Integrated Photonic Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing and Demultiplexing on Chip

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-31

OAM free space coherent communication link testbed. ECL: external cavity laser . EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier. PC: polarization controller. ATT...wave (cw) laser centered at 1540 nm, followed by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), an I/Q modulator, and another EDFA. The I/Q modulator was...communication link testbed. ECL: external cavity laser . EDFA: erbium-doped fiber amplifier. PC: polarization controller. ATT: attenuator. BPF: bandpass filter

Thermophysical Properties of Matter - The TPRC Data Series. Volume 6. Specific Heat - Nonmetallic Liquids and Gases

DTIC Science & Technology

1970-01-01

dlcarbide (Cr5C2) Heptachromium tricarbide (CrTCj) Chromium chlorides: CrCl2 CrClj Chromium dichloride (CrC^) Chromium trichloride (CrC...methane (see Propane) Dysprosia (see Dysprosium oxide) Dysprosium Dysprosium trichloride hexahydrate (DyClj-6HjO) Dysprosium oxide (DyjOj...Dysprosium sesquioxide (see Dysprosium oxide) Didysprosium trioxide (see Dysprosium oxide) Erbia (see Erbium oxide) Erbium Erbium trichloride

Preparation of erbium ion-doped TiO2 films and the study of their photocatalytic activity under simulated solar light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, Hongfei; Huang, Yujiao; Li, Shaoni; Luan, Chunhui; Huang, Wei; Wang, Xiaodong; Feng, Xianshe

2017-11-01

A series of erbium ion-doped TiO2 (Er3+-TiO2) films were prepared by a sol-gel dip/spin coating method, and the effect of the dosage of erbium ion (0-2.0 mol%), the films coating layers (1-5 layers), and calcination temperature (400-700 °C) on the film structure and photocatalytic activity were investigated in detail. The films were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis (TG-DTG) and UV-Vis diffusive reflectance spectra (DRS). The results showed that the films were composed of anatase, and no other TiO2 phases (rutile and brookite). With the increase of the erbium ion dosage, the crystal size decreased. Erbium ion doping could enhance the thermal stability of TiO2 and inhibit the increase of the crystallite size. Meanwhile doping of erbium ions gave rise to three typical absorption peaks within the range of visible light (400-700 nm), locating at 490, 523, and 654 nm, attributed to the transition of 4f electrons. The higher calcination temperature led to higher crystallinity and bigger crystal grains. The photocatalytic performance of the films was evaluated by degradation of methyl orange solution under simulated solar light. The highest quality film we prepared was with 4 layers, 1.0 mol% dosage of erbium ion, and the calcination temperature of 500 °C. With this film, the degradation percentage of 7.8 mg/L methyl orange solution was up to 53.3% under simulated solar light after 6 h photoreaction.

Continuous-wave supercontinuum laser based on an erbium-doped fiber ring cavity incorporating a highly nonlinear optical fiber.

PubMed

Lee, Ju Han; Takushima, Yuichi; Kikuchi, Kazuro

2005-10-01

We experimentally demonstrate a novel erbium-doped fiber based continuous-wave (cw) supercontinuum laser. The laser has a simple ring-cavity structure incorporating an erbium-doped fiber and a highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber (HNL-DSF). Differently from previously demonstrated cw supercontinuum sources based on single propagation of a strong Raman pump laser beam through a highly nonlinear fiber, erbium gain inside the cavity generates a seed light oscillation, and the oscillated light subsequently evolves into a supercontinuum by nonlinear effects such as modulation instability and stimulated Raman scattering in the HNL-DSF. High quality of the depolarized supercontinuum laser output with a spectral bandwidth larger than 250 nm is readily achieved.

Resonantly photo-pumped nickel-like erbium X-ray laser

DOEpatents

Nilsen, Joseph

1990-01-01

A resonantly photo-pumped X-ray laser (10) that enhances the gain of seve laser lines that also lase because of collisional excitations and recombination processes, is described. The laser comprises an aluminum (12) and erbium (14) foil combination (16) that is driven by two beams (18, 20) of intense line focused (22, 24) optical laser radiation. Ground state nickel-like erbium ions (34) are resonantly photo-pumped by line emission from hydrogen-like aluminum ions (32).

Growth studies of erbium-doped GaAs deposited by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using noval cyclopentadienyl-based erbium sources

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Redwing, J. M.; Kuech, T. F.; Gordon, D. C.; Vaartstra, B. A.; Lau, S. S.

1994-01-01

Erbium-doped GaAS layers were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using two new sources, bis(i-propylcyclopentadienyl)cyclopentadienyl erbium and tris(t-butylcyclopentadienyl) erbium. Controlled Er doping in the range of 10(exp 17) - 10(exp 18)/cu cm was achieved using a relatively low source temperature of 90 C. The doping exhibits a second-order dependence on inlet source partial pressure, similar to behavior obtained with cyclopentadienyl Mg dopant sources. Equivalent amounts of oxygen and Er are present in 'as-grown' films indicating that the majority of Er dopants probably exist as Er-O complexes in the material. Er(+3) luminescence at 1.54 micrometers was measured from the as-grown films, but ion implantation of additional oxygen decreases the emission intensity. Electrical compensation of n-type GaAs layers codoped with Er and Si is directly correlated to the Er concentration is proposed to arise from the deep centers associated with Er which are responsible for a broad emission band near 0.90 micrometers present in the photoluminescence spectra of GaAs:Si, Er films.

Effects of 1,540-nm Fractional Nonablative Erbium and 2,940-nm Fractional Ablative Erbium on p53 Epidermal Expression After 3 months: A Split-Face Interventional Study.

PubMed

Borges, Juliano; Araújo, Luciana; de Oliveira, Rodrigo P B; Manela-Azulay, Monica

2018-04-16

Expression of p53 by keratinocytes may be important in the pathogenesis of skin cancer induced by ultraviolet light. We used side-by-side nonablative and ablative erbium fractional laser resurfacing to assess the effects on expression of p53 by facial keratinocytes. Ten female patients (age range, 50-63 years) with Fitzpatrick skin Types I-IV and clinical signs of photoaging underwent erbium fractional laser resurfacing (nonablative, 1,540-nm; ablative, 2,940-nm) on opposite sides of the face. Skin biopsies were obtained before treatment and 3 months after treatment for comparison with control biopsies of face and inner arm, quantifying p53 in immunostained tissue sections. Only ablative (2,940-nm) treatments produced a statistically significant reduction in p53 scoring after 3 months. The histologic appearance of skin after ablative resurfacing more closely resembled inner arm skin (rather than facial skin) of control subjects. Epidermal repopulation with p53-negative keratinocytes through ablative erbium fractional laser resurfacing may diminish the risk of eventual malignancy in photoaged skin.

Coupling of erbium dopants to yttrium orthosilicate photonic crystal cavities for on-chip optical quantum memories

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Miyazono, Evan; Zhong, Tian; Craiciu, Ioana

Erbium dopants in crystals exhibit highly coherent optical transitions well suited for solid-state optical quantum memories operating in the telecom band. Here, we demonstrate coupling of erbium dopant ions in yttrium orthosilicate to a photonic crystal cavity fabricated directly in the host crystal using focused ion beam milling. The coupling leads to reduction of the photoluminescence lifetime and enhancement of the optical depth in microns-long devices, which will enable on-chip quantum memories.

Enhancement of photoluminescence intensity of erbium doped silica containing Ge nanocrystals: distance dependent interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Manna, S.; Aluguri, R.; Bar, R.; Das, S.; Prtljaga, N.; Pavesi, L.; Ray, S. K.

2015-01-01

Photo-physical processes in Er-doped silica glass matrix containing Ge nanocrystals prepared by the sol-gel method are presented in this article. Strong photoluminescence at 1.54 μm, important for fiber optics telecommunication systems, is observed from the different sol-gel derived glasses at room temperature. We demonstrate that Ge nanocrystals act as strong sensitizers for Er3+ ions emission and the effective Er excitation cross section increases by almost four orders of magnitude with respect to the one without Ge nanocrystals. Rate equations are considered to demonstrate the sensitization of erbium luminescence by Ge nanocrystals. Analyzing the erbium effective excitation cross section, extracted from the flux dependent rise and decay times, a Dexter type of short range energy transfer from a Ge nanocrystal to erbium ion is established.

A systematic review of comparative studies of CO2 and erbium:YAG lasers in resurfacing facial rhytides (wrinkles).

PubMed

Chen, Kee-Hsin; Tam, Ka-Wai; Chen, I-Fan; Huang, Shihping Kevin; Tzeng, Pei-Chuan; Wang, Hsian-Jenn; Chen, Chiehfeng Cliff

2017-08-01

Laser resurfacing is used to minimize wrinkles, solar scars and sequelae of acne. Purpose of the systematic review was to compare resurfacing outcomes of CO 2 laser and erbium: yttrium aluminium garnet (erb:YAG) laser therapies. Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched until 9 April 2015 using the following terms: laser, carbon dioxide/CO 2 , facial wrinkles, rhytides and erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet/erbium:YAG/Er:YAG. Two-armed controlled split faced studies that compared CO 2 laser and erbium:YAG laser in patients with mild-to-moderate facial wrinkles or rhytides were included. The pooled data in this study and findings of other studies support the greater efficacy with the CO 2 laser in improving facial wrinkles, but the erb:YAG laser was associated with a better complication profile compared with the CO 2 laser. Except one case of hypopigmentation, other complications (i.e., erythema, hyperpigmentation and crusting) and their rates were reported by studies examining both lasers. In general, the CO 2 laser appeared to be more efficacious then the erb:YAG laser in treating facial wrinkles. Both lasers treatments were well tolerated.

Widely tunable erbium-doped fiber laser based on multimode interference effect.

PubMed

Castillo-Guzman, A; Antonio-Lopez, J E; Selvas-Aguilar, R; May-Arrioja, D A; Estudillo-Ayala, J; LiKamWa, P

2010-01-18

A widely tunable erbium-doped all-fiber laser has been demonstrated. The tunable mechanism is based on a novel tunable filter using multimode interference effects (MMI). The tunable MMI filter was applied to fabricate a tunable erbium-doped fiber laser via a standard ring cavity. A tuning range of 60 nm was obtained, ranging from 1549 nm to 1609 nm, with a signal to noise ratio of 40 dB. The tunable MMI filter mechanism is very simple and inexpensive, but also quite efficient as a wavelength tunable filter.

Fast and slow light property improvement in erbium-doped amplifier

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, P. C.; Wu, F. K.; Kao, W. C.; Chen, J.; Lin, C. T.; Chi, S.

2013-01-01

This work experimentally demonstrates improvement of the fast light property in erbium-doped amplifiers at room temperature. The difference between the signal power and the pump power associated with bending loss is used to control the signal power at the different positions of the erbium-doped fiber (EDF) to improve the fast light property. Periodic bending of the EDF increases the time advance of the probe signal by over 288%. Additionally, this concept also could improve the fast light property using coherent population oscillations in semiconductor optical amplifiers.

[The first experience with the concurrent effect of YAG-neodymium and YAG-erbium laser on experimental animal tissues and the possibility of its use in surgery].

PubMed

Roshal', L M; Gorbatova, N E; Livshits, Iu L; Parkhomenko, Iu G; Osiko, V V; Danileĭko, Iu K; Sidorin, A V; Tylaĭkova, T B; Ivanov, A D

1991-08-01

To guarantee the necessary rate of cutting live tissues with adequate hemostasis along the line of the incision, the authors studied isolated and joint effect of radiations of AIG-neodymium and AIG-erbium lasers on the tissues of laboratory animals. The possibility of accomplishing intraoperative hemostasis on the parenchymal organs was studied in experiments with AIG-neodymium laser. A good dissection effect in cutting various tissues was produced in the second series of experiments with AIG-erbium laser. The simultaneous action of AIG-neodymium and AIG-erbium beams converged at one point on the surface of the biological object was studied in the third series of experiments. It was found that the effect ensures a good dissection of tissues with sufficient hemostasis. The results of dynamic morphological studies are shown. The possibility of using the device in surgery is discussed.

Application of erbium: YAG laser in ocular ablation.

PubMed

Tsubota, K

1990-01-01

Recent developments in lasers have provided us the possibility of laser ocular surgery. The xenon, argon, neodymium:YAG and dye lasers have been successfully used in out-patient clinics. The excimer laser has been attracting researchers' interest in the new application of laser to cornea and lens. The erbium:YAG laser emits a 2.94-microns beam that can ablate the transparent ocular tissues such as lenses and corneas. The author has applied this laser to the cornea, lens, vitreous and other ocular tissues. The erbium:YAG laser beam was directed through a 1.5-meter-long, 200-microns-diameter fiberoptic guide. The radiant energy measured about 50 mJ at the end of the probe. The laser was emitted as a 400-microsecond pulse. Freshly enucleated rabbit eyes were used in this study. Laser burns were applied to the tissue surface at various energy settings. At minimal power, the tissues were coagulated by the erbium:YAG laser application. At a power of more than 636-954 mJ/mm2, tissue began to evaporate; the tissue loss was observed under a surgical light microscope. Corneal photoablation, lens ablation, iridotomy, trabeculotomy, cutting of the vitreous and retinal ablation were easily performed. Like the excimer laser, the erbium:YAG laser is a potential tool for ocular surgery.

Effective removal of calcified deposits on microstructured titanium fixture surfaces of dental implants with erbium lasers.

PubMed

Takagi, Toru; Aoki, Akira; Ichinose, Shizuko; Taniguchi, Yoichi; Tachikawa, Noriko; Shinoki, Takeshi; Meinzer, Walter; Sculean, Anton; Izumi, Yuichi

2018-03-13

Recently, the occurrence of peri-implantitis has been increasing. However, a suitable method to debride the contaminated surface of titanium implants has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological changes of the microstructured fixture surface after erbium laser irradiation, and to clarify the effects of the erbium lasers when used to remove calcified deposits from implant fixture surfaces. In experiment 1, sandblasted, large grit, acid etched surface implants were treated with Er:YAG laser or Er,Cr:YSGG laser at 30-60 mJ/pulse and 20 Hz with water spray. In experiments 2 and 3, the effects of erbium lasers used to remove calcified deposits (artificially prepared deposits on virgin implants and natural calculus on failed implants) were investigated and compared with mechanical debridement using either a titanium curette or cotton pellets. After the various debridement methods, all specimens were analyzed by stereomicroscopy (SM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Stereomicroscopy and SEM showed that erbium lasers with optimal irradiation parameters did not have an effect on titanium microstructures. Compared to mechanical debridement, erbium lasers were more capable of removing calcified deposits on the microstructured surface without surface alteration using a non-contact sweeping irradiation at 40 mJ/pulse (ED 14.2 J/cm 2 /pulse) and 20 Hz with water spray. These results indicate that Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers are more advantageous in removing calcified deposits on the microstructured surface of titanium implants without inducing damage, compared to mechanical therapy by cotton pellet or titanium curette. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Wideband and flat-gain amplifier based on high concentration erbium-doped fibres in parallel double-pass configuration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hamida, B A; Cheng, X S; Harun, S W

A wideband and flat gain erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) is demonstrated using a hybrid gain medium of a zirconiabased erbium-doped fibre (Zr-EDF) and a high concentration erbium-doped fibre (EDF). The amplifier has two stages comprising a 2-m-long ZEDF and 9-m-long EDF optimised for C- and L-band operations, respectively, in a double-pass parallel configuration. A chirp fibre Bragg grating (CFBG) is used in both stages to ensure double propagation of the signal and thus to increase the attainable gain in both C- and L-band regions. At an input signal power of 0 dBm, a flat gain of 15 dB is achievedmore » with a gain variation of less than 0.5 dB within a wide wavelength range from 1530 to 1605 nm. The corresponding noise figure varies from 6.2 to 10.8 dB within this wavelength region.« less

Comparative assessment of erbium fiber ring lasers and reflective SOA linear lasers for fiber Bragg grating dynamic strain sensing.

PubMed

Wei, Heming; Krishnaswamy, Sridhar

2017-05-01

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) dynamic strain sensors using both an erbium-based fiber ring laser configuration and a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based linear laser configuration are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Fiber laser models are first presented to analyze the output characteristics of both fiber laser configurations when the FBG sensor is subjected to dynamic strains at high frequencies. Due to differences in the transition times of erbium and the semiconductor (InP/InGaAsP), erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)- and RSOA-based fiber lasers exhibit different responses and regimes of stability when the FBG is subjected to dynamic strains. The responses of both systems are experimentally verified using an adaptive photorefractive two-wave mixing (TWM) spectral demodulation technique. The experimental results show that the RSOA-FBG fiber linear cavity laser is stable and can stably respond to dynamic strains at high frequencies. An example application using a multiplexed TWM interferometer to demodulate multiple FBG sensors is also discussed.

Negative parity states and some electromagnetic transition properties of even-odd erbium isotopes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yazar, Harun Resit; Uluer, Ihsan

2007-03-15

The negative parity states and some electromagnetic transition properties of even-odd erbium isotopes ({sup 159,161,163,165}Er) were studied within the framework of the interacting boson-fermion model. The single fermion is assumed to be in one of the lh{sub 9/2},3p{sub 3/2},2f{sub 5/2}, and 3p{sub 1/2} single-particle orbits. It was found that the calculated negative parity state energy spectra of the even-odd erbium isotopes agree quite well with the experimental data. The B(E2) values were also calculated and compared with the experimental data.

Silicon nanocluster-sensitized emission from erbium: The role of stress in the formation of silicon nanoclusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, I.; Temple, M. P.; Kallis, A.; Wojdak, M.; Oton, C. J.; Barbier, D.; Saleh, H.; Kenyon, A. J.; Loh, W. H.

2008-12-01

Erbium-doped silicon-rich silicon oxide films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition suffer from compressive stress as deposited, which converts to a large tensile stress on annealing due to the release of hydrogen. Although the cracking that results from this stress can be avoided by patterning the films into ridges, significant stress remains along the ridge axis. Measurements of erbium photoluminescence sensitized by silicon nanoclusters in stressed and relaxed films suggest an important role for internal film stresses in promoting the phase separation of excess silicon into nanoclusters, which has previously been thought of as a thermally driven process.

Retinotomy using an erbium:YAG laser on human autopsy eyes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ellsworth, Lansing G.; Kramer, Theresa R.; Noecker, Robert J.; Snyder, Robert W.; Yarborough, J. Michael

1994-06-01

Mid-IR lasers that operate near the absorption peak of water have a short penetration depth in ocular tissues. Ablation of tissue can be accomplished with minimal coagulative damage to underlying structures. We used an erbium:YAG laser equipped with a contact probe to create retinotomy sites in the human retina of eye bank eyes. An erbium:YAG laser (2.94 micrometers ) equipped with an infrared transmitting glass fiber and a sapphire tip (400 micrometers ) was used to directly ablate the surface of the retina. We administered both single and multiple pulses to the macula and peripheral retina using energy levels from 4 to 16 mJ per pulse. The retinas were then examined histopathologically to evaluate the extent of ablation and coagulative damage. Single pulses at low energy levels were noted to cause ablative damage to the nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer without a notable coagulative effect. The mean ablation depth at lower energy levels was less than the mean ablation depth at higher energy levels. Extensive laser application produced disruption of the retinal pigment epithelium, choroid and sclera. the erbium:YAG laser equipped with a contact probe is an effective means of creating retinotomies in human autopsy eyes. When used in the single pulse mode at lower energy levels, the erbium:YAG laser appears capable of removing superficial retinal layers without damaging deeper structures.

Erbium:YAG laser contouring of the nasal dorsum: a preliminary investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Truong, Mai T.; Majaron, Boris; Pandoh, Nidhi S.; Wong, Brian J.

2001-05-01

In conventional aesthetic rhinoplasty operations, manual or powered rasps are used to reduce the osseo-cartilagenous nasal dorsum. This tactile method requires palpation of the instrument and the dorsum during surgery to estimate the degree of volume reduction, and often requires forceful manipulation of the dorsum which may illicit pain during surgery and contribute to post-operative edema and echymosis. In this preliminary study, we investigated the use of the Erbium:YAG laser ((lambda) equals294 micrometers ) to reduce bone and cartilage using ex-vivo porcine nasal dorsum and human cadaveric tissues. The short pulsed length and high absorption of this laser in biologic tissues results in minimization of thermal injury which are ideal for non- contact optical contouring of osseous and cartilagenous tissues in the face. Two Erbium:YAG lasers were used to ablate fresh porcine nasal bone and compared for their use. One Erbium:YAG laser, the Fidelis Laser, Fontana Medical Lasers, Ljubljana, Slovenija with variable pulse repetition rates (2 to 50 Hz), pulse energy (80 to 1000 mJ), and pulse duration (100, 300, 750 and 1000 microsecond(s) ) was used and compared to the Ultrafine Erbium:YAG laser, Coherent Inc., Santa Clara California, with variable pulse repetition rate (2 to 10 Hz), pulse energy (2-16 J/cm2), and spot diameter (2-6 mm). Only laser parameters approximating the conditions for thermal confinement were evaluated.

Ablative Fractional 10 600 nm Carbon Dioxide Laser Versus Non-ablative Fractional 1540 nm Erbium-Glass Laser in Egyptian Post-acne Scar patients.

