Time-dependent fiber bundles with local load sharing.

PubMed

Newman, W I; Phoenix, S L

2001-02-01

Fiber bundle models, where fibers have random lifetimes depending on their load histories, are useful tools in explaining time-dependent failure in heterogeneous materials. Such models shed light on diverse phenomena such as fatigue in structural materials and earthquakes in geophysical settings. Various asymptotic and approximate theories have been developed for bundles with various geometries and fiber load-sharing mechanisms, but numerical verification has been hampered by severe computational demands in larger bundles. To gain insight at large size scales, interest has returned to idealized fiber bundle models in 1D. Such simplified models typically assume either equal load sharing (ELS) among survivors, or local load sharing (LLS) where a failed fiber redistributes its load onto its two nearest flanking survivors. Such models can often be solved exactly or asymptotically in increasing bundle size, N, yet still capture the essence of failure in real materials. The present work focuses on 1D bundles under LLS. As in previous works, a fiber has failure rate following a power law in its load level with breakdown exponent rho. Surviving fibers under fixed loads have remaining lifetimes that are independent and exponentially distributed. We develop both new asymptotic theories and new computational algorithms that greatly increase the bundle sizes that can be treated in large replications (e.g., one million fibers in thousands of realizations). In particular we develop an algorithm that adapts several concepts and methods that are well-known among computer scientists, but relatively unknown among physicists, to dramatically increase the computational speed with no attendant loss of accuracy. We consider various regimes of rho that yield drastically different behavior as N increases. For 1/2< or =rho< or =1, ELS and LLS have remarkably similar behavior (they have identical lifetime distributions at rho=1) with approximate Gaussian bundle lifetime statistics and a finite limiting mean. For rho>1 this Gaussian behavior also applies to ELS, whereas LLS behavior diverges sharply showing brittle, weakest volume behavior in terms of characteristic elements derived from critical cluster formation. For 0

An Improved Distributed Secondary Control Method for DC Microgrids With Enhanced Dynamic Current Sharing Performance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Panbao; Lu, Xiaonan; Yang, Xu

This paper proposes an improved distributed secondary control scheme for dc microgrids (MGs), aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of conventional droop control method. The proposed secondary control scheme can remove the dc voltage deviation and improve the current sharing accuracy by using voltage-shifting and slope-adjusting approaches simultaneously. Meanwhile, the average value of droop coefficients is calculated, and then it is controlled by an additional controller included in the distributed secondary control layer to ensure that each droop coefficient converges at a reasonable value. Hence, by adjusting the droop coefficient, each participating converter has equal output impedance, and the accurate proportionalmore » load current sharing can be achieved with different line resistances. Furthermore, the current sharing performance in steady and transient states can be enhanced by using the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by detailed experimental tests based on a 3 × 1 kW prototype with three interface converters.« less

Audition and vision share spatial attentional resources, yet attentional load does not disrupt audiovisual integration.

PubMed

Wahn, Basil; König, Peter

2015-01-01

Humans continuously receive and integrate information from several sensory modalities. However, attentional resources limit the amount of information that can be processed. It is not yet clear how attentional resources and multisensory processing are interrelated. Specifically, the following questions arise: (1) Are there distinct spatial attentional resources for each sensory modality? and (2) Does attentional load affect multisensory integration? We investigated these questions using a dual task paradigm: participants performed two spatial tasks (a multiple object tracking task and a localization task), either separately (single task condition) or simultaneously (dual task condition). In the multiple object tracking task, participants visually tracked a small subset of several randomly moving objects. In the localization task, participants received either visual, auditory, or redundant visual and auditory location cues. In the dual task condition, we found a substantial decrease in participants' performance relative to the results of the single task condition. Importantly, participants performed equally well in the dual task condition regardless of the location cues' modality. This result suggests that having spatial information coming from different modalities does not facilitate performance, thereby indicating shared spatial attentional resources for the auditory and visual modality. Furthermore, we found that participants integrated redundant multisensory information similarly even when they experienced additional attentional load in the dual task condition. Overall, findings suggest that (1) visual and auditory spatial attentional resources are shared and that (2) audiovisual integration of spatial information occurs in an pre-attentive processing stage.

Heuristic approaches for energy-efficient shared restoration in WDM networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alilou, Shahab

In recent years, there has been ongoing research on the design of energy-efficient Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks. The explosive growth of Internet traffic has led to increased power consumption of network components. Network survivability has also been a relevant research topic, as it plays a crucial role in assuring continuity of service with no disruption, regardless of network component failure. Network survivability mechanisms tend to utilize considerable resources such as spare capacity in order to protect and restore information. This thesis investigates techniques for reducing energy demand and enhancing energy efficiency in the context of network survivability. We propose two novel heuristic energy-efficient shared protection approaches for WDM networks. These approaches intend to save energy by setting on sleep mode devices that are not being used while providing shared backup paths to satisfy network survivability. The first approach exploits properties of a math series in order to assign weight to the network links. It aims at reducing power consumption at the network indirectly by aggregating traffic on a set of nodes and links with high traffic load level. Routing traffic on links and nodes that are already under utilization makes it possible for the links and nodes with no load to be set on sleep mode. The second approach is intended to dynamically route traffic through nodes and links with high traffic load level. Similar to the first approach, this approach computes a pair of paths for every newly arrived demand. It computes these paths for every new demand by comparing the power consumption of nodes and links in the network before the demand arrives with their potential power consumption if they are chosen along the paths of this demand. Simulations of two different networks were used to compare the total network power consumption obtained using the proposed techniques against a standard shared-path restoration scheme. Shared-path restoration is a network survivability method in which a link-disjoint backup path and wavelength is reserved at the time of call setup for a working path. However, in order to reduce spare capacity consumption, this reserved backup path and wavelength may be shared with other backup paths. Pool Sharing Scheme (PSS) is employed to implement shared-path restoration scheme [1]. In an optical network, the failure of a single link leads to the failure of all the lightpaths that pass through that particular link. PSS ensures that the amount of backup bandwidth required on a link to restore the failed connections will not be more than the total amount of reserved backup bandwidth on that link. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approaches lead to up to 35% power savings in WDM networks when traffic load is low. However, power saving decreases to 14% at high traffic load level. Furthermore, in terms of the total capacity consumption for working paths, PSS outperforms the two proposed approaches, as expected. In terms of total capacity consumption all the approaches behave similarly. In general, at low traffic load level, the two proposed approaches behave similar to PSS in terms of average link load, and the ratio of block demands. Nevertheless, at high traffic load, the proposed approaches result in higher ratio of blocked demands than PSS. They also lead to higher average link load than PSS for the equal number of generated demands.

Design of biomimetic fibrillar interfaces: 2. Mechanics of enhanced adhesion.

PubMed Central

Hui, C-Y; Glassmaker, N. J.; Tang, T.; Jagota, A.

2004-01-01

This study addresses the strength and toughness of generic fibrillar structures. We show that the stress sigmac required to pull a fibril out of adhesive contact with a substrate has the form sigma(c) = sigma(0)Phi(chi). In this equation, sigma(0) is the interfacial strength, Phi(chi) is a dimensionless function satisfying 0 > 1, but is flaw insensitive for chi < 1. The important parameter chi also controls the stability of a homogeneously deformed non-fibrillar (flat) interface. Using these results, we show that the work to fail a unit area of fibrillar surface can be much higher than the intrinsic work of adhesion for a flat interface of the same material. In addition, we show that cross-sectional fibril dimensions control the pull-off force, which increases with decreasing fibril radius. Finally, an increase in fibril length is shown to increase the work necessary to separate a fibrillar interface. Besides our calculations involving a single fibril, we study the concept of equal load sharing (ELS) for a perfect interface containing many fibrils. We obtain the practical work of adhesion for an idealized fibrillated interface under equal load sharing. We then analyse the peeling of a fibrillar surface from a rigid substrate and establish a criterion for ELS. PMID:16849151

Dynamic load-sharing characteristic analysis of face gear power-split gear system based on tooth contact characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dong, Hao; Hu, Yahui

2018-04-01

The bend-torsion coupling dynamics load-sharing model of the helicopter face gear split torque transmission system is established by using concentrated quality standard, to analyzing the dynamic load-sharing characteristic. The mathematical models include nonlinear support stiffness, time-varying meshing stiffness, damping, gear backlash. The results showed that the errors collectively influenced the load sharing characteristics, only reduce a certain error, it is never fully reached the perfect loading sharing characteristics. The system load-sharing performance can be improved through floating shaft support. The above-method will provide a theoretical basis and data support for its dynamic performance optimization design.

Load sharing in the growth of bundled biopolymers

PubMed Central

Wang, Ruizhe; Carlsson, A. E.

2014-01-01

To elucidate the nature of load sharing in the growth of multiple biopolymers, we perform stochastic simulations of the growth of biopolymer bundles against obstacles under a broad range of conditions and varying assumptions. The obstacle motion due to thermal fluctuations is treated explicitly. We assume the “Perfect Brownian Ratchet” (PBR) model, in which the polymerization rate equals the free-filament rate as soon as the filament-obstacle distance exceeds the monomer size. Accurate closed-form formulas are obtained for the case of a rapidly moving obstacle. We find the following: (1) load sharing is usually sub-perfect in the sense that polymerization is slower than for a single filament carrying the same average force; (2) the sub-perfect behavior becomes significant at a total force proportional to the logarithm or the square root of the number of filaments, depending on the alignment of the filaments; (3) for the special case of slow barrier diffusion and low opposing force, an enhanced obstacle velocity for an increasing number of filaments is possible; (4) the obstacle velocity is very sensitive to the alignment of the filaments in the bundle, with a staggered alignment being an order of magnitude faster than an unstaggered one at forces of only 0.5 pN per filament for 20 filaments; (5) for large numbers of filaments, the power is maximized at a force well below 1 pN per filament; (6) for intermediate values of the obstacle diffusion coefficient, the shape of the force velocity relation is very similar to that for rapid obstacle diffusion. PMID:25489273

Load sharing in the growth of bundled biopolymers.

PubMed

Wang, Ruizhe; Carlsson, A E

2014-11-01

To elucidate the nature of load sharing in the growth of multiple biopolymers, we perform stochastic simulations of the growth of biopolymer bundles against obstacles under a broad range of conditions and varying assumptions. The obstacle motion due to thermal fluctuations is treated explicitly. We assume the "Perfect Brownian Ratchet" (PBR) model, in which the polymerization rate equals the free-filament rate as soon as the filament-obstacle distance exceeds the monomer size. Accurate closed-form formulas are obtained for the case of a rapidly moving obstacle. We find the following: (1) load sharing is usually sub-perfect in the sense that polymerization is slower than for a single filament carrying the same average force; (2) the sub-perfect behavior becomes significant at a total force proportional to the logarithm or the square root of the number of filaments, depending on the alignment of the filaments; (3) for the special case of slow barrier diffusion and low opposing force, an enhanced obstacle velocity for an increasing number of filaments is possible; (4) the obstacle velocity is very sensitive to the alignment of the filaments in the bundle, with a staggered alignment being an order of magnitude faster than an unstaggered one at forces of only 0.5 pN per filament for 20 filaments; (5) for large numbers of filaments, the power is maximized at a force well below 1 pN per filament; (6) for intermediate values of the obstacle diffusion coefficient, the shape of the force velocity relation is very similar to that for rapid obstacle diffusion.

Axial calibration methods of piezoelectric load sharing dynamometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Jun; Chang, Qingbing; Ren, Zongjin; Shao, Jun; Wang, Xinlei; Tian, Yu

2018-06-01

The relationship between input and output of load sharing dynamometer is seriously non-linear in different loading points of a plane, so it's significant for accutately measuring force to precisely calibrate the non-linear relationship. In this paper, firstly, based on piezoelectric load sharing dynamometer, calibration experiments of different loading points are performed in a plane. And then load sharing testing system is respectively calibrated based on BP algorithm and ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) algorithm. Finally, the results show that the calibration result of ELM is better than BP for calibrating the non-linear relationship between input and output of loading sharing dynamometer in the different loading points of a plane, which verifies that ELM algorithm is feasible in solving force non-linear measurement problem.

Fair Shares, Matey, or Walk the Plank

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, P. Holt; Myers, Marrielle; Edgington, Cyndi; Confrey, Jere

2012-01-01

Whether sharing a collection of toys among friends or a pie for dessert, children as young as kindergarten age are keen on making sure that everyone gets their "fair share." In the classroom, fair-sharing activities call for creating equal-size groups from a collection of objects or creating equal-size parts of a whole and are generally used by…

Research on the parallel load sharing principle of a novel self-decoupled piezoelectric six-dimensional force sensor.

PubMed

Li, Ying-Jun; Yang, Cong; Wang, Gui-Cong; Zhang, Hui; Cui, Huan-Yong; Zhang, Yong-Liang

2017-09-01

This paper presents a novel integrated piezoelectric six-dimensional force sensor which can realize dynamic measurement of multi-dimensional space load. Firstly, the composition of the sensor, the spatial layout of force-sensitive components, and measurement principle are analyzed and designed. There is no interference of piezoelectric six-dimensional force sensor in theoretical analysis. Based on the principle of actual work and deformation compatibility coherence, this paper deduces the parallel load sharing principle of the piezoelectric six-dimensional force sensor. The main effect factors which affect the load sharing ratio are obtained. The finite element model of the piezoelectric six-dimensional force sensor is established. In order to verify the load sharing principle of the sensor, a load sharing test device of piezoelectric force sensor is designed and fabricated. The load sharing experimental platform is set up. The experimental results are in accordance with the theoretical analysis and simulation results. The experiments show that the multi-dimensional and heavy force measurement can be realized by the parallel arrangement of the load sharing ring and the force sensitive element in the novel integrated piezoelectric six-dimensional force sensor. The ideal load sharing effect of the sensor can be achieved by appropriate size parameters. This paper has an important guide for the design of the force measuring device according to the load sharing mode. Copyright © 2017 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Split torque transmission load sharing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krantz, T. L.; Rashidi, M.; Kish, J. G.

1992-01-01

Split torque transmissions are attractive alternatives to conventional planetary designs for helicopter transmissions. The split torque designs can offer lighter weight and fewer parts but have not been used extensively for lack of experience, especially with obtaining proper load sharing. Two split torque designs that use different load sharing methods have been studied. Precise indexing and alignment of the geartrain to produce acceptable load sharing has been demonstrated. An elastomeric torque splitter that has large torsional compliance and damping produces even better load sharing while reducing dynamic transmission error and noise. However, the elastomeric torque splitter as now configured is not capable over the full range of operating conditions of a fielded system. A thrust balancing load sharing device was evaluated. Friction forces that oppose the motion of the balance mechanism are significant. A static analysis suggests increasing the helix angle of the input pinion of the thrust balancing design. Also, dynamic analysis of this design predicts good load sharing and significant torsional response to accumulative pitch errors of the gears.

Heat Load Sharing in a Capillary Pumped Loop with Multiple Evaporators and Multiple Condensers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ku, Jentung

2005-01-01

This paper describes the heat load sharing function among multiple parallel evaporators in a capillary pumped loop (CPL). In the normal mode of operation, the evaporators cool the instruments by absorbing the waste heat. When an instruments is turned off, the attached evaporator can keep it warm by receiving heat from other evaporators serving the operating instruments. This is referred to as heat load sharing. A theoretical basis of heat load sharing is given first. The fact that the wicks in the powered evaporators will develop capillary pressure to force the generated vapor to flow to cold locations where the pressure is lower leads to the conclusion that heat load sharing is an inherent function of a CPL with multiple evaporators. Heat load sharing has been verified with many CPLs in ground tests. Experimental results of the Capillary Pumped Loop 3 (CAPL 3) Flight Experiment are presented in this paper. Factors that affect the amount of heat being shared are discussed. Some constraints of heat load sharing are also addressed.

A hybrid deterministic-probabilistic approach to model the mechanical response of helically arranged hierarchical strands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fraldi, M.; Perrella, G.; Ciervo, M.; Bosia, F.; Pugno, N. M.

2017-09-01

Very recently, a Weibull-based probabilistic strategy has been successfully applied to bundles of wires to determine their overall stress-strain behaviour, also capturing previously unpredicted nonlinear and post-elastic features of hierarchical strands. This approach is based on the so-called "Equal Load Sharing (ELS)" hypothesis by virtue of which, when a wire breaks, the load acting on the strand is homogeneously redistributed among the surviving wires. Despite the overall effectiveness of the method, some discrepancies between theoretical predictions and in silico Finite Element-based simulations or experimental findings might arise when more complex structures are analysed, e.g. helically arranged bundles. To overcome these limitations, an enhanced hybrid approach is proposed in which the probability of rupture is combined with a deterministic mechanical model of a strand constituted by helically-arranged and hierarchically-organized wires. The analytical model is validated comparing its predictions with both Finite Element simulations and experimental tests. The results show that generalized stress-strain responses - incorporating tension/torsion coupling - are naturally found and, once one or more elements break, the competition between geometry and mechanics of the strand microstructure, i.e. the different cross sections and helical angles of the wires in the different hierarchical levels of the strand, determines the no longer homogeneous stress redistribution among the surviving wires whose fate is hence governed by a "Hierarchical Load Sharing" criterion.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Bearing and Failure Mechanism of Multiple Pillars Under Overburden

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Zilong; Chen, Lu; Zhao, Yuan; Zhao, Tongbin; Cai, Xin; Du, Xueming

2017-04-01

To reveal the mechanical response of a multi-pillar supporting system under external loads, compressive tests were carried out on single-pillar and double-pillar specimens. The digital speckle correlation method and acoustic emission technique were applied to record and analyse information of the deformation and failure processes. Numerical simulations with the software programme PFC2D were also conducted. In the compressive process of the double-pillar system, if both individual pillars have the same mechanical properties, each pillar deforms similarly and reaches the critical stable state almost simultaneously by sharing equal loads. If the two individual pillars have different mechanical properties, the pillar with higher elastic modulus or lower strength would be damaged and lose its bearing capacity firstly. The load would then be transferred to the other pillar under a load redistribution process. When the pillar with higher strength is strong enough, the load carried by the pillar system would increase again. However, the maximum bearing load of the double-pillar system is smaller than the sum of peak load of individual pillars. The study also indicates that the strength, elastic modulus, and load state of pillars all influence the supporting capacity of the pillar system. In underground space engineering, the appropriate choice of pillar dimensions and layout may play a great role in preventing the occurrence of cascading pillar failure.

Vehicle-to-Grid Automatic Load Sharing with Driver Preference in Micro-Grids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang, Yubo; Nazaripouya, Hamidreza; Chu, Chi-Cheng

Integration of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) with power grid not only brings new challenges for load management, but also opportunities for distributed storage and generation. This paper comprehensively models and analyzes distributed Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for automatic load sharing with driver preference. In a micro-grid with limited communications, V2G EVs need to decide load sharing based on their own power and voltage profile. A droop based controller taking into account driver preference is proposed in this paper to address the distributed control of EVs. Simulations are designed for three fundamental V2G automatic load sharing scenarios that include all system dynamics of suchmore » applications. Simulation results demonstrate that active power sharing is achieved proportionally among V2G EVs with consideration of driver preference. In additional, the results also verify the system stability and reactive power sharing analysis in system modelling, which sheds light on large scale V2G automatic load sharing in more complicated cases.« less

14 CFR 25.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., the prescribed water loads may be distributed over the float bottom to avoid excessive local loads...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; C y=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 25.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., the prescribed water loads may be distributed over the float bottom to avoid excessive local loads...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; C y=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 25.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., the prescribed water loads may be distributed over the float bottom to avoid excessive local loads...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; C y=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 25.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

..., the prescribed water loads may be distributed over the float bottom to avoid excessive local loads...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; C y=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 25.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., the prescribed water loads may be distributed over the float bottom to avoid excessive local loads...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; C y=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

Load Sharing Behavior of Star Gearing Reducer for Geared Turbofan Engine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mo, Shuai; Zhang, Yidu; Wu, Qiong; Wang, Feiming; Matsumura, Shigeki; Houjoh, Haruo

2017-07-01

Load sharing behavior is very important for power-split gearing system, star gearing reducer as a new type and special transmission system can be used in many industry fields. However, there is few literature regarding the key multiple-split load sharing issue in main gearbox used in new type geared turbofan engine. Further mechanism analysis are made on load sharing behavior among star gears of star gearing reducer for geared turbofan engine. Comprehensive meshing error analysis are conducted on eccentricity error, gear thickness error, base pitch error, assembly error, and bearing error of star gearing reducer respectively. Floating meshing error resulting from meshing clearance variation caused by the simultaneous floating of sun gear and annular gear are taken into account. A refined mathematical model for load sharing coefficient calculation is established in consideration of different meshing stiffness and supporting stiffness for components. The regular curves of load sharing coefficient under the influence of interactions, single action and single variation of various component errors are obtained. The accurate sensitivity of load sharing coefficient toward different errors is mastered. The load sharing coefficient of star gearing reducer is 1.033 and the maximum meshing force in gear tooth is about 3010 N. This paper provides scientific theory evidences for optimal parameter design and proper tolerance distribution in advanced development and manufacturing process, so as to achieve optimal effects in economy and technology.

A 5 kA pulsed power supply for inductive and plasma loads in large volume plasma device.

PubMed

Srivastava, P K; Singh, S K; Sanyasi, A K; Awasthi, L M; Mattoo, S K

2016-07-01

This paper describes 5 kA, 12 ms pulsed power supply for inductive load of Electron Energy Filter (EEF) in large volume plasma device. The power supply is based upon the principle of rapid sourcing of energy from the capacitor bank (2.8 F/200 V) by using a static switch, comprising of ten Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). A suitable mechanism is developed to ensure equal sharing of current and uniform power distribution during the operation of these IGBTs. Safe commutation of power to the EEF is ensured by the proper optimization of its components and by the introduction of over voltage protection (>6 kV) using an indigenously designed snubber circuit. Various time sequences relevant to different actions of power supply, viz., pulse width control and repetition rate, are realized through optically isolated computer controlled interface.

A 5 kA pulsed power supply for inductive and plasma loads in large volume plasma device

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Srivastava, P. K., E-mail: pkumar@ipr.res.in; Singh, S. K.; Sanyasi, A. K.

This paper describes 5 kA, 12 ms pulsed power supply for inductive load of Electron Energy Filter (EEF) in large volume plasma device. The power supply is based upon the principle of rapid sourcing of energy from the capacitor bank (2.8 F/200 V) by using a static switch, comprising of ten Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). A suitable mechanism is developed to ensure equal sharing of current and uniform power distribution during the operation of these IGBTs. Safe commutation of power to the EEF is ensured by the proper optimization of its components and by the introduction of over voltagemore » protection (>6 kV) using an indigenously designed snubber circuit. Various time sequences relevant to different actions of power supply, viz., pulse width control and repetition rate, are realized through optically isolated computer controlled interface.« less

The equal load-sharing model of cascade failures in power grids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scala, Antonio; De Sanctis Lucentini, Pier Giorgio

2016-11-01

Electric power-systems are one of the most important critical infrastructures. In recent years, they have been exposed to extreme stress due to the increasing power demand, the introduction of distributed renewable energy sources, and the development of extensive interconnections. We investigate the phenomenon of abrupt breakdown of an electric power-system under two scenarios: load growth (mimicking the ever-increasing customer demand) and power fluctuations (mimicking the effects of renewable sources). Our results indicate that increasing the system size causes breakdowns to become more abrupt; in fact, mapping the system to a solvable statistical-physics model indicates the occurrence of a first order transition in the large size limit. Such an enhancement for the systemic risk failures (black-outs) with increasing network size is an effect that should be considered in the current projects aiming to integrate national power-grids into ;super-grids;.

Allocation of Resources to Collaborators and Free-Riders in 3-Year-Olds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melis, Alicia P.; Altrichter, Kristin; Tomasello, Michael

2013-01-01

Recent studies have shown that in situations where resources have been acquired collaboratively, children at around 3 years of age share mostly equally. We investigated 3-year-olds' sharing behavior with a collaborating partner and a free-riding partner who explicitly expressed her preference not to collaborate. Children shared more equally with…

26 CFR 1.1502-3 - Consolidated tax credits.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... share of the consolidated net income tax minus 25 percent of the quantity which is equal to so much of... consolidated return year is limited to: (a) So much of the consolidated liability for tax as does not exceed... equals the member's share of the consolidated net income tax minus the member's share of the consolidated...

Benefits and Problems of Egalitarian Marriage: A Study of Role-Sharing Couples.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haas, Linda

A role-sharing marriage is one in which the husband and wife share equally the rights and responsibilities traditionally assigned to one or the other sex as part of their ideal family role, in the areas of breadwinning, decisionmaking, and domestic chores. A marriage style based on sexual equality is rarely found in practice and subsequently has…

40 CFR 86.087-2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... vehicle weight equal to or less than 3,750 lbs (LDDT1s) together in the particulate averaging program... light-duty truck production for those engine families with a loaded vehicle weight equal to or less than... light-duty truck particulate standard for diesel light-duty trucks with a loaded vehicle weight equal to...

Research on parallel load sharing principle of piezoelectric six-dimensional heavy force/torque sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Wei; Li, Ying-jun; Jia, Zhen-yuan; Zhang, Jun; Qian, Min

2011-01-01

In working process of huge heavy-load manipulators, such as the free forging machine, hydraulic die-forging press, forging manipulator, heavy grasping manipulator, large displacement manipulator, measurement of six-dimensional heavy force/torque and real-time force feedback of the operation interface are basis to realize coordinate operation control and force compliance control. It is also an effective way to raise the control accuracy and achieve highly efficient manufacturing. Facing to solve dynamic measurement problem on six-dimensional time-varying heavy load in extremely manufacturing process, the novel principle of parallel load sharing on six-dimensional heavy force/torque is put forward. The measuring principle of six-dimensional force sensor is analyzed, and the spatial model is built and decoupled. The load sharing ratios are analyzed and calculated in vertical and horizontal directions. The mapping relationship between six-dimensional heavy force/torque value to be measured and output force value is built. The finite element model of parallel piezoelectric six-dimensional heavy force/torque sensor is set up, and its static characteristics are analyzed by ANSYS software. The main parameters, which affect load sharing ratio, are analyzed. The experiments for load sharing with different diameters of parallel axis are designed. The results show that the six-dimensional heavy force/torque sensor has good linearity. Non-linearity errors are less than 1%. The parallel axis makes good effect of load sharing. The larger the diameter is, the better the load sharing effect is. The results of experiments are in accordance with the FEM analysis. The sensor has advantages of large measuring range, good linearity, high inherent frequency, and high rigidity. It can be widely used in extreme environments for real-time accurate measurement of six-dimensional time-varying huge loads on manipulators.

Effects of Peer-Tutor Competences on Learner Cognitive Load and Learning Performance during Knowledge Sharing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hsiao, Ya-Ping; Brouns, Francis; van Bruggen, Jan; Sloep, Peter B.

2012-01-01

In Learning Networks, learners need to share knowledge with others to build knowledge. In particular, when working on complex tasks, they often need to acquire extra cognitive resources from others to process a high task load. However, without support high task load and organizing knowledge sharing themselves might easily overload learners'…

Combined Effects of Gravity, Bending Moment, Bearing Clearance, and Input Torque on Wind Turbine Planetary Gear Load Sharing: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Y.; Keller, J.; LaCava, W.

2012-09-01

This computational work investigates planetary gear load sharing of three-mount suspension wind turbine gearboxes. A three dimensional multibody dynamic model is established, including gravity, bending moments, fluctuating mesh stiffness, nonlinear tooth contact, and bearing clearance. A flexible main shaft, planetary carrier, housing, and gear shafts are modeled using reduced degrees-of-freedom through modal compensation. This drivetrain model is validated against the experimental data of Gearbox Reliability Collaborative for gearbox internal loads. Planet load sharing is a combined effect of gravity, bending moment, bearing clearance, and input torque. Influences of each of these parameters and their combined effects on the resulting planetmore » load sharing are investigated. Bending moments and gravity induce fundamental excitations in the rotating carrier frame, which can increase gearbox internal loads and disturb load sharing. Clearance in carrier bearings reduces the bearing load carrying capacity and thus the bending moment from the rotor can be transmitted into gear meshes. With bearing clearance, the bending moment can cause tooth micropitting and can induce planet bearing fatigue, leading to reduced gearbox life. Planet bearings are susceptible to skidding at low input torque.« less

Low energy electron-impact ionization of hydrogen atom for coplanar equal-energy-sharing kinematics in Debye plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Jun; Zhang, Song Bin; Ye, Bang Jiao; Wang, Jian Guo; Janev, R. K.

2016-12-01

Low energy electron-impact ionization of hydrogen atom in Debye plasmas has been investigated by employing the exterior complex scaling method. The interactions between the charged particles in the plasma have been represented by Debye-Hückel potentials. Triple differential cross sections (TDCS) in the coplanar equal-energy-sharing geometry at an incident energy of 15.6 eV for different screening lengths are reported. As the screening strength increases, TDCS change significantly. The evolutions of dominant typical peak structures of the TDCS are studied in detail for different screening lengths and for different coplanar equal-energy-sharing geometries.

Time-dependent fiber bundles with local load sharing. II. General Weibull fibers.

PubMed

Phoenix, S Leigh; Newman, William I

2009-12-01

Fiber bundle models (FBMs) are useful tools in understanding failure processes in a variety of material systems. While the fibers and load sharing assumptions are easily described, FBM analysis is typically difficult. Monte Carlo methods are also hampered by the severe computational demands of large bundle sizes, which overwhelm just as behavior relevant to real materials starts to emerge. For large size scales, interest continues in idealized FBMs that assume either equal load sharing (ELS) or local load sharing (LLS) among fibers, rules that reflect features of real load redistribution in elastic lattices. The present work focuses on a one-dimensional bundle of N fibers under LLS where life consumption in a fiber follows a power law in its load, with exponent rho , and integrated over time. This life consumption function is further embodied in a functional form resulting in a Weibull distribution for lifetime under constant fiber stress and with Weibull exponent, beta. Thus the failure rate of a fiber depends on its past load history, except for beta=1 . We develop asymptotic results validated by Monte Carlo simulation using a computational algorithm developed in our previous work [Phys. Rev. E 63, 021507 (2001)] that greatly increases the size, N , of treatable bundles (e.g., 10(6) fibers in 10(3) realizations). In particular, our algorithm is O(N ln N) in contrast with former algorithms which were O(N2) making this investigation possible. Regimes are found for (beta,rho) pairs that yield contrasting behavior for large N. For rho>1 and large N, brittle weakest volume behavior emerges in terms of characteristic elements (groupings of fibers) derived from critical cluster formation, and the lifetime eventually goes to zero as N-->infinity , unlike ELS, which yields a finite limiting mean. For 1/21 but with 0

Time-dependent fiber bundles with local load sharing. II. General Weibull fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phoenix, S. Leigh; Newman, William I.

2009-12-01

Fiber bundle models (FBMs) are useful tools in understanding failure processes in a variety of material systems. While the fibers and load sharing assumptions are easily described, FBM analysis is typically difficult. Monte Carlo methods are also hampered by the severe computational demands of large bundle sizes, which overwhelm just as behavior relevant to real materials starts to emerge. For large size scales, interest continues in idealized FBMs that assume either equal load sharing (ELS) or local load sharing (LLS) among fibers, rules that reflect features of real load redistribution in elastic lattices. The present work focuses on a one-dimensional bundle of N fibers under LLS where life consumption in a fiber follows a power law in its load, with exponent ρ , and integrated over time. This life consumption function is further embodied in a functional form resulting in a Weibull distribution for lifetime under constant fiber stress and with Weibull exponent, β . Thus the failure rate of a fiber depends on its past load history, except for β=1 . We develop asymptotic results validated by Monte Carlo simulation using a computational algorithm developed in our previous work [Phys. Rev. EPLEEE81063-651X 63, 021507 (2001)] that greatly increases the size, N , of treatable bundles (e.g., 106 fibers in 103 realizations). In particular, our algorithm is O(NlnN) in contrast with former algorithms which were O(N2) making this investigation possible. Regimes are found for (β,ρ) pairs that yield contrasting behavior for large N . For ρ>1 and large N , brittle weakest volume behavior emerges in terms of characteristic elements (groupings of fibers) derived from critical cluster formation, and the lifetime eventually goes to zero as N→∞ , unlike ELS, which yields a finite limiting mean. For 1/2≤ρ≤1 , however, LLS has remarkably similar behavior to ELS (appearing to be virtually identical for ρ=1 ) with an asymptotic Gaussian lifetime distribution and a finite limiting mean for large N . The coefficient of variation follows a power law in increasing N but, except for ρ=1 , the value of the negative exponent is clearly less than 1/2 unlike in ELS bundles where the exponent remains 1/2 for 1/2<ρ≤1 . For sufficiently small values 0<ρ≪1 , a transition occurs, depending on β , whereby LLS bundle lifetimes become dominated by a few long-lived fibers. Thus the bundle lifetime appears to approximately follow an extreme-value distribution for the longest lived of a parallel group of independent elements, which applies exactly to ρ=0 . The lower the value of β , the higher the transition value of ρ , below which such extreme-value behavior occurs. No evidence was found for limiting Gaussian behavior for ρ>1 but with 0<β(ρ+1)<1 , as might be conjectured from quasistatic bundle models where β(ρ+1) mimics the Weibull exponent for fiber strength.

14 CFR 23.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... bottom to avoid excessive local loads, using bottom pressures not less than those prescribed in paragraph...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; Cy=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 23.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... bottom to avoid excessive local loads, using bottom pressures not less than those prescribed in paragraph...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; Cy=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 23.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... bottom to avoid excessive local loads, using bottom pressures not less than those prescribed in paragraph...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; Cy=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 23.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... bottom to avoid excessive local loads, using bottom pressures not less than those prescribed in paragraph...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; Cy=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

14 CFR 23.535 - Auxiliary float loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... bottom to avoid excessive local loads, using bottom pressures not less than those prescribed in paragraph...=coefficient of drag force, equal to 0.133; Cy=coefficient of side force, equal to 0.106; K=0.8, except that...

In vitro evaluation of translating and rotating plates using a robot testing system under follower load.

PubMed

Yan, Y; Bell, K M; Hartman, R A; Hu, J; Wang, W; Kang, J D; Lee, J Y

2017-01-01

Various modifications to standard "rigid" anterior cervical plate designs (constrained plate) have been developed that allow for some degree of axial translation and/or rotation of the plate (semi-constrained plate)-theoretically promoting proper load sharing with the graft and improved fusion rates. However, previous studies about rigid and dynamic plates have not examined the influence of simulated muscle loading. The objective of this study was to compare rigid, translating, and rotating plates for single-level corpectomy procedures using a robot testing system with follower load. In-vitro biomechanical test. N = 15 fresh-frozen human (C3-7) cervical specimens were biomechanically tested. The follower load was applied to the specimens at the neutral position from 0 to 100 N. Specimens were randomized into a rigid plate group, a translating plate group and a rotating plate group and then tested in flexion, extension, lateral bending and axial rotation to a pure moment target of 2.0 Nm under 100N of follower load. Range of motion, load sharing, and adjacent level effects were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). No significant differences were observed between the translating plate and the rigid plate on load sharing at neutral position and C4-6 ROM, but the translating plate was able to maintain load through the graft at a desired level during flexion. The rotating plate shared less load than rigid and translating plates in the neutral position, but cannot maintain the graft load during flexion. This study demonstrated that, in the presence of simulated muscle loading (follower load), the translating plate demonstrated superior performance for load sharing compared to the rigid and rotating plates.

Equal-mobility bed load transport in a small, step-pool channel in the Ouachita Mountains

Treesearch

Daniel A. Marion; Frank Weirich

2003-01-01

Abstract: Equal-mobility transport (EMT) of bed load is more evident than size-selective transport during near-bankfull flow events in a small, step-pool channel in the Ouachita Mountains of central Arkansas. Bed load transport modes were studied by simulating five separate runoff events with peak discharges between 0.25 and 1.34 m3...

Comparative experimental study of dynamic compressive strength of mortar with glass and basalt fibres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kruszka, Leopold; Moćko, Wojciech; Fenu, Luigi; Cadoni, Ezio

2015-09-01

Specimen reinforced with glass and basalt fibers were prepared using Standard Portland cement (CEM I, 52.5 R as prescribed by EN 197-1) and standard sand, in accordance with EN 196-1. From this cementitious mixture, a reference cement mortar without fibers was first prepared. Compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and mod of fracture were determined for all specimens. Static and dynamic properties were investigated using Instron testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. Content of the glass fibers in the mortar does not influence the fracture stress at static loading conditions in a clearly observed way. Moreover at dynamic range 5% content of the fiber results in a significant drop of fracture stress. Analysis of the basalt fibers influence on the fracture stress shows that optimal content of this reinforcement is equal to 3% for both static and dynamic loading conditions. Further increase of the fiber share gives the opposite effect, i.e. drop of the fracture stress.

Reconstruction of loads in the fibrosa and ventricularis of porcine aortic valves.

PubMed

Vesely, I

1996-01-01

The main structural components of aortic valve cusps, the fibrosa and ventricularis, are pre loaded by virtue of their attachment to each other. The fibrosa is under compression and the ventricularis is under tension. Once separated from each other, these internal stresses are relieved, and the fibrosa elongates and the ventricularis shrinks. It then becomes impossible to determine what fraction of the load is carried by the two layers at a given strain, using the standard superposition of tension vs strain curves. To enable the superposition approach, we needed to adjust the tension/ strain curves of the fibrosa and ventricularis, and duplicate the pre load that exists in these layers. We, therefore, iteratively shifted these curves and compared their arithmetic sum to the tension curve for the whole intact cusp, using a sum-of-squares error function. The best fits occurred when the fibrosa and ventricularis were shifted to the right and left by amounts corresponding to a true strain of epsilon = 0.26 and 0.10 for the fibrosa and ventricularis in the radial directions. In the circumferential direction, the best fit was achieved for shifts of epsilon = -0.11 and 0.010 for the fibrosa and ventricularis, respectively. This 26% compressive strain of the radial fibrosa compares well with direct observations. The reconstructed tension curves indicate that the ventricularis carries much of the radial loads, whereas circumferentially the two layers share loads equally up to 25% strain, beyond which the fibrosa takes over.

Malaligned dynamic anterior cervical plate: a biomechanical analysis of effectiveness.

PubMed

Lawrence, Brandon D; Patel, Alpesh A; Guss, Andrew; Ryan Spiker, W; Brodke, Darrel S

2014-12-01

Biomechanical evaluation. To evaluate the kinematic and load-sharing differences of dynamic anterior cervical plates when placed in-line at 0° and off-axis at 20°. The use of dynamic anterior cervical plating systems has recently gained popularity due to the theoretical benefit of improved load sharing with graft subsidence. Occasionally, due to anatomical restraints, the anterior cervical plate may be placed off-axis in the coronal plane. This may potentially decrease the dynamization capability of the plate, leading to less load sharing and potentially decreased fusion rates. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the kinematic and load-sharing differences of a dynamic plate placed in-line versus off-axis in the coronal plane. Thirteen fresh-frozen human cadaveric cervical spines (C2-T1) were used. Nondestructive range-of-motion testing was performed with a pneumatically controlled spine simulator in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation using the OptoTrak motion measurement system. A C5 corpectomy was performed, and a custom interbody spacer with an integrated load cell collected load-sharing data under axial compression at varying loads. A dynamic anterior cervical plate was placed in-line at 0° and then off-axis at 20°. Testing conditions ensued using a full-length spacer, followed by simulated subsidence by removing 10% of the height of the original spacer. There were no kinematic differences noted in the in-line model versus the off-axis model. After simulated subsidence, the small decreases in stiffness and increases in motion were similar whether the plate was placed in-line or off-axis in all 3 planes of motion. There were also no significant differences in the load-sharing characteristics of the in-line plate versus the off-axis plate in either the full-length model or the subsided interbody model. This study suggests that off-axis dynamic plate positioning does not significantly impact construct kinematics or graft load sharing. As such, we do not recommend removal or repositioning of an off-axis placed dynamic plate because the kinematic and load-sharing biomechanical properties are similar. N/A.

Load-sharing through elastic micro-motion accelerates bone formation and interbody fusion.

PubMed

Ledet, Eric H; Sanders, Glenn P; DiRisio, Darryl J; Glennon, Joseph C

2018-02-13

Achieving a successful spinal fusion requires the proper biological and biomechanical environment. Optimizing load-sharing in the interbody space can enhance bone formation. For anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), loading and motion are largely dictated by the stiffness of the plate, which can facilitate a balance between stability and load-sharing. The advantages of load-sharing may be substantial for patients with comorbidities and in multilevel procedures where pseudarthrosis rates are significant. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel elastically deformable, continuously load-sharing anterior cervical spinal plate for promotion of bone formation and interbody fusion relative to a translationally dynamic plate. An in vivo animal model was used to evaluate the effects of an elastically deformable spinal plate on bone formation and spine fusion. Fourteen goats underwent an ACDF and received either a translationally dynamic or elastically deformable plate. Animals were followed up until 18 weeks and were evaluated by plain x-ray, computed tomography scan, and undecalcified histology to evaluate the rate and quality of bone formation and interbody fusion. Animals treated with the elastically deformable plate demonstrated statistically significantly superior early bone formation relative to the translationally dynamic plate. Trends in the data from 8 to 18 weeks postoperatively suggest that the elastically deformable implant enhanced bony bridging and fusion, but these enhancements were not statistically significant. Load-sharing through elastic micro-motion accelerates bone formation in the challenging goat ACDF model. The elastically deformable implant used in this study may promote early bony bridging and increased rates of fusion, but future studies will be necessary to comprehensively characterize the advantages of load-sharing through micro-motion. Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Teachers' Knowledge of Children's Strategies for Equal Sharing Fraction Problems

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krause, Gladys; Empson, Susan; Pynes, D'Anna; Jacobs, Victoria

2016-01-01

In this exploratory study, we documented teachers' knowledge of children's mathematical thinking as they engaged in the task of anticipating children's strategies for an equal sharing fraction problem. To elicit an array of knowledge, 18 teachers were deliberately selected with a variety of numbers of years participating in professional…

Planetary Load Sharing in Three-Point Mounted Wind Turbine Gearboxes: A Design and Test Comparison

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keller, Jonathan; Guo, Yi; Zhang, Zhiwei

This work compares the planetary load-sharing characteristics of wind turbine gearboxes supported by cylindrical roller bearings (CRBs) and preloaded tapered roller bearings (TRBs) when subjected to rotor moments. Planetary bearing loads were measured in field-representative dynamometer tests and compared to loads predicted by finite-element models. Preloaded TRBs significantly improved load sharing. In pure torque conditions, the upwind planet bearing load in the gearbox with preloaded TRBs was only 14% more than the assumed load compared to 47% more for the gearbox with CRBs. Consequently, the predicted fatigue life of the complete set of planetary bearings for the gearbox with preloadedmore » TRBs is 3.5 times greater than that of the gearbox with CRBs.« less

Patellar fixation protected with a load-sharing cable: a mechanical and clinical study.

