    It is found that for closed-l-shell atoms, the exact local exchange potential vx(r) calculated in the exchange-only Kohn-Sham (KS) scheme of the density functional theory (DFT) is very well represented within the region of every atomic shell by each of the suitably shifted potentials obtained with the nonlocal Fock exchange operator for the individual Hartree-Fock (HF) orbitals belonging to this shell. This newly revealed property is not related to the well-known steplike shell structure in the response part of vx(r), but it results from specific relations satisfied by the HF orbital exchange potentials. These relations explain the outstanding proximity of the occupied HF and exchange-only KS orbitals as well as the high quality of the Krieger-Li-Iafrate and localized HF (or, equivalently, common-energy-denominator) approximations to the DFT exchange potential vx(r). Another highly accurate representation of vx(r) is given by the continuous piecewise function built of shell-specific exchange potentials, each defined as the weighted average of the shifted orbital exchange potentials corresponding to a given shell. The constant shifts added to the HF orbital exchange potentials, to map them onto vx(r), are nearly equal to the differences between the energies of the corresponding KS and HF orbitals. It is discussed why these differences are positive and grow when the respective orbital energies become lower for inner orbitals.

  19. Thermal dissociation of ions limits the degree of the gas-phase H/D exchange at the atmospheric pressure.

    PubMed

    Kostyukevich, Y; Kononikhin, A; Popov, I; Nikolaev, E

    2017-04-01

    We present the application of the extended desolvating capillaries for increasing the degree of the gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange reaction at atmospheric pressure. The use of the extended capillaries results in the increase of the time that ions spend in the high pressure region, what leads to the significant improvement of the efficiency of the reaction. For the small protein ubiquitin, it was observed that for the same temperature, the number of exchanges increases with the decrease of the charge state so that the lowest charge state can exchange twice the number of hydrogen than the highest one. With the increase of the temperature, the difference decreases, and eventually, the number of exchanges equalizes for all charge states. The value of this temperature and the corresponding number of exchanges depend on the geometric parameters of the capillary. Further increase of the temperature leads to the thermal dissociation of the protein ion. The observed b/y fragments are identical to those produced by collision-induced dissociation performed in the ion trap. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  20. Interparticle spacing and structural ordering in superlattice PbS nanocrystal solids undergoing ligand exchange

    DOE PAGES

    Weidman, Mark C.; Yager, Kevin G.; Tisdale, William A.

    2014-12-12

    Controlling the interparticle spacing in quantum dot (QD) thin films is the most readily accessible way to control transport rates between neighboring QDs and a critical component of device optimization. Here, we use X-ray scattering measurements to accurately measure the interparticle spacing in films of highly monodisperse lead sulfide (PbS) QDs that have undergone a variety of device-relevant ligand exchanges. We tabulate these values for use in simulations and data analysis. We find that monothiol and dithiol ligand species typically result in interparticle spacing values that are equal to the length of a single monothiol or dithiol ligand. Additionally, wemore » find that spin-coating a thick film of QDs followed by a long-duration ligand exchange results in a more complete ligand exchange than spin-coating many thin layers with short-duration ligand exchanges in between. The former method also preserves a remarkable degree of the long-range ordering that was present in the film prior to ligand exchange. These results shed light on ways to produce highly-ordered QD solids with compact and functional ligands, which could lead to enhanced interdot coupling and transport phenomena.« less

  1. Mitomycin C-induced pairing of heterochromatin reflects initiation of DNA repair and chromatid exchange formation.

    PubMed

    Abdel-Halim, H I; Natarajan, A T; Mullenders, L H F; Boei, J J W A

    2005-04-15

    Chromatid interchanges induced by the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C (MMC) are over-represented in human chromosomes containing large heterochromatic regions. We found that nearly all exchange breakpoints of chromosome 9 are located within the paracentromeric heterochromatin and over 70% of exchanges involving chromosome 9 are between its homologues. We provide evidence that the required pairing of chromosome 9 heterochromatic regions occurs in G(0)/G(1) and S-phase cells as a result of an active cellular process initiated upon MMC treatment. By contrast, no pairing was observed for a euchromatic paracentromeric region of the equal-sized chromosome 8. The MMC-induced pairing of chromosome 9 heterochromatin is observed in a subset of cells; its percentage closely mimics the frequency of homologous interchanges found at metaphase. Moreover, the absence of pairing in cells derived from XPF patients correlates with an altered spectrum of MMC-induced exchanges. Together, the data suggest that the heterochromatin-specific pairing following MMC treatment reflects the initiation of DNA cross-link repair and the formation of exchanges.

  2. Ion Exchange Method - Diffusion Barrier Investigations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pielak, G.; Szustakowski, M.; Kiezun, A.

    1990-01-01

    Ion exchange method is used to GRIN-rod lenses manufacturing. In this process the ion exchange occurs between bulk glass (rod) and a molten salt. It was find that diffusion barrier exists on a border of glass surface and molten salt. The investigations of this barrier show that it value varies with ion exchange time and process temperature. It was find that in the case when thalium glass rod was treated in KNO3, bath, the minimum of the potential after 24 h was in temperature of 407°C, after 48 h in 422°C, after 72 h in 438°C and so on. So there are the possibility to keep the minimum of diffusion barrier by changing the temperature of the process and then the effectiveness of ion exchange process is the most effective. The time needed to obtain suitable refractive index distribution in a process when temperature was linearly changed from 400°C to 460°C was shorter of about 30% compare with the process in which temperature was constant and equal 450°C.

  3. Diclofenac removal in urine using strong-base anion exchange polymer resins.

    PubMed

    Landry, Kelly A; Boyer, Treavor H

    2013-11-01

    One of the major sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment is wastewater effluent of which human urine contributes the majority of pharmaceuticals. Urine source separation has the potential to isolate pharmaceuticals at a higher concentration for efficient removal as well as produce a nutrient byproduct. This research investigated the efficacy of using strong-base anion exchange polymer resins to remove the widely detected and abundant pharmaceutical, diclofenac, from synthetic human urine under fresh and ureolyzed conditions. The majority of experiments were conducted using a strong-base, macroporous, polystyrene resin (Purolite A520E). Ion-exchange followed a two-step removal rate with rapid removal in 1 h and equilibrium removal in 24 h. Diclofenac removal was >90% at a resin dose of 8 mL/L in both fresh and ureolyzed urine. Sorption of diclofenac onto A520E resin was concurrent with desorption of an equivalent amount of chloride, which indicates the ion-exchange mechanism is occurring. The presence of competing ions such as phosphate and citrate did not significantly impact diclofenac removal. Comparisons of three polystyrene resins (A520E, Dowex 22, Dowex Marathon 11) as well as one polyacrylic resin (IRA958) were conducted to determine the major interactions between anion exchange resin and diclofenac. The results showed that polystyrene resins provide the highest level of diclofenac removal due to electrostatic interactions between quaternary ammonium functional groups of resin and carboxylic acid of diclofenac and non-electrostatic interactions between resin matrix and benzene rings of diclofenac. Diclofenac was effectively desorbed from A520E resin using a regeneration solution that contained 4.5% (m/m) NaCl in an equal-volume mixture of methanol and water. The greater regeneration efficiency of the NaCl/methanol-water mixture over the aqueous NaCl solution supports the importance of non-electrostatic interactions between resin matrix and benzene rings of diclofenac. Experiments with ketoprofen, in addition to diclofenac, suggest that polystyrene anion exchange resins can be used to selectively remove other acidic pharmaceuticals from urine. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Determination of Backbone Amide Hydrogen Exchange Rates of Cytochrome c Using Partially Scrambled Electron Transfer Dissociation Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hamuro, Yoshitomo; E, Sook Yen

    2018-05-01

    The technological goal of hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is to determine backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates. The most critical challenge to achieve this goal is obtaining the deuterium incorporation in single-amide resolution, and gas-phase fragmentation may provide a universal solution. The gas-phase fragmentation may generate the daughter ions which differ by a single amino acid and the difference in deuterium incorporations in the two analogous ions can yield the deuterium incorporation at the sub-localized site. Following the pioneering works by Jørgensen and Rand, several papers utilized the electron transfer dissociation (ETD) to determine the location of deuterium in single-amide resolution. This paper demonstrates further advancement of the strategy by determining backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates, instead of just determining deuterium incorporation at a single time point, in combination with a wide time window monitoring. A method to evaluate the effects of scrambling and to determine the exchange rates from partially scrambled HDX-ETD-MS data is described. All parent ions for ETD fragmentation were regio-selectively scrambled: The deuterium in some regions of a peptide ion was scrambled while that in the other regions was not scrambled. The method determined 31 backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates of cytochrome c in the non-scrambled regions. Good fragmentation of a parent ion, a low degree of scrambling, and a low number of exchangeable hydrogens in the preceding side chain are the important factors to determine the exchange rate. The exchange rates determined by the HDX-MS are in good agreement with those determined by NMR. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

  5. Determination of Backbone Amide Hydrogen Exchange Rates of Cytochrome c Using Partially Scrambled Electron Transfer Dissociation Data.

    PubMed

    Hamuro, Yoshitomo; E, Sook Yen

    2018-05-01

    The technological goal of hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is to determine backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates. The most critical challenge to achieve this goal is obtaining the deuterium incorporation in single-amide resolution, and gas-phase fragmentation may provide a universal solution. The gas-phase fragmentation may generate the daughter ions which differ by a single amino acid and the difference in deuterium incorporations in the two analogous ions can yield the deuterium incorporation at the sub-localized site. Following the pioneering works by Jørgensen and Rand, several papers utilized the electron transfer dissociation (ETD) to determine the location of deuterium in single-amide resolution. This paper demonstrates further advancement of the strategy by determining backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates, instead of just determining deuterium incorporation at a single time point, in combination with a wide time window monitoring. A method to evaluate the effects of scrambling and to determine the exchange rates from partially scrambled HDX-ETD-MS data is described. All parent ions for ETD fragmentation were regio-selectively scrambled: The deuterium in some regions of a peptide ion was scrambled while that in the other regions was not scrambled. The method determined 31 backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates of cytochrome c in the non-scrambled regions. Good fragmentation of a parent ion, a low degree of scrambling, and a low number of exchangeable hydrogens in the preceding side chain are the important factors to determine the exchange rate. The exchange rates determined by the HDX-MS are in good agreement with those determined by NMR. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

  6. Determination of Backbone Amide Hydrogen Exchange Rates of Cytochrome c Using Partially Scrambled Electron Transfer Dissociation Data

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hamuro, Yoshitomo; E, Sook Yen

    2018-03-01

    The technological goal of hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is to determine backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates. The most critical challenge to achieve this goal is obtaining the deuterium incorporation in single-amide resolution, and gas-phase fragmentation may provide a universal solution. The gas-phase fragmentation may generate the daughter ions which differ by a single amino acid and the difference in deuterium incorporations in the two analogous ions can yield the deuterium incorporation at the sub-localized site. Following the pioneering works by Jørgensen and Rand, several papers utilized the electron transfer dissociation (ETD) to determine the location of deuterium in single-amide resolution. This paper demonstrates further advancement of the strategy by determining backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates, instead of just determining deuterium incorporation at a single time point, in combination with a wide time window monitoring. A method to evaluate the effects of scrambling and to determine the exchange rates from partially scrambled HDX-ETD-MS data is described. All parent ions for ETD fragmentation were regio-selectively scrambled: The deuterium in some regions of a peptide ion was scrambled while that in the other regions was not scrambled. The method determined 31 backbone amide hydrogen exchange rates of cytochrome c in the non-scrambled regions. Good fragmentation of a parent ion, a low degree of scrambling, and a low number of exchangeable hydrogens in the preceding side chain are the important factors to determine the exchange rate. The exchange rates determined by the HDX-MS are in good agreement with those determined by NMR. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

  7. Argument, Free Speech, and the Politics of Deliberation in the Composition Classroom.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Moneyhun, Clyde

    The classical marketplace metaphor for intellectual exchange forms the ideological basis for the way argument is still taught in composition classrooms, where supposedly students are being prepared to participate as full citizens in an equal democracy. However, such a view of democratic citizenship, free speech, and argument is open to criticism…

  8. 36 CFR 254.1 - Scope and applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... equalization payments made available through the Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, as amended (16 U.S.C... exchanges of land or interests in land, including but not limited to minerals, water rights, and timber... Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3192), shall be limited to those provisions which do not conflict with the...

  9. 36 CFR 254.1 - Scope and applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... equalization payments made available through the Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, as amended (16 U.S.C... exchanges of land or interests in land, including but not limited to minerals, water rights, and timber... Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3192), shall be limited to those provisions which do not conflict with the...

  10. 36 CFR 254.1 - Scope and applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... equalization payments made available through the Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, as amended (16 U.S.C... exchanges of land or interests in land, including but not limited to minerals, water rights, and timber... Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3192), shall be limited to those provisions which do not conflict with the...

  11. 36 CFR 254.1 - Scope and applicability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... equalization payments made available through the Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, as amended (16 U.S.C... exchanges of land or interests in land, including but not limited to minerals, water rights, and timber... Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3192), shall be limited to those provisions which do not conflict with the...

  12. 75 FR 8777 - Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) Request for Grant Proposals: Youth Ambassadors...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-02-25

    ... three-week exchange for high school youth (ages 15-18) and adult educators focused on civic education..., interactive training, presentations, visits to high schools, local cultural activities, civic education... North American integration. An equal number of American high school students will participate in a U.S...

  13. A quasi two-dimensional benchmark experiment for the solidification of a tin lead binary alloy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Xiao Dong; Petitpas, Patrick; Garnier, Christian; Paulin, Jean-Pierre; Fautrelle, Yves

    2007-05-01

    A horizontal solidification benchmark experiment with pure tin and a binary alloy of Sn-10 wt.%Pb is proposed. The experiment consists in solidifying a rectangular sample using two lateral heat exchangers which allow the application a controlled horizontal temperature difference. An array of fifty thermocouples placed on the lateral wall permits the determination of the instantaneous temperature distribution. The cases with the temperature gradient G=0, and the cooling rates equal to 0.02 and 0.04 K/s are studied. The time evolution of the interfacial total heat flux and the temperature field are recorded and analyzed. This allows us to evaluate heat transfer evolution due to natural convection, as well as its influence on the solidification macrostructure. To cite this article: X.D. Wang et al., C. R. Mecanique 335 (2007).

  14. Theory of a microfluidic serial dilution bioreactor for growth of planktonic and biofilm populations.

    PubMed

    Hsu, Sze-Bi; Yang, Ya-Tang

    2016-04-01

    We present the theory of a microfluidic bioreactor with a two-compartment growth chamber and periodic serial dilution. In the model, coexisting planktonic and biofilm populations exchange by adsorption and detachment. The criteria for coexistence and global extinction are determined by stability analysis of the global extinction state. Stability analysis yields the operating diagram in terms of the dilution and removal ratios, constrained by the plumbing action of the bioreactor. The special case of equal uptake function and logistic growth is analytically solved and explicit growth curves are plotted. The presented theory is applicable to generic microfluidic bioreactors with discrete growth chambers and periodic dilution at discrete time points. Therefore, the theory is expected to assist the design of microfluidic devices for investigating microbial competition and microbial biofilm growth under serial dilution conditions.

  15. Numerical investigation on aluminum foam application in a tubular heat exchanger

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Buonomo, Bernardo; di Pasqua, Anna; Ercole, Davide; Manca, Oronzio; Nardini, Sergio

    2018-02-01

    A numerical study has been conducted to examine the thermal and fluiddynamic behaviors of a tubular heat exchanger in aluminum foam. A plate in metal foam with a single array of five circular tubes is the geometrical domain under examination. Darcy-Forchheimer flow model and the thermal non-equilibrium energy model are used to execute two-dimensional simulations on metal foam heat exchanger. The foam is characterized by porosity and (number) pores per inch respectively equal to 0.935 and 20. Different air flow rates are imposed to the entrance of the heat exchanger with an assigned surface tube temperature. The results are provided in terms of local heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number evaluated on the external surface of the tubes. Furthermore, local air temperature and velocity profiles in the smaller cross section, between two consecutive tubes are given. Finally, the Energy Performance Ratio (EPR) is evaluated in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the metal foam.

  16. The ANS/ENS international student exchange program

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Bornstein, I.

    1988-01-01

    This program, called the ANS/ENS International Student Exchange Program, sponsors bilateral exchanges of engineering graduate students from universities located in the midwestern part of the United States with those from universities in France, West Germany and Japan. The American students are provided with summer jobs at leading research centers in France, West Germany and Japan. And, in turn, the students from those countries come to the United States to work at the Argonne National Laboratory. The Exchange Program has provided enriching experiences for nearly 100 American students and an equal number of students from abroad. These young men and womenmore » not only learn how technical work is conducted in a foreign country, they also learn about the people and their customs. When the students arrive to begin their assignments, they are usually strangers in a foreign culture. By the time they leave, they've become acquainted with the people, have formed strong bonds of friendship; and, in a small way, have helped foster international good and will understanding. 11 figs.« less

  17. Fluid channeling system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Davis, Donald Y. (Inventor); Hitch, Bradley D. (Inventor)

    1994-01-01

    A fluid channeling system includes a fluid ejector, a heat exchanger, and a fluid pump disposed in series flow communication The ejector includes a primary inlet for receiving a primary fluid, and a secondary inlet for receiving a secondary fluid which is mixed with the primary fluid and discharged therefrom as ejector discharge. Heat is removed from the ejector discharge in the heat exchanger, and the heat exchanger discharge is compressed in the fluid pump and channeled to the ejector secondary inlet as the secondary fluid In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature of the primary fluid is greater than the maximum operating temperature of a fluid motor powering the fluid pump using a portion of the ejector discharge, with the secondary fluid being mixed with the primary fluid so that the ejector discharge temperature is equal to about the maximum operating temperature of the fluid motor.

  18. Observation of coherently enhanced tunable narrow-band terahertz transition radiation from a relativistic sub-picosecond electron bunch train

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Piot, P.; Maxwell, T. J.; Accelerator Physics Center, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510

    2011-06-27

    We experimentally demonstrate the production of narrow-band ({delta}f/f{approx_equal}20% at f{approx_equal}0.5THz) transition radiation with tunable frequency over [0.37, 0.86] THz. The radiation is produced as a train of sub-picosecond relativistic electron bunches transits at the vacuum-aluminum interface of an aluminum converter screen. The bunch train is generated via a transverse-to-longitudinal phase space exchange technique. We also show a possible application of modulated beams to extend the dynamical range of a popular bunch length diagnostic technique based on the spectral analysis of coherent radiation.

  19. A theorem regarding roots of the zero-order Bessel function of the first kind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Lin, X.-A.; Agrawal, O. P.

    1993-01-01

    This paper investigates a problem on the steady-state, conduction-convection heat transfer process in cylindrical porous heat exchangers. The governing partial differential equations for the system are obtained using the energy conservation law. Solution of these equations and the concept of enthalpy lead to a new approach to prove a theorem that the sum of inverse squares of all the positive roots of the zero order Bessel function of the first kind equals to one-forth. As a corollary, it is shown that the sum of one over pth power (p greater than or equal to 2) of the roots converges to some constant.

  20. Anatomy of charge-exchange straggling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sigmund, P.; Osmani, O.; Schinner, A.

    2014-11-01

    We have studied charge-exchange straggling theoretically for swift krypton and silicon ions and five target gases in the MeV/u energy regime. We find a pronounced two-peak structure for all ion-target combinations. The peak at the highest energy appears around the velocity where the bare ion and the one-electron ion are equally abundant in the equilibrium charge distribution. Correspondingly, the low-energy peak appears near the cross-over between the charge fractions of the two- and the three-electron ion. The possibility of further peaks at lower energies is discussed. Our findings are compared with recent experimental results on straggling of krypton beams.

  1. Redox Sorption of Oxygen Dissolved in Water on Copper Nanoparticles in an Ion Exchange Matrix

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vakhnin, D. D.; Pridorogina, V. E.; Polyanskii, L. N.; Kravchenko, T. A.; Gorshkov, V. S.

    2018-01-01

    The redox sorption of molecular oxygen from water by a thin granular layer of a copper-ion exchanger nanocomposite in the currentless mode and under cathodic polarization is studied. The speed of propagation of the boundaries of the chemical reaction of stepwise oxidation of copper nanoparticles under the conditions of polarization slows considerably. At the same time, the amount of electrochemically regenerated copper from the resulting oxides that is capable of interacting with oxygen again grows. The stationarity of the redox sorption of oxygen is due to the equality of the rates of oxidation and reduction of the metallic component of the composite.

  2. 76 FR 71413 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-17

    ....00 (for options whose underlying stock's previous trading day's last sale price was less than or equal to $100) and between $0.10 and $5.00 (for options whose underlying stock's previous trading day's... the time for series trading between $0.03 and $5.00 (for options whose underlying stock's previous...

  3. 17 CFR 240.14a-13 - Obligation of registrants in communicating with beneficial owners.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... knows that securities of any class entitled to vote at a meeting (or by written consents or... class mail or other equally prompt means: (i) Inquire of each such record holder: (A) Whether other...) At such later time as the rules of a national securities exchange on which the class of securities in...

  4. 76 FR 61441 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-04

    ... Stock Market LLC Regarding Simplification of the Exchange's $1 Strike Price Program September 28, 2011... price was permitted that was greater than $5 from the underlying stock's closing price on the previous... streamlining amendments: When the price of the underlying stock is equal to or less than $20, permit $1 strike...

  5. Co-Constructing Bilingual Learning: An Equal Exchange of Strategies between Complementary and Mainstream Teachers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kenner, Charmian; Ruby, Mahera

    2012-01-01

    Teachers in complementary schools are often assumed to be using outmoded teaching strategies and an authoritarian approach to discipline. However, it is rare for mainstream teachers to have visited these community-run after-school or weekend classes, which remain on the margins of educational provision. This paper argues that complementary…

  6. Eighteenth International Conference on Social Welfare, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1976. Swedish National Report.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    1976

    The report discusses achievements in Sweden's economic and social reforms which have led to an increase in equality. Intended as Sweden's contribution to the exchange of information regarding social welfare action in developed and developing nations, the report is presented in eight chapters. Chapter I enumerates Sweden's policies of welfare,…

  7. 78 FR 56541 - Concept Release on Risk Controls and System Safeguards for Automated Trading Environments

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-12

    ... exchange itself, while proximity hosting indicates services offered by third parties.\\23\\ In 2010, the... offer co-location and/or proximity hosting to offer such services on an equal access basis, ensure that... executed orders, while other personnel provided a range of order, trade processing and back office services...

  8. 78 FR 5538 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-01-25

    ... contracts, and qualifying volume of other proprietary products of 500,000 contracts (totaling 1,350,000... executed greater than (or equal to) 375,000 contracts of multiply-listed options volume but less than 1,500... contracts of multiply-listed options volume but less than 1,500,000 such contracts, the Clearing Trading...

  9. "CityVille": Collaborative Game Play, Communication and Skill Development in Social Networks

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Del-Moral, María-Esther; Guzmán-Duque, Alba-Patricia

    2014-01-01

    This paper has as its aim to analyze how CityVille, a videogame hosted on Facebook and oriented to the construction of a virtual city, can favor collaboration between gamers along with the exchange of strategies, equally contributing to learning transfer and skill acquisition. The first step consists in identifying the opportunities which the said…

  10. Photosynthesis and water relations of the mistletoe, Phoradendron villosum, and its host, the California valley oak, Quercus lobata

    Treesearch

    David Y. Hollinger

    1983-01-01

    Water vapor and CO2 exchange characteristics were studied in Phoradendron villosum, a hemiparasitic mistletoe and its host, Quercus lobata. The hemiparasite had stomatal conductances equal to or higher than the host but a much lower capacity to fix carbon. Respiration was high in the mistletoe relative to...

  11. 78 FR 43947 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-22

    ... the NYSE's total intraday adding liquidity in each such security for that month; \\7\\ \\7\\ The NYSE total intraday adding liquidity is totaled monthly and includes all NYSE adding liquidity, excluding... more than 15% but less than or equal to 30% of the NYSE's total intraday adding liquidity in each such...

  12. Fault-Tolerant Heat Exchanger

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Izenson, Michael G.; Crowley, Christopher J.

    2005-01-01

    A compact, lightweight heat exchanger has been designed to be fault-tolerant in the sense that a single-point leak would not cause mixing of heat-transfer fluids. This particular heat exchanger is intended to be part of the temperature-regulation system for habitable modules of the International Space Station and to function with water and ammonia as the heat-transfer fluids. The basic fault-tolerant design is adaptable to other heat-transfer fluids and heat exchangers for applications in which mixing of heat-transfer fluids would pose toxic, explosive, or other hazards: Examples could include fuel/air heat exchangers for thermal management on aircraft, process heat exchangers in the cryogenic industry, and heat exchangers used in chemical processing. The reason this heat exchanger can tolerate a single-point leak is that the heat-transfer fluids are everywhere separated by a vented volume and at least two seals. The combination of fault tolerance, compactness, and light weight is implemented in a unique heat-exchanger core configuration: Each fluid passage is entirely surrounded by a vented region bridged by solid structures through which heat is conducted between the fluids. Precise, proprietary fabrication techniques make it possible to manufacture the vented regions and heat-conducting structures with very small dimensions to obtain a very large coefficient of heat transfer between the two fluids. A large heat-transfer coefficient favors compact design by making it possible to use a relatively small core for a given heat-transfer rate. Calculations and experiments have shown that in most respects, the fault-tolerant heat exchanger can be expected to equal or exceed the performance of the non-fault-tolerant heat exchanger that it is intended to supplant (see table). The only significant disadvantages are a slight weight penalty and a small decrease in the mass-specific heat transfer.

  13. 76 FR 57684 - Swap Exclusion for Section 1256 Contracts

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-09-16

    ... other exchange, board of trade, or other market which the Secretary determines has rules adequate to... issued determinations for six entities, all of them foreign futures exchanges. See Rev. Rul. 2010-3 (2010... whether a foreign exchange is a qualified board or exchange under section 1256(g)(7)(C), the Treasury...

  14. Determinants of choice for pigeons and humans on concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement.

    PubMed

    Belke, T W; Pierce, W D; Powell, R A

    1989-09-01

    Concurrent-chains schedules of reinforcement were arranged for humans and pigeons. Responses of humans were reinforced with tokens exchangeable for money, and key pecks of 4 birds were reinforced with food. Variable-interval 30-s and 40-s schedules operated in the terminal links of the chains. Condition 1 exposed subjects to variable-interval 90-s and variable-interval 30-s initial links, respectively. Conditions 2 and 3 arranged equal initial-link schedules of 40 s or 120 s. Experimental conditions tested the descriptive adequacy of five equations: reinforcement density, delay reduction, modified delay reduction, matching and maximization. Results based on choice proportions and switch rates during the initial links showed that pigeons behaved in accord with delay-reduction models, whereas humans maximized overall rate of reinforcement. As discussed by Logue and associates in self-control research, different types of reinforcement may affect sensitivity to delay differentially. Pigeons' responses were reinforced with food, a reinforcer that is consumable upon presentation. Humans' responses were reinforced with money, a reinforcer exchanged for consumable reinforcers after it was earned. Reinforcers that are immediately consumed may generate high sensitivity to delay and behavior described as delay reduction. Reinforces with longer times to consumption may generate low sensitivity to delay and behavior that maximizes overall payoff.

  15. Applied K fertilizer use efficiency in pineapples grown on a tropical peat soil under residues removal.

    PubMed

    Ahmed, Osumanu H; Ahmad, Husni M H; Musa, Hanafi M; Rahim, Anuar A; Rastan, Syed Omar S

    2005-01-21

    In Malaysia, pineapples are grown on peat soils, but most K fertilizer recommendations do not take into account K loss through leaching. The objective of this study was to determine applied K use efficiency under a conventionally recommended fertilization regime in pineapple cultivation with residues removal. Results showed that K recovery from applied K fertilizer in pineapple cultivation on tropical peat soil was low, estimated at 28%. At a depth of 0-10 cm, there was a sharp decrease of soil total K, exchangeable K, and soil solution K days after planting (DAP) for plots with K fertilizer. This decline continued until the end of the study. Soil total, exchangeable, and solution K at the end of the study were generally lower than prior values before the study. There was no significant accumulation of K at depths of 10-25 and 25-45 cm. However, K concentrations throughout the study period were generally lower or equal to their initial status in the soil indicating leaching of the applied K and partly explained the low K recovery. Potassium losses through leaching in pineapple cultivation on tropical peat soils need to be considered in fertilizer recommendations for efficient recovery of applied K.

  16. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gniewek, Piotr, E-mail: pgniewek@tiger.chem.uw.edu.pl; Jeziorski, Bogumił, E-mail: jeziorsk@chem.uw.edu.pl

    The exchange splitting J of the interaction energy of the hydrogen atom with a proton is calculated using the conventional surface-integral formula J{sub surf}[Φ], the volume-integral formula of the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory J{sub SAPT}[Φ], and a variational volume-integral formula J{sub var}[Φ]. The calculations are based on the multipole expansion of the wave function Φ, which is divergent for any internuclear distance R. Nevertheless, the resulting approximations to the leading coefficient j{sub 0} in the large-R asymptotic series J(R) = 2e{sup −R−1}R(j{sub 0} + j{sub 1}R{sup −1} + j{sub 2}R{sup −2} + ⋯) converge with the rate corresponding to the convergencemore » radii equal to 4, 2, and 1 when the J{sub var}[Φ], J{sub surf}[Φ], and J{sub SAPT}[Φ] formulas are used, respectively. Additionally, we observe that also the higher j{sub k} coefficients are predicted correctly when the multipole expansion is used in the J{sub var}[Φ] and J{sub surf}[Φ] formulas. The symmetry adapted perturbation theory formula J{sub SAPT}[Φ] predicts correctly only the first two coefficients, j{sub 0} and j{sub 1}, gives a wrong value of j{sub 2}, and diverges for higher j{sub n}. Since the variational volume-integral formula can be easily generalized to many-electron systems and evaluated with standard basis-set techniques of quantum chemistry, it provides an alternative for the determination of the exchange splitting and the exchange contribution of the interaction potential in general.« less

  17. Online hydrogen/deuterium exchange performed in the ion mobility cell of a hybrid mass spectrometer.

    PubMed

    Nagy, Kornél; Redeuil, Karine; Rezzi, Serge

    2009-11-15

    The present paper describes the performance of online, gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange implemented in the ion mobility cell of a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Deuterium oxide and deuterated methanol were utilized to create deuterated vapor that is introduced into the ion mobility region of the mass spectrometer. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange occurs spontaneously in the milliseconds time frame without the need of switching the instrument into ion mobility mode. The exchange was studied in case of low molecular weight molecules and proteins. The observed number of exchanged hydrogens was equal to the number of theoretically exchangeable hydrogens for all low molecular weight compounds. This method needs only minimal instrumental modifications, is simple, cheap, environment friendly, compatible with ultraperformance liquid chromatography, and can be implemented on commercially available instruments. It does not compromise choice of liquid chromatographic solvents and accurate mass or parallel-fragmentation (MS(E)) methods. The performance of this method was compared to that of conventional alternatives where the deuterated solvent is introduced into the cone gas of the instrument. Although the degree of exchange was similar between the two methods, the "cone gas method" requires 10 times higher deuterated solvent volumes (50 muL/min) and offers reduced sensitivity in the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) mode. The presented method is suggested as a standard future element of mass spectrometers to aid online structural characterization of unknowns and to study conformational changes of proteins with hydrogen/deuterium exchange.

  18. Quantification of Transthyretin Kinetic Stability in Human Plasma Using Subunit Exchange

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    The transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses are a group of degenerative diseases caused by TTR aggregation, requiring rate-limiting tetramer dissociation. Kinetic stabilization of TTR, by preferential binding of a drug to the native tetramer over the dissociative transition state, dramatically slows the progression of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. An established method for quantifying the kinetic stability of recombinant TTR tetramers in buffer is subunit exchange, in which tagged TTR homotetramers are added to untagged homotetramers at equal concentrations to measure the rate at which the subunits exchange. Herein, we report a subunit exchange method for quantifying the kinetic stability of endogenous TTR in human plasma. The subunit exchange reaction is initiated by the addition of a substoichiometric quantity of FLAG-tagged TTR homotetramers to endogenous TTR in plasma. Aliquots of the subunit exchange reaction, taken as a function of time, are then added to an excess of a fluorogenic small molecule, which immediately arrests further subunit exchange. After binding, the small molecule reacts with the TTR tetramers, rendering them fluorescent and detectable in human plasma after subsequent ion exchange chromatography. The ability to report on the extent of TTR kinetic stabilization resulting from treatment with oral tafamidis is important, especially for selection of the appropriate dose for patients carrying rare mutations. This method could also serve as a surrogate biomarker for the prediction of the clinical outcome. Subunit exchange was used to quantify the stabilization of WT TTR from senile systemic amyloidosis patients currently being treated with tafamidis (20 mg orally, once daily). TTR kinetic stability correlated with the tafamidis plasma concentration. PMID:24661308

  19. Studies on Some Factors Affecting the Quantitative Estimation of the Exchange Capacity of Organic Matter

    Treesearch

    Walter M. Broadfoot; Edward H. Tyner

    1939-01-01

    Methods which are satisfactory for determining the base-exchange capacity of mineral soils can not be applied indiscriminately for determining the exchange capacity of fresh or decomposed plant residues.

  20. Anisotropic exchange interaction induced by a single photon in semiconductor microcavities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chiappe, G.; Fernández-Rossier, J.; Louis, E.; Anda, E. V.

    2005-12-01

    We investigate coupling of localized spins in a semiconductor quantum dot embedded in a microcavity. The lowest cavity mode and the quantum dot exciton are coupled and close in energy, forming a polariton. The fermions forming the exciton interact with localized spins via exchange. Exact diagonalization of a Hamiltonian in which photons, spins, and excitons are treated quantum mechanically shows that a single polariton induces a sizable indirect anisotropic exchange interaction between spins. At sufficiently low temperatures strong ferromagnetic correlations show up without an appreciable increase in exciton population. In the case of a (Cd,Mn)Te quantum dot, Mn-Mn ferromagnetic coupling is still significant at 1 K : spin-spin correlation around 3 for exciton occupation smaller than 0.3. We find that the interaction mediated by photon-polaritons is 10 times stronger than the one induced by a classical field for equal Rabi splitting.

  1. Magnetic sensor for building structural vibrations.

    PubMed

    García, Alfonso; Morón, Carlos; Tremps, Enrique

    2014-02-05

    This paper shows a new displacement-to-frequency transducer based on the variation of a coil inductance when a magnetic core is partially or completely inserted inside. This transducer is based on a Colpitts oscillator due its low manufacturing price, behavior and immunity to noise. A tank circuit with a configuration in parallel was used because it can be employed at lower frequencies and it enables it to make a direct analysis. The sensor has a dynamic range equal to the length of the coil. The cores can exchange sensors (coils with its ferromagnetic core) using the same electronic measuring system. In this way, with only an electronic circuit, the core sensor determines the measurement range. The obtained resolution is higher than 1/100,000, and the sensor also allows the measurement and knowing in real time the effect of vibration, thermal expansion, referred overload movements, etc.., that can occur in the structural elements of a building.

  2. On fitting the Pareto Levy distribution to stock market index data: Selecting a suitable cutoff value

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Coronel-Brizio, H. F.; Hernández-Montoya, A. R.

    2005-08-01

    The so-called Pareto-Levy or power-law distribution has been successfully used as a model to describe probabilities associated to extreme variations of stock markets indexes worldwide. The selection of the threshold parameter from empirical data and consequently, the determination of the exponent of the distribution, is often done using a simple graphical method based on a log-log scale, where a power-law probability plot shows a straight line with slope equal to the exponent of the power-law distribution. This procedure can be considered subjective, particularly with regard to the choice of the threshold or cutoff parameter. In this work, a more objective procedure based on a statistical measure of discrepancy between the empirical and the Pareto-Levy distribution is presented. The technique is illustrated for data sets from the New York Stock Exchange (DJIA) and the Mexican Stock Market (IPC).

  3. Magnetic Sensor for Building Structural Vibrations

    PubMed Central

    García, Alfonso; Morón, Carlos; Tremps, Enrique

    2014-01-01

    This paper shows a new displacement-to-frequency transducer based on the variation of a coil inductance when a magnetic core is partially or completely inserted inside. This transducer is based on a Colpitts oscillator due its low manufacturing price, behavior and immunity to noise. A tank circuit with a configuration in parallel was used because it can be employed at lower frequencies and it enables it to make a direct analysis. The sensor has a dynamic range equal to the length of the coil. The cores can exchange sensors (coils with its ferromagnetic core) using the same electronic measuring system. In this way, with only an electronic circuit, the core sensor determines the measurement range. The obtained resolution is higher than 1/100,000, and the sensor also allows the measurement and knowing in real time the effect of vibration, thermal expansion, referred overload movements, etc.., that can occur in the structural elements of a building. PMID:24504104

  4. Measurement of the cytosolic sodium ion concentration in rat brain synaptosomes by a fluorescence method.

    PubMed

    Kongsamut, S; Nachshen, D A

    1988-05-24

    A method for the measurement of the cytosolic Na+ concentration in intact synaptosomes is described. This method makes use of a pH sensitive dye (BCECF) that can be loaded into the cytosol and a relatively specific ionophore (monensin) that can exchange Na+ for H+ across the synaptosomal membrane. By setting conditions such that there is no electrochemical potential difference for H+ across the membrane (no membrane potential and pHi = pHo), addition of ionophore would induce a H+ flux only if there is a concentration difference for Na+. Thus, when there is no fluorescence change (no cytosolic pH change) extracellular [Na+] equals intrasynaptosomal [Na+]. The intrasynaptosomal [Na+] concentration was determined to be 7 +/- 3 mM (n = 5; mean +/- S.E.). The results obtained with this fluorescence method are compared with estimates obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Limitations and applications of the method are discussed.

  5. Consequences of on-line dialysis on polyelectrolyte molar masses determined by size-exclusion chromatography with light scattering detection.

    PubMed

    Radke, Wolfgang

    2016-02-01

    Size-exclusion chromatography with light scattering detection experiments conducted on poly(acrylic acid) neutralized to different degrees or using hydroxides with different counterions suggest that the same counterion and degree of neutralization is observed at the detector, irrespective of salt concentration, degree of neutralization and counterion at the time of injection. This strongly supports that during the chromatographic experiment the counterions of the polyelectrolyte are exchanged with those of the eluent, resulting in an effective dialysis of the polyelectrolyte solution during the size-exclusion chromatography experiment. Consequently, the refractive index increment determined by a refractive index detector equals the refractive index increment obtained after excessive dialysis against the pure eluent. Therefore, the species detected and characterized by light scattering coupled to size-exclusion chromatography are not identical to the species injected into the chromatographic system. Despite this structural change during the chromatographic experiments, the correct molar mass for the injected species is obtained by size-exclusion chromatography with light scattering detection. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  6. Pleural mechanics and fluid exchange.

    PubMed

    Lai-Fook, Stephen J

    2004-04-01

    The pleural space separating the lung and chest wall of mammals contains a small amount of liquid that lubricates the pleural surfaces during breathing. Recent studies have pointed to a conceptual understanding of the pleural space that is different from the one advocated some 30 years ago in this journal. The fundamental concept is that pleural surface pressure, the result of the opposing recoils of the lung and chest wall, is the major determinant of the pressure in the pleural liquid. Pleural liquid is not in hydrostatic equilibrium because the vertical gradient in pleural liquid pressure, determined by the vertical gradient in pleural surface pressure, does not equal the hydrostatic gradient. As a result, a viscous flow of pleural liquid occurs in the pleural space. Ventilatory and cardiogenic motions serve to redistribute pleural liquid and minimize contact between the pleural surfaces. Pleural liquid is a microvascular filtrate from parietal pleural capillaries in the chest wall. Homeostasis in pleural liquid volume is achieved by an adjustment of the pleural liquid thickness to the filtration rate that is matched by an outflow via lymphatic stomata.

  7. Interplay and characterization of Dark Matter searches at colliders and in direct detection experiments

    DOE PAGES

    Malik, Sarah A.; McCabe, Christopher; Araujo, Henrique; ...

    2015-05-18

    In our White Paper we present and discuss a concrete proposal for the consistent interpretation of Dark Matter searches at colliders and in direct detection experiments. Furthermore, based on a specific implementation of simplified models of vector and axial-vector mediator exchanges, this proposal demonstrates how the two search strategies can be compared on an equal footing.

  8. 77 FR 10595 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-22

    ... than 800GB but less than or equal to 1TB of data. For the first two levels ($750 and $1500/month for... three month period), and relates to a multiplier that increases Hit quantity. For example, if a... subscribed to for two consecutive months, the Purchaser's subscription will be automatically upgraded to the...

  9. Who Plays? Who Pays?: Education Finance Policy That Supplants Tax Burdens along Lines of Race and Class

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Henricks, Kasey

    2016-01-01

    Many Chicagoans are getting shortchanged, particularly when it comes to money exchange between the Illinois Lottery (IL) and Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE). A significant portion of lottery sales is earmarked for education in Illinois. Because these revenues are not generated equally, however, some contribute more to education via the…

  10. 75 FR 78288 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-15

    ....00 (for options whose underlying stock's previous trading day's last sale price was less than or... last sale price was greater than $100) in premium in each of the front two expiration months and 80% of... trading day's last sale price was less than or equal to $100) and between $0.10 and $5.00 (for options...

  11. Random matrix theory filters and currency portfolio optimisation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Daly, J.; Crane, M.; Ruskin, H. J.

    2010-04-01

    Random matrix theory (RMT) filters have recently been shown to improve the optimisation of financial portfolios. This paper studies the effect of three RMT filters on realised portfolio risk, using bootstrap analysis and out-of-sample testing. We considered the case of a foreign exchange and commodity portfolio, weighted towards foreign exchange, and consisting of 39 assets. This was intended to test the limits of RMT filtering, which is more obviously applicable to portfolios with larger numbers of assets. We considered both equally and exponentially weighted covariance matrices, and observed that, despite the small number of assets involved, RMT filters reduced risk in a way that was consistent with a much larger S&P 500 portfolio. The exponential weightings indicated showed good consistency with the value suggested by Riskmetrics, in contrast to previous results involving stocks. This decay factor, along with the low number of past moves preferred in the filtered, equally weighted case, displayed a trend towards models which were reactive to recent market changes. On testing portfolios with fewer assets, RMT filtering provided less or no overall risk reduction. In particular, no long term out-of-sample risk reduction was observed for a portfolio consisting of 15 major currencies and commodities.