PubMed

Elsaie, Mohamed L; Ibrahim, Shady M; Saudi, Wael

2018-01-01

Introduction: Non-ablative fractional erbium-doped glass 1540 nm and fractional ablative 10600 nm carbon dioxide lasers are regarded as effective modalities for treating acne atrophic scars. In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of fractional CO 2 laser and fractional nonablative 1540 nm erbium doped glass laser in treating post acne atrophic scars in Egyptian patients. Methods: Fifty-eight patients complaining of moderate and severe acne atrophic scars were randomly divided into 2 groups of 29 patients each. Both groups were subjected to 4 treatment sessions with 3 weeks interval and were followed up for 3 months. In group A, enrolled patient sreceived C2 laser, while in group B, patients were treated with 1540 nm erbium glass fractional laser. Results: Clinical assessment revealed that the mean grades of progress and improvement were higher with fractional 10600 nm CO2 laser but with non-significant difference between both treatments ( P = 0.1). The overall patients' satisfaction with both lasers were not significantly different ( P = 0.44). Conclusion: Both fractional ablative CO2 and fractional non-ablative erbium glass lasers are good modalities for treating acne scars with a high efficacy and safety profile and good patient satisfaction. The fractional ablative laser showed higher efficacy while non-ablative laser offered less pain and shorter downtime.

Microwave photonic filter using multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser with double-Brillouin-frequency shift

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Loh, K. K.; Yeo, K. S.; Shee, Y. G.

2015-04-24

A microwave photonic filter based on double-Brillouin-frequency spaced multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser (BEFL) is experimentally demonstrated. The filter selectivity can be easily adjusted by tuning and apodizing the optical taps generated from the multiwavelength BEFL. Reconfiguration of different frequency responses are demonstrated.

A review of technology and safety aspects of erbium lasers in dentistry.

PubMed

Clarkson, D M

2001-01-01

This article reviews aspects of the probable mechanisms used by erbium dental lasers for cutting dentine and enamel, describes key issues of the risk of temperature elevation and speed of cutting relative to conventional techniques and looks at issues concerned with the safety of lasers.

Cermet crucible for metallurgical processing

DOEpatents

Boring, Christopher P.

1995-01-01

A cermet crucible for metallurgically processing metals having high melting points comprising a body consisting essentially of a mixture of calcium oxide and erbium metal, the mixture comprising calcium oxide in a range between about 50 and 90% by weight and erbium metal in a range between about 10 and 50% by weight.

Optical bistability in erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal combined with a laser diode.

PubMed

Maeda, Y

1994-01-10

Optical bistability was observed in a simple structure of an injection laser diode combined with an erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal. Since a hysteresis characteristic exists in the relationship between the wavelength and the injection current of a laser diode, an optical memory function capable of holding the output status is confirmed. In addition, an optical signal inversion was caused by the decrease of transmission of the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal against the red shift (principally mode hopping) of the laser diode. It is suggested that the switching time of this phenomenon is the time necessary for a mode hopping by current injection.

Radiation hardening commercial off-the-shelf erbium doped fibers by optimal photo-annealing source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peng, Tz-Shiuan; Liu, Ren-Young; Lin, Yen-Chih; Mao, Ming-Hua; Wang, Lon A.

2017-09-01

Erbium doped fibers (EDFs) based devices are widely employed in space for optical communication [1], remote sensing [2], and navigation applications, e.g. interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (IFOG). However, the EDF suffers severely radiation induced attenuation (RIA) in radiation environments, e.g. space applications and nuclear reactors [3].

Cermet crucible for metallurgical processing

DOEpatents

Boring, C.P.

1995-02-14

A cermet crucible is disclosed for metallurgically processing metals having high melting points comprising a body consisting essentially of a mixture of calcium oxide and erbium metal, the mixture comprising calcium oxide in a range between about 50 and 90% by weight and erbium metal in a range between about 10 and 50% by weight.

Transmission electron microscopy characterization of the erbium silicide formation process using a Pt/Er stack on a silicon-on-insulator substrate.

PubMed

Łaszcz, A; Katcki, J; Ratajczak, J; Tang, Xiaohui; Dubois, E

2006-10-01

Very thin erbium silicide layers have been used as source and drain contacts to n-type Si in low Schottky barrier MOSFETs on silicon-on-insulator substrates. Erbium silicide is formed by a solid-state reaction between the metal and silicon during annealing. The influence of annealing temperature (450 degrees C, 525 degrees C and 600 degrees C) on the formation of an erbium silicide layer in the Pt/Er/Si/SiO(2)/Si structure was analysed by means of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The Si grains/interlayer formed at the interface and the presence of Si grains within the Er-related layer constitute proof that Si reacts with Er in the presence of a Pt top layer in the temperature range 450-600 degrees C. The process of silicide formation in the Pt/Er/Si structure differs from that in the Er/Si structure. At 600 degrees C, the Pt top layer vanishes and a (Pt-Er)Si(x) system is formed.

Experimental investigations of the use of an erbium:YAG laser on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) structures: first experimental results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nuebler-Moritz, Michael; Niederdellmann, Herbert; Hering, Peter; Deuerling, Christian; Dammer, Ralf; Behr, M.

1995-04-01

The following paper introduces the results of an interdisciplinary research project. With the aid of photomacroscopic examination, light and scanning electron microscope investigations, changes to temporomandibular joint structures were detected in vitro after irradiation with an Erbium:YAG laser system. The solid-state Erbium:YAG laser, operating at a wavelength of 2.94 micrometers was used in the normal- spiking mode. The free-running laser beam was focussed onto freshly excised porcine tissue samples using a 108-mm sapphire lens. In this study the output was generally pulsed at a repetition rate of 4 Hz, with a pulse duration varying from 120 microsecond(s) to 500 microsecond(s) . Between 50 mJ and 500 mJ per pulse were applied to create pinpoint lesions. The optimum average energy density and pulse duration of the Erbium:YAG laser radiation for the purpose of TMJ-surgery (as far as it concerns meniscus and articulating facets) - which means efficient etch rate and minimal adjacent injury - seems to be about 24-42 J/cm2 and 120 microsecond(s) -240 microsecond(s) , respectively.

Holmium:YAG and erbium:YAG laser interaction with hard and soft tissue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charlton, Andrew; Dickinson, Mark R.; King, Terence A.; Freemont, Anthony J.

1991-06-01

The holmium YAG and erbium YAG lasers operating at 2.1 micrometers and 2.9 micrometers respectively, are the subject of great interest for various medical applications. The interaction of both these pulsed lasers with biological tissue involves absorption of the radiation by water leading to rapid heating and ablation, however the different absorption coefficients at these two wavelengths give rise to different ablation efficiencies and haemostatic properties for the two lasers. It is this cut/seal ratio that determines for which medical applications each of these lasers is most suited. The lasers were used to produce incisions in various tissues by translating the tissue at fixed speed beneath a focused laser beam. The laser energy density was varied between 100 and 500 J/cm2 and the lasers were operated at 2 Hz. After irradiation the tissues were fixed in formalin, processed routinely into paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 micrometers and stained with haemotoxylin and eosin. This allowed the dimensions of the incisions to be measured, as well as the depth of coagulative denatured tissue surrounding each incision. In this way the cut/seal ratio was determined for both the holmium YAG and erbium YAG laser in a range of hard and soft tissues. Results show that the latent heat of ablation for the holmium YAG laser interacting with soft tissue varies between 20-50 kJ/cm3, almost an order of magnitude larger than with the erbium YAG laser. Furthermore, the depth of coagulative necrosis with holmium YAG extends 100-400 micrometers , compared with 10-30 micrometers for erbium YAG. The two interactions clearly lead to vastly different results suggesting that the holmium YAG laser is suitable for producing lesions in highly vascular tissue where haemostasis is important, whereas the erbium YAG laser is better suited to avascular tissue requiring large depths of incision.

Multiwavelength fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Goutam

This thesis studies experimentally and theoretically a few designs of multiwavelength fiber lasers. Four different configurations are proposed and demonstrated; all of which can operate at room temperatures. An elliptical core erbium-doped fiber is used as the gain medium, which is single mode along the minor axis and multimode along the major axis. The principle of operation is based on the anisotropic gain effect of an elliptical core erbium-doped fiber. Stable multiwavelength operation is achieved at room temperatures. A polarization controller is used to control and select the lasing wavelengths. The stability of the lasing lines, in the presence of anisotropic gain effects, has been examined. The maximum number of stable lasing lines that may be obtained depends on the number of modes supported by the erbium-doped fiber. The effects of the dimensions of the fiber are also studied. A ring resonator is formed using an elliptical core erbium-doped fiber. The basic theoretical expression for the threshold pump power for each lasing line is developed. The theoretical results are in excellent agreement with the values obtained experimentally. The dependence of the separations between the lasing wavelengths on the dimensions of the erbium-doped fiber is examined. A theoretical study of a Sagnac loop interferometer and its applications in a passive ring resonator is reported. A ring resonator is formed by using the Sagnac loop filter in the cavity. The experimental results show that the separations between the lasing wavelengths may be controlled by adjusting the birefringence of the Sagnac loop interferometer. These experimental results agree with the theoretical findings. Similarly, another resonator is formed using a Sagnac loop reflector and a broadband reflector in a Fabry-Perot configuration. An optical switch is made, where two wavelengths may be switched by using a polarization controller in the cavity. To study the stability of the lasing wavelengths, the outputs of the lasers are monitored for a few hours using an optical spectrum analyzer with a resolution bandwidth of 0.06 nm. The experimental results show that intensity fluctuations of the lasing lines of less than 0.2 dB are possible with no changes in wavelength. High concentrations of erbium in the fiber degrade the stability of the lasing wavelengths resulting in greater intensity fluctuations. The lasers may be made to lase in the C band or L band by adjusting the length of the erbium-doped fiber in the cavity.

Modelling of micromachining of human tooth enamel by erbium laser radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belikov, A. V.; Skrypnik, A. V.; Shatilova, K. V.

2014-08-01

We consider a 3D cellular model of human tooth enamel and a photomechanical cellular model of enamel ablation by erbium laser radiation, taking into account the structural peculiarities of enamel, energy distribution in the laser beam cross section and attenuation of laser energy in biological tissue. The surface area of the texture in enamel is calculated after its micromachining by erbium laser radiation. The influence of the surface area on the bond strength of enamel with dental filling materials is discussed. A good correlation between the computer simulation of the total work of adhesion and experimentally measured bond strength between the dental filling material and the tooth enamel after its micromachining by means of YAG : Er laser radiation is attained.

Radiation hardening of optical fibers and fiber sensors for space applications: recent advances

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Girard, S.; Ouerdane, Y.; Pinsard, E.; Laurent, A.; Ladaci, A.; Robin, T.; Cadier, B.; Mescia, L.; Boukenter, A.

2017-11-01

In these ICSO proceedings, we review recent advances from our group concerning the radiation hardening of optical fiber and fiber-based sensors for space applications and compare their benefits to state-of-the-art results. We focus on the various approaches we developed to enhance the radiation tolerance of two classes of optical fibers doped with rare-earths: the erbium (Er)-doped ones and the ytterbium/erbium (Er/Yb)-doped ones. As a first approach, we work at the component level, optimizing the fiber structure and composition to reduce their intrinsically high radiation sensitivities. For the Erbium-doped fibers, this has been achieved using a new structure for the fiber that is called Hole-Assisted Carbon Coated (HACC) optical fibers whereas for the Er/Ybdoped optical fibers, their hardening was successfully achieved adding to the fiber, the Cerium element, that prevents the formation of the radiation-induced point defects responsible for the radiation induced attenuation in the infrared part of the spectrum. These fibers are used as part of more complex systems like amplifiers (Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier, EDFA or Yb-EDFA) or source (Erbium-doped Fiber Source, EDFS or Yb- EDFS), we discuss the impact of using radiation-hardened fibers on the system radiation vulnerability and demonstrate the resistance of these systems to radiation constraints associated with today and future space missions. Finally, we will discuss another radiation hardening approach build in our group and based on a hardening-by-system strategy in which the amplifier is optimized during its elaboration for its future mission considering the radiation effects and not in-lab.

Biomimetic synthesis of chiral erbium-doped silver/peptide/silica core-shell nanoparticles (ESPN)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mantion, Alexandre; Graf, Philipp; Florea, Ileana; Haase, Andrea; Thünemann, Andreas F.; Mašić, Admir; Ersen, Ovidiu; Rabu, Pierre; Meier, Wolfgang; Luch, Andreas; Taubert, Andreas

2011-12-01

Peptide-modified silver nanoparticles have been coated with an erbium-doped silica layer using a method inspired by silica biomineralization. Electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering confirm the presence of an Ag/peptide core and silica shell. The erbium is present as small Er2O3 particles in and on the silica shell. Raman, IR, UV-Vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopies show that the peptide is still present after shell formation and the nanoparticles conserve a chiral plasmon resonance. Magnetic measurements find a paramagnetic behavior. In vitro tests using a macrophage cell line model show that the resulting multicomponent nanoparticles have a low toxicity for macrophages, even on partial dissolution of the silica shell.Peptide-modified silver nanoparticles have been coated with an erbium-doped silica layer using a method inspired by silica biomineralization. Electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering confirm the presence of an Ag/peptide core and silica shell. The erbium is present as small Er2O3 particles in and on the silica shell. Raman, IR, UV-Vis, and circular dichroism spectroscopies show that the peptide is still present after shell formation and the nanoparticles conserve a chiral plasmon resonance. Magnetic measurements find a paramagnetic behavior. In vitro tests using a macrophage cell line model show that the resulting multicomponent nanoparticles have a low toxicity for macrophages, even on partial dissolution of the silica shell. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Figures S1 to S12, Tables S1 and S2. See DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10930h

Optical study of Erbium-doped-porous silicon based planar waveguides

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Najar, A.; Ajlani, H.; Charrier, J.; Lorrain, N.; Haesaert, S.; Oueslati, M.; Haji, L.

2007-06-01

Planar waveguides were formed from porous silicon layers obtained on P + substrates. These waveguides were then doped by erbium using an electrochemical method. Erbium concentration in the range 2.2-2.5 at% was determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis performed on SEM cross sections. The refractive index of layers was studied before and after doping and thermal treatments. The photoluminescence of Er 3+ ions in the IR range and the decay curve of the 1.53 μm emission peak were studied as a function of the excitation power. The value of excited Er density was equal to 0.07%. Optical loss contributions were analyzed on these waveguides and the losses were equal to 1.1 dB/cm at 1.55 μm after doping.

Radiation-hard erbium optical fiber and fiber amplifier for both low- and high-dose space missions.

PubMed

Girard, S; Laurent, A; Pinsard, E; Robin, T; Cadier, B; Boutillier, M; Marcandella, C; Boukenter, A; Ouerdane, Y

2014-05-01

We present a new structure for erbium-doped optical fibers [hole-assisted carbon-coated, (HACC)] that, combined with an appropriate choice of codopants in the core, strongly enhances their radiation tolerance. We built an erbium-doped fiber amplifier based on this HACC fiber and characterize its degradation under γ-ray doses up to 315 krad (SiO2) in the ON mode. The 31 dB amplifier is practically radiation insensitive, with a gain change of merely -2.2×10(-3) dB/krad. These performances authorize the use of HACC doped fibers and amplifiers for various applications in environments associated with today's missions (of doses up to 50 krad) and even for future space missions associated with higher dose constraints.

Modelling of micromachining of human tooth enamel by erbium laser radiation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Belikov, A V; Skrypnik, A V; Shatilova, K V

We consider a 3D cellular model of human tooth enamel and a photomechanical cellular model of enamel ablation by erbium laser radiation, taking into account the structural peculiarities of enamel, energy distribution in the laser beam cross section and attenuation of laser energy in biological tissue. The surface area of the texture in enamel is calculated after its micromachining by erbium laser radiation. The influence of the surface area on the bond strength of enamel with dental filling materials is discussed. A good correlation between the computer simulation of the total work of adhesion and experimentally measured bond strength betweenmore » the dental filling material and the tooth enamel after its micromachining by means of YAG : Er laser radiation is attained. (laser biophotonics)« less

[Erbium 169 synoviortheses and infiltrations of triamcinolone hexacetonide in metatarsophalangeal arthritis of chronic inflammatory rheumatism].

PubMed

Bouvier, M; Bouysset, M; Bonvoisin, B; Diaine, A; Lejeune, E

1983-04-01

The authors report their experience in the treatment of metatarsophalangeal arthritis of chronic inflammatory rheumatism by Erbium 169 synoviortheses (112 joints treated) and by infiltrations of triamcinolone hexacetonide (53 joints treated). The steroid appears to have a marked early superiority as it gives 85% good results compared to 61.6% for Erbium 169 after a period of one to three months. However, its results then deteriorate more rapidly and after 6 months, the proportion of good results is greater with the radioactive treatment (64% compared to 46.7%). The authors consider it reasonable to use triamcinolone hexacetonide as the first line treatment as it is easier to manage and less expensive, reserving the radioactive synoviortheses for later with the prospect of more lasting results.

Broadband features of passively harmonic mode locking in dispersion-managed erbium-doped all-fiber lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geng, Y.; Li, L.; Shu, C. J.; Wang, Y. F.; Tang, D. Y.; Zhao, L. M.

2018-06-01

Broadband features of passively harmonic mode locking (HML) in dispersion-managed erbium-doped all-fiber lasers are explored. The bandwidth of HML state is generally narrower than that of fundamental mode locking before pulse breaking occurs. There exists a broadest bandwidth versus the order of HML. HML state with bandwidth up to 61.5 nm is obtained.

Laser isotope separation of erbium and other isotopes

DOEpatents

Haynam, Christopher A.; Worden, Earl F.

1995-01-01

Laser isotope separation is accomplished using at least two photoionization pathways of an isotope simultaneously, where each pathway comprises two or more transition steps. This separation method has been applied to the selective photoionization of erbium isotopes, particularly for the enrichment of .sup.167 Er. The hyperfine structure of .sup.167 Er was used to find two three-step photoionization pathways having a common upper energy level.

Effects of non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser treatment on gene regulation in human three-dimensional skin models.

PubMed

Amann, Philipp M; Marquardt, Yvonne; Steiner, Timm; Hölzle, Frank; Skazik-Voogt, Claudia; Heise, Ruth; Baron, Jens M

2016-04-01

Clinical experiences with non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser therapy have demonstrated promising results for dermal remodelling and for the indications of striae, surgical scars and acne scars. So far, molecular effects on human skin following treatment with these laser systems have not been elucidated. Our aim was to investigate laser-induced effects on skin morphology and to analyse molecular effects on gene regulation. Therefore, human three-dimensional (3D) organotypic skin models were irradiated with non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser systems enabling qRT-PCR, microarray and histological studies at same and different time points. A decreased mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 3 and 9 was observed 3 days after treatment. MMP3 also remained downregulated on protein level, whereas the expression of other MMPs like MMP9 was recovered or even upregulated 5 days after irradiation. Inflammatory gene regulatory responses measured by the expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligands (CXCL1, 2, 5, 6) and interleukin expression (IL8) were predominantly reduced. Epidermal differentiation markers such as loricrin, filaggrin-1 and filaggrin-2 were upregulated by both tested laser optics, indicating a potential epidermal involvement. These effects were also shown on protein level in the immunofluorescence analysis. This novel standardised laser-treated human 3D skin model proves useful for monitoring time-dependent ex vivo effects of various laser systems on gene expression and human skin morphology. Our study reveals erbium glass laser-induced regulations of MMP and interleukin expression. We speculate that these alterations on gene expression level could play a role for dermal remodelling, anti-inflammatory effects and increased epidermal differentiation. Our finding may have implications for further understanding of the molecular mechanism of erbium glass laser-induced effects on human skin.

Near-IR imaging of erbium laser ablation with a water spray

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Darling, Cynthia L.; Maffei, Marie E.; Fried, William A.; Fried, Daniel

2008-02-01

Near-IR (NIR) imaging can be used to view the formation of ablation craters during laser ablation since the enamel of the tooth is almost completely transparent near 1310-nm1. Laser ablation craters can be monitored under varying irradiation conditions to assess peripheral thermal and transient-stress induced damage, measure the rate and efficiency of ablation and provide insight into the ablation mechanism. There are fundamental differences in the mechanism of enamel ablation using erbium lasers versus carbon dioxide laser systems due to the nature of the primary absorber and it is necessary to have water present on the tooth surface for efficient ablation at erbium laser wavelengths. In this study, sound human tooth sections of approximately 2-3-mm thickness were irradiated by free running and Q-switched Er:YAG & Er:YSGG lasers under varying conditions with and without a water spray. The incision area in the interior of each sample was imaged using a tungsten-halogen lamp with a band-pass filter centered at 1310-nm combined with an InGaAs area camera with a NIR zoom microscope. Obvious differences in the crater evolution were observed between CO2 and erbium lasers. Ablation stalled after a few laser pulses without a water spray as anticipated. Efficient ablation was re-initiated by resuming the water spray. Micro-fractures were continuously produced apparently driven along prism lines during multi-pulse ablation. These fractures or fissures appeared to merge together as the crater evolved to form the leading edge of the ablation crater. These observations support the proposed thermo-mechanical mechanisms of erbium laser involving the strong mechanical forces generated by selective absorption by water.

Micro-fractional ablative skin resurfacing with two novel erbium laser systems.