PubMed

Perry, C R; McCarthy, J A; Kain, C C; Pearson, R L

1988-01-01

The stability of patellar fracture fixation protected with a load-sharing cable was studied in cadavers. A transverse patellar osteotomy was produced and stabilized with standard patellar fixation with or without a figure-of-eight cable that extends from the proximal pole of the patella to the tibial tubercle. Standard fixation techniques (interfragmentary cancellous screws or modified tension-band wiring) alone failed after significantly fewer cycles of flexion and extension than did the same fixation when supplemented with a load-sharing cable. In the clinical evaluation of the load-sharing cable, 14 consecutive patients with displaced patellar fractures were treated. No immobilization was used and the patients were started on passive and active range of motion and weight-bearing ambulation in the early postoperative period. Thirteen fractures healed uneventfully. The increased stability of patellar fracture fixation protected with a load-sharing cable offers three advantages: (a) adjunctive casting is unnecessary, (b) comminuted fractures can be "pieced" together anatomically with less concern for loss of fixation, and (c) early postoperative passive and active range of motion can be achieved.

Self-organized dynamics in local load-sharing fiber bundle models.

PubMed

Biswas, Soumyajyoti; Chakrabarti, Bikas K

2013-10-01

We study the dynamics of a local load-sharing fiber bundle model in two dimensions under an external load (which increases with time at a fixed slow rate) applied at a single point. Due to the local load-sharing nature, the redistributed load remains localized along the boundary of the broken patch. The system then goes to a self-organized state with a stationary average value of load per fiber along the (increasing) boundary of the broken patch (damaged region) and a scale-free distribution of avalanche sizes and other related quantities are observed. In particular, when the load redistribution is only among nearest surviving fiber(s), the numerical estimates of the exponent values are comparable with those of the Manna model. When the load redistribution is uniform along the patch boundary, the model shows a simple mean-field limit of this self-organizing critical behavior, for which we give analytical estimates of the saturation load per fiber values and avalanche size distribution exponent. These are in good agreement with numerical simulation results.

All inequality is not equal: children correct inequalities using resource value.

PubMed

Shaw, Alex; Olson, Kristina R

2013-01-01

Fairness concerns guide children's judgments about how to share resources with others. However, it is unclear from past research if children take extant inequalities or the value of resources involved in an inequality into account when sharing with others; these questions are the focus of the current studies. In all experiments, children saw an inequality between two recipients-one had two more resources than another. What varied between conditions was the value of the resources that the child could subsequently distribute. When the resources were equal in value to those involved in the original inequality, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two resources to the child with fewer resources (Experiment 1). However, as the value of the resources increased relative to those initially shared by the experimenter, children were more likely to distribute the two high value resources equally between the two recipients, presumably to minimize the overall inequality in value (Experiments 1 and 2). We found that children specifically use value, not just size, when trying to equalize outcomes (Experiment 3) and further found that children focus on the relative rather than absolute value of the resources they share-when the experimenter had unequally distributed the same high value resource that the child would later share, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two high value resources to the person who had received fewer high value resources. These results illustrate that children attempt to correct past inequalities and try to maintain equality not just in the count of resources but also by using the value of resources.

Data traffic reduction schemes for Cholesky factorization on asynchronous multiprocessor systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Naik, Vijay K.; Patrick, Merrell L.

1989-01-01

Communication requirements of Cholesky factorization of dense and sparse symmetric, positive definite matrices are analyzed. The communication requirement is characterized by the data traffic generated on multiprocessor systems with local and shared memory. Lower bound proofs are given to show that when the load is uniformly distributed the data traffic associated with factoring an n x n dense matrix using n to the alpha power (alpha less than or equal 2) processors is omega(n to the 2 + alpha/2 power). For n x n sparse matrices representing a square root of n x square root of n regular grid graph the data traffic is shown to be omega(n to the 1 + alpha/2 power), alpha less than or equal 1. Partitioning schemes that are variations of block assignment scheme are described and it is shown that the data traffic generated by these schemes are asymptotically optimal. The schemes allow efficient use of up to O(n to the 2nd power) processors in the dense case and up to O(n) processors in the sparse case before the total data traffic reaches the maximum value of O(n to the 3rd power) and O(n to the 3/2 power), respectively. It is shown that the block based partitioning schemes allow a better utilization of the data accessed from shared memory and thus reduce the data traffic than those based on column-wise wrap around assignment schemes.

Attention and Visuospatial Working Memory Share the Same Processing Resources

PubMed Central

Feng, Jing; Pratt, Jay; Spence, Ian

2012-01-01

Attention and visuospatial working memory (VWM) share very similar characteristics; both have the same upper bound of about four items in capacity and they recruit overlapping brain regions. We examined whether both attention and VWM share the same processing resources using a novel dual-task costs approach based on a load-varying dual-task technique. With sufficiently large loads on attention and VWM, considerable interference between the two processes was observed. A further load increase on either process produced reciprocal increases in interference on both processes, indicating that attention and VWM share common resources. More critically, comparison among four experiments on the reciprocal interference effects, as measured by the dual-task costs, demonstrates no significant contribution from additional processing other than the shared processes. These results support the notion that attention and VWM share the same processing resources. PMID:22529826

Has the "Equal Environments" assumption been tested in twin studies?

PubMed

Eaves, Lindon; Foley, Debra; Silberg, Judy

2003-12-01

A recurring criticism of the twin method for quantifying genetic and environmental components of human differences is the necessity of the so-called "equal environments assumption" (EEA) (i.e., that monozygotic and dizygotic twins experience equally correlated environments). It has been proposed to test the EEA by stratifying twin correlations by indices of the amount of shared environment. However, relevant environments may also be influenced by genetic differences. We present a model for the role of genetic factors in niche selection by twins that may account for variation in indices of the shared twin environment (e.g., contact between members of twin pairs). Simulations reveal that stratification of twin correlations by amount of contact can yield spurious evidence of large shared environmental effects in some strata and even give false indications of genotype x environment interaction. The stratification approach to testing the equal environments assumption may be misleading and the results of such tests may actually be consistent with a simpler theory of the role of genetic factors in niche selection.

24 CFR 3280.401 - Structural load tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... sustaining its dead load plus superimposed live loads equal to 1.75 times the required live loads for a... in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead... load plus dead load has been reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load...

24 CFR 3280.401 - Structural load tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... sustaining its dead load plus superimposed live loads equal to 1.75 times the required live loads for a... in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead... load plus dead load has been reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load...

24 CFR 3280.401 - Structural load tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... sustaining its dead load plus superimposed live loads equal to 1.75 times the required live loads for a... in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead... load plus dead load has been reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load...

24 CFR 3280.401 - Structural load tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... sustaining its dead load plus superimposed live loads equal to 1.75 times the required live loads for a... in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead... load plus dead load has been reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load...

24 CFR 3280.401 - Structural load tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... sustaining its dead load plus superimposed live loads equal to 1.75 times the required live loads for a... in 1/4 design live load increments at 10-minute intervals until 1.25 times design live load plus dead... load plus dead load has been reached. Assembly failure shall be considered as design live load...

On the Relations among Regular, Equal Unique Variances, and Image Factor Analysis Models.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hayashi, Kentaro; Bentler, Peter M.

2000-01-01

Investigated the conditions under which the matrix of factor loadings from the factor analysis model with equal unique variances will give a good approximation to the matrix of factor loadings from the regular factor analysis model. Extends the results to the image factor analysis model. Discusses implications for practice. (SLD)

Reconfigurable Resonant Regulating Rectifier With Primary Equalization for Extended Coupling- and Loading-Range in Bio-Implant Wireless Power Transfer.

PubMed

Li, Xing; Meng, Xiaodong; Tsui, Chi-Ying; Ki, Wing-Hung

2015-12-01

Wireless power transfer using reconfigurable resonant regulating (R(3)) rectification suffers from limited range in accommodating varying coupling and loading conditions. A primary-assisted regulation principle is proposed to mitigate these limitations, of which the amplitude of the rectifier input voltage on the secondary side is regulated by accordingly adjusting the voltage amplitude Veq on the primary side. A novel current-sensing method and calibration scheme track Veq on the primary side. A ramp generator simultaneously provides three clock signals for different modules. Both the primary equalizer and the R(3) rectifier are implemented as custom integrated circuits fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process, with the global control implemented in FPGA. Measurements show that with the primary equalizer, the workable coupling and loading ranges are extended by 250% at 120 mW load and 300% at 1.2 cm coil distance compared to the same system without the primary equalizer. A maximum rectifier efficiency of 92.5% and a total system efficiency of 62.4% are demonstrated.

20 CFR 416.1866 - Deciding whether you are a child: Are you the head of a household?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... the head of a household. (b) If you share decision-making equally. If you live with one or more people and everyone has an equal voice in the decision-making (for example, a group of students who share off... are responsible for the day-to-day decisions on the operation of your own household. If you live with...

ACL double-bundle reconstruction with one tibial tunnel provides equal stability compared to two tibial tunnels.

PubMed

Drews, Björn Holger; Seitz, Andreas Martin; Huth, Jochen; Bauer, Gerhard; Ignatius, Anita; Dürselen, Lutz

2017-05-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) double-bundle reconstruction with one tibial tunnel displays the same in vitro stability as a conventional double-bundle reconstruction with two tibial tunnels when using the same tensioning protocol. In 11 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees, ACL double-bundle reconstruction with one and two tibial tunnels was performed. The two grafts were tightened using 80 N in different flexion angles (anteromedial-bundle at 60° and posterolateral-bundle at 15°). Anterior tibial translation (134 N) and translation with combined rotatory and valgus loads (10 Nm valgus stress and 4 Nm internal tibial torque) were determined at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° flexion. Measurements were taken in intact ACL, resected ACL, three-tunnel reconstruction and four-tunnel reconstruction. Additionally, the tension on the grafts was determined. Student's t test was performed for statistical analysis of the related samples. Significance was set at p < 0.017 according to Bonferroni correction. The two reconstructive techniques displayed no significant differences in comparison with the intact ACL in anterior tibial translation at 0°, 60° and 90° of flexion. The same results were obtained for the anterior tibial translation with a combined rotatory load at 60° and 90°. When directly comparing both reconstructive techniques, there were no significant differences for the anterior tibial translation and combined rotatory load at all flexion angles. The measured tension on grafts displayed similar load sharing between both bundles. Except at full extension, both grafts displayed a significantly different tension increase under anterior tibial translation for both techniques (p = 0.0086). Tightening both bundles in ACL double-bundle reconstruction with one or two tibial tunnels in different flexion angles achieved comparable restoration of stability, although there was different load sharing on the bundles. With regard to individualized ACL reconstruction, the double-bundle technique with one tibial tunnel offers a possibility to address small tibial insertion sites without compromising the advantages of a double-bundle procedure.

Halving It All: How Equally Shared Parenting Works.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Deutsch, Francine M.

Noting that details of everyday life contribute to parental equality or inequality, this qualitative study focused on how couples transformed parental roles to create truly equal families. Participating in the study were 88 couples in 4 categories, based on division of parental responsibilities: equal sharers, 60-40 couples, 75-25 couples, and…

76 FR 45885 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change To List...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-01

... Registration Statements, the Funds face the risk of non-performance by the counterparties to over-the- counter... the Fund in a fashion such that its per Share NAV will equal, in dollar terms, the spot price of a... intend to operate the Fund in a fashion such that its per Share NAV will equal, in dollar terms, the spot...

Effects of inter-individual lumbar spine geometry variation on load-sharing: Geometrically personalized Finite Element study.

PubMed

Naserkhaki, Sadegh; Jaremko, Jacob L; El-Rich, Marwan

2016-09-06

There is a large, at times contradictory, body of research relating spinal curvature to Low Back Pain (LBP). Mechanical load is considered as important factor in LBP etiology. Geometry of the spinal structures and sagittal curvature of the lumbar spine govern its mechanical behavior. Thus, understanding how inter-individual geometry particularly sagittal curvature variation affects the spinal load-sharing becomes of high importance in LBP assessment. This study calculated and compared kinematics and load-sharing in three ligamentous lumbosacral spines: one hypo-lordotic (Hypo-L) with low lordosis, one normal-lordotic (Norm-L) with normal lordosis, and one hyper-lordotic (Hyper-L) with high lordosis in flexed and extended postures using 3D nonlinear Finite Element (FE) modeling. These postures were simulated by applying Follower Load (FL) combined with flexion or extension moment. The Hypo-L spine demonstrated stiffer behavior in flexion but more flexible response to extension compared to the Norm-L spine. The excessive lordosis stiffened response of the Hyper-L spine to extension but did not affect its resistance to flexion compared to the Norm-L spine. Despite the different resisting actions of the posterior ligaments to flexion moment, the increase of disc compression was similar in all the spines leading to similar load-sharing. However, resistance of the facet joints to extension was more important in the Norm- and Hyper-L spines which reduced the disc compression. The spinal curvature strongly influenced the magnitude and location of load on the spinal components and also altered the kinematics and load-sharing particularly in extension. Consideration of the subject-specific geometry and sagittal curvature should be an integral part of mechanical analysis of the lumbar spine. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

24 CFR 3280.402 - Test procedure for roof trusses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

...) Nondestructive test procedure—(1) Dead load plus live load. (i) Noting figure A-1, measure and record initial... the truss equal to the full dead load of roof and ceiling. Measure and record deflections. (iii) Maintaining the dead load, add live load in approximate 1/4 design live load increments. Measure the...

24 CFR 3280.402 - Test procedure for roof trusses.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

...) Nondestructive test procedure—(1) Dead load plus live load. (i) Noting figure A-1, measure and record initial... the truss equal to the full dead load of roof and ceiling. Measure and record deflections. (iii) Maintaining the dead load, add live load in approximate 1/4 design live load increments. Measure the...

Compilation of load spectrum of loader drive axle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Yongxiang; Zhu, Haoyue; Tang, Heng; Yuan, Qunwei

2018-03-01

In order to study the preparation method of gear fatigue load spectrum for loaders, the load signal of four typical working conditions of loader is collected. The signal that reflects the law of load change is obtained by preprocessing the original signal. The torque of the drive axle is calculated by using the rain flow counting method. According to the operating time ratio of each working condition, the two dimensional load spectrum based on the real working conditions of the drive axle of loader is established by the cycle extrapolation and synthesis method. The two-dimensional load spectrum is converted into one-dimensional load spectrum by means of the mean of torque equal damage method. Torque amplification includes the maximum load torque of the main reduction gear. Based on the theory of equal damage, the accelerated cycles are calculated. In this way, the load spectrum of the loading condition of the drive axle is prepared to reflect loading condition of the loader. The load spectrum can provide reference for fatigue life test and life prediction of loader drive axle.

Effect of perceptual load on conceptual processing: an extension of Vermeulen's theory.

PubMed

Xie, Jiushu; Wang, Ruiming; Sun, Xun; Chang, Song

2013-10-01

The effect of color and shape load on conceptual processing was studied. Perceptual load effects have been found in visual and auditory conceptual processing, supporting the theory of embodied cognition. However, whether different types of visual concepts, such as color and shape, share the same perceptual load effects is unknown. In the current experiment, 32 participants were administered simultaneous perceptual and conceptual tasks to assess the relation between perceptual load and conceptual processing. Keeping color load in mind obstructed color conceptual processing. Hence, perceptual processing and conceptual load shared the same resources, suggesting embodied cognition. Color conceptual processing was not affected by shape pictures, indicating that different types of properties within vision were separate.

Myth 18: It Is Fair to Teach All Children the Same Way

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Carolyn R.

2009-01-01

Fairness is often considered synonymous with equality: the equal treatment of people sharing a uniform description or role. This concept--"fair" means "equal"--has spawned the notion that it is fair to teach all children the same way. Put simply, if fairness means equality in family life, restaurant dining, and sports--not to mention in observing…

Stochastic dynamics of small ensembles of non-processive molecular motors: The parallel cluster model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Erdmann, Thorsten; Albert, Philipp J.; Schwarz, Ulrich S.

2013-11-07

Non-processive molecular motors have to work together in ensembles in order to generate appreciable levels of force or movement. In skeletal muscle, for example, hundreds of myosin II molecules cooperate in thick filaments. In non-muscle cells, by contrast, small groups with few tens of non-muscle myosin II motors contribute to essential cellular processes such as transport, shape changes, or mechanosensing. Here we introduce a detailed and analytically tractable model for this important situation. Using a three-state crossbridge model for the myosin II motor cycle and exploiting the assumptions of fast power stroke kinetics and equal load sharing between motors inmore » equivalent states, we reduce the stochastic reaction network to a one-step master equation for the binding and unbinding dynamics (parallel cluster model) and derive the rules for ensemble movement. We find that for constant external load, ensemble dynamics is strongly shaped by the catch bond character of myosin II, which leads to an increase of the fraction of bound motors under load and thus to firm attachment even for small ensembles. This adaptation to load results in a concave force-velocity relation described by a Hill relation. For external load provided by a linear spring, myosin II ensembles dynamically adjust themselves towards an isometric state with constant average position and load. The dynamics of the ensembles is now determined mainly by the distribution of motors over the different kinds of bound states. For increasing stiffness of the external spring, there is a sharp transition beyond which myosin II can no longer perform the power stroke. Slow unbinding from the pre-power-stroke state protects the ensembles against detachment.« less

All-fiber dynamic gain equalizer based on a twisted long-period grating written by high-frequency CO2 laser pulses.

PubMed

Zhu, T; Rao, Y J; Wang, J L

2007-01-20

A novel dynamic gain equalizer for flattening Er-doped fiber amplifiers based on a twisted long-period fiber grating (LPFG) induced by high-frequency CO(2) laser pulses is reported for the first time to our knowledge. Experimental results show that its transverse-load sensitivity is up to 0.34 dB/(g.mm(-1)), while the twist ratio of the twisted LPFG is approximately 20 rad/m, which is 7 times higher than that of a torsion-free LPFG. In addition, it is found that the strong orientation dependence of the transverse-load sensitivity of the torsion-free LPFG reported previously has been weakened considerably. Therefore such a dynamic gain equalizer based on the unique transverse-load characteristics of the twisted LPFG provides a much larger adjustable range and makes packaging of the gain equalizer much easier. A demonstration has been carried out to flatten an Er-doped fiber amplifier to +/-0.5 dB over a 32 nm bandwidth.

12 CFR 209.4 - Amounts and payments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... number of shares required to be canceled and shall pay therefor a sum equal to the cash subscription paid... subscription. The total subscription of a member bank (other than a mutual savings bank) shall equal six... Reserve Bank capital stock subscription to equal six percent of the member bank's capital and surplus...

Concurrent working memory load can facilitate selective attention: evidence for specialized load.

PubMed

Park, Soojin; Kim, Min-Shik; Chun, Marvin M

2007-10-01

Load theory predicts that concurrent working memory load impairs selective attention and increases distractor interference (N. Lavie, A. Hirst, J. W. de Fockert, & E. Viding). Here, the authors present new evidence that the type of concurrent working memory load determines whether load impairs selective attention or not. Working memory load was paired with a same/different matching task that required focusing on targets while ignoring distractors. When working memory items shared the same limited-capacity processing mechanisms with targets in the matching task, distractor interference increased. However, when working memory items shared processing with distractors in the matching task, distractor interference decreased, facilitating target selection. A specialized load account is proposed to describe the dissociable effects of working memory load on selective processing depending on whether the load overlaps with targets or with distractors. (c) 2007 APA

All inequality is not equal: children correct inequalities using resource value

PubMed Central

Shaw, Alex; Olson, Kristina R.

2013-01-01

Fairness concerns guide children's judgments about how to share resources with others. However, it is unclear from past research if children take extant inequalities or the value of resources involved in an inequality into account when sharing with others; these questions are the focus of the current studies. In all experiments, children saw an inequality between two recipients—one had two more resources than another. What varied between conditions was the value of the resources that the child could subsequently distribute. When the resources were equal in value to those involved in the original inequality, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two resources to the child with fewer resources (Experiment 1). However, as the value of the resources increased relative to those initially shared by the experimenter, children were more likely to distribute the two high value resources equally between the two recipients, presumably to minimize the overall inequality in value (Experiments 1 and 2). We found that children specifically use value, not just size, when trying to equalize outcomes (Experiment 3) and further found that children focus on the relative rather than absolute value of the resources they share—when the experimenter had unequally distributed the same high value resource that the child would later share, children corrected the previous inequality by giving two high value resources to the person who had received fewer high value resources. These results illustrate that children attempt to correct past inequalities and try to maintain equality not just in the count of resources but also by using the value of resources. PMID:23882227

Fractions: How to Fair Share

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, P. Holt; Edgington, Cynthia P.; Nguyen, Kenny H.; Pescosolido, Ryan S.; Confrey, Jere

2011-01-01

Children learn from a very early age what it means to get their "fair share." Whether it is candy or birthday cake, many children successfully create equal-size groups or parts of a collection or whole but later struggle to create fair shares of multiple wholes, such as fairly sharing four pies among a family of seven. Recent research suggests…

14 CFR 23.473 - Ground load conditions and assumptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... vertical inertia load factor at the center of gravity of the airplane for the ground load conditions... through the center of gravity. The ground reaction load factor may be equal to the inertia load factor..., these tests must be made under § 23.723(a). (g) No inertia load factor used for design purposes may be...

14 CFR 23.473 - Ground load conditions and assumptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... vertical inertia load factor at the center of gravity of the airplane for the ground load conditions... through the center of gravity. The ground reaction load factor may be equal to the inertia load factor..., these tests must be made under § 23.723(a). (g) No inertia load factor used for design purposes may be...

14 CFR 23.473 - Ground load conditions and assumptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... vertical inertia load factor at the center of gravity of the airplane for the ground load conditions... through the center of gravity. The ground reaction load factor may be equal to the inertia load factor..., these tests must be made under § 23.723(a). (g) No inertia load factor used for design purposes may be...

14 CFR 23.473 - Ground load conditions and assumptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... vertical inertia load factor at the center of gravity of the airplane for the ground load conditions... through the center of gravity. The ground reaction load factor may be equal to the inertia load factor..., these tests must be made under § 23.723(a). (g) No inertia load factor used for design purposes may be...

14 CFR 23.473 - Ground load conditions and assumptions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... vertical inertia load factor at the center of gravity of the airplane for the ground load conditions... through the center of gravity. The ground reaction load factor may be equal to the inertia load factor..., these tests must be made under § 23.723(a). (g) No inertia load factor used for design purposes may be...

Analysis of unregulated emissions from an off-road diesel engine during realistic work operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lindgren, Magnus; Arrhenius, Karine; Larsson, Gunnar; Bäfver, Linda; Arvidsson, Hans; Wetterberg, Christian; Hansson, Per-Anders; Rosell, Lars

2011-09-01

Emissions from vehicle diesel engines constitute a considerable share of anthropogenic emissions of pollutants, including many non-regulated compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons and alkenes. One way to reduce these emissions might be to use fuels with low concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesels. Therefore this study compared Swedish Environmental Class 1 diesel (EC1) with the F-T diesel fuel Ecopar™ in terms of emissions under varied conditions (steady state, controlled transients and realistic work operations) in order to identify factors influencing emissions in actual operation. Using F-T diesel reduced emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons, but not alkenes. Emissions were equally dependent on work operation character (load, engine speed, occurrence of transients) for both fuels. There were indications that the emissions originated from unburnt fuel, rather than from combustion products.

Simulation of load-sharing in standalone distributed generation system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ajewole, Titus O.; Craven, Robert P. M.; Kayode, Olakunle; Babalola, Olufisayo S.

2018-05-01

This paper presents a study on load-sharing among the component generating units of a multi-source electric microgrid that is operated as an autonomous ac supply-mode system. Emerging trend in power system development permits deployment of microgrids for standalone or stand-by applications, thereby requiring active- and reactive power sharing among the discrete generating units contained in hybrid-source microgrids. In this study, therefore, a laboratory-scale model of a microgrid energized with three renewable energy-based sources is employed as a simulation platform to investigate power sharing among the power-generating units. Each source is represented by a source emulator that captures the real operational characteristics of the mimicked generating unit and, with implementation of real-life weather data and load profiles on the model; the sharing of the load among the generating units is investigated. There is a proportionate generation of power by the three source emulators, with their frequencies perfectly synchronized at the point of common coupling as a result of balance flow of power among them. This hybrid topology of renewable energy-based microgrid could therefore be seamlessly adapted into national energy mix by the indigenous electric utility providers in Nigeria.

Egalitarianism and Marital Happiness: Israeli Wives and Husbands on a Collision Course?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rabin, Claire; Shapira-Berman, Ofrit

1997-01-01

Investigates the different ways married men and women view the level of equality in their relationship and the connection between different indexes of marital equality and marital satisfaction with Israeli couples (N=150). Results show that, although equal role sharing and decision making were predictive of women's marital satisfaction, these also…

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... payments to a Part D sponsor subject to risk—(1) Adjusted allowable risk corridor costs. For purposes of... equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... payments to a Part D sponsor subject to risk—(1) Adjusted allowable risk corridor costs. For purposes of... equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... payments to a Part D sponsor subject to risk—(1) Adjusted allowable risk corridor costs. For purposes of... equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

42 CFR 423.336 - Risk-sharing arrangements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... range as follows: (A) First threshold lower limit. The first threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1) The target amount for the plan; minus (2) An amount equal to the first threshold risk.... (B) Second threshold lower limit. The second threshold lower limit of the corridor is equal to— (1...

PACER SHARE Productivity and Personnel Management Demonstration: Third-Year Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-01

12 Productivity Gainsharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Risks of the Demonstration...SHARE’s cor- porate focus. Payments to DS employees are made in equal dollar shares rather than being based on a percentage of salary. RISKS OF THE...DEMONSTRATION Despite the goals of PACER SHARE and the expected benefits of the interventions, there may be risks in the demonstration. Or

"Who Is Worthy of My Generosity?" Recipient Characteristics and the Development of Children's Sharing

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malti, Tina; Gummerum, Michaela; Ongley, Sophia; Chaparro, Maria; Nola, Marta; Bae, Na Young

2016-01-01

Previous research has shown that the majority of 8-year-old children share valuable resources equally with others, whereas 4-year-olds are more likely to favor themselves in their sharing allocations. In this study, we examine whether these patterns of sharing behavior are affected by the needs of the recipient or by the recipient's previous moral…

Analysis on the Load Carrying Mechanism Integrated as Heterogeneous Co-operative Manipulator in a Walking Wheelchair

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajay Vedaraj, I. S.; Jain, Ritika; Rao, B. V. A.

2014-07-01

After industrial robots came into existence during 1960, the technology of robotics with the design and analysis of robots in various forms in industries as well as in domestic applications were developed. Nowadays, along with the automotive sector the robots are producing a great impact in the form of quality and production rate to register their existence reliable in various other sectors also. Robotic technology has undergone various phase translations from being tortured as humanoids to the present day manipulators. Depending upon the various forms of its existence, robot manipulators are designed as serial manipulators and parallel manipulators. Individually both types can be proved effective though both have various drawbacks in design and the kinematic analysis. The versatility of robots can be increased by making them work in an environment where the same work volume is shared by more than one manipulator. This work volume can be identified as co-operative work volume of those manipulators. Here the interference of manipulators in the work volume of other manipulators is possible and is made obstacle free. The main advantage of co-operative manipulators is that when a number of independent manipulators are put together in a cooperative work envelope the efficiency and ability to perform tasks is greatly enhanced. The main disadvantage of the co-operative manipulators lies in the complication of its design even for a simple application, in almost all fields. In this paper, a cooperative design of robot manipulators to work in co-operative work environment is done and analysed for its efficacy. In the industrial applications when robotic manipulators are put together in more numbers, the trajectory planning becomes the tough task in the work cell. Proper design can remove the design defects of the cooperative manipulators and can be utilized in a more efficient way. In the proposed research paper an analysis is made on such a type of cooperative manipulator used for climbing stairs with three leg design and anlaysis were also done on the mechanism integrated to the system. Kinematics of the legs are analysed separately and the legs are designed to carry a maximum of 175kgs, which is sustained by the center leg and shared by the dual wing legs equally during the walking phase. In the proposed design, screwjack mechanism is used as the central leg to share the load and thus the analysis on the load sharing capability of the whole system is analysed and concluded in terms of failure modes.

Static Prehension of a Horizontally Oriented Object in Three Dimensions

PubMed Central

Wu, Yen-Hsun; Zatsiorsky, Vladimir M.; Latash, Mark L.

2011-01-01

We studied static prehension of a horizontally oriented object. Specific hypotheses were explored addressing such issues as the sharing patterns of the total moment of force across the digits, presence of mechanically unnecessary digit forces, and trade-off between multi-digit synergies at the two levels of the assumed control hierarchy. Within the assumed hierarchy, at the upper level, the task is shared between the thumb and virtual finger (an imagined finger producing a wrench equal to the sum of the wrenches of individual fingers). At the lower level, action of the virtual finger is shared among the four actual fingers. The subjects held statically a horizontally oriented handle instrumented with six-component force/torque sensors with different loads and torques acting about the long axis of the handle. The thumb acted from above while the four fingers supported the weight of the object. When the external torque was zero, the thumb produced mechanically unnecessary force of about 2.8 N, which did not depend on the external load magnitude. When the external torque was not zero, tangential forces produced over 80% of the total moment of force. The normal forces by the middle and ring fingers produced consistent moments against the external torque, while the normal forces of the index and little fingers did not. Force and moment variables at both hierarchical levels were stabilized by co-varied across trials adjustments of forces/moments produced by individual digits with the exception of the normal force analyzed at the lower level of the hierarchy. There was a trade-off between synergy indices computed at the two levels of the hierarchy for the three components of the total force vector, but not for the moment of force components. Overall, the results have shown that task mechanics are only one factor that defines forces produced by individual digits. Other factors, such as loading sensory receptors may lead to mechanically unnecessary forces. There seems to be no single rule (for example, ensuring similar safety margin values) that would describe sharing of the normal and tangential forces and be valid across tasks. Fingers that are traditionally viewed as less accurate (e.g., the ring finger) may perform more consistently in certain tasks. The observations of the trade-off between the synergy indices computed at two levels for the force variables but not for the moment of force variables suggest that the degree of redundancy (the number of excessive elemental variables) at the higher level is an important factor. PMID:22071684

Extrinsic Rewards Diminish Costly Sharing in 3-Year-Olds.

PubMed

Ulber, Julia; Hamann, Katharina; Tomasello, Michael

2016-07-01

Two studies investigated the influence of external rewards and social praise in young children's fairness-related behavior. The motivation of ninety-six 3-year-olds' to equalize unfair resource allocations was measured in three scenarios (collaboration, windfall, and dictator game) following three different treatments (material reward, verbal praise, and neutral response). In all scenarios, children's willingness to engage in costly sharing was negatively influenced when they had received a reward for equal sharing during treatment than when they had received praise or no reward. The negative effect of material rewards was not due to subjects responding in kind to their partner's termination of rewards. These results provide new evidence for the intrinsic motivation of prosociality-in this case, costly sharing behavior-in preschool children. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

14 CFR 23.527 - Hull and main float load factors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Water Loads § 23.527 Hull and main float load factors. (a) Water reaction load factors nw must be... landing cases EC28SE91.005 (b) The following values are used: (1) nw=water reaction load factor (that is, the water reaction divided by seaplane weight). (2) C1=empirical seaplane operations factor equal to 0...

Analysis of dynamic behavior of multiple-stage planetary gear train used in wind driven generator.

PubMed

Wang, Jungang; Wang, Yong; Huo, Zhipu

2014-01-01

A dynamic model of multiple-stage planetary gear train composed of a two-stage planetary gear train and a one-stage parallel axis gear is proposed to be used in wind driven generator to analyze the influence of revolution speed and mesh error on dynamic load sharing characteristic based on the lumped parameter theory. Dynamic equation of the model is solved using numerical method to analyze the uniform load distribution of the system. It is shown that the load sharing property of the system is significantly affected by mesh error and rotational speed; load sharing coefficient and change rate of internal and external meshing of the system are of obvious difference from each other. The study provides useful theoretical guideline for the design of the multiple-stage planetary gear train of wind driven generator.

Analysis of Dynamic Behavior of Multiple-Stage Planetary Gear Train Used in Wind Driven Generator

PubMed Central

Wang, Jungang; Wang, Yong; Huo, Zhipu

2014-01-01

A dynamic model of multiple-stage planetary gear train composed of a two-stage planetary gear train and a one-stage parallel axis gear is proposed to be used in wind driven generator to analyze the influence of revolution speed and mesh error on dynamic load sharing characteristic based on the lumped parameter theory. Dynamic equation of the model is solved using numerical method to analyze the uniform load distribution of the system. It is shown that the load sharing property of the system is significantly affected by mesh error and rotational speed; load sharing coefficient and change rate of internal and external meshing of the system are of obvious difference from each other. The study provides useful theoretical guideline for the design of the multiple-stage planetary gear train of wind driven generator. PMID:24511295

Working memory resources are shared across sensory modalities.

PubMed

Salmela, V R; Moisala, M; Alho, K

2014-10-01

A common assumption in the working memory literature is that the visual and auditory modalities have separate and independent memory stores. Recent evidence on visual working memory has suggested that resources are shared between representations, and that the precision of representations sets the limit for memory performance. We tested whether memory resources are also shared across sensory modalities. Memory precision for two visual (spatial frequency and orientation) and two auditory (pitch and tone duration) features was measured separately for each feature and for all possible feature combinations. Thus, only the memory load was varied, from one to four features, while keeping the stimuli similar. In Experiment 1, two gratings and two tones-both containing two varying features-were presented simultaneously. In Experiment 2, two gratings and two tones-each containing only one varying feature-were presented sequentially. The memory precision (delayed discrimination threshold) for a single feature was close to the perceptual threshold. However, as the number of features to be remembered was increased, the discrimination thresholds increased more than twofold. Importantly, the decrease in memory precision did not depend on the modality of the other feature(s), or on whether the features were in the same or in separate objects. Hence, simultaneously storing one visual and one auditory feature had an effect on memory precision equal to those of simultaneously storing two visual or two auditory features. The results show that working memory is limited by the precision of the stored representations, and that working memory can be described as a resource pool that is shared across modalities.

Performance Analysis of Modified Accelerative Preallocation MAC Protocol for Passive Star-Coupled WDMA Networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yun, Changho; Kim, Kiseon

2006-04-01

For the passive star-coupled wavelength-division multiple-access (WDMA) network, a modified accelerative preallocation WDMA (MAP-WDMA) media access control (MAC) protocol is proposed, which is based on AP-WDMA. To show the advantages of MAP-WDMA as an adequate MAC protocol for the network over AP-WDMA, the channel utilization, the channel-access delay, and the latency of MAP-WDMA are investigated and compared with those of AP-WDMA under various data traffic patterns, including uniform, quasi-uniform type, disconnected type, mesh type, and ring type data traffics, as well as the assumption that a given number of network stations is equal to that of channels, in other words, without channel sharing. As a result, the channel utilization of MAP-WDMA can be competitive with respect to that of AP-WDMA at the expense of insignificantly higher latency. Namely, if the number of network stations is small, MAP-WDMA provides better channel utilization for uniform, quasi-uniform-type, and disconnected-type data traffics at all data traffic loads, as well as for mesh and ring-type data traffics at low data traffic loads. Otherwise, MAP-WDMA only outperforms AP-WDMA for the first three data traffics at higher data traffic loads. In the aspect of channel-access delay, MAP-WDMA gives better performance than AP-WDMA, regardless of data traffic patterns and the number of network stations.

47 CFR 27.1237 - Pro rata allocation of transition costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) Proponent-driven transitions. BRS licensees and lessees, entities that lease EBS spectrum for a commercial... equals the pro rata share; (2) L equals the amount of spectrum used by a BRS licensee or lessee or... agreement with an EBS or BRS licensee; (3) T equals the total amount of spectrum licensed or leased for...

47 CFR 27.1237 - Pro rata allocation of transition costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) Proponent-driven transitions. BRS licensees and lessees, entities that lease EBS spectrum for a commercial... equals the pro rata share; (2) L equals the amount of spectrum used by a BRS licensee or lessee or... agreement with an EBS or BRS licensee; (3) T equals the total amount of spectrum licensed or leased for...

47 CFR 27.1237 - Pro rata allocation of transition costs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...) Proponent-driven transitions. BRS licensees and lessees, entities that lease EBS spectrum for a commercial... equals the pro rata share; (2) L equals the amount of spectrum used by a BRS licensee or lessee or... agreement with an EBS or BRS licensee; (3) T equals the total amount of spectrum licensed or leased for...

14 CFR 25.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... designed for inertia loads acting parallel to the hinge line. (b) In the absence of more rational data, the inertia loads may be assumed to be equal to KW, where— (1) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for...

14 CFR 25.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... designed for inertia loads acting parallel to the hinge line. (b) In the absence of more rational data, the inertia loads may be assumed to be equal to KW, where— (1) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for...

14 CFR 25.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... designed for inertia loads acting parallel to the hinge line. (b) In the absence of more rational data, the inertia loads may be assumed to be equal to KW, where— (1) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for...

14 CFR 25.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... designed for inertia loads acting parallel to the hinge line. (b) In the absence of more rational data, the inertia loads may be assumed to be equal to KW, where— (1) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for...

14 CFR 25.393 - Loads parallel to hinge line.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... designed for inertia loads acting parallel to the hinge line. (b) In the absence of more rational data, the inertia loads may be assumed to be equal to KW, where— (1) K=24 for vertical surfaces; (2) K=12 for...

Reliability demonstration test for load-sharing systems with exponential and Weibull components

PubMed Central

Hu, Qingpei; Yu, Dan; Xie, Min

2017-01-01

Conducting a Reliability Demonstration Test (RDT) is a crucial step in production. Products are tested under certain schemes to demonstrate whether their reliability indices reach pre-specified thresholds. Test schemes for RDT have been studied in different situations, e.g., lifetime testing, degradation testing and accelerated testing. Systems designed with several structures are also investigated in many RDT plans. Despite the availability of a range of test plans for different systems, RDT planning for load-sharing systems hasn’t yet received the attention it deserves. In this paper, we propose a demonstration method for two specific types of load-sharing systems with components subject to two distributions: exponential and Weibull. Based on the assumptions and interpretations made in several previous works on such load-sharing systems, we set the mean time to failure (MTTF) of the total system as the demonstration target. We represent the MTTF as a summation of mean time between successive component failures. Next, we introduce generalized test statistics for both the underlying distributions. Finally, RDT plans for the two types of systems are established on the basis of these test statistics. PMID:29284030

Reliability demonstration test for load-sharing systems with exponential and Weibull components.

PubMed

Xu, Jianyu; Hu, Qingpei; Yu, Dan; Xie, Min

2017-01-01

Conducting a Reliability Demonstration Test (RDT) is a crucial step in production. Products are tested under certain schemes to demonstrate whether their reliability indices reach pre-specified thresholds. Test schemes for RDT have been studied in different situations, e.g., lifetime testing, degradation testing and accelerated testing. Systems designed with several structures are also investigated in many RDT plans. Despite the availability of a range of test plans for different systems, RDT planning for load-sharing systems hasn't yet received the attention it deserves. In this paper, we propose a demonstration method for two specific types of load-sharing systems with components subject to two distributions: exponential and Weibull. Based on the assumptions and interpretations made in several previous works on such load-sharing systems, we set the mean time to failure (MTTF) of the total system as the demonstration target. We represent the MTTF as a summation of mean time between successive component failures. Next, we introduce generalized test statistics for both the underlying distributions. Finally, RDT plans for the two types of systems are established on the basis of these test statistics.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Yi; Keller, Jonathan; Zhang, Zhiwei

The planetary load sharing characteristics of wind turbine gearboxes supported by cylindrical roller bearings (CRBs) and preloaded tapered roller bearings (TRBs) when subjected to rotor moments are compared in this work. Planetary bearing loads were measured in field-representative dynamometer tests and compared to loads predicted by finite-element models. Load sharing was significantly improved with preloaded TRBs. In pure torque conditions, the upwind planet bearing loads in the gearbox with preloaded TRBs were a maximum of 1.14 compared to 1.47 in the gearbox with CRBs. Consequently, the predicted fatigue life of the complete set of planetary bearings for the gearbox withmore » preloaded TRBs is 3.5 times greater than that of the gearbox with CRBs.« less

[Effects of the verbal loading on laterality difference in visual field (author's transl)].

PubMed

Kawai, M

1980-02-01

In connection with the Kinsbourne's attention-model, the relation between the level of hemisphere sharing of loading task and the visual-laterality difference was examined under verbal loading conditions. The subjects were 13 (8 male and 5 female) right-handed college students. The loading tasks in Exp. I were the "same-different" judgment of Japanese hiragana alphabets and of triliteral hiragana words, and "true-false" judgment of short statements. In Exp. II, a procedure to eliminate configurational matching of the letters was followed. The results of the two experiments suggest that the visual-laterality effect occurs only when the level of hemisphere sharing of the loading task exceeds a certain lower bound.

14 CFR 25.363 - Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... § 25.363 Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts. (a) Each engine and auxiliary power unit... the side load on the engine and auxiliary power unit mount, at least equal to the maximum load factor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Side load on engine and auxiliary power...

14 CFR 25.363 - Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... § 25.363 Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts. (a) Each engine and auxiliary power unit... the side load on the engine and auxiliary power unit mount, at least equal to the maximum load factor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Side load on engine and auxiliary power...

14 CFR 25.363 - Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... § 25.363 Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts. (a) Each engine and auxiliary power unit... the side load on the engine and auxiliary power unit mount, at least equal to the maximum load factor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Side load on engine and auxiliary power...

14 CFR 25.363 - Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... § 25.363 Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts. (a) Each engine and auxiliary power unit... the side load on the engine and auxiliary power unit mount, at least equal to the maximum load factor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Side load on engine and auxiliary power...

14 CFR 25.363 - Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... § 25.363 Side load on engine and auxiliary power unit mounts. (a) Each engine and auxiliary power unit... the side load on the engine and auxiliary power unit mount, at least equal to the maximum load factor... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Side load on engine and auxiliary power...