  12. Temperature modulation and quadrature detection for selective titration of two-state exchanging reactants.

    PubMed

    Zrelli, K; Barilero, T; Cavatore, E; Berthoumieux, H; Le Saux, T; Croquette, V; Lemarchand, A; Gosse, C; Jullien, L

    2011-04-01

    Biological samples exhibit huge molecular diversity over large concentration ranges. Titrating a given compound in such mixtures is often difficult, and innovative strategies emphasizing selectivity are thus demanded. To overcome limitations inherent to thermodynamics, we here present a generic technique where discrimination relies on the dynamics of interaction between the target of interest and a probe introduced in excess. Considering an ensemble of two-state exchanging reactants submitted to temperature modulation, we first demonstrate that the amplitude of the out-of-phase concentration oscillations is maximum for every compound involved in a reaction whose equilibrium constant is equal to unity and whose relaxation time is equal to the inverse of the excitation angular frequency. Taking advantage of this feature, we next devise a highly specific detection protocol and validate it using a microfabricated resistive heater and an epifluorescence microscope, as well as labeled oligonucleotides to model species displaying various dynamic properties. As expected, quantification of a sought for strand is obtained even if interfering reagents are present in similar amounts. Moreover, our approach does not require any separation and is compatible with imaging. It could then benefit some of the numerous binding assays performed every day in life sciences.

  13. Experimental investigation and CFD simulation of multi-pipe earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHEs) flow performance

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Amanowicz, Łukasz; Wojtkowiak, Janusz

    2017-11-01

    In this paper the experimentally obtained flow characteristics of multi-pipe earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHEs) were used to validate the EAHE flow performance numerical model prepared by means of CFD software Ansys Fluent. The cut-cell meshing and the k-ɛ realizable turbulence model with default coefficients values and enhanced wall treatment was used. The total pressure losses and airflow in each pipe of multi-pipe exchangers was investigated both experimentally and numerically. The results show that airflow in each pipe of multi-pipe EAHE structures is not equal. The validated numerical model can be used for a proper designing of multi-pipe EAHEs from the flow characteristics point of view. The influence of EAHEs geometrical parameters on the total pressure losses and airflow division between the exchanger pipes can be also analysed. Usage of CFD for designing the EAHEs can be helpful for HVAC engineers (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) for optimizing the geometrical structure of multi-pipe EAHEs in order to save the energy and decrease operational costs of low-energy buildings.

  14. Explaining the Variable Effects of Social Support on Work-Based Stressor-Strain Relations: The Role of Perceived Pattern of Support Exchange.

    PubMed

    Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Bamberger, Peter A

    2011-01-01

    Seeking to explain mixed empirical findings regarding the buffering effect of social support on work-based stress-strain relations, we posit that whether an increase in the level of support received buffers or exacerbates the harmful effects of workload on employee health and well-being is contingent upon the general pattern characterizing an employee supportive exchanges across his/her close relationships. Specifically, we propose that the buffering effect of receiving social support depends on whether the employee perceives his/her social exchanges as reciprocal (support given equals support received), under-reciprocating (support given exceeds support received), or over-reciprocating (support received exceeds support given). Based on longitudinal data collected from a random sample of blue-collar workers, our findings support our predictions, indicating that the buffering effect of social support on the relationship between work hours (on the one hand) and employee health and well-being (on the other) varies as a function of the pattern of exchange relations between an employee and his/her close support providers.

  15. Investigation of holdup and axial dispersion of liquid phase in a catalytic exchange column using radiotracer technique.

    PubMed

    Kumar, Rajesh; Pant, H J; Goswami, Sunil; Sharma, V K; Dash, A; Mishra, S; Bhanja, K; Mohan, Sadhana; Mahajani, S M

    2017-03-01

    Holdup and axial dispersion of liquid phase in a catalytic exchange column were investigated by measuring residence time distributions (RTD) using a radiotracer technique. RTD experiments were independently carried out with two different types of packings i.e. hydrophobic water-repellent supported platinum catalyst and a mixture (50% (v/v)) of hydrophobic catalyst and a hydrophillic wettable packing were used in the column. Mean residence times and hold-ups of the liquid phase were estimated at different operating conditions. Axial dispersion model (ADM) and axial dispersion with exchange model (ADEM) were used to simulate the measured RTD data. Both the models were found equally suitable to describe the measured data. The degree of axial mixing was estimated in terms of Peclet number (Pe) and Bodenstein number (Bo). Based on the obtained parameters of the ADM, correlations for total liquid hold-up (H T ) and axial mixing in terms of Bo were proposed for design and scale up of the full-scale catalytic exchange column. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  16. Explaining the Variable Effects of Social Support on Work-Based Stressor-Strain Relations: The Role of Perceived Pattern of Support Exchange

    PubMed Central

    Nahum-Shani, Inbal; Bamberger, Peter A.

    2010-01-01

    Seeking to explain mixed empirical findings regarding the buffering effect of social support on work-based stress-strain relations, we posit that whether an increase in the level of support received buffers or exacerbates the harmful effects of workload on employee health and well-being is contingent upon the general pattern characterizing an employee supportive exchanges across his/her close relationships. Specifically, we propose that the buffering effect of receiving social support depends on whether the employee perceives his/her social exchanges as reciprocal (support given equals support received), under-reciprocating (support given exceeds support received), or over-reciprocating (support received exceeds support given). Based on longitudinal data collected from a random sample of blue-collar workers, our findings support our predictions, indicating that the buffering effect of social support on the relationship between work hours (on the one hand) and employee health and well-being (on the other) varies as a function of the pattern of exchange relations between an employee and his/her close support providers. PMID:21152110

  17. Why the Equal Rights Amendment?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Denmark, Florence L.

    The Equal Rights Amendment proposes to ensure constitutional protection against all legislative sex discrimination. "Separate but Equal" standards, be they legal, social or psychological, are inevitably incompatable with equal protection under the law and act as a barrier to each individual's freedom for self determination. Equal rights,…

  18. Investigation of the effect of pressure increasing in condensing heat-exchanger

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Murmanskii, I. B.; Aronson, K. E.; Brodov, Yu M.; Galperin, L. G.; Ryabchikov, A. Yu.; Brezgin, D. V.

    2017-11-01

    The effect of pressure increase was observed in steam condensation in the intermediate coolers of multistage steam ejector. Steam pressure increase for ejector cooler amounts up to 1.5 kPa in the first ejector stage, 5 kPa in the second and 7 kPa in the third one. Pressure ratios are equal to 2.0, 1.3 and 1.1 respectively. As a rule steam velocities at the cooler inlets do not exceed 40…100 m/s and are subsonic in all regimes. The report presents a computational model that describes the effect of pressure increase in the cooler. The steam entering the heat exchanger tears the drops from the condensate film flowing down vertical tubes. At the inlet of heat exchanger the steam flow capturing condensate droplets forms a steam-water mixture in which the sound velocity is significantly reduced. If the flow rate of steam-water mixture in heat exchanger is greater than the sound velocity, there occurs a pressure shock in the wet steam. On the basis of the equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation the authors derived the expressions for calculation of steam flow dryness degree before and after the shock. The model assumes that droplet velocity is close to the velocity of the steam phase (slipping is absent); drops do not come into thermal interaction with the steam phase; liquid phase specific volume compared to the volume of steam is neglected; pressure shock is calculated taking into account the gas-dynamic flow resistance of the tube bundle. It is also assumed that the temperature of steam after the shock is equal to the saturation temperature. The calculations have shown that the rise of steam pressure and temperature in the shock results in dryness degree increase. For calculated flow parameters the velocity value before the shock is greater than the sound velocity. Thus, on the basis of generally accepted physics knowledge the computational model has been formulated for the effect of steam pressure rise in the condensing heat exchanger.

  19. Zinc transport in rabbit tissues. Some hormonal aspects of the turnover of zinc in female reproductive organs, liver and body fluids

    PubMed Central

    McIntosh, J. E. A.; Lutwak-Mann, C.

    1972-01-01

    1. To investigate the influence of hormonal conditions upon the kinetics of zinc transport, specific radioactivity of 65Zn was determined in certain tissues and fluids from unmated or pregnant rabbits during the first half of gestation. 2. Compartmental analysis was used to find the simplest mathematical model that simulated satisfactorily tracer behaviour. Models were fitted to experimental results by a numerical procedure using a computer. 3. The kinetics of zinc exchange in most tissues investigated could adequately be described by a three-compartment model, in which total tissue zinc content was divided into a rapidly exchanging pool, with a turnover time of about 1h, and a slowly exchanging pool, the turnover time of which was in liver 15h, in peak-stage corpus luteum 8h, and in the other tissues 30–70h. 4. In rabbit endometrium zinc transport varied with hormonal conditions, the turnover rate being higher in non-pregnant than pregnant endometrium. 5. Uptake of 65Zn by uterine fluid was slow, and in the free-lying embryos (blastocysts) slower still, in keeping with uterine fluid acting as carrier of zinc into the unimplanted embryos. 6. In placental tissue zinc transport varied with gestational stage. Foetal placenta exchanged zinc with blood plasma four times faster than maternal placenta. In foetuses zinc turnover time and flux equalled that of the slow zinc compartment in foetal placenta. 7. Corpus luteum on days 5–6 of gestation showed peak specific radioactivity and zinc flux values, which exceeded those of all other tissues. 8. In liver the slow zinc compartment had a higher rate of turnover than corresponding compartments in tissues other than peak-stage corpus luteum, but no hormone-dependent changes were observed. 9. Zinc uptake by erythrocytes was the slowest of all examined. PMID:5073239

  20. 17 CFR 240.12b-5 - Determination of affiliates of banks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... banks. 240.12b-5 Section 240.12b-5 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 General § 240.12b-5 Determination of affiliates of banks. In determining whether a person is an “affiliate” or “parent” of a bank or whether a bank is a “subsidiary” or “majority...

  1. 17 CFR 240.12b-5 - Determination of affiliates of banks.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... banks. 240.12b-5 Section 240.12b-5 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 General § 240.12b-5 Determination of affiliates of banks. In determining whether a person is an “affiliate” or “parent” of a bank or whether a bank is a “subsidiary” or “majority...

  2. Towards interpretation of intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement outside the fast exchange limit.

    PubMed

    Ceccon, Alberto; Marius Clore, G; Tugarinov, Vitali

    2016-09-01

    In an exchanging system between major and minor species, the transverse paramagnetic relaxation enhancement rate observed on the resonances of the major species (Γ 2 (app) ) is dependent upon the exchange regime between the species. Quantitative analysis of PRE data in such systems typically assumes that the overall exchange rate k ex between the species is fast on the PRE time scale (k ex ≫ Γ2). Recently, we have characterized the kinetics of binding of the model protein ubiquitin to large (LUV) and small (SUV) unilamellar lipid-based nanoparticles or liposomes (Ceccon A, Tugarinov V, Bax A, Clore GM (2016). J Am Chem Soc 138:5789-5792). Building upon these results and taking advantage of a strong paramagnetic agent with an isotropic g-tensor, Gd(3+), we were able to measure intermolecular methyl carbon and proton PREs between paramagnetically-tagged liposomes and ubiquitin. In the limit of fast exchange (k ex ≫ Γ2) the ratio of the apparent proton to carbon methyl PREs, ((1)Hm-Γ 2 (app) )/((13)Cm-Γ 2 (app) ), is equal to the square of the ratio of the gyromagnetic ratios of the two nuclei, (γΗ/γC)(2). However, outside the fast exchange regime, under intermediate exchange conditions (e.g. when Γ2 is comparable in magnitude to k ex) the ((1)Hm-Γ 2 (app) )/((13)Cm-Γ 2 (app) ) ratio provides a reliable measure of the 'true' methyl PREs.

  3. Substitution effects in a generalized token economy with pigeons.

    PubMed

    Andrade, Leonardo F; Hackenberg, Timothy D

    2017-01-01

    Pigeons made repeated choices between earning and exchanging reinforcer-specific tokens (green tokens exchangeable for food, red tokens exchangeable for water) and reinforcer-general tokens (white tokens exchangeable for food or water) in a closed token economy. Food and green food tokens could be earned on one panel; water and red water tokens could be earned on a second panel; white generalized tokens could be earned on either panel. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a fixed-ratio schedule, whereas responses on a second key produced exchange periods, during which all previously earned tokens could be exchanged for the appropriate commodity. Most conditions were conducted in a closed economy, and pigeons distributed their token allocation in ways that permitted food and water consumption. When the price of all tokens was equal and low, most pigeons preferred the generalized tokens. When token-production prices were manipulated, pigeons reduced production of the tokens that increased in price while increasing production of the generalized tokens that remained at a fixed price. The latter is consistent with a substitution effect: Generalized tokens increased and were exchanged for the more expensive reinforcer. When food and water were made freely available outside the session, token production and exchange was sharply reduced but was not eliminated, even in conditions when it no longer produced tokens. The results join with other recent data in showing sustained generalized functions of token reinforcers, and demonstrate the utility of token-economic methods for assessing demand for and substitution among multiple commodities in a laboratory context. © 2016 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

  4. Ion-exchange selectivity of diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in ureolyzed human urine.

    PubMed

    Landry, Kelly A; Sun, Peizhe; Huang, Ching-Hua; Boyer, Treavor H

    2015-01-01

    This research advances the knowledge of ion-exchange of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBP), ketoprofen (KTP), and naproxen (NPX) - and one analgesic drug-paracetamol (PCM) - by strong-base anion exchange resin (AER) in synthetic ureolyzed urine. Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Astakhov, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were fit to experimental equilibrium data using nonlinear least squares method. Favorable ion-exchange was observed for DCF, KTP, and NPX, whereas unfavorable ion-exchange was observed for IBP and PCM. The ion-exchange selectivity of the AER was enhanced by van der Waals interactions between the pharmaceutical and AER as well as the hydrophobicity of the pharmaceutical. For instance, the high selectivity of the AER for DCF was due to the combination of Coulombic interactions between quaternary ammonium functional group of resin and carboxylate functional group of DCF, van der Waals interactions between polystyrene resin matrix and benzene rings of DCF, and possibly hydrogen bonding between dimethylethanol amine functional group side chain and carboxylate and amine functional groups of DCF. Based on analysis of covariance, the presence of multiple pharmaceuticals did not have a significant effect on ion-exchange removal when the NSAIDs were combined in solution. The AER reached saturation of the pharmaceuticals in a continuous-flow column at varying bed volumes following a decreasing order of DCF > NPX ≈ KTP > IBP. Complete regeneration of the column was achieved using a 5% (m/m) NaCl, equal-volume water-methanol solution. Results from multiple treatment and regeneration cycles provide insight into the practical application of pharmaceutical ion-exchange in ureolyzed urine using AER.

  5. SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS IN A GENERALIZED TOKEN ECONOMY WITH PIGEONS

    PubMed Central

    Andrade, Leonardo F.; Hackenberg, Timothy D.

    2016-01-01

    Pigeons made repeated choices between earning and exchanging reinforcer-specific tokens (green tokens exchangeable for food, red tokens exchangeable for water) and reinforcer-general tokens (white tokens exchangeable for food or water) in a closed token economy. Food and green food tokens could be earned on one panel; water and red water tokens could be earned on a second panel; white generalized tokens could be earned on either panel. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a fixed-ratio schedule, whereas responses on a second key produced exchange periods, during which all previously earned tokens could be exchanged for the appropriate commodity. Most conditions were conducted in a closed economy, and pigeons distributed their token allocation in ways that permitted food and water consumption. When the price of all tokens was equal and low, most pigeons preferred the generalized tokens. When token-production prices were manipulated, pigeons reduced production of the tokens that increased in price while increasing production of the generalized tokens that remained at a fixed price. The latter is consistent with a substitution effect: Generalized tokens increased and were exchanged for the more expensive reinforcer. When food and water were made freely available outside the session, token production and exchange was sharply reduced but was not eliminated, even in conditions when it no longer produced tokens. The results join with other recent data in showing sustained generalized functions of token reinforcers, and demonstrate the utility of token-economic methods for assessing demand for and substitution among multiple commodities in a laboratory context. PMID:28000221

  6. Linear scaling computation of the Fock matrix. VI. Data parallel computation of the exchange-correlation matrix

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gan, Chee Kwan; Challacombe, Matt

    2003-05-01

    Recently, early onset linear scaling computation of the exchange-correlation matrix has been achieved using hierarchical cubature [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 10037 (2000)]. Hierarchical cubature differs from other methods in that the integration grid is adaptive and purely Cartesian, which allows for a straightforward domain decomposition in parallel computations; the volume enclosing the entire grid may be simply divided into a number of nonoverlapping boxes. In our data parallel approach, each box requires only a fraction of the total density to perform the necessary numerical integrations due to the finite extent of Gaussian-orbital basis sets. This inherent data locality may be exploited to reduce communications between processors as well as to avoid memory and copy overheads associated with data replication. Although the hierarchical cubature grid is Cartesian, naive boxing leads to irregular work loads due to strong spatial variations of the grid and the electron density. In this paper we describe equal time partitioning, which employs time measurement of the smallest sub-volumes (corresponding to the primitive cubature rule) to load balance grid-work for the next self-consistent-field iteration. After start-up from a heuristic center of mass partitioning, equal time partitioning exploits smooth variation of the density and grid between iterations to achieve load balance. With the 3-21G basis set and a medium quality grid, equal time partitioning applied to taxol (62 heavy atoms) attained a speedup of 61 out of 64 processors, while for a 110 molecule water cluster at standard density it achieved a speedup of 113 out of 128. The efficiency of equal time partitioning applied to hierarchical cubature improves as the grid work per processor increases. With a fine grid and the 6-311G(df,p) basis set, calculations on the 26 atom molecule α-pinene achieved a parallel efficiency better than 99% with 64 processors. For more coarse grained calculations, superlinear speedups are found to result from reduced computational complexity associated with data parallelism.

  7. 76 FR 25774 - Determination of Foreign Exchange Swaps and Foreign Exchange Forwards Under the Commodity...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-05-05

    ... foreign exchange forwards would create systemic risk, lower transparency, or threaten the financial... regulatory loophole that exacerbates systemic risk. However, all foreign exchange transactions would remain... exchange trading requirements on the foreign exchange market would increase systemic risk by concentrating...

  8. 36 CFR 254.5 - Assembled land exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Assembled land exchanges. 254... LANDOWNERSHIP ADJUSTMENTS Land Exchanges § 254.5 Assembled land exchanges. (a) Whenever the authorized officer determines it to be practicable, an assembled land exchange arrangement may be used to facilitate exchanges...

  9. Equal Opportunity and the Urban Black: An Analysis of Public Policy and its Implications for Urban Planning (Abstract and Bibliography). Exchange Bibliography No. 634.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Cushman, William Mitchell, Comp.

    This dissertation is concerned with racial discrimination as a central issue in urban planning. Although primarily concerned with black opportunities in housing, the study investigates Negro opportunities in related areas (education, income, and employment) in order to develop the linkages and interdependencies between the various aspects of equal…

  10. 17 CFR 240.15c3-1a - Options (Appendix A to 17 CFR 240.15c3-1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Regulations Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules Relating to Over-The-Counter Markets § 240.15c3-1a... and down) in the current market value of the underlying instrument equal to the percentage... life of the option; and (6) The current term structure of interest rates. (C) The term major market...

  11. 17 CFR 240.15c3-1a - Options (Appendix A to 17 CFR 240.15c3-1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... Regulations Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules Relating to Over-The-Counter Markets § 240.15c3-1a... and down) in the current market value of the underlying instrument equal to the percentage... life of the option; and (6) The current term structure of interest rates. (C) The term major market...

  12. 17 CFR 240.15c3-1a - Options (Appendix A to 17 CFR 240.15c3-1).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Regulations Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Rules Relating to Over-The-Counter Markets § 240.15c3-1a... and down) in the current market value of the underlying instrument equal to the percentage... life of the option; and (6) The current term structure of interest rates. (C) The term major market...

  13. 77 FR 66902 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE MKT LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-07

    ... Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ``Act'') \\2\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\3\\ notice is hereby given that... least 1,000 contracts, is part of a QCT, and is executed at a price at least equal to the national best... per contract than they would pay if the trade were executed as a non-QCC trade. Currently...

  14. 26 CFR 1.367(a)-3T - Treatment of transfers of stock or securities to foreign corporations (temporary).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... exchange. For purposes of this paragraph (e), the definitions of control group, control group member, and non-control group member in § 1.367(a)-7(f)(1), ownership interest percentage in § 1.367(a)-7(f)(7... recognizes gain equal to the product of the aggregate ownership interest percentage of such non-control group...

  15. 26 CFR 1.367(a)-3T - Treatment of transfers of stock or securities to foreign corporations (temporary).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... exchange. For purposes of this paragraph (e), the definitions of control group, control group member, and non-control group member in § 1.367(a)-7(f)(1), ownership interest percentage in § 1.367(a)-7(f)(7... recognizes gain equal to the product of the aggregate ownership interest percentage of such non-control group...

  16. Ideas Exchange: How Are Teachers Using Pedometers Creatively in Classes to Impact the Level of Physical Activity?

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Barney, David; Konkler, Jan; Nelson, Sherry L.; Brewer, Joan; Mielke, Danny R.; Morrison, Joni; Eklund, Nancy Raso; Flores, Adrian

    2010-01-01

    Pedometers are great equalizers. They are wonderful for students who don't have the speed of other students, but can still keep up by taking as many steps as other students while improving their fitness level. In this article, teachers describe how they are using pedometers creatively in classes to impact the level of physical activity.

  17. Findings from a Yearlong Job Exchange: A Mentor Teacher's Bill of Rights in Teacher Education. Reading Research Report No. 74.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Hudson-Ross, Sally; McWhorter, Patti

    After teaching and conducting research in each other's worlds for a year, a high school English teacher and a university teacher educator could never be the same. With their colleagues, they developed a model yearlong teacher education program founded on three key principles: equality of school and university participants; teacher research; and…

  18. Observation of Solvent Penetration during Cold Denaturation of E. coli Phosphofructokinase-2

    PubMed Central

    Ramírez-Sarmiento, César A.; Baez, Mauricio; Wilson, Christian A.M.; Babul, Jorge; Komives, Elizabeth A.; Guixé, Victoria

    2013-01-01

    Phosphofructokinase-2 is a dimeric enzyme that undergoes cold denaturation following a highly cooperative N2 2I mechanism with dimer dissociation and formation of an expanded monomeric intermediate. Here, we use intrinsic fluorescence of a tryptophan located at the dimer interface to show that dimer dissociation occurs slowly, over several hours. We then use hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry experiments, performed by taking time points over the cold denaturation process, to measure amide exchange throughout the protein during approach to the cold denatured state. As expected, a peptide corresponding to the dimer interface became more solvent exposed over time at 3°C; unexpectedly, amide exchange increased throughout the protein over time at 3°C. The rate of increase in amide exchange over time at 3°C was the same for each region and equaled the rate of dimer dissociation measured by tryptophan fluorescence, suggesting that dimer dissociation and formation of the cold denatured intermediate occur without appreciable buildup of folded monomer. The observation that throughout the protein amide exchange increases as phosphofructokinase-2 cold denatures provides experimental evidence for theoretical predictions that cold denaturation primarily occurs by solvent penetration into the hydrophobic core of proteins in a sequence-independent manner. PMID:23708365

  19. Observation of solvent penetration during cold denaturation of E. coli phosphofructokinase-2.

    PubMed

    Ramírez-Sarmiento, César A; Baez, Mauricio; Wilson, Christian A M; Babul, Jorge; Komives, Elizabeth A; Guixé, Victoria

    2013-05-21

    Phosphofructokinase-2 is a dimeric enzyme that undergoes cold denaturation following a highly cooperative N2 2I mechanism with dimer dissociation and formation of an expanded monomeric intermediate. Here, we use intrinsic fluorescence of a tryptophan located at the dimer interface to show that dimer dissociation occurs slowly, over several hours. We then use hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry experiments, performed by taking time points over the cold denaturation process, to measure amide exchange throughout the protein during approach to the cold denatured state. As expected, a peptide corresponding to the dimer interface became more solvent exposed over time at 3°C; unexpectedly, amide exchange increased throughout the protein over time at 3°C. The rate of increase in amide exchange over time at 3°C was the same for each region and equaled the rate of dimer dissociation measured by tryptophan fluorescence, suggesting that dimer dissociation and formation of the cold denatured intermediate occur without appreciable buildup of folded monomer. The observation that throughout the protein amide exchange increases as phosphofructokinase-2 cold denatures provides experimental evidence for theoretical predictions that cold denaturation primarily occurs by solvent penetration into the hydrophobic core of proteins in a sequence-independent manner. Copyright © 2013 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  20. [Determination of soil exchangeable base cations by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and extraction with ammonium acetate].

    PubMed

    Zhang, Yu-ge; Xiao, Min; Dong, Yi-hua; Jiang, Yong

    2012-08-01

    A method to determine soil exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and extraction with ammonium acetate was developed. Results showed that the accuracy of exchangeable base cation data with AAS method fits well with the national standard referential soil data. The relative errors for parallel samples of exchangeable Ca and Mg with 66 pair samples ranged from 0.02%-3.14% and 0.06%-4.06%, and averaged to be 1.22% and 1.25%, respectively. The relative errors for exchangeable K and Na with AAS and flame photometer (FP) ranged from 0.06%-8.39% and 0.06-1.54, and averaged to be 3.72% and 0.56%, respectively. A case study showed that the determination method for exchangeable base cations by using AAS was proven to be reliable and trustable, which could reflect the real situation of soil cation exchange properties in farmlands.

  1. Design and performance evaluation of a microfluidic ion-suppression module for anion-exchange chromatography.

    PubMed

    Wouters, Sam; Wouters, Bert; Jespers, Sander; Desmet, Gert; Eghbali, Hamed; Bruggink, Cees; Eeltink, Sebastiaan

    2014-08-15

    A microfluidic membrane suppressor has been constructed to suppress ions of alkaline mobile-phases via an acid-base reaction across a sulfonated poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-based membrane and was evaluated for anion-exchange separations using conductivity detection. The membrane was clamped between two chip substrates, accommodating rectangular microchannels for the eluent and regenerant flow, respectively. Additionally, a clamp-on chip holder has been constructed which allows the alignment and stacking of different chip modules. The response and efficacy of the microfluidic chip suppressor was assessed for a wide range of eluent (KOH) concentrations, using 127 and 183μm thick membranes, while optimizing the flow rate and concentration of the regenerant solution (H2SO4). The optimal operating eluent flow rate was determined at 5μL/min, corresponding to the optimal van-Deemter flow velocity of commercially-available column technology, i.e. a 0.4mm i.d.×250mm long column packed with 7.5μm anion-exchange particles. When equilibrated at 10mM KOH, a 99% decrease in conductivity signal could be obtained within 5min when applying 10mM H2SO4 regenerant at 75μL/min. A background signal as low as 1.2μS/cm was obtained, which equals the performance of a commercially-available electrolytic hollow-fiber suppressor. When increasing the temperature of the membrane suppressor from 15 to 20°C, ion suppression was significantly improved allowing the application of 75mM KOH. The applicability of the chip suppressor has been demonstrated with an isocratic baseline separation of a mixture of seven inorganic ions, yielding plate numbers between 5300 and 10,600 and with a gradient separation of a complex ion mixture. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  2. A general way of analyzing EPR spectroscopy for a pair of magnetically equivalent lanthanide ions in crystal: A case study of BaY2F8:Yb3+ crystal

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Liu, Honggang; Zheng, Wenchen

    2018-01-01

    Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an important tool to study the complex interactions (e.g., exchange and magnetic dipole-dipole interactions) for a pair of lanthanide (Ln) ions in crystals. How to analyze these EPR spectra and obtain the strength of each interaction is a challenge for experimentalists. In this work, a general way of calculating the EPR lines for two magnetically equivalent Ln ions is given by us to solve this problem. In order to explain their EPR spectra and obtain exchange interaction parameters Ji (i = x, y, z) between them, we deduce the analytic formulas for computing the angular dependent EPR lines for such Ln pairs under the condition of weak coupling (|Ji| ≪ hv, where v is the microwave frequency in the EPR experiment) and set up the spin-Hamiltonian energy matrix that should be diagonalized to obtain these lines if intermediate (|Ji| ˜ hv) and strong (|Ji| > hv) couplings are encountered. To verify our method, the experimental EPR spectra for the Yb3+ doped BaY2F8 crystal are considered by us and the EPR lines from the isolated Yb3+ ion and Yb3+-Yb3+ pair with distance R equal to 0.371 nm are identified clearly. Moreover, exchange interaction parameters (Jx ≈ -0.04 cm-1, Jy ≈ -0.24 cm-1, and Jz ≈ -0.1 cm-1) for such a pair are also determined by our calculations. This case study demonstrates that the theoretical method given in this work would be useful and could be applied to understand interactions between Ln ions in crystals.

  3. Adaptive histogram equalization in digital radiography of destructive skeletal lesions.

    PubMed

    Braunstein, E M; Capek, P; Buckwalter, K; Bland, P; Meyer, C R

    1988-03-01

    Adaptive histogram equalization, an image-processing technique that distributes pixel values of an image uniformly throughout the gray scale, was applied to 28 plain radiographs of bone lesions, after they had been digitized. The non-equalized and equalized digital images were compared by two skeletal radiologists with respect to lesion margins, internal matrix, soft-tissue mass, cortical breakthrough, and periosteal reaction. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed on the basis of the responses. Equalized images were superior to nonequalized images in determination of cortical breakthrough and presence or absence of periosteal reaction. ROC analysis showed no significant difference in determination of margins, matrix, or soft-tissue masses.

  4. 77 FR 69694 - Determination of Foreign Exchange Swaps and Foreign Exchange Forwards Under the Commodity...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-11-20

    ... trading and clearing of foreign exchange swaps and foreign exchange forwards would create systemic risk... clearing and exchange trading requirements on the foreign exchange market would increase systemic risk by... argue that the exemption would create a large regulatory loophole that could exacerbate systemic risk...

  5. An Analysis of Citizenship and Democracy Education Text Book in the Context of Gender Equality and Determining Students' Perceptions on Gender Equality

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Kalayci, Nurdan; Hayirsever, Fahriye

    2014-01-01

    Gender equality has been explained as both the equal treatment of women and men before the law and women's and men's equal usage of resources, opportunities, and services within the family and society. Today, although the conditions that support gender inequality have relatively decreased, gender discrimination still persists. Gender equality is…

  6. Evaluating the Uncertainty in Exchange Parameters Determined from Off-Resonance R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion for Systems in Fast Exchange

    PubMed Central

    Bothe, Jameson R.; Stein, Zachary W.; Al-Hashimi, Hashim M.

    2014-01-01

    Spin relaxation in the rotating frame (R1ρ) is a powerful NMR technique for characterizing fast microsecond timescale exchange processes directed toward short-lived excited states in biomolecules. At the limit of fast exchange, only kex = k1 + k−1 and Φıx = pGpE(Δω)2 can be determined from R1ρ data limiting the ability to characterize the structure and energetics of the excited state conformation. Here, we use simulations to examine the uncertainty with which exchange parameters can be determined for two state systems in intermediate-to-fast exchange using off-resonance R1ρ relaxation dispersion. R1ρ data computed by solving the Bloch-McConnell equations reveals small but significant asymmetry with respect to offset (R1ρ(ΔΩ) ≠ R1ρ(−ΔΩ)), which is a hallmark of slow-to-intermediate exchange, even under conditions of fast exchange for free precession chemical exchange line broadening (kex/Δω > 10). A grid search analysis combined with bootstrap and Monte-Carlo based statistical approaches for estimating uncertainty in exchange parameters reveals that both the sign and magnitude of Δω can be determined at a useful level of uncertainty for systems in fast exchange (kex/Δω < 10) but that this depends on the uncertainty in the R1ρ data and requires a thorough examination of the multidimensional variation of χ2 as a function of exchange parameters. Results from simulations are complemented by analysis of experimental R1ρ data measured in three nucleic acid systems with exchange processes occurring on the slow (kex/Δω = 0.2; pE = ~ 0.7%), fast (kex/Δω = ~10–16; pE = ~13%) and very fast (kex = 39,000 s−1) chemical shift timescales. PMID:24819426

  7. Parametric study of ion heating in a burnout device (HIP-1)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Sigman, D. R.; Reinmann, J. J.; Lauver, M. R.

    1974-01-01

    Results of further studies on the Lewis Research Center hot-ion plasma source (HIP-1) are reported. Changes have been made in both the electrode geometry and materials to produce higher ion temperatures. Ion temperature increased significantly with increased vacuum pumping speed. The best ion temperatures achieved, so far, for H(+), D(+), and He(+) plasmas are estimated to be equal to, or greater than 0.6, equal to, or greater than 0.9, and equal to, greater than 2.0 keV, respectively. Electrode pairs produced high ion temperatures whether on the magnetic axis or off it by 5.5 cm. Multiple sources, one on-axis and one off-axis, were run simultaneously from a single power supply by using independent gas feed rates. A momentum analyzer has been added to the charge-exchange neutral particle analyzer to identify particles according to mass, as well as energy. Under any given plasma condition, the higher mass ions have higher average energies but not by as much as the ratio of their respective masses.

  8. Overcoming barriers to HIV testing: preferences for new strategies among clients of a needle exchange, a sexually transmitted disease clinic, and sex venues for men who have sex with men.

    PubMed

    Spielberg, Freya; Branson, Bernard M; Goldbaum, Gary M; Lockhart, David; Kurth, Ann; Celum, Connie L; Rossini, Anthony; Critchlow, Cathy W; Wood, Robert W

    2003-03-01

    To determine strategies to overcome barriers to HIV testing among persons at risk. We developed a survey that elicited testing motivators, barriers, and preferences for new strategies among 460 participants at a needle exchange, three sex venues for men who have sex with men, and a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Barriers to testing included factors influenced by individual concern (fear and discrimination); by programs, policies, and laws (named reporting and inability to afford treatment); and by counseling and testing strategies (dislike of counseling, anxiety waiting for results, and venipuncture). The largest proportions of participants preferred rapid testing strategies, including clinic-based testing (27%) and home self-testing (20%); roughly equal proportions preferred oral fluid testing (18%), urine testing (17%), and standard blood testing (17%). One percent preferred home specimen collection. Participants who had never tested before were significantly more likely to prefer home self-testing compared with other strategies. Blacks were significantly more likely to prefer urine testing. Strategies for improving acceptance of HIV counseling and testing include information about access to anonymous testing and early treatment. Expanding options for rapid testing, urine testing, and home self-testing; providing alternatives to venipuncture; making pretest counseling optional; and allowing telephone results disclosure may encourage more persons to learn their HIV status.

  9. Investigation of waste heat recovery of binary geothermal plants using single component refrigerants

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Unverdi, M.

    2017-08-01

    In this study, the availability of waste heat in a power generating capacity of 47.4 MW in Germencik Geothermal Power Plant has been investigated via binary geothermal power plant. Refrigerant fluids of 7 different single components such as R-134a, R-152a, R-227ea, R-236fa, R-600, R-143m and R-161 have been selected. The binary cycle has been modeled using the waste heat equaling to mass flow rate of 100 kg/s geothermal fluid. While the inlet temperature of the geothermal fluid into the counter flow heat exchanger has been accepted as 110°C, the outlet temperature has been accepted as 70°C. The inlet conditions have been determined for the refrigerants to be used in the binary cycle. Finally, the mass flow rate of refrigerant fluid and of cooling water and pump power consumption and power generated in the turbine have been calculated for each inlet condition of the refrigerant. Additionally, in the binary cycle, energy and exergy efficiencies have been calculated for 7 refrigerants in the availability of waste heat. In the binary geothermal cycle, it has been found out that the highest exergy destruction for all refrigerants occurs in the heat exchanger. And the highest and lowest first and second law efficiencies has been obtained for R-600 and R-161 refrigerants, respectively.

  10. Generation of Benzyne Species from Diphenylphosphoryl Derivatives: Simultaneous Exchange of Three Functional Groups.

    PubMed

    Gorobets, Evgueni; Parvez, Masood; Derksen, Darren J; Keay, Brian A

    2016-06-13

    Interaction of (2-diphenylphosphoryl-3-iodo-4-methoxy-phenyl) methanol with NaH in DMF at ambient temperature results in the generation of benzyne intermediates that can be trapped by furan or DMF. Trapping with DMF forms 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzaldehyde demonstrating the simultaneous exchange of three functionalities in a single step. The presence of the alkoxy substituent adjacent to iodine is critical for high regioselectivity addition of DMF. The corresponding bromide or triflate can be used in place of the iodide with equal efficiency. This methodology was used to synthesize the reported structure of gigasol and leading to a structural reassignment of this biscoumarin natural product. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  11. Gradient-index elements made from phosphate glasses in the system Al(PO3)3 - Na2O - Ag2O by ion-exchange process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Staronski, Leszek R.; Wychowaniec, Marek; Wasylak, Jan

    1994-10-01

    Silver aluminum phosphate glassed have been tested as a material for gradient index (GRIN) elements fabrication by exchange of Na+ ions from mixed molten salt baths by the Ag+ ones. The annealing technique was used to control the final gradient and GRIN rod elements with radial index profile were prepared with n(r) equals no(1 - A/2 (DOT) rn) where 2

  12. 17 CFR 256.01-5 - Determination of service cost accounting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... accounting. Service at cost and fair allocation of costs require, first of all, an accurate accounting for... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Determination of service cost accounting. 256.01-5 Section 256.01-5 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION...

  13. 17 CFR 240.13d-3 - Determination of beneficial owner.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... ordinary course of his business is a pledgee of securities under a written pledge agreement shall not be... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Determination of beneficial owner. 240.13d-3 Section 240.13d-3 Commodity and Securities Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION...

  14. Chemical reactivity of nitrates and nitrites towards TBP and potassium nickel ferrocyanide between 30 and 300 deg

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lambertin, D.; Chartier, D.; Joussot-Dubien, C.

    2007-07-01

    Since the late sixties, bitumen has been widely used by the nuclear industry as a matrix for the immobilization of low- and intermediate level radioactive waste originating mainly from the nuclear activities: precipitation or evaporator concentrates, ion exchange resins, incinerator ashes, and filter materials. Depending on bitumen and operating conditions, bituminization of radioactive waste can be operated between 130 and 180 deg. C, so chemical reaction can be induced with nitrate or nitrite towards elements contained in waste (TPB, potassium nickel ferrocyanide and cobalt compound) and bitumen. These reactions are mainly exothermic this is the reason why the enthalpy reactionmore » and their temperature of initiation have to be determined independently of their concentration in waste. In this work, we have studied by Calvet Calorimetry at 0.1 deg. C/min heating rates, the behaviour of chemical elements especially oxido-reduction couples that can react at a temperature range 100- 300 deg. C (Nitrate/PPFeNi, Nitrite/PPFeNi, Nitrate/TBP, Nitrite/TBP, Nitrate/bitumen and Nitrite/bitumen). The initial temperature reaction of nitrates or nitrites towards potassium nickel ferrocyanide (PPFeNi) has been studied and is equal respectively to 225 deg. C and 175 deg. C. Because of the large scale temperature reaction of nitrate and PPFeNi, enthalpy reaction can not be calculated, although enthalpy reaction of nitrite and PPFeNi is equal to 270 kJ/mol of nitrite. Sodium Nitrate and TBP behaviour has been investigated, and an exothermic reaction at 135 deg. C until 250 deg. C is evidenced. The exothermic energy reaction is a function of TBP concentration and the enthalpy reaction has been determined. (authors)« less

  15. Determination of Ground Heat Exchangers Temperature Field in Geothermal Heat Pumps

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhurmilova, I.; Shtym, A.

    2017-11-01

    For the heating and cooling supply of buildings and constructions geothermal heat pumps using low-potential ground energy are applied by means of ground exchangers. The process of heat transfer in a system of ground exchangers is a phenomenon of complex heat transfer. The paper presents a mathematical modeling of heat exchange processes, the temperature fields are built which are necessary for the determination of the ground array that ensures an adequate supply of low potential energy excluding the freezing of soil around the pipes in the ground heat exchangers and guaranteeing a reliable operation of geothermal heat pumps.

  16. Equal Severity Curve (ESC) update.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2009-07-01

    Caltrans uses the Equal Severity Curve to determine appropriate locations for the placement of guardrail on : embankments. The ESC assists designers in determining the relative severity of encroachments on embankments : versus impacts with roadside b...

  17. Approximating the Shifted Hartree-Exchange-Correlation Potential in Direct Energy Kohn-Sham Theory.

    PubMed

    Sharpe, Daniel J; Levy, Mel; Tozer, David J

    2018-02-13

    Levy and Zahariev [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 113002 (2014)] have proposed a new approach for performing density functional theory calculations, termed direct energy Kohn-Sham (DEKS) theory. In this approach, the electronic energy equals the sum of orbital energies, obtained from Kohn-Sham-like orbital equations involving a shifted Hartree-exchange-correlation potential, which must be approximated. In the present study, density scaling homogeneity considerations are used to facilitate DEKS calculations on a series of atoms and molecules, leading to three nonlocal approximations to the shifted potential. The first two rely on preliminary Kohn-Sham calculations using a standard generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exchange-correlation functional and the results illustrate the benefit of describing the dominant Hartree component of the shift exactly. A uniform electron gas analysis is used to eliminate the need for these preliminary Kohn-Sham calculations, leading to a potential with an unconventional form that yields encouraging results, providing strong motivation for further research in DEKS theory.

  18. Random isotropic one-dimensional XY-model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gonçalves, L. L.; Vieira, A. P.