PubMed

Dierickx, Christine C; Khatri, Khalil A; Tannous, Zeina S; Childs, James J; Cohen, Richard H; Erofeev, Andrei; Tabatadze, David; Yaroslavsky, Ilya V; Altshuler, Gregory B

2008-02-01

Fractional ablation offers the potential benefits of full-surface ablative skin resurfacing while minimizing adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, damage profile, and efficacy of erbium fractional lasers. Histology from animal and human skin as well as clinical evaluations were conducted with erbium YAG (2,940 nm) and erbium YSGG (2,790 nm) fractional lasers varying pulse width, microbeam (microb) energy, number of passes, and stacking of pulses. Single-pulse treatment parameters from 1 to 12 mJ per 50-70 microm diameter microbeam and 0.25-5 milliseconds pulse widths produced microcolumns of ablation with border coagulation of up to 100 microm width and 450 microm depth. Stacking of pulses generated deeper microcolumns. Clinical observations and in vivo histology demonstrate rapid re-epithelization and limited adverse side effects. Facial treatments were performed in the periorbital and perioral areas using 1-8 passes of single and stacked pulses. Treatments were well-tolerated and subjects could resume their normal routine in 4 days. A statistically significant reduction in wrinkle scores at 3 months was observed for both periorbital and perioral wrinkles using blinded grading. For periorbital treatments of four passes or more, over 90% had > or =1 score wrinkle reduction (0-9 scale) and 42% had > or =2. For perioral wrinkles, over 50% had substantial improvements (> or =2). The clinical observations and histology findings demonstrate that micro-fractional ablative treatment with 2,790 and 2,940 nm erbium lasers resulted in safe and effective wrinkle reduction with minimal patient downtime. The depth and width of the ablated microcolumns and varying extent of surrounding coagulation can be controlled and used to design new treatment procedures targeted for specific indications and areas such as moderate to severe rhytides and photodamaged skin.

Ultra-narrow-linewidth Brillouin/erbium fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Mo; Wang, Chenyu; Wang, Jianfei; Luo, Hong; Meng, Zhou

2018-02-01

Ultra-narrow-linewidth lasers are of great interest in many applications, such as precise spectroscopy, optical communications, and sensors. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), as one of the main nonlinear effects in fibers, is capable of generating narrow-linewidth light emission. We establish a compact Brillouin/erbium fiber laser (BEFL) utilizing 4-m erbium-doped fiber as both the Brillouin gain and linear media. A 360-kHz-linewidth laser diode is injected into the cavity as the Brillouin pump (BP) light and generates Brillouin Stokes lasing light. Both of the phase noise of the BP and BEFL output are measured by a high-accuracy unbalanced Michelson interferometer. It is demonstrated that 53- dB phase noise reduction is achieved after the BP is transferred into Brillouin Stokes emission. The linewidth of the BEFL is indicated at Hz-range by both calculation and experiment.

Erbium-doped fiber ring resonator for resonant fiber optical gyro applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Chunming; Zhao, Rui; Tang, Jun; Xia, Meijing; Guo, Huiting; Xie, Chengfeng; Wang, Lei; Liu, Jun

2018-04-01

This paper reports a fiber ring resonator with erbium-doped fiber (EDF) for resonant fiber optical gyro (RFOG). To analyze compensation mechanism of the EDF on resonator, a mathematical model of the erbium-doped fiber ring resonator (EDFRR) is established based on Jones matrix to be followed by the design and fabrication of a tunable EDFRR. The performances of the fabricated EDFRR were measured and the experimental Q-factor of 2 . 47 × 108 and resonant depth of 109% were acquired separately. Compared with the resonator without the EDF, the resonant depth and Q-factor of the proposed device are increased by 2.5 times and 14 times, respectively. A potential optimum shot noise limited resolution of 0 . 042∘ / h can be obtained for the RFOG, which is promising for low-cost and high precise detection.

Laser isotope separation of erbium and other isotopes

DOEpatents

Haynam, C.A.; Worden, E.F.

1995-08-22

Laser isotope separation is accomplished using at least two photoionization pathways of an isotope simultaneously, where each pathway comprises two or more transition steps. This separation method has been applied to the selective photoionization of erbium isotopes, particularly for the enrichment of {sup 167}Er. The hyperfine structure of {sup 167}Er was used to find two three-step photoionization pathways having a common upper energy level. 3 figs.

Laser heating dynamics and glow spectra of carbon-, titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser medicine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belikov, A. V.; Skrypnik, A. V.

2017-07-01

Titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters of laser radiation mounted at the distal end of quartz-quartz optical fibre are discussed for the first time. Technology of fabricating such converters is described. Carbon-containing converters are also considered. The laser heating dynamics of the converters and the glow spectra are studied by irradiating converters of each type by a 980 ± 10 nm semiconductor laser with an average power up to 4 W. It is shown that alongside with broadband thermal radiation accompanying the laser heating of all three types of converters in the temperature range 600-1100 °C, only in the spectrum of the erbium-containing converter the intense bands with the maxima at wavelengths 493, 523, 544, 660, and 798 nm, corresponding to the erbium radiative transitions 4F7/2 → 4I15/2, 2H11/2 → 4I15/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2, 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 and 4I9/2 → 4I15/2, respectively, are present. Such converters can be used in laser medicine for tissue surgery as well as in procedures combining laser, thermal, biostimulation or photodynamic action.

Cutting and skin-ablative properties of pulsed mid-infrared laser surgery.

PubMed

Kaufmann, R; Hartmann, A; Hibst, R

1994-02-01

Pulsed mid-infrared lasers allow a precise removal of soft tissues with only minimal thermal damage. To study the potential dermatosurgical usefulness of currently available systems at different wavelengths (2010-nm Thulium:YAG laser, 2100-nm Holmium:YAG laser, 2790-nm Erbium:YSGG laser, and 2940-nm Erbium:YAG laser) in vivo on pig skin. Immediate effects and wound healing of superficial laser-abrasions and incisions were compared with those of identical control lesions produced by dermabrasion, scalpel incisions, or laser surgery performed by a 1060-nm Nd:YAG and a 1060-nm CO2 laser (continuous and superpulsed mode). Best efficiency and least thermal injury was found for the pulsed Erbium:YAG laser, leading to ablative and incisional lesions comparable to those obtained by dermabrasion or superficial scalpel incisions, respectively. In contrast to other mid-infrared lasers tested, the 2940-nm Erbium:YAG laser thus provides a potential instrument for future applications in skin surgery, especially when aiming at a careful ablative removal of delicate superficial lesions with maximum sparing of adjacent tissue structures. However, in the purely incisional application mode pulsed mid-infrared lasers, though of potential usefulness in microsurgical indications (eg, surgery of the cornea), do not offer a suggestive alternative to simple scalpel surgery of the skin.

Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles showing upconversion luminescence through simple chemical method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Anjana, R.; Subha, P. P.; Markose, Kurias K.

2016-05-23

Upconversion luminescence is an interesting area while considering its applications in a vast variety of fields. Rare earth ions like erbium is the most studied and efficient candidate for achieving upconversion. Erbium and ytterbium co-doped ZnO nanoparticles were prepared through co-precipitation method. A strong red emission has been obtained while exciting with 980 nm laser. Dependence of luminescence emission colour on ytterbium concentration has been studied.

X-Ray Diffraction Study of Elemental Erbium to 65 GPa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pravica, M.G.; Lipinska-Kalita, K.; Quine, Z.

2006-02-02

We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell up to 65 GPa using x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present preliminary evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the expected hcp {yields} Sm-type {yields} dhcp {yields} distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we believe that we have evidence for the predicted dhcp {yields} distorted fcc transition between 43 GPa and 65 GPa.

Cutaneous resurfacing with CO2 and erbium: YAG lasers: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations.

PubMed

Alster, T S

1999-02-01

The development and integration of pulsed and scanned CO2 and erbium:YAG laser systems into mainstream surgical practice over the past years has revolutionized cutaneous resurfacing. These lasers are capable of delivering to skin high peak fluences to effect controlled tissue vaporization, while leaving an acceptably narrow zone of residual thermal damage. The inherent technological differences that exist between the two distant laser systems in terms of ablation depths, degree of thermal coagulation, and postoperative side-effects and complications guide patient selection and management. This article reviews the basic principles of CO2 and erbium:YAG laser resurfacing, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative patient considerations. Side-effects and complications encountered after laser resurfacing are discussed with specific guidelines provided on their appropriate management. Anticipated future developments and cutting-edge research endeavors in cutaneous laser resurfacing are also briefly outlined.

Erbium lasers in dentistry.

PubMed

van As, Glenn

2004-10-01

Erbium hard tissue lasers have the capability to prepare enamel, dentin, caries, cementum, and bone in addition to cutting soft tissue. The ability of hard tissue lasers to reduce or eliminate vibrations, the audible whine of drills, microfractures, and some of the discomfort that many patients fear and commonly associate with high-speed handpieces is impressive. In addition, these lasers can be used with a reduced amount of local anesthetic for many procedures. Today, these instruments have evolved from their initial use for all classes of cavity preparations to their ability for removing soft tissue, their usefulness in the disinfection of bacteria within endodontic canals, and most recently, as an alternative to the high speed handpiece for the removal of bone in oral and maxillofacial surgery. In addition, recent research has centered on the value of the erbium family of laser wavelengths in periodontics, including the removal of calculus.

Double Brillouin frequency spaced multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser with 50 nm tuning range

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, J. F.; Liao, T. Q.; Zhang, C.; Zhang, R. X.; Miao, C. Y.; Tong, Z. R.

2012-09-01

A 50 nm tuning range multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser (MWBEFL) with double Brillouin frequency spacing is presented. Two separated gain blocks with symmetrical architecture, consisted by erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and Brillouin gain media, are used to generate double Brillouin frequency spacing. The wider tuning range is realized by eliminating the self-lasing cavity modes existing in conventional MWBEFLs because of the absence of the physical mirrors at the ends of the linear cavity. The Brillouin pump (BP) is preamplified by the EDFA before entering the single-mode fiber (SMF), which leads to the reduction of threshold power and the generation enhancement of Brillouin Stokes (BS) signals. Four channels with 0.176 nm spacing are achieved at 2 mW BP power and 280 mW 980 nm pump power which can be tuned from 1525 to 1575 nm.

1.54 micron Emission from Erbium implanted GaN for Photonic Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thaik, Myo; Hommerich, U.; Schwartz, R. N.; Wilson, R. G.; Zavada, J. M.

1998-01-01

The development of efficient and compact light sources operating at 1.54 micron is of enormous importance for the advancement of new optical communication systems. Erbium (1%) doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) or semiconductor lasers are currently being employed as near infrared light sources. Both devices, however, have inherent limitations due to their mode of operation. EDFA's employ an elaborate optical pumping scheme, whereas diode lasers have a strongly temperature dependent lasing wavelength. Novel light emitters based on erbium doped III-V semiconductors could overcome these limitations. Er doped semiconductors combine the convenience of electrical excitation with the excellent luminescence properties of Er(3+) ions. Electrically pumped, compact, and temperature stable optoelectronic devices are envisioned from this new class of luminescent materials. In this paper we discuss the potential of Er doped GaN for optoelectronic applications based on temperature dependent photoluminescence excitation studies.

Evaluation of the optical switching characteristics of erbium-doped fibres for the development of a fibre Bragg grating sensor interrogator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rigas, Evangelos; Correia, R.; Stathopoulos, N. A.; Savaidis, S. P.; James, S. W.; Bhattacharyya, D.; Kirby, P. B.; Tatam, R. P.

2014-05-01

A polling topology that employs optical switching based on the properties of erbium-doped fibres (EDFs) is used to interrogate an array of FBGs. The properties of the EDF are investigated in its pumped and un-pumped states and the EDFs' switching properties are evaluated by comparing them with a high performance electronically controlled MEM optical switch. Potential advantages of the proposed technique are discussed.

Dynamic Fano-like resonances in erbium-doped whispering-gallery-mode microresonators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lei, Fuchuan; Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130; Peng, Bo

2014-09-08

We report Fano-like asymmetric resonances modulated by optical gain in a whispering-gallery-mode resonator fabricated from erbium-doped silica. A time-dependent gain profile leads to dynamically varying sharp asymmetric resonances with features similar to Fano resonances. Depending on the scan speed of the frequency of the probe laser and the pump-probe power ratio, transmission spectra of the active microcavity exhibit a resonance dip, a resonance peak, or a Fano-like resonance.

X-ray diffraction study of elemental erbium to 70 GPa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pravica, Michael G.; Romano, Edward; Quine, Zachary

2005-12-01

We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 70GPa using angular-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the anticipated hcp→Sm-type→doublehcp(dhcp)→distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we present evidence for the predicted dhcp→distorted fcc transition above 63GPa . Equation of state data are also presented up to 70GPa .

Bidirectional optical bistability in a dual-pumped erbium doped fiber ring laser.

PubMed

Lai, W J; Shum, P; Binh, L

2004-11-15

We investigate bidirectional optical wave propagations in a dual-pumped erbium doped fiber ring laser without isolator, and observe optical bistability behaviors. Consequently, we propose and construct a NOLM-NALM fiber ring laser to demonstrate and exploit this bidirectional optical bistability phenomenon in optical switching by introducing two tunable variable ratio couplers in the system. Numerical analyses based on the proposed laser structure have also been demonstrated corroborated with the experimental results.

Q-switched dual-wavelength pumped 3.5-μm erbium-doped mid-Infrared fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bawden, Nathaniel; Matsukuma, Hiraku; Henderson-Sapir, Ori; Klantsataya, Elizaveta; Tokita, Shigeki; Ottaway, David J.

2018-02-01

Short pulse operation of fiber lasers operating at wavelengths up 3 micron have been reported in recent years. At longer wavelengths, fiber lasers have only been demonstrated with a continuous operation mode. Short pulse operation in the mid-IR is necessary for utilizing such lasers in laser radars and for medical applications. Our previous numerical work suggested that Q-switching is possible on the 3.5 μm transition in erbium-doped ZBLAN in a similar manner to work demonstrated on the 2.8 μm transition in erbium. In this work we report on initial experimental results of a Q-switched, dualwavelength pumped fiber laser operating on the 3.5 μm transition in erbium-doped ZBLAN glass fibers. Using a hybrid fiber and open resonator configuration utilizing an acousto-optic modulator we demonstrated stable single pulse Q-switching while operating at repetition rates of 20 kHz and up to 120 kHz. The laser achieved a peak power of 8 W with pulse energy of 7 μJ while operating at 25 kHz. Long pulse widths on the order of 1 μs were obtained. The low peak power and long pulses are likely the result of both low gain of the transition and additional losses in the resonator which are currently being investigated. Our latest results will be presented.

Large-area tungsten disulfide for ultrafast photonics.

PubMed

Yan, Peiguang; Chen, Hao; Yin, Jinde; Xu, Zihan; Li, Jiarong; Jiang, Zike; Zhang, Wenfei; Wang, Jinzhang; Li, Irene Ling; Sun, Zhipei; Ruan, Shuangchen

2017-02-02

Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant interest in various optoelectronic applications due to their excellent nonlinear optical properties. One of the most important applications of TMDs is to be employed as an extraordinary optical modulation material (e.g., the saturable absorber (SA)) in ultrafast photonics. The main challenge arises while embedding TMDs into fiber laser systems to generate ultrafast pulse trains and thus constraints their practical applications. Herein, few-layered WS 2 with a large-area was directly transferred on the facet of the pigtail and acted as a SA for erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) systems. In our study, WS 2 SA exhibited remarkable nonlinear optical properties (e.g., modulation depth of 15.1% and saturable intensity of 157.6 MW cm -2 ) and was used for ultrafast pulse generation. The soliton pulses with remarkable performances (e.g., ultrashort pulse duration of 1.49 ps, high stability of 71.8 dB, and large pulse average output power of 62.5 mW) could be obtained in a telecommunication band. To the best of our knowledge, the average output power of the mode-locked pulse trains is the highest by employing TMD materials in fiber laser systems. These results indicate that atomically large-area WS 2 could be used as excellent optical modulation materials in ultrafast photonics.

Erbium ion implantation into diamond - measurement and modelling of the crystal structure.

PubMed

Cajzl, Jakub; Nekvindová, Pavla; Macková, Anna; Malinský, Petr; Sedmidubský, David; Hušák, Michal; Remeš, Zdeněk; Varga, Marián; Kromka, Alexander; Böttger, Roman; Oswald, Jiří

2017-02-22

Diamond is proposed as an extraordinary material usable in interdisciplinary fields, especially in optics and photonics. In this contribution we focus on the doping of diamond with erbium as an optically active centre. In the theoretical part of the study based on DFT simulations we have developed two Er-doped diamond structural models with 0 to 4 carbon vacancies in the vicinity of the Er atom and performed geometry optimizations by the calculation of cohesive energies and defect formation energies. The theoretical results showed an excellent agreement between the calculated and experimental cohesive energies for the parent diamond. The highest values of cohesive energies and the lowest values of defect formation energies were obtained for models with erbium in the substitutional carbon position with 1 or 3 vacancies in the vicinity of the erbium atom. From the geometry optimization the structural model with 1 vacancy had an octahedral symmetry whereas the model with 3 vacancies had a coordination of 10 forming a trigonal structure with a hexagonal ring. In the experimental part, erbium doped diamond crystal samples were prepared by ion implantation of Er + ions using ion implantation fluences ranging from 1 × 10 14 ions per cm 2 to 5 × 10 15 ions per cm 2 . The experimental results revealed a high degree of diamond structural damage after the ion implantation process reaching up to 69% of disordered atoms in the samples. The prepared Er-doped diamond samples annealed at the temperatures of 400, 600 and 800 °C in a vacuum revealed clear luminescence, where the 〈110〉 cut sample has approximately 6-7 times higher luminescence intensity than the 〈001〉 cut sample with the same ion implantation fluence. The reported results are the first demonstration of the Er luminescence in the single crystal diamond structure for the near-infrared spectral region.

Treatment of burn scars in Fitzpatrick phototype III patients with a combination of pulsed dye laser and non-ablative fractional resurfacing 1550 nm erbium:glass/1927 nm thulium laser devices.

PubMed

Tao, Joy; Champlain, Amanda; Weddington, Charles; Moy, Lauren; Tung, Rebecca

2018-01-01

Burn scars cause cosmetic disfigurement and psychosocial distress. We present two Fitzpatrick phototype (FP) III patients with burn scars successfully treated with combination pulsed dye laser (PDL) and non-ablative fractional lasers (NAFL). A 30-year-old, FP III woman with a history of a second-degree burn injury to the bilateral arms and legs affecting 30% body surface area (BSA) presented for cosmetic treatment. The patient received three treatments with 595 nm PDL (7 mm, 8 J, 6 ms), six with the 1550 nm erbium:glass laser (30 mJ, 14% density, 4-8 passes) and five with the 1927 nm thulium laser (10 mJ, 30% density, 4-8 passes). Treated burn scars improved significantly in thickness, texture and colour. A 33-year-old, FP III man with a history of a second-degree burn injury of the left neck and arm affecting 7% BSA presented for cosmetic treatment. The patient received two treatments with 595 nm PDL (5 mm, 7.5 J, 6 ms), four with the 1550 nm erbium:glass laser (30 mJ, 14% density, 4-8 passes) and two with the 1927 nm thulium laser (10 mJ, 30% density, 4-8 passes). The burn scars became thinner, smoother and more normal in pigmentation and appearance. Our patients' burn scars were treated with a combination of PDL and NAFL (two wavelengths). The PDL targets scar hypervascularity, the 1550 nm erbium:glass stimulates collagen remodelling and the 1927 nm thulium targets epidermal processes, particularly hyperpigmentation. This combination addresses scar thickness, texture and colour with a low side effect profile and is particularly advantageous in patients at higher risk of post-procedure hyperpigmentation. Our cases suggest the combination of 595nm PDL plus NAFL 1550 nm erbium:glass/1927 nm thulium device is effective and well-tolerated for burn scar treatment in skin of colour.

Infrared spectroscopy and upconversion luminescence behaviour of erbium doped yttrium (III) oxide phosphor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dubey, Vikas; Tiwari, Ratnesh; Tamrakar, Raunak Kumar; Rathore, Gajendra Singh; Sharma, Chitrakant; Tiwari, Neha

2014-11-01

The paper reports upconversion luminescence behaviour and infra-red spectroscopic pattern of erbium doped yttrium (III) oxide phosphor. Sample was synthesized by solid state reaction method with variable concentration or erbium (0.5-2.5 mol%). The conventional solid state method is suitable for large scale production and eco-friendly method. The prepared sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. From structural analysis by XRD technique shows cubic structure of prepared sample with variable concentration of erbium and no impurity phase were found when increase the concentration of Er3+. Particle size was calculated by Scherer's formula and it varies from 67 nm to 120 nm. The surface morphology of prepared phosphor was determined by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) technique. The surface morphology of the sample shows good connectivity with grains as well as some agglomerates formation occurs in sample. The functional group analysis was done by Fourier transform infra-red technique (FTIR) analysis which confirm the formation of Y2O3:Er3+ phosphor was prepared. The results indicated that the Y2O3:Er3+ phosphors might have high upconversion efficiency because of their low vibrational energy. Under 980 nm laser excitation sample shows intense green emission at 555 nm and orange emission at 590 nm wavelength. For green emission transition occurs 2H11/2 → 4I15/2, 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 for upconversion emissions. Excited state absorption and energy transfer process were discussed as possible upconversion mechanisms. The near infrared luminescence spectra was recorded. The upconversion luminescence intensity increase with increasing the concentration or erbium up to 2 mol% after that luminescence intensity decreases due to concentration quenching occurs. Spectrophotometric determinations of peaks are evaluated by Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) technique. From CIE technique the dominant peak of from PL spectra shows intense green emission so the prepared phosphor is may be useful for green light emitting diode (GLED) application.