77 FR 75697 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

... wheel loads when a rail vehicle traverses a curve. With the right combination of speed, curvature, and... wheels will be equal, i.e., balanced. The curving speed corresponding to this balanced state is referred... the outer wheel load to increase and the inner wheel load to decrease. The manifestation of this load...

Elastomeric load sharing device

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Isabelle, Charles J. (Inventor); Kish, Jules G. (Inventor); Stone, Robert A. (Inventor)

1992-01-01

An elastomeric load sharing device, interposed in combination between a driven gear and a central drive shaft to facilitate balanced torque distribution in split power transmission systems, includes a cylindrical elastomeric bearing and a plurality of elastomeric bearing pads. The elastomeric bearing and bearing pads comprise one or more layers, each layer including an elastomer having a metal backing strip secured thereto. The elastomeric bearing is configured to have a high radial stiffness and a low torsional stiffness and is operative to radially center the driven gear and to minimize torque transfer through the elastomeric bearing. The bearing pads are configured to have a low radial and torsional stiffness and a high axial stiffness and are operative to compressively transmit torque from the driven gear to the drive shaft. The elastomeric load sharing device has spring rates that compensate for mechanical deviations in the gear train assembly to provide balanced torque distribution between complementary load paths of split power transmission systems.

Molecular origin of the weak susceptibility of kinesin velocity to loads and its relation to the collective behavior of kinesins

PubMed Central

Wang, Qian; Diehl, Michael R.; Jana, Biman; Cheung, Margaret S.; Kolomeisky, Anatoly B.; Onuchic, José N.

2017-01-01

Motor proteins are active enzymatic molecules that support important cellular processes by transforming chemical energy into mechanical work. Although the structures and chemomechanical cycles of motor proteins have been extensively investigated, the sensitivity of a motor’s velocity in response to a force is not well-understood. For kinesin, velocity is weakly influenced by a small to midrange external force (weak susceptibility) but is steeply reduced by a large force. Here, we utilize a structure-based molecular dynamic simulation to study the molecular origin of the weak susceptibility for a single kinesin. We show that the key step in controlling the velocity of a single kinesin under an external force is the ATP release from the microtubule-bound head. Only under large loading forces can the motor head release ATP at a fast rate, which significantly reduces the velocity of kinesin. It underpins the weak susceptibility that the velocity will not change at small to midrange forces. The molecular origin of this velocity reduction is that the neck linker of a kinesin only detaches from the motor head when pulled by a large force. This prompts the ATP binding site to adopt an open state, favoring ATP release and reducing the velocity. Furthermore, we show that two load-bearing kinesins are incapable of equally sharing the load unless they are very close to each other. As a consequence of the weak susceptibility, the trailing kinesin faces the challenge of catching up to the leading one, which accounts for experimentally observed weak cooperativity of kinesins motors. PMID:28973894

Keeping the Edge. Air Force Materiel Command Cold War Context (1945-1991). Volume 2: Installations and Facilities

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-08-01

connector increased the strength of the joints by spreading the load more equally over the cross section of the wood, and in fact made the "all-wood...strength of the timber joints by spreading the load more equally over the cross section of the wood. The Timber Engineering Company established a...Laboratory Computerized Axial Tomography Columbia Broadcasting System Comprehensive Display System Corps of Engineers Ballistic Missile Construction

Some Equalities Are More Equal Than Others: Quality Equality Emerges Later Than Numerical Equality.

PubMed

Sheskin, Mark; Nadal, Amber; Croom, Adam; Mayer, Tanya; Nissel, Jenny; Bloom, Paul

2016-09-01

By age 6, children typically share an equal number of resources between themselves and others. However, fairness involves not merely that each person receive an equal number of resources ("numerical equality") but also that each person receive equal quality resources ("quality equality"). In Study 1, children (N = 87, 3-10 years) typically split four resources "two each" by age 6, but typically monopolized the better two resources until age 10. In Study 2, a new group of 6- to 8-year-olds (N = 32) allocated resources to third parties according to quality equality, indicating that children in this age group understand that fairness requires both types of equality. © 2016 The Authors. Child Development © 2016 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.

Non-egalitarian allocations among preschool peers in a face-to-face bargaining task.

PubMed

Melis, Alicia P; Floedl, Anja; Tomasello, Michael

2015-01-01

In face-to-face bargaining tasks human adults almost always agree on an equal split of resources. This is due to mutually recognized fairness and equality norms. Early developmental studies on sharing and equality norms found that egalitarian allocations of resources are not common before children are 5 or 6 years old. However, recent studies have shown that in some face-to face collaborative situations, or when recipients express their desires, children at much younger ages choose equal allocations. We investigated the ability of 3.5 and 5-year-olds to negotiate face-to-face, whether to collaborate to obtain an equal or an unequal distribution of rewards. We hypothesized that the face-to-face interaction and interdependency between partners would facilitate egalitarian outcomes at both ages. In the first experiment we found that 5-year-olds were more egalitarian than 3.5-year-olds, but neither of the age classes shared equally. In the second experiment, in which we increased the magnitude of the inequality, we found that children at both ages mostly agreed on the unequal distribution. These results show that communication and face-to-face interactions are not sufficient to guarantee equal allocations at 3-5 years of age. These results add to previous findings suggesting that in the context of non-collaboratively produced resources it is only after 5 years of age that children use equality norms to allocate resources.

26 CFR 1.1244(d)-3 - Stock dividend, recapitalizations, changes in name, etc.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... time of the issuance. In 1960, C purchases an additional 200 shares of such stock from another... will be treated as meeting such requirements. Assuming all the shares with respect to which the dividend is received have equal rights to dividends, such part is the number of shares which bears the same...

Gender Diversity Policies in Universities: A Multi-Perspective Framework of Policy Measures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Timmers, Tanya M.; Willemsen, Tineke M.; Tijdens, Kea G.

2010-01-01

Are policies to increase women's share among university professors effective? The importance of gender equality on the labor market has been well established, but our understanding of what kind of policy is effective to increase the share of women is still unclear. Three sets of factors explain women's low shares at higher job levels, notably…

50 CFR 648.63 - General category Sectors and harvesting cooperatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... of TAC to Sectors. (i) The sector allocation shall be equal to a percentage share of the ACL... specified in § 648.53(h). The sector's percentage share of the IFQ scallop fishery ACL catch shall not change, but the amount of allocation based on the percentage share will change based on the ACL specified...

50 CFR 648.63 - General category Sectors and harvesting cooperatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... of TAC to Sectors. (i) The sector allocation shall be equal to a percentage share of the ACL... specified in § 648.53(h). The sector's percentage share of the IFQ scallop fishery ACL catch shall not change, but the amount of allocation based on the percentage share will change based on the ACL specified...

50 CFR 648.63 - General category Sectors and harvesting cooperatives.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... of TAC to Sectors. (i) The sector allocation shall be equal to a percentage share of the ACL... specified in § 648.53(h). The sector's percentage share of the IFQ scallop fishery ACL catch shall not change, but the amount of allocation based on the percentage share will change based on the ACL specified...

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Gilmore Load Cell Machine: Load Cell Calibrations to 2.22 x 10(exp 7) Newtons

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haynes, Michael W.

2000-01-01

Designed in 1964 and erected in 1966, the mission of the Gilmore Load Cell Machine was to provide highly accurate calibrations for large capacity load cells in support of NASA's Apollo Program. Still in use today, the Gilmore Machine is a national treasure with no equal.

A Load-Sharing Rip-Stop Fixation Construct for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

PubMed Central

Denard, Patrick J.; Burkhart, Stephen S.

2012-01-01

Despite advancements in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair techniques, achieving tendon-to-bone healing can be difficult in the setting of poor-quality tendon. Moreover, medial tendon tears or tears with lateral tendon loss may preclude standard techniques. Rip-stop suture configurations have been shown to improve load to failure compared with simple or mattress stitch patterns and may be particularly valuable in these settings. The purpose of this report is to describe a technical modification of a rip-stop rotator cuff repair that combines the advantages of a rip-stop suture (by providing resistance to tissue cutout) and a double row of load-sharing suture anchors (minimizing the load per anchor and therefore the load per suture within each anchor). PMID:23766972

A Bankruptcy Problem Approach to Load-shedding in Multiagent-based Microgrid Operation

PubMed Central

Kim, Hak-Man; Kinoshita, Tetsuo; Lim, Yujin; Kim, Tai-Hoon

2010-01-01

A microgrid is composed of distributed power generation systems (DGs), distributed energy storage devices (DSs), and loads. To maintain a specific frequency in the islanded mode as an important requirement, the control of DGs’ output and charge action of DSs are used in supply surplus conditions and load-shedding and discharge action of DSs are used in supply shortage conditions. Recently, multiagent systems for autonomous microgrid operation have been studied. Especially, load-shedding, which is intentional reduction of electricity use, is a critical problem in islanded microgrid operation based on the multiagent system. Therefore, effective schemes for load-shedding are required. Meanwhile, the bankruptcy problem deals with dividing short resources among multiple agents. In order to solve the bankruptcy problem, division rules, such as the constrained equal awards rule (CEA), the constrained equal losses rule (CEL), and the random arrival rule (RA), have been used. In this paper, we approach load-shedding as a bankruptcy problem. We compare load-shedding results by above-mentioned rules in islanded microgrid operation based on wireless sensor network (WSN) as the communication link for an agent’s interactions. PMID:22163386

A bankruptcy problem approach to load-shedding in multiagent-based microgrid operation.

PubMed

Kim, Hak-Man; Kinoshita, Tetsuo; Lim, Yujin; Kim, Tai-Hoon

2010-01-01

A microgrid is composed of distributed power generation systems (DGs), distributed energy storage devices (DSs), and loads. To maintain a specific frequency in the islanded mode as an important requirement, the control of DGs' output and charge action of DSs are used in supply surplus conditions and load-shedding and discharge action of DSs are used in supply shortage conditions. Recently, multiagent systems for autonomous microgrid operation have been studied. Especially, load-shedding, which is intentional reduction of electricity use, is a critical problem in islanded microgrid operation based on the multiagent system. Therefore, effective schemes for load-shedding are required. Meanwhile, the bankruptcy problem deals with dividing short resources among multiple agents. In order to solve the bankruptcy problem, division rules, such as the constrained equal awards rule (CEA), the constrained equal losses rule (CEL), and the random arrival rule (RA), have been used. In this paper, we approach load-shedding as a bankruptcy problem. We compare load-shedding results by above-mentioned rules in islanded microgrid operation based on wireless sensor network (WSN) as the communication link for an agent's interactions.

Differential cross sections for the electron impact ionization of Ar (3 p) atoms for equal energy final state electrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Purohit, Ghanshyam; Singh, Prithvi

2017-06-01

The electron-impact ionization of inert gases for asymmetric final state energy sharing conditions has been studied in detail. However, there have been relatively few studies examining equal energy final state electrons. We report in this communication the results of triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) for electron impact ionization of Ar (3 p) for equal energy sharing of the outgoing electrons. We calculate TDCS in the modified distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) formalism including post collision interaction (PCI) and polarization potential. We compare the results of our calculation with available measurements [Phys. Rev. A 87, 022712 (2013)]. We study the effect of PCI, target polarization on the trends of TDCS for the single ionization of Ar (3 p) targets.

Parental Sharing of Childcare Tasks in Sweden.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haas, Linda

1982-01-01

Studied fathers' participation in childrearing among 128 Swedish parents. Results showed most couples, even in dual-career households, do not share childcare equally. Socialization and work-related structural obstacles, especially related to the wife's occupation, were the most important variables. (Author/JAC)

Understanding the Effects of Databases as Cognitive Tools in a Problem-Based Multimedia Learning Environment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Rui; Liu, Min

2007-01-01

The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of using computer databases as cognitive tools to share learners' cognitive load and facilitate learning in a multimedia problem-based learning (PBL) environment designed for sixth graders. Two research questions were: (a) can the computer database tool share sixth-graders' cognitive load? and…

Women Share in Science and Technology Education and Their Job Performance in Nigeria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Osezuah, Simon; Nwadiani, C. O.

2012-10-01

This investigation focused on womenís share in Science and Technology education and their job performance in Nigeria. The investigation was conducted with two questions that were raised as a guide. A sample of 4886 was drawn through the questionnaire method. Analysis of the data was conducted through the use of frequency count. Findings obtained indicated that there was disparity between male and female gender in access to Science and Technology education in Nigeria, and also that there were no differences between women and men scientists and technologists in job performance. The conclusion was therefore reached that women do not have equal share with men in Science and Technology education even though the male and female scientists and technologists perform jobs equally in Nigeria. Recommendation was therefore made accordingly.

26 CFR 1.356-4 - Exchanges for section 306 stock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... exchange for section 306 stock, an amount equal to the fair market value of the property plus the money, if... a basis to him of $100) and a share of preferred stock which is section 306 stock (having a basis to him of $100) surrenders both shares in a transaction to which section 356 is applicable for one share...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

40 CFR 86.108-00 - Dynamometer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... load force and inertia specified for the vehicle being tested, and shall determine the distance... capable of dynamically controlling inertia load during the US06 test cycle as a function of a vehicle... equal to eight seconds, the test inertia load may be adjusted during any of five EPA specified...

28 CFR 42.613 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Pay Act and by title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act. (g) Recipient means any State... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE NONDISCRIMINATION; EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY; POLICIES AND...) Chairman of the EEOC refers to the Chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or his or her...

Moral equality and success of common-pool water governance in Namibia.

PubMed

Schnegg, Michael; Bollig, Michael; Linke, Theresa

2016-09-01

In the course of decentralization, pastoral communities in Namibia have had to find new ways to share their most salient resource, water, and the costs involved in providing it. Using data from sixty communities, we examine (1) whether and to what extent different sharing rules emerge, (2) how variations can be explained, (3) how rules are perceived and influence success, and (4) what economic consequences they have. Our results reveal that either all members pay the same (numerical equality) or payment is according to usage (proportional equality). We find that although proportional equality provides more success, the rule can only pertain where the state maintains an active role. Simulations show that where it does not prevail, wealth inequality is likely to grow. These findings have political implications and suggest that, in the context of the widespread decentralization policies, the state should not withdraw if it aims to ensure the success of common-pool resource management and to fight poverty.

Checking transfer efficiency and equal loading via qualitative optical way in western blotting.

PubMed

Gong, Jun-Hua; Gong, Jian-Ping; Zheng, Kai-Wen

2017-11-01

The ability to determine that successful transfer and equal loading occur prior to using primary antibodies is important. And total protein staining is commonly used to check transfer efficiency and normalization, which play a crucial role in western blotting. Ponceau S and coomassie blue are commonly used, but there are disadvantages reported in recent years. Therefore, we are interested in finding another method, which is cheap, easy and fast. As we know, protein binding region of PVDF membrane is still hydrophilic when carbinol volatilizes, however, the non-protein binding region of PVDF membrane became hydrophobic again. And this different wettability between non-protein binding region and protein binding region of Polyvinylidene difluoride membrane may be used to check transfer efficiency and equal loading in western blotting. Based on the principle above, we describe an optical approach where an experimenter can observe that the proteins have been transferred to the membrane without any staining within minutes. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Acid loading test (pH)

MedlinePlus

... medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003615.htm Acid loading test (pH) To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. The acid loading test (pH) measures the ability of the kidneys to send ...

Non-Egalitarian Allocations among Preschool Peers in a Face-to-Face Bargaining Task

PubMed Central

Melis, Alicia P.; Floedl, Anja; Tomasello, Michael

2015-01-01

In face-to-face bargaining tasks human adults almost always agree on an equal split of resources. This is due to mutually recognized fairness and equality norms. Early developmental studies on sharing and equality norms found that egalitarian allocations of resources are not common before children are 5 or 6 years old. However, recent studies have shown that in some face-to face collaborative situations, or when recipients express their desires, children at much younger ages choose equal allocations. We investigated the ability of 3.5 and 5-year-olds to negotiate face-to-face, whether to collaborate to obtain an equal or an unequal distribution of rewards. We hypothesized that the face-to-face interaction and interdependency between partners would facilitate egalitarian outcomes at both ages. In the first experiment we found that 5-year-olds were more egalitarian than 3.5-year-olds, but neither of the age classes shared equally. In the second experiment, in which we increased the magnitude of the inequality, we found that children at both ages mostly agreed on the unequal distribution. These results show that communication and face-to-face interactions are not sufficient to guarantee equal allocations at 3–5 years of age. These results add to previous findings suggesting that in the context of non-collaboratively produced resources it is only after 5 years of age that children use equality norms to allocate resources. PMID:25786250

Access to Higher Education in Canada: Equality of Opportunity vs. Equality of Results.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anisef, Paul

1983-01-01

Discusses the issue of access to higher education in Canada and suggests that those who do not gain entry share common social and cultural properties. Recommends three strategies for enhancing accessibility: a monitoring system, compensatory education programs, and financial assistance programs. (JAC)

In vitro evaluation of stiffness and load sharing in a two-level corpectomy: comparison of static and dynamic cervical plates.

PubMed

Fogel, Guy R; Li, Zhenyu; Liu, Weiqiang; Liao, Zhenhua; Wu, Jia; Zhou, Wenyu

2010-05-01

Anterior cervical plating has been accepted in corpectomy and fusion of the cervical spine. Constrained plates were criticized for stress shielding that may lead to subsidence and pseudarthrosis. A dynamic plate allows load sharing as the graft subsides. Ideally, the dynamic plate design should maintain adequate stiffness of the construct while providing a reasonable load sharing with the strut graft. The purpose of the study was to compare dynamic and static plate kinematics with graft subsidence. The study designed was an in vitro biomechanical study in a porcine cervical spine model. Twelve spines were initially tested in intact condition with 20-N axial load in 15 degrees of flexion and extension range of motion (ROM). Then, a two-level corpectomy was created in all specimens with spines randomized to receive either a static or dynamic plate. The spines were retested under identical conditions with optimal length and undersized graft. Range of motion and graft loading were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (p<.05). Both plates significantly limited ROM compared with the intact spine in both graft length conditions. In extension graft, load was significantly higher (p=.001) in the static plate with optimal length, and in flexion, there was a significant loss of graft load (p=.0004). In flexion, the dynamic plate with undersized graft demonstrated significantly more load sustained (p=.0004). Both plates reasonably limited the ROM of the corpectomy. The static plate had significantly higher graft loads in extension and significant loss of graft load in flexion, whereas the dynamic plate maintained a reasonable graft load in ROM even when graft contact was imperfect. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Some aspects of frictional measurements in hip joint simulators.

PubMed

Unsworth, Anthony

2016-05-01

The measurement of friction in artificial hip joints can lead to the knowledge of the lubrication mechanisms occurring in the joints. However, the measurement of friction, particularly in spherical contacts, is not always straightforward. The important loading and kinematic features must be appropriate and the friction must be measured in the correct plane. Even defining a coefficient of friction is difficult with spherical contacts as friction acts at different moment arms throughout the contact area. Thus, the generated frictional torques depend on the pressure distribution of the contact and the moment arms at which this pressure acts. The pressure distribution depends on the material properties, the surface entraining velocities, the joint diameters, and the clearance between the two surfaces of the ball and socket joint. Equally measuring friction is very taxing for machines which are applying very high loads. Slight misalignments of the application of these loads can produce torques which are very much greater than the frictional torques that we are trying to measure. This article attempts to share the thoughts behind over 40 years of measuring friction in artificial joints using the Durham Friction Simulators. This has led to accrued consistency of measurement and a robust scientific design rationale to understand the nature of friction in these spherical contacts. It also impacts on how to obtain accurate measurements as well as on the understanding of where the difficult issues lie and how to overcome them. © IMechE 2016.

Why power matters: creating a foundation of mutual support in couple relationships.

PubMed

Knudson-Martin, Carmen

2013-03-01

Research shows that equal power helps couples create intimacy and relationship success. However, though couples increasingly desire equal relationships, cultural models of mutual support are not well developed. Clinicians often approach heterosexual couple therapy as though partners are inherently equal, thus reinforcing unacknowledged gender inequities. This article examines research that shows why power imbalances are destructive to intimate relationships and focuses on four gender-related aspects of mutual support: (a) shared relational responsibility, (b) mutual vulnerability, (c) mutual attunement, and (d) shared influence. Case examples illustrate how socio-emotional attunement, interrupting the flow of power, and introducing alternative relational experience help couple therapists identify and address power disparities in these important relational processes. Encouraging the powerful person to take relational initiative and introducing alternative gender discourse are especially important. © FPI, Inc.

Shared Parenting: Perspectives from Other Nations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roby, Pamela A.

1975-01-01

Article provided us with a cross-national picture of the inequality between men and women in the hours they work and explained that until husbands shared in the care of their children, women will continue to be blocked from equal opportunity in the work world. (Editor/RK)

Exploring the Content of Shared Mental Models in Project Teams

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-30

FINAL REPORT Grant Title: EXPLORING THE CONTENT OF SHARED MENTAL MODELS IN PROJECT TEAMS Office of Naval Research Award Number: N000140210535... Research Laboratory, Attn: code 5227, 4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Washington, DC •t• The University of Massachusetts Amherst is an Affirmative Action/Equal...satisfaction. 2.0 PROJECT SUMMARY No consensus among researchers studying shared cognition exists regarding the identification of what should be

The Buckling of Curved Tension-field Girders

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Limpert, G

1938-01-01

The present paper reports on experiments made to determine the buckling load under shear of circular curved tension-field webs. The buckling load of the webs may be expressed with reference to the buckling load of the stiffeners. It is found that within the explored range the buckling load is approximately twice as great as that of the identically stiffened flat wall of equal web depth.

14 CFR 29.521 - Float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... level attitude, the resultant water reaction passes vertically through the center of gravity; and (2... component of 0.25 times the vertical component (b) A side load condition in which— (1) A vertical load of 0.75 times the total vertical load specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section is divided equally...

14 CFR 29.521 - Float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... level attitude, the resultant water reaction passes vertically through the center of gravity; and (2... component of 0.25 times the vertical component (b) A side load condition in which— (1) A vertical load of 0.75 times the total vertical load specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section is divided equally...

14 CFR 29.521 - Float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... level attitude, the resultant water reaction passes vertically through the center of gravity; and (2... component of 0.25 times the vertical component (b) A side load condition in which— (1) A vertical load of 0.75 times the total vertical load specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section is divided equally...

14 CFR 29.521 - Float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... level attitude, the resultant water reaction passes vertically through the center of gravity; and (2... component of 0.25 times the vertical component (b) A side load condition in which— (1) A vertical load of 0.75 times the total vertical load specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section is divided equally...

14 CFR 29.521 - Float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... level attitude, the resultant water reaction passes vertically through the center of gravity; and (2... component of 0.25 times the vertical component (b) A side load condition in which— (1) A vertical load of 0.75 times the total vertical load specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section is divided equally...

El-Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences on monthly NO 3 load and concentration, stream flow and precipitation in the Little River Watershed, Tifton, Georgia (GA)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keener, V. W.; Feyereisen, G. W.; Lall, U.; Jones, J. W.; Bosch, D. D.; Lowrance, R.

2010-02-01

SummaryAs climate variability increases, it is becoming increasingly critical to find predictable patterns that can still be identified despite overall uncertainty. The El-Niño/Southern Oscillation is the best known pattern. Its global effects on weather, hydrology, ecology and human health have been well documented. Climate variability manifested through ENSO has strong effects in the southeast United States, seen in precipitation and stream flow data. However, climate variability may also affect water quality in nutrient concentrations and loads, and have impacts on ecosystems, health, and food availability in the southeast. In this research, we establish a teleconnection between ENSO and the Little River Watershed (LRW), GA., as seen in a shared 3-7 year mode of variability for precipitation, stream flow, and nutrient load time series. Univariate wavelet analysis of the NINO 3.4 index of sea surface temperature (SST) and of precipitation, stream flow, NO 3 concentration and load time series from the watershed was used to identify common signals. Shared 3-7 year modes of variability were seen in all variables, most strongly in precipitation, stream flow and nutrient load in strong El Niño years. The significance of shared 3-7 year periodicity over red noise with 95% confidence in SST and precipitation, stream flow, and NO 3 load time series was confirmed through cross-wavelet and wavelet-coherence transforms, in which common high power and co-variance were computed for each set of data. The strongest 3-7 year shared power was seen in SST and stream flow data, while the strongest co-variance was seen in SST and NO 3 load data. The strongest cross-correlation was seen as a positive value between the NINO 3.4 and NO 3 load with a three-month lag. The teleconnection seen in the LRW between the NINO 3.4 index and precipitation, stream flow, and NO 3 load can be utilized in a model to predict monthly nutrient loads based on short-term climate variability, facilitating management in high risk seasons.

Equal Opportunity -- and You.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lutes, Carol

The author suggests alternatives to chip away at occupational traditionalism and vestigal hang-ups shared by men and women about women in the world of work, and which encourage the development of programs to ensure that equal opportunity will be a reality. Background statistics are presented which indicate that women are increasingly entering the…

Heat-load simulator for heat sink design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dunleavy, A. M.; Vaughn, T. J.

1968-01-01

Heat-load simulator is fabricated from 1/4-inch aluminum plate with a contact surface equal in dimensions and configuration to those of the electronic installation. The method controls thermal output to simulate actual electronic component thermal output.

Large-deflection theory for end compression of long rectangular plates rigidly clamped along two edges

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levy, Samuel; Krupen, Philip

1943-01-01

The von Karman equations for flat plates are solved beyond the buckling load up to edge strains equal to eight time the buckling strain, for the extreme case of rigid clamping along the edges parallel to the load. Deflections, bending stresses, and membrane stresses are given as a function of end compressive load. The theoretical values of effective width are compared with the values derived for simple support along the edges parallel to the load. The increases in effective width due to rigid clamping drops from about 20 percent near the buckling strain to about 8 percent at an edge strain equal to eight times the buckling strain. Experimental values of effective width in the elastic range reported in NACA Technical Note No. 684 are between the theoretical curves for the extremes of simple support and rigid clamping.

The relation of bifurations in a biaxially loaded rubber sheet and the constitutive modeling of rubber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haslach, H.W. Jr.

1995-12-31

Treloar`s experiments on a thin rubber sheet under in-plane biaxial tensile loads produced asymmetric as well as equal in-plane stretches. At two loads, the two stretches differed by 7.5% and 12.4% respectively. At an intermediate load, there was a stable equal stretches state. Treloar later said that relaxation was negligible since the results were reproducible and independent of the order of force application. Specimen anisotropy and lack of strain uniformity were also eliminated as a cause. Kearsely first pointed out the significance of these experiments to studies of elastic stability of rubber models. The predictability of this result is amore » test for the validity of the various constitutive models for rubber. First, Ogden`s plane stress stability and bifurcation criteria are reviewed. A coordinate transformation of a generalized energy function for the biaxially loaded sheet makes it possible to describe the Mooney-Rivlin bifurcation as a cusp catastrophe and to verify that the neo-Hookean and other classical models have no bifurcations. The Mooney-Rivlin model predicts unstable equal stretch states above the bifurcation value, but Treloar`s experiments contradict this. These models cannot, then, be the correct constitutive models for rubber. Preliminary ideas on the conditions that an isothermal constitutive model must satisfy to reproduce Treloar`s experiments are proposed. A thermoelastic generalization of the Mooney-Rivlin model, developed with N. N. Zeng, predicts that raising the temperature slightly lowers the value of the bifurcation load. Nonequilibrium processes such as relaxation or sinusoidal loading are modeled using a generalized energy function in place of classical viscoelastic constitutive relations.« less

14 CFR 23.531 - Hull and main float takeoff condition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... or main float— (a) The aerodynamic wing lift is assumed to be zero; and (b) A downward inertia load...=inertia load factor; CTO=empirical seaplane operations factor equal to 0.004; VS1=seaplane stalling speed...

14 CFR 23.531 - Hull and main float takeoff condition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... or main float— (a) The aerodynamic wing lift is assumed to be zero; and (b) A downward inertia load...=inertia load factor; CTO=empirical seaplane operations factor equal to 0.004; VS1=seaplane stalling speed...

14 CFR 23.531 - Hull and main float takeoff condition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... or main float— (a) The aerodynamic wing lift is assumed to be zero; and (b) A downward inertia load...=inertia load factor; CTO=empirical seaplane operations factor equal to 0.004; VS1=seaplane stalling speed...

14 CFR 23.531 - Hull and main float takeoff condition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... or main float— (a) The aerodynamic wing lift is assumed to be zero; and (b) A downward inertia load...=inertia load factor; CTO=empirical seaplane operations factor equal to 0.004; VS1=seaplane stalling speed...

Low profile, highly configurable, current sharing paralleled wide band gap power device power module

DOEpatents

McPherson, Brice; Killeen, Peter D.; Lostetter, Alex; Shaw, Robert; Passmore, Brandon; Hornberger, Jared; Berry, Tony M

2016-08-23

A power module with multiple equalized parallel power paths supporting multiple parallel bare die power devices constructed with low inductance equalized current paths for even current sharing and clean switching events. Wide low profile power contacts provide low inductance, short current paths, and large conductor cross section area provides for massive current carrying. An internal gate & source kelvin interconnection substrate is provided with individual ballast resistors and simple bolted construction. Gate drive connectors are provided on either left or right size of the module. The module is configurable as half bridge, full bridge, common source, and common drain topologies.

77 FR 74736 - Petition for Waiver of Compliance

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-17

... deficiency is a technical term describing the imbalance of inner and outer wheel loads when a rail vehicle... rail is elevated above the inner rail), the loads on both inner and outer wheels will be equal, i.e... than the balance speed, the centrifugal force will cause the outer wheel load to increase and the inner...

Dual-task interference with equal task emphasis: graded capacity sharing or central postponement?

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruthruff, Eric; Pashler, Harold E.; Hazeltine, Eliot

2003-01-01

Most studies using the psychological refractory period (PRP) design suggest that dual-task performance is limited by a central bottleneck. Because subjects are usually told to emphasize Task 1, however, the bottleneck might reflect a strategic choice rather than a structural limitation. To evaluate the possibility that central operations can proceed in parallel, albeit with capacity limitations, we conducted two dual-task experiments with equal task emphasis. In both experiments, subjects tended to either group responses together or respond to one task well before the other. In addition, stimulus-response compatibility effects were roughly constant across stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). At the short SOA, compatibility effects also carried over onto response times for the other task. This pattern of results is difficult to reconcile with the possibility that subjects share capacity roughly equally between simultaneous central operations. However, this pattern is consistent with the existence of a structural central bottleneck.

26 CFR 26.2642-6 - Qualified severance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... from time to time, in equal or unequal shares, for the benefit of any one or more members of the group.... For this purpose, the fraction or percentage may be determined by means of a formula (for example, that fraction of the trust the numerator of which is equal to the transferor's unused GST tax exemption...

26 CFR 26.2642-6 - Qualified severance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... from time to time, in equal or unequal shares, for the benefit of any one or more members of the group.... For this purpose, the fraction or percentage may be determined by means of a formula (for example, that fraction of the trust the numerator of which is equal to the transferor's unused GST tax exemption...

49 CFR 393.108 - How is the working load limit of a tiedown, or the load restraining value of a friction mat...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... that for polypropylene fiber rope. (d) Welded steel chain which is not marked or labeled to enable... load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the nominal strength... Grade 43 high test Grade 70 transport Grade 80 alloy Grade 100 alloy 1. 7 (1/4) 580 (1,300) 1,180 (2,600...

49 CFR 393.108 - How is the working load limit of a tiedown, or the load restraining value of a friction mat...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... that for polypropylene fiber rope. (d) Welded steel chain which is not marked or labeled to enable... load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the nominal strength... Grade 43 high test Grade 70 transport Grade 80 alloy Grade 100 alloy 1. 7 (1/4) 580 (1,300) 1,180 (2,600...

49 CFR 393.108 - How is the working load limit of a tiedown, or the load restraining value of a friction mat...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... that for polypropylene fiber rope. (d) Welded steel chain which is not marked or labeled to enable... load limit shall be considered to have a working load limit equal to one-fourth of the nominal strength... Grade 43 high test Grade 70 transport Grade 80 alloy Grade 100 alloy 1. 7 (1/4) 580 (1,300) 1,180 (2,600...

Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Hydraulic Structures; Report 3, T-Wall Design.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

A8 Flexure and Axial Load ..... ................ A10 Shear Strength Requirement ..... ............. A21 TABLE Al APPENDIX B: EFFECT OF...load, earthquake load, and other structural effects of differ- ential settlement, creep, shrinkage, and temperature change. Dead load (D) 10. The...considered to be equal to the depth of the plane below the ground sur- face multiplied by the average unit weight of the soil. Because of the buoyant effect

76 FR 61183 - Loveland Area Projects-Western Area Colorado Missouri Balancing Authority-Rate Order No. WAPA-155

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-03

... metered load settled using WACM hourly pricing with no using WACM hourly pricing with no penalty. penalty... metered load settled using pricing in no-penalty band. Customer WACM hourly pricing with a 25% penalty... or equal to 0.5 percent of its hourly average load, no Regulation Service charges will be assessed by...

The logic of job-sharing in the provision and delivery of health care.

PubMed

Branine, M

1998-01-01

By definition the practice of job-sharing starts from the premiss that there is a full-time job to be shared by those who want to balance their work with other commitments. In a public sector institution, such as the National Health Service (NHS), where most employees are female, it seems logical to believe that a job-sharing policy would be able to promote equal opportunities, to increase employee job satisfaction and to reduce labour costs. Hence, this paper attempts to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a job-sharing policy, and to analyse the reasons for the limited number of job-sharers in the NHS despite the apparent benefits of job-sharing to both the employees and the employer. This study was carried out in 15 NHS Trusts in northern England and Scotland, by the use of questionnaires and interviews, and found that most NHS managers did not see the practice of job-sharing as a major cost-saving opportunity or as a working pattern that would enhance employee satisfaction and commitment. They saw job-sharing as just a routine equal opportunities request which did not deserve such managerial attention or long-term strategic thinking. It is argued in this paper that job-sharing is a potentially useful option against a background of demographic and other social and economic changes which require the development and use of long-term strategic policies. Therefore it is concluded that, in the NHS, there is a need for a more active and creative approach to job-sharing rather than the reactive and passive approach that has dominated the practice so far.

The logic of job-sharing in the provision and delivery of health care.

PubMed

Branine, M

1998-01-01

By definition the practice of job-sharing starts from the premiss that there is a full-time job to be shared by those who want to balance their work with other commitments. In a public sector institution, such as the National Health Service (NHS), where most employees are female, it seems logical to believe that a job-sharing policy would be able to promote equal opportunities, to increase employee job satisfaction and to reduce labour costs. Hence, this paper attempts to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having a job-sharing policy, and to analyse the reasons for the limited number of job-sharers in the NHS despite the apparent benefits of job-sharing to both the employees and the employer. This study was carried out in 15 NHS Trusts in northern England and Scotland, by the use of questionnaires and interviews, and found that most NHS managers did not see the practice of job-sharing as a major cost-saving opportunity or as a working pattern that would enhance employee satisfaction and commitment. They saw job-sharing as just a routine equal opportunities request which did not deserve such managerial attention or long-term strategic thinking. It is argued in this paper that job-sharing is a potentially useful option against a background of demographic and other social and economic changes which require the development and use of long-term strategic policies. Therefore, it is concluded that, in the NHS, there is a need for a more active and creative approach to job-sharing, rather than the reactive and passive approach that has dominated the practice so far.

Does Equality in Custody Arrangement Improve the Parent-Child Relationship?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Donnelly, Denise; Finkelhor, David

1992-01-01

In nationally representative sample of children whose parents were divorced, separated, or unmarried, found no evidence that children in shared custody had less conflictual or better relationships with their parents. Children in sole custody gave parents more support than those in shared custody. When parents had high levels of disagreements with…

12 CFR 705.7 - Loans to participating credit unions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... nonmember deposit. (b) Matching requirements. Participating credit unions will be encouraged to develop, as... matched by the participating credit union by increasing its share deposits in an amount equal to the loan amount. However, any loan monies matched by member share deposits will be credited as a two-for-one match...

26 CFR 26.2642-6 - Qualified severance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... from time to time, in equal or unequal shares, for the benefit of any one or more members of the group... percentage may be determined by means of a formula (for example, that fraction of the trust the numerator of which is equal to the transferor's unused GST tax exemption, and the denominator of which is the fair...

From Togetherness to Equal Partnership in Role Play.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hannikainen, Maritta

1998-01-01

Explored different kinds of participation in play and development of joint role play. Observed games and play sessions of a 2-year-old girl in a day care group. Found that the girl proceeded from a feeling of togetherness in a shared space through parallel and successive play actions to reciprocity and equal exchange of play actions. (JPB)

La Metamorfosis de la Escuela. (The Metamorphosis of the School)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illich, Ivan

1970-01-01

The author attacks present school systems as hindrances to education, arguing that everyone has a right to an equal part of a nation's educational budget. One solution he proposes is to offer everyone an equal share of public resources by providing both children and adults with one month of intensive education each year, and supplementing this…

Genetic and environmental influences on adolescents' smoking involvement: a multi-informant twin study.

PubMed

Seglem, Karoline Brobakke; Waaktaar, Trine; Ask, Helga; Torgersen, Svenn

2015-03-01

Studying monozygotic and dizygotic adolescent twin pairs of both sexes reared together, the present study examined the extent to which the variance in smoking involvement is attributable to genetic and environmental effects, and to what extent there are sex differences in the etiology. Questionnaire data on how often the adolescent had ever smoked tobacco was collected from a population-based twin sample consisting of seven national birth cohorts (ages 12-18), their mothers, and their fathers (N = 1,394 families). The data was analyzed with multivariate genetic modeling, using a multi-informant design. The etiological structure of smoking involvement was best represented in an ACE common pathway model, with smoking defined as a latent factor loading onto all three informants' reports. Estimates could be set equal across sexes. Results showed that adolescent lifetime smoking involvement was moderately heritable (37 %). The largest influence was from the shared environment (56 %), while environmental effects unique to each twin had minimal influence (7 %).

Locomotion with Loads: Practical Techniques for Predicting Performance Outcomes

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-01

Lotens (1992) who reported that a load equal to 21% of body weight reduced all-out running velocities by 13 and 18% for all-out 80- and 400 - meter runs...hypothesize second that the speed-load carriage algorithms will allow load- induced decrements in all-out sprint running speeds to be predicted to within...1968; Santee et al., 2001) may then be explored in the context of the model. Objective Two: Sprint Running Speed Previous Scientific Efforts

Vehicle load-equalization system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Creasy, W. K.

1976-01-01

System uses cables and associated pulleys to form closed-loop suspension system for terrain compensation. Loop causes reactions at each of three wheels in response to loading at remaining wheel. Simplicity of design should be of interest to designers and manufacturers of construction equipment and off-road vehicles.

Serviceability-related issues for bridge live load deflection and construction closure pours : [research summary].

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-06-01

The Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method has evolved to become a : more reliable approach to bridge design in the past century. Nevertheless, safety is : always the number one concern in the design of bridge structures. Equally important, ...

Peer Norms and Sharing of Injection Paraphernalia among Puerto Rican Injection Drug Users in New York and Puerto Rico

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andia, Jonny F.; Deren, Sherry; Robles, Rafaela R.; Kang, Sung-Yeon; Colon, Hector M.

2008-01-01

This study examines the influence of peer norms on sharing of injection paraphernalia (e.g., indirect sharing behaviors, including sharing of cookers, cotton, rinse water and back/front loading) among Puerto Rican injection drug users (IDUs) in Bayamon, Puerto Rico, and East Harlem, New York City. Data were collected from 873 Puerto Rican IDUs…

Differentiated perceptions of exertion and energy cost of young women while carrying loads.

PubMed

Robertson, R J; Caspersen, C J; Allison, T G; Skrinar, G S; Abbott, R A; Metz, K F

1982-01-01

Differentiated local ratings of perceived exertion from the legs and central ratings from the chest, and oxygen consumption, were determined during load carriage in seven young women. Subjects walked for 6 min at 3.22, 4.83, 6.44, or 8.05 km X h-1 carrying (1) no load, (2) a load equal to 7.5% of body weight (mean: 4.66 kg) or (3) a load equal to 15% of body weight (mean: 9.32 kg). Thus, each subject underwent 12 separate tests. The external loads were in the form of lead pellets carried in a plastic scuba belt worn around the waist. A differentiation threshold was found at 6.44 km X h-1 for the 0% and 7.5% loads and at 4.83 km X h-1 for the 15% load. At speeds below the threshold, the perception of exertion was similar in the legs, chest and overall. At higher speeds, exertion was perceived to be more intense in the legs than overall and less intense in the chest than overall, suggesting that the local legs signal was the dominant factor in shaping the overall sensation of exertion. The oxygen uptake was greater for the 15% load than for either the 0% or 7.5% loads, but was similar for the 0% and 7.5% loads. Findings suggested a critical weight limit for external loads that could be transported without increasing the metabolic cost beyond that required to move the body weight alone. This limit fell between 7.5% and 15% of the body weight. When oxygen uptake was expressed per kg of total weight transported, there was no loss of metabolic efficiency while carrying loads up to 15% of the body weight.

14 CFR 25.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... stern landings, the limit water reaction load factors are those computed under § 25.527. In addition— (1... upward component and a side component equal, respectively, to 0.75 and 0.25 tan β times the resultant... upward load at the step of each float of 0.75 and a side load of 0.25 tan β at one float times the step...

14 CFR 25.529 - Hull and main float landing conditions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... stern landings, the limit water reaction load factors are those computed under § 25.527. In addition— (1... upward component and a side component equal, respectively, to 0.75 and 0.25 tan β times the resultant... upward load at the step of each float of 0.75 and a side load of 0.25 tan β at one float times the step...

76 FR 56433 - Loveland Area Projects-Western Area Colorado Missouri Balancing Authority-Rate Order No. WAPA-155

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-13

... settled (minimum 4 MW) of metered load settled using WACM hourly pricing with no using WACM hourly pricing... than 7.5% (minimum pricing in no-penalty band. Customer 10 MW) of metered load settled using imbalance... or equal to 0.5 percent of its hourly average load, no Regulation Service charges will be assessed by...

Inrush Current Suppression Circuit and Method for Controlling When a Load May Be Fully Energized

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schwerman, Paul (Inventor)

2017-01-01

A circuit and method for controlling when a load may be fully energized includes directing electrical current through a current limiting resistor that has a first terminal connected to a source terminal of a field effect transistor (FET), and a second terminal connected to a drain terminal of the FET. The gate voltage magnitude on a gate terminal of the FET is varied, whereby current flow through the FET is increased while current flow through the current limiting resistor is simultaneously decreased. A determination is made as to when the gate voltage magnitude on the gate terminal is equal to or exceeds a predetermined reference voltage magnitude, and the load is enabled to be fully energized when the gate voltage magnitude is equal to or exceeds the predetermined reference voltage magnitude.