    1998-01-01

    The 1D isotropic s = ½XY-model ( N sites), with random exchange interaction in a transverse random field is considered. The random variables satisfy bimodal quenched distributions. The solution is obtained by using the Jordan-Wigner fermionization and a canonical transformation, reducing the problem to diagonalizing an N × N matrix, corresponding to a system of N noninteracting fermions. The calculations are performed numerically for N = 1000, and the field-induced magnetization at T = 0 is obtained by averaging the results for the different samples. For the dilute case, in the uniform field limit, the magnetization exhibits various discontinuities, which are the consequence of the existence of disconnected finite clusters distributed along the chain. Also in this limit, for finite exchange constants J A and J B, as the probability of J A varies from one to zero, the saturation field is seen to vary from Γ A to Γ B, where Γ A(Γ B) is the value of the saturation field for the pure case with exchange constant equal to J A(J B) .

  19. Replica Exchange Improves Sampling in Low-Resolution Docking Stage of RosettaDock

    PubMed Central

    Zhang, Zhe; Lange, Oliver F.

    2013-01-01

    Many protein-protein docking protocols are based on a shotgun approach, in which thousands of independent random-start trajectories minimize the rigid-body degrees of freedom. Another strategy is enumerative sampling as used in ZDOCK. Here, we introduce an alternative strategy, ReplicaDock, using a small number of long trajectories of temperature replica exchange. We compare replica exchange sampling as low-resolution stage of RosettaDock with RosettaDock's original shotgun sampling as well as with ZDOCK. A benchmark of 30 complexes starting from structures of the unbound binding partners shows improved performance for ReplicaDock and ZDOCK when compared to shotgun sampling at equal or less computational expense. ReplicaDock and ZDOCK consistently reach lower energies and generate significantly more near-native conformations than shotgun sampling. Accordingly, they both improve typical metrics of prediction quality of complex structures after refinement. Additionally, the refined ReplicaDock ensembles reach significantly lower interface energies and many previously hidden features of the docking energy landscape become visible when ReplicaDock is applied. PMID:24009670

  20. Tidal exchange between a freshwater tidal marsh and an impacted estuary: the Scheldt estuary, Belgium

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Van Damme, Stefan; Frank, Dehairs; Micky, Tackx; Olivier, Beauchard; Eric, Struyf; Britta, Gribsholt; Oswald, Van Cleemput; Patrick, Meire

    2009-11-01

    Tidal marsh exchange studies are relatively simple tools to investigate the interaction between tidal marshes and estuaries. They have mostly been confined to only a few elements and to saltwater or brackish systems. This study presents mass-balance results of an integrated one year campaign in a freshwater tidal marsh along the Scheldt estuary (Belgium), covering oxygen, nutrients (N, P and Si), carbon, chlorophyll, suspended matter, chloride and sulfate. The role of seepage from the marsh was also investigated. A ranking between the parameters revealed that oxygenation was the strongest effect of the marsh on the estuarine water. Particulate parameters showed overall import. Export of dissolved silica (DSi) was more important than exchange of any other nutrient form. Export of DSi and import of total dissolved nitrogen (DIN) nevertheless contributed about equally to the increase of the Si:N ratio in the seepage water. The marsh had a counteracting effect on the long term trend of nutrient ratios in the estuary.

  1. Determination of benzoylurea insecticides in food by pressurized liquid extraction and LC-MS.

    PubMed

    Brutti, Monia; Blasco, Cristina; Picó, Yolanda

    2010-01-01

    A method based on pressurized liquid extraction and LC-MS/MS has been developed for determining nine benzoylureas (BUs) in fruit, vegetable, cereals, and animal products. Samples (5 g) were homogenized with diatomaceous earth and extracted in a 22 mL cell with 22 mL of ethyl acetate at 80 degrees C and 1500 psi. After solvent concentration and exchange to methanol, BUs were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using an IT mass analyzer, which achieved several transitions of precursor ions that increase selectivity providing identification. LOQs were between 0.002 and 0.01 mg/kg, which are equal or lower than maximum residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius. Excellent linearity was achieved over a range of concentrations from 0.01 to 1 mg/kg with correlation coefficients 0.995-0.999 (n=7). Validation of the total method was performed by analyzing in quintuplicate seven different commodities (milk, eggs, meat, rice, lettuce, avocado, and lemon) at three concentration levels (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg). The recoveries ranged from 58 to 97% and the RSDs from 5 to 19% depending on the compound and the commodity. The combination of pressurized liquid extraction with LC-MS/MS provides a sensitive and selective method for the determination of BUs in food.

  2. Characterization of carbohydrates using highly fluorescent 2-aminobenzoic acid tag following gel electrophoresis of glycoproteins.

    PubMed

    Anumula, K R; Du, P

    1999-11-15

    Application of the most sensitive fluorescent label 2-aminobenzoic acid (anthranilic acid, AA) for characterization of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins ( approximately 15 pmol) separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is described. AA label is used for the determination of both monosaccharide composition and oligosaccharide map. For the monosaccharide determination, bands containing the glycoprotein of interest are excised from the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane blots, hydrolyzed in 20% trifluoroacetic acid, derivatized, and analyzed by C-18 reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. For the oligosaccharide mapping, bands were digested with peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) in order to release the N-linked oligosaccharides, derivatized, and analyzed by normal-phase anion-exchange chromatography. For convenience, the PNGase F digestion was performed in 1:100 diluted ammonium hydroxide overnight. The oligosaccharide yield from ammonium hydroxide-PNGase F digestion was better or equal to all the other reported procedures, and the presumed "oligosaccharide-amine" product formed in the reaction mixture did not interfere with labeling of the oligosaccharides under the conditions used for derivatization. Sequencing of oligosaccharides can be performed using the same mapping method following treatment with an array of glycosidases. In addition, the mapping method is useful for determining the relative and simultaneous distribution of sialic acid and fucose. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

  3. Mathematical model and calculation of water-cooling efficiency in a film-filled cooling tower

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Laptev, A. G.; Lapteva, E. A.

    2016-10-01

    Different approaches to simulation of momentum, mass, and energy transfer in packed beds are considered. The mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in a wetted packed bed for turbulent gas flow and laminar wave counter flow of the fluid film in sprinkler units of a water-cooling tower is presented. The packed bed is represented as the set of equivalent channels with correction to twisting. The idea put forward by P. Kapitsa on representation of waves on the interphase film surface as elements of the surface roughness in interaction with the gas flow is used. The temperature and moisture content profiles are found from the solution of differential equations of heat and mass transfer written for the equivalent channel with the volume heat and mass source. The equations for calculation of the average coefficients of heat emission and mass exchange in regular and irregular beds with different contact elements, as well as the expression for calculation of the average turbulent exchange coefficient are presented. The given formulas determine these coefficients for the known hydraulic resistance of the packed bed element. The results of solution of the system of equations are presented, and the water temperature profiles are shown for different sprinkler units in industrial water-cooling towers. The comparison with experimental data on thermal efficiency of the cooling tower is made; this allows one to determine the temperature of the cooled water at the output. The technical solutions on increasing the cooling tower performance by equalization of the air velocity profile at the input and creation of an additional phase contact region using irregular elements "Inzhekhim" are considered.

  4. Effect of heating strategies on whey protein denaturation--Revisited by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

    PubMed

    Akkerman, M; Rauh, V M; Christensen, M; Johansen, L B; Hammershøj, M; Larsen, L B

    2016-01-01

    Previous standards in the area of effect of heat treatment processes on milk protein denaturation were based primarily on laboratory-scale analysis and determination of denaturation degrees by, for example, electrophoresis. In this study, whey protein denaturation was revisited by pilot-scale heating strategies and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC/MC Q-TOF) analysis. Skim milk was heat treated by the use of 3 heating strategies, namely plate heat exchanger (PHE), tubular heat exchanger (THE), and direct steam injection (DSI), under various heating temperatures (T) and holding times. The effect of heating strategy on the degree of denaturation of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin was determined using LC/MC Q-TOF of pH 4.5-soluble whey proteins. Furthermore, effect of heating strategy on the rennet-induced coagulation properties was studied by oscillatory rheometry. In addition, rennet-induced coagulation of heat-treated micellar casein concentrate subjected to PHE was studied. For skim milk, the whey protein denaturation increased significantly as T and holding time increased, regardless of heating method. High denaturation degrees were obtained for T >100°C using PHE and THE, whereas DSI resulted in significantly lower denaturation degrees, compared with PHE and THE. Rennet coagulation properties were impaired by increased T and holding time regardless of heating method, although DSI resulted in less impairment compared with PHE and THE. No significant difference was found between THE and PHE for effect on rennet coagulation time, whereas the curd firming rate was significantly larger for THE compared with PHE. Micellar casein concentrate possessed improved rennet coagulation properties compared with skim milk receiving equal heat treatment. Copyright © 2016 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. 25 CFR 39.116 - How does a school determine who receives gifted and talented services?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false How does a school determine who receives gifted and... EDUCATION THE INDIAN SCHOOL EQUALIZATION PROGRAM Indian School Equalization Formula Gifted and Talented Programs § 39.116 How does a school determine who receives gifted and talented services? (a) To determine...

  6. Intelligence Dissemination to the Warfighter

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-12-01

    that prevent other JWICS users from exchanging data. The CIA conducts most of their business on the CIAnet , which can pull data from JWICS but...data. Spreadsheets and word processors, in order to retain a high level of user- friendliness, handle several complex background processes that...the “ complex adaptive systems”, where the onus is placed equally on the analyst and on the tools to be receptive and adaptable. It is the

  7. Fuzzy forecasting based on two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationship groups and the probabilities of trends of fuzzy logical relationships.

    PubMed

    Chen, Shyi-Ming; Chen, Shen-Wen

    2015-03-01

    In this paper, we present a new method for fuzzy forecasting based on two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationship groups and the probabilities of trends of fuzzy-trend logical relationships. Firstly, the proposed method fuzzifies the historical training data of the main factor and the secondary factor into fuzzy sets, respectively, to form two-factors second-order fuzzy logical relationships. Then, it groups the obtained two-factors second-order fuzzy logical relationships into two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationship groups. Then, it calculates the probability of the "down-trend," the probability of the "equal-trend" and the probability of the "up-trend" of the two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationships in each two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationship group, respectively. Finally, it performs the forecasting based on the probabilities of the down-trend, the equal-trend, and the up-trend of the two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationships in each two-factors second-order fuzzy-trend logical relationship group. We also apply the proposed method to forecast the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX) and the NTD/USD exchange rates. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods.

  8. Marmoset monkeys evaluate third-party reciprocity.

    PubMed

    Kawai, Nobuyuki; Yasue, Miyuki; Banno, Taku; Ichinohe, Noritaka

    2014-05-01

    Many non-human primates have been observed to reciprocate and to understand reciprocity in one-to-one social exchanges. A recent study demonstrated that capuchin monkeys are sensitive to both third-party reciprocity and violation of reciprocity; however, whether this sensitivity is a function of general intelligence, evidenced by their larger brain size relative to other primates, remains unclear. We hypothesized that highly pro-social primates, even with a relatively smaller brain, would be sensitive to others' reciprocity. Here, we show that common marmosets discriminated between human actors who reciprocated in social exchanges with others and those who did not. Monkeys accepted rewards less frequently from non-reciprocators than they did from reciprocators when the non-reciprocators had retained all food items, but they accepted rewards from both actors equally when they had observed reciprocal exchange between the actors. These results suggest that mechanisms to detect unfair reciprocity in third-party social exchanges do not require domain-general higher cognitive ability based on proportionally larger brains, but rather emerge from the cooperative and pro-social tendencies of species, and thereby suggest this ability evolved in multiple primate lineages. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

  9. 26 CFR 1.1221-1 - Meaning of terms.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... property is determined, for purposes of determining gain from a sale or exchange, in whole or in part by... gain from a sale or exchange, in whole or in part by reference to the basis of such property in the... from the term capital assets. Gains and losses from the sale or exchange of such property are not...

  10. On optimizing the treatment of exchange perturbations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hirschfelder, J. O.; Chipman, D. M.

    1972-01-01

    A method using the zeroth plus first order wave functions, obtained by optimizing the basic equation used in exchange perturbation treatments, is utilized in an attempt to determine the exact energy and wave function in the exchange process. Attempts to determine the first order perturbation solution by optimizing the sum of the first and second order energies were unsuccessful.

  11. The geochemical evolution of aqueous sodium in the Black Creek Aquifer, Horry and Georgetown counties, South Carolina

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Zack, Allen L.; Roberts, Ivan

    1988-01-01

    The Black Creek aquifer contains dilute seawater near the North Carolina State line, probably the result of incomplete flushing of ancient seawater. Data do not indicate that the dilute seawater has migrated toward areas of fresh ground-water withdrawals. The concentration of chloride in ground-water samples ranges from 5 to 720 milligrams per liter and that of sodium from 160 to 690 milligrams per liter. Ion-exchange reactions (sodium for calcium and fluoride for hydroxyl) occur with the calcium carbonate dissolution reaction which produces calcium, bicarbonate, and hydroxyl ions. The reaction sequence and stoichiometry result in an aqueous solution in which the sum of bicarbonate and chloride equivalents per liter is equal to the equivalents per liter of sodium. Calcium ions are exchanged for sodium ions derived from sodium-rich clays upgradient of the dilute seawater. The cation-exchange reaction equilibrates at a sodium concentration of 280 milligrams per liter. Amounts of sodium greater than 280 milligrams per liter are contributed from dilute seawater. The cation-exchange reaction approaches an equilibrium which represents a mass-action limit in terms of the ratio of sodium to calcium in solution versus the ratio of exchangeable sodium to calcium on clay surfaces. Where the limit of calcium carbonate solubility is approached and dissolution ceases, some precipitation of calcite probably takes place. The dissolution of calcite exposes fossil shark teeth which release fluoride ions to the ground water through anion exchange with aqueous hydroxyl ions.

  12. Adsorption of lead onto smectite from aqueous solution.

    PubMed

    Mhamdi, M; Galai, H; Mnasri, N; Elaloui, E; Trabelsi-Ayadi, M

    2013-03-01

    The purpose of this research is to study the effect of a new method of adsorption using membrane filtration to determine the maximum amount of lead adsorbed by clay and investigate the behavior of the clay after adsorption of the said metal. Treatment of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals depends on the characteristics of the effluent, the amount of final discharge, the cost of treatment, and the compatibility of the treatment process. The process of adsorption of heavy metals by clays may be a simple, selective, and economically viable alternative to the conventional physical-chemical treatment. This is justified by the importance of the surface developed by this material, the presence of negative charges on the said surface, the possibility of ion exchange taking place, and its wide availability in nature. The removal of lead from wastewater was studied by using the adsorption technique and using clay as the adsorbent. A method was optimized for adsorption through a membrane approaching natural adsorption. This new method is simple, selective, and the lead adsorption time is about 3 days. The various properties of clay were determined. It was observed that the cation exchange capacity of the clay was 56 meq/100 g of hydrated clay for the raw sample and 82 meq/100 g for the purified sample. The total surface area determined by the methylene blue method was equal to 556 and 783 m(2)/g for the raw and purified samples, respectively. The adsorption kinetics depends on several parameters. The Pb(II) clay, obeys the Langmuir, Freundlich, and the Elovich adsorption isotherms with high regression coefficients. The use of this adsorbent notably decreases the cost of treatment. It was concluded that clay shows a strong adsorption capacity on Pb(II), the maximum interaction occurring with purified clay treated at high concentration of lead. It is proposed that this adsorption through a membrane be extended for the treatment of effluents containing other metals.

  13. Equality in Sport for Women.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Geadelmann, Patricia L.; And Others

    Essays concerning multiple aspects of integrating the concept of professional equality between the sexes into the field of sport are presented. The abstract idea of sexual equality is examined, and methods for determining the degree of equality present in given working situations are set forth. A discussion of the laws, enforcing agencies, and…

  14. Hydrogen-oxygen proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Baldwin, R.; Pham, M.; Leonida, A.; Mcelroy, J.; Nalette, T.

    1989-01-01

    Hydrogen-oxygen SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers (products of Hamilton Standard) both use a Proton-Exchange Membrane (PEM) as the sole electrolyte. The SPE cells have demonstrated a ten year life capability under load conditions. Ultimate life of PEM fuel cells and electrolyzers is primarily related to the chemical stability of the membrane. For perfluorocarbon proton-exchange membranes an accurate measure of the membrane stability is the fluoride loss rate. Millions of cell hours have contributed to establishing a relationship between fluroride loss rates and average expected ultimate cell life. Several features were introduced into SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers such that applications requiring greater than or equal to 100,000 hours of life can be considered. Equally important as the ultimate life is the voltage stability of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells and electrolyzers. Here again the features of SPE fuel cells and SPE electrolyzers have shown a cell voltage stability in the order of 1 microvolt per hour. That level of stability were demonstrated for tens of thousands of hours in SPE fuel cells at up to 500 amps per square foot (ASF) current density. The SPE electrolyzers have demonstrated the same at 1000 ASF. Many future extraterrestrial applications for fuel cells require that they be self recharged. To translate the proven SPE cell life and stability into a highly reliable extraterrestrial electrical energy storage system, a simplification of supporting equipment is required. Static phase separation, static fluid transport and static thermal control will be most useful in producting required system reliability. Although some 200,000 SPE fuel cell hours were recorded in earth orbit with static fluid phase separation, no SPE electrolyzer has, as yet, operated in space.

  15. 76 FR 10414 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Order Instituting Proceedings To Determine...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-24

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63930; File No. SR-EDGX-2010-17] Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGX Exchange, Inc.; Order Instituting Proceedings To Determine Whether To Disapprove a Proposed Rule Change as Modified by Amendment No. 2 to Amend EDGX Rules 11.9 and 11.5 Regarding Step-up Orders February 18, 2011. I. Introductio...

  16. 76 FR 10416 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Order Instituting Proceedings To Determine...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-24

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-63929; File No. SR-EDGA-2010-18] Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Order Instituting Proceedings To Determine Whether To Disapprove a Proposed Rule Change as Modified by Amendment No. 2 to Amend EDGA Rules 11.9 and 11.5 Regarding Step-up Orders February 18, 2011. I. Introductio...

  17. Ion beam and dual ion beam sputter deposition of tantalum oxide films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cevro, Mirza; Carter, George

    1994-11-01

    Ion beam sputter deposition (IBS) and dual ion beam sputter deposition (DIBS) of tantalum oxide films was investigated at room temperature and compared with similar films prepared by e-gun deposition. Optical properties ie refractive index and extinction coefficient of IBS films were determined in the 250 - 1100 nm range by transmission spectrophotometry and at (lambda) equals 632.8 nm by ellipsometry. They were found to be mainly sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen used as a reactive gas in the deposition process. The maximum value of the refractive index of IBS deposited tantalum oxide films was n equals 2.15 at (lambda) equals 550 nm and the extinction coefficient of order k equals 2 X 10-4. Films deposited by e-gun deposition had refractive index n equals 2.06 at (lambda) equals 550 nm. Films deposited using DIBS ie deposition assisted by low energy Ar and O2 ions (Ea equals 0 - 300 eV) and low current density (Ji equals 0 - 40 (mu) A/cm2) showed no improvement in the optical properties of the films. Preferential sputtering occurred at Ea(Ar) equals 300 eV and Ji equals 20 (mu) A/cm2 and slightly oxygen deficient films were formed. Different bonding states in the tantalum-oxide films were determined by x-ray spectroscopy while composition of the film and contaminants were determined by Rutherford scattering spectroscopy. Tantalum oxide films formed by IBS contained relatively high Ar content (approximately equals 2.5%) originating from the reflected argon neutrals from the sputtering target while assisted deposition slightly increased the Ar content. Stress in the IBS deposited films was measured by the bending technique. IBS deposited films showed compressive stress with a typical value of s equals 3.2 X 109 dyn/cm2. Films deposited by concurrent ion bombardment showed an increase in the stress as a function of applied current density. The maximum was s approximately equals 5.6 X 109 dyn/cm2 for Ea equals 300 eV and Ji equals 35 (mu) A/cm2. All deposited films were amorphous as measured by the x-ray diffraction method.

  18. Restricted Collision List method for faster Direct Simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) collisions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Macrossan, Michael N., E-mail: m.macrossan@uq.edu.au

    The ‘Restricted Collision List’ (RCL) method for speeding up the calculation of DSMC Variable Soft Sphere collisions, with Borgnakke–Larsen (BL) energy exchange, is presented. The method cuts down considerably on the number of random collision parameters which must be calculated (deflection and azimuthal angles, and the BL energy exchange factors). A relatively short list of these parameters is generated and the parameters required in any cell are selected from this list. The list is regenerated at intervals approximately equal to the smallest mean collision time in the flow, and the chance of any particle re-using the same collision parameters inmore » two successive collisions is negligible. The results using this method are indistinguishable from those obtained with standard DSMC. The CPU time saving depends on how much of a DSMC calculation is devoted to collisions and how much is devoted to other tasks, such as moving particles and calculating particle interactions with flow boundaries. For 1-dimensional calculations of flow in a tube, the new method saves 20% of the CPU time per collision for VSS scattering with no energy exchange. With RCL applied to rotational energy exchange, the CPU saving can be greater; for small values of the rotational collision number, for which most collisions involve some rotational energy exchange, the CPU may be reduced by 50% or more.« less

  19. On the response of the horizontal mean vertical density distribution in a fjord to low-frequency density fluctuations in the coastal water

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stigebrandt, Anders

    1990-10-01

    Baroclinic water exchange through a fjord mouth, driven by a slowly varying density field outside the mouth, is modelled by a simple quasi-steady frictionless model. It is assumed that a certain fraction of the horizontal pressure difference between the coastal water and the fjord is used to accelerate the fluid into the mouth. The continuous vertical density distribution in the fjord, which changes in response to the water exchange, is modelled using a time-dependent, one-dimensional advective-diffusive 'filling-box' type of model. The model has been tested against an almost one-year-long time series of salinity and temperature from the Ørsta fjord (horizontal surface area about 15km2) on the Norwegian west coast. It is found that for this particular fjord, the mean externally forced baroclinic water exchange is one order of magnitude greater than the mean water exchange driven by the estuarine circulation (600 and 60m3 s-1 respectively). Such a vigorous water exchange between a fjord and the external area implies that the time-averaged concentrations of many biological and chemical species above the sill level in the fjord are approximately equal to those in the coastal water outside the fjords.

  20. Alternative derivation of an exchange-only density-functional optimized effective potential

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Joubert, D. P.

    2007-10-15

    An alternative derivation of the exchange-only density-functional optimized effective potential equation is given. It is shown that the localized Hartree-Fock-common energy denominator Green's function approximation (LHF-CEDA) for the density-functional exchange potential proposed independently by Della Sala and Goerling [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5718 (2001)] and Gritsenko and Baerends [Phys. Rev. A 64, 42506 (2001)] can be derived as an approximation to the OEP exchange potential in a similar way that the KLI approximation [Phys. Rev. A 45, 5453 (1992)] was derived. An exact expression for the correction term to the LHF-CEDA approximation can thus be found. The correction term canmore » be expressed in terms of the first-order perturbation-theory many-electron wave function shift when the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian is subjected to a perturbation equal to the difference between the density-functional exchange potential and the Hartree-Fock nonlocal potential, expressed in terms of the Kohn-Sham orbitals. An explicit calculation shows that the density weighted mean of the correction term is zero, confirming that the LHF-CEDA approximation can be interpreted as a mean-field approximation. The corrected LHF-CEDA equation and the optimized effective potential equation are shown to be identical, with information distributed differently between terms in the equations. For a finite system the correction term falls off at least as fast as 1/r{sup 4} for large r.« less

  1. Alternative derivation of an exchange-only density-functional optimized effective potential

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Joubert, D. P.

    2007-10-01

    An alternative derivation of the exchange-only density-functional optimized effective potential equation is given. It is shown that the localized Hartree-Fock common energy denominator Green’s function approximation (LHF-CEDA) for the density-functional exchange potential proposed independently by Della Sala and Görling [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 5718 (2001)] and Gritsenko and Baerends [Phys. Rev. A 64, 42506 (2001)] can be derived as an approximation to the OEP exchange potential in a similar way that the KLI approximation [Phys. Rev. A 45, 5453 (1992)] was derived. An exact expression for the correction term to the LHF-CEDA approximation can thus be found. The correction term can be expressed in terms of the first-order perturbation-theory many-electron wave function shift when the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian is subjected to a perturbation equal to the difference between the density-functional exchange potential and the Hartree-Fock nonlocal potential, expressed in terms of the Kohn-Sham orbitals. An explicit calculation shows that the density weighted mean of the correction term is zero, confirming that the LHF-CEDA approximation can be interpreted as a mean-field approximation. The corrected LHF-CEDA equation and the optimized effective potential equation are shown to be identical, with information distributed differently between terms in the equations. For a finite system the correction term falls off at least as fast as 1/r4 for large r .

  2. Kidney Exchange to Overcome Financial Barriers to Kidney Transplantation.

    PubMed

    Rees, M A; Dunn, T B; Kuhr, C S; Marsh, C L; Rogers, J; Rees, S E; Cicero, A; Reece, L J; Roth, A E; Ekwenna, O; Fumo, D E; Krawiec, K D; Kopke, J E; Jain, S; Tan, M; Paloyo, S R

    2017-03-01

    Organ shortage is the major limitation to kidney transplantation in the developed world. Conversely, millions of patients in the developing world with end-stage renal disease die because they cannot afford renal replacement therapy-even when willing living kidney donors exist. This juxtaposition between countries with funds but no available kidneys and those with available kidneys but no funds prompts us to propose an exchange program using each nation's unique assets. Our proposal leverages the cost savings achieved through earlier transplantation over dialysis to fund the cost of kidney exchange between developed-world patient-donor pairs with immunological barriers and developing-world patient-donor pairs with financial barriers. By making developed-world health care available to impoverished patients in the developing world, we replace unethical transplant tourism with global kidney exchange-a modality equally benefitting rich and poor. We report the 1-year experience of an initial Filipino pair, whose recipient was transplanted in the United states with an American donor's kidney at no cost to him. The Filipino donor donated to an American in the United States through a kidney exchange chain. Follow-up care and medications in the Philippines were supported by funds from the United States. We show that the logistical obstacles in this approach, although considerable, are surmountable. © 2016 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

  3. The QTP family of consistent functionals and potentials in Kohn-Sham density functional theory

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jin, Yifan; Bartlett, Rodney J., E-mail: bartlett@qtp.ufl.edu

    This manuscript presents the second, consistent density functional in the QTP (Quantum Theory Project) family, that is, the CAM-QTP(01). It is a new range-separated exchange-correlation functional in which the non-local exchange contribution is 100% at large separation. It follows the same basic principles of this family that the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues of the occupied orbitals approximately equal the vertical ionization energies, which is not fulfilled by most of the traditional density functional methods. This new CAM-QTP(01) functional significantly improves the accuracy of the vertical excitation energies especially for the Rydberg states in the test set. It also reproduces many other propertiesmore » such as geometries, reaction barrier heights, and atomization energies.« less

  4. Nuclear spin polarized H and D by means of spin-exchange optical pumping

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Stenger, Jörn; Grosshauser, Carsten; Kilian, Wolfgang; Nagengast, Wolfgang; Ranzenberger, Bernd; Rith, Klaus; Schmidt, Frank

    1998-01-01

    Optically pumped spin-exchange sources for polarized hydrogen and deuterium atoms have been demonstrated to yield high atomic flow and high electron spin polarization. For maximum nuclear polarization the source has to be operated in spin temperature equilibrium, which has already been demonstrated for hydrogen. In spin temperature equilibrium the nuclear spin polarization PI equals the electron spin polarization PS for hydrogen and is even larger than PS for deuterium. We discuss the general properties of spin temperature equilibrium for a sample of deuterium atoms. One result are the equations PI=4PS/(3+PS2) and Pzz=PSṡPI, where Pzz is the nuclear tensor polarization. Furthermore we demonstrate that the deuterium atoms from our source are in spin temperature equilibrium within the experimental accuracy.

  5. Exploring the limits of ultrafast polymerase chain reaction using liquid for thermal heat exchange: A proof of principle

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Maltezos, George; Johnston, Matthew; Taganov, Konstantin; Srichantaratsamee, Chutatip; Gorman, John; Baltimore, David; Chantratita, Wasun; Scherer, Axel

    2010-12-01

    Thermal ramp rate is a major limiting factor in using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for routine diagnostics. We explored the limits of speed by using liquid for thermal exchange rather than metal as in traditional devices, and by testing different polymerases. In a clinical setting, our system equaled or surpassed state-of-the-art devices for accuracy in amplifying DNA/RNA of avian influenza, cytomegalovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Using Thermococcus kodakaraensis polymerase and optimizing both electrical and chemical systems, we obtained an accurate, 35 cycle amplification of an 85-base pair fragment of E. coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin gene in as little as 94.1 s, a significant improvement over a typical 1 h PCR amplification.

  6. Google matrix of the world network of economic activities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kandiah, Vivek; Escaith, Hubert; Shepelyansky, Dima L.

    2015-07-01

    Using the new data from the OECD-WTO world network of economic activities we construct the Google matrix G of this directed network and perform its detailed analysis. The network contains 58 countries and 37 activity sectors for years 1995 and 2008. The construction of G, based on Markov chain transitions, treats all countries on equal democratic grounds while the contribution of activity sectors is proportional to their exchange monetary volume. The Google matrix analysis allows to obtain reliable ranking of countries and activity sectors and to determine the sensitivity of CheiRank-PageRank commercial balance of countries in respect to price variations and labor cost in various countries. We demonstrate that the developed approach takes into account multiplicity of network links with economy interactions between countries and activity sectors thus being more efficient compared to the usual export-import analysis. The spectrum and eigenstates of G are also analyzed being related to specific activity communities of countries.

  7. Investigation of on-line chelant addition to PWR steam generators. Annual report, 1981

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tvedt, T.J.; Wallace, S.L.; Griffin, F. Jr.

    1982-11-01

    The thermostability of both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroxyethylethylenediamininetriacetic acid (HEDTA) metal chelates in all volatile treatment water chemistry (AVT) was shown to be greater than or equal to thermostability of EDTA metal chelates in phosphate-sulfite water chemistry. HEDTA metal chelates were shown to have a much greater stability than EDTA metal chelates. Using samples taken from the EDTA metal chelate thermostability studies and samples from Commonwealth Research Corporation (CRC) model steam generators (MSG), EDTA decomposition products were determined. Active metal surfaces were shown to become passivated when exposed to EDTA and HEDTA concentrations as high as 0.1% w/w inmore » AVT. Trace amounts of iron in the water were found to increase the rate of passivation. Material balance and visual inspection data from CRC model steam generators showed that metal is being transported through and cleaning from the MSG's. EDTA metal chelates were removed from chelate solutions by passing the solutions over strong anion exchange resins.« less

  8. Adsorptive removal of fermentation inhibitors from concentrated acid hydrolyzates of lignocellulosic biomass.

    PubMed

    Sainio, Tuomo; Turku, Irina; Heinonen, Jari

    2011-05-01

    Adsorptive purification of concentrated acid hydrolyzate of lignocellulose was investigated. Cation exchange resin (CS16GC), neutral polymer adsorbent (XAD-16), and granulated activated carbon (GAC) were studied to remove furfural, HMF, and acetic acid from a synthetic hydrolyzate containing 20 wt.% H(2)SO(4). Adsorption isotherms were determined experimentally. Loading and regeneration were investigated in a laboratory scale column. GAC has the highest adsorption capacity, but regeneration with water was not feasible. XAD-16 and CS16GC had lower adsorption capacities but also shorter cycle times due to easier regeneration. Productivity increased when regenerating with 50 wt.% EtOH(aq) solution. To compare adsorbents, process performance was quantified by productivity and fraction of inhibitors removed. GAC yields highest performance when high purity is required and ethanol can be used in regeneration. For lower purities, XAD-16 and GAC yield approximately equal performance. When using ethanol must be avoided, CS16GC offers highest productivity. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  9. Ground-state phase diagram in the Kugel-Khomskii model with finite spin-orbit interactions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Koga, Akihisa; Nakauchi, Shiryu; Nasu, Joji

    2018-05-01

    We study ground-state properties in the Kugel-Khomskii model on the two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Using the cluster mean-field approximations, we deal with the exchange and spin-orbit couplings on an equal footing. We then discuss the stability of the ferromagnetically ordered states against the nonmagnetic state, which is adiabatically connected to the quantum spin liquid state realized in a strong spin-orbit coupling limit.

  10. Deflection corridors of abdomen and thorax in oblique side impacts using equal stress equal velocity approach: comparison with other normalization methods.

    PubMed

    Yoganandan, Narayan; Arun, Mike W J; Humm, John; Pintar, Frank A

    2014-10-01

    The first objective of the study was to determine the thorax and abdomen deflection time corridors using the equal stress equal velocity approach from oblique side impact sled tests with postmortem human surrogates fitted with chestbands. The second purpose of the study was to generate deflection time corridors using impulse momentum methods and determine which of these methods best suits the data. An anthropometry-specific load wall was used. Individual surrogate responses were normalized to standard midsize male anthropometry. Corridors from the equal stress equal velocity approach were very similar to those from impulse momentum methods, thus either method can be used for this data. Present mean and plus/minus one standard deviation abdomen and thorax deflection time corridors can be used to evaluate dummies and validate complex human body finite element models.

  11. 76 FR 61460 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-04

    ...] amend Exchange Article 20, Rule 2 to revise the current methodology for determining when to halt trading... Exchange Article 20, Rule 2 to revise the current methodology for determining when to halt trading in all... Article 20, Rule 2(e). \\4\\ CHX Article 20, Rule 10. \\5\\ CHX Article 16, Rule 8a(2). \\6\\ See Securities...

  12. Ion-beam and dual-ion-beam sputter deposition of tantalum oxide films

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cevro, Mirza; Carter, George

    1995-02-01

    Ion-beam sputter deposition (IBS) and dual-ion-beam sputter deposition (DIBS) of tantalum oxide films was investigated at room temperature and compared with similar films prepared by e-gun deposition. The optical properties, i.e., refractive index and extinction coefficient, of IBS films were determined in the 250- to 1100-nm range by transmission spectrophotometry and at (lambda) equals 632.8 nm by ellipsometry. They were found to be mainly sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen used as a reactive gas in the deposition process. The maximum value of the refractive index of IBS deposited tantalum oxide films was n equals 2.15 at (lambda) equals 550 nm and the extinction coefficient of order k equals 2 X 10-4. Films deposited by e-gun deposition had refractive index n 2.06 at (lambda) equals 550 nm. Films deposited using DIBS, i.e., deposition assisted by low energy Ar and O2 ions (Ea equals 0 to 300 eV) and low current density (Ji equals 0 to 40 (mu) A/cm2), showed no improvement in the optical properties of the films. Preferential sputtering occurred at Ea(Ar) equals 300 eV and Ji equals 20 (mu) A/cm2 and slightly oxygen deficient films were formed. Different bonding states in the tantalum-oxide films were determined by x-ray spectroscopy, whereas composition of the film and contaminants were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Tantalum oxide films formed by IBS contained relatively high Ar content (approximately equals 2.5%) originating from the reflected argon neutrals from the sputtering target whereas assisted deposition slightly increased the Ar content. Stress in the IBS-deposited films was measured by the bending technique. IBS-deposited films showed compressive stress with a typical value of s equals 3.2 X 109 dyn/cm2. Films deposited by concurrent ion bombardment showed an increase in the stress as a function of applied current density. The maximum was s approximately equals 5.6 X 109 dyn/cm2 for Ea equals 300 eV and Ji equals 35 (mu) A/cm2. All deposited films were amorphous as measured by the x-ray diffraction (XRD) method.

  13. Improving community health through marketing exchanges: A participatory action research study on water, sanitation, and hygiene in three Melanesian countries.

    PubMed

    Barrington, D J; Sridharan, S; Saunders, S G; Souter, R T; Bartram, J; Shields, K F; Meo, S; Kearton, A; Hughes, R K

    2016-12-01

    Diseases related to poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) are major causes of mortality and morbidity. While pursuing marketing approaches to WaSH to improve health outcomes is often narrowly associated with monetary exchange, marketing theory recognises four broad marketing exchange archetypes: market-based, non-market-based, command-based and culturally determined. This diversity reflects the need for parameters broader than monetary exchange when improving WaSH. This study applied a participatory action research process to investigate how impoverished communities in Melanesian urban and peri-urban informal settlements attempt to meet their WaSH needs through marketing exchange. Exchanges of all four archetypes were present, often in combination. Motivations for participating in the marketing exchanges were based on social relationships alongside WaSH needs, health aspirations and financial circumstances. By leveraging these motivations and pre-existing, self-determined marketing exchanges, WaSH practitioners may be able to foster WaSH marketing exchanges consistent with local context and capabilities, in turn improving community physical, mental and social health. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  14. 75 FR 66829 - Determination of Foreign Exchange Swaps and Forwards

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-29

    ... Commodity Exchange Act (``CEA''), as amended by Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer... the application of the factors that the Secretary must consider in making a determination regarding... Treasury must consider the following factors: \\7\\ Notwithstanding any such determination by the Secretary...

  15. 43 CFR 3435.1 - Coal lease exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Coal lease exchanges. 3435.1 Section 3435..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) NONCOMPETITIVE LEASES Lease Exchange § 3435.1 Coal lease exchanges. Where the Secretary determines that coal exploration, development and mining operations...

  16. 43 CFR 3435.1 - Coal lease exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Coal lease exchanges. 3435.1 Section 3435..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) NONCOMPETITIVE LEASES Lease Exchange § 3435.1 Coal lease exchanges. Where the Secretary determines that coal exploration, development and mining operations...

  17. 43 CFR 3435.1 - Coal lease exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Coal lease exchanges. 3435.1 Section 3435..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) NONCOMPETITIVE LEASES Lease Exchange § 3435.1 Coal lease exchanges. Where the Secretary determines that coal exploration, development and mining operations...

  18. 43 CFR 3435.1 - Coal lease exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Coal lease exchanges. 3435.1 Section 3435..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINERALS MANAGEMENT (3000) NONCOMPETITIVE LEASES Lease Exchange § 3435.1 Coal lease exchanges. Where the Secretary determines that coal exploration, development and mining operations...

  19. 48 CFR 811.104-72 - Limited application of brand name or equal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... brand name or equal. 811.104-72 Section 811.104-72 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF... Requirements Documents 811.104-72 Limited application of brand name or equal. If the contracting officer determines that the clause at 852.211-73, Brand name or equal, applies to only certain line items of a...

  20. Ion Exchange Studies for Removal of Sulfate from Hanford Tank Waste Envelope C (241-AN-107) Using SuperLig 655 Resin

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    DE Kurath; JR Bontha; DL Blanchard

    BNFL Inc. is evaluating various pretreatment technologies to mitigate the impacts of sulfate on the LAW vitrification system. One pretreatment technology for separating sulfate from LAW solutions involves the use of SuperLig{reg_sign} 655 (SL-655), a proprietary ion exchange material developed and supplied by IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc., American Fork, UT. This report describes testing of SL-655 with diluted ([Na] {approximately} 5 M) waste from Hanford Tank 241-AN-107 at Battelle, Pacific Northwest Division. Batch contact studies were conducted from 4 to 96 hours to determine the sulfate distribution coefficient and reaction kinetics. A small-scale ion exchange column test was conducted tomore » evaluate sulfate removal, loading, breakthrough, and elution from the SL-655. In all of these tests, an archived 241-AN-107 tank waste sample (pretreated to remove Cs, Sr, and transuranics elements) was used. The experimental details and results are described in this report. Under the test conditions, SL-655 was found to have no significant ion exchange affinity for sulfate in this matrix. The batch contact study resulted in no measurable difference in the aqueous sulfate concentration following resin contact (K{sub d} {approximately} 0). The column test also demonstrated SL-655 had no practical affinity for sulfate in the tested matrix. Within experimental error, the sulfate concentration in the column effluent was equal to the concentration in the feed after passing 3 bed volumes of sample through the columns. Furthermore, some, if not all, of the decreased sulfate concentration in these first three column volumes of effluent can be ascribed to mixing and dilution of the 241-AN-107 feed with the interstitial liquid present in the column at the start of the loading cycle. Finally, ICP-AES measurements on the eluate solutions showed the presence of barium as soon as contact with the feed solution is completed. Barium is a metal not detected in the feed solution. Should the loss of barium be correlated with the resin's ability to selectively complex sulfate, then maintaining even the current limited resin characteristics for sulfate complexation over multiple cycles becomes questionable.« less

  1. Rate of disappearance of labeled carbon dioxide from the lungs of humans during breath holding: a method for studying the dynamics of pulmonary CO2 exchange

    PubMed Central

    Hyde, Richard W.; Puy, Ricardo J. M.; Raub, William F.; Forster, Robert E.