Using multi-ring structure for suppression of mode competition in stable single-longitudinal-mode erbium fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Chien-Hung; Huang, Tzu-Jung; Yang, Zi-Qing; Chow, Chi-Wai

2017-12-01

In this demonstration, a stable and tunable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser with multiple-ring configuration is proposed and investigated. The proposed compound-ring structure can create different free spectrum ranges (FSRs) to result in the mode-filter effect based on the Vernier effect for suppressing the other modes. Additionally, the output stabilization of power and wavelength in the proposed EDF multiple-ring laser are also discussed.

Quantitative description of yttrium aluminate ceramic composition by means of Er+3 microluminescence spectrum

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Videla, F. A.; Tejerina, M. R.; Moreira-Osorio, L.; Conconi, M. S.; Orzi, D. J. O.; Flores, T.; Ponce, L. V.; Bilmes, G. M.; Torchia, G. A.

2018-05-01

The composition of erbium-doped yttrium aluminate ceramics was analyzed by means of confocal luminescence spectroscopy, EDX, and X-ray diffraction. A well-defined linear correlation was found between a proposed estimator computed from the luminescence spectrum and the proportion of ceramic phases coexisting in different samples. This result shows the feasibility of using erbium luminescence spectroscopy to perform a quantitative determination of different phases of yttrium aluminates within a micrometric region in nanograined ceramics.

Investigation of diode-pumped 2.8- mu m laser performance in Er:BaY2F8

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pollnau, M.; Lüthy, W.; Weber, H. P.; Jensen, T.; Huber, G.; Cassanho, A.; Jenssen, H. P.; McFarlane, R. A.

1996-01-01

Laser operation at 2.8 mu m in BaY2F 8 with erbium concentrations of 7.5% and 20% is investigated under laser-diode pumping at 967 nm. Output powers as high as 250 mW and slope efficiencies as high as 24% are obtained. Results are comparable with those of Er3+ : LiYF4 under the same pump conditions. Slope efficiencies above 30% are predicted for optimized erbium concentrations.

X-ray diffraction study of elemental erbium to 70 GPa

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pravica, Michael G.; Romano, Edward; Quine, Zachary

2005-12-01

We have investigated phase transitions in elemental erbium in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to 70 GPa using angular-dispersive x-ray powder diffraction methods. We present evidence of a series of phase transitions that appear to follow the anticipated hcp{yields}Sm-type{yields}double hcp (dhcp){yields}distorted fcc sequence. In particular, we present evidence for the predicted dhcp{yields}distorted fcc transition above 63 GPa. Equation of state data are also presented up to 70 GPa.

Study of microstructure and electroluminescence of zinc sulfide thin film

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao-hong, Liu; Yu-jiang, Wang; Mou-zhi, Chen; Zhen-xiang, Chen; Shu-nong, Sun; Mei-chun, Huang

1998-03-01

The electroluminscent zinc sulfide thin film doped with erbium, fabricated by thermal evaporation with two boats, are examined. The surface and internal electronic states of ZnS thin film are measured by means of x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The information on the relations between electroluminescent characteristics and internal electronic states of the film is obtained. And the effects of the microstructure of thin film doped with rare earth erbium on electroluminescence are discussed as well.

A tunable erbium-doped fiber ring laser with power-equalized output

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Chien-Hung; Lin, Ming-Ching; Chi, Sien

2006-12-01

We propose and demonstrate a tunable erbium-based fiber ring laser with power-equalized output. When a mode-restricting intracavity fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter (FFP-TF) is combined, the proposed resonator can guarantee a tunable laser oscillation. This proposed laser can obtain the flatter lasing wavelength in an effectively operating range of 1533.3 to 1574.6 nm without any other operating mechanism. Moreover, the performances of the output power, wavelength tuning range, and side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) were studied.

Integrated cladding-pumped multicore few-mode erbium-doped fibre amplifier for space-division-multiplexed communications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, H.; Jin, C.; Huang, B.; Fontaine, N. K.; Ryf, R.; Shang, K.; Grégoire, N.; Morency, S.; Essiambre, R.-J.; Li, G.; Messaddeq, Y.; Larochelle, S.

2016-08-01

Space-division multiplexing (SDM), whereby multiple spatial channels in multimode and multicore optical fibres are used to increase the total transmission capacity per fibre, is being investigated to avert a data capacity crunch and reduce the cost per transmitted bit. With the number of channels employed in SDM transmission experiments continuing to rise, there is a requirement for integrated SDM components that are scalable. Here, we demonstrate a cladding-pumped SDM erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) that consists of six uncoupled multimode erbium-doped cores. Each core supports three spatial modes, which enables the EDFA to amplify a total of 18 spatial channels (six cores × three modes) simultaneously with a single pump diode and a complexity similar to a single-mode EDFA. The amplifier delivers >20 dBm total output power per core and <7 dB noise figure over the C-band. This cladding-pumped EDFA enables combined space-division and wavelength-division multiplexed transmission over multiple multimode fibre spans.

Material engineering to fabricate rare earth erbium thin films for exploring nuclear energy sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, A.; Abhilash, S. R.; Umapathy, G. R.; Kabiraj, D.; Ojha, S.; Mandal, S.

2018-04-01

High vacuum evaporation and cold-rolling techniques to fabricate thin films of the rare earth lanthanide-erbium have been discussed in this communication. Cold rolling has been used for the first time to successfully fabricate films of enriched and highly expensive erbium metal with areal density in the range of 0.5-1.0 mg/cm2. The fabricated films were used as target materials in an advanced nuclear physics experiment. The experiment was designed to investigate isomeric states in the heavy nuclei mass region for exploring physics related to nuclear energy sources. The films fabricated using different techniques varied in thickness as well as purity. Methods to fabricate films with thickness of the order of 0.9 mg/cm2 were different than those of 0.4 mg/cm2 areal density. All the thin films were characterized using multiple advanced techniques to accurately ascertain levels of contamination as well as to determine their exact surface density. Detailed fabrication methods as well as characterization techniques have been discussed.

Stable dual-wavelength single-longitudinal-mode ring erbium-doped fiber laser for optical generation of microwave frequency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, T.; Liang, G.; Miao, X.; Zhou, X.; Li, Q.

2012-05-01

We demonstrate a simple dual-wavelength ring erbium-doped fiber laser operating in single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) at room temperature. A pair of reflection type short-period fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), which have two different center wavelengths of 1545.072 and 1545.284 nm, are used as the wavelength-selective component of the laser. A segment of unpumped polarization maintaining erbium-doped fiber (PM-EDF) is acted as a narrow multiband filter. By turning the polarization controller (PC) to enhance the polarization hole burning (PHB), the single-wavelength and dual-wavelength laser oscillations are observed at 1545.072 and 1545.284 nm. The output power variation is less than 0.6 dB for both wavelengths over a five-minute period and the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) is greater than 50 dB. By beating the dual-wavelengths at a photodetector (PD), a microwave signal at 26.44 GHz is demonstrated.

A Filmy Black-Phosphorus Polyimide Saturable Absorber for Q-Switched Operation in an Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser.

PubMed

Feng, Tianxian; Mao, Dong; Cui, Xiaoqi; Li, Mingkun; Song, Kun; Jiang, Biqiang; Lu, Hua; Quan, Wangmin

2016-11-11

We demonstrate an erbium-doped fiber laser passively Q-switched by a black-phosphorus polyimide film. The multi-layer black-phosphorus (BP) nanosheets were prepared via a liquid exfoliation approach exploiting N -methylpyrrolidone as the dispersion liquid. By mixing the BP nanosheets with polyimide (PI), a piece of BP-PI film was obtained after evaporating the mixture in a petri dish. The BP-PI saturable absorber had a modulation depth of 0.47% and was inserted into an erbium-doped fiber laser to realize passive Q-switched operations. The repetition rate of the Q-switched laser increased from 5.73 kHz to 31.07 kHz when the laser pump was enhanced from 31.78 mW to 231.46 mW. Our results show that PI is an excellent host material to protect BP from oxidation, and the BP-PI film can act as a promising nonlinear optical device for laser applications.

Effect of erbium(III) oxide addition on thermal properties and crystallization behavior of some zinc-borate glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borodi, G.; Bolundut, L. C.; Pascuta, P.

2017-12-01

The effect of replacing B2O3 with Er2O3 on the thermal properties and crystallization behaviour of B2O3-ZnO glasses were investigated by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) measurements. DTA measurements reveal that the temperature of vitreous transition and the glass stability increase with the increasing in concentration the erbium ions added in the samples. The fragility index of the glasses increases also, when the dopant concentration from the studied samples increases. The glass was obtained from kinetically strong-glass-forming liquid (KS type glass). The most stable sample from the thermal point of view seems to be the sample that contains 10 mol% of Er2O3. The XRD patterns of the heat-treated samples at 860°C show new crystalline phases that contain erbium when the concentration of Er2O3 in the samples is higher than 3 mol%.

Detecting Thermal Barrier Coating Delamination Using Visible and Near-Infrared Luminescence from Erbium-Doped Sublayers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eldridge, J. I.; Bencic, T. J.; Martin, R. E.; Singh, J.; Wolfe, D. E.

2007-01-01

Nondestructive diagnostic tools are needed to monitor early stages of delamination progression in thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) because the risk of delamination induced coating failure will compromise engine performance and safety. Previous work has demonstrated that for TBCs composed of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), luminescence from a buried europium-doped sublayer can be utilized to identify the location of TBC delamination from the substantially higher luminescence intensity observed from the delaminated regions of the TBC. Luminescence measurements from buried europium-doped layers depend on sufficient transmittance of the 532 nm excitation and 606 nm emission wavelengths through the attenuating undoped YSZ overlayer to produce easily detected luminescence. In the present work, improved delamination indication is demonstrated using erbium-doped YSZ sublayers. For visible-wavelength luminescence, the erbium-doped sublayer offers the advantage of a very strong excitation peak at 517 nm that can be conveniently excited a 514 nm Ar ion laser. More importantly, the erbium-doped sublayer also produces near-infrared luminescence at 1550 nm that is effectively excited by a 980 nm laser diode. Both the 980 nm excitation and the 1550 nm emission are transmitted through the TBC with much less attenuation than visible wavelengths and therefore show great promise for delamination monitoring through thicker or more highly scattering TBCs. The application of this approach for both electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) and plasma-sprayed TBCs is discussed.

Experimental Observations of Nuclear Activity in Deuterated Materials Subjected to a Low-Energy Photon Beam

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Steinetz, Bruce M.; Benyo, Theresa L.; Pines, Vladimir; Pines, Marianna; Forsley, Lawrence P.; Westmeyer, Paul A.; Chait, Arnon; Becks, Michael D.; Martin, Richard E.; Hendricks, Robert C.;

ARPA solid state laser and nonlinear materials program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moulton, Peter F.

1994-06-01

The Research Division of Schwartz Electro-Optics, as part of the ARPA Solid State Laser and Nonlinear Materials Program, conducted a three-year study 'Erbium-Laser-Based Infrared Sources.' The aim of the study was to improve the understanding of semiconductor-laser-pumped, infrared (IR) solid state lasers based on the trivalent rare-earth ion erbium (Er) doped into a variety of host crystals. The initial program plan emphasized operation of erbium-doped materials on the 2.8-3.0 micrometers laser transition. Pulsed, Q-switched sources using that transition, when employed as a pump source for parametric oscillators, can provide tunable mid-IR energy. The dynamics of erbium lasers are more complex than conventional neodymium (Nd)-doped lasers and we intended to use pump-probe techniques to measure the level and temporal behavior of gain in various materials. To do so we constructed a number of different cw Er-doped lasers as probe sources and employed the Cr:LiSAF(LiSrAlF6) laser as a pulsed pump source that would simulate pulsed diode arrays. We identified the 970-nm wavelength pump band of Er as the most efficient and were able to make use of recently developed cw and pulsed InGaAs strained-quantum-well diode lasers in the effort. At the conclusion of the program we demonstrated the first pulsed diode bar pumping of the most promising materials for pulsed operation, the oxide garnets YSGG and GGG and the fluoride BaY2F8.

Melasma treatment using an erbium:YAG laser: a clinical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study.

PubMed

Attwa, Enayat; Khater, Mohamed; Assaf, Magda; Haleem, Manal Abdel

2015-02-01

Melasma is a common pigmentary disorder that remains resistant to available therapies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of erbium:YAG lasers in the treatment of refractory melasma and investigate the histopathological and ultrastructural changes between melasma skin and adjacent control skin before and after surgery. Fifteen Egyptian female patients with melasma unresponsive to previous therapy of bleaching creams and chemical peels were included in this study. Full-face skin resurfacing using an erbium:YAG laser was performed. Clinical parameters included physician and patient assessment, and melasma area and severity index score were done. Adverse effects after laser resurfacing were recorded. Biopsies of lesions and adjacent healthy skin were stained using hematoxylin-eosin, immunohistochemically marked for Melan-A, and evaluated by electron microscopy. The amount of melanin, staining intensity, and number of epidermal melanocytes are increased in melasma lesions as compared to normal skin. Electron microscopic analysis revealed an increased number of mature melanosomes in keratinocytes and melanocytes, with more marked cytoplasmic organelles in melasma skin than in biopsy specimens from normal skin, suggesting increased cell activity. After surgery, the number of melanocytes and concentration of melanin decreased in melasma skin, and the mean melasma area and severity index score decreased dramatically. Erbium:YAG laser resurfacing effectively improves melasma; however, the almost universal appearance of transient postinflammatory hyperpigmentation necessitates prompt and persistent intervention. © 2014 The International Society of Dermatology.

Erbium: YAG Laser Incision of Urethral Strictures for Treatment of Urinary Incontinence After Prostate Cancer Surgery

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-02-01

Each of these medical applications has different requirements for the Erbium laser and optical fiber delivery system. Dental applications require high...1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 Wavelength [microns] Figure 1. Transmission loss of germanium fibers (from IFS). Figure 2. Dental ...cable with handpiece A typical delivery system for the Er:YAG laser consists of an approximately 2 meter long "trunk" fiber to deliver laser power from

High energy passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser at tens of kHz repetition rate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jiong; Jia, Dongfang; Wang, Changle; Wang, Junlong; Wang, Zhaoying; Yang, Tianxin

2011-12-01

We demonstrate an ultra-long cavity all-fiber Erbium-doped fiber laser that is passively mode-locked by nonlinear polarization rotation. The length of the resonant cavity amounts to 4.046 km, which is achieved by incorporating a 4 km single mode fiber. The laser generates stable mode-locked pulses with a 50.90 kHz fundamental repetition rate. The maximum average power of output pulses is 2.73 mW, which corresponds to per-pulse energy of 53.63 nJ.

Generation of dark solitons in erbium-doped fiber lasers based Sb(2)Te(3) saturable absorbers.

PubMed

Liu, Wenjun; Pang, Lihui; Han, Hainian; Tian, Wenlong; Chen, Hao; Lei, Ming; Yan, Peiguang; Wei, Zhiyi

2015-10-05

Dark solitons, which have better stability in the presence of noise, have potential applications in optical communication and ultrafast optics. In this paper, the dark soliton formation in erbium-doped fiber lasers based Sb(2)Te(3) saturable absorber (SA) is first experimentally demonstrated. The Sb(2)Te(3) SA is fabricated by using the pulsed laser deposition method. The generated dark solitons are centered at the wavelength of 1530 nm and repetition rate of 94 MHz. Analytic solutions for dark solitons are also obtained theoretically.

Stabilized single-longitudinal-mode erbium fibre laser employing silicon-micro-ring resonator and saturable absorber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hsu, Yung; Yeh, Chien-Hung; Chow, Chi-Wai; Chang, Yuan-Chia; Cheng, Hao-Yun

2018-07-01

In the paper, a wavelength-tunable erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser with stable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) oscillation is proposed and investigated. Here, a silicon-micro-ring-resonator can be applied in a laser cavity for tuning wavelength in the C-band range. To complete the SLM oscillation, an unpumped EDF-based saturable absorber is used to act as ultra-narrowband filter for suppressing other oscillation modes. Additionally, the output stabilities of power and wavelength in the proposed EDF ring laser are also executed and discussed.

Microprocessing of human hard tooth tissues surface by mid-infrared erbium lasers radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belikov, Andrey V.; Shatilova, Ksenia V.; Skrypnik, Alexei V.

2015-03-01

A new method of hard tooth tissues laser treatment is described. The method consists in formation of regular microdefects on tissue surface by mid-infrared erbium laser radiation with propagation ratio M2<2 (Er-laser microprocessing). Proposed method was used for preparation of hard tooth tissues surface before filling for improvement of bond strength between tissues surface and restorative materials, microleakage reduction between tissues surface and restorative materials, and for caries prevention as a result of increasing microhardness and acid resistance of tooth enamel.

Erbium-doped fiber amplifier elements for structural analysis sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanna-Hawver, P.; Kamdar, K. D.; Mehta, S.; Nagarajan, S.; Nasta, M. H.; Claus, R. O.

1992-01-01

The use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) in optical fiber sensor systems for structural analysis is described. EDFA's were developed for primary applications as periodic regenerator amplifiers in long-distance fiber-based communication systems. Their in-line amplification performance also makes them attractive for optical fiber sensor systems which require long effective lengths or the synthesis of special length-dependent signal processing functions. Sensor geometries incorporating EDFA's in recirculating and multiple loop sensors are discussed. Noise and polarization birefringence are also considered, and the experimental development of system components is discussed.

Multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser employing a nonlinear optical loop mirror

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Xinhuan; Tam, Hwa-yaw; Liu, Heliang; Wai, P. K. A.

2006-12-01

A stable and broad bandwidth multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated successfully. A nonlinear optical loop mirror which induces wavelength-dependent cavity loss and behaves as an amplitude equalizer is employed to ensure stable room-temperature multiwavelength operation. Up to 50 wavelengths lasing oscillations with wavelength spacing of 0.8 nm within a 3-dB spectral range of 1562-1605 nm has been achieved. The measured power fluctuation of each wavelength is about 0.1 dB within a 2-h period.

Erbium:ytterbium fiber-laser system delivering watt-level femtosecond pulses using divided pulse amplification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Herda, Robert; Zach, Armin

2015-03-01

We present an Erbium:Ytterbium codoped fiber-amplifer system based on Divided-Pulses-Amplification (DPA) for ultrashort pulses. The output from a saturable-absorber mode-locked polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber oscillator is amplified in a PM normal-dispersion Erbium-doped fiber. After this stage the pulses are positively chirped and have a duration of 2.0 ps at an average power of 93 mW. A stack of 5 birefringent Yttrium-Vanadate crystals divides these pulses 32 times. We amplify these pulses using a double-clad Erbium:Ytterbium codoped fiber pumped through a multimode fiber combiner. The pulses double pass the amplifier and recombine in the crystals using non-reciprocal polarization 90° rotation by a Faraday rotating mirror. Pulses with a duration of 144 fs are obtained after separation from the input beam using a polarizing beam splitter cube. These pulses have an average power of 1.85 W at a repetition rate of 80 MHz. The generation of femtosecond pulses directly from the amplifier was enabled by a positively chirped seed pulse, normally dispersive Yttrium-Vanadate crystals, and anomalously dispersive amplifier fibers. Efficient frequency doubling to 780 nm with an average power of 725 mW and a pulse duration of 156 fs is demonstrated. In summary we show a DPA setup that enables the generation of femtosecond pulses at watt-level at 1560 nm without the need for further external dechirping and demonstrate a good pulse quality by efficient frequency doubling. Due to the use of PM fiber components and a Faraday rotator the setup is environmentally stable.

Thermal effects from modified endodontic laser tips used in the apical third of root canals with erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet and erbium, chromium-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet lasers.

PubMed

George, Roy; Walsh, Laurence J

2010-04-01

To evaluate the temperature changes occurring on the apical third of root surfaces when erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium, chromium-doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser energy was delivered with a tube etched, laterally emitting conical tip and a conventional bare design optical fiber tip. Thermal effects of root canal laser treatments on periodontal ligament cells and alveolar bone are of concern in terms of safety. A total of 64 single-rooted extracted teeth were prepared 1 mm short of the working length using rotary nickel-titanium Pro-Taper files to an apical size corresponding to a F5 Pro-Taper instrument. A thermocouple located 2 mm from the apex was used to record temperature changes arising from delivery of laser energy through laterally emitting conical tips or plain tips, using an Er:YAG or Er,Cr:YSGG laser. For the Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG systems, conical fibers showed greater lateral emissions (452 + 69% and 443 + 64%) and corresponding lower forward emissions (48 + 5% and 49 + 5%) than conventional plain-fiber tips. All four combinations of laser system and fiber design elicited temperature increases less than 2.5 degrees C during lasing. The use of water irrigation attenuated completely the thermal effects of individual lasing cycles. Laterally emitting conical fiber tips can be used safely under defined conditions for intracanal irradiation without harmful thermal effects on the periodontal apparatus.

Fast and slowly evolving vector solitons in mode-locked fibre lasers.

PubMed

Sergeyev, Sergey V

2014-10-28

We report on a new vector model of an erbium-doped fibre laser mode locked with carbon nanotubes. This model goes beyond the limitations of the previously used models based on either coupled nonlinear Schrödinger or Ginzburg-Landau equations. Unlike the previous models, it accounts for the vector nature of the interaction between an optical field and an erbium-doped active medium, slow relaxation dynamics of erbium ions, linear birefringence in a fibre, linear and circular birefringence of a laser cavity caused by in-cavity polarization controller and light-induced anisotropy caused by elliptically polarized pump field. Interplay of aforementioned factors changes coherent coupling of two polarization modes at a long time scale and so results in a new family of vector solitons (VSs) with fast and slowly evolving states of polarization. The observed VSs can be of interest in secure communications, trapping and manipulation of atoms and nanoparticles, control of magnetization in data storage devices and many other areas. © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

All fiber passively mode locked zirconium-based erbium-doped fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, H.; Awang, N. A.; Paul, M. C.; Pal, M.; Latif, A. A.; Harun, S. W.