Load Sharing in Anti-Air Warfare Coordination: Criteria and a Simulation Test Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California AD-A245 968 DTIG EB 18 199Z THESIS L LOAD SHARING IN ANTI-AIR WARFARE COORDINATION: CRITERIA AND A...REPORT NUMBER(S) Ga. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Gb. OFFICE SYMBOL 71. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School OR 6c. ADDRESS...the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1991 Au thor: ’ysviL-’ / ; d Stephen Hue Keley

Analysis and performance of paralleling circuits for modular inverter-converter systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Birchenough, A. G.; Gourash, F.

1972-01-01

As part of a modular inverter-converter development program, control techniques were developed to provide load sharing among paralleled inverters or converters. An analysis of the requirements of paralleling circuits and a discussion of the circuits developed and their performance are included in this report. The current sharing was within 5.6 percent of rated-load current for the ac modules and 7.4 percent for the dc modules for an initial output voltage unbalance of 5 volts.

Noise effects on the health status in a dynamic failure model for living organisms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, H.; Jo, J.; Choi, M. Y.; Choi, J.; Yoon, B.-G.

2007-03-01

We study internal and external noise effects on the healthy-unhealthy transition and related phenomena in a dynamic failure model for living organisms. It is found that internal noise makes the system weaker, leading to breakdown under smaller stress. The discontinuous healthy-unhealthy transition in a system with global load sharing below a critical point is naturally explained in terms of the bistability for the health status. External noise present in constant stress gives similar results; further, it induces resonance in response to periodic stress, regardless of load transfer. In the case of local load sharing, such periodic stress is revealed more hazardous than the constant stress.

Does Education Lower Allostatic Load? A Co-twin Control Study

PubMed Central

Hamdi, Nayla R.; South, Susan C.; Krueger, Robert F.

2016-01-01

Many studies have found that education is associated with better health, but the causal basis of this association is unclear. The current study used a co-twin control design to examine if differences in years of education within twin pairs predict allostatic load. The strength of this design is that it controls for genetic and other familial confounds shared between twins. The sample consisted of 381 twins (with 292 twins from 146 complete pairs; mean age=57; 61% female) who participated in the biomarker project of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study. Individual-level analyses showed a significant, negative association between years of education and allostatic load, but this association was explained entirely by familial influences shared between twins. The results of this study suggest that schooling does not itself protect against allostatic load. PMID:26778778

Rethinking Mathematics Teaching in Liberia: Realistic Mathematics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stemn, Blidi S.

2017-01-01

In some African cultures, the concept of division does not necessarily mean sharing money or an item equally. How an item is shared might depend on the ages of the individuals involved. This article describes the use of the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach to teach division word problems involving money in a 3rd-grade class in…

Comorbidity of Alcohol and Gambling Problems in Emerging Adults: A Bifactor Model Conceptualization.

PubMed

Tackett, Jennifer L; Krieger, Heather; Neighbors, Clayton; Rinker, Dipali; Rodriguez, Lindsey; Edward, Gottheil

2017-03-01

Addictive disorders, such as pathological gambling and alcohol use disorders, frequently co-occur at greater than chance levels. Substantive questions stem from this comorbidity regarding the extent to which shared variance between gambling and alcohol use reflects a psychological core of addictive tendencies, and whether this differs as a function of gender. The aims of this study were to differentiate both common and unique variance in alcohol and gambling problems in a bifactor model, examine measurement invariance of this model by gender, and identify substantive correlates of the final bifactor model. Undergraduates (N = 4475) from a large northwestern university completed an online screening questionnaire which included demographics, quantity of money lost and won when gambling, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the AUDIT, gambling motives, drinking motives, personality, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Results suggest that the bifactor model fit the data well in the full sample. Although the data suggest configural invariance across gender, factor loadings could not be constrained to be equal between men and women. As such, general and specific factors were examined separately by gender with a more intensive subsample of females and males (n = 264). Correlations with motivational tendencies, personality traits, and mental health symptoms indicated support for the validity of the bifactor model, as well as gender-specific patterns of association. Results suggest informative distinctions between shared and unique attributes related to problematic drinking and gambling.

Comorbidity of Alcohol and Gambling Problems in Emerging Adults: A Bifactor Model Conceptualization

PubMed Central

Krieger, Heather; Neighbors, Clayton; Rinker, Dipali; Rodriguez, Lindsey; Edward, Gottheil

2017-01-01

Addictive disorders, such as pathological gambling and alcohol use disorders, frequently co-occur at greater than chance levels. Substantive questions stem from this comorbidity regarding the extent to which shared variance between gambling and alcohol use reflects a psychological core of addictive tendencies, and whether this differs as a function of gender. The aims of this study were to differentiate both common and unique variance in alcohol and gambling problems in a bifactor model, examine measurement invariance of this model by gender, and identify substantive correlates of the final bifactor model. Undergraduates (N = 4475) from a large northwestern university completed an online screening questionnaire which included demographics, quantity of money lost and won when gambling, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the AUDIT, gambling motives, drinking motives, personality, and the Brief Symptom Inventory. Results suggest that the bifactor model fit the data well in the full sample. Although the data suggest configural invariance across gender, factor loadings could not be constrained to be equal between men and women. As such, general and specific factors were examined separately by gender with a more intensive subsample of females and males (n = 264). Correlations with motivational tendencies, personality traits, and mental health symptoms indicated support for the validity of the bifactor model, as well as gender-specific patterns of association. Results suggest informative distinctions between shared and unique attributes related to problematic drinking and gambling. PMID:27260007

Effect of Loading Efficiency on the Process of Consolidation in Unsaturated Soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lo, W. C.; Lee, J. W.; Deng, J. H.; Liu, J. H.

2016-12-01

Loading efficiency is an undrained poroelastic coefficient that causes an increase in the pore pressure due to an increase in the compressive axial stress. In order to illustrate the importance of loading efficiency on the process of consolidation in unsaturated soils, we utilize two assumptions proposed by Biot (1941) and Terzaghi (1943) to formulate the initial conditions taking account of loading efficiency and without consideration of loading efficiency, respectively. In Biot's theory (1941), he suggested that water is not allowed to escape when the external loading is instantly applied on a porous medium. Accordingly, the soil texture sample is considered to be undrained, and the linearized increment of the fluid content is equal to zero. For this reason, water and air can sustain an external loading only partially at the moment it is imposed, leading to an immediate one-dimensional consolidation. On the contrary, Terzaghi (1943) posited that as the external loading is initially applied, it is entirely sustained by the pore fluid. Thus, the initial water and air pressures are equal to the stress of external loading. Numerical calculations of excess pore water pressure and total settlement were made for a soil with clay texture as an illustrative example. A comparative study shows that in the early stage of consolidation, the model of considering loading efficiency generates larger time-dependent total settlement and also has the highest value of excess pore water pressure initially. The physical cause behind this difference is that the initial conditions established from Biot's theory is much smaller, reflecting the soil skeleton to carry most of external load at the moment it is imposed. Our results indicate that, in terms of the initial conditions for water and air pressures, the loading efficiency must be taken into account in the early stage of consolidation.

The Effect of Multi-pass Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) for Consolidation of Aluminum-Nano Alumina Composite Powder on Wear Resistance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Derakhshandeh-Haghighi, Reza; Jenabali Jahromi, Seyed Ahmad

2016-02-01

The wear behavior of aluminum matrix composite powder with varying concentration of nano alumina particles, which was consolidated by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) at different passes, was determined by applying, 10 and 46 N loads, using a pin-on-disk machine. Optical and electronic microscopy, EDX analysis, and hardness measurement were performed in order to characterize the worn samples. The relative density of the samples after each pass of ECAP was determined using Archimedes principle. Within the studied range of loads, the wear loss decreased by increasing the number of ECAP passes.

Grip force and force sharing in two different manipulation tasks with bottles.

PubMed

Cepriá-Bernal, Javier; Pérez-González, Antonio; Mora, Marta C; Sancho-Bru, Joaquín L

2017-07-01

Grip force and force sharing during two activities of daily living were analysed experimentally in 10 right-handed subjects. Four different bottles, filled to two different levels, were manipulated for two tasks: transporting and pouring. Each test subject's hand was instrumented with eight thin wearable force sensors. The grip force and force sharing were significantly different for each bottle model. Increasing the filling level resulted in an increase in grip force, but the ratio of grip force to load force was higher for lighter loads. The task influenced the force sharing but not the mean grip force. The contributions of the thumb and ring finger were higher in the pouring task, whereas the contributions of the palm and the index finger were higher in the transport task. Mean force sharing among fingers was 30% for index, 29% for middle, 22% for ring and 19% for little finger. Practitioner Summary: We analysed grip force and force sharing in two manipulation tasks with bottles: transporting and pouring. The objective was to understand the effects of the bottle features, filling level and task on the contribution of different areas of the hand to the grip force. Force sharing was different for each task and the bottles features affected to both grip force and force sharing.

Selective Attention of Mildly Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Individuals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mosley, James L.

1980-01-01

Mildly retarded, equal MA, and equal CA individuals (total N=30) viewed tachistoscopic presentations of single element displays under a backward visual masking paradigm. The data revealed that, under minimal load conditions, the internal cue-selection component of selective attention for mildly retarded Ss is comparable to that of the nonretarded…

Planetary Load Sharing in Three-Point- Mounted Wind Turbine Gearboxes: Preprint

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guo, Yi; Keller, Jonathan A

Wind turbine gearboxes do not achieve their expected design life. The cost of gearbox replacements and rebuilds and the downtime associated with these failures increase the cost of wind energy. In 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy established the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC). Its goals are to understand the root causes of premature gearbox failures and improve their reliability. To date, the GRC has focused on a 750-kW drivetrain with a three-stage, three-point-mounted gearbox. A nonproprietary version of the gearbox containing CRBs with C3 clearances in the planetary stage was customized. Two of these gearboxes,more » GB1 and GB2, were manufactured and then tested in the National Wind Technology Center's 2.5-MW dynamometer and in the field. Major GRC findings include the detrimental effect of rotor moments on planetary load sharing and predicted fatigue, and the risk of bearing sliding in low-torque conditions for three-point configuration drivetrains. Based on the knowledge gained from testing and analysis of the original design, the GRC gearbox was redesigned to improve its load-sharing characteristics and predicted fatigue. This new gearbox is named GB3. As shown in Figure 1, its key improvement is the incorporation of preloaded TRBs that support the planet carrier and planets. Roller loads can be optimized and bearing life maximized with a small preload [4]. These preloaded bearings, along with interference-fitted planet pins, improve alignments and load-sharing characteristics. A semi-integrated planet bearing design also increases capacity and eliminates outer race fretting. Romax Technology, with Powertrain Engineers and the Timken Company (Timken), completed the redesign. Timken manufactured and instrumented the planet gears and bearings. Brad Foote Gearing manufactured the other gearing and assembled the gearbox.« less

Experimental and theoretical triple differential cross sections for electron-impact ionization of Ar (3p) for equal energy final state electrons

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amami, Sadek; Ozer, Zehra N.; Dogan, Mevlut; Yavuz, Murat; Varol, Onur; Madison, Don

2016-09-01

There have been several studies of electron-impact ionization of inert gases for asymmetric final state energy sharing and normally one electron has an energy significantly higher than the other. However, there have been relatively few studies examining equal energy final state electrons. Here we report experimental and theoretical triple differential cross sections for electron impact ionization of Ar (3p) for equal energy sharing of the outgoing electrons. Previous experimental results combined with some new measurements are compared with distorted wave born approximation (DWBA) results, DWBA results using the Ward-Macek (WM) approximation for the post collision interaction (PCI), and three-body distorted wave (3DW) which includes PCI without approximation. The results show that it is crucially important to include PCI in the calculation particularly for lower energies and that the WM approximation is valid only for high energies. The 3DW, on the other hand, is in reasonably good agreement with data down to fairly low energies.

Design test request No. 1263 K Reactor graphite key and VSR channel sleeve test

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kempf, F.J.

1964-12-10

The objectives of this test were: (1) Determine the coefficient of friction between two adjacent layers of K Reactor graphite at room temperature. (2) Determine the average load required to cause failure of an unirradiated K Reactor side reflector bar, when subjected to tensile loading applied through the reflector keys. (3) Determine the average load at failure and the average deflection at failure of a single VSR channel key when loaded in keyways with clearances equal to those used in original stack construction. (4) Determine the average load and deflection required to break the four K Reactor VSR keys whenmore » loaded simultaneously in both `3-layer` and `7-layer` mockups. Also determine the mode of key failure; i.e., shear, flexure or combined compression and bending. Following these key rupture tests, determine the strength and deflection characteristics of the proposed K Reactor VSR channel sleeve when loaded in a manner identical to that used to fracture the keys. (5) Determine the average load and deflection at failure of both the proposed K Reactor VSR channel sleeves and the proposed C Reactor sleeves when subjected to crushing loads. (6) Determine the extent of damage to the proposed K Reactor VSR channel sleeve when subjected to the following vertical rod loading conditions. (a) Full rod drop in a channel mockup which has been misaligned 2 1/2 inches. (b) Full rod drop in a channel which has been misaligned an amount equal to the maximum flexibility of a `universal` VSR.« less

14 CFR 27.321 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Strength Requirements Flight Loads § 27.321 General. (a) The flight load factor must be assumed to act normal to the longitudinal axis of the rotorcraft, and to be equal... from the design minimum weight to the design maximum weight; and (2) With any practical distribution of...

14 CFR 25.507 - Reversed braking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... must be in a three point static ground attitude. Horizontal reactions parallel to the ground and... must be equal to 0.55 times the vertical load at each wheel or to the load developed by 1.2 times the... ground reactions must pass through the center of gravity of the airplane. ...

14 CFR 25.507 - Reversed braking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... must be in a three point static ground attitude. Horizontal reactions parallel to the ground and... must be equal to 0.55 times the vertical load at each wheel or to the load developed by 1.2 times the... ground reactions must pass through the center of gravity of the airplane. ...

14 CFR 25.507 - Reversed braking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... must be in a three point static ground attitude. Horizontal reactions parallel to the ground and... must be equal to 0.55 times the vertical load at each wheel or to the load developed by 1.2 times the... ground reactions must pass through the center of gravity of the airplane. ...

14 CFR 25.507 - Reversed braking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... must be in a three point static ground attitude. Horizontal reactions parallel to the ground and... must be equal to 0.55 times the vertical load at each wheel or to the load developed by 1.2 times the... ground reactions must pass through the center of gravity of the airplane. ...

14 CFR 25.507 - Reversed braking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... must be in a three point static ground attitude. Horizontal reactions parallel to the ground and... must be equal to 0.55 times the vertical load at each wheel or to the load developed by 1.2 times the... ground reactions must pass through the center of gravity of the airplane. ...

60. Photographic copy of historic photo, April 25, 1907 (original ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

60. Photographic copy of historic photo, April 25, 1907 (original print filed in Record Group 115, National Archives, Washington, D.C.). UPPER DEER FLAT EMBANKMENT. STEAM SHOVEL NO. 1 LOADING CARS IN EASTERLY BORROW PIT. CARS IN THIS TRAIN OF 12 NEARLY ALL LOADED. EAIGHT MINUTES REQUIRED TO LOAD 12 CARS EQUAL TO 42 CU YDS. PLACE MEASUREMENT. - Boise Project, Deer Flat Embankments, Lake Lowell, Nampa, Canyon County, ID

Insecticide Transfer Efficiency and Lethal Load in Argentine Ants

DOE PAGES

Hooper-Bui, L. M.; Kwok, E S.C.; Buchholz, B. A.; ...

2015-07-03

Trophallaxis between individual worker ants and the toxicant load in dead and live Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in colonies exposed to fipronil and hydramethylnon experimental baits were examined using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). About 50% of the content of the crop containing trace levels of 14C-sucrose, 14C-hydramethylnon, and 14C-fipronil was shared between single donor and recipient ants. Dead workers and queens contained significantly more hydramethylnon (122.7 and 22.4 amol/μg ant, respectively) than did live workers and queens (96.3 and 10.4 amol/μg ant, respectively). Dead workers had significantly more fipronil (420.3 amol/μg ant) than did live workers (208.5 amol/μg ant), butmore » dead and live queens had equal fipronil levels (59.5 and 54.3 amol/μg ant, respectively). Moreover, the distribution of fipronil differed within the bodies of dead and live queens; the highest amounts of fipronil were recovered in the thorax of dead queens whereas live queens had the highest levels in the head. Resurgence of polygynous ant colonies treated with hydramethylnon baits may be explained by queen survival resulting from sublethal doses due to a slowing of trophallaxis throughout the colony. The bait strategies and dose levels for controlling insect pests need to be based on the specific toxicant properties and trophic strategies for targeting the entire colony.« less

Insecticide Transfer Efficiency and Lethal Load in Argentine Ants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hooper-Bui, L. M.; Kwok, E S.C.; Buchholz, B. A.

Trophallaxis between individual worker ants and the toxicant load in dead and live Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in colonies exposed to fipronil and hydramethylnon experimental baits were examined using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). About 50% of the content of the crop containing trace levels of 14C-sucrose, 14C-hydramethylnon, and 14C-fipronil was shared between single donor and recipient ants. Dead workers and queens contained significantly more hydramethylnon (122.7 and 22.4 amol/μg ant, respectively) than did live workers and queens (96.3 and 10.4 amol/μg ant, respectively). Dead workers had significantly more fipronil (420.3 amol/μg ant) than did live workers (208.5 amol/μg ant), butmore » dead and live queens had equal fipronil levels (59.5 and 54.3 amol/μg ant, respectively). Moreover, the distribution of fipronil differed within the bodies of dead and live queens; the highest amounts of fipronil were recovered in the thorax of dead queens whereas live queens had the highest levels in the head. Resurgence of polygynous ant colonies treated with hydramethylnon baits may be explained by queen survival resulting from sublethal doses due to a slowing of trophallaxis throughout the colony. The bait strategies and dose levels for controlling insect pests need to be based on the specific toxicant properties and trophic strategies for targeting the entire colony.« less

Load and dynamic assessment of B-52B-008 carrier aircraft for finned configuration 1 space shuttle solid rocket booster deceleration subsystem drop test vehicle. Volume 4: Pylon load data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Quade, D. A.

1978-01-01

The pylon loading at the drop test vehicle and wing interface attack points is presented. The loads shown are determined using a stiffness method, which assumes the side stiffness of the forward hook guide and the fore and aft stiffness of each drag pin to be equal. The net effect of this assumption is that the forward hook guide reacts approximately 96% of the drop test vehicle yawing moment. For a comparison of these loads to previous X-15 analysis design loadings, see Volume 1 of this document.

Which Foods May Be Addictive? The Roles of Processing, Fat Content, and Glycemic Load

PubMed Central

Schulte, Erica M.; Avena, Nicole M.; Gearhardt, Ashley N.

2015-01-01

Objectives We propose that highly processed foods share pharmacokinetic properties (e.g. concentrated dose, rapid rate of absorption) with drugs of abuse, due to the addition of fat and/or refined carbohydrates and the rapid rate the refined carbohydrates are absorbed into the system, indicated by glycemic load (GL). The current study provides preliminary evidence for the foods and food attributes implicated in addictive-like eating. Design Cross-sectional. Setting University (Study One) and community (Study Two). Participants 120 undergraduates participated in Study One and 384 participants recruited through Amazon MTurk participated in Study Two. Measurements In Study One, participants (n = 120) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) followed by a forced-choice task to indicate which foods, out of 35 foods varying in nutritional composition, were most associated with addictive-like eating behaviors. Using the same 35 foods, Study Two utilized hierarchical linear modeling to investigate which food attributes (e.g., fat grams) were related to addictive-like eating behavior (at level one) and explored the influence of individual differences for this association (at level two). Results In Study One, processed foods, higher in fat and GL, were most frequently associated with addictive-like eating behaviors. In Study Two, processing was a large, positive predictor for whether a food was associated with problematic, addictive-like eating behaviors. BMI and YFAS symptom count were small-to-moderate, positive predictors for this association. In a separate model, fat and GL were large, positive predictors of problematic food ratings. YFAS symptom count was a small, positive predictor of the relationship between GL and food ratings. Conclusion The current study provides preliminary evidence that not all foods are equally implicated in addictive-like eating behavior, and highly processed foods, which may share characteristics with drugs of abuse (e.g. high dose, rapid rate of absorption) appear to be particularly associated with “food addiction.” PMID:25692302

Which foods may be addictive? The roles of processing, fat content, and glycemic load.

PubMed

Schulte, Erica M; Avena, Nicole M; Gearhardt, Ashley N

2015-01-01

We propose that highly processed foods share pharmacokinetic properties (e.g. concentrated dose, rapid rate of absorption) with drugs of abuse, due to the addition of fat and/or refined carbohydrates and the rapid rate the refined carbohydrates are absorbed into the system, indicated by glycemic load (GL). The current study provides preliminary evidence for the foods and food attributes implicated in addictive-like eating. Cross-sectional. University (Study One) and community (Study Two). 120 undergraduates participated in Study One and 384 participants recruited through Amazon MTurk participated in Study Two. In Study One, participants (n = 120) completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) followed by a forced-choice task to indicate which foods, out of 35 foods varying in nutritional composition, were most associated with addictive-like eating behaviors. Using the same 35 foods, Study Two utilized hierarchical linear modeling to investigate which food attributes (e.g., fat grams) were related to addictive-like eating behavior (at level one) and explored the influence of individual differences for this association (at level two). In Study One, processed foods, higher in fat and GL, were most frequently associated with addictive-like eating behaviors. In Study Two, processing was a large, positive predictor for whether a food was associated with problematic, addictive-like eating behaviors. BMI and YFAS symptom count were small-to-moderate, positive predictors for this association. In a separate model, fat and GL were large, positive predictors of problematic food ratings. YFAS symptom count was a small, positive predictor of the relationship between GL and food ratings. The current study provides preliminary evidence that not all foods are equally implicated in addictive-like eating behavior, and highly processed foods, which may share characteristics with drugs of abuse (e.g. high dose, rapid rate of absorption) appear to be particularly associated with "food addiction."

26 CFR 1.1032-1 - Disposition by a corporation of its own capital stock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... involved. For example, the receipt by a corporation of the subscription price of shares of its stock upon... corporation of its own capital stock. (a) The disposition by a corporation of shares of its own stock... or issue price be equal to, in excess of, or less than, the par or stated value of such stock. Also...

75 FR 8774 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Amex LLC; Notice of Filing of Proposed Rule Change Amending...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-25

... limits were introduced as a means of forestalling the potential manipulation of an equity's price by... significantly reduced concerns of market manipulation or disruption in the underlying markets. Shares in these... values on a per-share basis, the option strike prices result in being equal to \\1/ 100\\th of the...

Smart Inverter Control and Operation for Distributed Energy Resources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tazay, Ahmad F.

The motivation of this research is to carry out the control and operation of smart inverters and voltage source converters (VSC) for distributed energy resources (DERs) such as photovoltaic (PV), battery, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The main contribution of the research includes solving a couple of issues for smart grids by controlling and implementing multifunctions of VSC and smart inverter as well as improving the operational scheme of the microgrid. The work is mainly focused on controlling and operating of smart inverter since it promises a new technology for the future microgrid. Two major applications of the smart inverter will be investigated in this work based on the connection modes: microgrid at grid-tied mode and autonomous mode. In grid-tied connection, the smart inverter and VSC are used to integrate DER such as Photovoltaic (PV) and battery to provide suitable power to the system by controlling the supplied real and reactive power. The role of a smart inverter at autonomous mode includes supplying a sufficient voltage and frequency, mitigate abnormal condition of the load as well as equally sharing the total load's power. However, the operational control of the microgrid still has a major issue on the operation of the microgrid. The dissertation is divided into two main sections which are: 1. Low-level control of a single smart Inverter. 2. High-level control of the microgrid. The first part investigates a comprehensive research for a smart inverter and VSC technology at the two major connections of the microgrid. This involves controlling and modeling single smart inverter and VSC to solve specific issues of microgrid as well as improve the operation of the system. The research provides developed features for smart inverter comparing with a conventional voltage sourced converter (VSC). The two main connections for a microgrid have been deeply investigated to analyze a better way to develop and improve the operational procedure of the microgrid as well as solve specific issues of connecting the microgrid to the system. A detailed procedure for controlling VSC and designing an optimal operation of the controller is also covered in the first part of the dissertation. This section provides an optimal operation for controlling motor drive and demonstrates issues when motor load exists at an autonomous microgrid. It also provides a solution for specific issues at operating a microgrid at autonomous mode as well as improving the structural design for the grid-tied microgrid. The solution for autonomous microgrid includes changing the operational state of the switching pattern of the smart inverter to solve the issue of a common mode voltage (CMV) that appears across the motor load. It also solves the issue of power supplying to large loads, such as induction motors. The last section of the low-level section involves an improvement of the performance and operation of the PV charging station for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) at grid-tied mode. This section provides a novel structure and smart controller for PV charging station using three-phase hybrid boost converter topology. It also provides a form of applications of a multifunction smart inverter using PV charging station. The second part of the research is focusing on improving the performance of the microgrid by integrating several smart inverters to form a microgrid. It investigates the issue of connecting DER units with the microgrid at real applications. One of the common issues of the microgrid is the circulating current which is caused by poor reactive power sharing accuracy. When more than two DER units are connected in parallel, a microgrid is forming be generating required power for the load. When the microgrid is operated at autonomous mode, all DER units participate in generating voltage and frequency as well as share the load's power. This section provides a smart and novel controlling technique to solve the issue of unequal power sharing. The feature of the smart inverter is realized by the communication link between smart inverters and the main operator. The analysis and derivation of the problem are presented in this section. The dissertation has led to two accepted conference papers, one accepted transaction IEEE manuscript, and one submitted IET transaction manuscript. The future work aims to improve the current work by investigating the performance of the smart inverter at real applications.

The Path of New Information Technology Affecting Educational Equality in the New Digital Divide--Based on Information System Success Model

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zheng, Qian; Liang, Chang-Yong

2017-01-01

New information technology (new IT) plays an increasingly important role in the field of education, which greatly enriches the teaching means and promotes the sharing of education resources. However, because of the New Digital Divide existing, the impact of new IT on educational equality has yet to be discussed. Based on Information System Success…

Equation Structure and the Meaning of the Equal Sign: The Impact of Task Selection in Eliciting Elementary Students' Understandings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, Ana C.; Knuth, Eric J.; Blanton, Maria L.; Isler, Isil; Gardiner, Angela Murphy; Marum, Tim

2013-01-01

This paper reports results from a written assessment given to 290 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students prior to any instructional intervention. We share and discuss students' responses to items addressing their understanding of equation structure and the meaning of the equal sign. We found that many students held an operational conception of…

Steganography on multiple MP3 files using spread spectrum and Shamir's secret sharing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoeseph, N. M.; Purnomo, F. A.; Riasti, B. K.; Safiie, M. A.; Hidayat, T. N.

2016-11-01

The purpose of steganography is how to hide data into another media. In order to increase security of data, steganography technique is often combined with cryptography. The weakness of this combination technique is the data was centralized. Therefore, a steganography technique is develop by using combination of spread spectrum and secret sharing technique. In steganography with secret sharing, shares of data is created and hidden in several medium. Medium used to concealed shares were MP3 files. Hiding technique used was Spread Spectrum. Secret sharing scheme used was Shamir's Secret Sharing. The result showed that steganography with spread spectrum combined with Shamir's Secret Share using MP3 files as medium produce a technique that could hid data into several cover. To extract and reconstruct the data hidden in stego object, it is needed the amount of stego object which more or equal to its threshold. Furthermore, stego objects were imperceptible and robust.

Using sediment 'fingerprints' to assess sediment-budget errors, north Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, 1991-92

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hill, B.R.; DeCarlo, E.H.; Fuller, C.C.; Wong, M.F.

1998-01-01

Reliable estimates of sediment-budget errors are important for interpreting sediment-budget results. Sediment-budget errors are commonly considered equal to sediment-budget imbalances, which may underestimate actual sediment-budget errors if they include compensating positive and negative errors. We modified the sediment 'fingerprinting' approach to qualitatively evaluate compensating errors in an annual (1991) fine (<63 ??m) sediment budget for the North Halawa Valley, a mountainous, forested drainage basin on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, during construction of a major highway. We measured concentrations of aeolian quartz and 137Cs in sediment sources and fluvial sediments, and combined concentrations of these aerosols with the sediment budget to construct aerosol budgets. Aerosol concentrations were independent of the sediment budget, hence aerosol budgets were less likely than sediment budgets to include compensating errors. Differences between sediment-budget and aerosol-budget imbalances therefore provide a measure of compensating errors in the sediment budget. The sediment-budget imbalance equalled 25% of the fluvial fine-sediment load. Aerosol-budget imbalances were equal to 19% of the fluvial 137Cs load and 34% of the fluval quartz load. The reasonably close agreement between sediment- and aerosol-budget imbalances indicates that compensating errors in the sediment budget were not large and that the sediment-budget imbalance as a reliable measure of sediment-budget error. We attribute at least one-third of the 1991 fluvial fine-sediment load to highway construction. Continued monitoring indicated that highway construction produced 90% of the fluvial fine-sediment load during 1992. Erosion of channel margins and attrition of coarse particles provided most of the fine sediment produced by natural processes. Hillslope processes contributed relatively minor amounts of sediment.

14 CFR 25.511 - Ground load: unsymmetrical loads on multiple-wheel units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... effects of any seesaw motion of the truck during the landing impact must be considered in determining the... differential equal to 2/3 of the most unfavorable combination of diameter variations that is obtained when taking into account manufacturing tolerances, tire growth, and tire wear, may be assumed. (3) Any unequal...

14 CFR 23.573 - Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, the limit load capacity must be substantiated by one of the... equal to 1.1 times the normal operating differential pressure without any other load. [Doc. No. 26269... would result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, in each wing (including canards, tandem wings, and...

14 CFR 23.573 - Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, the limit load capacity must be substantiated by one of the... equal to 1.1 times the normal operating differential pressure without any other load. [Doc. No. 26269... would result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, in each wing (including canards, tandem wings, and...

14 CFR 23.573 - Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, the limit load capacity must be substantiated by one of the... equal to 1.1 times the normal operating differential pressure without any other load. [Doc. No. 26269... would result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, in each wing (including canards, tandem wings, and...

14 CFR 23.573 - Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, the limit load capacity must be substantiated by one of the... equal to 1.1 times the normal operating differential pressure without any other load. [Doc. No. 26269... would result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, in each wing (including canards, tandem wings, and...

14 CFR 23.573 - Damage tolerance and fatigue evaluation of structure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, the limit load capacity must be substantiated by one of the... equal to 1.1 times the normal operating differential pressure without any other load. [Doc. No. 26269... would result in catastrophic loss of the airplane, in each wing (including canards, tandem wings, and...

Dynamics of column stability with partial end restraints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gregory, Peyton B.

1990-01-01

The dynamic behavior of columns with partial end restraints and loads consisting of a dead load and a pulsating load are investigated. The differential equation is solved using a lumped impulse recurrence formula relative to time coupled with a finite difference discretization along the member length. A computer program is written from which the first critical frequencies are found as a function of end stiffness. The case of a pinned ended column compares very well with the exact solution. Also, the natural frequency and buckling load formulas are derived for equal and unequal end restraints.

Influence of inclination angles on intra- and inter-limb load-sharing during uphill walking.

PubMed

Hong, Shih-Wun; Leu, Tsai-Hsueh; Li, Jia-Da; Wang, Ting-Ming; Ho, Wei-Ping; Lu, Tung-Wu

2014-01-01

Uphill walking is an inevitable part of daily living, placing more challenges on the locomotor system with greater risk of falls than level walking does. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of inclination angles on the inter-joint and inter-limb load-sharing during uphill walking in terms of total support moment and contributions of individual joint moments to the total support moment. Fifteen young adults walked up walkways with 0°, 5°, 10° and 15° of slope while kinematic and kinetic data were collected and analyzed. With increasing inclination angles, the first peak of the total support moment was increased with unaltered individual joint contributions, suggesting an unaltered inter-joint control pattern in the leading limb to meet the increased demands. The second peak of the total support moment remained unchanged with increasing inclination angles primarily through a compensatory redistribution of the hip and knee moments. During DLS, the leading limb shared the majority of the whole body support moments. The current results reveal basic intra- and inter-limb load-sharing patterns of uphill walking, which will be helpful for a better understanding of the control strategies adopted and for subsequent clinical applications. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Overload and Underload Effects on the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of the 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dawicke, David S.

1997-01-01

Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on 0.09 inch thick, 3.0 inch wide middle-crack tension specimens cut from sheets of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy. The tests were conducted using a load sequence that consisted of a single block of 2,500 cycles of constant amplitude loading followed by an overload/underload combination. The largest fatigue crack growth life occurred for the tests with the overload stress equal to 2 times the constant amplitude stress and the underload stress equal to the constant amplitude minimum stress. For the tests with compressive underloads, the fatigue crack growth life decreased with increasing compressive underload stress.

Inattentional Deafness: Visual Load Leads to Time-Specific Suppression of Auditory Evoked Responses

PubMed Central

Molloy, Katharine; Griffiths, Timothy D.; Lavie, Nilli

2015-01-01

Due to capacity limits on perception, conditions of high perceptual load lead to reduced processing of unattended stimuli (Lavie et al., 2014). Accumulating work demonstrates the effects of visual perceptual load on visual cortex responses, but the effects on auditory processing remain poorly understood. Here we establish the neural mechanisms underlying “inattentional deafness”—the failure to perceive auditory stimuli under high visual perceptual load. Participants performed a visual search task of low (target dissimilar to nontarget items) or high (target similar to nontarget items) load. On a random subset (50%) of trials, irrelevant tones were presented concurrently with the visual stimuli. Brain activity was recorded with magnetoencephalography, and time-locked responses to the visual search array and to the incidental presence of unattended tones were assessed. High, compared to low, perceptual load led to increased early visual evoked responses (within 100 ms from onset). This was accompanied by reduced early (∼100 ms from tone onset) auditory evoked activity in superior temporal sulcus and posterior middle temporal gyrus. A later suppression of the P3 “awareness” response to the tones was also observed under high load. A behavioral experiment revealed reduced tone detection sensitivity under high visual load, indicating that the reduction in neural responses was indeed associated with reduced awareness of the sounds. These findings support a neural account of shared audiovisual resources, which, when depleted under load, leads to failures of sensory perception and awareness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The present work clarifies the neural underpinning of inattentional deafness under high visual load. The findings of near-simultaneous load effects on both visual and auditory evoked responses suggest shared audiovisual processing capacity. Temporary depletion of shared capacity in perceptually demanding visual tasks leads to a momentary reduction in sensory processing of auditory stimuli, resulting in inattentional deafness. The dynamic “push–pull” pattern of load effects on visual and auditory processing furthers our understanding of both the neural mechanisms of attention and of cross-modal effects across visual and auditory processing. These results also offer an explanation for many previous failures to find cross-modal effects in experiments where the visual load effects may not have coincided directly with auditory sensory processing. PMID:26658858

Population increase, economic growth, educational inequality, and income distribution: some recent evidence.

PubMed

Ram, R

1984-04-01

The relationship between population increase, economic growth, education and income inequality was examined in a cross-section study based on data from 26 developing and 2 developed countries. As other studies have noted, high population growth is associated with a less equal income distribution. A 1 percentage point reduction in the rate of population growth tends to raise the income share of the poorest 80% in the less developed world by almost 5 percentage points and is associated with a 1.7 percentage point increase in the income share of the poorest 40%. The relationship between short-run income growth and equality, on the other hand, is strong and positive. Estimates suggest that a 1 percentage point increase in the short-run rate of growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) increases the income share of the bottom 80% by about 2 percentage points and that of the poorest 40% by almost 1 percentage point. Although higher mean schooling appears to be a mild equalizer, educational inequality does not appear to have an adverse effect on income distribution. Overall, these results challenge the widely held belief that there must be a growth-equity trade-off. Moreover, they suggest that the impact of educational inequality on income distribution may be different from that observed in earlier studies, implying a need for caution in using these earlier results as a basis for educational policy development.

Entanglement Distillation from Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Shares

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vrana, Péter; Christandl, Matthias

2017-06-01

We study the problem of converting a product of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states shared by subsets of several parties in an arbitrary way into GHZ states shared by every party. Such a state can be described by a hypergraph on the parties as vertices and with each hyperedge corresponding to a GHZ state shared among the parties incident with it. Our result is that if SLOCC transformations are allowed, then the best asymptotic rate is the minimum of bipartite log-ranks of the initial state, which in turn equals the minimum cut of the hypergraph. This generalizes a result by Strassen on the asymptotic subrank of the matrix multiplication tensor.

Evaluation of the RealTime HIV-1, Xpert HIV-1, and Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx Assays in Comparison to the NucliSens EasyQ HIV-1 v2.0 Assay for Quantification of HIV-1 Viral Load.

PubMed

Mor, Orna; Gozlan, Yael; Wax, Marina; Mileguir, Fernando; Rakovsky, Avia; Noy, Bina; Mendelson, Ella; Levy, Itzchak

2015-11-01

HIV-1 RNA monitoring, both before and during antiretroviral therapy, is an integral part of HIV management worldwide. Measurements of HIV-1 viral loads are expected to assess the copy numbers of all common HIV-1 subtypes accurately and to be equally sensitive at different viral loads. In this study, we compared for the first time the performance of the NucliSens v2.0, RealTime HIV-1, Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx, and Xpert HIV-1 viral load assays. Plasma samples (n = 404) were selected on the basis of their NucliSens v2.0 viral load results and HIV-1 subtypes. Concordance, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots were assessed, and mixed-model analysis was utilized to compare the analytical performance of the assays for different HIV-1 subtypes and for low and high HIV-1 copy numbers. Overall, high concordance (>83.89%), high correlation values (Pearson r values of >0.89), and good agreement were observed among all assays, although the Xpert and Aptima assays, which provided the most similar outputs (estimated mean viral loads of 2.67 log copies/ml [95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50 to 2.84 log copies/ml] and 2.68 log copies/ml [95% CI, 2.49 to 2.86 log copies/ml], respectively), correlated best with the RealTime assay (89.8% concordance, with Pearson r values of 0.97 to 0.98). These three assays exhibited greater precision than the NucliSens v2.0 assay. All assays were equally sensitive for subtype B and AG/G samples and for samples with viral loads of 1.60 to 3.00 log copies/ml. The NucliSens v2.0 assay underestimated A1 samples and those with viral loads of >3.00 log copies/ml. The RealTime assay tended to underquantify subtype C (compared to the Xpert and Aptima assays) and subtype A1 samples. The Xpert and Aptima assays were equally efficient for detection of all subtypes and viral loads, which renders these new assays most suitable for clinical HIV laboratories. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Developing new scenarios for water allocation negotiations: a case study of the Euphrates River Basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jarkeh, Mohammad Reza; Mianabadi, Ameneh; Mianabadi, Hojjat

2016-10-01

Mismanagement and uneven distribution of water may lead to or increase conflict among countries. Allocation of water among trans-boundary river neighbours is a key issue in utilization of shared water resources. The bankruptcy theory is a cooperative Game Theory method which is used when the amount of demand of riparian states is larger than total available water. In this study, we survey the application of seven methods of Classical Bankruptcy Rules (CBRs) including Proportional (CBR-PRO), Adjusted Proportional (CBR-AP), Constrained Equal Awards (CBR-CEA), Constrained Equal Losses (CBR-CEL), Piniles (CBR-Piniles), Minimal Overlap (CBR-MO), Talmud (CBR-Talmud) and four Sequential Sharing Rules (SSRs) including Proportional (SSR-PRO), Constrained Equal Awards (SSR-CEA), Constrained Equal Losses (SSR-CEL) and Talmud (SSR-Talmud) methods in allocation of the Euphrates River among three riparian countries: Turkey, Syria and Iraq. However, there is not a certain documented method to find more equitable allocation rule. Therefore, in this paper, a new method is established for choosing the most appropriate allocating rule which seems to be more equitable than other allocation rules to satisfy the stakeholders. The results reveal that, based on the new propose model, the CBR-AP seems to be more equitable to allocate the Euphrates River water among Turkey, Syria and Iraq.

Acute Lethality of Inhaled Hydrogen Cyanide in the Laboratory Rat: Impact of Concentration x Time Profile and Evaluation of the Predictivity of Toxic Load Models

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-03

public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions...AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Toxic load models are mathematical...equal). The Department of Defense (DOD) (2005) publication “Potential Military Chemical/Biological Agents and Compounds” currently uses the toxic load

Nonlinear Analysis of the Space Shuttle Superlightweight LO2 Tank. Part 2; Behavior Under 3g End-of-Flight Loads

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nemeth, Michael P.; Young, Richard D.; Collins, Timothy J.; Starnes, James H.,Jr.

1998-01-01

Results of linear bifurcation and nonlinear analyses of the Space Shuttle super lightweight (SLWT) external liquid-oxygen (LO2) tank are presented for an important end-of-flight loading condition. These results illustrate an important type of response mode for thin-walled shells, that are subjected to combined mechanical and thermal loads, that may be encountered in the design of other liquid-fuel launch vehicles. Linear bifurcation analyses are presented that predict several nearly equal eigenvalues that correspond to local buckling modes in the aft dome of the LO2 tank. In contrast, the nonlinear response phenomenon is shown to consist of a short-wavelength bending deformation in the aft elliptical dome of the LO2 tank that grows in amplitude in a stable manner with increasing load. Imperfection sensitivity analyses are presented that show that the presence of several nearly equal eigenvalues does not lead to a premature general instability mode for the aft dome. For the linear bifurcation and nonlinear analyses, the results show that accurate predictions of the response of the shell generally require a large-scale, high fidelity finite-element model. Results are also presented that show that the SLWT LO2 tank can support loads in excess of approximately 1.9 times the values of the operational loads considered.

Equity, Equal Shares or Equal Final Outcomes? Group Goal Guides Allocations of Public Goods.

PubMed

Kazemi, Ali; Eek, Daniel; Gärling, Tommy

2017-01-01

In an experiment we investigate preferences for allocation of a public good among group members who contributed unequally in providing the public good. Inducing the group goal of productivity resulted in preferences for equitable allocations, whereas inducing the group goals of harmony and social concern resulted in preferences for equal final outcomes. The study makes a contribution by simultaneously treating provision and allocation of a public good, thus viewing these as related processes. Another contribution is that a new paradigm is introduced that bears closer resemblance to real life public good dilemmas than previous research paradigms do.