    1968-01-01

    The dynamics of CO2 exchange in the lungs of man was studied by observing the rate of disappearance of a stable isotope of CO2 (13CO2) from the alveolar gas during breath holding. Over 50% of the inspired isotope disappeared within the first 3 sec followed by a moderately rapid logarithmic decline in which one-half of the remaining 13CO2 disappeared every 10 sec. The large initial disappearance of 13CO2 indicated that alveolar 13CO2 equilibrated in less than 3 sec with the CO2 stored in the pulmonary tissues and capillary blood. The volume of CO2 in the pulmonary tissues calculated from this initial disappearance was 200 ml or 0.33 ml of CO2 per milliliter of pulmonary tissue volume. The alveolar to end-capillary gradient for 13CO2 was calculated by comparing the simultaneous disappearance rates of 13CO2 and acetylene. At rest and during exercise this gradient for 13CO2 was either very small or not discernible, and diffusing capacity for CO2 (DLCO2) exceeded 200 ml/(min × mm Hg). After the administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor the rate of disappearance of 13CO2 decreased markedly. DLCO2 fell to 42 ml/(min × mm Hg) and at least 70% of the exchange of 13CO2 with the CO2 stores in the pulmonary tissues and blood was blocked by the inhibitor. These changes were attributed to impairment of exchange of 13CO2 with the bicarbonate in the pulmonary tissues and blood. The pH of the pulmonary tissues (Vtis) was determined by a method based on the premise that the CO2 space in the pulmonary tissues blocked by the inhibitor represented total bicarbonate content. At an alveolar PCO2 of 40 mm Hg pH of Vtis equalled 6.97 ± 0.09. PMID:5658586

  2. Quantitative relationship between the octanol/water partition coefficient and the diffusion limitation of the exchange between adipose and blood

    PubMed Central

    2010-01-01

    Background The goal of physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) is to predict drug kinetics from an understanding of the organ/blood exchange. The standard approach is to assume that the organ is "flow limited" which means that the venous blood leaving the organ equilibrates with the well-stirred tissue compartment. Although this assumption is valid for most solutes, it has been shown to be incorrect for several very highly fat soluble compounds which appear to be "diffusion limited". This paper describes the physical basis of this adipose diffusion limitation and its quantitative dependence on the blood/water (Kbld-wat) and octanol/water (Kow) partition coefficient. Methods Experimental measurements of the time dependent rat blood and adipose concentration following either intravenous or oral input were used to estimate the "apparent" adipose perfusion rate (FA) assuming that the tissue is flow limited. It is shown that the ratio of FA to the anatomic perfusion rate (F) provides a measure of the diffusion limitation. A quantitative relationship between this diffusion limitation and Kbld-wat and Kow is derived. This analysis was applied to previously published data, including the Oberg et. al. measurements of the rat plasma and adipose tissue concentration following an oral dose of a mixture of 13 different polychlorinated biphenyls. Results Solutes become diffusion limited at values of log Kow greater than about 5.6, with the adipose-blood exchange rate reduced by a factor of about 30 for a solute with a log Kow of 7.36. Quantitatively, a plot of FA/F versus Kow is well described assuming an adipose permeability-surface area product (PS) of 750/min. This PS corresponds to a 0.14 micron aqueous layer separating the well-stirred blood from the adipose lipid. This is approximately equal to the thickness of the rat adipose capillary endothelium. Conclusions These results can be used to quantitate the adipose-blood diffusion limitation as a function of Kow. This is especially important for the highly fat soluble persistent organic chemicals (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins) whose pharmacokinetics are primarily determined by the adipose-blood exchange kinetics. PMID:20055995

  3. Quantitative relationship between the octanol/water partition coefficient and the diffusion limitation of the exchange between adipose and blood.

    PubMed

    Levitt, David G

    2010-01-07

    The goal of physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) is to predict drug kinetics from an understanding of the organ/blood exchange. The standard approach is to assume that the organ is "flow limited" which means that the venous blood leaving the organ equilibrates with the well-stirred tissue compartment. Although this assumption is valid for most solutes, it has been shown to be incorrect for several very highly fat soluble compounds which appear to be "diffusion limited". This paper describes the physical basis of this adipose diffusion limitation and its quantitative dependence on the blood/water (Kbld-wat) and octanol/water (Kow) partition coefficient. Experimental measurements of the time dependent rat blood and adipose concentration following either intravenous or oral input were used to estimate the "apparent" adipose perfusion rate (FA) assuming that the tissue is flow limited. It is shown that the ratio of FA to the anatomic perfusion rate (F) provides a measure of the diffusion limitation. A quantitative relationship between this diffusion limitation and Kbld-wat and Kow is derived. This analysis was applied to previously published data, including the Oberg et. al. measurements of the rat plasma and adipose tissue concentration following an oral dose of a mixture of 13 different polychlorinated biphenyls. Solutes become diffusion limited at values of log Kow greater than about 5.6, with the adipose-blood exchange rate reduced by a factor of about 30 for a solute with a log Kow of 7.36. Quantitatively, a plot of FA/F versus Kow is well described assuming an adipose permeability-surface area product (PS) of 750/min. This PS corresponds to a 0.14 micron aqueous layer separating the well-stirred blood from the adipose lipid. This is approximately equal to the thickness of the rat adipose capillary endothelium. These results can be used to quantitate the adipose-blood diffusion limitation as a function of Kow. This is especially important for the highly fat soluble persistent organic chemicals (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins) whose pharmacokinetics are primarily determined by the adipose-blood exchange kinetics.

  4. Heat transfer analysis of underground U-type heat exchanger of ground source heat pump system.

    PubMed

    Pei, Guihong; Zhang, Liyin

    2016-01-01

    Ground source heat pumps is a building energy conservation technique. The underground buried pipe heat exchanging system of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) is the basis for the normal operation of an entire heat pump system. Computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation software, ANSYS-FLUENT17.0 have been performed the calculations under the working conditions of a continuous and intermittent operation over 7 days on a GSHP with a single-well, single-U and double-U heat exchanger and the impact of single-U and double-U buried heat pipes on the surrounding rock-soil temperature field and the impact of intermittent operation and continuous operation on the outlet water temperature. The influence on the rock-soil temperature is approximately 13 % higher for the double-U heat exchanger than that of the single-U heat exchanger. The extracted energy of the intermittent operation is 36.44 kw·h higher than that of the continuous mode, although the running time is lower than that of continuous mode, over the course of 7 days. The thermal interference loss and quantity of heat exchanged for unit well depths at steady-state condition of 2.5 De, 3 De, 4 De, 4.5 De, 5 De, 5.5 De and 6 De of sidetube spacing are detailed in this work. The simulation results of seven working conditions are compared. It is recommended that the side-tube spacing of double-U underground pipes shall be greater than or equal to five times of outer diameter (borehole diameter: 180 mm).

  5. Asymmetry of plasma membrane lipid order in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells.

    PubMed

    Le Grimellec, C; Friedlander, G; Giocondi, M C

    1988-07-01

    Fluorescence anisotropy experiments have been done to estimate, in situ, the lipid order of the plasma membrane of polarized Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells (MDCK) grown on glass cover slips and labeled by 1-[4-(trimethylamino)phenyl]-6-phenylhexa-1,3,5-triene (TMA-DPH), a specific marker of the plasma membrane of living cells. Fluorescence microscopy, back-exchange, and quenching experiments indicated that TMA-DPH labeled the highly ordered (r greater than or equal to 0.32, 37 degrees C) apical domain of the plasma membrane of confluent monolayers. Opening of tight junctions or addition of the probe to cell suspensions resulted in a homogeneous distribution of TMA-DPH over the cell surface and in a marked decrease in anisotropy (0.27 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.29) that was due neither to a direct effect of Ca2+ on the probe nor to a change in fluorescence lifetime. Our data indicate that the apical domain, likely the external leaflet, of the plasma membrane of polarized MDCK cells is much more ordered than its basolateral counterpart.

  6. Determination of initial conditions for heat exchanger placed in furnace by burning pellets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Durčanský, Peter; Jandačka, Jozef; Kapjor, Andrej

    2014-08-01

    Objective of the experimental facility and subsequent measurements is generally determine whether the expected physical properties of the verification, identification of the real behavior of the proposed system, or part thereof. For the design of heat exchanger for combined energy machine is required to identify and verify a large number of parameters. One of these are the boundary conditions of heat exchanger and pellets burner.

  7. 17 CFR 230.145 - Reclassification of securities, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions of assets.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Reclassification of securities... Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 General... security in exchange for their existing security. Rule 145 embodies the Commission's determination that...

  8. 17 CFR 230.145 - Reclassification of securities, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions of assets.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Reclassification of securities... Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 General... security in exchange for their existing security. Rule 145 embodies the Commission's determination that...

  9. 17 CFR 230.145 - Reclassification of securities, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions of assets.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Reclassification of securities... Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 General... security in exchange for their existing security. Rule 145 embodies the Commission's determination that...

  10. 17 CFR 230.145 - Reclassification of securities, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions of assets.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Reclassification of securities... Exchanges SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS, SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 General... security in exchange for their existing security. Rule 145 embodies the Commission's determination that...

  11. User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Parkhurst, D.L.

    1995-01-01

    PHREEQC is a computer program written in the C pwgranuning language that is designed to perform a wide variety of aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations, (2) reaction-path and advective-transport calculations involving specified irreversible reactions, mixing of solutions, mineral and gas equilibria surface-complex-ation reactions, and ion-exchange reactions, and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for composition differences between waters, within specified compositional uncertainties. PHREEQC is derived from the Fortran program PHREEQE, but it has been completely rewritten in C with the addition many new capabilities. New features include the capabilities to use redox couples to distribute redox elements among their valence states in speciation calculations; to model ion-exchange and surface-compiexation reactions; to model reactions with a fixed-pressure, multicomponent gas phase (that is, a gas bubble); to calculate the mass of water in the aqueous phase during reaction and transport calculations; to keep track of the moles of minerals present in the solid phases and determine antomaticaHy the thermodynamically stable phase assemblage; to simulate advective transport in combination with PHREEQC's reaction-modeling capability; and to make inverse modeling calculations that allow for uncertainties in the analytical data. The user interface is improved through the use of a simplified approach to redox reactions, which includes explicit mole-balance equations for hydrogen and oxygen; the use of a revised input that is modular and completely free format; and the use of mineral names and standard chemical symbolism rather than index numbers. The use of (2 eliminates nearly all limitations on army sizes, including numbers of elements, aqueous species, solutions, phases, and lengths of character strings. A new equation solver that optimizes a set of equalities subject to both equality and inequality constraints is used to determine the thermodynamically stable set of phases in equilibrium with a solution. A more complete Newton-Raphson formulation, master-species switching, and scaling of the algebraic equations reduce the number of failures of the nunmrical method in PHREEQC relative to PHREEQE. This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium and inverse-modeling calculations in PHREEQC, describes the input for the program, and presents twelve examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.

  12. 29 CFR 4206.3 - Credit against liability for a subsequent withdrawal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... withdrawal liability in an amount greater than or equal to zero, determined in accordance with this part. If the credit determined under §§ 4206.4 through 4206.9 is less than zero, the amount of the credit shall equal zero. ...

  13. 29 CFR 4206.3 - Credit against liability for a subsequent withdrawal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... withdrawal liability in an amount greater than or equal to zero, determined in accordance with this part. If the credit determined under §§ 4206.4 through 4206.9 is less than zero, the amount of the credit shall equal zero. ...

  14. 29 CFR 4206.3 - Credit against liability for a subsequent withdrawal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... withdrawal liability in an amount greater than or equal to zero, determined in accordance with this part. If the credit determined under §§ 4206.4 through 4206.9 is less than zero, the amount of the credit shall equal zero. ...

  15. 29 CFR 4206.3 - Credit against liability for a subsequent withdrawal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... withdrawal liability in an amount greater than or equal to zero, determined in accordance with this part. If the credit determined under §§ 4206.4 through 4206.9 is less than zero, the amount of the credit shall equal zero. ...

  16. 29 CFR 4206.3 - Credit against liability for a subsequent withdrawal.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... withdrawal liability in an amount greater than or equal to zero, determined in accordance with this part. If the credit determined under §§ 4206.4 through 4206.9 is less than zero, the amount of the credit shall equal zero. ...

  17. Theoretical investigation of isotope exchange reaction in tritium-contaminated mineral oil in vacuum pump.

    PubMed

    Dong, Liang; Xie, Yun; Du, Liang; Li, Weiyi; Tan, Zhaoyi

    2015-04-28

    The mechanism of the isotope exchange reaction between molecular tritium and several typical organic molecules in vacuum pump mineral oil has been investigated by density functional theory (DFT), and the reaction rates are determined by conventional transition state theory (TST). The tritium-hydrogen isotope exchange reaction can proceed with two different mechanisms, the direct T-H exchange mechanism and the hyrogenation-dehydrogenation exchange mechanism. In the direct exchange mechanism, the titrated product is obtained through one-step via a four-membered ring hydrogen migration transition state. In the hyrogenation-dehydrogenation exchange mechanism, the T-H exchange could be accomplished by the hydrogenation of the unsaturated bond with tritium followed by the dehydrogenation of HT. Isotope exchange between hydrogen and tritium is selective, and oil containing molecules with OH and COOH groups can more easily exchange hydrogen for tritium. For aldehydes and ketones, the ability of T-H isotope exchange can be determined by the hydrogenation of T2 or the dehydrogenation of HT. The molecules containing one type of hydrogen provide a single product, while the molecules containing different types of hydrogens provide competitive products. The rate constants are presented to quantitatively estimate the selectivity of the products. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  18. Ground-state properties of trapped Bose-Fermi mixtures: Role of exchange correlation

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Albus, Alexander P.; Wilkens, Martin; Illuminati, Fabrizio

    2003-06-01

    We introduce density-functional theory for inhomogeneous Bose-Fermi mixtures, derive the associated Kohn-Sham equations, and determine the exchange-correlation energy in local-density approximation. We solve numerically the Kohn-Sham system, and determine the boson and fermion density distributions and the ground-state energy of a trapped, dilute mixture beyond mean-field approximation. The importance of the corrections due to exchange correlation is discussed by a comparison with current experiments; in particular, we investigate the effect of the repulsive potential-energy contribution due to exchange correlation on the stability of the mixture against collapse.

  19. The effect of wind and currents on gas exchange in an estuarine system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Broecker, W. S.; Ledwell, J. R.; Bopp, R.

    1987-01-01

    The objectives were to develop a non-volatile tracer to use in gas exchange experiments in laterally unconfined systems and to study applications of deliberate tracers in limnology and oceanography. Progress was made on both fronts but work on the development of the non-volatile tracer proved to be more difficult and labor intensive that anticipated so no field experiments using non-volatile tracers was performed as yet. In the search for a suitable non-volatile tracer for an ocean scale gas exchange experiment a tracer was discovered which does not have the required sensitivity for a large scale experiment, but is very easy to analyze and will be well suited for smaller experiments such as gas exchange determinations on rivers and streams. Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, was used successfully as a volatile tracer along with tritium as a non-volatile tracer to study gas exchange rates from a primary stream. This is the first gas exchange experiment in which gas exchange rates were determined on a head water stream where significant groundwater input occurs along the reach. In conjunction with SF6, Radon-222 measurements were performed on the groundwater and in the stream. The feasibility of using a combination of SF6 and radon is being studied to determine groundwater inputs and gas exchange of rates in streams with significant groundwater input without using a non-volatile tracer.

  20. Capability and Educational Equality: The Just Distribution of Resources to Students with Disabilities and Special Educational Needs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Terzi, Lorella

    2007-01-01

    The ideal of educational equality is fundamentally grounded in the egalitarian principle that social and institutional arrangements should be designed to give equal consideration to "all". However, beyond this broad stipulation, the precise content of the ideal of educational equality is more difficult to determine. In this article, I aim to…

  1. Acetaminophen in serum and plasma estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography: a micro-scale method.

    PubMed

    Blair, D; Rumack, B H

    1977-01-01

    We describe a capillary-sampling method for serum or plasma acetaminophen by cation-exchange chromatography. As little as 1.5 mul of plasma or serum and an equal volume of the internal standard (N-butyryl-p-aminophenol) were run, with a precision of +/- 5% between duplicates. Acetaminophen and the internal standard chromatographed in 32 and 50 min, respectively, distinct from intrinsic plasma peaks and peaks caused by other medications.

  2. Fuel cell gas management system

    DOEpatents

    DuBose, Ronald Arthur

    2000-01-11

    A fuel cell gas management system including a cathode humidification system for transferring latent and sensible heat from an exhaust stream to the cathode inlet stream of the fuel cell; an anode humidity retention system for maintaining the total enthalpy of the anode stream exiting the fuel cell equal to the total enthalpy of the anode inlet stream; and a cooling water management system having segregated deionized water and cooling water loops interconnected by means of a brazed plate heat exchanger.

  3. [CO2-exchange in tundra ecosystems of Vaygach Island during the unusually warm and dry vegetation season].

    PubMed

    Zamolodchikov, D G

    2015-01-01

    In summer of 2013, field studies of CO2-exchange in tundra ecosystems of Vaygach Island have been conducted using the chamber method. The models are developed that establish relationships between CO2 fluxes and key ecological factors such as temperature, photosynthetic active radiation, leaf mass of vascular plants, and depth of thawing. According to the model estimates, in 2013 vegetation season tundra ecosystems of Vaygach Island have been appearing to be a CO2 source to the atmosphere (31.9 ± 17.1 g C m(-2) season(-1)) with gross primary production equal to 136.6 ± 18.9 g C m(-2) season(-1) and ecosystem respiration of 168.5 ± ± 18.4 g C m(-2) season(-1). Emission of CO2 from the soil surface (soil respiration) has been equal, on the average, to 67.3% of the ecosystem respiration. The reason behind carbon losses by tundra ecosystems seems to be unusually warm and dry weather conditions in 2013 summer. The air temperature during summer months has been twice as high as the climatic norm for 1961-1990. Last decades, researches in the circumpolar Arctic revealed a growing trend to the carbon sink from the atmosphere to tundra ecosystems. This trend can be interrupted by unusually warm weather situations becoming more frequent and of larger scale.

  4. Equilibrium lithium-ion transport between nanocrystalline lithium-inserted anatase TiO2 and the electrolyte.

    PubMed

    Ganapathy, Swapna; van Eck, Ernst R H; Kentgens, Arno P M; Mulder, Fokko M; Wagemaker, Marnix

    2011-12-23

    The power density of lithium-ion batteries requires the fast transfer of ions between the electrode and electrolyte. The achievable power density is directly related to the spontaneous equilibrium exchange of charged lithium ions across the electrolyte/electrode interface. Direct and unique characterization of this charge-transfer process is very difficult if not impossible, and consequently little is known about the solid/liquid ion transfer in lithium-ion-battery materials. Herein we report the direct observation by solid-state NMR spectroscopy of continuous lithium-ion exchange between the promising nanosized anatase TiO(2) electrode material and the electrolyte. Our results reveal that the energy barrier to charge transfer across the electrode/electrolyte interface is equal to or greater than the barrier to lithium-ion diffusion through the solid anatase matrix. The composition of the electrolyte and in turn the solid/electrolyte interface (SEI) has a significant effect on the electrolyte/electrode lithium-ion exchange; this suggests potential improvements in the power of batteries by optimizing the electrolyte composition. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

  5. Dry deposition and soil-air gas exchange of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an industrial area.

    PubMed

    Bozlaker, Ayse; Odabasi, Mustafa; Muezzinoglu, Aysen

    2008-12-01

    Ambient air and dry deposition, and soil samples were collected at the Aliaga industrial site in Izmir, Turkey. Atmospheric total (particle+gas) Sigma(41)-PCB concentrations were higher in summer (3370+/-1617 pg m(-3), average+SD) than in winter (1164+/-618 pg m(-3)), probably due to increased volatilization with temperature. Average particulate Sigma(41)-PCBs dry deposition fluxes were 349+/-183 and 469+/-328 ng m(-2) day(-1) in summer and winter, respectively. Overall average particulate deposition velocity was 5.5+/-3.5 cm s(-1). The spatial distribution of Sigma(41)-PCB soil concentrations (n=48) showed that the iron-steel plants, ship dismantling facilities, refinery and petrochemicals complex are the major sources in the area. Calculated air-soil exchange fluxes indicated that the contaminated soil is a secondary source to the atmosphere for lighter PCBs and as a sink for heavier ones. Comparable magnitude of gas exchange and dry particle deposition fluxes indicated that both mechanisms are equally important for PCB movement between air and soil in Aliaga.

  6. Inclusion of human mineralized exometabolites and fish wastes as a source of higher plant mineral nutrition in BTLSS mass exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tikhomirova, Natalia; Tikhomirov, Alexander A.; Ushakova, Sofya; Anischenko, Olesya; Trifonov, Sergey V.

    Human exometabolites inclusion into an intrasystem mass exchange will allow increasing of a closure level of a biological-technical life support system (BTLSS). Previously at the IBP SB RAS it was shown that human mineralized exometabolites could be incorporated in the BTLSS mass exchange as a mineral nutrition source for higher plants. However, it is not known how that combined use of human mineralized exometabolites and fish wastes in the capacity of nutrient medium, being a part of the BTLSS consumer wastes, will affect the plant productivity. Several wheat vegetations were grown in an uneven-aged conveyor on a neutral substrate. A mixture of human mineralized exometabolites and fish wastes was used as a nutrient solution in the experiment treatment and human mineralized exometabolites were used in the control. Consequently, a high wheat yield in the experiment treatment practically equal to the control yield was obtained. Thus, mineralized fish wastes can be an additional source of macro-and micronutrients for plants, and use of such wastes for the plant mineral nutrition allows increasing of BTLSS closure level.

  7. Damped Mechanical Oscillator: Experiment and Detailed Energy Analysis

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Corridoni, Tommaso; D'Anna, Michele; Fuchs, Hans

    2014-02-01

    The damped oscillator is discussed in every high school textbook or introductory physics course, and a large number of papers are devoted to it in physics didactics journals. Papers typically focus on kinematic and dynamic aspects and less often on energy. Among the latter, some are devoted to the peculiar decreasing behavior of energy characterized by ripples, which can easily be demonstrated by using a dynamic modeling approach.8 In this note we consider an oscillator consisting of a cart running on a horizontal track, two springs, and a damping device created with magnets and a metal plate attached to the cart (Fig. 1). Using sensors and data-acquisition software,9 we measure kinematic quantities and three forces: those of the springs on the cart and, separately, the force between magnets and the plate. A detailed analysis of the energy exchanges between the cart and the interacting parts is obtained. In particular, we show that only the energy exchanges with the magnets are affected by dissipative processes while over a suitable time interval the net energy exchanged between cart and springs equals zero.

  8. Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2 and O3 in the Central Amazon Forest

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fan, Song-Miao; Wofsy, Steven C.; Bakwin, Peter S.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Fitzjarrald, David R.

    1990-01-01

    An eddy correlation measurement of O3 deposition and CO2 exchange at a level 10 m above the canopy of the Amazon forest, conducted as part of the NASA/INPE ABLE2b mission during the wet season of 1987, is presented. It was found that the ecosystem exchange of CO2 undergoes a well-defined diurnal variation driven by the input of solar radiation. A curvilinear relationship was found between solar irradiance and uptake of CO2, with net CO2 uptake at a given solar irradiance equal to rates observed over forests in other climate zones. The carbon balance of the system appeared sensitive to cloud cover on the time scale of the experiment, suggesting that global carbon storage might be affected by changes in insolation associated with tropical climate fluctuations. The forest was found to be an efficient sink for O3 during the day, and evidence indicates that the Amazon forests could be a significant sink for global ozone during the nine-month wet period and that deforestation could dramatically alter O3 budgets.

  9. Implementation of a software for REmote COMparison of PARticlE and photon treatment plans: ReCompare.

    PubMed

    Löck, Steffen; Roth, Klaus; Skripcak, Tomas; Worbs, Mario; Helmbrecht, Stephan; Jakobi, Annika; Just, Uwe; Krause, Mechthild; Baumann, Michael; Enghardt, Wolfgang; Lühr, Armin

    2015-09-01

    To guarantee equal access to optimal radiotherapy, a concept of patient assignment to photon or particle radiotherapy using remote treatment plan exchange and comparison - ReCompare - was proposed. We demonstrate the implementation of this concept and present its clinical applicability. The ReCompare concept was implemented using a client-server based software solution. A clinical workflow for the remote treatment plan exchange and comparison was defined. The steps required by the user and performed by the software for a complete plan transfer were described and an additional module for dose-response modeling was added. The ReCompare software was successfully tested in cooperation with three external partner clinics and worked meeting all required specifications. It was compatible with several standard treatment planning systems, ensured patient data protection, and integrated in the clinical workflow. The ReCompare software can be applied to support non-particle radiotherapy institutions with the patient-specific treatment decision on the optimal irradiation modality by remote treatment plan exchange and comparison. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier GmbH.

  10. Summarized Costs, Placement Of Quality Stars, And Other Online Displays Can Help Consumers Select High-Value Health Plans.

    PubMed

    Greene, Jessica; Hibbard, Judith H; Sacks, Rebecca M

    2016-04-01

    Starting in 2017, all state and federal health insurance exchanges will present quality data on health plans in addition to cost information. We analyzed variations in the current design of information on state exchanges to identify presentation approaches that encourage consumers to take quality as well as cost into account when selecting a health plan. Using an online sample of 1,025 adults, we randomly assigned participants to view the same comparative information on health plans, displayed in different ways. We found that consumers were much more likely to select a high-value plan when cost information was summarized instead of detailed, when quality stars were displayed adjacent to cost information, when consumers understood that quality stars signified the quality of medical care, and when high-value plans were highlighted with a check mark or blue ribbon. These approaches, which were equally effective for participants with higher and lower numeracy, can inform the development of future displays of plan information in the exchanges. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

  11. Tether System for Exchanging Payloads Between the International Space Station and the Lunar Surface

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hoyt, Robert P.

    1998-01-01

    Systems composed of several rotating and/or hanging tethers may provide a means of exchanging supplies between low Earth orbit facilities and lunar bases without requiring the use of propellant. This work develops methods for designing a tether system capable of repeatedly exchanging payloads between a LEO facility such as the International Space Station or a Space Business Park and a base on the lunar surface. In this system, a hanging tether extended upwards from the LEO facility, places a payload into a slightly elliptical orbit, where it is caught by a rotating tether in a higher elliptical orbit. This rotating tether then tosses the payload to the moon. At the moon, a long rotating "Lunavator" tether catches the payload and deposits it on the surface of the moon. By transporting an equal mass of lunar materials such as oxygen back down to the LEO facility through the tether transport system, the momentum and energy of the system is conserved, allowing frequent traffic between LEO and the lunar surface with minimal propellant requirements.

  12. Increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of retired nickel workers.

    PubMed

    Waksvik, H; Boysen, M; Høgetveit, A C

    1984-11-01

    Chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges were analysed in the peripheral lymphocytes of nine retired nickel refinery workers 4-15 years after the retirement and compared with 11 matched non-nickel exposed controls. None of the controls had previous occupations with known relation to induction of chromosomal aberrations nor sister chromatid exchanges. The groups were equal as to socioeconomic status and environmental factors other than the occupational ones, which could influence the chromosome parameters, were to the largest possible extent excluded. The nickel workers' previous occupational employment involved exposure to inhalation of furnace dust of Ni3S2 and NiO or aerosols of NiCl2 and NiSO4. The concentration of nickel in the working atmospheres has been higher than 1.0 mg/m3 air and the exposure time more than 25 years. The retired nickel workers showed an increased incidence of breaks (p less than 0.001) and gaps (p less than 0.05) but no difference in the incidence of sister chromatid exchanges when compared with the controls.

  13. Metrology and the State: Science, Revenue, and Commerce

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ashworth, William J.

    2004-11-01

    ``Natural measures of quantity, such as fathoms, cubits, inches, taken from the proportion of the human body, were once in use with every nation,'' taught Adam Smith in his lecture ``Money as the measure of value and medium of exchange,'' delivered in 1763. ``But by a little observation,'' he continued, ``they found that one man's arm was longer or shorter than another's, and that one was not to be compared with the other; and therefore wise men who attended to these things would endeavour to fix upon some more accurate measure, that equal quantities might be of equal values. Their method became absolutely necessary when people came to deal in many commodities, and in great quantities of them (1).'' Smith's comments and the rationale underpinning them became increasingly urgent toward the end of the eighteenth century.

  14. Measurement of the longitudinal, transverse, and longitudinal-transverse structure functions in the {sup 2}H({ital e},{ital e}{prime}{ital p}){ital n} reaction

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jordan, D.; McIlvain, T.; Alarcon, R.

    1996-03-01

    We have separated the longitudinal ({ital f}{sub 00}), transverse ({ital f}{sub 11}), and longitudinal-transverse interference ({ital f}{sub 01}) structure functions in the {sup 2}H({ital e},{ital e}{prime}{ital p}){ital n} reaction at {ital q}{searrow}{parallel}{approx_equal} 400 MeV/{ital c} and {omega}{approx_equal}110 MeV. A nonrelativistic calculation which includes effects due to final state interactions, meson exchange currents, and isobar configurations agrees with the measured {ital f}{sub 11} and {ital f}{sub 01} but overpredicts {ital f}{sub 00} by 25{percent} (2{sigma}). The data are also compared to the results of previous structure function measurements. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}

  15. Exchange bias and perpendicular anisotropy study of ultrathin Pt-Co-Pt-IrMn multilayers sputtered on float glass

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Laval, M.; Lüders, U.; Bobo, J. F.

    2007-09-01

    We have prepared ultrathin Pt-Co-Pt-IrMn polycrystalline multilayers on float-glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. We have determined the optimal set of thickness for both Pt layers, the Co layer and the IrMn biasing layer so that these samples exhibit at the same time out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy and exchange bias. Kerr microscopy domain structure imaging evidences an increase of nucleation rate accompanied with inhomogeneous magnetic behavior in the case of exchange-biased films compared to Pt-Co-Pt trilayers. Polar hysteresis loops are measured in obliquely applied magnetic field conditions, allowing us to determine both perpendicular anisotropy effective constant Keff and exchange-bias coupling JE, which are significantly different from the ones determined by standard switching field measurements.

  16. 26 CFR 1.1223-1 - Determination of period for which capital assets are held.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... Gains and Losses § 1.1223-1 Determination of period for which capital assets are held. (a) The holding... determining gain or loss in the hands of the taxpayer as the property exchanged. However, this rule shall... in part in the hands of the taxpayer for determining gain or loss from a sale or exchange as it would...

  17. 26 CFR 1.1223-1 - Determination of period for which capital assets are held.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... Gains and Losses § 1.1223-1 Determination of period for which capital assets are held. (a) The holding... determining gain or loss in the hands of the taxpayer as the property exchanged. However, this rule shall... in part in the hands of the taxpayer for determining gain or loss from a sale or exchange as it would...

  18. 26 CFR 1.1223-1 - Determination of period for which capital assets are held.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... Gains and Losses § 1.1223-1 Determination of period for which capital assets are held. (a) The holding... determining gain or loss in the hands of the taxpayer as the property exchanged. However, this rule shall... in part in the hands of the taxpayer for determining gain or loss from a sale or exchange as it would...

  19. 26 CFR 1.1223-1 - Determination of period for which capital assets are held.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Gains and Losses § 1.1223-1 Determination of period for which capital assets are held. (a) The holding... determining gain or loss in the hands of the taxpayer as the property exchanged. However, this rule shall... in part in the hands of the taxpayer for determining gain or loss from a sale or exchange as it would...

  20. Criteria for scaling heat exchangers to miniature size

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rudolfvonrohr, P. B.; Smith, J. L., Jr.

    1985-01-01

    The purpose of this work is to highlight the particular aspects of miniature heat exchangers performance and to determine an appropriate design approach. A thermodynamic analysis is performed to express the generated entropy as a function of material and geometric characteristics of the heat exchangers. This expression is then used to size miniature heat exchangers.

  1. Removal of dissolved organic matter by anion exchange: Effect of dissolved organic matter properties

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Boyer, T.H.; Singer, P.C.; Aiken, G.R.

    2008-01-01

    Ten isolates of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) were evaluated to determine the effect that chemical properties of the DOM, such as charge density, aromaticity, and molecular weight, have on DOM removal by anion exchange. The DOM isolates were characterized asterrestrial, microbial, or intermediate humic substances or transphilic acids. All anion exchange experiments were conducted using a magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin. The charge density of the DOM isolates, determined by direct potentiometric titration, was fundamental to quantifying the stoichiometry of the anion exchange mechanism. The results clearly show that all DOM isolates were removed by anion exchange; however, differences among the DOM isolates did influence their removal by MIEX resin. In particular, MIEX resin had the greatest affinity for DOM with high charge density and the least affinity for DOM with low charge density and low aromaticity. This work illustrates that the chemical characteristics of DOM and solution conditions must be considered when evaluating anion exchange treatment for the removal of DOM. ?? 2008 American Chemical Society.

  2. Uncertainty quantification of surface-water/groundwater exchange estimates in large wetland systems using Python

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hughes, J. D.; Metz, P. A.

    2014-12-01

    Most watershed studies include observation-based water budget analyses to develop first-order estimates of significant flow terms. Surface-water/groundwater (SWGW) exchange is typically assumed to be equal to the residual of the sum of inflows and outflows in a watershed. These estimates of SWGW exchange, however, are highly uncertain as a result of the propagation of uncertainty inherent in the calculation or processing of the other terms of the water budget, such as stage-area-volume relations, and uncertainties associated with land-cover based evapotranspiration (ET) rate estimates. Furthermore, the uncertainty of estimated SWGW exchanges can be magnified in large wetland systems that transition from dry to wet during wet periods. Although it is well understood that observation-based estimates of SWGW exchange are uncertain it is uncommon for the uncertainty of these estimates to be directly quantified. High-level programming languages like Python can greatly reduce the effort required to (1) quantify the uncertainty of estimated SWGW exchange in large wetland systems and (2) evaluate how different approaches for partitioning land-cover data in a watershed may affect the water-budget uncertainty. We have used Python with the Numpy, Scipy.stats, and pyDOE packages to implement an unconstrained Monte Carlo approach with Latin Hypercube sampling to quantify the uncertainty of monthly estimates of SWGW exchange in the Floral City watershed of the Tsala Apopka wetland system in west-central Florida, USA. Possible sources of uncertainty in the water budget analysis include rainfall, ET, canal discharge, and land/bathymetric surface elevations. Each of these input variables was assigned a probability distribution based on observation error or spanning the range of probable values. The Monte Carlo integration process exposes the uncertainties in land-cover based ET rate estimates as the dominant contributor to the uncertainty in SWGW exchange estimates. We will discuss the uncertainty of SWGW exchange estimates using an ET model that partitions the watershed into open water and wetland land-cover types. We will also discuss the uncertainty of SWGW exchange estimates calculated using ET models partitioned into additional land-cover types.

  3. Simultaneously phase-matched second- and third-harmonic generation from 1.55 microm radiation in annealed proton-exchanged periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides.

    PubMed

    Marangoni, M; Lobino, M; Ramponi, R

    2006-09-15

    Third-harmonic generation (THG) in the cw regime from C-band radiation was achieved in annealed proton-exchanged periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides. By suitable design of fabrication parameters and operating conditions, quasi-phase-matching (QPM) is obtained simultaneously for the second-harmonic generation process (omega-->2omega, first-order QPM) and for the sum-frequency-generation process (omega+2omega-->3omega, third-order QPM), which provides the third harmonic of the pump field. The high overlap between the field profiles of the interacting modes--TM00 at omega and TM10 at 2omega and 3omega--results in what is believed to be the highest ever reported normalized conversion efficiency for THG from telecommunication wavelengths, equal to 0.72%W(-2) cm(-4).

  4. Research management peer exchange hosted by the Oregon Department of Transportation.

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1998-06-01

    The objectives of the peer exchange process were to: : -Identify how ODOT can improve the quality of the research results. : -Examin how ODOT can better implement research findings. : -Identify methods to determine the value of research. : -Determine...

  5. Experimental study of copper-alkali ion exchange in glass

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gonella, F.; Caccavale, F.; Bogomolova, L. D.; D'Acapito, F.; Quaranta, A.

    1998-02-01

    Copper-alkali ion exchange was performed by immersing different silicate glasses (soda-lime and BK7) in different molten eutectic salt baths (CuSO4:Na2SO4 and CuSO4:K2SO4). The obtained optical waveguides were characterized by m-lines spectroscopy for the determination of refractive index profiles, and by secondary ion mass spectrometry for the concentration profiles of the ion species involved in the exchange process. The different oxidation states of copper inside the glass structure were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance and x-ray absorption techniques. Interdiffusion copper coefficients were also determined. The Cu-alkali exchange was observed to give rise to local structural rearrangement of the atoms in the glass matrix. The Cu+ ion was found to mainly govern the exchange process, while competition between Cu-Na and K-Na exchanges occurred when a potassium sulfate bath was used. In this case, significant waveguide modal birefringence was observed.

  6. Ion exchange membrane textile bioreactor as a new alternative for drinking water denitrification.

    PubMed

    Berdous, Dalila; Akretche, Djamal-Eddine; Abderahmani, Ahmed; Berdous, Sakina; Meknaci, Rima

    2014-06-01

    This work enters in the optics of the denitrification of a polluted water by two membrane techniques, the Donnan dialysis (DD) and the ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB), using a conventional barrier, composed by an anion exchange membrane (AEM), and a hybrid barrier, where the AEM is combined to an anion exchange textile (AET). The effects of the hydrodynamic factor and the nature of the carbon source on the transfer and the reduction of nitrate ions were studied. The study results obtained through the DD showed the effectiveness of the hybrid barrier in the recovery and concentration of nitrate ions. This was also recorded during denitrification by the hybrid process, called the ion exchange membrane textile bioreactor (IEMTB), with a significant reduction of nitrates, compared to IEMB, due to the efficiency of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formed at the surface of the AET. Here, the permselectivity of the membrane and the good bioreduction of the pollutants are no longer major conditions to the better performance of the process. The application of IEMTB in the denitrification of groundwater, having a nitrate concentration of 96.67 ppm, shows a total reduction of nitrate ions without changing the quality of the water. Indeed, the analysis of the recovered water, or yet the treated water, shows the absence of the bacterium by-products and concentrations in the nitrates and nitrites which are, respectively, equal to 0.02±0.01 ppm, and inferiors to the detection limit (<0.02 ppm).

  7. Assessment of Quantum Mechanical Methods for Copper and Iron Complexes by Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Niu, Shuqiang; Huang, Dao-Ling; Dau, Phuong D; Liu, Hong-Tao; Wang, Lai-Sheng; Ichiye, Toshiko

    2014-03-11

    Broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) calculations are assessed for redox energetics [Cu(SCH 3 ) 2 ] 1-/0 , [Cu(NCS) 2 ] 1-/0 , [FeCl 4 ] 1-/0 , and [Fe(SCH 3 ) 4 ] 1-/0 against vertical detachment energies (VDE) from valence photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), as a prelude to studies of metalloprotein analogs. The M06 and B3LYP hybrid functionals give VDE that agree with the PES VDE for the Fe complexes, but both underestimate it by ∼400 meV for the Cu complexes; other hybrid functionals give VDEs that are an increasing function of the amount of Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange and so cannot show good agreement for both Cu and Fe complexes. Range-separated (RS) functionals appear to give a better distribution of HF exchange since the negative HOMO energy is approximately equal to the VDEs but also give VDEs dependent on the amount of HF exchange, sometimes leading to ground states with incorrect electron configurations; the LRC- ω PBEh functional reduced to 10% HF exchange at short-range give somewhat better values for both, although still ∼150 meV too low for the Cu complexes and ∼50 meV too high for the Fe complexes. Overall, the results indicate that while HF exchange compensates for self-interaction error in DFT calculations of both Cu and Fe complexes, too much may lead to more sensitivity to nondynamical correlation in the spin-polarized Fe complexes.

  8. Assessment of Quantum Mechanical Methods for Copper and Iron Complexes by Photoelectron Spectroscopy

    PubMed Central

    2015-01-01

    Broken-symmetry density functional theory (BS-DFT) calculations are assessed for redox energetics [Cu(SCH3)2]1–/0, [Cu(NCS)2]1–/0, [FeCl4]1–/0, and [Fe(SCH3)4]1–/0 against vertical detachment energies (VDE) from valence photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), as a prelude to studies of metalloprotein analogs. The M06 and B3LYP hybrid functionals give VDE that agree with the PES VDE for the Fe complexes, but both underestimate it by ∼400 meV for the Cu complexes; other hybrid functionals give VDEs that are an increasing function of the amount of Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange and so cannot show good agreement for both Cu and Fe complexes. Range-separated (RS) functionals appear to give a better distribution of HF exchange since the negative HOMO energy is approximately equal to the VDEs but also give VDEs dependent on the amount of HF exchange, sometimes leading to ground states with incorrect electron configurations; the LRC-ωPBEh functional reduced to 10% HF exchange at short-range give somewhat better values for both, although still ∼150 meV too low for the Cu complexes and ∼50 meV too high for the Fe complexes. Overall, the results indicate that while HF exchange compensates for self-interaction error in DFT calculations of both Cu and Fe complexes, too much may lead to more sensitivity to nondynamical correlation in the spin-polarized Fe complexes. PMID:24803858

  9. Equal Employment + Equal Pay = Multiple Problems for Colleges and Universities

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Steinbach, Sheldon Elliot; Reback, Joyce E.

    1974-01-01

    Issues involved in government regulation of university employment practices are discussed: confidentiality of records, pregnancy as a disability, alleged discrimination in benefits, tests and other employment criteria, seniority and layoff, reverse discrimination, use of statistics for determination of discrimination, and the Equal Pay Act. (JT)

  10. Measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times and concentrations in systems with chemical exchange using the one-pulse sequence: breakdown of the Ernst model for partial saturation in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

    PubMed

    Spencer, R G; Fishbein, K W

    2000-01-01

    A fundamental problem in Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy is the calculation of observed resonance amplitudes for a repetitively pulsed sample, as first analyzed by Ernst and Anderson in 1966. Applications include determination of spin-lattice relaxation times (T(1)'s) by progressive saturation and correction for partial saturation in order to determine the concentrations of the chemical constituents of a spectrum. Accordingly, the Ernst and Anderson formalism has been used in innumerable studies of chemical and, more recently, physiological systems. However, that formalism implicitly assumes that no chemical exchange occurs. Here, we present an analysis of N sites in an arbitrary chemical exchange network, explicitly focusing on the intermediate exchange rate regime in which the spin-lattice relaxation rates and the chemical exchange rates are comparable in magnitude. As a special case of particular importance, detailed results are provided for a system with three sites undergoing mutual exchange. Specific properties of the N-site network are then detailed. We find that (i) the Ernst and Anderson analysis describing the response of a system to repetitive pulsing is inapplicable to systems with chemical exchange and can result in large errors in T(1) and concentration measurements; (ii) T(1)'s for systems with arbitrary exchange networks may still be correctly determined from a one-pulse experiment using the Ernst formula, provided that a short interpulse delay time and a large flip angle are used; (iii) chemical concentrations for exchanging systems may be correctly determined from a one-pulse experiment either by using a short interpulse delay time with a large flip angle, as for measuring T(1)'s, and correcting for partial saturation by use of the Ernst formula, or directly by using a long interpulse delay time to avoid saturation; (iv) there is a significant signal-to-noise penalty for performing one-pulse experiments under conditions which permit accurate measurements of T(1)'s and chemical concentrations. The present results are analogous to but are much more general than those that we have previously derived for systems with two exchanging sites. These considerations have implications for the design and interpretation of one-pulse experiments for all systems exhibiting chemical exchange in the intermediate exchange regime, including virtually all physiologic samples.

  11. Determination of association constants at moderately fast chemical exchange: complexation of camphor enantiomers by alpha-cyclodextrin.