2012-04-01

All passively mode locked erbium-doped fiber laser with a zirconium host is demonstrated. The fiber laser utilizes the Non-Linear Polarization Rotation (NPR) technique with an inexpensive fiber-based Polarization Beam Splitter (PBS) as the mode-locking element. A 2 m crystalline Zirconia-Yttria-Alumino-silicate fiber doped with erbium ions (Zr-Y-Al-EDF) acts as the gain medium and generates an Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) spectrum from 1500 nm to 1650 nm. The generated mode-locked pulses have a spectrum ranging from 1548 nm to more than 1605 nm, as well as a 3-dB bandwidth of 12 nm. The mode-locked pulse train has an average output power level of 17 mW with a calculated peak power of 1.24 kW and energy per pulse of approximately 730 pJ. The spectrum also exhibits a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 50 dB as well as a repetition rate of 23.2 MHz. The system is very stable and shows little power fluctuation, in addition to being repeatable.

Vector similariton erbium-doped all-fiber laser generating sub-100-fs nJ pulses at 100 MHz.

PubMed

Olivier, Michel; Piché, Michel

2016-02-08

Erbium-doped mode-locked fiber lasers with repetition rates comparable to those of solid-state lasers and generating nJ pulses are required for many applications. Our goal was to design a fiber laser that would meet such requirements, that could be built at relatively low cost and that would be reliable and robust. We thus developed a high-fundamental-repetition-rate erbium-doped all-fiber laser operating in the amplifier similariton regime. Experimental characterization shows that this laser, which is mode-locked by nonlinear polarization evolution, emits 76-fs pulses with an energy of 1.17 nJ at a repetition rate of 100 MHz. Numerical simulations support the interpretation of self-similar evolution of the pulse in the gain fiber. More specifically we introduce the concept of vector similariton in fiber lasers. The coupled x- and y- polarization components of such a pulse have a pulse profile with a linear chirp and their combined power profile evolves self-similarly when the nonlinear asymptotic regime is reached in the gain fiber.

Perforated plates for cryogenic regenerators and method of fabrication

DOEpatents

Hendricks, J.B.

1994-03-29

Perforated plates having very small holes with a uniform diameter throughout the plate thickness are prepared by a [open quotes]wire drawing[close quotes] process in which a billet of sacrificial metal is disposed in an extrusion can of the plate metal, and the can is extruded and restacked repeatedly, converting the billet to a wire of the desired hole diameter. At final size, the rod is then sliced into wafers, and the wires are removed by selective etching. This process is useful for plate metals of interest for high performance regenerator applications, in particular, copper, niobium, molybdenum, erbium, and other rare earth metals. Er[sub 3]Ni, which has uniquely favorable thermophysical properties for such applications, may be incorporated in regions of the plates by providing extrusion cans containing erbium and nickel metals in a stacked array with extrusion cans of the plate metal, which may be copper. The array is heated to convert the erbium and nickel metals to Er[sub 3]Ni. Perforated plates having two sizes of perforations, one of which is small enough for storage of helium, are also disclosed. 10 figures.

Perforated plates for cryogenic regenerators and method of fabrication

DOEpatents

Hendricks, John B.

1994-01-01

Perforated plates (10) having very small holes (14) with a uniform diameter throughout the plate thickness are prepared by a "wire drawing" process in which a billet of sacrificial metal is disposed in an extrusion can of the plate metal, and the can is extruded and restacked repeatedly, converting the billet to a wire of the desired hole diameter. At final size, the rod is then sliced into wafers, and the wires are removed by selective etching. This process is useful for plate metals of interest for high performance regenerator applications, in particular, copper, niobium, molybdenum, erbium, and other rare earth metals. Er.sub.3 Ni, which has uniquely favorable thermophysical properties for such applications, may be incorporated in regions of the plates by providing extrusion cans (20) containing erbium and nickel metals in a stacked array (53) with extrusion cans of the plate metal, which may be copper. The array is heated to convert the erbium and nickel metals to Er.sub.3 Ni. Perforated plates having two sizes of perforations (38, 42), one of which is small enough for storage of helium, are also disclosed.

Refinement of Er3+-doped hole-assisted optical fiber amplifier.

PubMed

D'Orazio, A; De Sario, M; Mescia, L; Petruzzelli, V; Prudenzano, F

2005-12-12

This paper deals with design and refinement criteria of erbium doped hole-assisted optical fiber amplifiers for applications in the third band of fiber optical communication. The amplifier performance is simulated via a model which takes into account the ion population rate equations and the optical power propagation. The electromagnetic field profile of the propagating modes is carried out by a finite element method solver. The effects of the number of cladding air holes on the amplifier performance are investigated. To this aim, four different erbium doped hole-assisted lightguide fiber amplifiers having a different number of cladding air holes are designed and compared. The simulated optimal gain, optimal length, and optimal noise fig. are discussed. The numerical results highlight that, by increasing the number of air holes, the gain can be improved, thus obtaining a shorter amplifier length. For the erbium concentration NEr=1.8x1024 ions/m3, the optimal gain G(Lopt) increases up to ~2dB by increasing the number of the air holes from M=4 to M=10.

Poor fluorinated graphene sheets carboxymethylcellulose polymer composite mode locker for erbium doped fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mou, Chengbo; Arif, Raz; Lobach, Anatoly S.; Khudyakov, Dmitry V.; Spitsina, Nataliya G.; Kazakov, Valery A.; Turitsyn, Sergei; Rozhin, Aleksey

2015-02-01

We report poor fluorinated graphene sheets produced by thermal exfoliation embedding in carboxymethylcellulose polymer composite (GCMC) as an efficient mode locker for erbium doped fiber laser. Two GCMC mode lockers with different concentration have been fabricated. The GCMC based mode locked fiber laser shows stable soliton output pulse shaping with repetition rate of 28.5 MHz and output power of 5.5 mW was achieved with the high concentration GCMC, while a slightly higher output power of 6.9 mW was obtained using the low concentration GCMC mode locker.

Poor fluorinated graphene sheets carboxymethylcellulose polymer composite mode locker for erbium doped fiber laser

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mou, Chengbo, E-mail: mouc1@aston.ac.uk, E-mail: a.rozhin@aston.ac.uk; Turitsyn, Sergei; Rozhin, Aleksey, E-mail: mouc1@aston.ac.uk, E-mail: a.rozhin@aston.ac.uk

We report poor fluorinated graphene sheets produced by thermal exfoliation embedding in carboxymethylcellulose polymer composite (GCMC) as an efficient mode locker for erbium doped fiber laser. Two GCMC mode lockers with different concentration have been fabricated. The GCMC based mode locked fiber laser shows stable soliton output pulse shaping with repetition rate of 28.5 MHz and output power of 5.5 mW was achieved with the high concentration GCMC, while a slightly higher output power of 6.9 mW was obtained using the low concentration GCMC mode locker.

Preliminary investigations on the utility of an erbium, chromium YSGG laser.

PubMed

Eversole, L R; Rizoiu, I M

1995-12-01

A variety of laser systems are under investigation as potential tools in dentistry. Most of these systems have been shown to be efficacious for soft tissue surgery of the mucous membranes; however, cutting bone and dental hard tissues has only recently been possible. In this report from the University of California at Los Angeles School of Dentistry, a review of laser applications in dentistry is discussed. The utility of a new laser system using an erbium YSGG medium with air water spray to cut soft tissues, bone, enamel and dentin is under investigation and preliminary research findings are presented.

Actively mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser using a Fabry-Perot semiconductor modulator as mode locker and tunable filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shenping; Chan, K. T.

1999-05-01

A wavelength-tunable actively mode-locked erbium fiber ring laser was demonstrated using a Fabry-Perot semiconductor modulator. The modulator played the simultaneous roles of an intensity mode locker and a tunable optical filter. Stable single- or dual-wavelength nearly transform-limited picosecond pulses at gigabit repetition rates were generated. Continuous wavelength tuning was achieved by simply controlling the temperature of the modulator. Pulse train with a repetition rate up to 19.93 GHz (eight times the driving frequency) was obtained by using rational harmonic mode-locking technique.

Utilizing wheel-ring architecture for stable and selectable single-longitudinal-mode erbium fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Chien-Hung; Yang, Zi-Qing; Huang, Tzu-Jung; Chow, Chi-Wai

2018-03-01

To achieve a steady single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser, the wheel-ring architecture is proposed in the laser cavity. According to Vernier effect, the proposed wheel-ring can produce three different free spectrum ranges (FSRs) to serve as the mode-filter for suppressing the densely multi-longitudinal-mode (MLM). Here, to complete wavelength-tunable EDF laser, an optical tunable bandpass filter (OTBF) is utilized inside the cavity for tuning arbitrarily. In addition, the entire output performances of the proposed EDF wheel-ring laser are also discussed and analyzed experimentally.

75 W 40% efficiency single-mode all-fiber erbium-doped laser cladding pumped at 976 nm.

PubMed

Kotov, L V; Likhachev, M E; Bubnov, M M; Medvedkov, O I; Yashkov, M V; Guryanov, A N; Lhermite, J; Février, S; Cormier, E

2013-07-01

Optimization of Yb-free Er-doped fiber for lasers and amplifiers cladding pumped at 976 nm was performed in this Letter. The single-mode fiber design includes an increased core diameter of 34 μm and properly chosen erbium and co-dopant concentrations. We demonstrate an all-fiber high power laser and power amplifier based on this fiber with the record slope efficiency of 40%. To the best of our knowledge, the achieved output power of 75 W is the highest power reported for such lasers.

Co2/Erbium:YAG/Dye laser combination: an effective and successful treatment for angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis.

PubMed

Fioramonti, Paolo; De Santo, Liliana; Ruggieri, Martina; Carella, Sara; Federico, Lo Torto; Onesti, Maria Giuseppina; Scuderi, Nicolò

2014-02-01

Tuberous sclerosis, an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome seen in approximately 1 in 6,000 people worldwide, is characterized by the appearance of hamartomas in multiple organs. The classic clinical triad consists of angiofibromas, epilepsy, and developmental delay. Dermatologic disorder is one of the main characteristics. Angiofibromas, a common form of presentation, causes significant cosmetic and medical problems. The current treatment for skin lesions is laser therapy. The carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been used satisfactorily in treating these lesions, but several studies have demonstrated a high percentage of recurrences. Erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) laser treatment has been used to resurface skin abnormalities in patients with dermatologic conditions. The dye laser as an alternative uses the principles of selective photothermolysis and is very effective in treating the vascular component of tuberous sclerosis. The use of all these lasers to treat skin lesions in patients affected by tuberous sclerosis has never been described in the literature. A retrospective study, conducted from 2007 to May 2013, investigated 13 patients who had tuberous sclerosis treated with an erbium:YAG/CO2/dye laser combination. All the patients showed great improvement of their skin lesions. The results were evident immediately after the first treatment. No patient experienced complications or recurrence. The combined use of the erbium:YAG/Dye/CO2 laser is a safe and effective treatment for skin lesions in patients affected by tuberous sclerosis. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Implementation of Lean System on Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier Manufacturing Process to Reduce Production Time

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maneechote, T.; Luangpaiboon, P.

2010-10-01

A manufacturing process of erbium doped fibre amplifiers is complicated. It needs to meet the customers' requirements under a present economic status that products need to be shipped to customers as soon as possible after purchasing orders. This research aims to study and improve processes and production lines of erbium doped fibre amplifiers using lean manufacturing systems via an application of computer simulation. Three scenarios of lean tooled box systems are selected via the expert system. Firstly, the production schedule based on shipment date is combined with a first in first out control system. The second scenario focuses on a designed flow process plant layout. Finally, the previous flow process plant layout combines with production schedule based on shipment date including the first in first out control systems. The computer simulation with the limited data via an expected value is used to observe the performance of all scenarios. The most preferable resulted lean tooled box systems from a computer simulation are selected to implement in the real process of a production of erbium doped fibre amplifiers. A comparison is carried out to determine the actual performance measures via an analysis of variance of the response or the production time per unit achieved in each scenario. The goodness of an adequacy of the linear statistical model via experimental errors or residuals is also performed to check the normality, constant variance and independence of the residuals. The results show that a hybrid scenario of lean manufacturing system with the first in first out control and flow process plant lay out statistically leads to better performance in terms of the mean and variance of production times.

High sensitivity cascaded preamplifier with an optical bridge structure in Brillouin distributed fiber sensing system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bi, Weihong; Lin, Hang; Fu, Xinghu; Fu, Guangwei

2013-12-01

Fiber amplifiers such as Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) played a key role in developing long-haul transmission system and have been an important element for enabling the development of optical communication system. EDFA amplifies the optical signal directly, without the optical-electric-optical switch and has the advantages such as high gain, broad band, low noise figure. It is widely used in repeaterless submarine system, smart grid and community antenna television system. This article describe the application of optical-fiber amplifiers in distributed optical fiber sensing system, focusing on erbium-doped fiber preamplifiers in modern transmission optical systems. To enhance the measurement range of a spontaneous Brillouin intensity based distributed fiber optical sensor and improve the receiver sensitivity, a two cascaded EDFAs C-band preamplifier with an optical bridge structure is proposed in this paper. The first cascaded EDFA is consisted of a length of 4.3m erbium-doped fiber and pumped in a forward pump light using a laser operating at 975nm. The second one made by using a length of 16m erbium-doped fiber is pumped in a forward pump light which is the remnant pump light of the first cascaded EDFA. At the preamplifier output, DWDM, centered at the signal wavelength, is used to suppress unwanted amplified spontaneous emission. The experimental results show that the two cascade preamplifier with a bridge structure can be used to amplify for input Brillouin backscattering light greater than about -43dBm. The optical gain is characterized and more than 26dB is obtained at 1549.50nm with 300mW pump power.

Broadband light generation by femtosecond pulse amplification with stimulated Raman scattering in a high-power erbium-doped fiber amplifier

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tamura, K.; Yoshida, E.; Sugawa, T.

1995-08-01

It is shown for the first time to our knowledge that short-pulse amplification in high-power erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, simultaneously accompanied by stimulated Raman scattering, generates a broadband optical spectrum at high output power (270 mW). At 20 dB down from the peak the continuum extended over 329 nm, from 1427 to 1756 nm. The FWHM bandwidth was 125 nm, centered at 1650 nm. The coherence was measured to be 15 fringes, which corresponds to a 25-{mu}m coherence length. {copyright} {ital 1995} {ital Optical} {ital Society} {ital of} {ital America}.

On the origin of emission and thermal quenching of SRSO:Er3+ films grown by ECR-PECVD

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Silicon nanocrystals embedded in a silicon-rich silicon oxide matrix doped with Er3+ ions have been fabricated by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Indirect excitation of erbium photoluminescence via silicon nanocrystals has been investigated. Temperature quenching of the photoluminescence originating from the silicon nanocrystals and the erbium ions has been observed. Activation energies of the thermally activated quenching process were estimated for different excitation wavelengths. The temperature quenching mechanism of the emission is discussed. Also, the origin of visible emission and kinetic properties of Er-related emission have been discussed in details. PMID:23433189

Fibercore AstroGain fiber: multichannel erbium doped fibers for optical space communications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hill, Mark; Gray, Rebecca; Hankey, Judith; Gillooly, Andy

2014-03-01

Fibercore have developed AstroGainTM fiber optimized for multichannel amplifiers used in optical satellite communications and control. The fiber has been designed to take full advantage of the photo-annealing effect that results from pumping in the 980nm region. The proprietary trivalent structure of the core matrix allows optimum recovery following radiation damage to the fiber, whilst also providing a market leading Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) efficiency. Direct measurements have been taken of amplifier efficiency in a multichannel assembly, which show an effective photo-annealing recovery of up to 100% of the radiation induced attenuation through excitation of point defects.

Use of 1540nm fractionated erbium:glass laser for split skin graft resurfacing: a case study.

PubMed

Narinesingh, S; Lewis, S; Nayak, B S

2013-09-01

The field of laser skin resurfacing has evolved rapidly over the past two decades from ablative lasers, to nonablative systems using near-infrared, intense-pulsed light and radio-frequency systems, and most recently fractional laser resurfacing. Although fractional thermolysis is still in its infancy, its efficacy in in the treatment of skin disorders have been clearly demonstrated. Here we present a case report on the safety and efficacy of a 1540nm erbium:glass laser in the treatment of the waffle pattern of a meshed skin graft in a 38-year-old patient with type V skin in the Caribbean.

Generation of ultrashort pulses with minimum duration of 90\\ {\\text{fs}} in a hybrid mode-locked erbium-doped all-fibre ring laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dvoretskiy, D. A.; Sazonkin, S. G.; Voropaev, V. S.; Negin, M. A.; Leonov, S. O.; Pnev, A. B.; Karasik, V. E.; Denisov, L. K.; Krylov, A. A.; Davydov, V. A.; Obraztsova, E. D.

2016-11-01

Regimes of ultrashort pulse generation in an erbium-doped all-fibre ring laser with hybrid mode locking based on single-wall carbon - boron nitride nanotubes and the nonlinear Kerr effect in fibre waveguides are studied. Stable dechirped ultrashort pulses are obtained with a duration of ˜ 90 {\\text{fs}}, a repetition rate of ˜ 42.2 {\\text{MHz}}, and an average output power of ˜ 16.7 {\\text{mW}}, which corresponds to a pulse energy of ˜ 0.4 {\\text{nJ}} and a peak laser power of ˜ 4.4 {\\text{kW}}.

Switchable dual-wavelength single-longitudinal-mode erbium fiber laser utilizing a dual-ring scheme with a saturable absorber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Zi-Qing; Huang, Tzu-Jung; Chang, Yao-Jen; Yeh, Chien-Hung; Chow, Chi-Wai; Chen, Jing-Heng; Chen, Kun-Huang

2018-06-01

In this work, we propose and demonstrate a switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser with stable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) output. Here, a dual-ring (DR) structure with an unpumped EDF of 2 m is designed to achieve SLM oscillation. Five fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are applied in the laser cavity serving as the reflective element to generate different dual-wavelength outputs. In the measurement, six sets of generated dual-wavelengths with various mode-spacing (Δλ) can be achieved via the five FBGs. Additionally, the stability performance of the proposed EDF DR laser is also demonstrated.

Recent progress of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and their components

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukushima, Masaru; Miura, Jutaro

2007-09-01

The Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) are widely available in a today's commercial market, and are deployed in various optical transmission applications from terrestrial system to undersea system. Broad gain spectrum over 9 THz enabled huge growth of bandwidth usage in 1550nm region aimed at broadband Internet, and its broad gain characteristics triggered bandwidth competition on dense wavelength division multiplex (DWDM) network these ten years. At first, we briefly review the evolutional history of EDFA with previous achievements. And we will explain the primary and important key devices which compose EDFA. We will discuss design parameters, and recent trend and achievements of the devices, which cover Erbium-doped fibers (EDF), 980-nm laser diodes (LD), and gain flattening filters (GFFs). The chip structure of 980-nm LD is explained to achieve high power and to realize high reliability. These key devices enabled EDFA to prevail in commercial area. After the discussion of key components, we will introduce recent achievements of gain controlled EDFAs which are applied in conjunction with Re-configurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM). We will report the transient gain dynamics of the cascaded EDFAs with a recirculating loop experiment.

Experimental and numerical study of high order Stokes lines in Brillouin-erbium fiber laser

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yuan, Yijun; College of Physics Science and Engineering Technology, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi Province 336000; Yao, Yong, E-mail: yaoyong@hit.edu.cn

2014-01-28

We experimentally study the dependences of high-order Stokes lines on the erbium-doped fiber (EDF) pump power P{sub EDF}, the Brillouin pump (BP) power P{sub BP}, and its working wavelength in a multiwavelength Brillouin erbium-doped fiber laser (MBEFL). By using the rate and propagation equations, and the coupled wave equations of stimulated Brillouin scattering, we establish a lumped model to describe the MBEFL. Numerical simulations show that the number of Stokes lines can be increased by decreasing the spacing between the BP wavelength and the EDF peak gain or P{sub BP} as long as it is larger than a critical valuemore » P{sub BP}{sup (cr)}=1.7 mW, or by increasing P{sub EDF} without reaching a saturation value P{sub EDF}{sup (cr)}=250 mW. However, when P{sub BP} and P{sub EDF} are varied beyond P{sub BP}{sup (cr)} and P{sub EDF}{sup (cr)}, respectively, the number of Stokes lines is reduced, accompanied by some self-lasing cavity modes. These results by numerical simulation are consistent with experimental observations from the MBEFL.« less

Rapid onsite detection of bacterial spores of biothreat importance by paper-based colorimetric method using erbium-pyrocatechol violet complex.