A novel load balanced energy conservation approach in WSN using biogeography based optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaushik, Ajay; Indu, S.; Gupta, Daya

2017-09-01

Clustering sensor nodes is an effective technique to reduce energy consumption of the sensor nodes and maximize the lifetime of Wireless sensor networks. Balancing load of the cluster head is an important factor in long run operation of WSNs. In this paper we propose a novel load balancing approach using biogeography based optimization (LB-BBO). LB-BBO uses two separate fitness functions to perform load balancing of equal and unequal load respectively. The proposed method is simulated using matlab and compared with existing methods. The proposed method shows better performance than all the previous works implemented for energy conservation in WSN

Analysis of DMFC/battery hybrid power system for portable applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Bong-Do; Jung, Doo-Hwan; Ko, Young-Ho

This study was carried out to develop a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)/battery hybrid power system used in portable applications. For a portable power system, the DMFC was applied for the main power source at average load and the battery was applied for auxiliary power at overload. Load share characteristics of hybrid power source were analyzed by computational simulation. The connection apparatus between the DMFC and the battery was set and investigated in the real system. Voltages and currents of the load, the battery and the DMFC were measured according to fuel, air and load changes. The relationship between load share characteristic and battery capacity was surveyed. The relationship was also studied in abnormal operation. A DMFC stack was manufactured for this experiment. For the study of the connection characteristics to the fuel cell Pb-acid, Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries were tested. The results of this study can be applied to design the interface module of the fuel cell/battery hybrid system and to determine the design requirement in the fuel cell stack for portable applications.

Fourier transform infrared characterization of the acidic phosphoric extractant system containing lanthanide

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shen, Y.-H.; Yao, S.-K.; Wang, D.-J.; Zhou, Weijin; Li, Ying Xue; Peng, Q.; Wu, JinGuang; Xu, Guang-Xian

1994-01-01

The aggregation states and FTIR spectra of the extractive organic phases of saponified HDEHP [di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid] (1). DMHPA [di(1-methylheptyl) phosphoric acid] (2) and (HDEHP + DMHPA) (3) containing lanthanides were studied, respectively. Transparent solution formed in system (1) while transparent gel formed in system (2) when the loading of lanthanides was more than 50%. The aggregation state of system (3) depends on the molar ratio of HDEHP:DMHPA and the loading percentage of lanthanide. From their FTIR spectra, it can be seen that the P equals O band of gel split into 1164, 1199, and 1232 cm-1, and the P-O-C band split into 1015, 1076, and 1083 cm-1 as well. The results suggested that the aggregation state of lanthanide complex changes considerably in the three systems, and multiple coordination states of p equals o with lanthanide result in the band split. Multiple interactions between P equals O, P-O-C and lanthanide ions form 3-D network in the gel.

46 CFR 38.15-1 - Filling of tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... which tank may be loaded. V=volume of tank. d r=density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=density of cargo at the loading temperature and pressure. (b) Nonrefrigerated tanks shall be filled so that their filling densities shall not exceed the...

46 CFR 38.15-1 - Filling of tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... which tank may be loaded. V=volume of tank. d r=density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=density of cargo at the loading temperature and pressure. (b) Nonrefrigerated tanks shall be filled so that their filling densities shall not exceed the...

46 CFR 38.15-1 - Filling of tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... which tank may be loaded. V=volume of tank. d r=density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=density of cargo at the loading temperature and pressure. (b) Nonrefrigerated tanks shall be filled so that their filling densities shall not exceed the...

46 CFR 38.15-1 - Filling of tanks-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... which tank may be loaded. V=volume of tank. d r=density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=density of cargo at the loading temperature and pressure. (b) Nonrefrigerated tanks shall be filled so that their filling densities shall not exceed the...

An Unsolved Electric Circuit: A Common Misconception

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harsha, N. R. Sree; Sreedevi, A.; Prakash, Anupama

2015-01-01

Despite a number of theories in circuit analysis, little is known about the behaviour of ideal equal voltage sources in parallel, connected across a resistive load. We neither have any theory that can predict the voltage source that provides the load current, nor is there any method to test it experimentally. In a series of experiments performed…

X-ray beam equalization for digital fluoroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Molloi, Sabee Y.; Tang, Jerry; Marcin, Martin R.; Zhou, Yifang; Anvar, Behzad

1996-04-01

The concept of radiographic equalization has previously been investigated. However, a suitable technique for digital fluoroscopic applications has not been developed. The previously reported scanning equalization techniques cannot be applied to fluoroscopic applications due to their exposure time limitations. On the other hand, area beam equalization techniques are more suited for digital fluoroscopic applications. The purpose of this study is to develop an x- ray beam equalization technique for digital fluoroscopic applications that will produce an equalized radiograph with minimal image artifacts and tube loading. Preliminary unequalized images of a humanoid chest phantom were acquired using a digital fluoroscopic system. Using this preliminary image as a guide, an 8 by 8 array of square pistons were used to generate masks in a mold with CeO2. The CeO2 attenuator thicknesses were calculated using the gray level information from the unequalized image. The generated mask was positioned close to the focal spot (magnification of 8.0) in order to minimize edge artifacts from the mask. The masks were generated manually in order to investigate the piston and matrix size requirements. The development of an automated version of mask generation and positioning is in progress. The results of manual mask generation and positioning show that it is possible to generate equalized radiographs with minimal perceptible artifacts. The equalization of x-ray transmission across the field exiting from the object significantly improved the image quality by preserving local contrast throughout the image. Furthermore, the reduction in dynamic range significantly reduced the effect of x-ray scatter and veiling glare from high transmission to low transmission areas. Also, the x-ray tube loading due to the mask assembly itself was negligible. In conclusion it is possible to produce area beam compensation that will be compatible with digital fluoroscopy with minimal compensation artifacts. The compensation process produces an image with equalized signal to noise ratio in all parts of the image.

Design Methods for Load-bearing Elements from Crosslaminated Timber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vilguts, A.; Serdjuks, D.; Goremikins, V.

2015-11-01

Cross-laminated timber is an environmentally friendly material, which possesses a decreased level of anisotropy in comparison with the solid and glued timber. Cross-laminated timber could be used for load-bearing walls and slabs of multi-storey timber buildings as well as decking structures of pedestrian and road bridges. Design methods of cross-laminated timber elements subjected to bending and compression with bending were considered. The presented methods were experimentally validated and verified by FEM. Two cross-laminated timber slabs were tested at the action of static load. Pine wood was chosen as a board's material. Freely supported beam with the span equal to 1.9 m, which was loaded by the uniformly distributed load, was a design scheme of the considered plates. The width of the plates was equal to 1 m. The considered cross-laminated timber plates were analysed by FEM method. The comparison of stresses acting in the edge fibres of the plate and the maximum vertical displacements shows that both considered methods can be used for engineering calculations. The difference between the results obtained experimentally and analytically is within the limits from 2 to 31%. The difference in results obtained by effective strength and stiffness and transformed sections methods was not significant.

Can Exosomes Induced by Breast Involution Be Markers for the Poor Prognosis and Prevention of Postpartum Breast Cancer?

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-01

in rodents versus humans and whether the same isolation technique will yield exosomes that are equally useful in subsequent functional assays...exosome isolation by PEG based precipitation method, equal amounts of plasma and PEG 6000 were incubated overnight at 4°C on a rotating shaker followed by...Blotting: Equal amounts of proteins from Exosome samples (20 μg) were loaded onto 10% Tris gels in. Gels were run at an initial voltage of 60V thought eh

Domain-general involvement of the posterior frontolateral cortex in time-based resource-sharing in working memory: An fMRI study.

PubMed

Vergauwe, Evie; Hartstra, Egbert; Barrouillet, Pierre; Brass, Marcel

2015-07-15

Working memory is often defined in cognitive psychology as a system devoted to the simultaneous processing and maintenance of information. In line with the time-based resource-sharing model of working memory (TBRS; Barrouillet and Camos, 2015; Barrouillet et al., 2004), there is accumulating evidence that, when memory items have to be maintained while performing a concurrent activity, memory performance depends on the cognitive load of this activity, independently of the domain involved. The present study used fMRI to identify regions in the brain that are sensitive to variations in cognitive load in a domain-general way. More precisely, we aimed at identifying brain areas that activate during maintenance of memory items as a direct function of the cognitive load induced by both verbal and spatial concurrent tasks. Results show that the right IFJ and bilateral SPL/IPS are the only areas showing an increased involvement as cognitive load increases and do so in a domain general manner. When correlating the fMRI signal with the approximated cognitive load as defined by the TBRS model, it was shown that the main focus of the cognitive load-related activation is located in the right IFJ. The present findings indicate that the IFJ makes domain-general contributions to time-based resource-sharing in working memory and allowed us to generate the novel hypothesis by which the IFJ might be the neural basis for the process of rapid switching. We argue that the IFJ might be a crucial part of a central attentional bottleneck in the brain because of its inability to upload more than one task rule at once. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Storybooks aren't just for fun: narrative and non-narrative picture books foster equal amounts of generic language during mother-toddler book sharing

PubMed Central

Nyhout, Angela; O'Neill, Daniela K.

2014-01-01

Parents and children encounter a variety of animals and objects in the early picture books they share, but little is known about how the context in which these entities are presented influences talk about them. The present study investigated how the presence or absence of a visual narrative context influences mothers' tendency to refer to animals as individual characters or as members of a kind when sharing picture books with their toddlers (mean age 21.3 months). Mother-child dyads shared both a narrative and a non-narrative book, each featuring six animals and matched in terms of length and quantity of text. Mothers made more specific (individual-referring) statements about animals in the narrative books, whereas they provided more labels for animals in the non-narrative books. But, of most interest, the frequency and proportion of mothers' use of generic (kind-referring) utterances did not differ across the two different types of books. Further coding of the content of the utterances revealed that mothers provided more story-specific descriptions of states and actions of the animals when sharing narrative books and more physical descriptions of animals when sharing non-narrative books. However, the two books did not differ in terms of their elicitation of natural facts about the animals. Overall, although the two types of books encouraged different types of talk from mothers, they stimulated generic language and talk about natural facts to an equal degree. Implications for learning from picture storybooks and book genre selection in classrooms and home reading are discussed. PMID:24795675

Storybooks aren't just for fun: narrative and non-narrative picture books foster equal amounts of generic language during mother-toddler book sharing.

PubMed

Nyhout, Angela; O'Neill, Daniela K

2014-01-01

Parents and children encounter a variety of animals and objects in the early picture books they share, but little is known about how the context in which these entities are presented influences talk about them. The present study investigated how the presence or absence of a visual narrative context influences mothers' tendency to refer to animals as individual characters or as members of a kind when sharing picture books with their toddlers (mean age 21.3 months). Mother-child dyads shared both a narrative and a non-narrative book, each featuring six animals and matched in terms of length and quantity of text. Mothers made more specific (individual-referring) statements about animals in the narrative books, whereas they provided more labels for animals in the non-narrative books. But, of most interest, the frequency and proportion of mothers' use of generic (kind-referring) utterances did not differ across the two different types of books. Further coding of the content of the utterances revealed that mothers provided more story-specific descriptions of states and actions of the animals when sharing narrative books and more physical descriptions of animals when sharing non-narrative books. However, the two books did not differ in terms of their elicitation of natural facts about the animals. Overall, although the two types of books encouraged different types of talk from mothers, they stimulated generic language and talk about natural facts to an equal degree. Implications for learning from picture storybooks and book genre selection in classrooms and home reading are discussed.

Site Distribution and Aliasing Effects in the Inversion for Load Coefficients and Geocenter Motion from GPS Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, Xiaoping; Argus, Donald F.; Heflin, Michael B.; Ivins, Erik R.; Webb, Frank H.

2002-01-01

Precise GPS measurements of elastic relative site displacements due to surface mass loading offer important constraints on global surface mass transport. We investigate effects of site distribution and aliasing by higher-degree (n greater than or equal 2) loading terms on inversion of GPS data for n = 1 load coefficients and geocenter motion. Covariance and simulation analyses are conducted to assess the sensitivity of the inversion to aliasing and mismodeling errors and possible uncertainties in the n = 1 load coefficient determination. We found that the use of center-of-figure approximation in the inverse formulation could cause 10- 15% errors in the inverted load coefficients. n = 1 load estimates may be contaminated significantly by unknown higher-degree terms, depending on the load scenario and the GPS site distribution. The uncertainty in n = 1 zonal load estimate is at the level of 80 - 95% for two load scenarios.

Three-point bending of honeycomb sandwich beams with facesheet perforations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Pengbo; Han, Bin; Zhao, Zhongnan; Zhang, Qiancheng; Lu, Tian Jian

2017-12-01

A novel square honeycomb-cored sandwich beam with perforated bottom facesheet is investigated under three-point bending, both analytically and numerically. Perforated square holes in the bottom facesheet are characterized by the area ratio of the hole to intact facesheet (perforation ratio). While for large-scale engineering applications like the decks of cargo vehicles and transportation ships, the perforations are needed to facilitate the fabrication process (e.g., laser welding) as well as service maintenance, it is demonstrated that these perforations, when properly designed, can also enhance the resistance of the sandwich to bending. For illustration, fair comparisons among competing sandwich designs having different perforation ratios but equal mass is achieved by systematically thickening the core webs. Further, the perforated sandwich beam is designed with a relatively thick facesheet to avoid local indention failure so that it mainly fails in two competing modes: (1) bending failure, i.e., yielding of beam cross-section and buckling of top facesheet caused by bending moment; (2) shear failure, i.e., yielding and buckling of core webs due to shear forcing. The sensitivity of the failure loads to the ratio of core height to beam span is also discussed for varying perforation ratios. As the perforation ratio is increased, the load of shear failure increases due to thickening core webs, while that of bending failure decreases due to the weakening bottom facesheet. Design of a sandwich beam with optimal perforation ratio is realized when the two failure loads are equal, leading to significantly enhanced failure load (up to 60% increase) relative to that of a non-perforated sandwich beam with equal mass.

Detecting local haplotype sharing and haplotype association

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A novel haplotype association method is presented, and its power is demonstrated. Relying on a statistical model for linkage disequilibrium (LD), the method first infers ancestral haplotypes and their loadings at each marker for each individual. The loadings are then used to quantify local haplotype...

Tensions among siblings in parent care.

PubMed

Lashewicz, Bonnie; Keating, Norah

2009-06-01

From a place of "genealogical equivalence" as children of their parents, siblings spend a lifetime developing separate identities. As parents near the end of their lives, issues of sibling equivalence are renegotiated in the face of equal obligations to provide care and equal entitlement to parent assets. In this paper, we hypothesize how unresolved issues of rivalry for parent affection/attention among siblings may be reasserted when parents need care. Data are drawn from a project about how parent care and assets are shared. In-depth interviews with three sibling groups experiencing conflict over sharing parent care and assets along with six Canadian legal case portrayals of disputes among siblings over how parent care and assets were shared are examined. Findings are that disputes occur when siblings perceive others as dominating parent care and assets through tactics such as separating the parent from other siblings and preventing other siblings from being engaged in decisions about care and assets. Discussion is focused on paradoxes faced by siblings given expectations for equity in parent relationships alongside perceived pre-eminence in care and asset decisions.

DSM-5 and culture: the need to move towards a shared model of care within a more equal patient-physician partnership.

PubMed

Jacob, K S

2014-02-01

The universal models employed by psychiatry de-emphasise the role of context and culture. Despite highlighting the impact of culture on psychiatric diagnosis and management in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5, most of the changes suggested remain in the introduction and appendices of the manual. Nevertheless, clinical and biological heterogeneity within phenomenological categories mandates the need to individualise care. However, social and cultural context, patient beliefs about causation, impact, treatment and outcome expectations are never systematically elicited, as they were not essential to diagnosis and classification. Patient experience and narratives are trivialised and the biomedical model is considered universal and transcendental. The need to elicit patient perspectives, evaluate local reality, assess culture, educate patients about possible interventions, and negotiate a shared plan of management between patient and clinician is cardinal for success. The biopsychosocial model, which operates within a paternalistic physician-patient relationship, needs to move towards a shared approach, within a more equal patient-clinician partnership. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dead Zone Oscillator Control for Communication-Free Synchronization of Paralleled, Three-Phase, Current-Controlled Inverters

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-11

the phases of the system load and ground, so to size the voltage divider appropriately Vsys is set equal to the maximum phase-to-ground voltage. The...civilian and military systems is increasing due to technological improvements in power conversion and changing requirements in system loads. The development...of high-power pulsed loads on naval platforms, such as the Laser Weapon System (LaWS) and the electromagnetic railgun, calls for the ability to

Fatigue evaluation of composite-reinforced, integrally stiffened metal panels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dumesnil, C. E.

1973-01-01

The fatigue behavior of composite-reinforced, integrally stiffened metal panels was investigated in combined metal and composite materials subjected to fatigue loading. The systems investigated were aluminum-graphite/epoxy, and aluminum-S glass/epoxy. It was found that the composite material would support the total load at limit stress after the metal had completely failed, and the weight of the composite-metal system would be equal to that of an all metal system which would carry the same total load at limit stress.

Experimental and Analytical Study of the Hydroacoustics of Propellers in Rigid Ducts

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-01

5.3 at this loading condition indicate that the axial distribution of velocity is nearly uniform, and equal to the nominal value of 0.42 as set by the...moderate loading case produced the lowest level of radiated sound. The decrease in the mean axial velocity from the 0=0.42 condition corresponds to a...RtQ) X Axial coordinate p Fluid density W Azimuthal coordinate I\\ Acoustic wavelength c/f 50 Flow coefficient ( ui-p_ Blade loading coefficient ( \\ 1

Apparatus for blending small particles

DOEpatents

Bradley, R.A.; Reese, C.R.; Sease, J.D.

1975-08-26

An apparatus is described for blending small particles and uniformly loading the blended particles in a receptacle. Measured volumes of various particles are simultaneously fed into a funnel to accomplish radial blending and then directed onto the apex of a conical splitter which collects the blended particles in a multiplicity of equal subvolumes. Thereafter the apparatus sequentially discharges the subvolumes for loading in a receptacle. A system for blending nuclear fuel particles and loading them into fuel rod molds is described in a preferred embodiment. (auth)

Assessing Knowledge Sharing Among Academics: A Validation of the Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale (KSBS).

PubMed

Ramayah, T; Yeap, Jasmine A L; Ignatius, Joshua

2014-04-01

There is a belief that academics tend to hold on tightly to their knowledge and intellectual resources. However, not much effort has been put into the creation of a valid and reliable instrument to measure knowledge sharing behavior among the academics. To apply and validate the Knowledge Sharing Behavior Scale (KSBS) as a measure of knowledge sharing behavior within the academic community. Respondents (N = 447) were academics from arts and science streams in 10 local, public universities in Malaysia. Data were collected using the 28-item KSBS that assessed four dimensions of knowledge sharing behavior namely written contributions, organizational communications, personal interactions, and communities of practice. The exploratory factor analysis showed that the items loaded on the dimension constructs that they were supposed to represent, thus proving construct validity. A within-factor analysis revealed that each set of items representing their intended dimension loaded on only one construct, therefore establishing convergent validity. All four dimensions were not perfectly correlated with each other or organizational citizenship behavior, thereby proving discriminant validity. However, all four dimensions correlated with organizational commitment, thus confirming predictive validity. Furthermore, all four factors correlated with both tacit and explicit sharing, which confirmed their concurrent validity. All measures also possessed sufficient reliability (α > .70). The KSBS is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to formally assess the types of knowledge artifacts residing among academics and the degree of knowledge sharing in relation to those artifacts. © The Author(s) 2014.

Learning Rate Updating Methods Applied to Adaptive Fuzzy Equalizers for Broadband Power Line Communications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ribeiro, Moisés V.

2004-12-01

This paper introduces adaptive fuzzy equalizers with variable step size for broadband power line (PL) communications. Based on delta-bar-delta and local Lipschitz estimation updating rules, feedforward, and decision feedback approaches, we propose singleton and nonsingleton fuzzy equalizers with variable step size to cope with the intersymbol interference (ISI) effects of PL channels and the hardness of the impulse noises generated by appliances and nonlinear loads connected to low-voltage power grids. The computed results show that the convergence rates of the proposed equalizers are higher than the ones attained by the traditional adaptive fuzzy equalizers introduced by J. M. Mendel and his students. Additionally, some interesting BER curves reveal that the proposed techniques are efficient for mitigating the above-mentioned impairments.

Effect of structural factors on mechanical properties of the magnesium alloy Ma2-1 under quasi-static and high strain rate deformation conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garkushin, G. V.; Razorenov, S. V.; Krasnoveikin, V. A.; Kozulin, A. A.; Skripnyak, V. A.

2015-02-01

The elastic limit and tensile strength of deformed magnesium alloys Ma2-1 with different structures and textures were measured with the aim of finding a correlation between the spectrum of defects in the material and the resistance to deformation and fracture under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The studies were performed using specimens in the as-received state after high-temperature annealing and specimens subjected to equal-channel angular pressing at a temperature of 250°C. The anisotropy of strength characteristics of the material after shock compression with respect to the direction of rolling of the original alloy was investigated. It was shown that, in contrast to the quasi-static loading conditions, under the shock wave loading conditions, the elastic limit and tensile strength of the magnesium alloy Ma2-1 after equal-channel angular pressing decrease as compared to the specimens in the as-received state.

Planetary gear profile modification design based on load sharing modelling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iglesias, Miguel; Fernández Del Rincón, Alfonso; De-Juan, Ana Magdalena; Garcia, Pablo; Diez, Alberto; Viadero, Fernando

2015-07-01

In order to satisfy the increasing demand on high performance planetary transmissions, an important line of research is focused on the understanding of some of the underlying phenomena involved in this mechanical system. Through the development of models capable of reproduce the system behavior, research in this area contributes to improve gear transmission insight, helping developing better maintenance practices and more efficient design processes. A planetary gear model used for the design of profile modifications ratio based on the levelling of the load sharing ratio is presented. The gear profile geometry definition, following a vectorial approach that mimics the real cutting process of gears, is thoroughly described. Teeth undercutting and hypotrochoid definition are implicitly considered, and a procedure for the incorporation of a rounding arc at the tooth tip in order to deal with corner contacts is described. A procedure for the modeling of profile deviations is presented, which can be used for the introduction of both manufacturing errors and designed profile modifications. An easy and flexible implementation of the profile deviation within the planetary model is accomplished based on the geometric overlapping. The contact force calculation and dynamic implementation used in the model are also introduced, and parameters from a real transmission for agricultural applications are presented for the application example. A set of reliefs is designed based on the levelling of the load sharing ratio for the example transmission, and finally some other important dynamic factors of the transmission are analyzed to assess the changes in the dynamic behavior with respect to the non-modified case. Thus, the main innovative aspect of the proposed planetary transmission model is the capacity of providing a simulated load sharing ratio which serves as design variable for the calculation of the tooth profile modifications.

How much would each researcher receive if competitive government research funding were distributed equally among researchers?

PubMed Central

Katzav, Joel

2017-01-01

Scientists are increasingly dissatisfied with funding systems that rely on peer assessment and, accordingly, have suggested several proposals for reform. One of these proposals is to distribute available funds equally among all qualified researchers, with no interference from peer review. Despite its numerous benefits, such egalitarian sharing faces the objection, among others, that it would lead to an unacceptable dilution of resources. The aim of the present paper is to assess this particular objection. We estimate (for the Netherlands, the U.S. and the U.K.) how much researchers would receive were they to get an equal share of the government budgets that are currently allocated through competitive peer assessment. For the Netherlands, we furthermore estimate what researchers would receive were we to differentiate between researchers working in low-cost, intermediate-cost and high-cost disciplines. Given these estimates, we then determine what researchers could afford in terms of PhD students, Postdocs, travel and equipment. According to our results, researchers could, on average, maintain current PhD student and Postdoc employment levels, and still have at their disposal a moderate (the U.K.) to considerable (the Netherlands, U.S.) budget for travel and equipment. This suggests that the worry that egalitarian sharing leads to unacceptable dilution of resources is unjustified. Indeed, our results strongly suggest that there is room for far more egalitarian distribution of funds than happens in the highly competitive funding schemes so prevalent today. PMID:28886054

How much would each researcher receive if competitive government research funding were distributed equally among researchers?

PubMed

Vaesen, Krist; Katzav, Joel

2017-01-01

Scientists are increasingly dissatisfied with funding systems that rely on peer assessment and, accordingly, have suggested several proposals for reform. One of these proposals is to distribute available funds equally among all qualified researchers, with no interference from peer review. Despite its numerous benefits, such egalitarian sharing faces the objection, among others, that it would lead to an unacceptable dilution of resources. The aim of the present paper is to assess this particular objection. We estimate (for the Netherlands, the U.S. and the U.K.) how much researchers would receive were they to get an equal share of the government budgets that are currently allocated through competitive peer assessment. For the Netherlands, we furthermore estimate what researchers would receive were we to differentiate between researchers working in low-cost, intermediate-cost and high-cost disciplines. Given these estimates, we then determine what researchers could afford in terms of PhD students, Postdocs, travel and equipment. According to our results, researchers could, on average, maintain current PhD student and Postdoc employment levels, and still have at their disposal a moderate (the U.K.) to considerable (the Netherlands, U.S.) budget for travel and equipment. This suggests that the worry that egalitarian sharing leads to unacceptable dilution of resources is unjustified. Indeed, our results strongly suggest that there is room for far more egalitarian distribution of funds than happens in the highly competitive funding schemes so prevalent today.

Equality in Educational Policy and the Heritability of Educational Attainment

PubMed Central

Colodro-Conde, Lucía; Rijsdijk, Frühling; Tornero-Gómez, María J.; Sánchez-Romera, Juan F.; Ordoñana, Juan R.

2015-01-01

Secular variation in the heritability of educational attainment are proposed to be due to the implementation of more egalitarian educational policies leading to increased equality in educational opportunities in the second part of the 20th century. The action of effect is hypothesized to be a decrease of shared environmental (e.g., family socioeconomic status or parents’ education) influences on educational attainment, giving more room for genetic differences between individuals to impact on the variation of the trait. However, this hypothesis has not yet found consistent evidence. Support for this effect relies mainly on comparisons between countries adopting different educational systems or between different time periods within a country reflecting changes in general policy. Using a population-based sample of 1271 pairs of adult twins, we analyzed the effect of the introduction of a specific educational policy in Spain in 1970. The shared-environmental variance decreased, leading to an increase in heritability in the post-reform cohort (44 vs. 67%) for males. Unstandardized estimates of genetic variance were of a similar magnitude (.56 vs. .57) between cohorts, while shared environmental variance decreased from .56 to .04. Heritability remained in the same range for women (40 vs. 34%). Our results support the role of educational policy in affecting the relative weight of genetic and environmental factors on educational attainment, such that increasing equality in educational opportunities increases heritability estimates by reducing variation of non-genetic familial origin. PMID:26618539

Deflection corridors of abdomen and thorax in oblique side impacts using equal stress equal velocity approach: comparison with other normalization methods.

PubMed

Yoganandan, Narayan; Arun, Mike W J; Humm, John; Pintar, Frank A

2014-10-01

The first objective of the study was to determine the thorax and abdomen deflection time corridors using the equal stress equal velocity approach from oblique side impact sled tests with postmortem human surrogates fitted with chestbands. The second purpose of the study was to generate deflection time corridors using impulse momentum methods and determine which of these methods best suits the data. An anthropometry-specific load wall was used. Individual surrogate responses were normalized to standard midsize male anthropometry. Corridors from the equal stress equal velocity approach were very similar to those from impulse momentum methods, thus either method can be used for this data. Present mean and plus/minus one standard deviation abdomen and thorax deflection time corridors can be used to evaluate dummies and validate complex human body finite element models.

49 CFR 571.120 - Tire selection and rims and motor home/recreation vehicle trailer load carrying capacity...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...: XXX kg or XXX lbs” in block letters with appropriate values included. (d) The statement “Safety belt equipped seating capacity: XXX” with the appropriate value included. This is the total number of safety belt equipped seating positions. (e) The statement: “CAUTION: A full load of water equals XXX kg or XXX...

49 CFR 571.120 - Tire selection and rims and motor home/recreation vehicle trailer load carrying capacity...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...: XXX kg or XXX lbs” in block letters with appropriate values included. (d) The statement “Safety belt equipped seating capacity: XXX” with the appropriate value included. This is the total number of safety belt equipped seating positions. (e) The statement: “CAUTION: A full load of water equals XXX kg or XXX...

49 CFR 571.120 - Tire selection and rims and motor home/recreation vehicle trailer load carrying capacity...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...: XXX kg or XXX lbs” in block letters with appropriate values included. (d) The statement “Safety belt equipped seating capacity: XXX” with the appropriate value included. This is the total number of safety belt equipped seating positions. (e) The statement: “CAUTION: A full load of water equals XXX kg or XXX...

49 CFR 571.120 - Tire selection and rims and motor home/recreation vehicle trailer load carrying capacity...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...: XXX kg or XXX lbs” in block letters with appropriate values included. (d) The statement “Safety belt equipped seating capacity: XXX” with the appropriate value included. This is the total number of safety belt equipped seating positions. (e) The statement: “CAUTION: A full load of water equals XXX kg or XXX...

29 CFR 1928.51 - Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for tractors used in agricultural operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., designed to furnish the power to pull, carry, propel, or drive implements that are designed for agriculture... point of the hood does not exceed 60 inches, and (4) The tractor is designed so that the operator.... The seat mounting shall be capable of withstanding this load plus a load equal to four times the...

29 CFR 1928.51 - Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for tractors used in agricultural operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., designed to furnish the power to pull, carry, propel, or drive implements that are designed for agriculture... point of the hood does not exceed 60 inches, and (4) The tractor is designed so that the operator.... The seat mounting shall be capable of withstanding this load plus a load equal to four times the...

29 CFR 1928.51 - Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for tractors used in agricultural operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., designed to furnish the power to pull, carry, propel, or drive implements that are designed for agriculture... point of the hood does not exceed 60 inches, and (4) The tractor is designed so that the operator.... The seat mounting shall be capable of withstanding this load plus a load equal to four times the...

29 CFR 1928.51 - Roll-over protective structures (ROPS) for tractors used in agricultural operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., designed to furnish the power to pull, carry, propel, or drive implements that are designed for agriculture... point of the hood does not exceed 60 inches, and (4) The tractor is designed so that the operator.... The seat mounting shall be capable of withstanding this load plus a load equal to four times the...

46 CFR 151.45-6 - Maximum amount of cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... insulated, or 115 °F if uninsulated. If specific filling densities are designated in Subpart 151.50 of this...=Maximum volume to which tank may be loaded. V =Volume of tank. d r=Density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=Density of cargo at the loading...

46 CFR 151.45-6 - Maximum amount of cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... insulated, or 115 °F if uninsulated. If specific filling densities are designated in Subpart 151.50 of this...=Maximum volume to which tank may be loaded. V =Volume of tank. d r=Density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=Density of cargo at the loading...

46 CFR 151.45-6 - Maximum amount of cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... insulated, or 115 °F if uninsulated. If specific filling densities are designated in Subpart 151.50 of this...=Maximum volume to which tank may be loaded. V =Volume of tank. d r=Density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=Density of cargo at the loading...

46 CFR 151.45-6 - Maximum amount of cargo.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... insulated, or 115 °F if uninsulated. If specific filling densities are designated in Subpart 151.50 of this...=Maximum volume to which tank may be loaded. V =Volume of tank. d r=Density of cargo at the temperature required for a cargo vapor pressure equal to the relief valve setting. d L=Density of cargo at the loading...

20 kA PFN capacitor bank with solid-state switching. [pulse forming network for plasma studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Posta, S. J.; Michels, C. J.

1973-01-01

A compact high-current pulse-forming network capacitor bank using paralleled silicon controlled rectifiers as switches is described. The maximum charging voltage of the bank is 1kV and maximum load current is 20 kA. The necessary switch equalization criteria and performance with dummy load and an arc plasma generator are described.

Load balance in total knee arthroplasty: an in vitro analysis.

PubMed

El-Hawary, Ron; Roth, Sandra E; King, Graham J W; Chess, David G; Johnson, James A

2006-09-01

One of the goals of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to balance the loads between the compartments of the knee. An instrumented load cell that measures compartment loads in real time is utilized to evaluate conventional, qualitative methods of achieving this balance. TKA was performed on 10 cadaveric knees. Prior to and after load balancing, compartment forces were measured at flexion angles of 0-90 degrees. Knees were randomly assigned into one of two groups, based upon whether or not the surgeons could visualize the load cell's output during balancing. Prior to attempting load balance, there were significant differences between the medial and lateral compartment loads for all knees (p < 0.05). After attempting balance with the aid of the load cell, there was equal load balance at all angles studied. Without the aid of the load cell, balance was not consistently achieved at every angle. Conventional load balancing techniques in TKA are not perfect. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Transfer of Decision Making and Farm Tasks from Father to Son in Father-and-Son Farming Arrangements. RS-51, August 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coughenour, C. Milton; And Others

The study examined the division of decision-making and farm tasks in a joint father and son enterprise, the extent to which the decisions tended to be shared equally, and the extent to which the principal operator had responsibility for those tasks not shared. Data were collected in 1974 from fathers and sons who were joint operators of 145 farms…

Innovative design of composite structures: The use of curvilinear fiber format in structural design of composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Charette, R. F.; Hyer, M. W.

1990-01-01

The influence is investigated of a curvilinear fiber format on load carrying capacity of a layered fiber reinforced plate with a centrally located hole. A curvilinear fiber format is descriptive of layers in a laminate having fibers which are aligned with the principal stress directions in those layers. Laminates of five curvilinear fiber format designs and four straightline fiber format designs are considered. A quasi-isotropic laminate having a straightline fiber format is used to define a baseline design for comparison with the other laminate designs. Four different plate geometries are considered and differentiated by two values of hole diameter/plate width equal to 1/6 and 1/3, and two values of plate length/plate width equal to 2 and 1. With the plates under uniaxial tensile loading on two opposing edges, alignment of fibers in the curvilinear layers with the principal stress directions is determined analytically by an iteration procedure. In-plane tensile load capacity is computed for all of the laminate designs using a finite element analysis method. A maximum strain failure criterion and the Tsai-Wu failure criterion are applied to determine failure loads and failure modes. Resistance to buckling of the laminate designs to uniaxial compressive loading is analyzed using the commercial code Engineering Analysis Language. Results indicate that the curvilinear fiber format laminates have higher in-plane tensile load capacity and comparable buckling resistance relative to the straightline fiber format laminates.

What does equity in health mean?

PubMed

Mooney, G

1987-01-01

The author posits some ethical concerns and theories of distribution in order to gain some insight into the meaning of equity in health, as referred to in WHO documents. It is pointed out that the lack of clarity in the WHO positions is evidenced by examining 1) the European strategy document, which focuses on giving equal health to all and equity access to health care, and 2) the Global Strategy for Health, which talks about reducing inequality and health as a human right. The question raised in document 1 is whether more equal sharing of health might mean less health for the available quantity of resources. The question raised in document 2 is whether there is a right to health per se. The question is how does one measure health policy effects. Health effects are different for an 8-year-old girl and an octogenarian. How does one measure the fairness of access to health care in remote mountain villages versus an urban area? Is equal utilization which is more easily measured comparable to equal need as a measure? How does one distribute doctors equitably? The author espouses the determinant of health as Aday's illness and health promotion, which is not biased by class and controversy. The Aday definition embraces both demand and need, although his definition is still open to question. Concepts of health with distinction between need and demand are made. Theories of Veatch which relate to distributive justice and equity in health care are provided as entitlement theory (market forces determine allocation of resources), utilitarianism (greatest good for the greatest number regardless of redistribution issues), maximum theory (maximize the minimum position or giver priority to the least well off), and equality (fairness in distribution). Different organizational and financing structures will influence the approach to equity. The conclusion is that equity is a value laden concept which has no uniquely correct definition. 5 theories of equity in distribution of health resources are discussed: 1) a theory of maximum (Rawl's theory modified to include health care institutions providing opportunity as the social good), 2) altruism as a basis for equity (Titmuss' Kantian view of national responsibility to provide equitable service delivery altruistically or equal access), 3) a fair share theory of distribution (Margolis' process utility theory of doing one's fair share or equality of access for equal need, 4) commitment to equity (Sen's focus on sympathy and commitment to another's ill health status and access), and 5) equity as externality (Culyer's health care consumption where government determines the merit good or extent of consumption). If policy objectives are not clear and the definitions muddy, resources may be badly wasted or misdirected and the pursuit of equity unfulfilled, even though there is agreement in principle.

Equal opportunities for men: a perspective of an ERC grantee and father of three

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobek, Sebastian

2017-04-01

Equal opportunities is still regarded a "women's issue" by many. Implicit to this notion is the assumption that men are made to work and make a career. However, if we agree that life consists of more than work and sleep, and if we agree that men have the right to be with their children, equal opportunities are of course equally important for men: it means to provide opportunities for men to spend time with their families and children. In this presentation, I would like to share my personal experience as ERC grantee, father of three children, and husband of a scientist. I will highlight the importance of personal choices, but also of policies and institutional structures that promote or impede equal opportunities for men. I will make the point that providing opportunities for men to be with their children, while they pursue an academic career, will be beneficial not only for them, but also for women, and therefore constitutes a key component in work towards equal opportunities.

Hydrostatic Stress Effect on the Yield Behavior of Inconel 100

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allen, Phillip A.; Wilson, Christopher D.

2003-01-01

Classical metal plasticity theory assumes that hydrostatic stress has negligible effect on the yield and postyield behavior of metals. Recent reexaminations of classical theory have revealed a significant effect of hydrostatic stress on the yield behavior of various geometries. Fatigue tests and nonlinear finite element analyses (FEA) of Inconel 100 (IN100) equal-arm bend specimens and new monotonic tests and nonlinear finite element analyses of IN100 smooth tension, smooth compression, and double-edge notch tension (DENT) test specimens have revealed the effect of internal hydrostatic tensile stresses on yielding. Nonlinear FEA using the von Mises (yielding is independent of hydrostatic stress) and the Drucker-Prager (yielding is linearly dependent on hydrostatic stress) yield functions were performed. A new FEA constitutive model was developed that incorporates a pressure-dependent yield function with combined multilinear kinematic and multilinear isotropic hardening using the ABAQUS user subroutine (UMAT) utility. In all monotonic tensile test cases, the von Mises constitutive model, overestimated the load for a given displacement or strain. Considering the failure displacements or strains for the DENT specimen, the Drucker-Prager FEM s predicted loads that were approximately 3% lower than the von Mises values. For the failure loads, the Drucker Prager FEM s predicted strains that were up to 35% greater than the von Mises values. Both the Drucker-Prager model and the von Mises model performed equally-well in simulating the equal-arm bend fatigue test.

SAHAYOG: A Testbed for Load Sharing under Failure,

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-01

messages, shared memory and semaphores . To communicate using messages, processes create message queues using system-provided prim- itives. The message...The size of the memory that is to be shared is decided by the process when it makes a request for memory allocation. The semaphore option of IPC can be...used to prevent two or more concurrent processes from executing their critical sections at the same time. Semaphores must be used when the processes

Time and Cognitive Load in Working Memory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrouillet, Pierre; Bernardin, Sophie; Portrat, Sophie; Vergauwe, Evie; Camos, Valerie

2007-01-01

According to the time-based resource-sharing model (P. Barrouillet, S. Bernardin, & V. Camos, 2004), the cognitive load a given task involves is a function of the proportion of time during which it captures attention, thus impeding other attention-demanding processes. Accordingly, the present study demonstrates that the disruptive effect on…

Taking Attention Away from the Auditory Modality: Context-dependent Effects on Early Sensory Encoding of Speech.

PubMed

Xie, Zilong; Reetzke, Rachel; Chandrasekaran, Bharath

2018-05-24

Increasing visual perceptual load can reduce pre-attentive auditory cortical activity to sounds, a reflection of the limited and shared attentional resources for sensory processing across modalities. Here, we demonstrate that modulating visual perceptual load can impact the early sensory encoding of speech sounds, and that the impact of visual load is highly dependent on the predictability of the incoming speech stream. Participants (n = 20, 9 females) performed a visual search task of high (target similar to distractors) and low (target dissimilar to distractors) perceptual load, while early auditory electrophysiological responses were recorded to native speech sounds. Speech sounds were presented either in a 'repetitive context', or a less predictable 'variable context'. Independent of auditory stimulus context, pre-attentive auditory cortical activity was reduced during high visual load, relative to low visual load. We applied a data-driven machine learning approach to decode speech sounds from the early auditory electrophysiological responses. Decoding performance was found to be poorer under conditions of high (relative to low) visual load, when the incoming acoustic stream was predictable. When the auditory stimulus context was less predictable, decoding performance was substantially greater for the high (relative to low) visual load conditions. Our results provide support for shared attentional resources between visual and auditory modalities that substantially influence the early sensory encoding of speech signals in a context-dependent manner. Copyright © 2018 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Prediction of contact path and load sharing in spiral bevel gears

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bibel, George D.; Tiku, Karuna; Kumar, Ashok

1994-01-01

A procedure is presented to perform a contact analysis of spiral bevel gears in order to predict the contact path and the load sharing as the gears roll through mesh. The approach utilizes recent advances in automated contact methods for nonlinear finite element analysis. A sector of the pinion and gear is modeled consisting of three pinion teeth and four gear teeth in mesh. Calculation of the contact force and stresses through the gear meshing cycle are demonstrated. Summary of the results are presented using three dimensional plots and tables. Issues relating to solution convergence and requirements for running large finite element analysis on a supercomputer are discussed.

Vent modification of large ribbon parachutes to enhance cluster performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kolega, D. J.; Woodis, W. R.; Reuter, J. D.

1986-01-01

Due to uneven load sharing and lagging inflation rates, the design of the Large Main Parachute (LMP) cluster, used to recover the Space Shuttle steel case Solid Rocket Boosters, had to be modified. The cause of the problem was excessive variation in effective porosity in the crown area of the LMP during first stage inflation. The design modification consisted of adding horizontal ribbons above the existing vent band to reduce the vent porosity and better control the position and attitude of the vent lines. Performance of modified LMP's since introduction indicates that the load sharing between the clustered chutes has been significantly improved.