    PubMed

    Bernatowicz, Piotr; Nowakowski, Michał; Dodziuk, Helena; Ejchart, Andrzej

    2006-08-01

    Association constants in weak molecular complexes can be determined by analysis of chemical shifts variations resulting from changes of guest to host concentration ratio. In the regime of very fast exchange, i.e., when exchange rate is several orders of magnitude larger than the Larmor angular frequency difference of the observed resonance in free and complexed molecule, the apparent position of averaged resonance is a population-weighted mean of resonances of particular forms involved in the equilibrium. The assumption of very fast exchange is often, however, tacitly admitted in literature even in cases where the process of interest is much slower than required. We show that such an unjustified simplification may, under certain circumstances, lead to significant underestimation of association constant and, in consequence, to non-negligible errors in Gibbs free energy under determination. We present a general method, based on iterative numerical NMR line shape analysis, which allows one for the compensation of chemical exchange effects, and delivers both the correct association constants and the exchange rates. The latter are not delivered by the other mentioned method. Practical application of our algorithm is illustrated by the case of camphor-alpha-cyclodextrin complexes.

  12. 47 CFR 76.1404 - Use of cable facilities by local exchange carriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Use of cable facilities by local exchange... § 76.1404 Use of cable facilities by local exchange carriers. (a) For purposes of § 76.505(d)(2), the Commission will determine whether use of a cable operator's facilities by a local exchange carrier is...

  13. OXYGEN 18 EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Byrn, Marianne; Calvin, Melvin

    1965-12-01

    Using infra-red spectroscopy, the equilibrium exchange times have been determined for a series of ketones, aromatic aldehydes, and {beta}-ketoesters reacting with oxygen 18 enriched water. These exchange times have been evaluated in terms of steric and electronic considerations, and applied to a discussion of the exchange times of chlorophylls a and b and chlorophyll derivatives.

  14. 47 CFR 36.154 - Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 1-apportionment procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF... COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Cable and Wire Facilities § 36.154 Exchange Line Cable and Wire... apportioning the cost of exchange line cable and wire facilities among the operations is the determination of...

  15. 47 CFR 36.154 - Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF)-Category 1-apportionment procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Exchange Line Cable and Wire Facilities (C&WF... COMPANIES 1 Telecommunications Property Cable and Wire Facilities § 36.154 Exchange Line Cable and Wire... apportioning the cost of exchange line cable and wire facilities among the operations is the determination of...

  16. 76 FR 78708 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-19

    ... the Exchange's Web site ( http://www.cboe.org/Legal ), at the Exchange's Office of the Secretary and... COB (referred to herein as the ``re-COA'' feature), which is currently in use but not expressly... is activated, the Exchange may also determine to activate the re-COA feature for complex orders...

  17. Gas exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces in south San Francisco Bay

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Hartman, Blayne; Hammond, Douglas E.

    1984-01-01

    Radon 222 concentrations in the water and sedimentary columns and radon exchange rates across the sediment-water and air-water interfaces have been measured in a section of south San Francisco Bay. Two independent methods have been used to determine sediment-water exchange rates, and the annual averages of these methods agree within the uncertainty of the determinations, about 20%. The annual average of benthic fluxes from shoal areas is nearly a factor of 2 greater than fluxes from the channel areas. Fluxes from the shoal and channel areas exceed those expected from simple molecular diffusion by factors of 4 and 2, respectively, apparently due to macrofaunal irrigation. Values of the gas transfer coefficient for radon exchange across the air-water interface were determined by constructing a radon mass balance for the water column and by direct measurement using floating chambers. The chamber method appears to yield results which are too high. Transfer coefficients computed using the mass balance method range from 0.4 m/day to 1.8 m/day, with a 6-year average of 1.0 m/day. Gas exchange is linearly dependent upon wind speed over a wind speed range of 3.2–6.4 m/s, but shows no dependence upon current velocity. Gas transfer coefficients predicted from an empirical relationship between gas exchange rates and wind speed observed in lakes and the oceans are within 30% of the coefficients determined from the radon mass balance and are considerably more accurate than coefficients predicted from theoretical gas exchange models.

  18. Thermodynamic, energy efficiency, and power density analysis of reverse electrodialysis power generation with natural salinity gradients.

    PubMed

    Yip, Ngai Yin; Vermaas, David A; Nijmeijer, Kitty; Elimelech, Menachem

    2014-05-06

    Reverse electrodialysis (RED) can harness the Gibbs free energy of mixing when fresh river water flows into the sea for sustainable power generation. In this study, we carry out a thermodynamic and energy efficiency analysis of RED power generation, and assess the membrane power density. First, we present a reversible thermodynamic model for RED and verify that the theoretical maximum extractable work in a reversible RED process is identical to the Gibbs free energy of mixing. Work extraction in an irreversible process with maximized power density using a constant-resistance load is then examined to assess the energy conversion efficiency and power density. With equal volumes of seawater and river water, energy conversion efficiency of ∼ 33-44% can be obtained in RED, while the rest is lost through dissipation in the internal resistance of the ion-exchange membrane stack. We show that imperfections in the selectivity of typical ion exchange membranes (namely, co-ion transport, osmosis, and electro-osmosis) can detrimentally lower efficiency by up to 26%, with co-ion leakage being the dominant effect. Further inspection of the power density profile during RED revealed inherent ineffectiveness toward the end of the process. By judicious early discontinuation of the controlled mixing process, the overall power density performance can be considerably enhanced by up to 7-fold, without significant compromise to the energy efficiency. Additionally, membrane resistance was found to be an important factor in determining the power densities attainable. Lastly, the performance of an RED stack was examined for different membrane conductivities and intermembrane distances simulating high performance membranes and stack design. By thoughtful selection of the operating parameters, an efficiency of ∼ 37% and an overall gross power density of 3.5 W/m(2) represent the maximum performance that can potentially be achieved in a seawater-river water RED system with low-resistance ion exchange membranes (0.5 Ω cm(2)) at very small spacing intervals (50 μm).

  19. SIMULATION OF A BIOFEEDBACK MICROCLIMATE COOLING SYSTEM USING A HUMAN THERMOREGULATION MODEL

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-02-01

    garment (LCG) The rate of LCG heat removal from the human body depends on coolant inlet temperature (Tin), clothing insulation worn over the LCG, flow...The efficiency η is equal to one when the outer clothing has sufficient insulation and the heat exchange between LCG and the external environment...0.27 m2·ºC·W-1 (1.73 clo). Insulation of protective ensembles prevent the LCG from absorbing heat from the environment (circulating liquid temperature

  20. Computer model of one-dimensional equilibrium controlled sorption processes

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Grove, D.B.; Stollenwerk, K.G.

    1984-01-01

    A numerical solution to the one-dimensional solute-transport equation with equilibrium-controlled sorption and a first-order irreversible-rate reaction is presented. The computer code is written in FORTRAN language, with a variety of options for input and output for user ease. Sorption reactions include Langmuir, Freundlich, and ion-exchange, with or without equal valance. General equations describing transport and reaction processes are solved by finite-difference methods, with nonlinearities accounted for by iteration. Complete documentation of the code, with examples, is included. (USGS)

  1. FACTORS AFFECTING AIR EXCHANGE IN TWO HOUSES

    EPA Science Inventory

    Air exchange rate is critical to determining the relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of hazardous pollutants. Approximately 150 air exchange experiments were completed in two residences: a two-story detached house located in Redwood City, CA and a three-story...

  2. USSR Report, Chemistry

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-08-19

    No 2, Mar-Apr 85) 15 Factors Which Determine Activity of Catalysts of Various Chemical Types in Hydrogen Oxidation Reactions . Part 1: Oxidation ...Factors Which Determine Activity of Catalysts of Various Chemical Types in Hydrogen Oxidation Reactions . Part 2: Oxidation and Isotope Exchange of...FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE ACTIVITY OF CATALYSTS OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL TYPES IN HYDROGEN OXIDATION REACTIONS . PART 1: OXIDATION AND ISOTOPE EXCHANGE OF

  3. 26 CFR 1.1223-1 - Determination of period for which capital assets are held.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES General Rules for Determining Capital Gains and... gain or loss in the hands of the taxpayer as the property exchanged. However, this rule shall apply, in... in part in the hands of the taxpayer for determining gain or loss from a sale or exchange as it would...

  4. Overweight and Obesity among Maltreated Young Adolescents

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Schneiderman, Janet U.; Mennen, Ferol E.; Negriff, Sonya; Trickett, Penelope K.

    2012-01-01

    Purpose: (1) To identify and compare rates of body mass index (BMI) [greater than or equal to] 85% (overweight/obesity) and BMI [greater than or equal to] 95% (obesity) in maltreated versus comparison young adolescents; (2) to determine whether demographic/psychological characteristics are related to high BMI; (3) to determine whether type of…

  5. Investigation of the phenomenon of electrostatic compromise of a plastic fiber heat exchanger.

    PubMed

    Elgas, R J

    1999-03-01

    The use of a new generation of blood oxygenator design using plastic fibers for the heat exchange material is growing. The benefits of a plastic heat exchange material are improved biocompatibility and performance over some of the traditional metals used. During the initial period of clinical use of one of these new oxygenators, there were reports of four blood-to-water leaks. No patient complications were associated with these leaks, but the product was withdrawn from the market. After a thorough evaluation, the cause of the leaks was found to be an electrostatic discharge that occurred within the heat exchanger during priming of the extracorporeal circuit. It was found that an electrostatic potential between the blood path and the water path of the heat exchanger is generated as the prime solution is recirculated by a roller pump with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pumphead tubing. The magnitude of the potential generated was found to vary with the make and model of the roller pump. If this voltage exceeds the dielectric strength of the fiber, a discharge through the wall of a single heat exchange fiber will occur and produce a hole. Several solutions to this problem of roller pumps generating an electrostatic charge when used with PVC pumphead tubing were identified. Centrifugal blood pumps and roller pumps using silicone rubber pumphead tubing were found to generate no significant electrostatic potential between the blood path and the water path. Another solution, a charge equalization line (CEL), was designed to provide a conductive path for the charge to equilibrate across the fiber wall. The CEL can be either external or internal to the oxygenator. Each of these solutions was validated and the product has been reintroduced for clinical use.

  6. Impact of debris dams on hyporheic interaction along a semi-arid stream

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lautz, Laura K.; Siegel, Donald I.; Bauer, Robert L.

    2006-01-01

    Hyporheic exchange increases the potential for solute retention in streams by slowing downstream transport and increasing solute contact with the substrate. Hyporheic exchange may be a major mechanism to remove nutrients in semi-arid watersheds, where livestock have damaged stream riparian zones and contributed nutrients to stream channels. Debris dams, such as beaver dams and anthropogenic log dams, may increase hyporheic interactions by slowing stream water velocity, increasing flow complexity and diverting water to the subsurface.Here, we report the results of chloride tracer injection experiments done to evaluate hyporheic interaction along a 320 m reach of Red Canyon Creek, a second order stream in the semi-arid Wind River Range of Wyoming. The study site is part of a rangeland watershed managed by The Nature Conservancy of Wyoming, and used as a hydrologic field site by the University of Missouri Branson Geologic Field Station. The creek reach we investigated has debris dams and tight meanders that hypothetically should enhance hyporheic interaction. Breakthrough curves of chloride measured during the field experiment were modelled with OTIS-P, a one-dimensional, surface-water, solute-transport model from which we extracted the storage exchange rate and cross-sectional area of the storage zone As for hyporheic exchange. Along gaining reaches of the stream reach, short-term hyporheic interactions associated with debris dams were comparable to those associated with severe meanders. In contrast, along the non-gaining reach, stream water was diverted to the subsurface by debris dams and captured by large-scale near-stream flow paths. Overall, hyporheic exchange rates along Red Canyon Creek during snowmelt recession equal or exceed exchange rates observed during baseflow at other streams.

  7. Determination of traces of silver in waters by anion exchange and atomic absorption spectrophotometry

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Chao, T.T.; Fishman, M. J.; Ball, J.W.

    1969-01-01

    A method has been developed for the accurate determination of 0.1-1 ??g of silver per liter of water. The method permits stabilization of silver in water without loss to container walls. Optimum conditions have been established for the complete recovery of silver from water with an anion-exchange column, for quantitative elution of silver from the resin, and for measurement of silver by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after chelation with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and extraction of the chelate with MIBK. Silver in the 1-10 ??g 1 range can be determined by extraction without pre-concentration on an ion-exchange resin. ?? 1969.

  8. Gaseous exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across the air-water interface of lower Chesapeake Bay

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gustafson, K.E.; Dickhut, R.M.

    1995-12-31

    The gaseous exchange fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) across the air-water interface of lower Chesapeake Bay were determined using a modified two-film exchange model. Sampling covered the period January 1994 to June 1995 for five sites on lower Chesapeake Bay ranging from rural to urban and highly industrialized. Simultaneous air and water samples were collected and the atmospheric gas phase and water column dissolved phase analyzed via GC/MS for 17 PAHs. The direction and magnitude of flux for each PAH was calculated using Henry`s law constants, hydrological and meteorological parameters, Temperature was observed to be an important environmental factormore » in determining both the direction and magnitude of PAH gas exchange. Nonetheless, wind speed significantly impacts mass transfer coefficients, and therefore was found to control the magnitude of flux. Spatial and temporal variation of PAH gaseous exchange fluxes were examined. Fluxes were determined to be both into and out of Chesapeake Bay. The range of gas exchange fluxes ({minus}560 to 600{micro}g/M{sup 2}*Mo) is of the same order to 10X greater than atmospheric wet and dry depositional fluxes to lower Chesapeake Bay. The results of this study support the hypothesis that gas exchange is a major transport process affecting the net loadings of PAHs in lower Chesapeake Bay.« less

  9. Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange in normal and acid-injured large sheep.

    PubMed

    Hernan, L J; Fuhrman, B P; Kaiser, R E; Penfil, S; Foley, C; Papo, M C; Leach, C L

    1996-03-01

    We hypothesized that a) perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange could be accomplished in normal large sheep; b) the determinants of gas exchange would be similar during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange and conventional gas ventilation; c)in large animals with lung injury, perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange could be used to enhance gas exchange without adverse effects on hemodynamics; and d) the large animal with lung injury could be supported with an FIO2 of <1.0 during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange. Prospective, observational animal study and prospective randomized, controlled animal study. An animal laboratory in a university setting. Thirty adult ewes. Five normal ewes (61.0 +/- 4.0 kg) underwent perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange to ascertain the effects of tidal volume, end-inspiratory pressure, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on oxygenation. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation were studied to determine their effects on CO2 clearance. Sheep, weighing 58.9 +/- 8.3 kg, had lung injury induced by instilling 2 mL/kg of 0.05 Normal hydrochloric acid into the trachea. Five minutes after injury, PEEP was increased to 10 cm H2O. Ten minutes after injury, sheep with Pao2 values of <100 torr (<13.3 kPa) were randomized to continue gas ventilation (control, n=9) or to institute perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (n=9) by instilling 1.6 L of unoxygenated perflubron into the trachea and resuming gas ventilation. Blood gas and hemodynamic measurements were obtained throughout the 4-hr study. Both tidal volume and end-inspiratory pressure influenced oxygenation in normal sheep during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange. Minute ventilation determined CO2 clearance during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange in normal sheep. After acid aspiration lung injury, perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange increased PaO2 and reduced intrapulmonary shunt fraction. Hypoxia and intrapulmonary shunting were unabated after injury in control animals. Hemodynamics were not influenced by the institution of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange. Tidal volume and end-inspiratory pressure directly influence oxygenation during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange in large animals. Minute ventilation influences clearance of CO2. In adult sheep with acid aspiration lung injury, perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange at an FIO2 of <1.0 supports oxygenation and improves intrapulmonary shunting, without adverse hemodynamic effects, when compared with conventional gas ventilation.

  10. 45 CFR 155.302 - Options for conducting eligibility determinations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... this section. (b) Medicaid and CHIP. Notwithstanding the requirements of this subpart, the Exchange may conduct an assessment of eligibility for Medicaid and CHIP, rather than an eligibility determination for Medicaid and CHIP, provided that— (1) The Exchange makes such an assessment based on the applicable...

  11. Diphasic acido-basic properties of D(octylphenyl)phosphoric acid (DOPPA)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sella, C.; Cote, G.; Bauer, D.

    1995-07-01

    In the first part of this work, the diphasic acido-basic constant (pka*) of di(octylphenyl)phosphoric acid, denoted hereafter DOPPA or HL, is determined from its experimental diphasic neutralization curve. The pka* value of DOPPA appears to be equal to 2.6 in the presence of 1 mol/dm{sup 3} sodium salt. Such a value is significantly lower than that previously determined for di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA, pka* = 5.2), 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid, mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC88A, pka* = 7.1) and di(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (CYANEX 272, pka* = 8.7). DOPPA (HL) is definitely more acidic than the other organophosphorus acids because its acidic proton can be easilymore » exchanged with sodium cation to form Na{sup +}HL{sub 2}{sup -} species in organic phase. In the second and final part of the work, molecular modelling is used to model the dimers of various organophosphorus acids. A structure-activity relationship is obtained between the association energies of modelled dimers and their diphasic acido-basic constants. This relationship is then used for predicting the pka* values of DOPPOA and DOPPIA which are the phosphonic and phosphinic analogs of DOPPA, respectively. 16 refs., 5 figs., 4 tabs.« less

  12. 26 CFR 1.1002-1 - Sales or exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Sales or exchanges. 1.1002-1 Section 1.1002-1...) INCOME TAXES Determination of Amount of and Recognition of Gain Or Loss § 1.1002-1 Sales or exchanges. (a) General rule. The general rule with respect to gain or loss realized upon the sale or exchange of property...

  13. Extraction of cesium, strontium and the platinium group metals from acidic high activity nuclear waste using a Purex process compatible organic extractant. Final report, December 15, 1980-August 15, 1983

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Davis, M.W. Jr.; Van Brunt, V.

    1984-09-14

    Purex process compatible organic systems which selectively and reversibly extract cesium, strontium, and palladium from synthetic mixed fission product solutions containing 3M HNO/sub 3/ have been developed. This advance makes the development of continuous solvent extraction processes for their recovery more likely. The most favorable cesium and strontium complexing solutions have been tested for radiation stability to 10/sup 7/ rad using a 0.4 x 10/sup 7/ rad/h /sup 60/Co source. The distribution coefficients dropped somewhat but remained above unity. For cesium the complexing organic solution is 5 vol % (0.1M) NNS, 27 vol % TBP and 68 vol % kerosenemore » containing 0.05m Bis 4,4',(5')(1-hydroxy 2-ethylhexyl)-benzo 18-crown-6 (Crown XVII). The NNS is a sulfonic acid cation exchanger. With an aqueous phase containing 0.006M Cs/sup +1/ in contact with an equal volume of extractant the D org/aq = 1.6 at a temperature of 25 to 35/sup 0/C. For strontium the complexing organic solution is 5 vol % (0.1M) NNS, 27 vol % TBP and 68 vol % Kerosene containing 0.02M Bis 4,4'(5') (1-hydroxyheptyl)cyclohexo 18-crown-6 (Crown XVI). With an aqueous phase containing 0.003M Sr/sup +2/ in contact with an equal volume of extractant the D org/aq = 1.98 at a temperature of 25 to 35/sup 0/C. For palladium the complexing organic solution consisted of a ratio of TBP/kerosene of 0.667 containing 0.3M Alamine 336 which is a tertiary amine anion exchanger. With an aqueous phase containing 0.0045M Pd/sup +/ in contact with an equal volume of extractant the D org/aq = 1.95 at a temperature of 25 to 35/sup 0/C.« less

  14. Insufficient Hartree–Fock Exchange in Hybrid DFT Functionals Produces Bent Alkynyl Radical Structures

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Oyeyemi, Victor B.; Keith, John A.; Pavone, Michele

    2012-01-11

    Density functional theory (DFT) is often used to determine the electronic and geometric structures of molecules. While studying alkynyl radicals, we discovered that DFT exchange-correlation (XC) functionals containing less than ~22% Hartree–Fock (HF) exchange led to qualitatively different structures than those predicted from ab initio HF and post-HF calculations or DFT XCs containing 25% or more HF exchange. We attribute this discrepancy to rehybridization at the radical center due to electron delocalization across the triple bonds of the alkynyl groups, which itself is an artifact of self-interaction and delocalization errors. Inclusion of sufficient exact exchange reduces these errors and suppressesmore » this erroneous delocalization; we find that a threshold amount is needed for accurate structure determinations. Finally, below this threshold, significant errors in predicted alkyne thermochemistry emerge as a consequence.« less

  15. Temperature dependence of exchange bias in (NiFe/IrMn)n multilayer films studied through static and dynamic techniques

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Adams, Daniel J.; Khanal, Shankar; Khan, Mohammad Asif; Maksymov, Artur; Spinu, Leonard

    2018-05-01

    The in-plane temperature dependence of exchange bias was studied through both dc magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy in a series of [NiFe/IrMn]n multilayer films, where n is the number of layer repetitions. Major hysteresis loops were recorded in the temperature range of 300 K to 2 K to reveal the effect of temperature on the exchange bias in the static regime while temperature-dependent continuous-wave ferromagnetic resonance for frequencies from 3 to 16 GHz was used to determine the exchange bias dynamically. Strong divergence between the values of exchange bias determined using the two different types of measurements as well as a peak in temperature dependence of the resonance linewidth were observed. These results are explained in terms of the slow-relaxer mechanism.

  16. A Classroom Experiment on Exchange Rate Determination with Purchasing Power Parity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Mitchell, David T.; Rebelein, Robert P.; Schneider, Patricia H.; Simpson, Nicole B.; Fisher, Eric

    2009-01-01

    The authors developed a classroom experiment on exchange rate determination appropriate for undergraduate courses in macroeconomics and international economics. In the experiment, students represent citizens from different countries and need to obtain currency to purchase goods. By participating in an auction to buy currency, students gain a…

  17. Cryogenic fluid flow instabilities in heat exchangers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fleming, R. B.; Staub, F. W.

    1969-01-01

    Analytical and experimental investigation determines the nature of oscillations and instabilities that occur in the flow of two-phase cryogenic fluids at both subcritical and supercritical pressures in heat exchangers. Test results with varying system parameters suggest certain design approaches with regard to heat exchanger geometry.

  18. One-dimensional magnetic fluctuations in the spin-2 triangular lattice alpha-NaMnO2.

    PubMed

    Stock, C; Chapon, L C; Adamopoulos, O; Lappas, A; Giot, M; Taylor, J W; Green, M A; Brown, C M; Radaelli, P G

    2009-08-14

    The S=2 anisotropic triangular lattice alpha-NaMnO2 is studied by neutron inelastic scattering. Antiferromagnetic order occurs at T< or =45 K with opening of a spin gap. The spectral weight of the magnetic dynamics above the gap (Delta approximately equal to 7.5 meV) has been analyzed by the single-mode approximation. Excellent agreement with the experiment is achieved when a dominant exchange interaction (|J|/k(B) approximately 73 K), along the monoclinic b axis and a sizable easy-axis magnetic anisotropy (|D|/k(B) approximately 3 K) are considered. Despite earlier suggestions for two-dimensional spin interactions, the dynamics illustrate strongly coupled antiferromagnetic S=2 chains and cancellation of the interchain exchange due to the lattice topology. alpha-NaMnO2 therefore represents a model system where the geometric frustration is resolved through the lowering of the dimensionality of the spin interactions.

  19. Method and apparatus for thermal swing adsorption and thermally-enhanced pressure swing adsorption

    DOEpatents

    Wegeng, Robert S.; Rassat, Scot D.; TeGrotenhuis, Ward E.; Drost, Kevin; Vishwanathan, Vilayanur V.

    2004-06-08

    The present invention provides compact adsorption systems that are capable of rapid temperature swings and rapid cycling. Novel methods of thermal swing adsorption and thermally-enhanced pressure swing adsorption are also described. In some aspects of the invention, a gas is passed through the adsorbent thus allowing heat exchangers to be very close to all portions of the adsorbent and utilize less space. In another aspect, the adsorption media is selectively heated, thus reducing energy costs. Methods and systems for gas adsorption/desorption having improved energy efficiency with capability of short cycle times are also described. In another aspect, the apparatus or methods utilize heat exchange channels of varying lengths that have volumes controlled to provide equal heat fluxes. Methods of fuel cell startup are also described. Advantages of the invention include the ability to use (typically) 30-100 times less adsorbent compared to conventional systems.

  20. Acceptance of premarital health counseling in riyadh city, 1417h.

    PubMed

    Al-Kahtani, N H

    2000-05-01

    Health counseling before marriage can be a most worthwhile and satisfying aspect of preventive medicine. It is important in genetic diagnosis and the prevention of hereditary, sexually transmitted and other infectious diseases. To determine the acceptance of the concept of Premarital Health Counseling (PMHC), and to identify some factors, which may efect this acceptance among Saudis who attend Primary Health Care Center in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), 1417H. The present study is a cross-sectional one with a selected sample of Saudis who attended the Primary Health Care Centers in Riyadh during the year 1417H. A multistage sampling and equal allocation stratified sampling within was used to select 484 persons comprising an equal number of males and females, married and single above the age of 18 years. A pre-designed pre-tested questionnaire sheet was used to collect the required data, which were then tabulated and statistically analyzed. The study indicated that 364 (75.2%) of the study population accepted the concept of Premarital Health Counseling. PMHC was positively affected by the advancing age, experience of marriage, educational level and well-understood Islamic-health related issues. Out f those who accepted the concept, 273 (75%) agreed on the exchange of PMHC certificates between couples to be married and 152 (42%) agreed on the implementation of legislation on PMHC. Also, 298 (82%) of them wanted PMHC to be confidential and 168 (46%) agreed to the concept despite its cost. As regards the location of PMHC, most of participants who agreed to PMHC would prefer it to be given at governmental establishments. The study recommended the implementation of PMHC in Saudi Arabia, since it was accepted by the study population. However, further studies should be carried out to determine the details to be incorporated in the PMHC, their implementation and legislation on demographic basis of the Saudi community. Also, a community health education program for PMHC has to be devised in collaboration with Islamic leaders.

  1. A Probabilistic and Highly Efficient Topology Control Algorithm for Underwater Cooperating AUV Networks

    PubMed Central

    Li, Ning; Cürüklü, Baran; Bastos, Joaquim; Sucasas, Victor; Fernandez, Jose Antonio Sanchez; Rodriguez, Jonathan

    2017-01-01

    The aim of the Smart and Networking Underwater Robots in Cooperation Meshes (SWARMs) project is to make autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) more accessible and useful. To achieve cooperation and communication between different AUVs, these must be able to exchange messages, so an efficient and reliable communication network is necessary for SWARMs. In order to provide an efficient and reliable communication network for mission execution, one of the important and necessary issues is the topology control of the network of AUVs that are cooperating underwater. However, due to the specific properties of an underwater AUV cooperation network, such as the high mobility of AUVs, large transmission delays, low bandwidth, etc., the traditional topology control algorithms primarily designed for terrestrial wireless sensor networks cannot be used directly in the underwater environment. Moreover, these algorithms, in which the nodes adjust their transmission power once the current transmission power does not equal an optimal one, are costly in an underwater cooperating AUV network. Considering these facts, in this paper, we propose a Probabilistic Topology Control (PTC) algorithm for an underwater cooperating AUV network. In PTC, when the transmission power of an AUV is not equal to the optimal transmission power, then whether the transmission power needs to be adjusted or not will be determined based on the AUV’s parameters. Each AUV determines their own transmission power adjustment probability based on the parameter deviations. The larger the deviation, the higher the transmission power adjustment probability is, and vice versa. For evaluating the performance of PTC, we combine the PTC algorithm with the Fuzzy logic Topology Control (FTC) algorithm and compare the performance of these two algorithms. The simulation results have demonstrated that the PTC is efficient at reducing the transmission power adjustment ratio while improving the network performance. PMID:28471387

  2. A Probabilistic and Highly Efficient Topology Control Algorithm for Underwater Cooperating AUV Networks.

    PubMed

    Li, Ning; Cürüklü, Baran; Bastos, Joaquim; Sucasas, Victor; Fernandez, Jose Antonio Sanchez; Rodriguez, Jonathan

    2017-05-04

    The aim of the Smart and Networking Underwater Robots in Cooperation Meshes (SWARMs) project is to make autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) more accessible and useful. To achieve cooperation and communication between different AUVs, these must be able to exchange messages, so an efficient and reliable communication network is necessary for SWARMs. In order to provide an efficient and reliable communication network for mission execution, one of the important and necessary issues is the topology control of the network of AUVs that are cooperating underwater. However, due to the specific properties of an underwater AUV cooperation network, such as the high mobility of AUVs, large transmission delays, low bandwidth, etc., the traditional topology control algorithms primarily designed for terrestrial wireless sensor networks cannot be used directly in the underwater environment. Moreover, these algorithms, in which the nodes adjust their transmission power once the current transmission power does not equal an optimal one, are costly in an underwater cooperating AUV network. Considering these facts, in this paper, we propose a Probabilistic Topology Control (PTC) algorithm for an underwater cooperating AUV network. In PTC, when the transmission power of an AUV is not equal to the optimal transmission power, then whether the transmission power needs to be adjusted or not will be determined based on the AUV's parameters. Each AUV determines their own transmission power adjustment probability based on the parameter deviations. The larger the deviation, the higher the transmission power adjustment probability is, and vice versa. For evaluating the performance of PTC, we combine the PTC algorithm with the Fuzzy logic Topology Control (FTC) algorithm and compare the performance of these two algorithms. The simulation results have demonstrated that the PTC is efficient at reducing the transmission power adjustment ratio while improving the network performance.

  3. Hyperpolarized (129) Xe imaging of the rat lung using spiral IDEAL.

    PubMed

    Doganay, Ozkan; Wade, Trevor; Hegarty, Elaine; McKenzie, Charles; Schulte, Rolf F; Santyr, Giles E

    2016-08-01

    To implement and optimize a single-shot spiral encoding strategy for rapid 2D IDEAL projection imaging of hyperpolarized (Hp) (129) Xe in the gas phase, and in the pulmonary tissue (PT) and red blood cells (RBCs) compartments of the rat lung, respectively. A theoretical and experimental point spread function analysis was used to optimize the spiral k-space read-out time in a phantom. Hp (129) Xe IDEAL images from five healthy rats were used to: (i) optimize flip angles by a Bloch equation analysis using measured kinetics of gas exchange and (ii) investigate the feasibility of the approach to characterize the exchange of Hp (129) Xe. A read-out time equal to approximately 1.8 × T2* was found to provide the best trade-off between spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Spiral IDEAL approaches that use the entire dissolved phase magnetization should give an SNR improvement of a factor of approximately three compared with Cartesian approaches with similar spatial resolution. The IDEAL strategy allowed imaging of gas, PT, and RBC compartments with sufficient SNR and temporal resolution to permit regional gas exchange measurements in healthy rats. Single-shot spiral IDEAL imaging of gas, PT and RBC compartments and gas exchange is feasible in rat lung using Hp (129) Xe. Magn Reson Med 76:566-576, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  4. Magnetization transfer contrast-suppressed imaging of amide proton transfer and relayed nuclear overhauser enhancement chemical exchange saturation transfer effects in the human brain at 7T.

    PubMed

    Xu, Xiang; Yadav, Nirbhay N; Zeng, Haifeng; Jones, Craig K; Zhou, Jinyuan; van Zijl, Peter C M; Xu, Jiadi

    2016-01-01

    To use the variable delay multipulse (VDMP) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) approach to obtain clean amide proton transfer (APT) and relayed Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (rNOE) CEST images in the human brain by suppressing the conventional magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) and reducing the direct water saturation contribution. The VDMP CEST scheme consists of a train of RF pulses with a specific mixing time. The CEST signal with respect to the mixing time shows distinguishable characteristics for protons with different exchange rates. Exchange rate filtered CEST images are generated by subtracting images acquired at two mixing times at which the MTC signals are equal, while the APT and rNOE-CEST signals differ. Because the subtraction is performed at the same frequency offset for each voxel and the CEST signals are broad, no B0 correction is needed. MTC-suppressed APT and rNOE-CEST images of human brain were obtained using the VDMP method. The APT-CEST data show hyperintensity in gray matter versus white matter, whereas the rNOE-CEST images show negligible contrast between gray and white matter. The VDMP approach provides a simple and rapid way of recording MTC-suppressed APT-CEST and rNOE-CEST images without the need for B0 field correction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  5. The energy balance of an urban area: Examining temporal and spatial variability through measurements, remote sensing and modeling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Offerle, Brian

    Urban environmental problems related to air quality, thermal stress, issues of water demand and quality, all of which are linked directly or indirectly to urban climate, are emerging as major environmental concerns at the start of the 21st century. Thus there are compelling social, political and economic, and scientific reasons that make the study and understanding of the fundamental causes of urban climates critically important. This research addresses these topics through an intensive study of the surface energy balance of Lodz, Poland. The research examines the temporal variability in long-term measurements of urban surface-atmosphere exchange at a downtown location and the spatial variability of this exchange over distinctly different neighborhoods using shorter-term observations. These observations provide the basis for an evaluation of surface energy balance models. Monthly patterns in energy exchange are consistent from year-to-year with variability determined by net radiation and the timing and amount of precipitation. Spatial variability can be determined from plan area fractions of vegetation and impervious surface, though heat storage exerts a strong control on shorter term variability of energy exchange, within and between locations in an urban area. Anthropogenic heat fluxes provide most of the energy driving surface-atmosphere exchange in winter, From a modeling perspective, sensible heat fluxes can be reliably determined from radiometrically sensed surface temperatures and spatially representative surface-atmosphere exchange in an urban area can be determined from satellite remote sensing products. Models of the urban surface energy balance showed good agreement with mean values of energy exchange and under most conditions represented the temporal variability due to synoptic and shorter time scale forcing well.

  6. Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory shivering.

    PubMed

    Kanosue, K; Zhang, Y H; Yanase-Fujiwara, M; Hosono, T

    1994-07-01

    Warming one side of a rat's preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH) suppresses shivering on both sides of the body, and the present study evaluated the extent to which signals mediating this suppression cross the midline within and below the POAH. Hind paw shivering during unilateral POAH thermal stimulation was measured for rats in which the POAH had been midsagittally transected and for rats in which one side of the hypothalamus had been coronally transected just caudal to the POAH. In midsagittally transected rats, unilateral warming on either side of the POAH suppressed shivering equally on both sides of the body. In unilaterally transected rats, POAH warming on the transected side did not affect shivering, but warming the intact side suppressed shivering equally on both sides of the body. When a unilateral transection of only the lateral part of the hypothalamus included the medial forebrain bundle, the effect was the same as that of a unilateral transection of the whole hypothalamus. These results indicate that no information controlling shivering is exchanged between the left and right POAH and that efferent signals from the POAH, descending through the medial forebrain bundle, cross the midline somewhere below the hypothalamus to innervate both sides of the body equally.

  7. Transient changes in milk production efficiency and bacterial community composition resulting from near-total exchange of ruminal contents between high- and low-efficiency Holstein cows

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The objectives of this study were to determine if milk production efficiency (MPE) is altered by near-total exchange of ruminal contents between high- (HE) and low-MPE (LE) cows and to characterize ruminal bacterial community composition (BCC) prior to exchange and over time post-exchange. Three pai...

  8. Application of polarization in particle reactions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Arash, F.

    In this dissertation polarization phenomena in particle reactions have been used to study the revealing features of the reactions. First, it is shown that it is impossible to design a non-dynamical null-experimental to test the time-reversal invariant. Second, the optimal formalism representation is used to determine proton-proton elastic scattering amplitudes at 579 MeV and 800 MeV. Thirdly, the polarization structure of two-body reaction in a collinear configuration is investigated, and it is demonstrated that the structure becomes much simpler than it was for the general configuration. Fourthly, an amplitude test is conducted to search for dibaryon resonances in p-p elasticmore » scattering and it is found that at the energies around 800 MeV there is no evidence for any singlet partial wave state resonances. There exist, however, some tantalizing subliminal evidence for /sup 3/F/sub 3/ resonance. This method is also applied for pion-deutron elastic scattering to pin point the effect of a dibaryon resonance. Fifthly, evidence for the preeminence of one-particle-exchange mechanism is p-p elastic scattering is also examined in the 300 MeV-6 GeV/c range. Finally, a phenomenological model is developed to explain a striking feature of p-p scattering amplitudes pertaining to the amplitudes being either purely real or purely imaginary, and having three amplitudes almost equal in magnitudes and three times smaller than one amplitude in magnitude. This feature is extended to ..pi../sup +/p and k/sup +/p elastic scattering where spin flip and spin non-flip amplitudes appear to be equal in magnitude.« less

  9. Maximal lactate steady state determination with a single incremental test exercise.

    PubMed

    Laplaud, David; Guinot, Michel; Favre-Juvin, Anne; Flore, Patrice

    2006-03-01

    The aim of this study was to determine whether the power output associated with a maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) (.W(MLSS)) can be assessed using a single incremental cycling test. Eleven recreational sportsmen (age: 22+/-1 years, height: 175+/-6 cm, weight: 71+/-5 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. For each subject the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT(1) and VT(2), respectively) and the power output corresponding to (respiratory exchange ratio) RER=1.00 were determined during an incremental test to exhaustion. Thereafter, each subject performed several 30-min constant load tests to determine MLSS. The workload used in the first constant test was set to the .W(RER=1.00) determined during the incremental test. .W(VT1) (175+/-24 W) and .W(VT2) (265+/-31 W) were significantly different from .W(MLSS )(220+/-36 W). Whereas, .W(RER=1.00) (224+/-33 W) was similar to .W(MLSS). HR, RER and .VE were significantly different between the 10th and the 30th minutes when exercising at .W(RER=1.00) and at .W(MLSS). In contrast, .VO(2) and .VCO(2) were stable over those 30-min constant tests. Power output at VT(1), RER=1.00 and VT(2) were all correlated to .W(MLSS) but the relationship was stronger between RER=1.00 and MLSS (R (2)=0.95). The present study shows that the power output associated with a RER value equal to 1.00 during an incremental test does not differ from that determined for MLSS. Hence, the MLSS can be estimated with a single exercise test.

  10. Parental conflict and blue egg coloration in a seabird

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Morales, Judith; Torres, Roxana; Velando, Alberto

    2010-02-01

    When both parents provide offspring care, equal sharing of costly parental duties may enhance reproductive success. This is crucial for longlived species, where increased parental effort in current reproduction profoundly affects future reproduction. Indication of reproductive value or willingness to invest in reproduction may promote matching responses by mates, thus reducing the conflict over care. In birds with biparental care, blue-green eggshell color may function as a signal of reproductive value that affects parental effort, as predicted by the signaling hypothesis of blue-green eggshell coloration. However, this hypothesis has not been explored during incubation, when the potential stimulus of egg color is present, and has been little studied in longlived birds. We experimentally studied if egg color affected incubation patterns in the blue-footed booby, a longlived species with biparental care and blue eggs. We exchanged fresh eggs between nests of the same laying date and recorded parental incubation effort on the following 4 days. Although egg color did not affect male effort, original eggshell color was correlated with pair matching in incubation. Exchanged eggshell color did not affect incubation patterns. This suggests that biliverdin-based egg coloration reflects female quality features that are associated with pair incubation effort or that blue-footed boobies mate assortatively high-quality pairs incubating more colorful clutches. An intriguing possibility is that egg coloration facilitates an equal sharing of incubation, the signal being functional only during a short period close to laying. Results also suggest that indication of reproductive value reduces the conflict over care.

  11. Heat exchange assembly

    DOEpatents

    Lowenstein, Andrew; Sibilia, Marc; Miller, Jeffrey; Tonon, Thomas S.

    2004-06-08

    A heat exchange assembly comprises a plurality of plates disposed in a spaced-apart arrangement, each of the plurality of plates includes a plurality of passages extending internally from a first end to a second end for directing flow of a heat transfer fluid in a first plane, a plurality of first end-piece members equaling the number of plates and a plurality of second end-piece members also equaling the number of plates, each of the first and second end-piece members including a recessed region adapted to fluidly connect and couple with the first and second ends of the plate, respectively, and further adapted to be affixed to respective adjacent first and second end-piece members in a stacked formation, and each of the first and second end-piece members further including at least one cavity for enabling entry of the heat transfer fluid into the plate, exit of the heat transfer fluid from the plate, or 180.degree. turning of the fluid within the plate to create a serpentine-like fluid flow path between points of entry and exit of the fluid, and at least two fluid conduits extending through the stacked plurality of first and second end-piece members for providing first fluid connections between the parallel fluid entry points of adjacent plates and a fluid supply inlet, and second fluid connections between the parallel fluid exit points of adjacent plates and a fluid discharge outlet so that the heat transfer fluid travels in parallel paths through each respective plate.

  12. Hear Exchange Assembly

    DOEpatents

    Lowenstein, Andrew; Sibilia, Marc; Miller, Jeffrey; Tonon, Thomas S.

    2003-05-27

    A heat exchange assembly comprises a plurality of plates disposed in a spaced-apart arrangement, each of the plurality of plates includes a plurality of passages extending internally from a first end to a second end for directing flow of a heat transfer fluid in a first plane, a plurality of first end-piece members equaling the number of plates and a plurality of second end-piece members also equaling the number of plates, each of the first and second end-piece members including a recessed region adapted to fluidly connect and couple with the first and second ends of the plate, respectively, and further adapted to be affixed to respective adjacent first and second end-piece members in a stacked formation, and each of the first and second end-piece members further including at least one cavity for enabling entry of the heat transfer fluid into the plate, exit of the heat transfer fluid from the plate, or 180.degree. turning of the fluid within the plate to create a serpentine-like fluid flow path between points of entry and exit of the fluid, and at least two fluid conduits extending through the stacked plurality of first and second end-piece members for providing first fluid connections between the parallel fluid entry points of adjacent plates and a fluid supply inlet, and second fluid connections between the parallel fluid exit points of adjacent plates and a fluid discharge outlet so that the heat transfer fluid travels in parallel paths through each respective plate.

  13. Indirect Determination of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) with a gold nanoparticles-based colorimetric sensor.