PubMed

Shivakiran, M S; Venkataramana, M; Lakshmana Rao, P V

2016-01-01

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) is an important chemical marker for the detection of bacterial spores. In this study, complexes of lanthanide series elements such as erbium, europium, neodymium, and terbium were prepared with pyrocatechol violet and effectively immobilized the pyrocatechol violet (PV)-metal complex on a filter paper using polyvinyl alcohol. These filter paper strips were employed for the onsite detection of bacterial spores. The test filter papers were evaluated quantitatively with different concentrations of DPA and spores of various bacteria. Among the four lanthanide ions, erbium displayed better sensitivity than the other ions. The limit of detection of this test for DPA was 60 μM and 5 × 10(6) spores. The effect of other non-spore-forming bacteria and interfering chemicals on the test strips was also evaluated. The non-spore-forming bacteria did not have considerable effect on the test strip whereas chemicals such as EDTA had significant effects on the test results. The present test is rapid and robust, capable of providing timely results for better judgement to save resources on unnecessary decontamination procedures during false alarms.

Erbium-doped fiber ring laser with SMS modal interferometer for hydrogen sensing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ya-nan; Zhang, Lebin; Han, Bo; Peng, Huijie; Zhou, Tianmin; Lv, Ri-qing

2018-06-01

A hydrogen sensor based on erbium-doped fiber ring laser with modal interferometer is proposed. A single mode-multimode-single mode (SMS) modal interferometer structure coated with Pd/WO3 film is used as the sensing head, due to that it is easy to be fabricated and low cost. The sensing structure is inserted into an erbium-doped fiber ring laser in order to solve the problem of spectral confusion and improve the detection limit of the hydrogen sensor based on the SMS modal interferometer. The SMS sensing structure is acted as a fiber band-pass filter. When hydrogen concentration around the sensor is changed, it will induce the refractive index and strain variations of the Pd/WO3 film, and then shift the resonant spectrum of the SMS modal interferometer as well as the laser wavelength of the fiber ring laser. Therefore, the hydrogen concentration can be measured by monitoring the wavelength shift of the laser, which has high intensity and narrow full width half maximum. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor has high sensitivity of 1.23 nm/%, low detection limit of 0.017%, good stability and excellent repeatability.

Characteristics research on self-amplified distributed feedback fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, Zhiqiang; Qi, Haifeng; Guo, Jian; Wang, Chang; Peng, Gangding

2014-09-01

A distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser with a ratio of the backward to forward output power of 1:100 was composed by a 45-mm-length asymmetrical phase-shifted fiber grating fabricated on the 50-mm erbium-doped photosensitive fiber. Forward output laser was amplified using a certain length of Nufern EDFL-980-Hp erbium-doped fiber to absorb the surplus pump power after the active phase-shifted fiber grating and get population inversion. By using OptiSystem software, the best fiber length of the EDFL to get the highest gain was simulated. In order to keep the amplified laser with the narrow line-width and low noise, a narrow-band light filter consisting of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) with the same Bragg wavelength as the laser and an optical circulator was used to filter the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of the out-cavity erbium-doped fiber. The designed laser structure sufficiently utilized the pump power, and a DFB fiber laser with the 32.5-mW output power, 11.5-kHz line width, and -87-dB/Hz relative intensity noise (RIN) at 300 mW of 980 nm pump power was brought out.

Effect of gain contouring in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers on bit error rate performance of wavelength-division multiplexing-based radio over fiber links

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jose, Tony; Narayanan, Vijayakumar

2018-03-01

Radio over fiber (RoF) systems use a large number of base stations (BSs) and a number of central stations (CSs), which are interlinked together to form the network. RoF systems use multiple wavelengths for communication between CSs or between CSs and BSs to facilitate the huge amount of data traffic due to the multiple services for a large number of users. When erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are used as amplifiers in such wavelength-division multiplexed systems, the nonuniform gain spectrum of EDFAs causes instability to some of the channels while providing faithful amplification to other channels. To avoid this inconsistency, the gain spectrum of the amplifier needs to be uniform along the whole usable range of wavelengths. A gain contouring technique is proposed to provide uniform gain to all channels irrespective of wavelength. Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs) and different lengths of erbium-doped fibers are used to create such a gain contouring mechanism in the optical domain itself. The effect of a cascade of nonuniform gain amplifiers is studied, and the proposed system mitigates the adverse effects caused due to nonuniform gain-induced channel instability effectively.

Harmonically mode-locked erbium-doped waveguide laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fanto, Michael L.; Malowicki, John E.; Bussjager, Rebecca J.; Johns, Steven T.; Vettese, Elizabeth K.; Hayduk, Michael J.

2004-08-01

The generation of ultrastable picosecond pulses in the 1550 nm range is required for numerous applications that include photonic analog-to-digital converter systems and high-bit rate optical communication systems. Mode-locked erbium-doped fiber ring lasers (EDFLs) are typically used to generate pulses at this wavelength. In addition to timing stability and output power, the physical size of the laser cavity is of primary importance to the Air Force. The length of the erbium (Er)-doped fiber used as the gain medium may be on the order of meters or even tens of meters which adds complexity to packaging. However, with the recent advancements in the production of multi-component glasses, higher doping concentrations can be achieved as compared to silicate glasses. Even more recent is the introduction of Er-doped multi-component glass waveguides, thus allowing the overall footprint of the gain medium to be reduced. We have constructed a novel harmonically mode-locked fiber ring laser using the Er-doped multi-component glass waveguide as the gain medium. The performance characteristics of this Er-doped waveguide laser (EDWL) including pulse width, spectral width, harmonic suppression, optical output power, laser stability and single sideband residual phase noise will be discussed in this paper.

Radiation hardening in sol-gel derived Er{sup 3+}-doped silica glasses

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hari Babu, B., E-mail: hariphy2012@gmail.com, E-mail: matthieu.lancry@u-psud.fr; León Pichel, Mónica; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, UMR CNRS-UPSud 8182, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay

2015-09-28

The aim of the present paper is to report the effect of radiation on the Er{sup 3+}-doped sol-gel silica glasses. A possible application of these sol-gel glasses could be their use in harsh radiation environments. The sol-gel glasses are fabricated by densification of erbium salt-soaked nanoporous silica xerogels through polymeric sol-gel technique. The radiation-induced attenuation of Er{sup 3+}-doped sol-gel silica is found to increase with erbium content. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies reveal the presence of E′{sub δ} point defects. This happens in the sol-gel aluminum-silica glass after an exposure to γ-rays (kGy) and in sol-gel silica glass after an exposuremore » to electrons (MGy). The concentration levels of these point defects are much lower in γ-ray irradiated sol-gel silica glasses. When the samples are co-doped with Al, the exposure to γ-ray radiation causes a possible reduction of the erbium valence from Er{sup 3+} to Er{sup 2+} ions. This process occurs in association with the formation of aluminum oxygen hole centers and different intrinsic point defects.« less

Optical gain measurements in porous silicon planar waveguides codoped by erbium and ytterbium ions at 1.53 μm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Najar, Adel; Charrier, Joël; Lorrain, Nathalie; Haji, Lazhar; Oueslati, Mehrezi

2007-09-01

The on-off optical gain measurements as a function of the pump power were performed on porous silicon planar waveguides codoped by erbium and ytterbium ions. These measurements were obtained for different ratios of Yb concentration to Er concentration. The highest value of the gain was reached when the Yb concentration is three times higher than that of Er at a moderate 980nm pump power value equal to 70mW. Optical losses measurements have been performed on these waveguides and were equal to 2.1dB/cm and an internal gain of about 6.4dB/cm was obtained.

Inhomogeneous and homogeneous linewidths in Er 3+-doped chalcogenide glasses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bigot, L.; Jurdyc, A.-M.; Jacquier, B.; Adam, J.-L.

2003-10-01

The erbium 4I 13/2- 4I 15/2 transition around 1.5 μm is of prim interest for telecommunications and depends on the erbium ions surrounding. In glasses, the broadening of a transition comes from two contributions: inhomogeneous (due to the disorder) and homogeneous (due to the electron phonon interaction) broadening. Resonant Fluorescence Line Narrowing (RFLN) is a useful tool to separate this two parameters. We will show in this paper that the 4I 13/2- 4I 15/2 transition in chalcogenide glass (GeGaSSb) presents a strong homogeneous character and a smaller inhomogeneous contribution compared to aluminosilicate and fluoride glasses. Consequences on gain saturation will also be discussed.

Switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on the photonic crystal fiber loop mirror and chirped fiber Bragg grating

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Wei-Guo; Lou, Shu-Qin; Wang, Li-Wen; Li, Hong-Lei; Guo, Tieying; Jian, Shui-Sheng

2010-03-01

The switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with a two-mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) loop mirror and a chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) at room temperature is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The two-mode PCF loop mirror is formed by inserting a piece of two-mode PCF into a Sagnac loop mirror, with the air-holes of the PCF intentionally collapsing at the splices. By adjusting the state of the polarization controller (PC) appropriately, the laser can be switched between the stable single- and dual-wavelength operations by means of the polarization hole burning (PHB) and spectral hole burning (SHB) effects.

Stabilized and tunable single-longitudinal-mode erbium fiber laser employing ytterbium-doped fiber based interference filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, Chien-Hung; Tsai, Ning; Zhuang, Yuan-Hong; Chow, Chi-Wai; Chen, Jing-Heng

2017-02-01

In this demonstration, to achieve stabilized and wavelength-selectable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser, a short length of ytterbium-doped fiber (YDF) is utilized to serve as a spatial multi-mode interference (MMI) inside a fiber cavity for suppressing multi-longitudinal-mode (MLM) significantly. In the measurement, the output powers and optical signal to noise ratios (OSNRs) of proposed EDF ring laser are measured between -9.85 and -5.71 dBm; and 38.03 and 47.95 dB, respectively, in the tuning range of 1530.0-1560.0 nm. In addition, the output SLM and stability performance are also analyzed and discussed experimentally.

Passively mode-locking induced by gold nanorods in erbium-doped fiber lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kang, Zhe; Xu, Yang; Zhang, Lei; Jia, Zhixu; Liu, Lai; Zhao, Dan; Feng, Yan; Qin, Guanshi; Qin, Weiping

2013-07-01

We demonstrated a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser by using gold nanorods as a saturable absorber. The gold nanorods (GNRs) were mixed with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) to form GNRs-NaCMC films. By inserting one of the GNRs-NaCMC films into an EDFL cavity pumped by a 980 nm laser diode, stable passively mode-locking was achieved with a threshold pump power of ˜54 mW, and 12 ps pulses at 1561 nm with a repetition rate of 34.7 MHz and a maximum average power of ˜2.05 mW were obtained for a pump power of ˜62 mW.

Two-species five-beam magneto-optical trap for erbium and dysprosium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ilzhöfer, P.; Durastante, G.; Patscheider, A.; Trautmann, A.; Mark, M. J.; Ferlaino, F.

2018-02-01

We report on the first realization of a two-species magneto-optical trap (MOT) for the highly magnetic erbium and dysprosium atoms. The MOT operates on an intercombination line for the respective species. Owing to the narrow-line character of such a cooling transition and the action of gravity, we demonstrate a trap geometry employing only five beams in the orthogonal configuration. We observe that the mixture is cooled and trapped very efficiently, with up to 5 ×108 Er atoms and 109 Dy atoms at temperatures of about 10 μ K . Our results offer an ideal starting condition for the creation of a dipolar quantum mixture of highly magnetic atoms.

Cladding-pumped 70-kW-peak-power 2-ns-pulse Er-doped fiber amplifier

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khudyakov, M. M.; Bubnov, M. M.; Senatorov, A. K.; Lipatov, D. S.; Guryanov, A. N.; Rybaltovsky, A. A.; Butov, O. V.; Kotov, L. V.; Likhachev, M. E.

2018-02-01

An all-fiber pulsed erbium laser with pulse width of 2.4 ns working in a MOPA configuration has been created. Cladding pumped double clad erbium doped large mode area fiber was used in the final stage amplifier. Peculiarity of the current work is utilization of custom-made multimode diode wavelength stabilized at 981+/-0.5 nm - wavelength of maximum absorption by Er ions. It allowed us to shorten Er-doped fiber down to 1.7 m and keep a reasonably high pump-to signal conversion efficiency of 8.4%. The record output peak power for all-fiber amplifiers of 84 kW was achieved within 1555.9+/-0.15 nm spectral range.

Preparative scale separation of thulium from erbium for neutron capture cross section measurements - Part: Preparative scale

DOE PAGES

Birnbaum, Eva R.; Bene, Balazs J.; Taylor, Wayne Allen; ...

2016-06-04

Here, this paper discusses the development of a separation method for isolation of Tm-171 from a half-gram irradiated erbium target in support of stockpile stewardship and astrophysics research. The developed procedure is based on cation exchange separation using alpha-hydroxyisobutyric acid (α-HIBA) as chelating agent. It is able to achieve either a decontamination factor of 1.4(4) × 10 5 with 68.9(3) % recovery or 95.4(3) % recovery with a decontamination factor of 5.82(7) × 10 3 for a mock 500-mg target containing 17.9 mg thulium in a single pass-through at room temperature.

Performance analysis of bi-directional broadband passive optical network using erbium-doped fiber amplifier

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almalaq, Yasser; Matin, Mohammad A.

2014-09-01

The broadband passive optical network (BPON) has the ability to support high-speed data, voice, and video services to home and small businesses customers. In this work, the performance of bi-directional BPON is analyzed for both down and up streams traffic cases by the help of erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). The importance of BPON is reduced cost. Because PBON uses a splitter the cost of the maintenance between the providers and the customers side is suitable. In the proposed research, BPON has been tested by the use of bit error rate (BER) analyzer. BER analyzer realizes maximum Q factor, minimum bit error rate, and eye height.

Laser assisted irrigation and hand irrigation for root canal decontamination: a comparison

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olivi, M.; Stefanucci, M.; Todea, C.

2014-01-01

Aim: to compare the bactericidal efficiency of conventional method and LAI for root canal decontamination. Material and method: 22 human single root teeth, extracted for periodontal problems, mechanically prepared up to ISO 25 at the working lenght were divided in 2 groups: after sterilization, the teeth were infected with enterococcus faecalis and incubated for 4 weeks. Group A: 10 teeth were irrigated with conventional hand technique (CI): 3ml of 5% NaClO were used for two times of 30s each and after washing with sterile bi-distilled water for 20s, a final irrigation was performed with 3ml of 17% EDTA. Group B: 10 teeth were irrigated with 3ml of NaClO and activated by erbium laser, two cycles of 30s; also the final irrigation with 3ml of 17% EDTA was activated by erbium laser. In both the groups a resting time of 30s was used between the two sessions to allow the reaction rate of NaClO. The Erbium laser 2940 nm (LightWalker AT, Fotona; Lublijana, Slovenia) was used with 50microsecond pulse duration, at 15Hz, 20mJ, with a 600micron PIPS tip. Two samples were used as positive and negative control.

Low versus High Fluence Parameters in the Treatment of Facial Laceration Scars with a 1,550 nm Fractional Erbium-Glass Laser

PubMed Central

Shim, Hyung-Sup; Jun, Dai-Won; Kim, Sang-Wha; Jung, Sung-No; Kwon, Ho

2015-01-01

Purpose. Early postoperative fractional laser treatment has been used to reduce scarring in many institutions, but the most effective energy parameters have not yet been established. This study sought to determine effective parameters in the treatment of facial laceration scars. Methods. From September 2012 to September 2013, 57 patients were enrolled according to the study. To compare the low and high fluence parameters of 1,550 nm fractional erbium-glass laser treatment, we virtually divided the scar of each individual patient in half, and each half was treated with a high and low fluence setting, respectively. A total of four treatment sessions were performed at one-month intervals and clinical photographs were taken at every visit. Results. Results were assessed using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) and global assessment of the two portions of each individual scar. Final evaluation revealed that the portions treated with high fluence parameter showed greater difference compared to pretreatment VSS scores and global assessment values, indicating favorable cosmetic results. Conclusion. We compared the effects of high fluence and low fluence 1,550 nm fractional erbium-glass laser treatment for facial scarring in the early postoperative period and revealed that the high fluence parameter was more effective for scar management. PMID:26236738

Wavelength-switchable and stable-ring-cavity, erbium-doped fiber laser based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer and tunable filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Wei; Zhu, Lianqing; Dong, Mingli; Lou, Xiaoping; Luo, Fei

2018-04-01

This paper proposes and tests a ring cavity-based, erbium-doped fiber laser that incorporates a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and tunable filter. A four-m-long erbium-doped fiber was selected as the gain medium. The all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer was composed of two 2  ×  2 optical couplers, and the tunable filter was used as wavelength reflector. A lasing threshold of 103 mW was used in the experiment, and the tunable laser with stable single and dual wavelengths was implemented by adjusting the tunable filter. The channel spacing was 0.6 nm within the range 1539.4-1561.6 nm, where the power difference between the lines was less than 0.4 dB. The side-mode suppression ratio was higher than 36 dB and the 3 dB linewidth was 0.02 nm. When a single-wavelength laser was implemented at 1557.4 nm, the power fluctuations were lower than 0.34 dB within 20 min of scan time. When lasers at wavelengths of 1558.6 nm and 1559.2 nm were simultaneously applied, the power shifts were lower than 0.29 dB and 0.43 dB, respectively, at room temperature.

High-sensitivity sucrose erbium-doped fiber ring laser sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khaleel, Wurood Abdulkhaleq; Al-Janabi, Abdul Hadi M.

2017-02-01

We investigate a high-sensitivity sucrose sensor based on a standard erbium-doped fiber ring laser incorporating a coreless fiber (CF). A single-mode-coreless-single mode (SCS) structure with a very low insertion loss has been constructed. The SCS fiber structure performed dual function as an intracavity fiber filter and/or a sensing element. The gain medium (erbium-doped fiber) is pumped by a 975-nm wavelength fiber coupled diode laser. Laser emission around 1537 nm with -2 dBm peak output power is obtained when a CF in SCS structure has a diameter of 125 μm. The 3-dB line-width of the laser is <0.14 nm, which is beneficial to high precision sensing. The sucrose concentration varied from 0% to 60%, and the relationship between the lasing wavelength and the sucrose concentration exhibited linear behavior (R2=0.996), with sensitivity of 0.16 nm/% was obtained. To improve the measurement sensitivity, the CF is etched by hydrofluoric acid. The splice joint of etched CF with SMF is a taper, which improves its sensitivity to sucrose changes. An average sensitivity of 0.57 nm/% and a high signal-to-noise ratio of 50 dB make the proposed sensor suitable for potential applications.

Thermal tuning On narrow linewidth fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Han, Peiqi; Liu, Tianshan; Gao, Xincun; Ren, Shiwei

2010-10-01

At present, people have been dedicated to high-speed and large-capacity optical fiber communication system. Studies have been shown that optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology is an effective means of communication to increase the channel capacity. Tunable lasers have very important applications in high-speed, largecapacity optical communications, and distributed sensing, it can provide narrow linewidth and tunable laser for highspeed optical communication. As the erbium-doped fiber amplifier has a large gain bandwidth, the erbium-doped fiber laser can be achieved lasing wavelength tunable by adding a tunable filter components, so tunable filter device is the key components in tunable fiber laser.At present, fiber laser wavelength is tuned by PZT, if thermal wavelength tuning is combined with PZT, a broader range of wavelength tuning is appearance . Erbium-doped fiber laser is used in the experiments,the main research is the physical characteristics of fiber grating temperature-dependent relationship and the fiber grating laser wavelength effects. It is found that the fiber laser wavelength changes continuously with temperature, tracking several temperature points observed the self-heterodyne spectrum and found that the changes in spectra of the 3dB bandwidth of less than 1kHz, and therefore the fiber laser with election-mode fiber Bragg grating shows excellent spectral properties and wavelength stability.

Design of high-capacity fiber-optic transport systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liao, Zhi Ming

2001-08-01

We study the design of fiber-optic transport systems and the behavior of fiber amplifiers/lasers with the aim of achieving higher capacities with larger amplifier spacing. Solitons are natural candidates for transmitting short pulses for high-capacity fiber-optic networks because of its innate ability to use two of fiber's main defects, fiber dispersion and fiber nonlinearity to balance each other. In order for solitons to retain its dynamic nature, amplifiers must be placed periodically to restore powers to compensate for fiber loss. Variational analysis is used to study the long-term stability of a periodical- amplifier system. A new regime of operation is identified which allows the use of a much longer amplifier spacing. If optical fibers are the blood vessels of an optical communication system, then the optical amplifier based on erbium-doped fiber is the heart. Optical communication systems can avoid the use of costly electrical regenerators to maintain system performance by being able to optically amplify the weakened signals. The length of amplifier spacing is largely determined by the gain excursion experienced by the solitons. We propose, model, and demonstrate a distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifier which can drastically reduce the amount of gain excursion experienced by the solitons, therefore allowing a much longer amplifier spacing and superior stability. Dispersion management techniques have become extremely valuable tools in the design of fiber-optic communication systems. We have studied in depth the advantage of different arnplification schemes (lumped and distributed) for various dispersion compensation techniques. We measure the system performance through the Q factor to evaluate the added advantage of effective noise figure and smaller gain excursion. An erbium-doped fiber laser has been constructed and characterized in an effort to develop a test bed to study transmission systems. The presence of mode-partition noise in an erbium-doped fiber laser was experimentally demonstrated. A numerical model has been developed using the Langevin rate equations and its predictions are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.

LD-pumped erbium and neodymium lasers with high energy and output beam quality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kabanov, Vladimir V.; Bezyazychnaya, Tatiana V.; Bogdanovich, Maxim V.; Grigor'ev, Alexandr V.; Lebiadok, Yahor V.; Lepchenkov, Kirill V.; Ryabtsev, Andrew G.; Ryabtsev, Gennadii I.; Shchemelev, Maxim A.