Revisiting control establishments for emerging energy hubs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nasirian, Vahidreza

Emerging small-scale energy systems, i.e., microgrids and smartgrids, rely on centralized controllers for voltage regulation, load sharing, and economic dispatch. However, the central controller is a single-point-of-failure in such a design as either the controller or attached communication links failure can render the entire system inoperable. This work seeks for alternative distributed control structures to improve system reliability and help to the scalability of the system. A cooperative distributed controller is proposed that uses a noise-resilient voltage estimator and handles global voltage regulation and load sharing across a DC microgrid. Distributed adaptive droop control is also investigated as an alternative solution. A droop-free distributed control is offered to handle voltage/frequency regulation and load sharing in AC systems. This solution does not require frequency measurement and, thus, features a fast frequency regulation. Distributed economic dispatch is also studied, where a distributed protocol is designed that controls generation units to merge their incremental costs into a consensus and, thus, push the entire system to generate with the minimum cost. Experimental verifications and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulations are used to study efficacy of the proposed control protocols.

ZnO thin film piezoelectric MEMS vibration energy harvesters with two piezoelectric elements for higher output performance.

PubMed

Wang, Peihong; Du, Hejun

2015-07-01

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based vibration energy harvesters with two different designs are presented. These harvesters consist of a silicon cantilever, a silicon proof mass, and a ZnO piezoelectric layer. Design I has a large ZnO piezoelectric element and Design II has two smaller and equally sized ZnO piezoelectric elements; however, the total area of ZnO thin film in two designs is equal. The ZnO thin film is deposited by means of radio-frequency magnetron sputtering method and is characterized by means of XRD and SEM techniques. These ZnO energy harvesters are fabricated by using MEMS micromachining. The natural frequencies of the fabricated ZnO energy harvesters are simulated and tested. The test results show that these two energy harvesters with different designs have almost the same natural frequency. Then, the output performance of different ZnO energy harvesters is tested in detail. The effects of series connection and parallel connection of two ZnO elements on the load voltage and power are also analyzed. The experimental results show that the energy harvester with two ZnO piezoelectric elements in parallel connection in Design II has higher load voltage and higher load power than the fabricated energy harvesters with other designs. Its load voltage is 2.06 V under load resistance of 1 MΩ and its maximal load power is 1.25 μW under load resistance of 0.6 MΩ, when it is excited by an external vibration with frequency of 1300.1 Hz and acceleration of 10 m/s(2). By contrast, the load voltage of the energy harvester of Design I is 1.77 V under 1 MΩ resistance and its maximal load power is 0.98 μW under 0.38 MΩ load resistance when it is excited by the same vibration.

Characterizing output bottlenecks in a supercomputer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xie, Bing; Chase, Jeffrey; Dillow, David A

2012-01-01

Supercomputer I/O loads are often dominated by writes. HPC (High Performance Computing) file systems are designed to absorb these bursty outputs at high bandwidth through massive parallelism. However, the delivered write bandwidth often falls well below the peak. This paper characterizes the data absorption behavior of a center-wide shared Lustre parallel file system on the Jaguar supercomputer. We use a statistical methodology to address the challenges of accurately measuring a shared machine under production load and to obtain the distribution of bandwidth across samples of compute nodes, storage targets, and time intervals. We observe and quantify limitations from competing traffic,more » contention on storage servers and I/O routers, concurrency limitations in the client compute node operating systems, and the impact of variance (stragglers) on coupled output such as striping. We then examine the implications of our results for application performance and the design of I/O middleware systems on shared supercomputers.« less

A time-shared machine repair problem with mixed spares under N-policy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jain, Madhu; Shekhar, Chandra; Shukla, Shalini

2016-06-01

The present investigation deals with a machine repair problem consisting of cold and warm standby machines. The machines are subject to breakdown and are repaired by the permanent repairman operating under N-policy. There is provision of one additional removable repairman who is called upon when the work load of failed machines crosses a certain threshold level and is removed as soon as the work load again ceases to that level. Both repairmen recover the failed machines by following the time sharing concept which means that the repairmen share their repair job simultaneously among all the failed machines that have joined the system for repair. Markovian model has been developed by considering the queue dependent rates and solved analytically using the recursive technique. Various performance indices are derived which are further used to obtain the cost function. By taking illustration, numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis have been provided.

[A novel protein equalizer based on single chain variable fragment display M13 phage library for nephropathy patient urine study].

PubMed

Zhao, Peng; Tao, Dingyin; Liang, Zhen; Zhang, Lihua; Zhang, Yukui

2009-05-01

A novel protein equalizer was developed with single chain variable fragment (scFv) library displaying M13 phage covalently bonded on monolithic cryogel. Due to the great number and various kinds of displayed scFv fragments, as well as strong and specific binding capacity between scFv fragments and proteins, a new protein equalizer technology is preferable in the pretreatment of complex protein samples. After the sample dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), it was repeatedly loaded onto the equalizer for five times, the bound proteins were in sequence eluted by 2 mol/L NaCl and 50 mmol/L Gly-HC1 (pH 2.5) solution, followed by digestion with thrombin. All proteins or peptides collected from each fraction were further analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-MS/MS) with a serially coupled long microcolumn. Compared with the untreated samples, the identified protein number was increased from 142 to 396. Furthermore, from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis results, it was found that the protein concentration difference was reduced obviously in the eluant of direct sample loading, and most high abundance proteins were identified in the eluant of NaCl. All these results demonstrate that the novel protein equalizer with scFv display M13 phage library immobilized on cyrogel could effectively reduce the dynamic range of proteins in complex samples, enabling the identification of more low abundance proteins.

Load balancing for massively-parallel soft-real-time systems

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hailperin, M.

1988-09-01

Global load balancing, if practical, would allow the effective use of massively-parallel ensemble architectures for large soft-real-problems. The challenge is to replace quick global communications, which is impractical in a massively-parallel system, with statistical techniques. In this vein, the author proposes a novel approach to decentralized load balancing based on statistical time-series analysis. Each site estimates the system-wide average load using information about past loads of individual sites and attempts to equal that average. This estimation process is practical because the soft-real-time systems of interest naturally exhibit loads that are periodic, in a statistical sense akin to seasonality in econometrics.more » It is shown how this load-characterization technique can be the foundation for a load-balancing system in an architecture employing cut-through routing and an efficient multicast protocol.« less

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Some of the Columbia debris is loaded onto a flatbed truck outside the Columbia Debris Hangar. The debris is being transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building for permanent storage. More than 83,000 pieces of debris were shipped to KSC during search and recovery efforts in East Texas. That represents about 38 percent of the dry weight of Columbia, equaling almost 85,000 pounds.

NASA Image and Video Library

2003-09-15

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Some of the Columbia debris is loaded onto a flatbed truck outside the Columbia Debris Hangar. The debris is being transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building for permanent storage. More than 83,000 pieces of debris were shipped to KSC during search and recovery efforts in East Texas. That represents about 38 percent of the dry weight of Columbia, equaling almost 85,000 pounds.

Exponential Nutrient Loading as a Means to Optimize Bareroot Nursery Fertility of Oak Species

Treesearch

Zonda K. D. Birge; Douglass F. Jacobs; Francis K. Salifu

2006-01-01

Conventional fertilization in nursery culture of hardwoods may involve supply of equal fertilizer doses at regularly spaced intervals during the growing season, which may create a surplus of available nutrients in the beginning and a deficiency in nutrient availability by the end of the growing season. A method of fertilization termed “exponential nutrient loading” has...

Accurate calculation of multispar cantilever and semicantilever wings with parallel webs under direct and indirect loading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sanger, Eugen

1932-01-01

In the present report the computation is actually carried through for the case of parallel spars of equal resistance in bending without direct loading, including plotting of the influence lines; for other cases the method of calculation is explained. The development of large size airplanes can be speeded up by accurate methods of calculation such as this.

Instructors as Investors: A Collegial Conspiracy To Improve Classroom Instruction.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawson, Joan Kenny

Due to heavy teaching loads, high adjunct faculty numbers, and scheduling and commuting factors, community college faculty infrequently have the opportunity to share in a collegial forum. In an attempt to provide an opportunity for faculty to share innovative instructional strategies and discuss their work, Hudson Valley Community College (HVCC),…

Distributed control system for parallel-connected DC boost converters

DOEpatents

Goldsmith, Steven

2017-08-15

The disclosed invention is a distributed control system for operating a DC bus fed by disparate DC power sources that service a known or unknown load. The voltage sources vary in v-i characteristics and have time-varying, maximum supply capacities. Each source is connected to the bus via a boost converter, which may have different dynamic characteristics and power transfer capacities, but are controlled through PWM. The invention tracks the time-varying power sources and apportions their power contribution while maintaining the DC bus voltage within the specifications. A central digital controller solves the steady-state system for the optimal duty cycle settings that achieve a desired power supply apportionment scheme for a known or predictable DC load. A distributed networked control system is derived from the central system that utilizes communications among controllers to compute a shared estimate of the unknown time-varying load through shared bus current measurements and bus voltage measurements.

Conditional load and store in a shared memory

DOEpatents

Blumrich, Matthias A; Ohmacht, Martin

2015-02-03

A method, system and computer program product for implementing load-reserve and store-conditional instructions in a multi-processor computing system. The computing system includes a multitude of processor units and a shared memory cache, and each of the processor units has access to the memory cache. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing the memory cache with a series of reservation registers, and storing in these registers addresses reserved in the memory cache for the processor units as a result of issuing load-reserve requests. In this embodiment, when one of the processor units makes a request to store data in the memory cache using a store-conditional request, the reservation registers are checked to determine if an address in the memory cache is reserved for that processor unit. If an address in the memory cache is reserved for that processor, the data are stored at this address.

Successful short-segment instrumentation and fusion for thoracolumbar spine fractures: a consecutive 41/2-year series.

PubMed

Parker, J W; Lane, J R; Karaikovic, E E; Gaines, R W

2000-05-01

A retrospective review of all the surgically managed spinal fractures at the University of Missouri Medical Center during the 41/2-year period from January 1989 to July 1993 was performed. Of the 51 surgically managed patients, 46 were instrumented by short-segment technique (attachment of one level above the fracture to one level below the fracture). The other 5 patients in this consecutive series had multiple trauma. These patients were included in the review because this was a consecutive series. However, they were grouped separately because they were instrumented by long-segment technique because of their multiple organ system injuries. The choice of the anterior or posterior approach for short-segment instrumentation was based on the Load-Sharing Classification published in a 1994 issue of Spine. The purpose of this review was to demonstrate that grading comminution by use of the Load-Sharing Classification for approach selection and the choice of patients with isolated fractures who are cooperative with spinal bracing for 4 months provide the keys to successful short-segment treatment of isolated spinal fractures. The current literature implies that the use of pedicle screws for short-segment instrumentation of spinal fracture is dangerous and inappropriate because of the high screw fracture rate. Charts, operative notes, preoperative and postoperative radiographs, computed tomography scans, and follow-up records of all patients were reviewed carefully from the time of surgery until final follow-up assessment. The Load-Sharing Classification had been used prospectively for all patients before their surgery to determine the approach for short-segment instrumentation. Denis' Pain Scale and Work Scales were obtained during follow-up evaluation for all patients. All patients were observed over 40 months except for 1 patient who died of unrelated causes after 35 months. The mean follow-up period was 66 months (51/2 years). No patient was lost to follow-up evaluation. Prospective application of the Load-Sharing Classification to the patients' injury and restriction of the short-segment approach to cooperative patients with isolated spinal fractures (excluding multisystem trauma patients) allowed 45 of 46 patients instrumented by the short-segment technique to proceed to successful healing in virtual anatomic alignment. The Load-Sharing Classification is a straightforward way to describe the amount of bony comminution in a spinal fracture. When applied to patients with isolated spine fractures who are cooperative with 3 to 4 months of spinal bracing, it can help the surgeon select short-segment pedicle-screw-based fixation using the posterior approach for less comminuted injuries and the anterior approach for those more comminuted. The choice of which fracture-dislocations should be strut grafted anteriorly and which need only posterior short-segment pedicle-screw-based instrumentation also can be made using the Load-Sharing Classification.

Statistical analysis of general aviation VG-VGH data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clay, L. E.; Dickey, R. L.; Moran, M. S.; Payauys, K. W.; Severyn, T. P.

1974-01-01

To represent the loads spectra of general aviation aircraft operating in the Continental United States, VG and VGH data collected since 1963 in eight operational categories were processed and analyzed. Adequacy of data sample and current operational categories, and parameter distributions required for valid data extrapolation were studied along with envelopes of equal probability of exceeding the normal load factor (n sub z) versus airspeed for gust and maneuver loads and the probability of exceeding current design maneuver, gust, and landing impact n sub z limits. The significant findings are included.

LOADED WAVE GUIDES FOR LINEAR ACCELERATORS

DOEpatents

Walkinshaw, W.; Mullett, L.B.

1959-12-01

A periodically loaded waveguide having substantially coaxially arranged elements which provide an axial field for the acceleration of electrons is described. Radiofrequency energy will flow in the space between the inner wall of an outer guide and the peripheries of equally spaced irises or washes arranged coaxially with each other and with the outer guide, where the loading due to the geometry of the irises is such as to reduce the phase velocity of the r-f energy flowing in the guide from a value greater than that of light to the velocity of light or less.

Evolution of equal division among unequal partners.

PubMed

Debove, Stéphane; Baumard, Nicolas; André, Jean-Baptiste

2015-02-01

One of the hallmarks of human fairness is its insensitivity to power: although strong individuals are often in a position to coerce weak individuals, fairness requires them to share the benefits of cooperation equally. The existence of such egalitarianism is poorly explained by current evolutionary models. We present a model based on cooperation and partner choice that can account for the emergence of a psychological disposition toward fairness, whatever the balance of power between the cooperative partners. We model the evolution of the division of a benefit in an interaction similar to an ultimatum game, in a population made up of individuals of variable strength. The model shows that strong individuals will not receive any advantage from their strength, instead having to share the benefits of cooperation equally with weak individuals at the evolutionary equilibrium, a result that is robust to variations in population size and the proportion of weak individuals. We discuss how this model suggests an explanation for why egalitarian behaviors toward everyone, including the weak, should be more likely to evolve in humans than in any other species. © 2015 The Author(s). Evolution © 2015 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

Community understandings of and responses to gender equality and empowerment in Rakai, Uganda.

PubMed

Mullinax, Margo; Higgins, Jenny; Wagman, Jennifer; Nakyanjo, Neema; Kigozi, Godfrey; Serwadda, David; Wawer, Maria; Gray, Ronald; Nalugoda, Fred

2013-01-01

Women's rights and gender empowerment programmes are now part of the international agenda for improving global public health, the benefits of which are well documented. However, the public health community has, yet, to address how people define and understand gender equality and how they enact the process of empowerment in their lives. This study uses safe homes and respect for everyone (SHARE), an anti-violence intervention in rural Rakai, Uganda, as a case study to investigate perceptions of gender equality. Investigators analysed 12 focus groups of adult women and men to explore how macro-level concepts of gender equality are being processed on an interpersonal level and the effects on health outcomes. Respondents generally agreed that women lack basic rights. However, they also expressed widespread disagreement about the meanings of gender equality, and reported difficulties integrating the concepts of gender equality into their interpersonal relationships. Community members reported that equality, with the resulting shift in gender norms, could expose women to adverse consequences such as violence, infidelity and abandonment with increased sexual health risks, and potential adverse effects on education. Efforts to increase women's rights must occur in conjunction with community-based work on understandings of gender equality.

A hybrid integrated services digital network-internet protocol solution for resident education.

PubMed

Erickson, Delnora; Greer, Lester; Belard, Arnaud; Tinnel, Brent; O'Connell, John

2010-05-01

The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of incorporating Web-based application sharing of virtual medical simulation software within a multipoint video teleconference (VTC) as a training tool in graduate medical education. National Capital Consortium Radiation Oncology Residency Program resident and attending physicians participated in dosimetry teaching sessions held via VTC using Acrobat Connect application sharing. Residents at remote locations could take turns designing radiation treatments using standard three-dimensional planning software, whereas instructors gave immediate feedback and demonstrated proper techniques. Immediately after each dosimetry lesson, residents were asked to complete a survey that evaluated the effectiveness of the session. At the end of a 3-month trial of using Adobe Connect, residents completed a final survey that compared this teaching technology to the prior VTC-alone method. The mean difference from equality across all quality measures from the weekly survey was 0.8, where 0 indicated neither enhanced nor detracted from the learning experience and 1 indicated a minor enhancement in the learning experience. The mean difference from equality across all measures from the final survey comparing use of application sharing with VTC to VTC alone was 1.5, where 1 indicated slightly better and 2 indicated a somewhat better experience. The teaching efficacy of multipoint VTC is perceived by medical residents to be more effective when complemented by application-sharing software such as Adobe Acrobat Connect.

Lack of replication of higher genetic risk load in men than in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.

PubMed

Alonso-Perez, Elisa; Suarez-Gestal, Marian; Calaza, Manuel; Blanco, Francisco J; Suarez, Ana; Santos, Maria Jose; Papasteriades, Chryssa; Carreira, Patricia; Pullmann, Rudolf; Ordi-Ros, Josep; Marchini, Maurizio; Skopouli, Fotini N; Bijl, Marc; Barrizone, Nadia; Sebastiani, Gian Domenico; Migliaresi, Sergio; Witte, Torsten; Lauwerys, Bernard R; Kovacs, Attila; Ruzickova, Sarka; Gomez-Reino, Juan J; Gonzalez, Antonio

2014-06-19

We aimed to replicate a recent study which showed higher genetic risk load at 15 loci in men than in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This difference was very significant, and it was interpreted as indicating that men require more genetic susceptibility than women to develop SLE. Nineteen SLE-associated loci (thirteen of which are shared with the previous study) were analyzed in 1,457 SLE patients and 1,728 healthy controls of European ancestry. Genetic risk load was calculated as sex-specific sum genetic risk scores (GRS(s)). Our results did not replicate those of the previous study at either the level of individual loci or the global level of GRS(s). GRS(s) were larger in women than in men (4.20 ± 1.07 in women vs. 3.27 ± 0.98 in men). This very significant difference (P < 10(-16)) was more dependent on the six new loci not included in the previous study (59% of the difference) than on the thirteen loci that are shared (the remaining 41%). However, the 13 shared loci also showed a higher genetic risk load in women than in men in our study (P = 6.6 × 10(-7)), suggesting that heterogeneity of participants, in addition to different loci, contributed to the opposite results. Our results show the lack of a clear trend toward higher genetic risk in one of the sexes for the analyzed SLE loci. They also highlight several limitations of assessments of genetic risk load, including the possibility of ascertainment bias with loci discovered in studies that have included mainly women.

Lack of replication of higher genetic risk load in men than in women with systemic lupus erythematosus

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Introduction We aimed to replicate a recent study which showed higher genetic risk load at 15 loci in men than in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This difference was very significant, and it was interpreted as indicating that men require more genetic susceptibility than women to develop SLE. Methods Nineteen SLE-associated loci (thirteen of which are shared with the previous study) were analyzed in 1,457 SLE patients and 1,728 healthy controls of European ancestry. Genetic risk load was calculated as sex-specific sum genetic risk scores (GRSs). Results Our results did not replicate those of the previous study at either the level of individual loci or the global level of GRSs. GRSs were larger in women than in men (4.20 ± 1.07 in women vs. 3.27 ± 0.98 in men). This very significant difference (P < 10−16) was more dependent on the six new loci not included in the previous study (59% of the difference) than on the thirteen loci that are shared (the remaining 41%). However, the 13 shared loci also showed a higher genetic risk load in women than in men in our study (P = 6.6 × 10−7), suggesting that heterogeneity of participants, in addition to different loci, contributed to the opposite results. Conclusion Our results show the lack of a clear trend toward higher genetic risk in one of the sexes for the analyzed SLE loci. They also highlight several limitations of assessments of genetic risk load, including the possibility of ascertainment bias with loci discovered in studies that have included mainly women. PMID:24946689

The relationship between relational models and individualism and collectivism: evidence from culturally diverse work groups.

PubMed

Vodosek, Markus

2009-04-01

Relational models theory (Fiske, 1991 ) proposes that all thinking about social relationships is based on four elementary mental models: communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, and market pricing. Triandis and his colleagues (e.g., Triandis, Kurowski, & Gelfand, 1994 ) have suggested a relationship between the constructs of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism and Fiske's relational models. However, no previous research has examined this proposed relationship empirically. The objective of the current study was to test the association between the two frameworks in order to further our understanding of why members of culturally diverse groups may prefer different relational models in interactions with other group members. Findings from this study support a relationship between Triandis' constructs and Fiske's four relational models and uphold Fiske's ( 1991 ) claim that the use of the relational models is culturally dependent. As hypothesized, horizontal collectivism was associated with a preference for equality matching and communal sharing, vertical individualism was related to a preference for authority ranking, and vertical collectivism was related to a preference for authority ranking and communal sharing. However, contrary to expectations, horizontal individualism was not related to a preference for equality matching and market pricing, and vertical individualism was not associated with market pricing. By showing that there is a relationship between Triandis' and Fiske's frameworks, this study closes a gap in relational models theory, namely how culture relates to people's preferences for relational models. Thus, the findings from this study will enable future researchers to explain and predict what relational models are likely to be used in a certain cultural context.

Maxwell’s equal area law for Lovelock thermodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Hao; Xu, Zhen-Ming

We present the construction of Maxwell’s equal area law for the Guass-Bonnet AdS black holes in d = 5, 6 and third-order Lovelock AdS black holes in d = 7, 8. The equal area law can be used to find the number and location of the points of intersection in the plots of Gibbs free energy, so that we can get the thermodynamically preferred solution which corresponds to the first-order phase transition. We obtain the radius of the small and large black holes in the phase transition which share the same Gibbs free energy. The case with two critical points is explored in much more details. The latent heat is also studied.

Is the destabilisation of lake peipsi ecosystem caused by increased phosphorus loading or decreased nitrogen loading?

PubMed

Nõges, T; Laugaste, R; Loigu, E; Nedogarko, I; Skakalski, B; Nõges, P

2005-01-01

Lake Peipsi (3555 km2, mean depth 7.1 m) located on the border of Estonia and Russia is the largest transboundary lake in Europe. L. Peipsi consists of three parts. The shared largest northern part L. Peipsi s.s. (2611 km2, 8.3 m) and the southern L. Pihkva (708 km2, 3.8 m) which belongs mainly to Russia are connected by the river-shaped L. Lämmijärv (236 km2, 2.5 m). The catchment area (44,245 km2 without lake area) is shared between Estonia (33.3%), Russia (58.6%) and Latvia (8%). Intensive eutrophication of L. Peipsi started in the 1970s. The biomass of N2-fixing cyanobacteria was low at heavy nutrient loading in the 1980s. After the collapse of soviet-type agriculture in the early 1990s, the loading of nitrogen sharply decreased. A certain improvement of L. Peipsi s.s. was noticed at the beginning of the 1990s together with the temporary reduction of phosphorus loading from Estonian catchment while in recent years a destabilisation of the ecosystem has been observed. This deterioration has been expressed mainly as intensive blue-green blooms and fish-kills in summer. Reappearance of blooms has been explained by the decrease in N/P loading ratio due to reduced N discharge while in some periods increased phosphorus loading could have supported this trend.

Political Broadcast Advertising and Primary Election Voting

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wanat, John

1974-01-01

Results of a research project which hypothisized that: Other things being equal, the heavier a candidate's usage of broadcast advertising in a primary election campaign, the greater will be his share of the votes in the election. (Author/HB)

47 CFR 0.332 - Actions taken under delegated authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... safety, homeland security, national security, emergency management and preparedness, and disaster management communications—the Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau. (d) Complaints involving equal... frequencies shared with broadcast, common carrier, or government services—Office of Engineering and Technology...

3 CFR 9016 - Proclamation 9016 of September 13, 2013. National Hispanic Heritage Month, 2013

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... blend of backgrounds, those who journey to our shores embrace America. Sharing the dream of equality and..., we must never scale back our dreams. My Administration remains committed to building a rising...

25 CFR 111.4 - Election of shareholders.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... PAYMENTS § 111.4 Election of shareholders. An Indian holding equal rights in two or more tribes can share... enrolled and to relinquish in writing his claims to payments to the other. In the case of a minor the...

Buckling Tests with a Spar-rib Grill

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weinhold, Josef

1940-01-01

The present report deals with a comparison of mathematically and experimentally defined buckling loads of a spar-rib grill, on the assumption of constant spar section, and infinitely closely spaced ribs with rigidity symmetrical to the grill center. The loads are applied as equal bending moments at both spar ends, as compression in the line connecting the joints, and in the spar center line as the assumedly uniformly distributed spar weight.

Effect of different pushing speeds on bench press.

PubMed

Padulo, J; Mignogna, P; Mignardi, S; Tonni, F; D'Ottavio, S

2012-05-01

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on muscular strength after a 3-week training with the bench-press at a fixed pushing of 80-100% maximal speed (FPS) and self-selected pushing speed (SPS). 20 resistance-trained subjects were divided at random in 2 groups differing only regarding the pushing speed: in the FPS group (n=10) it was equal to 80-100% of the maximal speed while in the SPS group (n=10) the pushing speed was self-selected. Both groups were trained twice a week for 3 weeks with a load equal to 85% of 1RM and monitored with the encoder. Before and after the training we measured pushing speed and maximum load. Significant differences between and within the 2 groups were pointed out using a 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures. After 3 weeks a significant improvement was shown especially in the FPS group: the maximum load improved by 10.20% and the maximal speed by 2.22%, while in the SPS group the effect was <1%. This study shows that a high velocity training is required to increase the muscle strength further in subjects with a long training experience and this is possible by measuring the individual performance speed for each load. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Designing of Timber Bolt Connection Subjected To Double Unequal Shears

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Musilek, Josef; Plachy, Jan

2017-10-01

The paper deals with load-carrying capacity of bolted connections subjected to unequal double shear with thin plates as outer members and inner timber member. This type of connection is usually widespread and in building support structures made of wood is commonly used. This may occur for example in skeletal structures which contain structural elements based on wood, but also for smaller wooden buildings. Specifically, this type of connection can be found in ceiling structures in the joint joists and beams. If one joist greater margin than the second, bringing the load on the side of the joists of a larger span greater loads than on the side with a smaller span joist. Structure engineer, who is designing such a connection, must use for the design of the connection design procedures and formulas from which he or she calculates the design resistance in order to carry out further assessment of the reliability of the connection in the ultimate limit state. The load-carrying capacity of this connections type can be calculated at present according to Johansen’s equations, which are also contained in present European standard for the design timber structures -Eurocode 5. These Johansen’s equations assume that the loads which act on the outer plates are equal. For this reason, the structure engineer is often forced to use formulas intended for the timber bolt connection subjected to double equal shear and he or she must find ways how to use them although the formulas are not suitable. This paper deals with the case, when the loads acting on the outer plates are unequal.

Biaxial Mechanical Testing of Posterior Sclera using High-Resolution Ultrasound Speckle Tracking for Strain Measurements

PubMed Central

Cruz-Perez, Benjamin; Tang, Junhua; Morris, Hugh J.; Palko, Joel R.; Pan, Xueliang; Hart, Richard T.; Liu, Jun

2014-01-01

This study aimed to characterize the mechanical responses of the sclera, the white outer coat of the eye, under equal-biaxial loading with unrestricted shear. An ultrasound speckle tracking technique was used to measure tissue deformation through sample thickness, expanding the capabilities of surface strain techniques. Eight porcine scleral samples were tested within 72 hours postmortem. High resolution ultrasound scans of scleral cross-sections along the two loading axes were acquired at 25 consecutive biaxial load levels. An additional repeat of the biaxial loading cycle was performed to measure a third normal strain emulating a strain gauge rosette for calculating the in-plane shear. The repeatability of the strain measurements during identical biaxial ramps was evaluated. A correlation-based ultrasound speckle tracking algorithm was used to compute the displacement field and determine the distributive strains in the sample cross-sections. A Fung type constitutive model including a shear term was used to determine the material constants of each individual specimen by fitting the model parameters to the experimental stress-strain data. A non-linear stress-strain response was observed in all samples. The meridian direction had significantly larger strains than the circumferential direction during equal-biaxial loadings (P’s<0.05). The stiffness along the two directions were also significantly different (P=0.02) but highly correlated (R2=0.8). These results showed that the mechanical properties of the porcine sclera were nonlinear and anisotropic under biaxial loading. This work has also demonstrated the feasibility of using ultrasound speckle tracking for strain measurements during mechanical testing. PMID:24438767

The special status of verbal knowledge in semantic memory: evidence from performance of semantically impaired subjects on verbalizable and non-verbalizable versions of the object decision task.

PubMed

Zannino, Gian Daniele; Perri, Roberta; Monaco, Marco; Caltagirone, Carlo; Luzzi, Simona; Carlesimo, Giovanni A

2014-01-01

According to the semantic hub hypothesis, a supramodal semantic hub is equally needed to deal with verbal and extraverbal "surface" representations. Damage to the supramodal hub is thought to underlie the crossmodal impairment observed in selective semantic deficits. In the present paper, we provide evidence supporting an alternative view: we hold that semantic impairment is not equal across domains but affects verbal behavior disproportionately. We investigated our hypothesis by manipulating the verbal load in an object decision task. Two pathological groups showing different levels of semantic impairment were enrolled together with their normal controls. The severe group included 10 subjects with semantic dementia and the mild group 10 subjects with Alzheimer's disease. In keeping with our hypothesis, when shifting from the low verbal load to the high verbal load condition, brain-damaged individuals, as compared to controls, showed a disproportionate impairment as a function of the severity of their semantic deficit. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ground reaction force comparison of controlled resistance methods to isoinertial loading of the squat exercise - biomed 2010.

PubMed

Paulus, David C; Reynolds, Michael C; Schilling, Brian K

2010-01-01

The ground reaction force during the concentric (raising) portion of the squat exercise was compared to that of isoinertial loading (free weights) for three pneumatically controlled resistance methods: constant resistance, cam force profile, and proportional force control based on velocity. Constant force control showed lower ground reaction forces than isoinertial loading throughout the range of motion (ROM). The cam force profile exhibited slightly greater ground reaction forces than isoinertial loading at 10 and 40% ROM with fifty-percent greater loading at 70% ROM. The proportional force control consistently elicited greater ground reaction force than isoinertial loading, which progressively ranged from twenty to forty percent increase over isoinertial loading except for being approximately equal at 85% ROM. Based on these preliminary results, the proportional control shows the most promise for providing loading that is comparable in magnitude to isoinertial loading. This technology could optimize resistance exercise for sport-specific training or as a countermeasure to atrophy during spaceflight.

Sharing the Load: Understanding the Roles of Academics and Host Supervisors in Work-Integrated Learning

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winchester-Seeto, Theresa; Rowe, Anna; Mackaway, Jacqueline

2016-01-01

Student supervision is a key factor underpinning the success of work-integrated learning programs. Supervisory responsibilities can be shared across a number of stakeholders including university staff and host/workplace supervisors. While there have been attempts to understand the roles played by each of these stakeholders, little research has…

Dynamic Transfers Of Tasks Among Computers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Howard T.; Silvester, John A.

1989-01-01

Allocation scheme gives jobs to idle computers. Ideal resource-sharing algorithm should have following characteristics: Dynamics, decentralized, and heterogeneous. Proposed enhanced receiver-initiated dynamic algorithm (ERIDA) for resource sharing fulfills all above criteria. Provides method balancing workload among hosts, resulting in improvement in response time and throughput performance of total system. Adjusts dynamically to traffic load of each station.

Nutrient loads within the Sava River Catchment and comparison with load relations in the Baltic region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Levi, Lea; Cvetkovic, Vladimir; Destouni, Georgia

2015-04-01

This study compiles estimates of total nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Sava River Catchment (SRC), investigates the load relations to human drivers of excess nutrient loading, and compares them with corresponding relations implied by data reported for the Baltic region. Nutrient load data, associated average discharge concentrations (ratio of load to water discharge) and their relations to human drivers are investigated across subcatchments of the SRC with different agricultural and population conditions. The Zagreb subcatchment, which has the smallest area but the highest population density and runoff among the investigated SRC subcatchments, exhibits the highest loads of both nitrogen and phosphorus. Overall for the SRC, results show high correlation (R2=0.93-0.95) of nutrient loads with population density and of concentrations with farmland share. A further question investigated here is then to what degree these relations are comparable with such relations found also for the Baltic region. The two regions are otherwise quite different in their climatic, agricultural and wastewater treatment conditions, so relation consistency, even if surprising, would be important in indicating some degree of relation transferability worthy of further investigation also in other regions. For the Baltic region corresponding correlations to those found in the SRC are in the range R2=0.79-0.88. In particular nitrogen and phosphorus concentration correlations with farmland share are qualitatively consistent between the regions. At the same time, phosphorus concentration correlation with population density shows quite different results between regions. Obtained results indicate a certain level of transferability of dependencies between the two regions and call for further detailed investigations on finer spatial-temporal scales.

14 CFR 29.321 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... load factor must be assumed to act normal to the longitudinal axis of the rotorcraft, and to be equal... from the design minimum weight to the design maximum weight; and (2) With any practical distribution of...

29 CFR 1918.65 - Mechanically powered vehicles used aboard vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... protect the operator, when seated, against injury from contact with a projecting overhead hazard. (2... excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the operator's shoulder level equal to the drawbar pull...

29 CFR 1918.65 - Mechanically powered vehicles used aboard vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... protect the operator, when seated, against injury from contact with a projecting overhead hazard. (2... excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the operator's shoulder level equal to the drawbar pull...

29 CFR 1918.65 - Mechanically powered vehicles used aboard vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... protect the operator, when seated, against injury from contact with a projecting overhead hazard. (2... excessive deflection, a load applied horizontally at the operator's shoulder level equal to the drawbar pull...

14 CFR 23.343 - Design fuel loads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Gust velocities equal to 85 percent of the values prescribed in § 23.333(c). (2) The fatigue evaluation of the structure must account for any increase in operating stresses resulting from the design...

Failure-Time Distribution Of An m-Out-of-n System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Scheuer, Ernest M.

1988-01-01

Formulas for reliability extended to more general cases. Useful in analyses of reliabilities of practical systems and structures, especially of redundant systems of identical components, among which operating loads distributed equally.

Vibrio chromosomes share common history.

PubMed

Kirkup, Benjamin C; Chang, LeeAnn; Chang, Sarah; Gevers, Dirk; Polz, Martin F

2010-05-10

While most gamma proteobacteria have a single circular chromosome, Vibrionales have two circular chromosomes. Horizontal gene transfer is common among Vibrios, and in light of this genetic mobility, it is an open question to what extent the two chromosomes themselves share a common history since their formation. Single copy genes from each chromosome (142 genes from chromosome I and 42 genes from chromosome II) were identified from 19 sequenced Vibrionales genomes and their phylogenetic comparison suggests consistent phylogenies for each chromosome. Additionally, study of the gene organization and phylogeny of the respective origins of replication confirmed the shared history. Thus, while elements within the chromosomes may have experienced significant genetic mobility, the backbones share a common history. This allows conclusions based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) for one chromosome to be applied equally to both chromosomes.

Performance simulation of a plasma magnetohydrodynamic power generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Hulin; Li, Linyong; Zhu, Guiping

2018-05-01

The performance of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generator is affected by many issues, among which the load coefficient k is of great importance. This paper reveals the relationship between the k and the performance of MHD generator by numerical simulation on Faraday-type MHD power generator using He/Xe as working plasma. The results demonstrate that the power generation efficiency increases with an increment of the load factor. However, the enthalpy extraction firstly increases then decreases with the load factor increasing. The enthalpy extraction rate reaches the maximum when the load coefficient k equals to 0.625, which infers the best performance of the power generator channel with the maximum electricity production.

Area beam equalization: optimization and performance of an automated prototype system for chest radiography.

PubMed

Xu, Tong; Shikhaliev, Polad M; Berenji, Gholam R; Tehranzadeh, Jamshid; Saremi, Farhood; Molloi, Sabee

2004-04-01

To evaluate the feasibility and performance of an x-ray beam equalization system for chest radiography using anthropomorphic phantoms. Area beam equalization involves the process of the initial unequalized image acquisition, attenuator thickness calculation, mask generation using a 16 x 16 piston array, and final equalized image acquisition. Chest radiographs of three different anthropomorphic phantoms were acquired with no beam equalization and equalization levels of 4.8, 11.3, and 21. Six radiologists evaluated the images by scoring them from 1-5 using 13 different criteria. The dose was calculated using the known attenuator material thickness and the mAs of the x-ray tube. The visibility of anatomic structures in the under-penetrated regions of the chest radiographs was shown to be significantly (P < .01) improved after beam equalization. An equalization level of 4.8 provided most of the improvements with moderate increases in patient dose and tube loading. Higher levels of beam equalization did not show much improvement in the visibility of anatomic structures in the under-penetrated regions. A moderate level of x-ray beam equalization in chest radiography is superior to both conventional radiographs and radiographs with high levels of beam equalization. X-ray beam equalization can significantly improve the visibility of anatomic structures in the under-penetrated regions while maintaining good image quality in the lung region.

An Overview of Conceptual Frameworks

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-01

197 and references therein). The list given here varies somewhat to that in Frawley [13] Ch 5. No theoretical commitment is made here to the...equal Balance the electrical loads on each generator oald_v_2 to be equal in value, amount, etc. to sth else that has the opposite effect AM is a...actually or potentially circular (as when, for example, to demand is defined as ‘to request firmly’, and to request as ‘to demand gently

How Will the Affordable Care Act's Cost-Sharing Reductions Affect Consumers' Out-of-Pocket Costs in 2016?

PubMed

Collins, Sara R; Gunja, Munira; Beutel, Sophie

2016-03-01

Health insurers selling plans in the Affordable Care Act's market­places are required to reduce cost-sharing in silver plans for low- and moderate-income people earning between 100 percent and 250 percent of the federal pov­erty level. In 2016, as many as 7 million Americans may have plans with these cost-sharing reductions. In the largest markets in the 38 states using the federal website for marketplace enrollment, the cost-sharing reductions substantially lower projected out-of-pocket costs for people who qualify for them. However, the degree to which consumers' out-of-pocket spending will fall varies by plan and how much health care they use. This is because insurers use deductibles, out-of-pocket limits, and copayments in different combinations to lower cost-sharing for eligible enrollees. In 2017, marketplace insurers will have the option of offering standard plans, which may help simplify consumers' choices and lead to more equal cost-sharing.

Android Protection Mechanism: A Signed Code Security Mechanism for Smartphone Applications

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-01

status registers, exceptions, endian support, unaligned access support, synchronization primitives , the Jazelle Extension, and saturated integer...supports comprehensive non-blocking shared-memory synchronization primitives that scale for multiple-processor system designs. This is an improvement... synchronization . Memory semaphores can be loaded and altered without interruption because the load and store operations are atomic. Processor

Waveform distortion by 2-step modeling ground vibration from trains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, F.; Chen, W.; Zhang, J.; Li, F.; Liu, H.; Chen, X.; Pan, Y.; Li, G.; Xiao, F.

2017-10-01

The 2-step procedure is widely used in numerical research on ground vibrations from trains. The ground is inconsistently represented by a simplified model in the first step and by a refined model in the second step, which may lead to distortions in the simulation results. In order to reveal this modeling error, time histories of ground-borne vibrations were computed based on the 2-step procedure and then compared with the results from a benchmark procedure of the whole system. All parameters involved were intentionally set as equal for the 2 methods, which ensures that differences in the results originated from the inconsistencies of the ground model. Excited by wheel loads of low speeds such as 60 km/h and low frequencies less than 8 Hz, the computed responses of the subgrade were quite close to the benchmarks. However, notable distortions were found in all loading cases at higher frequencies. Moreover, significant underestimation of intensity occurred when load frequencies equaled 16 Hz. This occurred not only at the subgrade but also at the points 10 m and 20 m away from the track. When the load speed was increased to 350 km/h, all computed waveforms were distorted, including the responses to the loads at very low frequencies. The modeling error found herein suggests that the ground models in the 2 steps should be calibrated in terms of frequency bands to be investigated, and the speed of train should be taken into account at the same time.

Food sharing in vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment

PubMed Central

Carter, Gerald G.; Wilkinson, Gerald S.

2013-01-01

Common vampire bats often regurgitate food to roost-mates that fail to feed. The original explanation for this costly helping behaviour invoked both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Several authors have since suggested that food sharing is maintained solely by indirect fitness because non-kin food sharing could have resulted from kin recognition errors, indiscriminate altruism within groups, or harassment. To test these alternatives, we examined predictors of food-sharing decisions under controlled conditions of mixed relatedness and equal familiarity. Over a 2 year period, we individually fasted 20 vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and induced food sharing on 48 days. Surprisingly, donors initiated food sharing more often than recipients, which is inconsistent with harassment. Food received was the best predictor of food given across dyads, and 8.5 times more important than relatedness. Sixty-four per cent of sharing dyads were unrelated, approaching the 67 per cent expected if nepotism was absent. Consistent with social bonding, the food-sharing network was consistent and correlated with mutual allogrooming. Together with past work, these findings support the hypothesis that food sharing in vampire bats provides mutual direct fitness benefits, and is not explained solely by kin selection or harassment. PMID:23282995

Food sharing in vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment.

PubMed

Carter, Gerald G; Wilkinson, Gerald S

2013-02-22

Common vampire bats often regurgitate food to roost-mates that fail to feed. The original explanation for this costly helping behaviour invoked both direct and indirect fitness benefits. Several authors have since suggested that food sharing is maintained solely by indirect fitness because non-kin food sharing could have resulted from kin recognition errors, indiscriminate altruism within groups, or harassment. To test these alternatives, we examined predictors of food-sharing decisions under controlled conditions of mixed relatedness and equal familiarity. Over a 2 year period, we individually fasted 20 vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) and induced food sharing on 48 days. Surprisingly, donors initiated food sharing more often than recipients, which is inconsistent with harassment. Food received was the best predictor of food given across dyads, and 8.5 times more important than relatedness. Sixty-four per cent of sharing dyads were unrelated, approaching the 67 per cent expected if nepotism was absent. Consistent with social bonding, the food-sharing network was consistent and correlated with mutual allogrooming. Together with past work, these findings support the hypothesis that food sharing in vampire bats provides mutual direct fitness benefits, and is not explained solely by kin selection or harassment.

Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gomberg, J.; Beeler, N.M.; Blanpied, M.L.; Bodin, P.