    PubMed

    Üzer, Ayşem; Yalçın, Uğur; Can, Ziya; Erçağ, Erol; Apak, Reşat

    2017-12-01

    Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, used as an energetic and filling material for military and civilian purposes and rarely for terrorist actions. As there is no reliable nano-colorimetric method for PETN assay, we developed an indirect method based on the determination of nitrite, obtained by reduction of nitrate derived from the alkaline hydrolysis of PETN with H 2 O 2 . We colorimetrically determined the final product, nitrite, by both conventional Griess reaction and a recently developed gold nanoparticle-4-aminothiophenol-N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine (AuNP-4-ATP+NED) method. Nitramines (RDX and HMX), if present, could be degraded by alkaline hydrolysis, without affecting PETN. The analytical performance characteristics of the developed assays as molar absorptivity (ε), limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were: ɛ=1.06×10 5 L mol -1 cm -1 , LOD=0.03mgL -1 and LOQ=0.11mgL -1 for indirect Griess method; ɛ=1.9×10 4 Lmol -1 cm -1 ; LOD=0.12mgL -1 and LOQ=0.4mgL -1 for AuNP-4-ATP+NED method. Both methods were applied to a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of PETN and TNT (corresponding to the composition of military explosive 'Pentolite'). In order to eliminate the interference from TNT, the Meisenheimer anion of TNT formed in alkaline medium was retained on a strongly basic anion exchange resin column. As PETN had a very low solubility in water, common soil ions could be eliminated by prewashing the sample with water, or in acetone-water mixtures, Ca 2+ , K + , Cl - , SO 4 2- , and NO 3 - could be tolerated at equal (1:1) mass ratios. Soil nitrates and nitrites, at a mass ratio of 50:1, could be separated from PETN with the aid of their insolubilities in acetone and of their retention affinity toward a strongly basic anion-exchange resin. The developed method was statistically validated against a reference GC-MS method. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  14. Seasonal nutrient and plankton dynamics in a physical-biological model of Crater Lake

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Fennel, K.; Collier, R.; Larson, G.; Crawford, G.; Boss, E.

    2007-01-01

    A coupled 1D physical-biological model of Crater Lake is presented. The model simulates the seasonal evolution of two functional phytoplankton groups, total chlorophyll, and zooplankton in good quantitative agreement with observations from a 10-year monitoring study. During the stratified period in summer and early fall the model displays a marked vertical structure: the phytoplankton biomass of the functional group 1, which represents diatoms and dinoflagellates, has its highest concentration in the upper 40 m; the phytoplankton biomass of group 2, which represents chlorophyta, chrysophyta, cryptomonads and cyanobacteria, has its highest concentrations between 50 and 80 m, and phytoplankton chlorophyll has its maximum at 120 m depth. A similar vertical structure is a reoccurring feature in the available data. In the model the key process allowing a vertical separation between biomass and chlorophyll is photoacclimation. Vertical light attenuation (i.e., water clarity) and the physiological ability of phytoplankton to increase their cellular chlorophyll-to-biomass ratio are ultimately determining the location of the chlorophyll maximum. The location of the particle maxima on the other hand is determined by the balance between growth and losses and occurs where growth and losses equal. The vertical particle flux simulated by our model agrees well with flux measurements from a sediment trap. This motivated us to revisit a previously published study by Dymond et al. (1996). Dymond et al. used a box model to estimate the vertical particle flux and found a discrepancy by a factor 2.5-10 between their model-derived flux and measured fluxes from a sediment trap. Their box model neglected the exchange flux of dissolved and suspended organic matter, which, as our model and available data suggests is significant for the vertical exchange of nitrogen. Adjustment of Dymond et al.'s assumptions to account for dissolved and suspended nitrogen yields a flux estimate that is consistent with sediment trap measurements and our model. ?? 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

  15. Analysis of Triclosan-Selected Salmonella enterica Mutants of Eight Serovars Revealed Increased Aminoglycoside Susceptibility and Reduced Growth Rates

    PubMed Central

    Rensch, Ulrike; Klein, Guenter; Kehrenberg, Corinna

    2013-01-01

    The biocide triclosan (TRC) is used in a wide range of household, personal care, veterinary, industrial and medical products to control microbial growth. This extended use raises concerns about a possible association between the application of triclosan and the development of antibiotic resistance. In the present study we determined triclosan mutant prevention concentrations (MPC) for Salmonella enterica isolates of eight serovars and investigated selected mutants for their mechanisms mediating decreased susceptibility to triclosan. MPCTRC values were 8 - 64-fold higher than MIC values and ranged between 1 - 16 µg/ml. The frequencies at which mutants were selected varied between 1.3 x 10-10 - 9.9 x 10-11. Even if MIC values of mutants decreased by 3-7 dilution steps in the presence of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-naphtylamide, only minor changes were observed in the expression of genes encoding efflux components or regulators, indicating that neither the major multidrug efflux pump AcrAB-TolC nor AcrEF are up-regulated in triclosan-selected mutants. Nucleotide sequence comparisons confirmed the absence of alterations in the regulatory regions acrRA, soxRS, marORAB, acrSE and ramRA of selected mutants. Single bp and deduced Gly93→Val amino acid exchanges were present in fabI, the target gene of triclosan, starting from a concentration of 1 µg/ml TRC used for MPC determinations. The fabI genes were up to 12.4-fold up-regulated. Complementation experiments confirmed the contribution of Gly93→Val exchanges and fabI overexpression to decreased triclosan susceptibility. MIC values of mutants compared to parent strains were even equal or resulted in a more susceptible phenotype (1-2 dilution steps) for the aminoglycoside antibiotics kanamycin and gentamicin as well as for the biocide chlorhexidine. Growth rates of selected mutants were significantly lower and hence, might partly explain the rare occurrence of Salmonella field isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility to triclosan. PMID:24205194

  16. Mercury exchange at the air-water-soil interface: an overview of methods.

    PubMed

    Fang, Fengman; Wang, Qichao; Liu, Ruhai

    2002-06-12

    An attempt is made to assess the present knowledge about the methods of determining mercury (Hg) exchange at the air-water-soil interface during the past 20 years. Methods determining processes of wet and dry removal/deposition of atmospheric Hg to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as methods determining Hg emission fluxes to the atmosphere from natural surfaces (soil and water) are discussed. On the basis of the impressive advances that have been made in the areas relating to Hg exchange among air-soil-water interfaces, we analyzed existing problems and shortcomings in our current knowledge. In addition, some important fields worth further research are discussed and proposed.

  17. Radon Concentrations in Drinking Water in Beijing City, China and Contribution to Radiation Dose

    PubMed Central

    Wu, Yun-Yun; Ma, Yong-Zhong; Cui, Hong-Xing; Liu, Jian-Xiang; Sun, Ya-Ru; Shang, Bing; Su, Xu

    2014-01-01

    222Rn concentrations in drinking water samples from Beijing City, China, were determined based on a simple method for the continuous monitoring of radon using a radon-in-air monitor coupled to an air-water exchanger. A total of 89 water samples were sampled and analyzed for their 222Rn content. The observed radon levels ranged from detection limit up to 49 Bq/L. The calculated arithmetic and geometric means of radon concentrations in all measured samples were equal to 5.87 and 4.63 Bq/L, respectively. The average annual effective dose from ingestion of radon in drinking water was 2.78 μSv, and that of inhalation of water-borne radon was 28.5 μSv. It is concluded that it is not the ingestion of waterborne radon, but inhalation of the radon escaping from water that is a substantial part of the radiological hazard. Radon in water is a big concern for public health, especially for consumers who directly use well water with very high radon concentration. PMID:25350007

  18. Sample size determination for GEE analyses of stepped wedge cluster randomized trials.

    PubMed

    Li, Fan; Turner, Elizabeth L; Preisser, John S

    2018-06-19

    In stepped wedge cluster randomized trials, intact clusters of individuals switch from control to intervention from a randomly assigned period onwards. Such trials are becoming increasingly popular in health services research. When a closed cohort is recruited from each cluster for longitudinal follow-up, proper sample size calculation should account for three distinct types of intraclass correlations: the within-period, the inter-period, and the within-individual correlations. Setting the latter two correlation parameters to be equal accommodates cross-sectional designs. We propose sample size procedures for continuous and binary responses within the framework of generalized estimating equations that employ a block exchangeable within-cluster correlation structure defined from the distinct correlation types. For continuous responses, we show that the intraclass correlations affect power only through two eigenvalues of the correlation matrix. We demonstrate that analytical power agrees well with simulated power for as few as eight clusters, when data are analyzed using bias-corrected estimating equations for the correlation parameters concurrently with a bias-corrected sandwich variance estimator. © 2018, The International Biometric Society.

  19. Environmental impact of flood: the study of arsenic speciation in exchangeable fraction of flood deposits of Warta river (Poland) in determination of "finger prints" of the pollutants origin and the ways of the migration.

    PubMed

    Kozak, Lidia; Skolasińska, Katarzyna; Niedzielski, Przemysław

    2012-09-01

    The paper presents the application of the hyphenated technique - high-performance liquid chromatography with atomic absorption spectrometry detection with hydride generation (HPLC-HG-AAS) - in the determinations of inorganic forms of arsenic: As(III) and As(V) in the exchangeable fraction of flood deposits. The separation of analytical signals of the determined arsenic forms was obtained using an ion-exchange column in a chromatographic system with the atomic absorption spectrometer as a detector, at the determination limits of 5 ngg(-1) for As(III) and 10 ngg(-1) for As(V). Flood deposits were collected after big flood event in valley of the Warta river which took place in summer 2010. Samples of overbank deposits were taken in Poznań agglomeration and vicinity (NW Poland). The results of determinations of arsenic forms in the exchangeable fraction of flood deposits allowed indication of a hypothetical path of deposits migration transported by a river during flood and environmental threats posed by their deposition by flood. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  20. ABO-incompatible heart transplants.

    PubMed

    Hageman, M; Michaud, N; Chinnappan, I; Klein, T; Mettler, B

    2015-04-01

    A month-old baby girl with blood type O positive received a donor heart organ from a donor with blood type B. This was the first institutional ABO-incompatible heart transplant. Infants listed for transplantation may be considered for an ABO-incompatible heart transplant based on their antibody levels and age. The United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) protocol is infants under 24 months with titers less than or equal to 1:4.(1) This recipient's anti-A and anti-B antibodies were monitored with titer assays to determine their levels; antibody levels less than 1:4 are acceptable pre-transplant in order to proceed with donor and transplant arrangements.1 Immediately prior to initiating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a complete whole body exchange transfusion of at least two-times the patient's circulating blood volume was performed with packed red blood cells (pRBC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and 25% albumin. Titer assays were sent two minutes after initiation of full CPB and then hourly until the cross-clamp was removed. Institutionally, reperfusion of the donor heart is not restored until the antibody level from the titer assay is known and reported as less than 1:4; failing to achieve an immulogically tolerant recipient will provide conditions for hyperacute rejection. The blood collected during the transfusion exchange was immediately processed through a cell saver so the pRBC's could be re-infused to the patient during CPB, as necessary. The remainder of the transplant was performed in the same fashion as an ABO-compatible heart transplant. The patient has shown no signs of rejection following transplantation. © The Author(s) 2014.

  1. Stochastic backscatter modelling for the prediction of pollutant removal from an urban street canyon: A large-eddy simulation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    O'Neill, J. J.; Cai, X.-M.; Kinnersley, R.

    2016-10-01

    The large-eddy simulation (LES) approach has recently exhibited its appealing capability of capturing turbulent processes inside street canyons and the urban boundary layer aloft, and its potential for deriving the bulk parameters adopted in low-cost operational urban dispersion models. However, the thin roof-level shear layer may be under-resolved in most LES set-ups and thus sophisticated subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterisations may be required. In this paper, we consider the important case of pollutant removal from an urban street canyon of unit aspect ratio (i.e. building height equal to street width) with the external flow perpendicular to the street. We show that by employing a stochastic SGS model that explicitly accounts for backscatter (energy transfer from unresolved to resolved scales), the pollutant removal process is better simulated compared with the use of a simpler (fully dissipative) but widely-used SGS model. The backscatter induces additional mixing within the shear layer which acts to increase the rate of pollutant removal from the street canyon, giving better agreement with a recent wind-tunnel experiment. The exchange velocity, an important parameter in many operational models that determines the mass transfer between the urban canopy and the external flow, is predicted to be around 15% larger with the backscatter SGS model; consequently, the steady-state mean pollutant concentration within the street canyon is around 15% lower. A database of exchange velocities for various other urban configurations could be generated and used as improved input for operational street canyon models.

  2. Investigating the Sustainability of Perennial Agriculture

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sutherlin, C. E.; Brunsell, N. A.; De Oliveira, G.; Crews, T.; Vico, G.

    2017-12-01

    The changing climate leads to uncertainties concerning the sustainability of certain agricultural resources, and with the additional stresses of an increasing global population, uncertainty in food security will greatly increase. To adhere to future food demands in the face of this changing climate, perennial agriculture has been a proposed solution. However, it is equally important to assure that perennial agriculture is not negatively affecting the climate in exchange for this proposed more robust food source. We chose to examine the interactions between perennial and annual agricultural crops by focusing on the efficiency of exchanges with the atmosphere. This is done using the omega decoupling factor for 4 different sites as a way of quantifying the contributions of radiation and stomatal conductance over the resulting water and carbon cycles. This gives us an indication of how the plant canopy is interacting with, and influencing the local microclimate. Ultimately, this should give us an indication of the ability of perennial crops to aid in the climate mitigation process. We hypothesized that the perennial site chosen would have omega values more similar to the omega values of a natural grassland rather than an annual crop site. Using AmeriFlux towers to determine the canopy values needed to calculate the omega decoupling factor, we focused on the Kernza perennial crops being grown at the Land Institute in Salina, Kansas (KLS), in comparison to a natural grassland in Manhattan, Kansas (KON), a typical land cover model in Lawrence, Kansas (KFS), and an annual crop site in Lamont, Oklahoma (ARM). These results will allow us to move forward in the investigation of perennial crops as a sustainable food source.

  3. Efficiency of exchange schemes in replica exchange

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lingenheil, Martin; Denschlag, Robert; Mathias, Gerald; Tavan, Paul

    2009-08-01

    In replica exchange simulations a fast diffusion of the replicas through the temperature space maximizes the efficiency of the statistical sampling. Here, we compare the diffusion speed as measured by the round trip rates for four exchange algorithms. We find different efficiency profiles with optimal average acceptance probabilities ranging from 8% to 41%. The best performance is determined by benchmark simulations for the most widely used algorithm, which alternately tries to exchange all even and all odd replica pairs. By analytical mathematics we show that the excellent performance of this exchange scheme is due to the high diffusivity of the underlying random walk.

  4. Radiocarbon dating of open systems with bomb effect

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Mckay, C. P.; Long, A.; Friedmann, E. I.

    1986-01-01

    The application of radiocarbon dating is extended to include systems that are slowly exchanging carbon with the atmosphere. Simple formulae are derived that relate the true age and the exchange rate of carbon to the apparent radiocarbon age. A radiocarbon age determination does not give a unique true age and exchange rate but determines a locus of values bounded by a minimum age and a minimum exchange rate. It is found that for radiocarbon ages as large as 10,000 years it is necessary to correct for the anthropogenic radiocarbon produced in the atmosphere by nuclear weapons testing. A one-term exponential approximation, with an e-folding time of 14.43 years, is used to model this effect and is shown to be accurate to within 3 percent for exchange time constants of 100 years and greater. The approach developed here is not specific to radiocarbon and can be applied to other radioisotopes in open systems.

  5. Knowledge transfer and exchange processes for environmental health issues in Canadian Aboriginal communities.

    PubMed

    Jack, Susan M; Brooks, Sandy; Furgal, Chris M; Dobbins, Maureen

    2010-02-01

    Within Canadian Aboriginal communities, the process for utilizing environmental health research evidence in the development of policies and programs is not well understood. This fundamental qualitative descriptive study explored the perceptions of 28 environmental health researchers, senior external decision-makers and decision-makers working within Aboriginal communities about factors influencing knowledge transfer and exchange, beliefs about research evidence and Traditional Knowledge and the preferred communication channels for disseminating and receiving evidence. The results indicate that collaborative relationships between researchers and decision-makers, initiated early and maintained throughout a research project, promote both the efficient conduct of a study and increase the likelihood of knowledge transfer and exchange. Participants identified that empirical research findings and Traditional Knowledge are different and distinct types of evidence that should be equally valued and used where possible to provide a holistic understanding of environmental issues and support decisions in Aboriginal communities. To facilitate the dissemination of research findings within Aboriginal communities, participants described the elements required for successfully crafting key messages, locating and using credible messengers to deliver the messages, strategies for using cultural brokers and identifying the communication channels commonly used to disseminate and receive this type of information.

  6. Extremely Rare Interbreeding Events Can Explain Neanderthal DNA in Living Humans

    PubMed Central

    Neves, Armando G. M.; Serva, Maurizio

    2012-01-01

    Considering the recent experimental discovery of Green et al that present-day non-Africans have 1 to of their nuclear DNA of Neanderthal origin, we propose here a model which is able to quantify the genetic interbreeding between two subpopulations with equal fitness, living in the same geographic region. The model consists of a solvable system of deterministic ordinary differential equations containing as a stochastic ingredient a realization of the neutral Wright-Fisher process. By simulating the stochastic part of the model we are able to apply it to the interbreeding ofthe African ancestors of Eurasians and Middle Eastern Neanderthal subpopulations and estimate the only parameter of the model, which is the number of individuals per generation exchanged between subpopulations. Our results indicate that the amount of Neanderthal DNA in living non-Africans can be explained with maximum probability by the exchange of a single pair of individuals between the subpopulations at each 77 generations, but larger exchange frequencies are also allowed with sizeable probability. The results are compatible with a long coexistence time of 130,000 years, a total interbreeding population of order individuals, and with all living humans being descendants of Africans both for mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome. PMID:23112810

  7. Knowledge Transfer and Exchange Processes for Environmental Health Issues in Canadian Aboriginal Communities

    PubMed Central

    Jack, Susan M.; Brooks, Sandy; Furgal, Chris M.; Dobbins, Maureen

    2010-01-01

    Within Canadian Aboriginal communities, the process for utilizing environmental health research evidence in the development of policies and programs is not well understood. This fundamental qualitative descriptive study explored the perceptions of 28 environmental health researchers, senior external decision-makers and decision-makers working within Aboriginal communities about factors influencing knowledge transfer and exchange, beliefs about research evidence and Traditional Knowledge and the preferred communication channels for disseminating and receiving evidence. The results indicate that collaborative relationships between researchers and decision-makers, initiated early and maintained throughout a research project, promote both the efficient conduct of a study and increase the likelihood of knowledge transfer and exchange. Participants identified that empirical research findings and Traditional Knowledge are different and distinct types of evidence that should be equally valued and used where possible to provide a holistic understanding of environmental issues and support decisions in Aboriginal communities. To facilitate the dissemination of research findings within Aboriginal communities, participants described the elements required for successfully crafting key messages, locating and using credible messengers to deliver the messages, strategies for using cultural brokers and identifying the communication channels commonly used to disseminate and receive this type of information. PMID:20616996

  8. 76 FR 61450 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; National Stock Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-04

    ... Methodology for Determining When To Halt Trading in All Stocks Due to Extraordinary Market Volatility... all stocks due to extraordinary market volatility. II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the... determining when to halt trading in all stocks due to extraordinary market volatility. The Exchange is...

  9. Determinants of Participating in Australian University Student Exchange Programs

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Daly, Amanda

    2011-01-01

    Outbound mobility programs such as exchange programs are one of the many strategies implemented at universities to develop graduates' intercultural skills and international knowledge. Few Australian students participate in exchange programs. This article presents a literature review and proposes a model of the contextual and individual factors…

  10. 47 CFR 1.5005 - Notification of Commission action to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Notification of Commission action to the Securities and Exchange Commission. 1.5005 Section 1.5005 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION... Securities and Exchange Commission whenever a person is determined to be an exempt telecommunications company...

  11. 47 CFR 1.5005 - Notification of Commission action to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 47 Telecommunication 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Notification of Commission action to the Securities and Exchange Commission. 1.5005 Section 1.5005 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION... Securities and Exchange Commission whenever a person is determined to be an exempt telecommunications company...

  12. 26 CFR 1.1081-11 - Records to be kept and information to be filed with returns.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ..., determined immediately before the exchange, of any stock or securities transferred by the significant holder... or exchange, of the stock, securities or other property (including money) received by the significant... the distribution or exchange, of the stock, securities, or other property (including money...

  13. 76 FR 82332 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-30

    .... Moreover, the competitive pressures from other exchanges in electronic orders and different business model... electronic business and compete with other exchanges for such business. The business models surrounding...). The specific volume thresholds of the Program's tiers were set based upon business determinations and...

  14. Review of Air Exchange Rate Models for Air Pollution Exposure Assessments

    EPA Science Inventory

    A critical aspect of air pollution exposure assessments is estimation of the air exchange rate (AER) for various buildings, where people spend their time. The AER, which is rate the exchange of indoor air with outdoor air, is an important determinant for entry of outdoor air pol...

  15. Equal Employment Opportunity Program, Division of Personnel and Labor

    Science.gov Websites

    and organizations. Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action In conjunction with the EEO and Affirmative Action. The EEO Program Manager coordinates, reviews, or determines issues

  16. Empirical Correction for Differences in Chemical Exchange Rates in Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry Measurements.

    PubMed

    Toth, Ronald T; Mills, Brittney J; Joshi, Sangeeta B; Esfandiary, Reza; Bishop, Steven M; Middaugh, C Russell; Volkin, David B; Weis, David D

    2017-09-05

    A barrier to the use of hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) in many contexts, especially analytical characterization of various protein therapeutic candidates, is that differences in temperature, pH, ionic strength, buffering agent, or other additives can alter chemical exchange rates, making HX data gathered under differing solution conditions difficult to compare. Here, we present data demonstrating that HX chemical exchange rates can be substantially altered not only by the well-established variables of temperature and pH but also by additives including arginine, guanidine, methionine, and thiocyanate. To compensate for these additive effects, we have developed an empirical method to correct the hydrogen-exchange data for these differences. First, differences in chemical exchange rates are measured by use of an unstructured reporter peptide, YPI. An empirical chemical exchange correction factor, determined by use of the HX data from the reporter peptide, is then applied to the HX measurements obtained from a protein of interest under different solution conditions. We demonstrate that the correction is experimentally sound through simulation and in a proof-of-concept experiment using unstructured peptides under slow-exchange conditions (pD 4.5 at ambient temperature). To illustrate its utility, we applied the correction to HX-MS excipient screening data collected for a pharmaceutically relevant IgG4 mAb being characterized to determine the effects of different formulations on backbone dynamics.

  17. The role of residual (undegassed) and environmental waters in pyroclastic volcanic glass in nature and experiments (Invited)

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bindeman, I. N.; Seligman, A. N.; Nolan, G. S.; Lundstrom, C.; Martin, E.; Lowenstern, J. B.; Palandri, J. L.

    2013-12-01

    The advent and calibration of the Thermal Combustion Element Analyzer (TCEA) continuous flow system coupled with the large-radius mass spectrometer, at the University of Oregon, permits precise (×0.02 wt.% H2O, ×1-3‰ D/H) measurements in 1-10 mg of volcanic glass (0.1 wt.% H2O requires ~10 mg glass). This is a 10-100 time reduction in sample size over previous methods, which permits the targeting of small amounts of the freshest concentrate. In combination with the FTIR, we use the TCEA to research problems involving the mechanisms and timescales of volcanic ash hydration on both natural and laboratory timescales using isotopically-labeled water, D/H-H2O pathways of volcanic degassing, water content and D/H in recently erupted volcanic ash, and the mechanisms of tephra-hydration by isotopically-distinct rain and glacial meltwaters. The talk will review new results: 1) Water content determined by FTIR (OH and H2O) and TCEA give excellent correspondence for basaltic and rhyolitic glasses, including FTIR measurements for irregular ash particles mixed in equal proportion with KBr and molded into pellets. 2) Nominally-anhydrous (<0.1-0.2 wt.% water) volcanic ash actually contains appreciable 'undegassed', variably low-δD water (up to ~0.6 wt.%). 3) Long term exposure experiments involving ash placed in isotopically-labeled water does not lead to water uptake or δ18O exchange at 20, 40, or 70 °C over two years of laboratory exposure, but does involve up to 15% deuterium exchange relative to the full exchange equilibria. This provides a word of caution in using δD values of ash as a paleoenvironmental tool. 4) Degassing of environmentally-hydrated ash (4 wt.% water) leads to neglegeable δD exchange, signifying nearly zero-fractionation upon loss of predominantly H2Omol water. 5) Glacial vs. intergacial water can be recognized in hydrated glasses. 6) Subaqueous perlites from Yellowstone have an onion-skin distribution of water with water-poor cores, as determined by the scanning FTIR technique. 7) Thermal diffusion experiments achieve up to a 144‰ range in δD across a 300-600°C temperature change; this has implications for explaining natural variations in δD in high temperature environments due to high diffusivity of hydrogen. 8) We report results of δ18O in extracted water in glass and discuss isotopic offsets due to incomplete oxygen extraction from OH groups. 9) We apply these methods to submarine glasses, and degassing tephra products of the same eruption.

  18. Review of water demand and water utilization studies for the Provo River drainage basin, and review of a study of the effects of the proposed Jordanelle Reservoir on seepage to underground mines, Bonneville unit of the central Utah project

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Waddell, K.M.; Freethey, G.W.; Susong, D.D.; Pyper, G.E.

    1991-01-01

    Problem: Questions have been raised concerning the adequacy of available water to fulfill the needs of storage, exchanges, diversions, and instream flows, pursuant to existing water rights in the Provo River drainage basin part of the Bonneville Unit. Also, concern has been expressed about the potential for seepage of water from Jordanelle Reservoir to underground mines. The Utah Congressional Delegation requested that the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) review the results of analyses performed by and for the USBR.Purpose and Scope: The purpose of this report is to present the results of the USGS review of (1) the hydrologic data, techniques, and model used by the USBR in their hydrologic analyses of the Provo River drainage basin and (2) the results of a study of the potential for seepage from the Jordanelle Reservoir to nearby underground mines.The USGS reviewed USBR-supplied water demands, water utilization studies, and models of seepage from Jordanelle Reservoir. The USBR estimated that about 90 percent of the water supply for Jordanelle Reservoir will be water from Strawberry Reservoir exchanged for water from the Provo River stored in Utah Lake. If the Utah State Engineer allows the USBR to claim an estimated 19,700 acre-feet of return flows from the CUP, only about 77 percent of the supply would be derived from exchange of existing water rights in Utah Lake. The USGS assumed that planned importations of water from the Uinta Basin will be available and deliverable to fulfill the proposed exchanges.Water rights and demands are important for determining water availability. The USGS did not conduct an independent review of water rights and demands. The USSR and Utah Division of Water Rights use different methods in some areas for determining stress on the system based on past records. The USSR used "historical observed diversions" and the Utah Division of Water Rights use "diversion entitlements", which may not be equal to the historical diversions. The USGS based its review upon water demands used by the USSR. The Utah Division of Water Rights has responsibility for granting and enforcing water rights, and the final decisions on how the rights will be adjudicated lies with the Utah Division of Water Rights and with the courts. The USGS review did not consider the draft water distribution plan for the Utah Lake drainage basin proposed by the Utah State Engineer (written commun., October 15,1991). This plan, when finalized, may have an effect on water availability to the CUP.

  19. 7 CFR 1400.6 - Joint and several liability.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... entity determined to have knowingly participated in a scheme or device, or other such equally serious... of the scheme or device, or other such equally serious actions, including amounts necessary to...

  20. Synthesis, characterization and applications of a new cation exchanger tamarind sulphonic acid (TSA) resin.

    PubMed

    Singh, A V; Sharma, Naresh Kumar; Rathore, Abhay S

    2012-01-01

    A new composite cation exchanger, tamarind sulphonic acid (TSA) resin has been synthesized. The chemically modified TSA ion exchange resin has been used for the removal and preconcentration of Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ ions in aqueous solution and effluent from the Laxmi steel plant in Jodhpur, India. This type of composite represents a new class of hybrid ion exchangers with good ion exchange capacity, stability, reproducibility and selectivity for toxic metal ions found in effluent from the steel industry. The characterization of the resin was carried out by determining the ion-exchange capacity, elemental analysis, pH titration, Fourier transform infrared spectra and thermal analysis. The distribution coefficients (K(d)) of toxic metal ions were determined in a reference aqueous solution and the steel plant effluent at different pH values; the absorbency of different metal ions on the TSA resin was studied for up to 10 cycles. The adsorption of different metal ions on TSA resin follows the order: Co2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Fe2+ > Cd2+. The ion exchange capacity of TSA resin is 2.87%.

  1. Efficiency of Adaptive Temperature-Based Replica Exchange for Sampling Large-Scale Protein Conformational Transitions.

    PubMed

    Zhang, Weihong; Chen, Jianhan

    2013-06-11

    Temperature-based replica exchange (RE) is now considered a principal technique for enhanced sampling of protein conformations. It is also recognized that existence of sharp cooperative transitions (such as protein folding/unfolding) can lead to temperature exchange bottlenecks and significantly reduce the sampling efficiency. Here, we revisit two adaptive temperature-based RE protocols, namely, exchange equalization (EE) and current maximization (CM), that were previously examined using atomistic simulations (Lee and Olson, J. Chem. Physics2011, 134, 24111). Both protocols aim to overcome exchange bottlenecks by adaptively adjusting the simulation temperatures, either to achieve uniform exchange rates (in EE) or to maximize temperature diffusion (CM). By designing a realistic yet computationally tractable coarse-grained protein model, one can sample many reversible folding/unfolding transitions using conventional constant temperature molecular dynamics (MD), standard REMD, EE-REMD, and CM-REMD. This allows rigorous evaluation of the sampling efficiency, by directly comparing the rates of folding/unfolding transitions and convergence of various thermodynamic properties of interest. The results demonstrate that both EE and CM can indeed enhance temperature diffusion compared to standard RE, by ∼3- and over 10-fold, respectively. Surprisingly, the rates of reversible folding/unfolding transitions are similar in all three RE protocols. The convergence rates of several key thermodynamic properties, including the folding stability and various 1D and 2D free energy surfaces, are also similar. Therefore, the efficiency of RE protocols does not appear to be limited by temperature diffusion, but by the inherent rates of spontaneous large-scale conformational rearrangements. This is particularly true considering that virtually all RE simulations of proteins in practice involve exchange attempt frequencies (∼ps(-1)) that are several orders of magnitude faster than the slowest protein motions (∼μs(-1)). Our results also suggest that the efficiency of RE will not likely be improved by other protocols that aim to accelerate exchange or temperature diffusion. Instead, protocols with some types of guided tempering will likely be necessary to drive faster large-scale conformational transitions.

  2. Evaluating CMA equalization of SOQPSK-TG data for aeronautical telemetry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cole-Rhodes, Arlene; KoneDossongui, Serge; Umuolo, Henry; Rice, Michael

    2015-05-01

    This paper presents the results of using a constant modulus algorithm (CMA) to recover shaped offset quadrature-phase shift keying (SOQPSK)-TG modulated data, which has been transmitted using the iNET data packet structure. This standard is defined and used for aeronautical telemetry. Based on the iNET-packet structure, the adaptive block processing CMA equalizer can be initialized using the minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer [3]. This CMA equalizer is being evaluated for use on iNET structured data, with initial tests being conducted on measured data which has been received in a controlled laboratory environment. Thus the CMA equalizer is applied at the receiver to data packets which have been experimentally generated in order to determine the feasibility of our equalization approach, and its performance is compared to that of the MMSE equalizer. Performance evaluation is based on computed bit error rate (BER) counts for these equalizers.

  3. TROSY-based z-exchange spectroscopy: application to the determination of the activation energy for intermolecular protein translocation between specific sites on different DNA molecules.

    PubMed

    Sahu, Debashish; Clore, G Marius; Iwahara, Junji

    2007-10-31

    A two-dimensional TROSY-based z-exchange 1H-15N correlation experiment for the quantitative analysis of kinetic processes in the slow exchange regime is presented. The pulse scheme converts the product operator terms Nz into 2NzHz and 2NzHz into -Nz in the middle of the z-mixing period, thereby suppressing the buildup of spurious semi-TROSY peaks arising from the different relaxation rates for the Nz and 2NzHz terms and simplifying the behavior of longitudinal magnetization for an exchanging system during the mixing period. Theoretical considerations and experimental data demonstrate that the TROSY-based z-exchange experiment permits quantitative determination of rate constants using the same procedure as that for the conventional non-TROSY 15Nz-exchange experiment. Line narrowing as a consequence of the use of the TROSY principle makes the method particularly suitable for kinetic studies at low temperature, thereby permitting activation energies to be extracted from data acquired over a wider temperature range. We applied this method to the investigation of the process whereby the HoxD9 homeodomain translocates between specific target sites on different DNA molecules via a direct transfer mechanism without going through the intermediary of free protein. The activation enthalpy for intermolecular translocation was determined to be 17 kcal/mol.

  4. A highly stable gadolinium complex with a fast, associative mechanism of water exchange.

    PubMed

    Thompson, Marlon K; Botta, Mauro; Nicolle, Gaëlle; Helm, Lothar; Aime, Silvio; Merbach, André E; Raymond, Kenneth N

    2003-11-26

    The stability and water exchange dynamics of gadolinium (GdIII) complexes are critical characteristics that determine their effectiveness as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A new heteropodal GdIII chelate, [Gd-TREN-bis(6-Me-HOPO)-(TAM-TRI)(H2O)2] (Gd-2), is presented which is based on a hydroxypyridinate (HOPO)-terephthalamide (TAM) ligand design. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the acid-base properties and the GdIII complexation strength of TREN-bis(6-Me-HOPO)-(TAM-TRI) (2) were measured by potentiometric and spectrophotometric titration techniques, respectively. The pGd of 2 is 20.6 (pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, I = 0.1 M), indicating that Gd-2 is of more than sufficient thermodynamic stability for in vivo MRI applications. The water exchange rate of Gd-2 (kex = 5.3(+/-0.6) x 107 s-1) was determined by variable temperature 17O NMR and is in the fast exchange regime - ideal for MRI. Variable pressure 17O NMR was used to determine the volume of activation (DeltaV) of Gd-2. DeltaV for Gd-2 is -5 cm3 mol-1, indicative of an interchange associative (Ia) water exchange mechanism. The results reported herein are important as they provide insight into the factors influencing high stability and fast water exchange in the HOPO series of complexes, potentially future clinical contrast agents.

  5. 77 FR 16304 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; International Securities Exchange, LLC; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-20

    ...\\ Market Maker Plus,\\8\\ Firm Proprietary, Customer (Professional),\\9\\ Non-ISE Market Maker,\\10\\ and Priority Customer.\\11\\ The Exchange is proposing to increase certain rebates for certain complex orders, as... determine whether or not they are meeting the Exchange's stated criteria. \\9\\ A Customer (Professional) is a...

  6. 76 FR 8794 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-15

    ... (market-makers trading for their own account shall not be considered when determining customer interest... change from week-to-week. CBOE believes that these class pick changes have negatively impacted investors... investor recently requested another exchange to reinstate a Weekly option class that that exchange had...

  7. Exchange-Correlation Hole in Polarized Insulators: Implications for the Microscopic Functional Theory of Dielectrics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ortiz, Gerardo; Souza, Ivo; Martin, Richard M.

    1998-01-01

    We present a simple and direct proof that the exchange-correlation hole, and therefore the exchange-correlation energy, in a polarized insulator is not determined by the bulk density alone. It is uniquely characterized by the density and the macroscopic electric polarization of the dielectric medium.

  8. 76 FR 77040 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-09

    ... Exchange has determined that Rule 72(a)(ii) may currently disincentivize aggressive displayed quoting by... create an incentive for participants to display aggressive prices, a participant may be reluctant to... aggressive displayed quoting by market participants, which contributes to the market quality of the Exchange...

  9. Landscape determinants of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Ozark Highland forest soils

    Treesearch

    John M. Kabrick; Keith W. Goyne; Zhaofei Fan; Dennis Meinert

    2011-01-01

    Exchangeable base cations, particularly Ca and Mg, largely govern soil acidity and, consequently, plant species composition in temperate forests. Although studies have identified soil and terrain characteristics affecting exchangeable Ca and Mg, few studies have identified the relative importance of factors affecting Ca and Mg distribution across landscapes. Objectives...

  10. 26 CFR 1.7872-16 - Loans to an exchange facilitator under § 1.468B-6.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... TREASURY (CONTINUED) INCOME TAX (CONTINUED) INCOME TAXES General Actuarial Valuations § 1.7872-16 Loans to... of approximate method permitted. The taxpayer and exchange facilitator may use the approximate method to determine the amount of forgone interest on any exchange facilitator loan. (f) Exemption for...

  11. Classical and quantum optical correlation effects between single quantum dots: The role of the hopping photon

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hughes, S.; Gotoh, H.; Kamada, H.

    2006-09-01

    We present a theoretical study of photon-coupled single quantum dots in a semiconductor. A series of optical effects are demonstrated, including a subradiant dark resonance, superradiance, reversible spontaneous emission decay, and pronounced exciton entanglement. Both classical and quantum optical approaches are presented using a self-consistent formalism that treats real and virtual photon exchange on an equal footing and can account for different quantum dot properties, surface effects, and retardation in the dipole-dipole coupling, all of which are shown to play a non-negligible role.

  12. On singlet s-wave electron-hydrogen scattering.

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Madan, R. N.

    1973-01-01

    Discussion of various zeroth-order approximations to s-wave scattering of electrons by hydrogen atoms below the first excitation threshold. The formalism previously developed by the author (1967, 1968) is applied to Feshbach operators to derive integro-differential equations, with the optical-potential set equal to zero, for the singlet and triplet cases. Phase shifts of s-wave scattering are computed in the zeroth-order approximation of the Feshbach operator method and in the static-exchange approximation. It is found that the convergence of numerical computations is faster in the former approximation than in the latter.

  13. Applications of HCMM satellite data. [Lake Ontario, Buffalo, Syracuse, and Rochester, New York

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1980-01-01

    The thermal properties of Lake Ontario as they relate to water equality, lake hydrology and energy exchange were investigated as well as the urban heat island problem in selected areas adjacent to the lake. The HCMM thermal sensor was fully calibrated for several underflight data. Actual surface water temperature maps were generated for all of Lake Ontario using the calibration procedure developed. Major water quality changes associated with the thermal bar as located by HCMM thermal data were observed from satellite and aerial data and verified by ground truth.

  14. Eddy-current inspection of shuttle heat exchanger tube welds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Dodd, Casius V.; Scott, G. W.; Chitwood, L. D.

    1990-01-01

    The goal of this project was to develop the system necessary to demonstrate in the laboratory that an eddy current system can inspect the tubes and welds described, screening for the existence of flaws equal in size to, or larger than, the target flaw. The laboratory system was to include the probe necessary to traverse the tubing, the electronics to drive (i.e., electrically excite) the probe and receive and process signals from it, a data display, data recording, and playback devices, and microprocessor software or firmware necessary to operate the system.

  15. 78 FR 8670 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; EDGA Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-02-06

    ... Extraordinary Market Volatility February 1, 2013. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of... for determining when to halt trading in all stocks due to extraordinary market volatility, from the... determining when to halt trading in all stocks due to extraordinary market volatility from February 4, 2013...

  16. A Critical Evaluation of the Influence of the Dark Exchange Current on the Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

    PubMed Central

    García-Rodríguez, Rodrigo; Villanueva-Cab, Julio; Anta, Juan A.; Oskam, Gerko

    2016-01-01

    The influence of the thickness of the nanostructured, mesoporous TiO2 film on several parameters determining the performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. We pay special attention to the effect of the exchange current density in the dark, and we compare the values obtained by steady state measurements with values extracted from small perturbation techniques. We also evaluate the influence of exchange current density, the solar cell ideality factor, and the effective absorption coefficient of the cell on the optimal film thickness. The results show that the exchange current density in the dark is proportional to the TiO2 film thickness, however, the effective absorption coefficient is the parameter that ultimately defines the ideal thickness. We illustrate the importance of the exchange current density in the dark on the determination of the current–voltage characteristics and we show how an important improvement of the cell performance can be achieved by decreasing values of the total series resistance and the exchange current density in the dark. PMID:28787833

  17. Experimental findings on actinide recovery utilizing oxidation by peroxydisulfate followed by ion exchange: Fuel cycle research & development

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Hobbs, D. T.; Shehee, T. C.

    2015-08-31

    Our research seeks to determine if inorganic ion-exchange materials can be exploited to provide effective minor actinide (Am, Cm) separation from lanthanides. Previous work has established that a number of inorganic and UMOF ion-exchange materials exhibit varying affinities for actinides and lanthanides, which may be exploited for effective separations. During FY15, experimental work focused on investigating methods to oxidize americium in dilute nitric and perchloric acid with subsequent ion-exchange performance measurements of ion exchangers with the oxidized americium in dilute nitric acid. Ion-exchange materials tested included a variety of alkali titanates. Americium oxidation testing sought to determine the influence thatmore » other redox active components may have on the oxidation of Am III. Experimental findings indicated that Ce III, Np V, and Ru II are oxidized by peroxydisulfate, but there are no indications that the presence of Ce III, Np V, and Ru II affected the rate or extent of americium oxidation at the concentrations of peroxydisulfate being used.« less

  18. Parameter-free determination of the exchange constant in thin films using magnonic patterning

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Langer, M.; Wagner, K.; Fassbender, J.

    2016-03-07

    An all-electrical method is presented to determine the exchange constant of magnetic thin films using ferromagnetic resonance. For films of 20 nm thickness and below, the determination of the exchange constant A, a fundamental magnetic quantity, is anything but straightforward. Among others, the most common methods are based on the characterization of perpendicular standing spin-waves. These approaches are however challenging, due to (i) very high energies and (ii) rather small intensities in this thickness regime. In the presented approach, surface patterning is applied to a permalloy (Ni{sub 80}Fe{sub 20}) film and a Co{sub 2}Fe{sub 0.4}Mn{sub 0.6}Si Heusler compound. Acting as amore » magnonic crystal, such structures enable the coupling of backward volume spin-waves to the uniform mode. Subsequent ferromagnetic resonance measurements give access to the spin-wave spectra free of unquantifiable parameters and, thus, to the exchange constant A with high accuracy.« less

  19. Charge-exchange plasma environment for an ion drive spacecraft. [a model for describing mercury ion engines and its effect on spacecraft subsystems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kaufman, H. R.; Carruth, M. R., Jr.

    1979-01-01

    The charge exchange plasma environment around a spacecraft that uses mercury ion thrusters for propulsion is described. The interactions between the plasma environment and the spacecraft are determined and a model which describes the propagation of the mercury charge exchange plasma is discussed. The model is extended to describe the flow of the molybdenum component of the charge exchange plasma. The uncertainties in the models for various conditions are discussed and current drain to the solar array, charge exchange plasma material deposition, and the effects of space plasma on the charge exchange plasma propagation are addressed.

  20. The use of laboratory-determined ion exchange parameters in the predictive modelling of field-scale major cation migration in groundwater over a 40-year period.

    PubMed

    Carlyle, Harriet F; Tellam, John H; Parker, Karen E

    2004-01-01

    An attempt has been made to estimate quantitatively cation concentration changes as estuary water invades a Triassic Sandstone aquifer in northwest England. Cation exchange capacities and selectivity coefficients for Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), and Mg(2+) were measured in the laboratory using standard techniques. Selectivity coefficients were also determined using a method involving optimized back-calculation from flushing experiments, thus permitting better representation of field conditions; in all cases, the Gaines-Thomas/constant cation exchange capacity (CEC) model was found to be a reasonable, though not perfect, first description. The exchange parameters interpreted from the laboratory experiments were used in a one-dimensional reactive transport mixing cell model, and predictions compared with field pumping well data (Cl and hardness spanning a period of around 40 years, and full major ion analyses in approximately 1980). The concentration patterns predicted using Gaines-Thomas exchange with calcite equilibrium were similar to the observed patterns, but the concentrations of the divalent ions were significantly overestimated, as were 1980 sulphate concentrations, and 1980 alkalinity concentrations were underestimated. Including representation of sulphate reduction in the estuarine alluvium failed to replicate 1980 HCO(3) and pH values. However, by including partial CO(2) degassing following sulphate reduction, a process for which there is 34S and 18O evidence from a previous study, a good match for SO(4), HCO(3), and pH was attained. Using this modified estuary water and averaged values from the laboratory ion exchange parameter determinations, good predictions for the field cation data were obtained. It is concluded that the Gaines-Thomas/constant exchange capacity model with averaged parameter values can be used successfully in ion exchange predictions in this aquifer at a regional scale and over extended time scales, despite the numerous assumptions inherent in the approach; this has also been found to be the case in the few other published studies of regional ion exchanging flow.

  1. The use of laboratory-determined ion exchange parameters in the predictive modelling of field-scale major cation migration in groundwater over a 40-year period

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Carlyle, Harriet F.; Tellam, John H.; Parker, Karen E.

    2004-01-01

    An attempt has been made to estimate quantitatively cation concentration changes as estuary water invades a Triassic Sandstone aquifer in northwest England. Cation exchange capacities and selectivity coefficients for Na +, K +, Ca 2+, and Mg 2+ were measured in the laboratory using standard techniques. Selectivity coefficients were also determined using a method involving optimized back-calculation from flushing experiments, thus permitting better representation of field conditions; in all cases, the Gaines-Thomas/constant cation exchange capacity (CEC) model was found to be a reasonable, though not perfect, first description. The exchange parameters interpreted from the laboratory experiments were used in a one-dimensional reactive transport mixing cell model, and predictions compared with field pumping well data (Cl and hardness spanning a period of around 40 years, and full major ion analyses in ˜1980). The concentration patterns predicted using Gaines-Thomas exchange with calcite equilibrium were similar to the observed patterns, but the concentrations of the divalent ions were significantly overestimated, as were 1980 sulphate concentrations, and 1980 alkalinity concentrations were underestimated. Including representation of sulphate reduction in the estuarine alluvium failed to replicate 1980 HCO 3 and pH values. However, by including partial CO 2 degassing following sulphate reduction, a process for which there is 34S and 18O evidence from a previous study, a good match for SO 4, HCO 3, and pH was attained. Using this modified estuary water and averaged values from the laboratory ion exchange parameter determinations, good predictions for the field cation data were obtained. It is concluded that the Gaines-Thomas/constant exchange capacity model with averaged parameter values can be used successfully in ion exchange predictions in this aquifer at a regional scale and over extended time scales, despite the numerous assumptions inherent in the approach; this has also been found to be the case in the few other published studies of regional ion exchanging flow.

  2. Leptonic CP phase determined by an equation involving PMNS matrix elements

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ke, Hong-Wei; Zhou, Jia-Hui; Li, Xue-Qian

    2017-04-01

    Several approximate equalities among the matrix elements of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) and Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrices imply that hidden symmetries may exist and be common for both quark and neutrino sectors. The charge parity (CP) phase of the CKM matrix ({δ }{CKM}) is involved in these equalities and can be investigated when these equalities turn into several equations. As we substitute those experimentally measured values of the three mixing angles into the equations for quarks, it is noted that one of the equations which holds exactly has a solution {δ }{CKM}=({68.95}-1.15+1.15)^\\circ . That value accords with ({69.1}-3.85+2.02)^\\circ determined from available data. Generalizing the scenario to the lepton sector, the same equality determines the leptonic CP phase {δ }{PMNS} to be ({275.20}-1.15+1.15)^\\circ . Thus we predict the value of {δ }{PMNS} from the equation. So far there is no direct measurement on {δ }{PMNS}, but a recent analysis based on the neutrino oscillation data prefers a phase close to 270°.

  3. Polar Aprotic Modifiers for Chromatographic Separation and Back-Exchange Reduction for Protein Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Monitored by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Valeja, Santosh G.; Emmett, Mark R.; Marshall, Alan G.

    2012-04-01

    Hydrogen/deuterium exchange monitored by mass spectrometry is an important non-perturbing tool to study protein structure and protein-protein interactions. However, water in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography mobile phase leads to back-exchange of D for H during chromatographic separation of proteolytic peptides following H/D exchange, resulting in incorrect identification of fast-exchanging hydrogens as unexchanged hydrogens. Previously, fast high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography have been shown to decrease back-exchange. Here, we show that replacement of up to 40% of the water in the LC mobile phase by the modifiers, dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (i.e., polar organic modifiers that lack rapid exchanging hydrogens), significantly reduces back-exchange. On-line LC micro-ESI FT-ICR MS resolves overlapped proteolytic peptide isotopic distributions, allowing for quantitative determination of the extent of back-exchange. The DMF modified solvent composition also improves chromatographic separation while reducing back-exchange relative to conventional solvent.

  4. Population-based Incidence of Intraocular Lens Exchange in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

    PubMed

    Bothun, Erick D; Cavalcante, Lilian C B; Hodge, David O; Patel, Sanjay V

    2018-03-01

    To determine the population-based incidence of pseudophakic intraocular lens exchange in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Retrospective review of a population-based cohort. Patients undergoing pseudophakic intraocular lens exchange in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 2016 were identified from the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system. Indications and outcomes were determined, and the incidence rate was calculated as cases per 1 000 000 person-years. Poisson regression analysis was used to assess changes in incidence over time, and the cumulative probability of needing a lens exchange was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Eighty cases of intraocular lens exchange were identified, yielding an overall age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of 28.4 per million (confidence interval [CI], 22.1-34.7), which increased over the study period (P = .04). The 30-year cumulative probability of intraocular lens exchange among patients undergoing cataract surgery was 1.5% (CI, 0.6%-2.4%), increasing at a relatively constant rate. Dislocated lenses accounted for 72.5% of lens exchanges. Unplanned refractive outcome of primary cataract surgery and uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome from squared-edged haptics emerged as newer indications for intraocular lens exchange. The population-based incidence of pseudophakic intraocular lens exchange has increased over the last 30 years, and can be explained by the increase in incidence rate of cataract surgery over the same period. Surgeons should be aware of emerging indications of intraocular lens exchange, which reflect changes in lens design and increasing expectations of refractive outcomes. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  5. On factors influencing air-water gas exchange in emergent wetlands

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ho, David T.; Engel, Victor C.; Ferron, Sara; Hickman, Benjamin; Choi, Jay; Harvey, Judson W.

    2018-01-01

    Knowledge of gas exchange in wetlands is important in order to determine fluxes of climatically and biogeochemically important trace gases and to conduct mass balances for metabolism studies. Very few studies have been conducted to quantify gas transfer velocities in wetlands, and many wind speed/gas exchange parameterizations used in oceanographic or limnological settings are inappropriate under conditions found in wetlands. Here six measurements of gas transfer velocities are made with SF6 tracer release experiments in three different years in the Everglades, a subtropical peatland with surface water flowing through emergent vegetation. The experiments were conducted under different flow conditions and with different amounts of emergent vegetation to determine the influence of wind, rain, water flow, waterside thermal convection, and vegetation on air-water gas exchange in wetlands. Measured gas transfer velocities under the different conditions ranged from 1.1 cm h−1 during baseline conditions to 3.2 cm h−1 when rain and water flow rates were high. Commonly used wind speed/gas exchange relationships would overestimate the gas transfer velocity by a factor of 1.2 to 6.8. Gas exchange due to thermal convection was relatively constant and accounted for 14 to 51% of the total measured gas exchange. Differences in rain and water flow among the different years were responsible for the variability in gas exchange, with flow accounting for 37 to 77% of the gas exchange, and rain responsible for up to 40%.

  6. Analysis of bubbles and crashes in the TRY/USD, TRY/EUR, TRY/JPY and TRY/CHF exchange rate within the scope of econophysics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Deviren, Bayram; Kocakaplan, Yusuf; Keskin, Mustafa; Balcılar, Mehmet; Özdemir, Zeynel Abidin; Ersoy, Ersan

    2014-09-01

    In this study, we analyze the Turkish Lira/US Dollar (TRY/USD), Turkish Lira/Euro (TRY/EUR), Turkish Lira/Japanese Yen (TRY/JPY) and Turkish Lira/Swiss Franc (TRY/CHF) exchange rates in the global financial crisis period to detect the bubbles and crashes in the TRY by using a mathematical methodology developed by Watanabe et al. (2007). The methodology defines the bubbles and crashes in financial market price fluctuations by considering an exponential fitting of the associated data. This methodology is applied to detect the bubbles and crashes in the TRY/USD, TRY/EUR, TRY/JPY and TRY/CHF exchange rates from January, 1, 2005 to December, 20, 2013. In this mathematical methodology, the whole period of bubbles and crashes can be determined purely from past data, and the start of bubbles and crashes can be identified even before its bursts. In this way, the periods of bubbles and crashes in the TRY/USD, TRY/EUR, TRY/JPY and TRY/CHF are determined, and the beginning and end points of these periods are detected. The results show that the crashes in the TRY/CHF exchange rate are commonly finished earlier than in the other exchange rates; hence it is probable that the crashes in the other exchange rates would be finished soon when the crashes in the TRY/CHF exchange rate ended. We also find that the periods of crashes in the TRY/EUR exchange rate take longer time than in the other exchange rates. This information can be used in risk management and/or speculative gain. The crashes' periods in the TRY/EUR and TRY/USD exchange rates are observed to be relatively longer than in the other exchange rates.

  7. THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR

    PubMed Central

    Sollner, Karl; Carr, Charles W.; Abrams, Irving

    1942-01-01

    1. Theoretical considerations lead to the conclusion that dissociable acidic groups present to a varying extent in different collodion preparations determine the electrochemical behavior of membranes cast from these preparations. It is further reasoned that the base exchange capacity of the collodion surfaces is the true quantitative measure of the abundance of the dissociable groups. 2. The concept of base exchange capacity and the base exchange method are discussed. The conditions which allow a purposeful application of the latter are stated. 3. The base exchange properties of a number of fibrous collodion preparations of different origins and after various types of treatment, having widely varying electrochemical activities, are determined. 4. With the chemical (titration) and physical (electrometric) methods employed, no regular correlation can be found between electrochemical activity and base exchange. The base exchange capacity which is necessary to cause even great electrochemical activity of collodion is extremely small. 5. Measurable to high base exchange capacity always seems to be associated with good or high electrochemical activity; but base exchange capacity too low to be definitely measurable with the available methods may be found with collodion preparations of high as well as with preparations of low electrochemical activity. 6. The bearing of these results upon the problem of the spatial and electrical structure of the collodion membrane is indicated briefly. PMID:19873284

  8. Quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (qCEST) MRI - omega plot analysis of RF-spillover-corrected inverse CEST ratio asymmetry for simultaneous determination of labile proton ratio and exchange rate.

    PubMed

    Wu, Renhua; Xiao, Gang; Zhou, Iris Yuwen; Ran, Chongzhao; Sun, Phillip Zhe

    2015-03-01

    Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI is sensitive to labile proton concentration and exchange rate, thus allowing measurement of dilute CEST agent and microenvironmental properties. However, CEST measurement depends not only on the CEST agent properties but also on the experimental conditions. Quantitative CEST (qCEST) analysis has been proposed to address the limitation of the commonly used simplistic CEST-weighted calculation. Recent research has shown that the concomitant direct RF saturation (spillover) effect can be corrected using an inverse CEST ratio calculation. We postulated that a simplified qCEST analysis is feasible with omega plot analysis of the inverse CEST asymmetry calculation. Specifically, simulations showed that the numerically derived labile proton ratio and exchange rate were in good agreement with input values. In addition, the qCEST analysis was confirmed experimentally in a phantom with concurrent variation in CEST agent concentration and pH. Also, we demonstrated that the derived labile proton ratio increased linearly with creatine concentration (P < 0.01) while the pH-dependent exchange rate followed a dominantly base-catalyzed exchange relationship (P < 0.01). In summary, our study verified that a simplified qCEST analysis can simultaneously determine labile proton ratio and exchange rate in a relatively complex in vitro CEST system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  9. 5 CFR 536.308 - Loss of eligibility for or termination of pay retention.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... is entitled to a rate of basic pay under a covered pay system which is equal to or greater than the... equal or higher rate of basic pay during a temporary promotion or temporary reassignment but will be... determined under § 536.104) of a position in which the employee's rate of basic pay would be equal to or...

  10. 48 CFR 811.104-75 - Procedure for negotiated procurements.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... the clause at 852.211-73, Brand name or equal, for use in negotiated procurements. When use of the... brand name will be considered if the contracting officer determines that the offered products are equal...

  11. A Summary Score for the Framingham Heart Study Neuropsychological Battery

    PubMed Central

    Downer, Brian; Fardo, David W.; Schmitt, Frederick A.

    2015-01-01

    Objective To calculate three summary scores of the Framingham Heart Study neuropsychological battery and determine which score best differentiates between subjects classified as having normal cognition, test-based impaired learning and memory, test-based multidomain impairment, and dementia. Method The final sample included 2,503 participants. Three summary scores were assessed: (a) composite score that provided equal weight to each subtest, (b) composite score that provided equal weight to each cognitive domain assessed by the neuropsychological battery, and (c) abbreviated score comprised of subtests for learning and memory. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine which summary score best differentiated between the four cognitive states. Results The summary score that provided equal weight to each subtest best differentiated between the four cognitive states. Discussion A summary score that provides equal weight to each subtest is an efficient way to utilize all of the cognitive data collected by a neuropsychological battery. PMID:25804903

  12. A Summary Score for the Framingham Heart Study Neuropsychological Battery.

    PubMed

    Downer, Brian; Fardo, David W; Schmitt, Frederick A

    2015-10-01

    To calculate three summary scores of the Framingham Heart Study neuropsychological battery and determine which score best differentiates between subjects classified as having normal cognition, test-based impaired learning and memory, test-based multidomain impairment, and dementia. The final sample included 2,503 participants. Three summary scores were assessed: (a) composite score that provided equal weight to each subtest, (b) composite score that provided equal weight to each cognitive domain assessed by the neuropsychological battery, and (c) abbreviated score comprised of subtests for learning and memory. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine which summary score best differentiated between the four cognitive states. The summary score that provided equal weight to each subtest best differentiated between the four cognitive states. A summary score that provides equal weight to each subtest is an efficient way to utilize all of the cognitive data collected by a neuropsychological battery. © The Author(s) 2015.

  13. Modeling bronchial circulation with application to soluble gas exchange: description and sensitivity analysis.

    PubMed

    Bui, T D; Dabdub, D; George, S C

    1998-06-01

    The steady-state exchange of inert gases across an in situ canine trachea has recently been shown to be limited equally by diffusion and perfusion over a wide range (0.01-350) of blood solubilities (betablood; ml . ml-1 . atm-1). Hence, we hypothesize that the exchange of ethanol (betablood = 1,756 at 37 degrees C) in the airways depends on the blood flow rate from the bronchial circulation. To test this hypothesis, the dynamics of the bronchial circulation were incorporated into an existing model that describes the simultaneous exchange of heat, water, and a soluble gas in the airways. A detailed sensitivity analysis of key model parameters was performed by using the method of Latin hypercube sampling. The model accurately predicted a previously reported experimental exhalation profile of ethanol (R2 = 0.991) as well as the end-exhalation airstream temperature (34.6 degrees C). The model predicts that 27, 29, and 44% of exhaled ethanol in a single exhalation are derived from the tissues of the mucosa and submucosa, the bronchial circulation, and the tissue exterior to the submucosa (which would include the pulmonary circulation), respectively. Although the concentration of ethanol in the bronchial capillary decreased during inspiration, the three key model outputs (end-exhaled ethanol concentration, the slope of phase III, and end-exhaled temperature) were all statistically insensitive (P > 0.05) to the parameters describing the bronchial circulation. In contrast, the model outputs were all sensitive (P < 0.05) to the thickness of tissue separating the core body conditions from the bronchial smooth muscle. We conclude that both the bronchial circulation and the pulmonary circulation impact soluble gas exchange when the entire conducting airway tree is considered.

  14. Hydrogen isotope exchanges between water and methanol in interstellar ices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Faure, A.; Faure, M.; Theulé, P.; Quirico, E.; Schmitt, B.

    2015-12-01

    The deuterium fractionation of gas-phase molecules in hot cores is believed to reflect the composition of interstellar ices. The deuteration of methanol is a major puzzle, however, because the isotopologue ratio [CH2DOH]/[CH3OD], which is predicted to be equal to 3 by standard grain chemistry models, is much larger (~20) in low-mass hot corinos and significantly lower (~1) in high-mass hot cores. This dichotomy in methanol deuteration between low-mass and massive protostars is currently not understood. In this study, we report a simplified rate equation model of the deuterium chemistry occurring in the icy mantles of interstellar grains. We apply this model to the chemistry of hot corinos and hot cores, with IRAS 16293-2422 and the Orion KL Compact Ridge as prototypes, respectively. The chemistry is based on a statistical initial deuteration at low temperature followed by a warm-up phase during which thermal hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchanges occur between water and methanol. The exchange kinetics is incorporated using laboratory data. The [CH2DOH]/[CH3OD] ratio is found to scale inversely with the D/H ratio of water, owing to the H/D exchange equilibrium between the hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups of methanol and water. Our model is able to reproduce the observed [CH2DOH]/[CH3OD] ratios provided that the primitive fractionation of water ice [HDO]/[H2O] is ~2% in IRAS 16293-2422 and ~0.6% in Orion KL. We conclude that the molecular D/H ratios measured in hot cores may not be representative of the original mantles because molecules with exchangeable deuterium atoms can equilibrate with water ice during the warm-up phase.

  15. Electrodialytic Transport Properties of Anion-Exchange Membranes Prepared from Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-methacryloyl aminopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride).

    PubMed

    Jikihara, Atsushi; Ohashi, Reina; Kakihana, Yuriko; Higa, Mitsuru; Kobayashi, Kenichi

    2013-01-02

    Random-type anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) have been prepared by blending poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and the random copolymer-type polycation, poly(vinyl alcohol-co-methacryloyl aminopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) at various molar percentages of anion-exchange groups to vinyl alcohol groups, Cpc, and by cross-linking the PVA chains with glutaraldehyde (GA) solution at various GA concentrations, CGA. The characteristics of the random-type AEMs were compared with blend-type AEMs prepared in our previous study. At equal molar percentages of the anion exchange groups, the water content of the random-type AEMs was lower than that of the blend-type AEMs. The effective charge density of the random-type AEMs increased with increasing Cpc and reached a maximum value. Further, the maximum value of the effective charge density increased with increasing CGA. The maximum value of the effective charge density, 0.42 mol/dm3, was obtained for the random-type AEM with Cpc = 4.2 mol % and CGA = 0.15 vol %. A comparison of the random-type and blend-type AEMs with almost the same Cpc showed that the random-type AEMs had lower membrane resistance than the blend-type ones. The membrane resistance and dynamic transport number of the random-type AEM with Cpc = 6.0 mol % and CGA = 0.15 vol % were 4.8 Ω cm2 and 0.83, respectively.

  16. Electrodialytic Transport Properties of Anion-Exchange Membranes Prepared from Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-methacryloyl aminopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride)

    PubMed Central

    Jikihara, Atsushi; Ohashi, Reina; Kakihana, Yuriko; Higa, Mitsuru; Kobayashi, Kenichi

    2012-01-01

    Random-type anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) have been prepared by blending poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and the random copolymer-type polycation, poly(vinyl alcohol-co-methacryloyl aminopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) at various molar percentages of anion-exchange groups to vinyl alcohol groups, Cpc, and by cross-linking the PVA chains with glutaraldehyde (GA) solution at various GA concentrations, CGA. The characteristics of the random-type AEMs were compared with blend-type AEMs prepared in our previous study. At equal molar percentages of the anion exchange groups, the water content of the random-type AEMs was lower than that of the blend-type AEMs. The effective charge density of the random-type AEMs increased with increasing Cpc and reached a maximum value. Further, the maximum value of the effective charge density increased with increasing CGA. The maximum value of the effective charge density, 0.42 mol/dm3, was obtained for the random-type AEM with Cpc = 4.2 mol % and CGA = 0.15 vol %. A comparison of the random-type and blend-type AEMs with almost the same Cpc showed that the random-type AEMs had lower membrane resistance than the blend-type ones. The membrane resistance and dynamic transport number of the random-type AEM with Cpc = 6.0 mol % and CGA = 0.15 vol % were 4.8 Ω cm2 and 0.83, respectively. PMID:24958543

  17. Experimental analysis for heat transfer of nanofluid with wire coil turbulators in a concentric tube heat exchanger

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Akyürek, Eda Feyza; Geliş, Kadir; Şahin, Bayram; Manay, Eyüphan

    2018-06-01

    Nanofluids are a novel class of heat transfer suspensions of metallic or nonmetallic nanopowders with a size of less than 100 nm in base fluids and they can increase heat transfer potential of the base fluids in various applications. In the last decade, nanofluids have become an intensive research topic because of their improved thermal properties and possible heat transfer applications. For comparison, an experiment using water as the working fluid in the heat exchanger without wire coils was also performed. Turbulent forced convection heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluids in a concentric tube heat exchanger with and without wire coil turbulators were experimentally investigated in this research. Experiments effected particle volume concentrations of 0.4-0.8 to 1.2-1.6 vol% in the Reynolds number range from 4000 to 20,000. Two turbulators with the pitches of 25 mm and 39 mm were used. The average Nusselt number increased with increasing the Reynolds number and particle concentrations. Moreover, the pressure drop of the Al2O3-water nanofluid showed nearly equal to that of pure water at the same Reynolds number range. As a result, nanofluids with lower particle concentrations did not show an important influence on pressure drop change. Nonetheless, when the wire coils used in the heat exchanger, it increased pressure drop as well as the heat transfer coefficient.

  18. Surface calculations with asymptotically long-ranged potentials in the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ye, Lin-Hui

    2015-09-01

    Although the supercell method has been widely used for surface calculations, it only works well with short-ranged potentials, but meets difficulty when the potential decays very slowly into the vacuum. Unfortunately, the exact exchange-correlation potential of the density functional theory is asymptotically long ranged, and therefore is not easily handled by use of supercells. This paper illustrates that the authentic slab geometry, another technique for surface calculations, is not affected by this issue: It works equally well with both short- and long-ranged potentials, with the computational cost and the convergence speed being essentially the same. Using the asymptotically long-ranged Becke-Roussel'89 exchange potential as an example, we have calculated six surfaces of various types. We found that accurate potential values can be obtained even in extremely low density regions of more than 100 Å away from the surface. This high performance allows us to explore the asymptotic region, and prove with clean numerical evidence that the Becke-Roussel'89 potential satisfies the correct asymptotic behavior for slab surfaces, as it does for finite systems. Our finding further implies that the Slater component of the exact exchange optimized effective potential is responsible for the asymptotic behavior, not only for jellium slabs, but for slabs of any type. The Becke-Roussel'89 potential may therefore be used to build asymptotically correct model exchange potentials applicable to both finite systems and slab surfaces.

  19. Carbon dioxide exchange between an undisturbed old-growth temperate forest and the atmosphere

    Treesearch

    D.Y. Hollinger; F.M. Kelliher; J.N. Byers; J.E. Hunt; T.M. McSeveny; P.L. Weir

    1994-01-01

    We used the eddy-correlation technique to investigate the exchange of C02 between an undisturbed old-growth forest and the atmosphere at a remote Southern Hemisphere site on 15 d between 1989 and 1990. Our goal was to determine how environmental factors regulate ecosystem CO2 exchange, and to test whether present knowledge...

  20. 78 FR 39365 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BOX Options Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-07-01

    ..., offering detailed data from, and analysis of, the PIP Pilot Program. Specifically, the Exchange believes... further analysis of the PIP Pilot Program and a determination of how the PIP Pilot Program shall be structured in the future. 2. Statutory Basis The Exchange believes that the proposal is consistent with the...

  1. Digital Resource Exchange About Music (DREAM): Phase 2 Usability Testing

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Upitis, Rena; Boese, Karen; Abrami, Philip C.; Anwar, Zaeem

    2015-01-01

    The Digital Resource Exchange About Music (DREAM) is a virtual space for exchanging information about digital learning tools. The purpose of the present study was to determine how users responded to DREAM in the first four months after its public release. This study is the second phase of usability research on DREAM, and was conducted to guide…

  2. 26 CFR 1.1002-1 - Sales or exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Sales or exchanges. 1.1002-1 Section 1.1002-1...) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Determination of Amount of and Recognition of Gain Or Loss § 1.1002-1 Sales or exchanges. (a) General rule. The general rule with respect to gain or loss realized upon the sale or...

  3. 26 CFR 1.1002-1 - Sales or exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-04-01

    ... 26 Internal Revenue 11 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Sales or exchanges. 1.1002-1 Section 1.1002-1...) INCOME TAXES (CONTINUED) Determination of Amount of and Recognition of Gain Or Loss § 1.1002-1 Sales or exchanges. (a) General rule. The general rule with respect to gain or loss realized upon the sale or...

  4. 76 FR 33794 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Stock Exchange, Incorporated; Notice of Filing and...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-09

    ... types and indications that are eligible for entry to and accepted by the Matching System. The Exchange... Exchange with the ability to determine on an order type by order type basis which orders and indications... Rule 43.2 relating to the types of orders handled on the CBOE's Screen Based Trading System (``SBT...

  5. The effect of exchange rates on southern pine exports

    Treesearch

    H.W. Wisdom; James E. Granskog

    2003-01-01

    Changes in exchange rates affect southern pine exports by changing the cost of southern wood in foreign markets. A strong dollar discourages exports; a weak dollar encourages exports. A simple economic export market model is developed to determine whether changes in the exchange rates in foreign markets of southern pine products have, in fact, let to significant...

  6. 76 FR 61422 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-04

    ... Extraordinary Market Volatility September 28, 2011. Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \\1\\ of the Securities Exchange... volatility. The text of the proposed rule change is available at the Exchange, the Commission's Public... determining when to halt trading in all stocks due to extraordinary market volatility. The Exchange is...

  7. 75 FR 66426 - Determination of Foreign Exchange Swaps and Forwards

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-28

    ... Commodity Exchange Act (``CEA''), as amended by Title VII of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer... Act in violation of any rule promulgated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (``CFTC'').\\6\\ \\2...) an exchange of 2 different currencies on a specific date at a fixed rate that is agreed upon on the...

  8. Social Presence for Different Tasks and Perceived Learning in Online Hospitality Culture Exchange

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Wang, Mei-jung; Chen, Hsueh Chu

    2013-01-01

    This study utilized online discussion and project construction tasks to determine the extent of social presence and collaborative learning for hospitality culture exchange. The online culture exchange lasted for 6 weeks from September to November 2011. Forty-four English majors from a hospitality college in Taiwan and an institute of education in…

  9. 47 CFR 54.305 - Sale or transfer of exchanges.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... following the transfer of exchanges. For the first year of operation, a loop cost expense adjustment, using... operation shall be determined using cost data for the first year of operation of the transferred exchanges. Such cost data for the first year of operation shall be calculated in accordance with §§ 36.611, 36.612...

  10. Analysis of Relationships between Coaches' Organizational Justice and Leader-Member Exchange by Structural Equation Modeling

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Akyel, Yakup

    2018-01-01

    In this study, it was aimed to determine to what extent coaches' organizational justice levels were explained by a leader-member exchange. This study was conducted by using correlational survey model and its sub-purposes were to determine the coaches' organizational justice levels and to examine the differences in organizational justice levels…

  11. 76 FR 51099 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-17

    .... For each contract month, CBOE will determine the at-the-money strike price. The Exchange will then select the at-the-money and out- of-the money series with non-zero bid prices and determine the midpoint... that the further away that series is from the at-the-money strike, the less weight that is accorded to...

  12. 76 FR 32000 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; Chicago Board Options Exchange, Incorporated; Order Granting...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-02

    .... For each contract month, CBOE will determine the at-the-money strike price. The Exchange will then select the at-the-money and out- of-the money series with non-zero bid prices and determine the midpoint... that the further away that series is from the at-the-money strike, the less weight that is accorded to...

  13. Microtube strip heat exchanger

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Doty, F. D.

    1991-04-01

    During the last quarter, Doty Scientific, Inc. (DSI) continued to make progress on the microtube strip (MTS) heat exchangers. The team has begun a heat exchanger stress analysis; however, they have been concentrating the bulk of their analytical energies on a computational fluid dynmaics (CFD) model to determine the location and magnitude of shell-side flow maldistribution which decreases heat exchanger effectiveness. DSI received 120 fineblanked tubestrips from Southern Fineblanking (SFB) for manufacturing process development. Both SFB and NIST provided inspection reports of the tubestrips. DSI completed the tooling required to encapsulate a tube array and press tubestrips on the array. Pressing the tubestrips on tube arrays showed design deficiencies both in the tubestrip design and the tooling design. DSI has a number of revisions in process to correct these deficiencies. The research effort has identified a more economical fusible alloy for encapsulating the tube array, and determined the parameters required to successfully encapsulate the tube array with the new alloy. A more compact MTS heat exchanger bank was designed.

  14. 26 CFR 1.79-3 - Determination of amount equal to cost of group-term life insurance.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... Income § 1.79-3 Determination of amount equal to cost of group-term life insurance. (a) In general. This...'s age at his nearest birthday on June 30th of the calendar year. (iv) If the policy of group-term... group-term life insurance provided before July 1, 1999. For purposes of Table I, the age of the employee...

  15. Health insurance exchanges under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: regulatory and design challenges.

    PubMed

    Hoffmann, Stephanie M

    2012-12-01

    Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, all states are required to establish health insurance exchanges, marketplaces where individuals and small businesses can purchase health care coverage. In establishing these exchanges, states must address a range of regulatory and design issues to ensure that their exchanges are sustainable and meet the needs of their populations. The issues include the degree of federal involvement in the management of the exchanges, the overall structure and governance of the exchanges, the requirements for insurance plans to be offered on the exchanges, and the design of the exchanges themselves. Each of these issues will play a crucial role in determining the quality of coverage offered to consumers and how effectively they can access that coverage. Copyright © 2012 American College of Radiology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  16. A homogeneous quenching resonance energy transfer assay for the kinetic analysis of the GTPase nucleotide exchange reaction.

    PubMed

    Kopra, Kari; Ligabue, Alessio; Wang, Qi; Syrjänpää, Markku; Blaževitš, Olga; Veltel, Stefan; van Adrichem, Arjan J; Hänninen, Pekka; Abankwa, Daniel; Härmä, Harri

    2014-07-01

    A quenching resonance energy transfer (QRET) assay for small GTPase nucleotide exchange kinetic monitoring is demonstrated using nanomolar protein concentrations. Small GTPases are central signaling proteins in all eukaryotic cells acting as a "molecular switches" that are active in the GTP-state and inactive in the GDP-state. GTP-loading is highly regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). In several diseases, most prominently cancer, this process in misregulated. The kinetics of the nucleotide exchange reaction reports on the enzymatic activity of the GEF reaction system and is, therefore, of special interest. We determined the nucleotide exchange kinetics using europium-labeled GTP (Eu-GTP) in the QRET assay for small GTPases. After GEF catalyzed GTP-loading of a GTPase, a high time-resolved luminescence signal was found to be associated with GTPase bound Eu-GTP, whereas the non-bound Eu-GTP fraction was quenched by soluble quencher. The association kinetics of the Eu-GTP was measured after GEF addition, whereas the dissociation kinetics could be determined after addition of unlabeled GTP. The resulting association and dissociation rates were in agreement with previously published values for H-Ras(Wt), H-Ras(Q61G), and K-Ras(Wt), respectively. The broader applicability of the QRET assay for small GTPases was demonstrated by determining the kinetics of the Ect2 catalyzed RhoA(Wt) GTP-loading. The QRET assay allows the use of nanomolar protein concentrations, as more than 3-fold signal-to-background ratio was achieved with 50 nM GTPase and GEF proteins. Thus, small GTPase exchange kinetics can be efficiently determined in a HTS compatible 384-well plate format.

  17. A reexamination of the relationship between eddy mixing and O2 in the Martian middle atmosphere

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rosenqvist, Jan; Chassefiere, E.

    1995-03-01

    A value of the eddy diffusion coefficient K of approximately equals 1.5 x 106 sq cm/s in the middle atmosphere of Mars was obtained from Phobos 2 solar occultation measurements of dust, ozone, and clouds at low latitude. The aim of the present study is to complete this picture by using a steady photochemical one-dimensional model. The main regulation mechanism of O2 is the reaction of O with itself, whose rate depends on the value of K in the middle atmosphere. By comparing calculated and observed values of the O2 abundance, an upper limit of approximately equals 2 x 107/sq cm/s on K is inferred. By including an additional constraint provided by H2 balance, a lower limit of approximately equals 4 x 106/sq cm/s may be placed. It results from the present analysis that the most realistic value of K to be used in works resorting to one-dimensional modeling (long-term evolution, escape, surface/atmosphere exchanges) is approximately equals 107 sq cm/s rather than approximately equals 106 sq cm/s. The difference between theoretical and observational values might be due to the regular occurence of global dust storms, whose effect should be to increase the yearly average value of K. The present study suggests less than 3 precipitable micrometer (pr-micrometer) of the yearly averaged water vapor column, unless H2O is confined in a layer near the ground. Although the first possibility seems far more probable, the second hypothesis cannot be ruled out. It could reflect a continuous supply of H2O from the regolith to the atmosphere on a seasonal scale. The loss to production ratio of CO, which has a lifetime of approximately equals 5 years, is shown to depart from unity by no more than approximately equal to 10% over a wide range of atmospheric conditions. The stability of the Martian Atmosphere is therefore realized in the classical frame of homogeneous chemistry.

  18. Ventilation Control of Volatile Organic Compounds in New U.S. Homes: Results of a Controlled Field Study in Nine Residential Units

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Willem, Henry; Hult, Erin L.; Hotchi, Toshifumi

    2013-01-01

    In order to optimize strategies to remove airborne contaminants in residences, it is necessary to determine how contaminant concentrations respond to changes in the air exchange rate. The impact of air exchange rate on the indoor concentrations of 39 target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was assessed by measuring air exchange rates and VOC concentrations at three ventilation settings in nine residences. Active sampling methods were used for VOC concentration measurements, and passive perfluorocarbon tracer gas emitters with active sampling were used to determine the overall air exchange rate corresponding to the VOC measurements at each ventilation setting. The concentration levelsmore » and emission rates of the target VOCs varied by as much as two orders of magnitude across sites. Aldehyde and terpene compounds were typically the chemical classes with highest concentrations, followed by alkanes, aromatics, and siloxanes. For each home, VOC concentrations tended to decrease as the air exchange rate was increased, however, measurement uncertainty was significant. The indoor concentration was inversely proportional to air exchange rate for most compounds. For a subset of compounds including formaldehyde, however, the indoor concentration exhibited a non-linear dependence on the timescale for air exchange« less

  19. Ventilation Control of Volatile Organic Compounds in New U.S. Homes: Results of a Controlled Field Study in Nine Residential Units

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Willem, Henry; Hult, Erin L.; Hotchi, Toshifumi

    2013-01-23

    In order to optimize strategies to remove airborne contaminants in residences, it is necessary to determine how contaminant concentrations respond to changes in the air exchange rate. The impact of air exchange rate on the indoor concentrations of 39 target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was assessed by measuring air exchange rates and VOC concentrations at three ventilation settings in nine residences. Active sampling methods were used for VOC concentration measurements, and passive perfluorocarbon tracer gas emitters with active sampling were used to determine the overall air exchange rate corresponding to the VOC measurements at each ventilation setting. The concentration levelsmore » and emission rates of the target VOCs varied by as much as two orders of magnitude across sites. Aldehyde and terpene compounds were typically the chemical classes with highest concentrations, followed by alkanes, aromatics, and siloxanes. For each home, VOC concentrations tended to decrease as the air exchange rate was increased, however, measurement uncertainty was significant. The indoor concentration was inversely proportional to air exchange rate for most compounds. For a subset of compounds including formaldehyde, however, the indoor concentration exhibited a non-linear dependence on the timescale for air exchange.« less

  20. Determination of lead and cadmium in soils, sludges, and fertilizers by an ion-exchange/spectrophotometric method

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Heinzig, M.; DeYong, G.D.; Anglin, R.J.

    1993-12-01

    The MetalTrace method, which consists of an anion-exchange separation coupled with a spectrophotometric quantification, was used to determine lead and cadmium in sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digests of soils and sludges and hydrobromic acid extracts of soils. Cadmium only was determined in sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide digests of fertilizers because no standards were available with certified lead contents. The selectivity provided by the anion-exchange separation allowed the use of a spectrophotometric indicator with an extremely high extinction coefficient so that detection limits in the low parts per million range could be attained. The results obtained using this method compared favorably with thosemore » obtained using much more expensive methods requiring more specialized training and equipment.« less

  1. Primary cosmic rays on the lunar surface

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vernov, S. N.; Lavrukhina, A. K.

    1977-01-01

    Results are reported for determination of the galactic cosmic ray flux during various time intervals in the 1965-1972 period, on the basis of data from the instruments of a spacecraft that made a soft landing on the lunar surface, and from the radioactivity of samples returned by the spacecraft. During minimum solar activity (the second half of 1965 and the beginning of 1966) I sub 0 (E greater than or equal to 30 percent MeV/nucleon) was determined to be 0.43 (plus or minus 10 percent). These values, within the error limits of the determinations, agree with the corresponding values of galactic cosmic ray intensities determined by stratospheric measurements. The mean flux of galactic cosmic rays over the past million years is equal to I (E greater or equal to 100 MeV/nucleon) + 0.28 (plus or minus 20 percent). This value agrees with the mean flux of modulated cosmic rays during the period of the nineteenth solar cycle. The mean flux of solar protons between 1965 and 1972 was 2.46.

  2. Formulation of blade-flutter spectral analyses in stationary reference frame

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kurkov, A. P.

    1984-01-01

    Analytic representations are developed for the discrete blade deflection and the continuous tip static pressure fields in a stationary reference frame. Considered are the sampling rates equal to the rotational frequency, equal to blade passing frequency, and for the pressure, equal to a multiple of the blade passing frequency. For the last two rates the expressions for determining the nodal diameters from the spectra are included. A procedure is presented for transforming the complete unsteady pressure field into a rotating frame of reference. The determination of the true flutter frequency by using two sensors is described. To illustrate their use, the developed procedures are used to interpret selected experimental results.

  3. Soil nutrient-landscape relationships in a lowland tropical rainforest in Panama

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Barthold, F.K.; Stallard, R.F.; Elsenbeer, H.

    2008-01-01

    Soils play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles as spatially distributed sources and sinks of nutrients. Any spatial patterns depend on soil forming processes, our understanding of which is still limited, especially in regards to tropical rainforests. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of landscape properties, with an emphasis on the geometry of the land surface, on the spatial heterogeneity of soil chemical properties, and to test the suitability of soil-landscape modeling as an appropriate technique to predict the spatial variability of exchangeable K and Mg in a humid tropical forest in Panama. We used a design-based, stratified sampling scheme to collect soil samples at 108 sites on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Stratifying variables are lithology, vegetation and topography. Topographic variables were generated from high-resolution digital elevation models with a grid size of 5 m. We took samples from five depths down to 1 m, and analyzed for total and exchangeable K and Mg. We used simple explorative data analysis techniques to elucidate the importance of lithology for soil total and exchangeable K and Mg. Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were adopted to investigate importance of topography, lithology and vegetation for the spatial distribution of exchangeable K and Mg and with the intention to develop models that regionalize the point observations using digital terrain data as explanatory variables. Our results suggest that topography and vegetation do not control the spatial distribution of the selected soil chemical properties at a landscape scale and lithology is important to some degree. Exchangeable K is distributed equally across the study area indicating that other than landscape processes, e.g. biogeochemical processes, are responsible for its spatial distribution. Lithology contributes to the spatial variation of exchangeable Mg but controlling variables could not be detected. The spatial variation of soil total K and Mg is mainly influenced by lithology. ?? 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  4. A prospective study comparing tryptophan immunoadsorption with therapeutic plasma exchange for the treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

    PubMed

    Lieker, Ina; Slowinski, Torsten; Harms, Lutz; Hahn, Katrin; Klehmet, Juliane

    2017-12-01

    Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare paralyzing inflammatory neuropathy with probably autoimmune origin. While plasma exchange (PE) constitutes a first-line treatment option for CIDP, there is only little known about the efficacy and safety of immunoadsorption (IA), a more selective apheresis procedure with assumed better tolerability. In this prospective-randomized pilot trial, patients were randomly assigned to receive 6 sessions of PE (n = 10) or IA (n = 10) treating equal plasma volumes. To evaluate efficacy, we calculated the adjusted Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score and the Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score at baseline (V1), after completion of 6 sessions (V2) as well as 4 weeks after completion (V3) in 9 patients per group (1 patient in each group did not complete follow-up). We additionally assessed safety and tolerability of treatments by monitoring adverse event and blood parameters. With IA, 6 out of 9 (66.7%) patients improved clinically, whereas with PE, 4 out of 9 (44.4%) patients improved, most of them immediately with completion of the apheresis treatment series. There was one adverse event (AE) out of 52 treatment sessions for the 9 patients in the IA group. In the PE group of 9 patients, there was 1 AE out of 51 sessions and a trend of greater fibrinogen reduction. No severe AE occurred in either group. The results of this pilot study suggest that IA is at least equally effective and safe compared to PE in CIDP patients. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

  5. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Harrison, F.L.; Rice, D.W. Jr.; Moore, D.H.