1998-01-01

Observational evidence for both static and transient near-field and far-field triggered seismicity are explained in terms of a frictional instability model, based on a single degree of freedom spring-slider system and rate- and state-dependent frictional constitutive equations. In this study a triggered earthquake is one whose failure time has been advanced by ??t (clock advance) due to a stress perturbation. Triggering stress perturbations considered include square-wave transients and step functions, analogous to seismic waves and coseismic static stress changes, respectively. Perturbations are superimposed on a constant background stressing rate which represents the tectonic stressing rate. The normal stress is assumed to be constant. Approximate, closed-form solutions of the rate-and-state equations are derived for these triggering and background loads, building on the work of Dieterich [1992, 1994]. These solutions can be used to simulate the effects of static and transient stresses as a function of amplitude, onset time t0, and in the case of square waves, duration. The accuracies of the approximate closed-form solutions are also evaluated with respect to the full numerical solution and t0. The approximate solutions underpredict the full solutions, although the difference decreases as t0, approaches the end of the earthquake cycle. The relationship between ??t and t0 differs for transient and static loads: a static stress step imposed late in the cycle causes less clock advance than an equal step imposed earlier, whereas a later applied transient causes greater clock advance than an equal one imposed earlier. For equal ??t, transient amplitudes must be greater than static loads by factors of several tens to hundreds depending on t0. We show that the rate-and-state model requires that the total slip at failure is a constant, regardless of the loading history. Thus a static load applied early in the cycle, or a transient applied at any time, reduces the stress at the initiation of failure, whereas static loads that are applied sufficiently late raise it. Rate-and-state friction predictions differ markedly from those based on Coulomb failure stress changes (??CFS) in which ??t equals the amplitude of the static stress change divided by the background stressing rate. The ??CFS model assumes a stress failure threshold, while the rate-and-state equations require a slip failure threshold. The complete rale-and-state equations predict larger ??t than the ??CFS model does for static stress steps at small t0, and smaller ??t than the ??CFS model for stress steps at large t0. The ??CFS model predicts nonzero ??t only for transient loads that raise the stress to failure stress levels during the transient. In contrast, the rate-and-state model predicts nonzero ??t for smaller loads, and triggered failure may occur well after the transient is finished. We consider heuristically the effects of triggering on a population of faults, as these effects might be evident in seismicity data. Triggering is manifest as an initial increase in seismicity rate that may be followed by a quiescence or by a return to the background rate. Available seismicity data are insufficient to discriminate whether triggered earthquakes are "new" or clock advanced. However, if triggering indeed results from advancing the failure time of inevitable earthquakes, then our modeling suggests that a quiescence always follows transient triggering and that the duration of increased seismicity also cannot exceed the duration of a triggering transient load. Quiescence follows static triggering only if the population of available faults is finite.

Implementing a mission-based reporting system at an academic health center: a method for mission enhancement.

PubMed

Howell, Lydia Pleotis; Hogarth, Michael A; Anders, Thomas F

2003-06-01

To describe the utility of school-wide use of mission-based reporting (MBR) for medical school deans and department chairs. All faculty members in the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine reported their clinical, creative, teaching, and service activities for 2000-2001 to the MBR system. The authors report on school-wide and department MBR profiles, and profiles by rank and academic series. They validate MBR by comparing individual results with actual merit actions reviewed independently by the school's academic personnel committee. A total of 419 faculty members (85%) completed their MBR reports. The average faculty member spent considerably more than 50 hours per week fulfilling the missions of the school, and full professors and faculty members in academic series supported by state funds were the most productive in investigative and creative work. The teaching load was shared equally by all the academic ranks, although the clinician-scholars taught more than did faculty members in the other series. There was an inverse relationship between clinical load and academic rank, with the majority of the clinical work performed by junior faculty members. MBR results compared favorably with the merit review process, although MBR is not expected to replace the traditional peer review system. The creation of these graphic profiles and summaries is a valuable feature of MBR that would not have been possible without such quantitative data. The profiles allow monitoring to ensure that workload conforms to established objectives for individuals, departments, academic ranks and series. Finally, the authors discuss future directions for their MBR system.

A procedure for combining acoustically induced and mechanically induced loads (first passage failure design criterion)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crowe, D. R.; Henricks, W.

1983-01-01

The combined load statistics are developed by taking the acoustically induced load to be a random population, assumed to be stationary. Each element of this ensemble of acoustically induced loads is assumed to have the same power spectral density (PSD), obtained previously from a random response analysis employing the given acoustic field in the STS cargo bay as a stationary random excitation. The mechanically induced load is treated as either (1) a known deterministic transient, or (2) a nonstationary random variable of known first and second statistical moments which vary with time. A method is then shown for determining the probability that the combined load would, at any time, have a value equal to or less than a certain level. Having obtained a statistical representation of how the acoustic and mechanical loads are expected to combine, an analytical approximation for defining design levels for these loads is presented using the First Passage failure criterion.

Gender Differences in Cognitive Load and Competition Anxiety Affect 6th Grade Students' Attitude toward Playing and Intention to Play at a Sequential or Synchronous Game

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hwang, Ming-Yueh; Hong, Jon-Chao; Cheng, Hao-Yueh; Peng, Yu-Chi; Wu, Nien-Chen

2013-01-01

Do girls have more competition anxiety and exogenous cognitive load than equally able boys during the playing of stressful competitive on-line games? This question led to the adoption of a technology acceptance model to compare the influence factors of competitors in sequential and synchronous games. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data on 220…

Potential for shared log transport services

Treesearch

Tim McDonald; Steve Taylor; Jorge Valenzuela

2001-01-01

A simulation model of a log transport logistics network was developed. The model could be structured to either share truck capacity among a group of loggers, or to assign a fixed number of trucks to individual loggers. Another variation of the model allowed the use of a staging yard to set out loaded trailers and deliver them to destinations using dedicated shuttle...

Demonstration and Evaluation of the Effects of Incentives on Resource Sharing Using a Computerized Interlibrary Communications System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New England Board of Higher Education, Wellesley, MA. New England Library Information Network.

The potential for using a computerized communication system to facilitate resource sharing in New England has been investigated by the staff of the New England Information Network (NELINET). The central purpose of their research was to determine whether a strategy for load leveling of interlibrary loan (ILL) requests could be implemented online as…

Reconfigurable Software for Controlling Formation Flying

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Joseph B.

2006-01-01

Software for a system to control the trajectories of multiple spacecraft flying in formation is being developed to reflect underlying concepts of (1) a decentralized approach to guidance and control and (2) reconfigurability of the control system, including reconfigurability of the software and of control laws. The software is organized as a modular network of software tasks. The computational load for both determining relative trajectories and planning maneuvers is shared equally among all spacecraft in a cluster. The flexibility and robustness of the software are apparent in the fact that tasks can be added, removed, or replaced during flight. In a computational simulation of a representative formation-flying scenario, it was demonstrated that the following are among the services performed by the software: Uploading of commands from a ground station and distribution of the commands among the spacecraft, Autonomous initiation and reconfiguration of formations, Autonomous formation of teams through negotiations among the spacecraft, Working out details of high-level commands (e.g., shapes and sizes of geometrically complex formations), Implementation of a distributed guidance law providing autonomous optimization and assignment of target states, and Implementation of a decentralized, fuel-optimal, impulsive control law for planning maneuvers.

Monitoring socioeconomic inequity in maternal health indicators in Egypt: 1995-2005

PubMed Central

2009-01-01

Background Egypt's longstanding commitment to safe motherhood and maternal health has paid off in substantial declines in maternal mortality ratio and significant improvement in the levels of many maternal health indicators. The current study aims to monitor trends of maternal health indicators and their socioeconomic inequities among Egyptian women over ten-year period (1995-2005). It poses the question "to what extent have the recent maternal health improvements been shared among the various socioeconomic categories of women?" Methods The current paper uses data on maternal health available in three consecutive Demographic and Health Surveys (1995-2000-2005). Concentration index is used to assess the levels of health inequity over the ten year period. Results Although previous efforts in maternal health have contributed to substantial improvements in the general levels of maternal health indicators, these improvements were not enjoyed equally by women in various social groups. Indicators that have long been the focus of health policy such as fertility and contraceptive use showed some declines in disparities but they are far behind from achieving equity. Other indicators which relate to unmet need, prenatal care, delivery, postnatal care still loaded with high levels of inequity and call for more comprehensive policy interventions. PMID:19895706

Intelligent Energy Management System for PV-Battery-based Microgrids in Future DC Homes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chauhan, R. K.; Rajpurohit, B. S.; Gonzalez-Longatt, F. M.; Singh, S. N.

2016-06-01

This paper presents a novel intelligent energy management system (IEMS) for a DC microgrid connected to the public utility (PU), photovoltaic (PV) and multi-battery bank (BB). The control objectives of the proposed IEMS system are: (i) to ensure the load sharing (according to the source capacity) among sources, (ii) to reduce the power loss (high efficient) in the system, and (iii) to enhance the system reliability and power quality. The proposed IEMS is novel because it follows the ideal characteristics of the battery (with some assumptions) for the power sharing and the selection of the closest source to minimize the power losses. The IEMS allows continuous and accurate monitoring with intelligent control of distribution system operations such as battery bank energy storage (BBES) system, PV system and customer utilization of electric power. The proposed IEMS gives the better operational performance for operating conditions in terms of load sharing, loss minimization, and reliability enhancement of the DC microgrid.

Charging system and method for multicell storage batteries

DOEpatents

Cox, Jay A.

1978-01-01

A battery-charging system includes a first charging circuit connected in series with a plurality of battery cells for controlled current charging. A second charging circuit applies a controlled voltage across each individual cell for equalization of the cells to the fully charged condition. This controlled voltage is determined at a level above the fully charged open-circuit voltage but at a sufficiently low level to prevent corrosion of cell components by electrochemical reaction. In this second circuit for cell equalization, a transformer primary receives closely regulated, square-wave voltage which is coupled to a plurality of equal secondary coil windings. Each secondary winding is connected in parallel to each cell of a series-connected pair of cells through half-wave rectifiers and a shared, intermediate conductor.

Understanding negative impacts of perceived cognitive load on job learning effectiveness: a social capital solution.

PubMed

Lin, Chieh-Peng

2010-12-01

This study proposes a model explaining how social capital helps ease excessively required mental effort. Although organizational researchers have studied both social capital and cognitive load, no prior research has critically examined the role of social capital in improving individuals' mental load and effort and consequently enhancing job learning effectiveness. This study surveys participants made up of professionals in Taiwan's information technology industry. It measures the constructs with the use of 5-point Likert-type scale items modified from existing literature. The survey data were analyzed with the use of structural equation modeling. Job learning effectiveness is negatively influenced by role ambiguity and role conflict. Time pressure has a positive influence on role ambiguity and role conflict Although the relationship between task complexity and role ambiguity is insignificant, task complexity has a positive influence on role conflict. Because the relationship between network ties and role conflict is insignificant, trust has a negative influence on role conflict. Last, shared vision has a negative influence on role ambiguity. This study provides an example of how social capital can be applied as a useful remedy to ease the negative impact of perceived cognitive load on job learning effectiveness. The negative relationship between shared vision and role ambiguity suggests that a shared vision helps in disseminating organizationally common goals and directions among employees to alleviate individuals' mental efforts in dealing with the ambiguity of their job roles. A firm's management team should take actions to decrease role conflict by strengthening trust among employees.

Confidence bounds and hypothesis tests for normal distribution coefficients of variation

Treesearch

Steve Verrill; Richard A. Johnson

2007-01-01

For normally distributed populations, we obtain confidence bounds on a ratio of two coefficients of variation, provide a test for the equality of k coefficients of variation, and provide confidence bounds on a coefficient of variation shared by k populations.

Soy

MedlinePlus

... Soy URL of this page: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007204.htm Soy To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Humans have been eating soy beans for almost 5000 years. The soybean is high in protein. The quality of protein from soy equals that of protein ...

Stress-Constrained Structural Topology Optimization with Design-Dependent Loads

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Edmund

Topology optimization is commonly used to distribute a given amount of material to obtain the stiffest structure, with predefined fixed loads. The present work investigates the result of applying stress constraints to topology optimization, for problems with design-depending loading, such as self-weight and pressure. In order to apply pressure loading, a material boundary identification scheme is proposed, iteratively connecting points of equal density. In previous research, design-dependent loading problems have been limited to compliance minimization. The present study employs a more practical approach by minimizing mass subject to failure constraints, and uses a stress relaxation technique to avoid stress constraint singularities. The results show that these design dependent loading problems may converge to a local minimum when stress constraints are enforced. Comparisons between compliance minimization solutions and stress-constrained solutions are also given. The resulting topologies of these two solutions are usually vastly different, demonstrating the need for stress-constrained topology optimization.

Participation in a mobile health intervention trial to improve retention in HIV care: does gender matter?

PubMed Central

van der Kop, Mia L; Muhula, Samuel; Ekström, Anna M; Jongbloed, Kate; Smillie, Kirsten; Abunah, Bonface; Kinagwi, Koki; Kyomuhangi, Lennie B; Gelmon, Lawrence; Ojakaa, David I; Lester, Richard T; Awiti, Patricia O

2017-01-01

Background To be consistent with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals on gender equality, mobile health (mHealth) programmes should aim to use communications technology to promote the empowerment of women. We conducted a pre-trial analysis of data from the WelTel Retain study on retention in HIV care to assess gender-based differences in phone access, phone sharing and concerns about receiving text messages from a healthcare provider. Methods Between April 2013–June 2015, HIV-positive adults were screened for trial participation at two clinics in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Proportions of men and women excluded from the trial due to phone-related criteria were compared using a chi-square test. Gender-based differences in phone sharing patterns and concerns among trial participants were similarly compared. Results Of 1068 individuals screened, there was no difference in the proportion of men (n = 39/378, 10.3%) and women (n = 71/690, 10.3%) excluded because of phone-related criteria (p-value = 0.989). Among those who shared their phone, women (n = 52/108, 48.1%) were more likely than men (n = 6/60, 10.0%) to share with other non-household and household members (p <0.001). Few participants had concerns about receiving text messages from their healthcare provider; those with concerns were all women (n = 6/700). Discussion In this study, men and women were equally able to participate in a trial of an mHealth intervention. Equitable access in these urban slums may indicate the ‘gender digital divide’ is narrowing in some settings; however, gender-specific phone sharing patterns and concerns regarding privacy must be fully considered in the development and scale-up of mHealth programmes. PMID:27080746

Participation in a mobile health intervention trial to improve retention in HIV care: does gender matter?

PubMed

van der Kop, Mia L; Muhula, Samuel; Ekström, Anna M; Jongbloed, Kate; Smillie, Kirsten; Abunah, Bonface; Kinagwi, Koki; Kyomuhangi, Lennie B; Gelmon, Lawrence; Ojakaa, David I; Lester, Richard T; Awiti, Patricia O

2017-02-01

Background To be consistent with the United Nations' sustainable development goals on gender equality, mobile health (mHealth) programmes should aim to use communications technology to promote the empowerment of women. We conducted a pre-trial analysis of data from the WelTel Retain study on retention in HIV care to assess gender-based differences in phone access, phone sharing and concerns about receiving text messages from a healthcare provider. Methods Between April 2013-June 2015, HIV-positive adults were screened for trial participation at two clinics in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Proportions of men and women excluded from the trial due to phone-related criteria were compared using a chi-square test. Gender-based differences in phone sharing patterns and concerns among trial participants were similarly compared. Results Of 1068 individuals screened, there was no difference in the proportion of men ( n = 39/378, 10.3%) and women ( n = 71/690, 10.3%) excluded because of phone-related criteria ( p-value = 0.989). Among those who shared their phone, women ( n = 52/108, 48.1%) were more likely than men ( n = 6/60, 10.0%) to share with other non-household and household members ( p < 0.001). Few participants had concerns about receiving text messages from their healthcare provider; those with concerns were all women ( n = 6/700). Discussion In this study, men and women were equally able to participate in a trial of an mHealth intervention. Equitable access in these urban slums may indicate the 'gender digital divide' is narrowing in some settings; however, gender-specific phone sharing patterns and concerns regarding privacy must be fully considered in the development and scale-up of mHealth programmes.

Load sharing in distributed real-time systems with state-change broadcasts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shin, Kang G.; Chang, Yi-Chieh

1989-01-01

A decentralized dynamic load-sharing (LS) method based on state-change broadcasts is proposed for a distributed real-time system. Whenever the state of a node changes from underloaded to fully loaded and vice versa, the node broadcasts this change to a set of nodes, called a buddy set, in the system. The performance of the method is evaluated with both analytic modeling and simulation. It is modeled first by an embedded Markov chain for which numerical solutions are derived. The model solutions are then used to calculate the distribution of queue lengths at the nodes and the probability of meeting task deadlines. The analytical results show that buddy sets of 10 nodes outperform those of less than 10 nodes, and the incremental benefit gained from increasing the buddy set size beyond 15 nodes is insignificant. These and other analytical results are verified by simulation. The proposed LS method is shown to meet task deadlines with a very high probability.

Polygenic loading for major depression is associated with specific medical comorbidity

PubMed Central

McCoy, T H; Castro, V M; Snapper, L; Hart, K; Januzzi, J L; Huffman, J C; Perlis, R H

2017-01-01

Major depressive disorder frequently co-occurs with medical disorders, raising the possibility of shared genetic liability. Recent identification of 15 novel genetic loci associated with depression allows direct investigation of this question. In cohorts of individuals participating in biobanks at two academic medical centers, we calculated polygenic loading for risk loci reported to be associated with depression. We then examined the association between such loading and 50 groups of clinical diagnoses, or topics, drawn from these patients' electronic health records, determined using a novel application of latent Dirichilet allocation. Three topics showed experiment-wide association with the depression liability score; these included diagnostic groups representing greater prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders, greater prevalence of cardiac ischemia, and a decreased prevalence of heart failure. The latter two associations persisted even among individuals with no mood disorder diagnosis. This application of a novel method for grouping related diagnoses in biobanks indicate shared genetic risk for depression and cardiac disease, with a pattern suggesting greater ischemic risk and diminished heart failure risk. PMID:28926002

Testing Orions Fairing Separation System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martinez, Henry; Cloutier, Chris; Lemmon, Heber; Rakes, Daniel; Oldham, Joe; Schlagel, Keith

2014-01-01

Traditional fairing systems are designed to fully encapsulate and protect their payload from the harsh ascent environment including acoustic vibrations, aerodynamic forces and heating. The Orion fairing separation system performs this function and more by also sharing approximately half of the vehicle structural load during ascent. This load-share condition through launch and during jettison allows for a substantial increase in mass to orbit. A series of component-level development tests were completed to evaluate and characterize each component within Orion's unique fairing separation system. Two full-scale separation tests were performed to verify system-level functionality and provide verification data. This paper summarizes the fairing spring, Pyramidal Separation Mechanism and forward seal system component-level development tests, system-level separation tests, and lessons learned.

Dynamic programming on a shared-memory multiprocessor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Edmonds, Phil; Chu, Eleanor; George, Alan

1993-01-01

Three new algorithms for solving dynamic programming problems on a shared-memory parallel computer are described. All three algorithms attempt to balance work load, while keeping synchronization cost low. In particular, for a multiprocessor having p processors, an analysis of the best algorithm shows that the arithmetic cost is O(n-cubed/6p) and that the synchronization cost is O(absolute value of log sub C n) if p much less than n, where C = (2p-1)/(2p + 1) and n is the size of the problem. The low synchronization cost is important for machines where synchronization is expensive. Analysis and experiments show that the best algorithm is effective in balancing the work load and producing high efficiency.

Microgrid Study: Energy Security for DoD Installations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-18

security, efficiency, and the incorporation of renewable and distributed energy resources into microgrids, as well as the factors that might facilitate...better understand how different environmental factors affected the choice of optimal microgrid architecture. Environmental factors in this context...lower costs—Networking generation assets allow for load sharing, allowing fewer generators to run at higher load factors and therefore with greater

Cross-Priming of Naive Cd8 T Cells against Melanoma Antigens Using Dendritic Cells Loaded with Killed Allogeneic Melanoma Cells

PubMed Central

Berard, Frederic; Blanco, Patrick; Davoust, Jean; Neidhart-Berard, Eve-Marie; Nouri-Shirazi, Mahyar; Taquet, Nicolas; Rimoldi, Donata; Cerottini, Jean Charles; Banchereau, Jacques; Palucka, A. Karolina

2000-01-01

The goal of tumor immunotherapy is to elicit immune responses against autologous tumors. It would be highly desirable that such responses include multiple T cell clones against multiple tumor antigens. This could be obtained using the antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) and cross-priming. That is, one could load the DC with tumor lines of any human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) type to elicit T cell responses against the autologous tumor. In this study, we show that human DCs derived from monocytes and loaded with killed melanoma cells prime naive CD45RA+CD27+CD8+ T cells against the four shared melanoma antigens: MAGE-3, gp100, tyrosinase, and MART-1. HLA-A201+ naive T cells primed by DCs loaded with HLA-A201− melanoma cells are able to kill several HLA-A201+ melanoma targets. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte priming towards melanoma antigens is also obtained with cells from metastatic melanoma patients. This demonstration of cross-priming against shared tumor antigens builds the basis for using allogeneic tumor cell lines to deliver tumor antigens to DCs for vaccination protocols. PMID:11104796

Meal and beta-alanine coingestion enhances muscle carnosine loading.

PubMed

Stegen, Sanne; Blancquaert, Laura; Everaert, Inge; Bex, Tine; Taes, Youri; Calders, Patrick; Achten, Eric; Derave, Wim

2013-08-01

Beta-alanine (BA) is a popular ergogenic supplement because it can induce muscle carnosine loading. We hypothesize that, by analogy with creatine supplementation, 1) an inverse relationship between urinary excretion and muscle loading is present, and 2) the latter is stimulated by carbohydrate- and protein-induced insulin action. In study A, the effect of a 5-wk slow-release BA (SRBA) supplementation (4.8 g · d(-1)) on whole body BA retention was determined in seven men. We further determined whether the coingestion of carbohydrates and proteins with SRBA would improve retention. In study B (34 subjects), we explored the effect of meal timing on muscle carnosine loading (3.2 g · d(-1) during 6-7 wk). One group received pure BA (PBA) in between the meals; the other received PBA at the start of the meals, to explore the effect of meal-induced insulin release. Further, we compared with a third group receiving SRBA at the start of the meals. Orally ingested SRBA has a very high whole body retention (97%-98%) that is not declining throughout the 5-wk supplementation period, nor is it influenced by the coingestion of macronutrients. Thus, a very small portion (1%-2%) is lost through urinary excretion, and equally only a small portion is incorporated into muscle carnosine (≈ 3%), indicating that most ingested BA is metabolized (possibly through oxidation). Second, in soleus muscles, the efficiency of carnosine loading is significantly higher when PBA is coingested with a meal (+64%) compared with in between the meals (+41%), suggesting that insulin stimulates muscle carnosine loading. Finally, the chronic supplementation of SRBA versus PBA seems equally effective.

Studying the effectiveness of using pneumoimpulsive technology for cleaning the platen surfaces of the PK-38 boiler at the Nazarovo district power station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Agliulin, S. G.; Nikolaev, S. F.; Zvegintsev, V. I.; Yurkin, I. A.; Shabanov, I. I.; Palkin, V. F.; Sergienko, S. P.; Vlasov, S. M.

2014-09-01

A new pneumoimpulsive technology, central to which is an impact effect of air jet on ash deposits, was proposed for carrying out continuous preventive cleaning of the platens installed in the steam superheater primary and secondary paths of the PK-38 boiler at the Nazarovo district power station. The pneumoimpulsive cleaning system was mounted in the PK-38 boiler unit no. 6A, and the cleaning system tests were carried out during field operation of the boiler. Owing to the use of the proposed cleaning system, long-term (for no less than 3 months of observations) slag-free operation of the platen surfaces was achieved in the range of steam loads from 215 to 235 t/h with the average load equal to 225 t/h at furnace gas temperatures upstream of the platens equal to 1220-1250°C.

Linear scaling computation of the Fock matrix. VI. Data parallel computation of the exchange-correlation matrix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gan, Chee Kwan; Challacombe, Matt

2003-05-01

Recently, early onset linear scaling computation of the exchange-correlation matrix has been achieved using hierarchical cubature [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 10037 (2000)]. Hierarchical cubature differs from other methods in that the integration grid is adaptive and purely Cartesian, which allows for a straightforward domain decomposition in parallel computations; the volume enclosing the entire grid may be simply divided into a number of nonoverlapping boxes. In our data parallel approach, each box requires only a fraction of the total density to perform the necessary numerical integrations due to the finite extent of Gaussian-orbital basis sets. This inherent data locality may be exploited to reduce communications between processors as well as to avoid memory and copy overheads associated with data replication. Although the hierarchical cubature grid is Cartesian, naive boxing leads to irregular work loads due to strong spatial variations of the grid and the electron density. In this paper we describe equal time partitioning, which employs time measurement of the smallest sub-volumes (corresponding to the primitive cubature rule) to load balance grid-work for the next self-consistent-field iteration. After start-up from a heuristic center of mass partitioning, equal time partitioning exploits smooth variation of the density and grid between iterations to achieve load balance. With the 3-21G basis set and a medium quality grid, equal time partitioning applied to taxol (62 heavy atoms) attained a speedup of 61 out of 64 processors, while for a 110 molecule water cluster at standard density it achieved a speedup of 113 out of 128. The efficiency of equal time partitioning applied to hierarchical cubature improves as the grid work per processor increases. With a fine grid and the 6-311G(df,p) basis set, calculations on the 26 atom molecule α-pinene achieved a parallel efficiency better than 99% with 64 processors. For more coarse grained calculations, superlinear speedups are found to result from reduced computational complexity associated with data parallelism.

Concentrations and loads of cadmium, lead, and zinc measured on the ascending and descending limbs of the 1999 snowmelt-runoff hydrographs for nine water-quality stations, Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho

USGS Publications Warehouse

Woods, Paul F.

2001-01-01

Hysteresis effects on concentrations and loads over the ascending and descending limbs of the snowmelt-runoff hydrograph were quite apparent, especially for whole-water recoverable constituents. Hysteresis is present when a property, such as constituent concentration or load, has different values for a given discharge over the ascending and descending limbs of a hydrograph. During this study, loads of whole-water recoverable constituents on the ascending limb were between 1.5 and 3.6 times larger than those mea- sured on the descending limb at nearly equal discharge. In contrast, dissolved constituents showed minimal hysteresis effects.

3 CFR 8773 - Proclamation 8773 of January 13, 2012. Martin Luther King, Jr., Federal Holiday, 2012

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

..., sharing his dream of an America that ensured the true equality of all our people. From the steps of the... remarkable dream is unending, with persistence, progress is within our reach. On the Martin Luther King, Jr...

A 20-Year Educational Experiment: The Diaspora of Adolescence. The Iconoclast.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McMurtry, John

1994-01-01

Describes adolescent development in a family where children were treated as equal partners in decision making and behavior. Maintains that adolescents will grow from the relationship of shared power and responsibility. Discusses issues such as sexuality, television viewing, and athletics. (CFR)

48 CFR 922.804-2 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Construction. 922.804-2... APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Equal Employment Opportunity 922.804-2 Construction. (a) Construction contracts, including cost-sharing contracts, are subject to OFCCP orders applicable in particular...

48 CFR 922.804-2 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Construction. 922.804-2... APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Equal Employment Opportunity 922.804-2 Construction. (a) Construction contracts, including cost-sharing contracts, are subject to OFCCP orders applicable in particular...

48 CFR 922.804-2 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Construction. 922.804-2... APPLICATION OF LABOR LAWS TO GOVERNMENT ACQUISITION Equal Employment Opportunity 922.804-2 Construction. (a) Construction contracts, including cost-sharing contracts, are subject to OFCCP orders applicable in particular...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

29 CFR 1641.5 - Processing of complaints filed with OFCCP.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 1641.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION... act as EEOC's agent for the sole purposes of receiving, investigating and processing the ADA charge... work-sharing agreements between EEOC and State and local agencies designated as FEP agencies, the...

29 CFR 1640.3 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1640.3 Section 1640.3 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COORDINATING... Exchange of information. The EEOC, section 504 agencies, and designated agencies shall share any...

Failure criterion for materials with spatially correlated mechanical properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faillettaz, J.; Or, D.

2015-03-01

The role of spatially correlated mechanical elements in the failure behavior of heterogeneous materials represented by fiber bundle models (FBMs) was evaluated systematically for different load redistribution rules. Increasing the range of spatial correlation for FBMs with local load sharing is marked by a transition from ductilelike failure characteristics into brittlelike failure. The study identified a global failure criterion based on macroscopic properties (external load and cumulative damage) that is independent of spatial correlation or load redistribution rules. This general metric could be applied to assess the mechanical stability of complex and heterogeneous systems and thus provide an important component for early warning of a class of geophysical ruptures.

The economics of time shared computing: Congestion, user costs and capacity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Agnew, C. E.

1982-01-01

Time shared systems permit the fixed costs of computing resources to be spread over large numbers of users. However, bottleneck results in the theory of closed queueing networks can be used to show that this economy of scale will be offset by the increased congestion that results as more users are added to the system. If one considers the total costs, including the congestion cost, there is an optimal number of users for a system which equals the saturation value usually used to define system capacity.

[Case and studies].

PubMed

Schubert, András

2015-11-15

Case studies and case reports form an important and ever growing part of scientific and scholarly literature. The paper deals with the share and citation rate of these publication types on different fields of research. In general, evidence seems to support the opinion that an excessive number of such publications may negatively influence the impact factor of the journal. In the literature of scientometrics, case studies (at least the presence of the term "case study" in the titles of the papers) have a moderate share, but their citation rate is practically equal to that of other publication types.

Socially Extended Cognition and Shared Intentionality

PubMed Central

Lyre, Holger

2018-01-01

The paper looks at the intersection of extended cognition and social cognition. The central claim is that the mechanisms of shared intentionality can equally be considered as coupling mechanisms of cognitive extension into the social domain. This claim will be demonstrated by investigating a detailed example of cooperative action, and it will be argued that such cases imply that socially extended cognition is not only about cognitive vehicles, but that content must additionally be taken into account. It is finally outlined how social content externalism can in principle be grounded in socially extended cognition. PMID:29892254

Reducing Sun Exposure for Prevention of Skin Cancers: Factorial Invariance and Reliability of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Sun Protection

PubMed Central

Babbin, Steven F.; Yin, Hui-Qing; Rossi, Joseph S.; Redding, Colleen A.; Paiva, Andrea L.; Velicer, Wayne F.

2015-01-01

The Self-Efficacy Scale for Sun Protection consists of two correlated factors with three items each for Sunscreen Use and Avoidance. This study evaluated two crucial psychometric assumptions, factorial invariance and scale reliability, with a sample of adults (N = 1356) participating in a computer-tailored, population-based intervention study. A measure has factorial invariance when the model is the same across subgroups. Three levels of invariance were tested, from least to most restrictive: (1) Configural Invariance (nonzero factor loadings unconstrained); (2) Pattern Identity Invariance (equal factor loadings); and (3) Strong Factorial Invariance (equal factor loadings and measurement errors). Strong Factorial Invariance was a good fit for the model across seven grouping variables: age, education, ethnicity, gender, race, skin tone, and Stage of Change for Sun Protection. Internal consistency coefficient Alpha and factor rho scale reliability, respectively, were .84 and .86 for Sunscreen Use, .68 and .70 for Avoidance, and .78 and .78 for the global (total) scale. The psychometric evidence demonstrates strong empirical support that the scale is consistent, has internal validity, and can be used to assess population-based adult samples. PMID:26457203

Competency profile of locally manufactured clopidogrel Lowplat and foreign manufactured clopidogrel Plavix in patients of suspected ischemic heart disease (CLAP-IHD).

PubMed

Ashraf, Tariq; Ahmed, Munir; Talpur, M Saeed; Kundi, Asadullah; Faruqui, Azhar Masood A; Jaffery, Abdul Hafeez; Fareed, Aslam

2005-10-01

The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the antiplatelet effects of loading dose of locally manufactured clopidogrel Lowplat referred as drug (B) 600 mg (8 tablets) given once is comparable to the antiplatelet effects of loading dose of foreign manufactured clopidogrel Plavix referred as drug (A) 600 mg (8 tablets) given once in patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. This was a double blind, randomized, cross over, study, to compare the safety and efficacy of study drug (B) versus (A) in adult subjects suffering from suspected ischemic heart disease presented at National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Karachi. Mean platelet aggregation inhibition by drug (B) was 60.7% (p<0.001), while with drug (A) it was 57.8% (p<0.001), using 20 micromol/L ADP, which is statistically significant and comparable. Clopidogrel 600 mg as loading dose was well tolerated. Both drugs were equally effective in reducing the platelet aggregation. CLAP-IHD confirmed that drug (B) and (A) are equally effective and comparable antithrombotics in Pakistani population. The cost benefit of drug (B) should be made beneficial to the patients.

Fasting Insulin is Better Partitioned according to Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus than Post Glucose Load Insulin of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Young Adults.

PubMed

Francis, Saritha; Chandran, Sindhu Padinjareveedu; Nesheera, K K; Jacob, Jose

2017-05-01

Hyperinsulinemia is contributed by insulin resistance, hepatic insulin uptake, insulin secretion and rate of insulin degradation. Family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been reported to cause hyperinsulinemia. Correlation of fasting insulin with post glucose load Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) insulin in young adults and their partitioning according to family history of type 2 diabetes. In this observational cross-sectional study, clinical evaluation and biochemical assays of insulin and diabetes related parameters, and secondary clinical influences on type 2 diabetes in volunteers were done for inclusion as participants (n=90) or their exclusion. Cut off levels of quantitative biochemical variables were fixed such that they included the effects of insulin resistance, but excluded other secondary clinical influences. Distribution was analysed by Shapiro-Wilk test; equality of variances by Levene's test; Log 10 transformations for conversion of groups to Gaussian distribution and for equality of variances in the groups compared. When the groups compared had Gaussian distribution and there was equality of variance, parametric methods were used. Otherwise, non parametric methods were used. Fasting insulin was correlating significantly with 30, 60 and 120 minute OGTT insulin showing that hyperinsulinemia in the fasting state was related to hyperinsulinemia in the post glucose load states. When fasting and post glucose load OGTT insulin were partitioned into those without and with family history of type 2 diabetes, maximum difference was seen in fasting insulin (p<0.001), followed by 120 (p=0.001) and 60 (p= 0.002) minute OGTT insulin. The 30 minute insulin could not be partitioned (p=0.574). Fasting, 60 and 120 minute OGTT insulin can be partitioned according to family history of type 2 diabetes, demonstrating stratification and heterogeneity in the insulin sample. Of these, fasting insulin was better partitioned and could be used for baseline reference interval calculations.

The Effect of Different Resistance Training Load Schemes on Strength and Body Composition in Trained Men

PubMed Central

Lopes, Charles Ricardo; Aoki, Marcelo Saldanha; Crisp, Alex Harley; de Mattos, Renê Scarpari; Lins, Miguel Alves; da Mota, Gustavo Ribeiro; Schoenfeld, Brad Jon; Marchetti, Paulo Henrique

2017-01-01

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of moderate-load (10 RM) and low-load (20 RM) resistance training schemes on maximal strength and body composition. Sixteen resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: a moderate-load group (n = 8) or a low-load group (n = 8). The resistance training schemes consisted of 8 exercises performed 4 times per week for 6 weeks. In order to equate the number of repetitions performed by each group, the moderate load group performed 6 sets of 10 RM, while the low load group performed 3 sets of 20 RM. Between-group differences were evaluated using a 2-way ANOVA and independent t-tests. There was no difference in the weekly total load lifted (sets × reps × kg) between the 2 groups. Both groups equally improved maximal strength and measures of body composition after 6 weeks of resistance training, with no significant between-group differences detected. In conclusion, both moderate-load and low-load resistance training schemes, similar for the total load lifted, induced a similar improvement in maximal strength and body composition in resistance-trained men. PMID:28828088

Closed-form Static Analysis with Inertia Relief and Displacement-Dependent Loads Using a MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, Alan R.; Widrick, Timothy W.; Ludwiczak, Damian R.

1995-01-01

Solving for the displacements of free-free coupled systems acted upon by static loads is commonly performed throughout the aerospace industry. Many times, these problems are solved using static analysis with inertia relief. This solution technique allows for a free-free static analysis by balancing the applied loads with inertia loads generated by the applied loads. For some engineering applications, the displacements of the free-free coupled system induce additional static loads. Hence, the applied loads are equal to the original loads plus displacement-dependent loads. Solving for the final displacements of such systems is commonly performed using iterative solution techniques. Unfortunately, these techniques can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. Since the coupled system equations for free-free systems with displacement-dependent loads can be written in closed-form, it is advantageous to solve for the displacements in this manner. Implementing closed-form equations in static analysis with inertia relief is analogous to implementing transfer functions in dynamic analysis. Using a MSC/NASTRAN DMAP Alter, displacement-dependent loads have been included in static analysis with inertia relief. Such an Alter has been used successfully to solve efficiently a common aerospace problem typically solved using an iterative technique.

Particle loading time and humidity effects on the efficiency of an N95 filtering facepiece respirator model under constant and inhalation cyclic flows.

PubMed

Mahdavi, Alireza; Haghighat, Fariborz; Bahloul, Ali; Brochot, Clothilde; Ostiguy, Claude

2015-06-01

It is necessary to investigate the efficiencies of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) exposed to ultrafine particles (UFPs) for long periods of time, since the particle loading time may potentially affect the efficiency of FFRs. This article aims to investigate the filtration efficiency for a model of electrostatic N95 FFRs with constant and 'inhalation-only' cyclic flows, in terms of particle loading time effect, using different humidity conditions. Filters were exposed to generated polydisperse NaCl particles. Experiments were performed mimicking an 'inhalation-only' scenario with a cyclic flow of 85 l min(-1) as the minute volume [or 170 l min(-1) as mean inhalation flow (MIF)] and for two constant flows of 85 and 170 l min(-1), under three relative humidity (RH) levels of 10, 50, and 80%. Each test was performed for loading time periods of 6h and the particle penetration (10-205.4nm in electrical mobility diameter) was measured once every 2h. For a 10% RH, the penetration of smaller size particles (<80nm), including the most penetrating particle size (MPPS), decreased over time for both constant and cyclic flows. For 50 and 80% RH levels, the changes in penetration were typically observed in an opposite direction with less magnitude. The penetrations at MPPS increased with respect to loading time under constant flow conditions (85 and 170 l min(-1)): it did not substantially increase under cyclic flows. The comparison of the cyclic flow (85 l min(-1) as minute volume) and constant flow equal to the cyclic flow minute volume indicated that, for all conditions the penetration was significantly less for the constant flow than that of cyclic flow. The comparison between the cyclic (170 l min(-1) as MIF) and constant flow equal to cyclic flow MIF indicated that, for the initial stage of loading, the penetrations were almost equal, but they were different for the final stages of the loading time. For a 10% RH, the penetration of a wide range of sizes was observed to be higher with the cyclic flow (170 as MIF) than with the equivalent constant flow (170 l min(-1)). For 50 and 80% RH levels, the penetrations were usually greater with a constant flow (170 l min(-1)) than with a cyclic flow (170 l min(-1) as MIF). It is concluded that, for the tested electrostatic N95 filters, the change in penetration as a function of the loading time does not necessarily take place with the same rate under constant (MIF) and cyclic flow. Moreover, for all tested flow rates, the penetration is not only affected by the loading time but also by the RH level. Lower RH levels (10%) have decreasing penetration rates in terms of loading time, while higher RH levels (50 and 80%) have increasing penetration rates. Also, the loading of the filter is normally accompanied with a shift of MPPS towards larger sizes. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society.

Method of controlling switching of a multiphase inductor-converter bridge

DOEpatents

Kustom, Robert L.; Fuja, Raymond E.

1981-01-01

In an inductor-convertor circuit for transferring electrical energy between a storage coil and a load coil using a storage thyristor bridge, a load thyristor bridge, and a set of commutating capacitors, operation is improved by a method of changing the rate of delivery of energy in a given direction. The change in rate corresponds to a predetermined change in phase angle between the load bridge and the storage bridge and comprises changing the phase of the bridge by two steps, each equal to half the predetermined change and occurring 180.degree. apart. The method assures commutation and minimizes imbalances that lead otherwise to overvoltages.

AIR VEHICLES INTEGRATION AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH (AVIATR) Task Order 0015: Predictive Capability for Hypersonic Structural Response and Life Prediction Phase 1 - Identification of Knowledge Gaps

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

using load - bearing tanks with parasitic TPS was considered to be a lower weight design when all details were accounted for. The cold structure...share one very key element with the design of load bearing hot structure – the design drive toward thin gauge metallic skin under complex and coupled...39 skin panel joints and their susceptibility to high acoustic loading coupled with transient heating, and hot structure skin deflections and

Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Gearbox 3 Planet Bearing Calibration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keller, Jonathan

2017-03-24

The Gearbox Reliability Collaborative gearbox was redesigned to improve its load-sharing characteristics and predicted fatigue life. The most important aspect of the redesign was to replace the cylindrical roller bearings with preloaded tapered roller bearings in the planetary section. Similar to previous work, the strain gages installed on the planet tapered roller bearings were calibrated in a load frame. This report describes the calibration tests and provides the factors necessary to convert the measured units from dynamometer testing to bearing loads, suitable for comparison to engineering models.

Thermal performance of a multi-evaporator loop heat pipe with thermal masses and thermal electrical coolers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ku, Jentung; Ottenstein, Laura; Birur, Gajanana

2004-01-01

This paper describes thermal performance of a loop heat pipe (LHP) with two evaporators and two condensers in ambient testing. Each evaporator has an outer diameter of 15mm and a length of 76mm, and has an integral compensation chamber (CC). An aluminum mass of 500 grams is attached to each evaporator to simulate the instrument mass. A thermal electric cooler (TEC) is installed on each CC to provide heating as well as cooling for CC temperature control. A flow regulator is installed in the condenser section to prevent vapor from going back to the evaporators in the event that one of condenser is fully utilized. Ammonia was used ad the working fluid. Tests conducted included start-up, power cycle, heat load sharing, sink temperature cycle, operating temperature control with TECs, and capillary limit tests. Experimental data showed that the loop could start with a heat load of less than 1OW even with added thermal masses. The loop operated stably with even and uneven evaporator heat loads, and even and uneven condenser sink temperatures. The operating temperature could be controlled within +/-0.5K of the set point temperature using either or both TECs, and the required TEC control heater power was less than 2W under most test conditions. Heat load sharing between the two evaporators was also successfully demonstrated. The loop had a heat transport capability of 120W to 140W, and could recover from a dry-out when the heat load was reduced. The 500-gram aluminum mass on each evaporator had a negligible effect on the loop operation. Existing LHPs servicing the orbiting spacecraft have a single evaporator with an outer diameter of about 25mm. Important performance characteristics demonstrated by this LHP included: 1) Operation of an LHP with 15mm diameter evaporators; 2) Robustness and reliability of an LHP with multiple evaporators and multiple condensers under various test conditions; 3) Heat load sharing among LHP evaporators; 4) Effectiveness of TECs in controlling the LHP operating temperature; and 5) Effectiveness of the flow regulator in preventing vapor from going back the evaporators.