    Traditional bioassays are unsuitable for assessing sublethal effects of low levels of radioactivity because mortality and phenotypic responses are not anticipated. We compared the usefulness of chromosomal aberration (CA) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction as measures of low-level radiation effects in a sediment-dwelling marine worm, Neanthes arenaceodentata. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to two radiation exposure regimes. Groups of 100 larvae were exposed to either x rays delivered at high dose rates (0.7 Gy min/sup -1/) or to /sup 60/Co gamma rays delivered at low dose rates (4.8 X 10/sup -5/ to 1.2 X 10/sup -1/ Gy h/sup -1/).more » After irradiation, the larvae were exposed to 3 X 10/sup -5/M bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 28 h (x-ray-irradiated larvae) or for 54 h (/sup 60/Co-irradiated larvae). Slides of larval cells were prepared for observation of CAs and SCEs. Frequencies of CAs were determined in first division cells; frequencies of SCEs were determined in second division cells. Results from x-ray irradiation indicated that dose-related increases occur in chromosome and chromatid deletions, but an x-ray dose greater than or equal to 2 Gy was required to observe a significant increase. Worm larvae receiving /sup 60/Co irradiation showed elevated SCE frequencies; a significant increase in SCE frequency was observed at 0.6 Gy. 49 references, 2 figures.« less

  6. Demagnetization using a determined estimated magnetic state

    DOEpatents

    Denis, Ronald J; Makowski, Nathanael J

    2015-01-13

    A method for demagnetizing comprising positioning a core within the electromagnetic field generated by a first winding until the generated first electrical current is not substantially increasing, thereby determining a saturation current. A second voltage, having the opposite polarity, is then applied across the first winding until the generated second electrical current is approximately equal to the magnitude of the determined saturation current. The maximum magnetic flux within the core is then determined using the voltage across said first winding and the second current. A third voltage, having the opposite polarity, is then applied across the first winding until the core has a magnetic flux equal to approximately half of the determined maximum magnetic flux within the core.

  7. Sensitivity and bias under conditions of equal and unequal academic task difficulty.

    PubMed

    Reed, Derek D; Martens, Brian K

    2008-01-01

    We conducted an experimental analysis of children's relative problem-completion rates across two workstations under conditions of equal (Experiment 1) and unequal (Experiment 2) problem difficulty. Results were described using the generalized matching equation and were evaluated for degree of schedule versus stimulus control. Experiment 1 involved a symmetrical choice arrangement in which the children could earn points exchangeable for rewards contingent on correct math problem completion. Points were delivered according to signaled variable-interval schedules at each workstation. For 2 children, relative rates of problem completion appeared to have been controlled by the schedule requirements in effect and matched relative rates of reinforcement, with sensitivity values near 1 and bias values near 0. Experiment 2 involved increasing the difficulty of math problems at one of the workstations. Sensitivity values for all 3 participants were near 1, but a substantial increase in bias toward the easier math problems was observed. This bias was possibly associated with responding at the more difficult workstation coming under stimulus control rather than schedule control.

  8. Periastron advance in spinning black hole binaries: Gravitational self-force from numerical relativity

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Le Tiec, Alexandre; Buonanno, Alessandra; Mroué, Abdul H.; Pfeiffer, Harald P.; Hemberger, Daniel A.; Lovelace, Geoffrey; Kidder, Lawrence E.; Scheel, Mark A.; Szilágyi, Bela; Taylor, Nicholas W.; Teukolsky, Saul A.

    2013-12-01

    We study the general relativistic periastron advance in spinning black hole binaries on quasicircular orbits, with spins aligned or antialigned with the orbital angular momentum, using numerical-relativity simulations, the post-Newtonian approximation, and black hole perturbation theory. By imposing a symmetry by exchange of the bodies’ labels, we devise an improved version of the perturbative result and use it as the leading term of a new type of expansion in powers of the symmetric mass ratio. This allows us to measure, for the first time, the gravitational self-force effect on the periastron advance of a nonspinning particle orbiting a Kerr black hole of mass M and spin S=-0.5M2, down to separations of order 9M. Comparing the predictions of our improved perturbative expansion with the exact results from numerical simulations of equal-mass and equal-spin binaries, we find a remarkable agreement over a wide range of spins and orbital separations.

  9. A quantile-based Time at Risk: A new approach for assessing risk in financial markets

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bolgorian, Meysam; Raei, Reza

    2013-11-01

    In this paper, we provide a new measure for evaluation of risk in financial markets. This measure is based on the return interval of critical events in financial markets or other investment situations. Our main goal was to devise a model like Value at Risk (VaR). As VaR, for a given financial asset, probability level and time horizon, gives a critical value such that the likelihood of loss on the asset over the time horizon exceeds this value is equal to the given probability level, our concept of Time at Risk (TaR), using a probability distribution function of return intervals, provides a critical time such that the probability that the return interval of a critical event exceeds this time equals the given probability level. As an empirical application, we applied our model to data from the Tehran Stock Exchange Price Index (TEPIX) as a financial asset (market portfolio) and reported the results.

  10. WIMP capture by the Sun in the effective theory of dark matter self-interactions

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Catena, Riccardo; Widmark, Axel, E-mail: catena@chalmers.se, E-mail: axel.widmark@fysik.su.se

    We study the capture of WIMP dark matter by the Sun in the non-relativistic effective theory of dark matter self-interactions. The aim is to assess how self-interactions affect the expected neutrino flux coming from WIMP annihilation in the Sun, and to do so in a model independent manner. We consider all non-relativistic Galilean invariant self-interaction operators that can arise from the exchange of a heavy particle of spin less than or equal to 1 for WIMPs of spin equal to 0, 1/2 and 1. We show that for interaction operators depending at most linearly on the momentum transfer, the WIMP-inducedmore » neutrino flux can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude compared to the same flux in absence of self-interactions. This is true even for standard values of the thermally averaged annihilation cross-section. This conclusion impacts the analysis of present and future observations performed at neutrino telescopes.« less

  11. Experimental Determination of the Electric Dipole Moment Function of the X Pi-2 Hydroxyl Radical

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Chackerian, C., Jr.; Goorvitch, D.; Abrams, M. C.; Davis, S. P.; Benidar, A.; Farrenq, R.; Guelachvili, G.; Strawa, Anthony W. (Technical Monitor)

    1995-01-01

    Laboratory infrared emission spectra of X 2piOH obtained with the Solar McMath FTS and the U. Paris (Orsay) FTS are used in an inversion procedure to experimentally determine the electric dipole moment function (EDMF) of the hydroxyl radical. The spectra produced at Kitt Peak show vibrational levels up to v = 10 and rotational lines in the range, -25.5 less than or equal to m less than or equal to 12.5. The following vibrational quantum number ranges were observed: for DELTA v = -1, v prime = 1 - 9, for DELTA v = -2, v prime = 2 - 10, and for DELTA v = - 3, v prime = 6 - 10. The spectra produced at Orsay show DELTA v = -1, with v prime = 1 - 4 and -22.5 less than or equal to m less than or equal to 9.5 as well as DELTA v = 0, with v prime= 1 - 3, and 9.5 less than or equal to m less than or equal to 25.5. The OH rovibrational wavefunctions used in the inversion procedure were calculated using a procedure which reproduces observed rotational constants with a high level of accuracy. Comparisons of our EDMF are made with previous experimental and theoretical work.

  12. Culture and Process Change as a Priority for Patient Engagement in Medicines Development

    PubMed Central

    Dewulf, Lode; Hoos, Anton; Geissler, Jan; Todaro, Veronica; Schneider, Roslyn F.; Garzya, Vincenzo; Garvey, Andrew; Robinson, Paul; Saffer, Tonya; Krug, Sarah; Sargeant, Ify

    2016-01-01

    Patient Focused Medicines Development (PFMD) is a not-for-profit independent multinational coalition of patients, patient stakeholders, and the pharmaceutical industry with interests across diverse disease areas and conditions. PFMD aims to facilitate an integrated approach to medicines development with all stakeholders involved early in the development process. A key strength of the coalition that differentiates it from other groups that involve patients or patient groups is that PFMD has patient organizations as founding members, ensuring that the patient perspective is the starting point when identifying priorities and developing solutions to meet patients’ needs. In addition, PFMD has from inception been formed as an equal collaboration among patient groups, patients, and pharmaceutical industry and has adopted a unique trans-Atlantic setup and scope that reflects its global intent. This parity extends to its governance model, which ensures at least equal or greater share of voice for patient group members. PFMD is actively inviting additional members and aims to expand the collaboration to include stakeholders from other sectors. The establishment of PFMD is particularly timely as patient engagement (PE) has become a priority for many health stakeholders and has led to a surge of mostly disconnected activities to deliver this. Given the current plethora of PE initiatives, an essential first step has been to determine, based on a comprehensive mapping, those strategic areas of most need requiring a focused initial effort from the perspective of all stakeholders. PFMD has identified four priority areas that will need to be addressed to facilitate implementation of PE. These are (1) culture and process change, (2) development of a global meta-framework for PE, (3) information exchange, and (4) training. This article discusses these priority themes and ongoing or planned PFMD activities within each. PMID:28232876

  13. Laryngeal cancer: Global socioeconomic trends in disease burden and smoking habits.

    PubMed

    Ramsey, Tam; Guo, Eric; Svider, Peter F; Lin, Hosheng; Syeda, Sara; Raza, S Naweed; Fribley, Andrew M

    2018-03-06

    To characterize health burden and determine the associated level of equality of laryngeal carcinoma (LC) burden at a global level. One hundred eighty-four countries were organized by socioeconomic status using Human Development Index (HDI) categorizations provided by the United Nations Development Program. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), obtained from The Global Health Data Exchange, were calculated and compared between each HDI category for the period from 1990 to 2015. Equality of LC burden was then evaluated with concentration indices. Global LC burden, as measured by age-standardized DALYs, has improved significantly over the 25-year period studied. This burden has declined for very high, high, and medium HDI countries, whereas it has remained unchanged for low HDI countries. The majority of LC global burden was found in high socioeconomic countries before 2010 and has shifted toward low socioeconomic countries, as indicated by concentration indices. Over the last 25 years, Central and Eastern Europe continue to have the largest disease burden in the world. This is the first analysis that we are aware of investigating health disparities of LC at a global level. The global burden of the disease has declined, which is a trend corresponding with significantly reduced smoking behaviors in developed countries. Although the global inequality gap decreased between 2010 and 2015, there remain reasons for concern. Smoking continues to trend upward in low socioeconomic countries, which could increase LC burden in low socioeconomic countries in the near future. A new global initiative directed toward low socioeconomic countries may yield dividends in preventing subsequent disparities in the LC burden. 4. Laryngoscope, 2017. © 2017 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

  14. Sorption of Metal Ions on Clay Minerals.

    PubMed

    Schlegel; Manceau; Chateigner; Charlet

    1999-07-01

    The local structural environment of Co sorbed on hectorite (a magnesian smectite) has been investigated by polarized EXAFS (P-EXAFS) spectroscopy on a self-supporting film of Co-sorbed hectorite. This sorption sample was prepared by contacting Co and hectorite at pH 6.5 and at high ionic strength (0.3 M NaNO3) to favor pH-dependent sorption reaction over cation exchange. A self-supporting film was elaborated after 120 h of reacting time, when apparent quasi-equilibrium conditions were attained. The half-width at half maximum of the orientation distribution of c* axis of individual clay platelets off the film normal was determined by quantitative texture analysis, and found to be equal to 18.9 degrees. Co K-edge P-EXAFS spectra were recorded at angles between the incident beam and the film normal equal to 0 degrees, 35 degrees, 50 degrees, and 60 degrees; the 90 degrees spectrum was obtained by extrapolation. Spectral analysis led to the identification of the two nearest cationic subshells containing 1.6 +/- 0.4 Mg at 3.03 Å and 2.2 +/- 0.5 Si at 3.27 Å. These distances are respectively characteristic of edge-sharing linkages between Mg and Co octahedra and of corner-sharing linkages between Co octahedra and Si tetrahedra, as in clay structures. The angular dependence of the Co-Mg and Co-Si contributions indicates that Co-Mg pairs are oriented parallel to the film plane, whereas Co-Si pairs are not. These results are interpreted by the formation of Co inner-sphere mononuclear surface complexes located at the edges of hectorite platelets, in the continuity of the (Mg, Li) octahedral sheet. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

  15. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Harrison, F.L.; Rice, D.W. Jr., Moore, D.H.

    Traditional bioassays are unsuitable for assessing sublethal effects from ocean disposal of low-level radioactive waste because mortality and phenotypic responses are not anticipated. We compared the usefulness of chromosomal aberration and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction as measures of low-level radiation effects in a sediment-dwelling marine worm, Neanthes arenaceodentata. The SCEs, in contrast to chromosomal aberrations, do not alter the overall chromosome morphology and in mammalian cells appear to be a more sensitive indicator of DNA alterations caused by environmental mutagens. Newly hatched larvae were exposed to two radiation-exposure regimes of either x rays at a high dose rate ofmore » 0.7 Gy (70 rad)/min for as long as 5.5 min or to /sup 60/Co gamma rays at a low dose rate of from 4.8 x 10/sup -5/ to 1.2 x 10/sup -1/ Gy (0.0048 to 12 rad)/h for 24 h. After irradiation, the larvae were exposed to 3 x 10/sup -5/M bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for 28 h (x-ray-irradiated larvae) or for 54 h (/sup 60/Co-irradiated larvae). Larval cells were examined for the proportion of cells in first, second, and third or greater division. Frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and SCEs were determined in first and second division cells, respectively. Results from x-ray irradiation indicated that dose-related increases occur in chromosome and chromatid deletions, but a dose of equal or greater 2 Gy (equal to or greater than 200 rad) was required to observe a significant increase. Worm larvae receiving /sup 60/Co irradiation showed elevated SCE frequencies with a significant increase of 0.6 Gy (60 rad). We suggest that both SCEs and chromosomal aberrations may be useful for measuring effects on genetic material induced by radiation. 56 references, 7 figures, 9 tables.« less

  16. Culture and Process Change as a Priority for Patient Engagement in Medicines Development.

    PubMed

    Boutin, Marc; Dewulf, Lode; Hoos, Anton; Geissler, Jan; Todaro, Veronica; Schneider, Roslyn F; Garzya, Vincenzo; Garvey, Andrew; Robinson, Paul; Saffer, Tonya; Krug, Sarah; Sargeant, Ify

    2017-01-01

    Patient Focused Medicines Development (PFMD) is a not-for-profit independent multinational coalition of patients, patient stakeholders, and the pharmaceutical industry with interests across diverse disease areas and conditions. PFMD aims to facilitate an integrated approach to medicines development with all stakeholders involved early in the development process. A key strength of the coalition that differentiates it from other groups that involve patients or patient groups is that PFMD has patient organizations as founding members, ensuring that the patient perspective is the starting point when identifying priorities and developing solutions to meet patients' needs. In addition, PFMD has from inception been formed as an equal collaboration among patient groups, patients, and pharmaceutical industry and has adopted a unique trans-Atlantic setup and scope that reflects its global intent. This parity extends to its governance model, which ensures at least equal or greater share of voice for patient group members. PFMD is actively inviting additional members and aims to expand the collaboration to include stakeholders from other sectors. The establishment of PFMD is particularly timely as patient engagement (PE) has become a priority for many health stakeholders and has led to a surge of mostly disconnected activities to deliver this. Given the current plethora of PE initiatives, an essential first step has been to determine, based on a comprehensive mapping, those strategic areas of most need requiring a focused initial effort from the perspective of all stakeholders. PFMD has identified four priority areas that will need to be addressed to facilitate implementation of PE. These are (1) culture and process change, (2) development of a global meta-framework for PE, (3) information exchange, and (4) training. This article discusses these priority themes and ongoing or planned PFMD activities within each.

  17. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE URANIUM CONTENT OF URANIUM ORES TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS BY ION EXCHANGE-COMPLEXON SEPARATION (in Hungarian)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Fodor, M.

    An ion exchange-complexion separation meihod was developed for the removal of interfering elements in the determination of the uranium content of recovery solutions. By adding (ethylenediamine)tetraacetic acid to the solution, most of the interfering elements can be brought into an anionic complex. Adjusting the soluiion to pH 7 and letting it pass through an Amberlite IRC-50 type cation exchanger of hydrogen form, the uranium remains on the column whereas the interfering elements pass into the effluent. The method was successfully applied in analyzing the recovery solutions of uranium ores. (auth)

  18. 78 FR 48526 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-08

    ... Liquidity Provider (``SLP'') credits in its Price List. The Exchange proposes to implement the fee change... Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change 1. Purpose The Exchange proposes to amend one of the SLP... credit is determined by the ``tier'' that the SLP qualifies for, which is generally based on the SLP's...

  19. 77 FR 29730 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Designation...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-18

    ... SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION [Release No. 34-66981; SR-NYSE-2011-56; SR-NYSEAmex-2011-86] Self-Regulatory Organizations; New York Stock Exchange LLC; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Designation of Longer Period for Commission Action on Proceedings To Determine Whether to Disapprove Proposed Rule Changes To Codify Certain Traditional Trading Floor...

  20. 77 FR 20860 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; BATS Y-Exchange, Inc.; Notice of Filing and Immediate...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-06

    ... and discussed any comments it received on the proposed rule change. The text of these statements may... determined it to be necessary to further amend its certificate of incorporation to achieve the final, pre-IPO... Corporation only, not to the governance of the Exchange. The Exchange will continue to be governed by its...

  1. Ion exchange of H+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and Ba2+, on wood pulp

    Treesearch

    Alan W. Rudie; Alan Ball; Narendra Patel

    2006-01-01

    Ion exchange selectivity coefficients were measured for the partition of metals between solution and pulp fibers. The method accurately models the ion exchange isotherms for all cation pairs evaluated and is accurate up to approximately 0.05 molar concentrations. Selectivity coefficients were determined for calcium and magnesium with each other and with hydrogen....

  2. Determining the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) behavior of citrate and spermine under in vivo conditions

    PubMed Central

    Basharat, Meer; deSouza, Nandita M.; Parkes, Harold G.

    2015-01-01

    Purpose To estimate the exchange rates of labile 1H in citrate and spermine, metabolites present in prostatic secretions, to predict the size of the citrate and spermine CEST effects in vivo. Methods CEST z‐spectra were acquired at high‐field [11.7 Tesla (T)] from citrate and spermine solutions at physiological pH (6.5) using saturation power 6 μT. CEST was performed at different temperatures to determine exchange regimes (slow, intermediate or fast). For low pH solutions of spermine, exchange rates were estimated from resonance line width, fitting z‐spectra using the Bloch equations incorporating exchange, and using quantifying exchange using saturation time experiments (QUEST). These rates were extrapolated to physiological pH. Results Citrate showed little CEST effect at pH 6.5 and temperature (T) = 310 K (maximum 0.001% mM‐1), indicating fast exchange, whereas spermine showed greater CEST effects (maximum 0.2% mM‐1) indicating intermediate‐to‐fast exchange. Extrapolating data acquired from low pH spermine solutions predicts exchange rates at pH 6.5 and T of 310 K of at least 2 × 104s‐1. Conclusion Citrate and spermine show minimal CEST effects at 11.7T even using high saturation power. These effects would be much less than 2% at clinical field‐strengths due to relatively faster exchange and would be masked by CEST from proteins. Magn Reson Med 76:742–746, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. PMID:26467055

  3. Isotopic determinations of rhenium and osmium in meteorites by using fusion, distillation and ion-exchange separations

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Morgan, J.W.; Walker, R.J.

    1989-01-01

    A stable isotope-dilution method using resonance ionization mass spectrometry is suitable for the determination of rhenium and osmium abundances and osmium isotopic composition in carbonaceous chondrites and iron meteorites. The chemical procedure involves sodium peroxide fusion, followed by distillation of osmium from sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide and subsequent anion-exchange separation of rhenium from the same solution. ?? 1989.

  4. Analysis of the heat transfer in double and triple concentric tube heat exchangers

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Rădulescu, S.; Negoiţă, L. I.; Onuţu, I.

    2016-08-01

    The tubular heat exchangers (shell and tube heat exchangers and concentric tube heat exchangers) represent an important category of equipment in the petroleum refineries and are used for heating, pre-heating, cooling, condensation and evaporation purposes. The paper presents results of analysis of the heat transfer to cool a petroleum product in two types of concentric tube heat exchangers: double and triple concentric tube heat exchangers. The cooling agent is water. The triple concentric tube heat exchanger is a modified constructive version of double concentric tube heat exchanger by adding an intermediate tube. This intermediate tube improves the heat transfer by increasing the heat area per unit length. The analysis of the heat transfer is made using experimental data obtained during the tests in a double and triple concentric tube heat exchanger. The flow rates of fluids, inlet and outlet temperatures of water and petroleum product are used in determining the performance of both heat exchangers. Principally, for both apparatus are calculated the overall heat transfer coefficients and the heat exchange surfaces. The presented results shows that triple concentric tube heat exchangers provide better heat transfer efficiencies compared to the double concentric tube heat exchangers.

  5. 41 CFR 60-2.11 - Organizational profile.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Contracts OFFICE OF FEDERAL CONTRACT COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS, EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR... establishment. It is one method contractors use to determine whether barriers to equal employment opportunity... that may assist in identifying organizational units where women or minorities are underrepresented or...

  6. Affirmative Action: Equal Opportunity for Women in Library Management

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    DeFichy, Wendy

    1973-01-01

    Women can achieve equal opportunity in library management through Affirmative Action Committees. Several steps are suggested: the determination of present status; assessment of library policies affecting hiring, parental leave and promotion; some strategies to attain managerial positions. (21 references) (Author)

  7. Tear exchange and contact lenses: A review

    PubMed Central

    Muntz, Alex; Subbaraman, Lakshman N.; Sorbara, Luigina; Jones, Lyndon

    2015-01-01

    Tear exchange beneath a contact lens facilitates ongoing fluid replenishment between the ocular surface and the lens. This exchange is considerably lower during the wear of soft lenses compared with rigid lenses. As a result, the accumulation of tear film debris and metabolic by-products between the cornea and a soft contact lens increases, potentially leading to complications. Lens design innovations have been proposed, but no substantial improvement in soft lens tear exchange has been reported. Researchers have determined post-lens tear exchange using several methods, notably fluorophotometry. However, due to technological limitations, little remains known about tear hydrodynamics around the lens and, to-date, true tear exchange with contact lenses has not been shown. Further knowledge regarding tear exchange could be vital in aiding better contact lens design, with the prospect of alleviating certain adverse ocular responses. This article reviews the literature to-date on the significance, implications and measurement of tear exchange with contact lenses. PMID:25575892

  8. Role of hot oxygen in Venusian ionospheric ion energetics and supersonic antisunward flow

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Knudsen, W.C.

    1990-02-01

    The column heating rate of the dayside Venus ionospheric ion gas resulting from transfer of energy from the hot oxygen component of the neutral atmosphere is estimated and found equal to that which, when inserted into ionospheric models at the ionopause, raises the calculated temperature to measured values. The transfer of energy is effected through resonant charge exchange between the relatively cold ionospheric O{sup +} ions and the hot oxygen neutrals. The hot oxygen density in the nightside hemisphere does not appear to play a significant role in the nightside ion energetics. The hot oxygen neutral gas flowing across themore » terminator from its dayside source to its nightside sink will exchange momentum with the antisunward flowing ionospheric gas. Although the flow rate of hot oxygen can be estimated only crudely, the estimated rate of deposition and absorption is comparable to that produced by the plasma pressure gradient and should be included in numerical studies of the terminator ionospheric wind.« less

  9. Augmented potential, energy densities, and virial relations in the weak- and strong-interaction limits of DFT

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Vuckovic, Stefan; Levy, Mel; Gori-Giorgi, Paola

    2017-12-01

    The augmented potential introduced by Levy and Zahariev [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 113002 (2014)] is shifted with respect to the standard exchange-correlation potential of the Kohn-Sham density functional theory by a density-dependent constant that makes the total energy become equal to the sum of the occupied orbital energies. In this work, we analyze several features of this approach, focusing on the limit of infinite coupling strength and studying the shift and the corresponding energy density at different correlation regimes. We present and discuss coordinate scaling properties of the augmented potential, study its connection to the response potential, and use the shift to analyze the classical jellium and uniform gas models. We also study other definitions of the energy densities in relation to the functional construction by local interpolations along the adiabatic connection. Our findings indicate that the energy density that is defined in terms of the electrostatic potential of the exchange-correlation hole is particularly well suited for this purpose.

  10. Cellular uptake: lessons from supramolecular organic chemistry.

    PubMed

    Gasparini, Giulio; Bang, Eun-Kyoung; Montenegro, Javier; Matile, Stefan

    2015-07-04

    The objective of this Feature Article is to reflect on the importance of established and emerging principles of supramolecular organic chemistry to address one of the most persistent problems in life sciences. The main topic is dynamic covalent chemistry on cell surfaces, particularly disulfide exchange for thiol-mediated uptake. Examples of boronate and hydrazone exchange are added for contrast, comparison and completion. Of equal importance are the discussions of proximity effects in polyions and counterion hopping, and more recent highlights on ring tension and ion pair-π interactions. These lessons from supramolecular organic chemistry apply to cell-penetrating peptides, particularly the origin of "arginine magic" and the "pyrenebutyrate trick," and the currently emerging complementary "disulfide magic" with cell-penetrating poly(disulfide)s. They further extend to the voltage gating of neuronal potassium channels, gene transfection, and the delivery of siRNA. The collected examples illustrate that the input from conceptually innovative chemistry is essential to address the true challenges in biology beyond incremental progress and random screening.

  11. Effect of intruder mass on collisions with hard binaries. II - Dependence on impact parameter and computations of the interaction cross sections

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hills, J. G.

    1992-06-01

    Over 125,000 encounters between a hard binary with equal mass, components and orbital eccentricity of 0, and intruders with solar masses ranging from 0.01 to 10,000 are simulated. Each encounter was followed up to a maximum of 5 x 10 exp 6 integration steps to allow long-term 'resonances', temporary trinary systems, to break into a binary and a single star. These simulations were done over a range of impact parameters to find the cross sections for various processes occurring in these encounters. A critical impact parameter found in these simulations is the one beyond which no exchange collisions can occur. The energy exchange between the binary and a massive intruder decreases greatly in collisions with Rmin of not less than Rc. The semimajor axes and orbital eccentricity of the surviving binary also drops rapidly at Rc in encounters with massive intruders. The formation of temporary trinary systems is important for all intruder masses.

  12. Pulmonary rehabilitation after total laryngectomy: a randomized cross-over clinical trial comparing two different heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs).

    PubMed

    Herranz, Jesús; Espiño, María Alvarez; Morado, Carolina Ogen

    2013-09-01

    Post-laryngectomy heat and moisture exchanger (HME) use is known to have a beneficial effect on tracheal climate, pulmonary symptoms and related aspects. This study aims to investigate differences in clinical effects between the first and second generation Provox HMEs. The second generation (Provox XtraHME) has better humidification properties than the first generation (Provox HME), and has been shown to further improve tracheal climate. Forty-five laryngectomized patients, who were already using an HME, participated in a prospective, randomized cross-over clinical study in which each HME was used for 6 weeks. Results showed that for most parameters studied, the second generation HME performed equally well or better than the first generation HME. The improvement in tracheal climate translated into patients reporting significantly less tracheal dryness with the second generation than with the first generation (p = 0.039). Using an HME with better humidification properties is related to a reduction in tracheal dryness in our study population.

  13. Laser aircraft. [using kerosene

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hertzberg, A.; Sun, K.; Jones, W. S.

    1979-01-01

    The concept of a laser-powered aircraft is discussed. Laser flight would be completely compatible with existing airports and air-traffic control, with the airplane using kerosene only power, up to a cruising altitude of 9 km where the laser satellite would lock on and beam laser energy to it. Two major components make up the laser turbofan, a heat exchanger for converting laser radiation into thermal energy, and conventional turbomachinery. The laser power satellite would put out 42 Mw using a solar-powered thermal engine to generate electrical power for the closed-cycle supersonic electric discharge CO laser, whose radiators, heat exchangers, supersonic diffuser, and ducting will amount to 85% of the total subsystem mass. Relay satellites will be used to intercept the beam from the laser satellite, correct outgoing beam aberrations, and direct the beam to the next target. A 300-airplane fleet with transcontinental range is projected to save enough kerosene to equal the energy content of the entire system, including power and relay satellites, in one year.

  14. Nested heat tracer experiments for identifying heterogeneity of aquifer-river exchange at multiple scales

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Krause, Stefan; Hannah, David; Blume, Theresa; Angermann, Lisa; Lewandowski, Joerg; Cassidy, Nigel

    2016-04-01

    This study presents the nested application of three heat tracing methods for identifying aquifer-river exchange fluxes at multiple scales ranging from centimeter to stream reach-scale. The investigations focus on a UK lowland river where hotspots of redox-reactivity were found to coincide with locations of increased streambed residence times underneath flow confining streambed peat and clay structures. In order to identify the spatial extend and patterns of reactivity hot spots associated with these streambed structures, reach-scale patterns of aquifer-river exchange fluxes have been analysed by Fibre-Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (FO-DTS) along a cable buried in the streambed of a 250 m reach in combination with 2D thermocouple arrays in a 12 m long pool-riffle-pool sequence and small-scale heat pulse injections for tracing shallow hyporheic flow paths within the uppermost 20cm streambed sediments. FO-DTS observed streambed temperature anomalies caused by the mixing of different temperatures of GW and SW end-members were used to infer information on exchange fluxes at the aquifer-river interface. FO-DTS survey results indicate that patterns of up to 2C colder (Summer) and 3.5C warmer (Winter) temperatures in investigated streambed sediments can be attributed to fast GW up-welling in sandy and gravely sediments. Contrasting conditions were found at locations where streambed temperatures equal SW temperatures and GW-SW exchange was inhibited by the existence of peat or clay lenses within the streambed. FO-DTS observations of regional GW up-welling patterns were complemented by heat pulse injection experiments which provided essential information of the shallow aquifer- river exchange fluxes and confirmed increased SW infiltration and lateral flow in riffle crests and at locations with highly conductive streambed sediments above flow confining low conductivity structures. The propagation of diurnal temperature oscillations from the surface to streambed depths of up to 40cm was observed at thermocouple profiles along a pool-riffle-pool sequence in order to analyse the potential masking of FO-DTS observed temperature patterns by topography induced hyporheic exchange fluxes. The cross-correlation functions based analysis of the depth dampening and offset of diurnal temperature amplitudes revealed that streambed temperature variation due to topography induced hyporheic exchange flow was an order of magnitude lower than the FO-DTS signal strength. The investigations supported the development of a conceptual model of aquifer-river exchange and hyporheic reactivity in lowland rivers including temperature traceable hyporheic exchange fluxes at multiple scales.

  15. A review of circulation and mixing studies of San Francisco Bay, California

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Smith, Lawrence H.

    1987-01-01

    A description of the major characteristics and remaining unknowns of circulation and mixing in San Francisco Bay has been constructed from a review of published studies. From a broad perspective San Francisco Bay is an ocean-river mixing zone with a seaward flow equal to the sum of the river inflows less evaporation. Understanding of circulation and mixing within the bay requires quantification of freshwater inflows and ocean-bay exchanges, characterization of source-water variations, and separation of the within-bay components of circulation and mixing processes. Description of net circulation and mixing over a few days to a few months illustrates best the interactions of major components. Quantification of tidal circulation and mixing is also necessary because net circulation and mixing contain a large tide-induced component, and because tidal variations are dominant in measurements of stage, currents, and salinity. The discharge of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into Suisun Bay is approximately 90 percent of the freshwater inflow to San Francisco Bay. Annual delta discharge is characterized by a winter season of high runoff and a summer season of low runoff. For the period 1956 to 1985 the mean of monthly discharges exceeded 1,000 cubic meters per second (35,000 cubic feet per second) for the months of December through April, whereas for July through October, it was less than 400 cubic meters per second (14,000 cubic feet per second). The months of November, May, and June commonly were transition months between these seasons. Large year-to-year deviations from this annual pattern have occurred frequently. Much less is known about the ocean-bay exchange process. Net exchanges depend on net seaward flow in the bay, tidal amplitude, and longshore coastal currents, but exchanges have not yet been measured successfully. Source-water variations are ignored by limiting discussion of mixing to salinity. The bay is composed of a northern reach, which is strongly influenced by delta discharge, and South Bay, a tributary estuary which responds to conditions in Central Bay. In the northern reach net circulation is characterized by the river-induced seaward, flow and a resulting gravitational circulation in the channels, and by a tide- and wind-induced net horizontal circulation. A surface layer of relatively fresh water in Central Bay generated by high delta discharges can induce gravitational circulation in South Bay. During low delta discharges South Bay has nearly the same salinity as Central Bay and is characterized by tide- and wind-induced net horizontal circulation. Several factors control the patterns of circulation and mixing in San Francisco Bay. Viewing circulation and mixing over different time-periods and at different geographic scales causes the influences of different factors to be emphasized. The exchange between the bay and coastal ocean and freshwater inflows determine the year-to-year behavior of San Francisco Bay as a freshwater-saltwater mixing zone. Within the bay, exchanges between the embayments control variations over a season. Circulation and mixing patterns within the embayments and the magnitude of river-induced seaward flow influence the between-bay exchanges. The within-bay patterns are in turn determined by tides, winds, and freshwater inflows. Because freshwater inflow is the only factor that can be managed, a major study focus is estimation of inflow-related effects. Most questions relate to the patterns of freshwater inflow necessary to protect valuable resources whose welfare is dependent on conditions in the bay. Among the important questions being addressed are: --What quantity of freshwater inflow is necessary to prevent salt intrusion into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and what salinity distributions in the bay would result from various inflow patterns? --What quantity of freshwater inflow is sufficient to flush pollutants through the bay? Knowledge of circul

  16. Enrichment and low-level determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in drinking water after cleanup by cation exchange resin.

    PubMed

    Küsters, Markus; Gerhartz, Michael

    2010-04-01

    For the determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in drinking water, different procedures of enrichment and cleanup were examined using anion exchange or SPE. In many cases interactions of, e.g. alkaline earth metal ions especially calcium could be observed during enrichment and cleanup resulting in loss of analytes. For that reason, a novel cleanup and enrichment procedure for the determination of these phosphonic acid herbicides has been developed in drinking water using cation-exchange resin. In summary, the cleanup procedure with cation-exchange resin developed in this study avoids interactions as described above and is applicable to calcium-rich drinking water samples. After derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate followed by LC with fluorescence detection, LOD of 12, 14 and 12 ng/L and mean recoveries from real-world drinking water samples of 98+/-9, 100+/-16 and 101+/-11% were obtained for glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate, respectively. The low LODs and the high precision permit the analysis of these phosphonic acid herbicides according to the guidelines of the European Commission.

  17. Models for financial crisis detection in Indonesia based on M1, M2 per foreign exchange reverse, and M2 multiplier indicators

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sugiyanto; Zukhronah, Etik; Pratiwi, Esteti Sophia

    2017-12-01

    Indonesia has been hit by financial crisis in the middle of 1997. The financial crisis that has occurred gives a severe impact to the economy of Indonesia resulting the needs for a detection system of financial crisis. Crisis can be detected based on several indicators such as M1, M2 per foreign exchange reserves, and M2 multiplier. These three indicators can affect the exchange rate stability and may further affect the financial stability so that it can be one of the causes of the financial crisis. This research aims to determine the appropriate model that can detect the financial crisis in Indonesia. Markov switching is an alternative model that can be approach and used often for detecting financial crisis. We can determine the combination of volatility and Markov switching model with AR and volatility model are determined first. The results of this research are that M1 can be modelled by SWARCH (3, 1) while M2 per foreign research exchange reserves and M2 multiplier can be modelled by SWARCH(3,2).

  18. Cost Scaling of a Real-World Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Thermoelectric Generator: A Deeper Dive

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hendricks, Terry J.; Yee, Shannon; LeBlanc, Saniya

    2016-03-01

    Cost is equally important to power density or efficiency for the adoption of waste heat recovery thermoelectric generators (TEG) in many transportation and industrial energy recovery applications. In many cases, the system design that minimizes cost (e.g., the /W value) can be very different than the design that maximizes the system's efficiency or power density, and it is important to understand the relationship between those designs to optimize TEG performance-cost compromises. Expanding on recent cost analysis work and using more detailed system modeling, an enhanced cost scaling analysis of a waste heat recovery TEG with more detailed, coupled treatment of the heat exchangers has been performed. In this analysis, the effect of the heat lost to the environment and updated relationships between the hot-side and cold-side conductances that maximize power output are considered. This coupled thermal and thermoelectric (TE) treatment of the exhaust waste heat recovery TEG yields modified cost scaling and design optimization equations, which are now strongly dependent on the heat leakage fraction, exhaust mass flow rate, and heat exchanger effectiveness. This work shows that heat exchanger costs most often dominate the overall TE system costs, that it is extremely difficult to escape this regime, and in order to achieve TE system costs of 1/W it is necessary to achieve heat exchanger costs of 1/(W/K). Minimum TE system costs per watt generally coincide with maximum power points, but preferred TE design regimes are identified where there is little cost penalty for moving into regions of higher efficiency and slightly lower power outputs. These regimes are closely tied to previously identified low cost design regimes. This work shows that the optimum fill factor F opt minimizing system costs decreases as heat losses increase, and increases as exhaust mass flow rate and heat exchanger effectiveness increase. These findings have profound implications on the design and operation of various TE waste heat recovery systems. This work highlights the importance of heat exchanger costs on the overall TEG system costs, quantifies the possible TEG performance-cost domain space based on heat exchanger effects, and provides a focus for future system research and development efforts.

  19. Energy transfer upon collision of selectively excited CO2 molecules: State-to-state cross sections and probabilities for modeling of atmospheres and gaseous flows.

    PubMed

    Lombardi, A; Faginas-Lago, N; Pacifici, L; Grossi, G

    2015-07-21

    Carbon dioxide molecules can store and release tens of kcal/mol upon collisions, and such an energy transfer strongly influences the energy disposal and the chemical processes in gases under the extreme conditions typical of plasmas and hypersonic flows. Moreover, the energy transfer involving CO2 characterizes the global dynamics of the Earth-atmosphere system and the energy balance of other planetary atmospheres. Contemporary developments in kinetic modeling of gaseous mixtures are connected to progress in the description of the energy transfer, and, in particular, the attempts to include non-equilibrium effects require to consider state-specific energy exchanges. A systematic study of the state-to-state vibrational energy transfer in CO2 + CO2 collisions is the focus of the present work, aided by a theoretical and computational tool based on quasiclassical trajectory simulations and an accurate full-dimension model of the intermolecular interactions. In this model, the accuracy of the description of the intermolecular forces (that determine the probability of energy transfer in molecular collisions) is enhanced by explicit account of the specific effects of the distortion of the CO2 structure due to vibrations. Results show that these effects are important for the energy transfer probabilities. Moreover, the role of rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom is found to be dominant in the energy exchange, while the average contribution of translations, under the temperature and energy conditions considered, is negligible. Remarkable is the fact that the intramolecular energy transfer only involves stretching and bending, unless one of the colliding molecules has an initial symmetric stretching quantum number greater than a threshold value estimated to be equal to 7.

  20. Scaling for Robust Empirical Modeling and Predictions of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) from Diverse Wetland Ecosystems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ishtiaq, K. S.; Abdul-Aziz, O. I.

    2014-12-01

    We developed a scaling-based, simple empirical model for spatio-temporally robust prediction of the diurnal cycles of wetland net ecosystem exchange (NEE) by using an extended stochastic harmonic algorithm (ESHA). A reference-time observation from each diurnal cycle was utilized as the scaling parameter to normalize and collapse hourly observed NEE of different days into a single, dimensionless diurnal curve. The modeling concept was tested by parameterizing the unique diurnal curve and predicting hourly NEE of May to October (summer growing and fall seasons) between 2002-12 for diverse wetland ecosystems, as available in the U.S. AmeriFLUX network. As an example, the Taylor Slough short hydroperiod marsh site in the Florida Everglades had data for four consecutive growing seasons from 2009-12; results showed impressive modeling efficiency (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.66) and accuracy (ratio of root-mean-square-error to the standard deviation of observations, RSR = 0.58). Model validation was performed with an independent year of NEE data, indicating equally impressive performance (R2 = 0.68, RSR = 0.57). The model included a parsimonious set of estimated parameters, which exhibited spatio-temporal robustness by collapsing onto narrow ranges. Model robustness was further investigated by analytically deriving and quantifying parameter sensitivity coefficients and a first-order uncertainty measure. The relatively robust, empirical NEE model can be applied for simulating continuous (e.g., hourly) NEE time-series from a single reference observation (or a set of limited observations) at different wetland sites of comparable hydro-climatology, biogeochemistry, and ecology. The method can also be used for a robust gap-filling of missing data in observed time-series of periodic ecohydrological variables for wetland or other ecosystems.

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