Thermal Performance of a Multi-Evaporator Loop Heat Pipe with Thermal Masses and Thermoelectric Coolers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ku, Jen-Tung; Ottenstein, Laura; Birur, Gajanana

2004-01-01

This paper describes thermal performance of a loop heat pipe (LHP) with two evaporators and two condensers in ambient testing. Each evaporator has an outer diameter of 15mm and a length of 76mm, and has an integral compensation chamber (CC). An aluminum mass of 500 grams is attached to each evaporator to simulate the instrument mass. A thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is installed on each CC to provide heating as well as cooling for CC temperature control. A flow regulator is installed in the condenser section to prevent vapor from going back to the evaporators in the event that one of the condensers is fully utilized. Ammonia was used as the working fluid. Tests conducted included start-up, power cycle, heat load sharing, sink temperature cycle, operating temperature control with TECs, and capillary limit tests. Experimental data showed that the loop could start with a heat load of less than 10W even with added thermal masses. The loop operated stably with even and uneven evaporator heat loads, and even and uneven condenser sink temperatures. The operating temperature could be controlled within +/- 0.5K of the set point temperature using either or both TECs, and the required TEC control heater power was less than 2W under most test conditions. Heat load sharing between the two evaporators was also successfully demonstrated. The loop had a heat transport capability of 120W to 140W, and could recover from a dry-out when the heat load was reduced. The 500-gram aluminum mass on each evaporator had a negligible effect on the loop operation. Existing LHPs servicing orbiting spacecraft have a single evaporator with an outer diameter of about 25mm. Important performance characteristics demonstrated by this LHP included: 1) Operation of an LHP with 15mm diameter evaporators; 2) Robustness and reliability of an LHP with multiple evaporators and multiple condensers under various test conditions; 3) Heat load sharing among LHP evaporators; 4) Effectiveness of TECs in controlling the LHP operating temperature; and 5 ) Effectiveness of the flow regulator in preventing vapor from going back the evaporators.

The increasing labor force participation of older workers and its effect on the income of the aged.

PubMed

Leonesio, Michael V; Bridges, Benjamin; Gesumaria, Robert; Del Bene, Linda

2012-01-01

The labor force participation rates of men and women aged 62-79 have notably increased since the mid-1990s. The result is a dramatic increase in the share of total money income attributable to earnings. For persons aged 65-69, the earnings share of total income increased from 28 percent in 1980 to 42 percent in 2009. For this age group in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Social Security benefits and earnings were roughly equal shares of total money income (about 30 percent); the earnings share is now more than 12 percentage points larger. When we focus on aged persons who receive Social Security benefits, earnings shares have increased markedly throughout the 62-79 age range since the early 1990s. We show that for aged persons with labor market earnings, those earnings have a large effect on their relative position in the distribution of annual money income of older Americans.

Transformed by Disappointment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hall, Karen E.

2011-01-01

American author Napoleon Hill stated that "with every disappointment, heartbreak, or failure, there exists an equal (usually greater) positive benefit." In this article, the author shares how weathering her own personal storms has helped her to guide her students to the learning opportunities inherent in their challenges. Her experience with the…

Cost Sharing in Public Universities: A Kenyan Case Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodrigues, Anthony J.; Wandiga, Shem O.

1997-01-01

Presents an analysis of government policy on higher education finance in Kenya, outlines parameters of an appropriate tuition policy (cost recovery, equity, equal access, affordability, student loan program objectives), and provides a model for simulating loan program outcomes. Suggests several proposed policy and administrative reforms concerning…

Family Relational Values in the Parent-Adolescent Relationship

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edgar-Smith, Susan E.; Wozniak, Robert H.

2010-01-01

This study measured the relational family values system of upper-middle-class mothers, fathers, and adolescents in the United States. Results revealed that participants shared common family values that mainly reflected the importance of individualism, equality in family relationships, family member interdependence, and parental guidance. Parent…

47 CFR 73.2080 - Equal employment opportunities (EEO).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... against in employment by such stations because of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex... gender from among those who share their religious affiliation or belief. For purposes of this rule, a..., or sex, and solicit their recruitment assistance on a continuing basis; (4) Conduct a continuing...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1641.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS... CONTRACTS OR SUBCONTRACTS § 1641.2 Exchange of information. (a) EEOC and OFCCP shall share any information... not applicable to requests for data in EEOC files made by any State or local agency designated as a...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

29 CFR 1691.2 - Exchange of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Exchange of information. 1691.2 Section 1691.2 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION PROCEDURES FOR COMPLAINTS OF... information. EEOC and agencies shall share any information relating to the employment policies and practices...

A tale of two cultures: specialists and generalists sharing the load.

PubMed

Manca, Donna P; Breault, Lorraine; Wishart, Paul

2011-05-01

To understand what contributes to good collaborative physician working relationships through identifying the factors that affect working relationships between generalist physicians and specialists. Qualitative study using in-depth interviews. University and community hospital inpatient family practice settings in Edmonton, Alta. Eleven physicians from various specialties who graduated between 1977 and 2001. A grounded-theory approach, including constant comparison and creation of memorandums, helped to conceptualize the main concern and generated a framework for how the main concern was being resolved. A semistructured interview guide was developed and individual, in-depth interviews were audiotaped. Purposeful and theoretical sampling techniques were used. Three researchers participated in the analysis. The findings suggested that when generalist physicians perceived that work had been imposed on them by specialists without negotiation, they felt overwhelmed by the workload. Differing priorities determined whether physicians were left holding the bag or sharing the load. In a system that valued technology and specialized knowledge and skills, the specialists were better able to control resources, set boundaries, and influence learners. This precipitated a culture of protecting valuable specialty resources, increasing physician isolation, and generalists feeling that they were left holding the bag. In order to reverse this cycle, it was important for physicians to develop good working relationships based on accessibility to needed expertise and tests, with negotiated agreements on how to share resources; mutual empowerment, including negotiation of roles and responsibilities to develop flexible relationships with a clear understanding of roles; and concern for fairness by sharing the load. Medical systems that value technology and focused interests might lead to someone being left holding the bag, contributing to generalists feeling overwhelmed and isolated within the system. A comprehensive system that values relationships might help to resolve issues created through perceived inequities in workload, disempowerment, and lack of understanding of roles.

User's manual for the Graphical Constituent Loading Analysis System (GCLAS)

USGS Publications Warehouse

Koltun, G.F.; Eberle, Michael; Gray, J.R.; Glysson, G.D.

2006-01-01

This manual describes the Graphical Constituent Loading Analysis System (GCLAS), an interactive cross-platform program for computing the mass (load) and average concentration of a constituent that is transported in stream water over a period of time. GCLAS computes loads as a function of an equal-interval streamflow time series and an equal- or unequal-interval time series of constituent concentrations. The constituent-concentration time series may be composed of measured concentrations or a combination of measured and estimated concentrations. GCLAS is not intended for use in situations where concentration data (or an appropriate surrogate) are collected infrequently or where an appreciable amount of the concentration values are censored. It is assumed that the constituent-concentration time series used by GCLAS adequately represents the true time-varying concentration. Commonly, measured constituent concentrations are collected at a frequency that is less than ideal (from a load-computation standpoint), so estimated concentrations must be inserted in the time series to better approximate the expected chemograph. GCLAS provides tools to facilitate estimation and entry of instantaneous concentrations for that purpose. Water-quality samples collected for load computation frequently are collected in a single vertical or at single point in a stream cross section. Several factors, some of which may vary as a function of time and (or) streamflow, can affect whether the sample concentrations are representative of the mean concentration in the cross section. GCLAS provides tools to aid the analyst in assessing whether concentrations in samples collected in a single vertical or at single point in a stream cross section exhibit systematic bias with respect to the mean concentrations. In cases where bias is evident, the analyst can construct coefficient relations in GCLAS to reduce or eliminate the observed bias. GCLAS can export load and concentration data in formats suitable for entry into the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Information System. GCLAS can also import and export data in formats that are compatible with various commonly used spreadsheet and statistics programs.

Shared environmental influences on personality: A combined twin and adoption approach

PubMed Central

Matteson, Lindsay K.; McGue, Matt; Iacono, William G.

2013-01-01

In the past, shared environmental influences on personality traits have been found to be negligible in behavior genetic studies (e.g., Bouchard & McGue, 2003). However, most studies have been based on biometrical modeling of twins only. Failure to meet key assumptions of the classical twin design could lead to biased estimates of shared environmental effects. Alternative approaches to the etiology of personality are needed. In the current study we estimated the impact of shared environmental factors on adolescent personality by simultaneously modeling both twin and adoption data. We found evidence for significant shared environmental influences on Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Absorption (15% variance explained), Alienation (10%), Harm Avoidance (14%), and Traditionalism (26%) scales. Additionally, we found that in most cases biometrical models constraining parameter estimates to be equal across study type (twins versus adoptees) fit no worse than models allowing these parameters to vary; this suggests that results converge across study design despite the potential (sometimes opposite) biases of twin and adoption studies. Thus, we can be more confident that our findings represent the true contribution of shared environmental variance to personality development. PMID:24065564

Parental share in public and domestic spheres: a population study on gender equality, death, and sickness.

PubMed

Månsdotter, Anna; Lindholm, Lars; Lundberg, Michael; Winkvist, Anna; Ohman, Ann

2006-07-01

Examine the relation between aspects of gender equality and population health based on the premise that sex differences in health are mainly caused by the gender system. All Swedish couples (98 240 people) who had their first child together in 1978. The exposure of gender equality is shown by the parents' division of income and occupational position (public sphere), and parental leave and temporary child care (domestic sphere). People were classified by these indicators during 1978-1980 into different categories; those on an equal footing with their partner and those who were traditionally or untraditionally unequal. Health is measured by the outcomes of death during 1981-2001 and sickness absence during 1986-2000. Data are obtained by linking individual information from various national sources. The statistical method used is multiple logistic regressions with odds ratios as estimates of relative risks. From the public sphere is shown that traditionally unequal women have decreased health risks compared with equal women, while traditionally unequal men tend to have increased health risks compared with equal men. From the domestic sphere is indicated that both women and men run higher risks of death and sickness when being traditionally unequal compared with equal. Understanding the relation between gender equality and health, which was found to depend on sex, life sphere, and inequality type, seems to require a combination of the hypotheses of convergence, stress and expansion.

The effects of acute stress and perceptual load on distractor interference.

PubMed

Sato, Hirotsune; Takenaka, Ippei; Kawahara, Jun I

2012-01-01

Selective attention can be improved under conditions in which a high perceptual load is assumed to exhaust cognitive resources, leaving scarce resources for distractor processing. The present study examined whether perceptual load and acute stress share common attentional resources by manipulating perceptual and stress loads. Participants identified a target within an array of nontargets that were flanked by compatible or incompatible distractors. Attentional selectivity was measured by longer reaction times in response to the incompatible than to the compatible distractors. Participants in the stress group participated in a speech test that increased anxiety and threatened self-esteem. The effect of perceptual load interacted with the stress manipulation in that participants in the control group demonstrated an interference effect under the low perceptual load condition, whereas such interference disappeared under the high perceptual load condition. Importantly, the stress group showed virtually no interference under the low perceptual load condition, whereas substantial interference occurred under the high perceptual load condition. These results suggest that perceptual and stress related demands consume the same attentional resources.

PWFQ: a priority-based weighted fair queueing algorithm for the downstream transmission of EPON

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Sunjuan; Ye, Jiajun; Zou, Junni

2005-11-01

In the downstream direction of EPON, all ethernet frames share one downlink channel from the OLT to destination ONUs. To guarantee differentiated services, a scheduling algorithm is needed to solve the link-sharing issue. In this paper, we first review the classical WFQ algorithm and point out the shortcomings existing in the fair queueing principle of WFQ algorithm for EPON. Then we propose a novel scheduling algorithm called Priority-based WFQ (PWFQ) algorithm which distributes bandwidth based on priority. PWFQ algorithm can guarantee the quality of real-time services whether under light load or under heavy load. Simulation results also show that PWFQ algorithm not only can improve delay performance of real-time services, but can also meet the worst-case delay bound requirements.

Task allocation in a distributed computing system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seward, Walter D.

1987-01-01

A conceptual framework is examined for task allocation in distributed systems. Application and computing system parameters critical to task allocation decision processes are discussed. Task allocation techniques are addressed which focus on achieving a balance in the load distribution among the system's processors. Equalization of computing load among the processing elements is the goal. Examples of system performance are presented for specific applications. Both static and dynamic allocation of tasks are considered and system performance is evaluated using different task allocation methodologies.

Genomes in the cloud: balancing privacy rights and the public good.

PubMed

Ohno-Machado, Lucila; Farcas, Claudiu; Kim, Jihoon; Wang, Shuang; Jiang, Xiaoqian

2013-01-01

The NIH-funded iDASH1 National Center for Biomedical Computing was created in 2010 with the goal of developing infrastructure, algorithms, and tools to integrate Data for Analysis, 'anonymization,' and SHaring. iDASH is based on the premise that, while a strong case for not sharing information to preserve individual privacy can be made, an equally compelling case for sharing genome information for the public good (i.e., to support new discoveries that promote health or alleviate the burden of disease) should also be made. In fact, these cases do not need to be mutually exclusive: genome data sharing on a cloud does not necessarily have to compromise individual privacy, although current practices need significant improvement. So far, protection of subject data from re-identification and misuse has been relying primarily on regulations such as HIPAA, the Common Rule, and GINA. However, protection of biometrics such as a genome requires specialized infrastructure and tools.

Nutrient and Suspended-Sediment Transport and Trends in the Columbia River and Puget Sound Basins, 1993-2003

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wise, Daniel R.; Rinella, Frank A.; Rinella, Joseph F.; Fuhrer, Greg J.; Embrey, Sandra S.; Clark, Gregory M.; Schwarz, Gregory E.; Sobieszczyk, Steven

2007-01-01

This study focused on three areas that might be of interest to water-quality managers in the Pacific Northwest: (1) annual loads of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and suspended sediment (SS) transported through the Columbia River and Puget Sound Basins, (2) annual yields of TN, TP, and SS relative to differences in landscape and climatic conditions between subbasin catchments (drainage basins), and (3) trends in TN, TP, and SS concentrations and loads in comparison to changes in landscape and climatic conditions in the catchments. During water year 2000, an average streamflow year in the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River discharged about 570,000 pounds per day of TN, about 55,000 pounds per day of TP, and about 14,000 tons per day of SS to the Pacific Ocean. The Snake, Yakima, Deschutes, and Willamette Rivers contributed most of the load discharged to the Columbia River. Point-source nutrient loads to the catchments (almost exclusively from municipal wastewater treatment plants) generally were a small percentage of the total in-stream nutrient loads; however, in some reaches of the Spokane, Boise, Walla Walla, and Willamette River Basins, point sources were responsible for much of the annual in-stream nutrient load. Point-source nutrient loads generally were a small percentage of the total catchment nutrient loads compared to nonpoint sources, except for a few catchments where point-source loads comprised as much as 30 percent of the TN load and as much as 80 percent of the TP load. The annual TN and TP loads from point sources discharging directly to the Puget Sound were about equal to the annual loads from eight major tributaries. Yields of TN, TP, and SS generally were greater in catchments west of the Cascade Range. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that TN yields were significantly (p < 0.05) and positively related to precipitation, atmospheric nitrogen load, fertilizer and manure load, and point-source load, and were negatively related to average slope. TP yields were significantly related positively to precipitation, and point-source load and SS yields were significantly related positively to precipitation. Forty-eight percent of the available monitoring sites for TN had significant trends in concentration (2 increasing, 19 decreasing), 32 percent of the available sites for TP had significant trends in concentration (7 increasing, 9 decreasing), and 40 percent of the available sites for SS had significant trends in concentration (4 increasing, 15 decreasing). The trends in load followed a similar pattern, but with fewer sites showing significant trends. The results from this study indicate that inputs from nonpoint sources of nutrients probably have decreased over time in many of the catchments. Despite the generally small contribution of point-source nutrient loads, they still may have been partially responsible for the significant decreasing trends for nutrients at sites where the total point-source nutrient loads to the catchments equaled a substantial proportion of the in-stream load.

The challenge of genuine power sharing in participatory research: the gap between theory and practice.

PubMed

Mason, R; Boutilier, M

1996-01-01

Participatory research is often suggested as a strategy to overcome power imbalances between researchers and research "subjects" because it values equally the knowledge of each individual who participates in the project. However, there is little documentation of the dilemmas that may arise when a complex community service organization attempts to engage in participatory research. In our experience of a participatory research project with multiple partners, power imbalances arose from organizationally based perspectives that were unaccounted for in the participatory research literature, demonstrating that power is a complex and elusive factor in establishing equal relations.

The Happiest Kids on Earth. Gender Equality and Adolescent Life Satisfaction in Europe and North America.

PubMed

Looze, M E de; Huijts, T; Stevens, G W J M; Torsheim, T; Vollebergh, W A M

2018-05-01

Cross-national differences in adolescent life satisfaction in Europe and North America are consistent, but remain poorly understood. While previous studies have predominantly focused on the explanatory role of economic factors, such as national wealth and income equality, they revealed weak associations, at most. This study examines whether societal gender equality can explain the observed cross-national variability in adolescent life satisfaction. Based on the assumption that gender equality fosters a supportive social context, for example within families through a more equal involvement of fathers and mothers in child care tasks, adolescent life satisfaction was expected to be higher in more gender-equal countries. To test this hypothesis, national-level data of gender equality (i.e., women's share in political participation, decision making power, economic participation and command over resources) were linked to data from 175,470 adolescents aged 11-16 years old (M age  = 13.6, SD = 1.64, 52% girls) from 34 European and North American countries involved in the 2009/10 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. Results of linear multilevel regression analyses indicate that adolescents in countries with relatively high levels of gender equality report higher life satisfaction than their peers in countries with lower levels of gender equality. The association between gender equality and adolescent life satisfaction remained significant after controlling for national wealth and income equality. It was equally strong for boys and girls. Moreover, the association between gender equality and life satisfaction was explained by social support in the family, peer and school context. This analysis suggests that gender equality fosters social support among members of a society, which in turn contributes to adolescent life satisfaction. Thus, promoting gender equality is likely to benefit all members of a society; not just by giving equal rights to women and girls, but also by fostering a supportive social climate for all.

Working memory load modulates the neural response to other's pain: Evidence from an ERP study.

PubMed

Cui, Fang; Zhu, Xiangru; Luo, Yuejia; Cheng, Jiaping

2017-03-22

The present study investigated the time course of processing other's pain under different conditions of working memory (WM) load. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while the participants held two digits (low WM load) or six digits (high WM load) in WM and viewed pictures that showed others who were in painful or non-painful situations. Robust WM-load×Picture interactions were found for the N2 and LPP components. In the high WM-load condition, painful pictures elicited significantly larger amplitudes than non-painful pictures. In the low WM load condition, the difference between the painful and non-painful pictures was not significant. These ERP results indicate that WM load can influence both the early automatic N2 component and late cognitive LPP component. Compared with high WM load, low WM load reduced affective arousal and emotional sharing in response to other's pain and weakened the cognitive evaluation of task irrelevant stimuli. These findings are explained from the load theory perspective. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

41 CFR 102-38.295 - May we retain sales proceeds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., equal to your direct costs and reasonably related indirect costs (including your share of the Governmentwide costs to support the eFAS Internet portal and Governmentwide reporting requirements) incurred in... subcontract provisions authorize the proceeds of sale to be credited to the price or cost of the contract or...

41 CFR 102-38.295 - May we retain sales proceeds?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., equal to your direct costs and reasonably related indirect costs (including your share of the Governmentwide costs to support the eFAS Internet portal and Governmentwide reporting requirements) incurred in... subcontract provisions authorize the proceeds of sale to be credited to the price or cost of the contract or...

Dialogue as Moral Paradigm: Paths toward Intercultural Transformation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keller, J. Gregory

2011-01-01

The Council of Europe's 2008 "White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue: 'living together as equals in dignity'" points to the need for shared values upon which intercultural dialogue might rest. In order, however, to overcome the monologic separateness that threatens community, we must educate ourselves to recognize the dialogism of our…

Inclusion Needs of 3.0 Students in Latin America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Budden, Connie B.; Brenes, Lizette; Baraya, Aristides R.; Budden, Michael C.

2010-01-01

Recent changes in information and communication technologies offer people unprecedented opportunities to generate and share knowledge. Currently, inclusion refers to equal opportunities for the 3.0 person and it is not limited to special physical needs or reducing the digital divide. Faced with this reality, universities, in general must transform…

Terra II--A Spaceship Earth Simulation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mastrude, Peggy

1985-01-01

This simulation helps students in grades four to eight see their planet as one environment with limited resources shared by all. Students learn that the earth is a large system comprised of small systems, that systems are interdependent and often have irreplaceable parts, and that resources are not equally divided among countries. (RM)

School Facilities and Deferred Maintenance. Issuegram 43.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGuire, C. Kent

School systems have been forced to postpone purchases of new equipment and to defer repair and renovation projects. At present, 39 states provide support for local school district capital expenditures through five primary mechnanisms: full state assumption, state/local sharing, state flat grant, state equalizing grant, and state loans. In response…

[Intensive care and radio, two universes that feed of each other].

PubMed

Houguet, Morgan

2014-04-01

The discovery of the healthcare environment can be a stupefying and sometimes difficult process. It is a setting where life rubs shoulders with death every day and where laughter and tears are equally commonplace. Morgan Houguet, a young nurse, shares the humanity of his practice in intensive care.

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Public Welfare Department of Health and Human Services GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

45 CFR 98.53 - Matching fund requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL ADMINISTRATION CHILD CARE AND DEVELOPMENT... funds for child care activities in the State that is at least equal to the State's share of expenditures...-effort requirement only if the State has not reduced its expenditures for full-day/full-year child care...

Dialoguing with Dreams in Existential Art Therapy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moon, Bruce L.

2007-01-01

This article presents a theoretical and methodological framework for interactive dialogue and analysis of dream images in existential art therapy. In this phenomenological-existential approach, the client and art therapist are regarded as equal partners with respect to sharing in the process of creation and discovery of meaning (Frankl, 1955,…

A Dramatic Approach to Reading Comprehension: Strategies and Activities for Classroom Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelner, Lenore Blank; Flynn, Rosalind M.

2006-01-01

Integration occurs when separate parts or elements are combined into a unified whole. This book focuses on classroom arts integration--equally incorporating skills in drama and reading comprehension into all lessons. Drama and reading comprehension share a multitude of authentic connections, including meaning making and interpretation. Each…

26 CFR 1.884-5 - Qualified resident.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... local currency of the shares traded using an exchange rate equal to the average of the spot rates on the... paragraph (d) of this section (relating to publicly-traded corporations); (3) Meets the requirements of... foreign corporation is a resident and whose stock is primarily and regularly traded on an established...

Collaboration Indices for Monitoring Potential Problems in Online Small Groups

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jahng, Namsook

2013-01-01

The purpose of this study is to test the validity and reliability of three collaboration indices ("quantity", "equality", "and shareness") proposed by Jahng et al. (2010). The present study repeated the quantitative assessment of Jahng et al., and performed a further qualitative analysis to identify possible factors…

Marital Equality When Fathers Stay at Home.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zimmerman, Toni Schindler; Northen, Leslie Parker; Seng, Stephanie Crandall; Grogan, John W.

1999-01-01

Examines the experience of the family arrangement in which fathers choose to stay at home as the primary caregiver while their wives provide the family's income. Results indicate that couples choose this arrangement for both practical and philosophical reasons and that these couples are sharing more responsibilities than couples have…

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

28 CFR 100.21 - Alternative dispute resolution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... impasse arises in negotiations between the FBI and the carrier which precludes the execution of a cooperative agreement, the FBI will consider using mediation with the goal of achieving, in a timely fashion... carrier agree to mediation, the costs of that mediation process shall be shared equally by the FBI and the...

Reaching for the Stars in your Golden Years: The Importance of Outreach for Senior Citizens

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rapson, V.

2014-07-01

Astronomy outreach is often geared towards young children, but rarely towards senior citizens. This article shares the author's experience of conducting astronomy outreach activities at senior living communities and discusses why senior citizens are an equally important demographic to educate about astronomy.

33 CFR 277.6 - Basic policies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... maintenance costs. That part of the cost attributable to the requirements of railroad or highway traffic shall... cost of a bridge alteration shall be limited to providing a functional facility equal in every respect... procedures in this regulation, shall be cost shared on the basis of 50 percent Federal and 50 percent non...

Virtually Unpacking Your Backpack: Educational Philosophy and Pedagogical Praxis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franklin, Yvette

2014-01-01

In this autoethnographic, conceptual philosophical reflection, the author inquires: "Can my students and I, in a technologically mediated virtual space, harness the work of philosophy of education scholars to engage in a shared experience of (re)considering paths to sensitivity to diversity for equity and equality?" The author engages…

Becoming Better Parents. Fourth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balson, Maurice

In response to new problems facing parents and families, this book provides democratic parenting strategies that diverge from traditional autocratic methods and reflect the values of respect, shared responsibility, self-discipline, and social equality. The goal of the book is to create a new tradition in child raising that will help to foster the…

Indigenous Knowledge Centers (IKC): Strong Medicine on Higher Education Campuses

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Delikat, Melissa

2017-01-01

Indigenous Knowledge Centers (IKC) on higher education campuses are unexplored in educational research, but they may be one of the most critical advancements in equality and decolonization efforts. This dissertation presents findings to descriptively introduce IKCs through a shared learning journey that is both culturally safe and relevant. Using…

Democratic Parenting: Paradoxical Messages in Democratic Parent Education Theories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oryan, Shlomit; Gastil, John

2013-01-01

Some prominent parent education theories in the United States and other Western countries base their educational viewpoint explicitly on democratic values, such as mutual respect, equality and personal freedom. These democratic parenting theories advocate sharing power with children and including them in family decision making. This study presents…

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

29 CFR 1691.5 - Agency processing of complaints of employment discrimination.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...'s implementing regulations. The agency, therefore, may use information obtained by EEOC under the... discrimination. 1691.5 Section 1691.5 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) EQUAL EMPLOYMENT... title VI, title IX, or the revenue sharing act; and (2) Determine whether EEOC may have jurisdiction...

Visual and spatial working memory are not that dissociated after all: a time-based resource-sharing account.

PubMed

Vergauwe, Evie; Barrouillet, Pierre; Camos, Valérie

2009-07-01

Examinations of interference between visual and spatial materials in working memory have suggested domain- and process-based fractionations of visuo-spatial working memory. The present study examined the role of central time-based resource sharing in visuo-spatial working memory and assessed its role in obtained interference patterns. Visual and spatial storage were combined with both visual and spatial on-line processing components in computer-paced working memory span tasks (Experiment 1) and in a selective interference paradigm (Experiment 2). The cognitive load of the processing components was manipulated to investigate its impact on concurrent maintenance for both within-domain and between-domain combinations of processing and storage components. In contrast to both domain- and process-based fractionations of visuo-spatial working memory, the results revealed that recall performance was determined by the cognitive load induced by the processing of items, rather than by the domain to which those items pertained. These findings are interpreted as evidence for a time-based resource-sharing mechanism in visuo-spatial working memory.

Weight and volume variation in truckloads of logs hauled in the central Appalachians

Treesearch

Floyd G. Timson

1974-01-01

Variation in volume and weight was found among loaded log trucks even when such factors as truck type, logging job, and driver influence were eliminated. A load range of 10,000 pounds or 1,000 board feet was commonplace for the same truck, driver, and cutting site. Differences in log size, shape, weight, and species caused a major share of this variation. Yet,...

[Biomechanics study during march with different military equipment of equal carrying load].

PubMed

Lang, Y Y

1992-03-01

The purpose of the study is to select the best military equipment of equal carrying load by the index of biomechanics. Six healthy young men whose age varied between 19 and 25 years were volunteered, in the experiment. They were required to march 1.5 h, carried with different military equipment of equal weight, 25 kg, at a speed of 5 km/h. The centre of gravity of the body and its kinesic parameters were measured before and after the march. The frequency and length of pace were measured during the march. The results of the study indicated that the displacement of the body's centre of gravity carrying equipment I was the most evident, whereas the least displacement of centre of gravity of the body was that carrying equipment II. The frequency of pace during the march was reduced in all three carrying different kinds of equipment, the most evident being that carrying equipment I; the length of pace became bigger with those carrying equipment II and III; the speed of pace was decelerated using equipment I, but it was quickened with equipment II. The change of kinesic parameters have no significant difference among the three. In summary; equipment II conforms best to biomechanical principles, whereas equipment I is the worst.

Advanced gearbox technology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Anderson, N. E.; Cedoz, R. W.; Salama, E. E.; Wagner, D. A.

1987-01-01

An advanced 13,000 HP, counterrotating (CR) gearbox was designed and successfully tested to provide a technology base for future designs of geared propfan propulsion systems for both commercial and military aircraft. The advanced technology CR gearbox was designed for high efficiency, low weight, long life, and improved maintainability. The differential planetary CR gearbox features double helical gears, double row cylindrical roller bearings integral with planet gears, tapered roller prop support bearings, and a flexible ring gear and diaphragm to provide load sharing. A new Allison propfan back-to-back gearbox test facility was constructed. Extensive rotating and stationary instrumentation was used to measure temperature, strain, vibration, deflection and efficiency under representative flight operating conditions. The tests verified smooth, efficient gearbox operation. The highly-instrumented advanced CR gearbox was successfully tested to design speed and power (13,000 HP), and to a 115 percent overspeed condition. Measured CR gearbox efficiency was 99.3 percent at the design point based on heat loss to the oil. Tests demonstrated low vibration characteristics of double helical gearing, proper gear tooth load sharing, low stress levels, and the high load capacity of the prop tapered roller bearings. Applied external prop loads did not significantly affect gearbox temperature, vibration, or stress levels. Gearbox hardware was in excellent condition after the tests with no indication of distress.

Centaur Standard Shroud (CSS) static limit load structural tests

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eastwood, C.

1975-01-01

The structural capabilities of the jettisonable metal shroud were tested and the interaction of the shroud with the Centaur stage was evaluated. A flight-configured shroud and the assemblies of the associated Centaur stage were tested for applied axial and shear loads to flight limit values. The tests included various thermal, pressure, and load conditions to verify localized strength capabilities, to evaluate subsystem performance, and to determine the aging effect on insulation system properties. The tests series verified the strength capabilities of the shroud and of all associated flight assembles. Shroud deflections were shown to remain within allowable limits so long as load sharing members were connected between the shroud and the Centaur stage.

Universal resilience patterns in cascading load model: More capacity is not always better

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jianwei; Wang, Xue; Cai, Lin; Ni, Chengzhang; Xie, Wei; Xu, Bo

We study the problem of universal resilience patterns in complex networks against cascading failures. We revise the classical betweenness method and overcome its limitation of quantifying the load in cascading model. Considering that the generated load by all nodes should be equal to the transported one by all edges in the whole network, we propose a new method to quantify the load on an edge and construct a simple cascading model. By attacking the edge with the highest load, we show that, if the flow between two nodes is transported along the shortest paths between them, then the resilience of some networks against cascading failures inversely decreases with the enhancement of the capacity of every edge, i.e. the more capacity is not always better. We also observe the abnormal fluctuation of the additional load that exceeds the capacity of each edge. By a simple graph, we analyze the propagation of cascading failures step by step, and give a reasonable explanation of the abnormal fluctuation of cascading dynamics.

Control of thumb force using surface functional electrical stimulation and muscle load sharing

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Stroke survivors often have difficulties in manipulating objects with their affected hand. Thumb control plays an important role in object manipulation. Surface functional electrical stimulation (FES) can assist movement. We aim to control the 2D thumb force by predicting the sum of individual muscle forces, described by a sigmoidal muscle recruitment curve and a single force direction. Methods Five able bodied subjects and five stroke subjects were strapped in a custom built setup. The forces perpendicular to the thumb in response to FES applied to three thumb muscles were measured. We evaluated the feasibility of using recruitment curve based force vector maps in predicting output forces. In addition, we developed a closed loop force controller. Load sharing between the three muscles was used to solve the redundancy problem having three actuators to control forces in two dimensions. The thumb force was controlled towards target forces of 0.5 N and 1.0 N in multiple directions within the individual’s thumb work space. Hereby, the possibilities to use these force vector maps and the load sharing approach in feed forward and feedback force control were explored. Results The force vector prediction of the obtained model had small RMS errors with respect to the actual measured force vectors (0.22±0.17 N for the healthy subjects; 0.17±0.13 N for the stroke subjects). The stroke subjects showed a limited work range due to limited force production of the individual muscles. Performance of feed forward control without feedback, was better in healthy subjects than in stroke subjects. However, when feedback control was added performances were similar between the two groups. Feedback force control lead, especially for the stroke subjects, to a reduction in stationary errors, which improved performance. Conclusions Thumb muscle responses to FES can be described by a single force direction and a sigmoidal recruitment curve. Force in desired direction can be generated through load sharing among redundant muscles. The force vector maps are subject specific and also suitable in feedforward and feedback control taking the individual’s available workspace into account. With feedback, more accurate control of muscle force can be achieved. PMID:24103414

Compatibility of epirubicin-loaded DC bead™ with different non-ionic contrast media.

PubMed

Sarakbi, Iman; Krämer, Irene

2016-12-01

The aim of this study was to determine the compatibility of epirubicin-loaded DC bead™ with different non-ionic contrast media over a period of seven days when stored light protected under refrigerated conditions. DC bead™ (2 ml) (Biocompatibles UK Ltd) of the bead size 70-150 µm ( = DC bead M1) or bead size 100-300 µm were loaded with 75 mg epirubicin powder formulation (Farmorubicin® dissolved in 3 ml water for injection to a concentration of 25 mg/ml) or 76 mg epirubicin injection solution (Epimedac® 2 mg/ml) within 2 h or 6 h, respectively. After removal of the excess solution, the epirubicin-loaded beads were mixed in polypropylene syringes with an equal volume (∼1.5 ml) of contrast media, i.e. Accupaque™ 300 (Nycomed Inc.), Imeron® 300 (Bracco S.p.A), Ultravist® 300 (Bayer Pharma AG), Visipaque™ 320 (GE Healthcare) and agitated in a controlled manner to get a homogenous suspension. Syringes with loaded beads in contrast media were stored protected from light under refrigeration (2-8℃). Compatibility was determined by measuring epirubicin concentrations in the suspensions in triplicate on day 0, 1, and 7. A reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay with ultraviolet detection was utilized to analyze the concentration and purity of epirubicin. Mixing of epirubicin-loaded beads with different non-ionic contrast media released 0.1-0.5% of epirubicin over a period of 24 h, irrespectively, of the DC bead™ size or type of contrast media. No further elution or degradation was observed after seven days when the admixtures were stored protected from light under refrigeration. Compatibility of epirubicin-loaded DC bead™ with an equal volume of different contrast media in polypropylene syringes is given over a period of seven days. Due to a maximum elution of 0.1-0.5% of epirubicin from loaded DC bead™, admixtures with contrast media can be prepared in advance in centralized cytotoxic preparation units. Microbiological aspects have to be considered when determining the expiration date of the product. © The Author(s) 2015.

Effects of a dynamic balance training protocol on podalic support in older women. Pilot Study.

PubMed

Battaglia, Giuseppe; Bellafiore, Marianna; Bianco, Antonino; Paoli, Antonio; Palma, Antonio

2010-01-01

The foot provides the only direct contact with supporting surfaces and therefore plays an important role in all postural tasks. Changes in the musculoskeletal and neurological characteristics of the foot with advancing age can alter plantar loading patterns and postural balance. Several studies have reported that exercise training improves postural performance in elderly individuals. The aim of our study was to investigate the effectiveness of a dynamic balance training protocol performed for 5 weeks on the support surface, percentage distribution of load in both feet, and body balance performance in healthy elderly women. Ten subjects (68.67±5.50 yrs old; 28.17±3.35 BMI) were evaluated with a monopodalic performance test and baropodometric analyses before and after the training period. We found a significant improvement in balance unipedal performance times on left and right foot by 20.18% and 26.23% respectively (p<0.05). The support surface of the right foot significantly increased in response to the training protocol and, in particular, in both forefoot and rearfoot regions (p<0.05). In addition, before the training period, load distribution on the left foot was greater than on the right one; equal load redistribution was measured on both feet in response to exercise (p>0.05). The increased support surface and equal redistribution of body weight on both feet obtained in response to our training protocol may be postural adaptations sufficient to improve static balance in elderly women.

Performance of Koyna dam based on static and dynamic analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azizan, Nik Zainab Nik; Majid, Taksiah A.; Nazri, Fadzli Mohamed; Maity, Damodar

2017-10-01

This paper discusses the performance of Koyna dam based on static pushover analysis (SPO) and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The SPO in this study considered two type of lateral load which is inertial load and hydrodynamic load. The structure was analyse until the damage appears on the structure body. The IDA curves were develop based on 7 ground motion, where the characteristic of the ground motions: i) the distance from the epicenter is less than 15km, (ii) the magnitude is equal to or greater than 5.5 and (iii) the PGA is equal to or greater than 0.15g. All the ground motions convert to respond spectrum and scaled according to the developed elastic respond spectrum in order to match the characteristic of the ground motion to the soil type. Elastic respond spectrum developed based on soil type B by using Eurocode 8. By using SPO and IDA method are able to determine the limit states of the dam. The limit state proposed in this study are yielding and ultimate state which is identified base on crack pattern perform on the structure model. The comparison of maximum crest displacement for both methods is analysed to define the limit state of the dam. The displacement of yielding state for Koyna dam is 23.84mm and 44.91mm for the ultimate state. The results are able to be used as a guideline to monitor Koyna dam under seismic loadings which are considering static and dynamic.

Calculation of the Thermal Resistance of a Heat Distributer in the Cooling System of a Heat-Loaded Element

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasil'ev, E. N.

2018-04-01

Numerical simulation is performed for heat transfer in a heat distributer of a thermoelectric cooling system, which is located between the heat-loaded element and the thermoelectric module, for matching their sizes and for heat flux equalization. The dependences of the characteristic values of temperature and thermal resistance of the copper and aluminum heat distributer on its thickness and on the size of the heatloaded element. Comparative analysis is carried out for determining the effect of the thermal conductivity of the material and geometrical parameters on the heat resistance. The optimal thickness of the heat distributer depending on the size of the heat-loaded element is determined.

Methods for Determining the Optimum Design of Structures Protected from Aerodynamic Heating and Application to Typical Boost-Glide or Reentry Flight Paths

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harris, Robert S., Jr.; Davidson, John R.

1962-01-01

General equations are developed for the design of efficient structures protected from thermal environments typical of those encountered in boost-glide or atmospheric-reentry conditions. The method is applied to insulated heat-sink stressed-skin structures and to internally cooled insulated structures. Plates loaded in compression are treated in detail. Under limited conditions of plate buckling, high loading, and short flight periods, and for aluminum structures only, the weights of both configurations are nearly equal. Load parameters are found and are similar to those derived in previous investigations for the restricted case of a constant equilibrium temperature at the outside surface of the insulation.

Method of controlling switching of a multiphase inductor-converter bridge. [Patent application

DOEpatents

Kustom, R.L.; Fuja, R.E.

In an inductor-convertor circuit for transferring electrical energy between a storage coil and a load coil through a storage thyristor bridge, a load thyristor bridge, and a set of commutating capacitors, operation is improved by a method of changing the rate of delivery of energy in a given direction. The change in rate corresponds to a predetermined change in phase angle between the load bridge and the storage bridge, and comprises changing the phase of the bridge by two steps, each equal to half the predetermined change and occurring 180/sup 0/ apart. The method assures commutation and minimizes imbalances that lead otherwise to overvoltages. 11 figures.

Voices of Women in the Field: Laundry and Leadership--A New Dance

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Curley, Ginny

2007-01-01

In this article, the author shares a story of a young couple who was arguing about the proper way to fold towels. The husband shared a story of how he had wanted to do something nice for his wife, who was studying. So he folded a load of towels and put them away. His wife then refolded the towels, explaining that he had folded them in half and…

Validation of the 2015 prostate cancer grade groups for predicting long-term oncologic outcomes in a shared equal-access health system.

PubMed

Schulman, Ariel A; Howard, Lauren E; Tay, Kae Jack; Tsivian, Efrat; Sze, Christina; Amling, Christopher L; Aronson, William J; Cooperberg, Matthew R; Kane, Christopher J; Terris, Martha K; Freedland, Stephen J; Polascik, Thomas J

2017-11-01

A 5-tier prognostic grade group (GG) system was enacted to simplify the risk stratification of patients with prostate cancer in which Gleason scores of ≤6, 3 + 4, 4 + 3, 8, and 9 or 10 are considered GG 1 through 5, respectively. The authors investigated the utility of biopsy GG for predicting long-term oncologic outcomes after radical prostatectomy in an equal-access health system. Men who underwent prostatectomy at 1 of 6 Veterans Affairs hospitals in the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed. The prognostic ability of biopsy GG was examined using Cox models. Interactions between GG and race also were tested. In total, 2509 men were identified who had data available on biopsy Gleason scores, covariates, and follow-up. The cohort included men with GG 1 (909 patients; 36.2%), GG 2 (813 patients; 32.4%), GG 3 (398 patients; 15.9%), GG 4 (279 patients; 11.1%), and GG 5 (110 patients; 4.4%) prostate cancer. The cohort included 1002 African American men (41%). The median follow-up was 60 months (interquartile range, 33-90 months). Higher GG was associated with higher clinical stage, older age, more recent surgery, and surgical center (P < .001) as well as increased biochemical recurrence, secondary therapy, castration-resistant prostate cancer, metastases, and prostate cancer-specific mortality (all P < .001). There were no significant interactions with race in predicting measured outcomes. The 5-tier GG system predicted multiple long-term endpoints after radical prostatectomy in an equal-access health system. The predictive value was consistent across races. Cancer 2017;123:4122-4129. © 2017 American Cancer Society. © 2017 American Cancer Society.