2013-05-01

Physical and fabrication peculiarities which provide the high output energy and beam quality for the diode pumped erbium glass and Nd:YAG lasers are considered. Developed design approach allow to make passively Q-switched erbium glass eye-safe portable laser sources with output energy 8 - 12 mJ (output pulse duration is less than 25 ns, pulse repetition rate up to 5 Hz) and beam quality M2 less than 1.3. To reach these values the erbium laser pump unit parameters were optimized also. Namely, for the powerful laser diode arrays the optimal near-field fill-factor, output mirror reflectivity and heterostructure properties were determined. Construction of advanced diode and solid-state lasers as well as the optical properties of the active element and the pump unit make possible the lasing within a rather wide temperature interval (e.g. from minus forty till plus sixty Celsius degree) without application of water-based chillers. The transversally pumped Nd:YAG laser output beam uniformity was investigated depending on the active element (AE) pump conditions. In particular, to enhance the pump uniformity within AE volume, a special layer which practically doesn't absorb the pump radiation but effectively scatters the pump and lasing beams, was used. Application of such layer results in amplified spontaneous emission suppression and improvement of the laser output beam uniformity. The carried out investigations allow us to fabricate the solid-state Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm) with the output energy up to 420 mJ at the pulse repetition rate up to 30 Hz and the output energy up to 100 mJ at the pulse repetition rate of of 100 Hz. Also the laser sources with following characteristics: 35 mJ, 30 Hz (266 nm); 60 mJ, 30 Hz (355 nm); 100 mJ, 30 Hz (532 nm) were manufactured on the base of the developed Nd:YAG quantrons.

Rare Earth Doped High Temperature Ceramic Selective Emitters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chubb, Donald L.; Pal, AnnaMarie; Patton, Martin O.; Jenkins, Phillip P.

1999-01-01

As a result of their electron structure, rare earth ions in crystals at high temperature emit radiation in several narrow bands rather than in a continuous blackbody manner. This study develops a spectral emittance model for films of rare earth containing materials. Although there are several possible rare earth doped high temperature materials, this study was confined to rare earth aluminum garnets. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical spectral emittances was found for erbium, thulium and erbium-holmium aluminum garnets. Spectral emittances of these films are sensitive to temperature differences across the film. Emitter efficiency is also a sensitive function of temperature. For thulium aluminum garnet the efficiency is 0.38 at 1700 K but only 0.19 at 1262 K.

Simple and efficient L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers for WDM networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, H. B.; Oh, J. M.; Lee, D.; Ahn, S. J.; Park, B. S.; Lee, S. B.

2002-11-01

The performance of L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) of a simple structure with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) was investigated. The injected C-band ASE by the FBG offers low-cost amplification and greatly improves the efficiency of the EDFA. There are 9 and 4 dB improvements with the FBG at 1587 nm, at low and high input, respectively. The flat gain of 18 dB, up to a total input of -5 dBm at 150 mW of 980 nm pump, is obtained over 30 nm with less than ±0.5 dB gain variations without any gain equalizer. The proposed EDFA provides a cost-effective solution for wavelength division multiplexing systems.

Analysis of soft x-ray emission spectra of laser-produced dysprosium, erbium and thulium plasmas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheil, John; Dunne, Padraig; Higashiguchi, Takeshi; Kos, Domagoj; Long, Elaine; Miyazaki, Takanori; O'Reilly, Fergal; O'Sullivan, Gerard; Sheridan, Paul; Suzuki, Chihiro; Sokell, Emma; White, Elgiva; Kilbane, Deirdre

2017-03-01

Soft x-ray emission spectra of dysprosium, erbium and thulium ions created in laser-produced plasmas were recorded with a flat-field grazing-incidence spectrometer in the 2.5-8 nm spectral range. The ions were produced using an Nd:YAG laser of 7 ns pulse duration and the spectra were recorded at various power densities. The experimental spectra were interpreted with the aid of the Cowan suite of atomic structure codes and the flexible atomic code. At wavelengths above 5.5 nm the spectra are dominated by overlapping n = 4 - n = 4 unresolved transition arrays from adjacent ion stages. Below 6 nm, n = 4 - n = 5 transitions also give rise to a series of interesting overlapping spectral features.

Amplification and noise properties of an erbium-doped multicore fiber amplifier.

PubMed

Abedin, K S; Taunay, T F; Fishteyn, M; Yan, M F; Zhu, B; Fini, J M; Monberg, E M; Dimarcello, F V; Wisk, P W

2011-08-15

A multicore erbium-doped fiber (MC-EDF) amplifier for simultaneous amplification in the 7-cores has been developed, and the gain and noise properties of individual cores have been studied. The pump and signal radiation were coupled to individual cores of MC-EDF using two tapered fiber bundled (TFB) couplers with low insertion loss. For a pump power of 146 mW, the average gain achieved in the MC-EDF fiber was 30 dB, and noise figure was less than 4 dB. The net useful gain from the multicore-amplifier, after taking into consideration of all the passive losses, was about 23-27 dB. Pump induced ASE noise transfer between the neighboring channel was negligible. © 2011 Optical Society of America

The first example of erbium triple-stranded helicates displaying SMM behaviour.

PubMed

Gorczyński, Adam; Kubicki, Maciej; Pinkowicz, Dawid; Pełka, Robert; Patroniak, Violetta; Podgajny, Robert

2015-10-14

A series of isostructural C3-symmetrical triple stranded dinuclear lanthanide [Ln2L3](NO3)3 molecules have been synthesized using subcomponent self-assembly of Ln(NO3)3 with 2-(methylhydrazino)benzimidazole and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-diformylphenol, where Ln = Tb (1), Dy (2), Ho (3), Er (4), Tm (5), and Yb (6). The temperature dependent and field dependent magnetic properties of 1-6 were modeled using the van Vleck approximation including the crystal field term HCF, the super-exchange term HSE and the Zeeman term HZE. Ferromagnetic interactions were found in 1, 2, 4 and 6, while antiferromagnetic interactions were found in 3 and 5. The erbium analogue reveals field induced SMM behaviour.

High-power Q-switched erbium-ytterbium codoped fiber laser using multiwalled carbon nanotubes saturable absorber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ab Razak, Mohd Zulhakimi; Saleh, Zatul Saliza; Ahmad, Fauzan; Anyi, Carol Livan; Harun, Sulaiman W.; Arof, Hamzah

2016-10-01

Due to an enormous potential of pulsed lasers in applications such as manufacturing, metrology, environmental sensing, and biomedical diagnostics, a high-power and stable Q-switched erbium-ytterbium codoped double-clad fiber laser (EYDFL) incorporating of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) saturable absorber (SA) made based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a 3∶2 ratio is demonstrated. The SA was fabricated by mixing a dilute PVA solution with an MWCNTs homogeneous solution. Subsequently, the mixture was sonicated and centrifuged to produce a homogeneous suspension that was left to dry at room temperature to form the MWCNTs-PVA film. The SA was formed by inserting the film between a pair of FC/PC fiber connectors. Then, it was integrated into the EYDFL's ring cavity, which uses a 5-m-long erbium-ytterbium codoped fiber (EYDF). The lasing threshold for the Q-switched EYDFL was at 330 mW. At the maximum available pump power of 900 mW, the proposed EYDFL produced Q-switched pulses with a repetition rate of 74.85 kHz, pulsewidth of ˜3.6 μs, and an average output power of about 5 mW. The maximum energy per pulse of ˜85 nJ was obtained at pump power of ˜700 mW with peak power of 21 mW.

Preclinical investigations of articular cartilage ablation with femtosecond and pulsed infrared lasers as an alternative to microfracture surgery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Erica; Sun, Hui; Juhasz, Tibor; Wong, Brian J. F.

2014-09-01

Microfracture surgery is a bone marrow stimulation technique for treating cartilage defects and injuries in the knee. Current methods rely on surgical skill and instrumentation. This study investigates the potential use of laser technology as an alternate means to create the microfracture holes. Lasers investigated in this study include an erbium:YAG laser (λ=2.94 μm), titanium:sapphire femtosecond laser system (λ=1700 nm), and Nd:glass femtosecond laser (λ=1053 nm). Bovine samples were ablated at fluences of 8 to 18 J/cm2 with the erbium:YAG laser, at a power of 300±15 mW with the titanium:sapphire femtosecond system, and at an energy of 3 μJ/pulse with the Nd:glass laser. Samples were digitally photographed and histological sections were taken for analysis. The erbium:YAG laser is capable of fast and efficient ablation; specimen treated with fluences of 12 and 18 J/cm2 experienced significant amounts of bone removal and minimal carbonization with saline hydration. The femtosecond laser systems successfully removed cartilage but not clinically significant amounts of bone. Precise tissue removal was possible but not to substantial depths due to limitations of the systems. With additional studies and development, the use of femtosecond laser systems to ablate bone may be achieved at clinically valuable ablation rates.

Absorption spectra of 4f electron transitions of neodymium and erbium with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid and diethylamine systems and its analytical application

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wang Naixing; Qi Ping

1992-06-01

In this paper the absorption spectra of 4f electron transitions of the systems of neodymium and erbium with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid and diethylamine have been studied by normal and third-derivative spectrophotometry. Their molar absorptivities are 80 1.mol{sup {minus}1}.cm{sup {minus}1} for neodymium and 65 1.mol{sup {minus}1}.cm{sup {minus}1} for erbium. Use of the third-derivative spectra, eliminates the interference by other rare earths and increases the sensitivity for Nd and Er. The derivative molar absorptivities are 390 1.mol{sup {minus}1}.cm{sup {minus}1} for Nd and 367 1.mol{sup {minus}1}.cm{sup {minus}1} for Er. The calibration graphs were linear up to 11.8 {mu}g/ml of Nd and 12.3 {mu}g/ml ofmore » Er, respectively. The relative standard deviations evaluated from eleven independent determinations of 7.2 {mu}g/ml (for Nd) and 8.3 {mu}g/ml (for Er) are 1.3% and 1.4%, respectively. The detection limits are 0.2 {mu}g/ml for Nd and 0.3 {mu}g/ml for Er. The method has been developed for determining those two elements in mixture of lanthanides by means of the third-derivative spectra and the analytical results obtained are satisfactory.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gelles, D. S.; Browning, James Frederick; Snow, Clark Sheldon

Er(D,T){sub 2-x} {sup 3}He{sub x}, erbium di-tritide, films of thicknesses 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, and 100 nm were grown and analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and Ion Beam Analysis to determine variations in film microstructure as a function of film thickness and age, due to the time-dependent build-up of {sup 3}He in the film from the radioactive decay of tritium. Several interesting features were observed: One, the amount of helium released as a function of film thickness is relatively constant. This suggests that the helium is being released only from the near surface regionmore » and that the helium is not diffusing to the surface from the bulk of the film. Two, lenticular helium bubbles are observed as a result of the radioactive decay of tritium into {sup 3}He. These bubbles grow along the [111] crystallographic direction. Three, a helium bubble free zone, or 'denuded zone' is observed near the surface. The size of this region is independent of film thickness. Four, an analysis of secondary diffraction spots in the Transmission Electron Microscopy study indicate that small erbium oxide precipitates, 5-10 nm in size, exist throughout the film. Further, all of the films had large erbium oxide inclusions, in many cases these inclusions span the depth of the film.« less

Preclinical investigations of articular cartilage ablation with femtosecond and pulsed infrared lasers as an alternative to microfracture surgery.

PubMed

Su, Erica; Sun, Hui; Juhasz, Tibor; Wong, Brian J F

2014-09-01

Microfracture surgery is a bone marrow stimulation technique for treating cartilage defects and injuriesin the knee. Current methods rely on surgical skill and instrumentation. This study investigates the potential useof laser technology as an alternate means to create the microfracture holes. Lasers investigated in this study include an erbium:YAG laser (λ = 2.94 μm), titanium:sapphire femtosecond laser system (λ = 1700 nm), and Nd:glass femtosecond laser (λ = 1053 nm). Bovine samples were ablated at fluences of 8 to 18 J∕cm2 with the erbium:YAG laser, at a power of 300 ± 15 mW with the titanium:sapphire femtosecond system, and at an energy of 3 μJ∕pulse with the Nd:glass laser. Samples were digitally photographed and histological sections were taken for analysis. The erbium:YAG laser is capable of fast and efficient ablation; specimen treated with fluences of 12 and 18 J∕cm2 experienced significant amounts of bone removal and minimal carbonization with saline hydration. The femtosecond laser systems successfully removed cartilage but not clinically significant amounts of bone. Precise tissue removal was possible but not to substantial depths due to limitations of the systems. With additional studies and development, the use of femtosecond laser systems to ablate bone may be achieved at clinically valuable ablation rates.

A Pilot Study of Skin Resurfacing Using the 2,790-nm Erbium:YSGG Laser System.

PubMed

Rhie, Jong Won; Shim, Jeong Su; Choi, Won Seok

2015-01-01

The erbium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er:YSGG) laser differs from other laser techniques by having a faster and higher cure rate. Since the Er:YSGG laser causes an appropriate proportion of ablation and coagulation, it has advantages over the conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser, including heating tendencies and explosive vaporization. This research was conducted to explore the effects and safety of the Er:YSGG laser. Twenty patients participated in the pilot study of a resurfacing system using a 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser. All patients received facial treatment by the 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser system (Cutera) twice with a 4-week interval. Wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture were measured. Study subjects included 15 women and five men. Re-epithelization occurred in all subjects 3 to 4 days after treatment, and wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture within 6 months of treatment. The 2,790-nm YSGG laser technique had fewer complications and was effective in the improvement of scars, pores, wrinkles, and skin tone and color with one or two treatments. We expect this method to be effective for people with acne scars, pore scars, deep wrinkles, and uneven skin texture and color.

Erbium laser resurfacing for actinic cheilitis.

PubMed

Cohen, Joel L

2013-11-01

Actinic cheilitis is a precancerous condition characterized by grayish-whitish area(s) of discoloration on the mucosal lip, often blunting the demarcation between mucosa and cutaneous lip. Actinic cheilitis is considered to be an early part of the spectrum of squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma specifically of the lip has a high rate of recurrence and metastasis through the oral cavity leading to a poor overall survival. Risk factors for the development of actinic cheilitis include chronic solar irradiation, increasing age, male gender, light skin complexion, immunosuppression, and possibly tobacco and alcohol consumption. Treatment options include topical pharmacotherapy (eg, fluorouracil, imiquimod) or procedural interventions (eg, cryotherapy, electrosurgery, surgical vermillionectomy, laser resurfacing), each with their known advantages and disadvantages. There is little consensus as to which treatment options offer the most clinical utility given the paucity of comparative clinical data. In my practice, laser resurfacing has become an important tool for the treatment of actinic cheilitis owing to its ease of use and overall safety, tolerability, and cosmetic acceptability. Herein the use of erbium laser resurfacing is described for three actinic cheilitis presentations for which I find it particularly useful: clinically prominent actinic cheilitis, biopsy-proven actinic cheilitis, and treatment of the entire lip following complete tumor excision of squamous cell carcinoma. All patients were treated with a 2940-nm erbium laser (Sciton Profile Contour Tunable Resurfacing Laser [TRL], Sciton, Inc., Palo Alto, CA).

A Pilot Study of Skin Resurfacing Using the 2,790-nm Erbium:YSGG Laser System

PubMed Central

Rhie, Jong Won; Choi, Won Seok

2015-01-01

Background The erbium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er:YSGG) laser differs from other laser techniques by having a faster and higher cure rate. Since the Er:YSGG laser causes an appropriate proportion of ablation and coagulation, it has advantages over the conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser, including heating tendencies and explosive vaporization. This research was conducted to explore the effects and safety of the Er:YSGG laser. Methods Twenty patients participated in the pilot study of a resurfacing system using a 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser. All patients received facial treatment by the 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser system (Cutera) twice with a 4-week interval. Wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture were measured. Results Study subjects included 15 women and five men. Re-epithelization occurred in all subjects 3 to 4 days after treatment, and wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture within 6 months of treatment. Conclusions The 2,790-nm YSGG laser technique had fewer complications and was effective in the improvement of scars, pores, wrinkles, and skin tone and color with one or two treatments. We expect this method to be effective for people with acne scars, pore scars, deep wrinkles, and uneven skin texture and color. PMID:25606490

Rare Earth Laser Engineering Program. Part II.

DTIC Science & Technology

YTTRIUM ALUMINUM GARNET , NEAR INFRARED RADIATION, CONCENTRATION(CHEMISTRY), YTTRIUM COMPOUNDS, ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS, OXIDES, RELAXATION, RATES...VANADATES, DOPING, LANTHANUM, ERBIUM, HOLMIUM, GADOLINIUM COMPOUNDS, GARNET , TRANSPORT PROPERTIES, OSCILLATORS, LANTHANUM COMPOUNDS, FLUORIDES.

Temperature dependence of the ratio of intensities of up-conversion fluorescence bands of YVO4 and YGdVO4 crystals and lead fluoride nano glass ceramics activated with erbium ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Varaksa, Yu. A.; Sinitsyn, G. V.; Khodasevich, M. A.; Aseev, V. A.; Kolobkova, E. V.; Yasyukevich, A. S.

2015-01-01

Up-conversion fluorescence spectra of YVO4 and YGdVO4 crystals and lead fluoride nano glass ceramics coactivated with erbium and ytterbium ions have been studied in the wavelength range of 520-560 nm under 967-nm pumping. The ratio of intensities of fluorescence bands in the ranges of 520-530 and 540-550 nm has been measured in the temperature range of from room temperature to 150°C. It is shown that the considered materials can be used for preparing a sensing element of optical fluorescent temperature sensors; the sensitivity of measuring the temperature of nano glass-ceramics can be close to that of crystal samples.

Experimental demonstration of the switching dose-rate method on doped optical fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, J.; Myara, M.; Troussellier, L.; Régnier, E.; Burov, E.; Gilard, O.; Sottom, M.; Signoret, P.

2017-11-01

Optical technology developed for ground and submarine telecommunications is becoming of strong interest for next generation satellites. In addition to inter-satellite laser communications and LIDAR's, new applications are being considered such as on-board distribution and processing of microwave signals, fiber sensors or gyroscopes as well. Whereas common optical / optoelectronic components are known to be weakly sensitive to radiations, the essential optical amplifiers are strongly degraded in such an environment because of the RIA (Radio-Induced-Absorption) experienced by the Erbium-Doped Fiber (EDF) itself [1-3]. This degradation is mainly caused by the presence of co-doping ions, such as Aluminium or Germanium, inserted in the fibre to assist the inclusion of the Erbium ions in the silica matrix or to provide to the optical fibre its guiding properties.

Switchable multiwavelength erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber ring laser based on a length of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jianqun; Ruan, Shuangchen

2011-11-01

A switchable multi-wavelength Erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber (ED-PCF) ring laser based on a length of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber(PM-PCF) is presented and demonstrated experimentally. A segment of ED-PCF is used as linear gain medium in the resonant cavity. Due to the polarization hole burning (PHB) caused by the PM-PCF and a polarization controller (PC), the laser can operate in stable dual- or triple- wavelength modes at room temperature. The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of the laser without any wavelength-selective components is greater than 30 dB. The amplitude variations of lasing peaks in ten minutes are less than 0.26dB for two different operating modes.

Switchable single-longitudinal-mode dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on one polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating incorporating saturable absorber and feedback fiber loop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Suchun; Xu, Ou; Lu, Shaohua; Ning, Tigang; Jian, Shuisheng

2009-06-01

Switchable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on one polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PMFBG) is demonstrated. Due to the enhancement of the polarization hole burning (PHB) by the PMFBG, the laser can be designed to operate in stable dual-wavelength or wavelength-switching modes with a wavelength spacing of 0.336 nm at room temperature by adjusting a polarization controller (PC). The stable SLM operation is guaranteed by a compound-ring cavity and a saturable absorber (SA). The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is over 45 dB. The amplitude variation in nearly one and half an hour is less than 0.2 dB.

A 100 mW-level single-mode switchable dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jianqun; Zhang, Liaolin; Sharafudeen, Kaniyarakkal; Qiu, Jianrong

2013-10-01

A switchable dual-wavelength CW erbium-doped fiber laser with two cascaded fiber Bragg gratings has been proposed and demonstrated experimentally at room temperature. The laser uses a linear resonant cavity configuration incorporating a Sagnac loop with a polarization controller (PC) and can switch flexibly to output a single wavelength or dual wavelengths based on the polarization hole burning (PHB) effect. The slope efficiency and maximum output power can reach 23% and 96 mW, respectively. The two lasing peaks of the laser, with a narrow linewidth output and an optical signal-to-noise ratio of more than 50 dB, are located in the C and L bands of the optical communication window, respectively. The laser shows good stability with respect to the wavelength and output power.

Switchable multiwavelength erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber ring laser based on a length of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jianqun; Ruan, Shuangchen

2012-03-01

A switchable multi-wavelength Erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber (ED-PCF) ring laser based on a length of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber(PM-PCF) is presented and demonstrated experimentally. A segment of ED-PCF is used as linear gain medium in the resonant cavity. Due to the polarization hole burning (PHB) caused by the PM-PCF and a polarization controller (PC), the laser can operate in stable dual- or triple- wavelength modes at room temperature. The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of the laser without any wavelength-selective components is greater than 30 dB. The amplitude variations of lasing peaks in ten minutes are less than 0.26dB for two different operating modes.

Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Property Relationships of Er3+-Doped TiO2 Luminescent Particles Synthesized by Sol-Gel

PubMed Central

Lopez-Iscoa, Pablo; Baldi, Giovanni

2018-01-01

Titania particles doped with various concentrations of Erbium were synthesized by the sol-gel method followed by different heat treatments. The shape and the grain growth of the particles were noticeably affected by the concentration of Erbium and the heat treatment conditions. An infrared emission at 1530 nm, as well as green and red up-conversion emissions at 550 and 670 nm, were observed under excitation at 976 nm from all of the synthesized particles. The emission spectra and lifetime values appeared to be strongly influenced by the presence of the different crystalline phases. This work presents important guidelines for the synthesis of functional Er3+-doped titania particles with controlled and tailored spectroscopic properties for photonic applications. PMID:29301282

Phase-locked, erbium-fiber-laser-based frequency comb in the near infrared.

PubMed

Washburn, Brian R; Diddams, Scott A; Newbury, Nathan R; Nicholson, Jeffrey W; Yan, Man F; Jørgensen, Carsten G

2004-02-01

A phase-locked frequency comb in the near infrared is demonstrated with a mode-locked, erbium-doped, fiber laser whose output is amplified and spectrally broadened in dispersion-flattened, highly nonlinear optical fiber to span from 1100 to >2200 nm. The supercontinuum output comprises a frequency comb with a spacing set by the laser repetition rate and an offset by the carrier-envelope offset frequency, which is detected with the standard f-to-2f heterodyne technique. The comb spacing and offset frequency are phase locked to a stable rf signal with a fiber stretcher in the laser cavity and by control of the pump laser power, respectively. This infrared comb permits frequency metrology experiments in the near infrared in a compact, fiber-laser-based system.

Low-temperature physics: Chaos in the cold

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Julienne, Paul S.

2014-03-01

A marriage between theory and experiment has shown that ultracold erbium atoms trapped with laser light and subjected to a magnetic field undergo collisions that are characterized by quantum chaos. See Letter p.475

100 MeV swift Si{sup 7+} ion induced thermoluminescence studies of nanocrystalline erbium doped ZrO{sub 2}

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lokesha, H. S.; Nagabhushana, K. R., E-mail: bhushankr@gmail.com; Singh, Fouran

2015-06-24

Pure and erbium (1mol%) doped nanocrystalline ZrO{sub 2} is synthesized by combustion technique. Thermoluminescence (TL) properties ZrO{sub 2}pellets annealed at 873 K and irradiated by 100 MeV swift Si{sup 7+} ion for various fluence are recorded. The evolution crystalline structure and crystallite size are done using by XRD data. Two TL glow curves, a well resolved one peak at ∼420 K and an unresolved with peak at ∼598 K are observed. TL intensity increases up to 3×10{sup 12} ions cm{sup −2} beyond which the TL intensity decreases. The glow peak shape method is used to calculate the TL trap parameter and discussed in thismore » paper.« less

Erbium-doped phosphate glass waveguide on silicon with 4.1 dB/cm gain at 1.535 µm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Y. C.; Faber, A. J.; de Waal, H.; Kik, P. G.; Polman, A.

1997-11-01

Erbium-doped multicomponent phosphate glass waveguides were deposited by rf sputtering techniques. The Er concentration was 5.3×1020cm-3. By pumping the waveguide at 980 nm with a power of ˜21 mW, a net optical gain of 4.1 dB at 1.535 μm was achieved. This high gain per unit length at low pump power could be achieved because the Er-Er cooperative upconversion interactions in this heavily Er-doped phosphate glass are very weak [the upconversion coefficient is (2.0±0.5)×10-18 cm3/s], presumably due to the homogeneous distribution of Er in the glass and due to the high optical mode confinement in the waveguide which leads to high pump power density at low pump power.

Temperature dependences of the photoluminescence intensities of centers in silicon implanted with erbium and oxygen ions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sobolev, N. A., E-mail: nick@sobolev.ioffe.rssi.ru; Shtel’makh, K. F.; Kalyadin, A. E.

2015-12-15

Low-temperature photoluminescence in n-Cz-Si after the implantation of erbium ions at an elevated temperature and subsequent implantation of oxygen ions at room temperature is studied. So-called X and W centers formed from self-interstitial silicon atoms, H and P centers containing oxygen atoms, and Er centers containing Er{sup 3+} ions are observed in the photoluminescence spectra. The energies of enhancing and quenching of photoluminescence for these centers are determined. These energies are determined for the first time for X and H centers. In the case of P and Er centers, the values of the energies practically coincide with previously published data.more » For W centers, the energies of the enhancing and quenching of photoluminescence depend on the conditions of the formation of these centers.« less

The influence of Ag content and annealing time on structural and optical properties of SGS antimony-germanate glass doped with Er3+ ions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zmojda, J.; Kochanowicz, M.; Miluski, P.; Baranowska, A.; Basa, A.; Jadach, R.; Sitarz, M.; Dorosz, D.

2018-05-01

A series of erbium doped SGS antimony-germanate glass embedding silver (Ag0) nanoparticles have been synthesized by a one-step melt-quench thermochemical reduction technique. The effect of NPs concentration and annealing time on the structural and photoluminescent (PL) properties were investigated. The Raman spectra as a function of temperature measured in-situ allow to determine the structural changes in vicinity of Ag+ ions and confirmed thermochemical reduction of Ag+ ions by Sb3+ ions. The surface plasmon resonance absorption band was evidenced near 450 nm. The impact of local field effect generated by Ag0 nanoparticles (NPs) and energy transfer from surface of silver NPs to trivalent erbium ions on near-infrared and up-conversion luminescence was described in terms of enhancement and quench phenomena.

Giant Pulse Phenomena in a High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Stephen X.; Merritt, Scott; Krainak, Michael A.; Yu, Anthony

2018-01-01

High gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs), while revolutionizing optical communications, remain vulnerable to optical damage when unseeded, e.g. due to nonlinear effects that produce random pulses with high peak power, i.e. giant pulses. Giant pulses can damage the components in a high gain EDFA or external components and systems coupled to the EDFA. We explore the conditions under which a reflective, polarization-maintaining (PM), core-pumped high gain EDFA generates giant pulses, provide details on conditions under which normal pulses evolve into giant pulses, and provide results on the transient effects of giant pulses on amplifier's fused-fiber couplers, an effect which we call Fiber Overload Induced Leakage (FOIL). While FOIL's effect on fused-fiber couplers is temporary, its damage to forward pump lasers in a high gain EDFA can be permanent.

Giant Pulse Phenomena in a High Gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Stephen X.; Merritt, Scott; Krainak, Michael A.; Yu, Anthony

2018-01-01

High gain Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) are vulnerable to optical damage when unseeded, e.g. due to nonlinear effects that produce random, spontaneous Q-switched (SQS) pulses with high peak power, i.e. giant pulses. Giant pulses can damage either the components within a high gain EDFA or external components and systems coupled to the EDFA. We explore the conditions under which a reflective, polarization-maintaining (PM), core-pumped high gain EDFA generates giant pulses, provide details on the evolution of normal pulses into giant pulses, and provide results on the transient effects of giant pulses on an amplifier's fused-fiber couplers, an effect which we call Fiber Overload Induced Leakage (FOIL). While FOIL's effect on fused-fiber couplers is temporary, its damage to forward pump lasers in a high gain EDFA can be permanent.

Ultra-short pulse generation in the hybridly mode-locked erbium-doped all-fiber ring laser with a distributed polarizer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krylov, Alexander A.; Sazonkin, Stanislav G.; Lazarev, Vladimir A.; Dvoretskiy, Dmitriy A.; Leonov, Stanislav O.; Pnev, Alexey B.; Karasik, Valeriy E.; Grebenyukov, Vyacheslav V.; Pozharov, Anatoly S.; Obraztsova, Elena D.; Dianov, Evgeny M.

2015-06-01

We report for the first time to the best of our knowledge on the ultra-short pulse (USP) generation in the dispersion-managed erbium-doped all-fiber ring laser hybridly mode-locked with boron nitride-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes in the co-action with a nonlinear polarization evolution in the ring cavity with a distributed polarizer. Stable 92.6 fs dechirped pulses were obtained via precise polarization state adjustment at a central wavelength of 1560 nm with 11.2 mW average output power, corresponding to the 2.9 kW maximum peak power. We have also observed the laser switching from a USP generation regime to a chirped pulse one with a corresponding pulse-width of 7.1 ps at the same intracavity dispersion.

Hybrid mode-locked erbium-doped all-fiber soliton laser with a distributed polarizer.

PubMed

Chernykh, D S; Krylov, A A; Levchenko, A E; Grebenyukov, V V; Arutunyan, N R; Pozharov, A S; Obraztsova, E D; Dianov, E M

2014-10-10

A soliton-type erbium-doped all-fiber ring laser hybrid mode-locked with a co-action of arc-discharge single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE) is demonstrated. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, boron nitride-doped SWCNTs were used as a saturable absorber for passive mode-locking initiation. Moreover, the NPE was introduced through the implementation of the short-segment polarizing fiber. Owing to the NPE action in the laser cavity, significant pulse length shortening as well as pulse stability improvement were observed as compared with a SWCNTs-only mode-locked laser. The shortest achieved pulse width of near transform-limited solitons was 222 fs at the output average power of 9.1 mW and 45.5 MHz repetition frequency, corresponding to the 0.17 nJ pulse energy.

Erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on few-mode-singlemode-few-mode fiber structure for refractive index measurement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jingxuan; Wang, Muguang; Liang, Xiao; Dong, Yue; Xiao, Han; Jian, Shuisheng

2017-08-01

A novel Erbium-doped fiber ring cavity laser sensor for refractive index (RI) measurement based on a special designed few-mode-singlemode-few-mode structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The few-mode fiber is a home-made concentric ring core fiber (CRCF) which can only support two scalar modes. Thus a stable mode interference occurs which functions as a sensing head and band-pass filter to select the lasing wavelength simultaneously. A sensitivity of -45.429 nm/RIU is obtained in the range of 1.333-1.363. High optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of ∼45 dB and narrow 3-dB bandwidth of ∼0.1 nm indicate that the fiber ring laser sensing system has a high resolution and accuracy RI measurement.

Broadband supercontinuum generation with femtosecond pulse width in erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rifin, S. N. M.; Zulkifli, M. Z.; Hassan, S. N. M.; Munajat, Y.; Ahmad, H.

2016-11-01

We demonstrate two flat plateaus and the low-noise spectrum of supercontinuum generation (SCG) in a highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), injected by an amplified picosecond pulse seed of a carbon nanotube-based passively mode locked erbium-doped fiber laser. A broad spectrum of width approximately 1090 nm spanning the range 1130-2220 nm is obtained and the pulse width is compressed to the shorter duration of 70 fs. Variations of the injected peak power up to 33.78 kW into the HNLF are compared and the broad spectrum SCG profiles slightly expand for each of the injected peak powers. This straightforward configuration of SCG offers low output power and ultra-narrow femtosecond pulse width. The results facilitate the development of all fiber time-domain spectroscopy systems based on the photoconductive antenna technique.

Preclinical investigations of articular cartilage ablation with femtosecond and pulsed infrared lasers as an alternative to microfracture surgery

PubMed Central

Su, Erica; Sun, Hui; Juhasz, Tibor; Wong, Brian J. F.

2014-01-01

Abstract. Microfracture surgery is a bone marrow stimulation technique for treating cartilage defects and injuries in the knee. Current methods rely on surgical skill and instrumentation. This study investigates the potential use of laser technology as an alternate means to create the microfracture holes. Lasers investigated in this study include an erbium:YAG laser (λ=2.94  μm), titanium:sapphire femtosecond laser system (λ=1700  nm), and Nd:glass femtosecond laser (λ=1053  nm). Bovine samples were ablated at fluences of 8 to 18  J/cm2 with the erbium:YAG laser, at a power of 300±15  mW with the titanium:sapphire femtosecond system, and at an energy of 3  μJ/pulse with the Nd:glass laser. Samples were digitally photographed and histological sections were taken for analysis. The erbium:YAG laser is capable of fast and efficient ablation; specimen treated with fluences of 12 and 18  J/cm2 experienced significant amounts of bone removal and minimal carbonization with saline hydration. The femtosecond laser systems successfully removed cartilage but not clinically significant amounts of bone. Precise tissue removal was possible but not to substantial depths due to limitations of the systems. With additional studies and development, the use of femtosecond laser systems to ablate bone may be achieved at clinically valuable ablation rates. PMID:25200394

Surface-Directed Synthesis of Erbium-Doped Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticles within Organosilane Zeptoliter Containers

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

We introduce an approach to synthesize rare earth oxide nanoparticles using high temperature without aggregation of the nanoparticles. The dispersity of the nanoparticles is controlled at the nanoscale by using small organosilane molds as reaction containers. Zeptoliter reaction vessels prepared from organosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were used for the surface-directed synthesis of rare earth oxide (REO) nanoparticles. Nanopores of octadecyltrichlorosilane were prepared on Si(111) using particle lithography with immersion steps. The nanopores were filled with a precursor solution of erbium and yttrium salts to confine the crystallization step to occur within individual zeptoliter-sized organosilane reaction vessels. Areas between the nanopores were separated by a matrix film of octadecyltrichlorosilane. With heating, the organosilane template was removed by calcination to generate a surface array of erbium-doped yttria nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized by the surface-directed approach retain the periodic arrangement of the nanopores formed from mesoparticle masks. While bulk rare earth oxides can be readily prepared by solid state methods at high temperature (>900 °C), approaches for preparing REO nanoparticles are limited. Conventional wet chemistry methods are limited to low temperatures according to the boiling points of the solvents used for synthesis. To achieve crystallinity of REO nanoparticles requires steps for high-temperature processing of samples, which can cause self-aggregation and dispersity in sample diameters. The facile steps for particle lithography address the problems of aggregation and the requirement for high-temperature synthesis. PMID:25163977

Luminescence properties of erbium doped sodium barium borate glass with silver nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajeshree Patwari, D.; Eraiah, B.

2018-02-01

Alteration in the absorption features of rare earth (RE) doped glasses with silver nanoparticles is ever-challenging in photonics. Erbium (Er3+) doped glasses with composition (60-x-y)B2O3-30Na2CO3-10BaO-xEr2O3-yAgCl where (x=0.5, 1.0 and y=1.0 mol %) are synthesized using melt-quenching method. The density is determined by Archimedes principle and molar volumes are calculated. Glass samples were characterized by XRD and UV-Visible spectroscopy. UV-Visible spectra shows eleven prominent absorption peaks centred around 366, 378, 408, 442, 452, 489, 521, 547, 652, 800 and 977 nm equivalent to the rare earth (Er3+) ion transitions. The sample without rare earth shows no peaks which specifies that rare earth ion plays a spirited role in the glass matrix. The glass samples with silver and without rare earth ion shows plasmon peak on heat treatment. The energy band gap values calculated for direct and indirect transitions are in the range of 3.126-3.440eV and 2.58-3.177eV respectively. The refractive indices and Urbach energies are also determined. Photoluminescence spectra are recorded and studied for excitation of the most intense peaks of wavelengths 378 and 521nm. The luminescence of erbium ion is enhanced by the presence of silver when the concentration of rare earth ion is less than that of silver.

Pulpal thermal responses to an erbium,chromium: YSGG pulsed laser hydrokinetic system.

PubMed

Rizoiu, I; Kohanghadosh, F; Kimmel, A I; Eversole, L R

1998-08-01

Laser systems are known to raise pulpal temperatures when applied to tooth surfaces. Dental biocalcified tissues can be cut with an erbium,chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser-powered hydrokinetic system. This device is effective for caries removal and cavity preparation in vitro. Pulpal monitoring of temperature changes during hard tissue cutting by a hydrokinetic system have not been reported. This study compared the effects of hydrokinetic system, dry bur, and wet bur tooth cutting on pulpal temperature. In vivo thermocouple intrapulpal measurements were made on cuspid teeth in anesthetized beagle dogs. In vitro measurements were made on extracted human molar teeth preserved in high-salt solution and later rinsed in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) to simulate in vivo conditions. The hydrokinetic system was compared with conventional air-turbine-powered bur cutting. The hydrokinetic system cuts and bur preparations were randomly made on the buccal surfaces at the cervical one third of the crown and extended until exposure of the pulp was confirmed clinically. Pulpal temperatures associated with the hydrokinetic system either showed no change or decreased by up to 2 degrees C. Wet bur preparations resulted in a 3 degrees to 4 degrees C rise. With dry bur preparations, a 14 degrees C rise in temperature was recorded. Under the conditions of this study, the erbium,chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser-powered hydrokinetic system, when used for cavity preparation, had no apparent adverse thermal effect as measured in the pulp space.

Erbium-doped zinc-oxide waveguide amplifiers for hybrid photonic integrated circuits

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

O'Neal, Lawrence; Anthony, Deion; Bonner, Carl; Geddis, Demetris

2016-02-01

CMOS logic circuits have entered the sub-100nm regime, and research is on-going to investigate the quantum effects that are apparent at this dimension. To avoid some of the constraints imposed by fabrication, entropy, energy, and interference considerations for nano-scale devices, many have begun designing hybrid and/or photonic integrated circuits. These circuits consist of transistors, light emitters, photodetectors, and electrical and optical waveguides. As attenuation is a limiting factor in any communications system, it is advantageous to integrate a signal amplifier. There are numerous examples of electrical amplifiers, but in order to take advantage of the benefits provided by optically integrated systems, optical amplifiers are necessary. The erbium doped fiber amplifier is an example of an optical amplifier which is commercially available now, but the distance between the amplifier and the device benefitting from amplification can be decreased and provide greater functionality by providing local, on-chip amplification. Zinc oxide is an attractive material due to its electrical and optical properties. Its wide bandgap (≍3.4 eV) and high refractive index (≍2) make it an excellent choice for integrated optics systems. Moreover, erbium doped zinc oxide (Er:ZnO) is a suitable candidate for optical waveguide amplifiers because of its compatibility with semiconductor processing technology, 1.54 μm luminescence, transparency, low resistivity, and amplification characteristics. This research presents the characterization of radio frequency magnetron sputtered Er:ZnO, the design and fabrication of integrated waveguide amplifiers, and device analysis.

Molecular effects of fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment with multiple stacked pulses on standardized human three-dimensional organotypic skin models.

PubMed

Schmitt, Laurenz; Amann, P M; Marquardt, Y; Heise, R; Czaja, K; Gerber, P A; Steiner, T; Hölzle, F; Baron, Jens Malte

2017-05-01

The molecular changes in gene expression following ablative laser treatment of skin lesions, such as atrophic scars and UV-damaged skin, are not completely understood. A standardized in vitro model of human skin, to study the effects of laser treatment on human skin, has been recently developed. Therefore, the aim of the investigation was to examine morphological and molecular changes caused by fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment on an in vitro full-thickness 3D standardized organotypic model of human skin. A fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser was used to irradiate organotypic human 3D models. Laser treatments were performed at four different settings using a variety of stacked pulses with similar cumulative total energy fluence (60 J/cm 2 ). Specimens were harvested at specified time points and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and microarray studies were performed. Frozen sections were examined histologically. Three days after erbium:YAG laser treatment, a significantly increased mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, TIMP1, and TIMP2), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5, and CXCL6), and cytokines such as IL6, IL8, and IL24 could be detected. qRT-PCR studies confirmed the enhanced mRNA expression of IL6, IL8, IL24, CXCLs, and MMPs. In contrast, the mRNA expression of epidermal differentiation markers, such as keratin-associated protein 4, filaggrin, filaggrin 2, and loricrin, and antimicrobial peptides (S100A7A, S100A9, and S100A12) as well as CASP14, DSG2, IL18, and IL36β was reduced. Four different settings with similar cumulative doses have been tested (N10%, C10%, E10%, and W25%). These laser treatments resulted in different morphological changes and effects on gene regulations. Longer pulse durations (1000 μs) especially had the strongest impact on gene expression and resulted in an upregulation of genes, such as collagen-1A2, collagen-5A2, and collagen-6A2, as well as FGF2. Histologically, all treatment settings resulted in a complete regeneration of the epidermis 3 days after irradiation. Fractional ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment with a pulse stacking technique resulted in histological alterations and shifts in the expression of various genes related to epidermal differentiation, inflammation, and dermal remodeling depending on the treatment setting applied. A standardized in vitro 3D model of human skin proved to be a useful tool for exploring the effects of various laser settings both on skin morphology and gene expression during wound healing. It provides novel data on the gene expression and microscopic architecture of the exposed skin. This may enhance our understanding of laser treatment at a molecular level.

Repetition frequency scaling of an all-polarization maintaining erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on carbon nanotubes saturable absorber

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sotor, J., E-mail: jaroslaw.sotor@pwr.edu.pl; Sobon, G.; Abramski, K. M.

We demonstrate an all-polarization maintaining (PM), mode-locked erbium (Er)-doped fiber laser based on a carbon nanotubes (CNT) saturable absorber (SA). The laser resonator was maximally simplified by using only one passive hybrid component and a pair of fiber connectors with deposited CNTs. The repetition frequency (F{sub rep}) of such a cost-effective and self-starting mode-locked laser was scaled from 54.3 MHz to 358.6 MHz. The highest F{sub rep} was obtained when the total cavity length was shortened to 57 cm. The laser allows ultrashort pulse generation with the duration ranging from 240 fs to 550 fs. Because the laser components were based on PMmore » fibers the laser was immune to the external perturbations and generated laniary polarized light with the degree of polarization (DOP) of 98.7%.« less

Generation regimes of bidirectional hybridly mode-locked ultrashort pulse erbium-doped all-fiber ring laser with a distributed polarizer.

PubMed

Krylov, Alexander A; Chernykh, Dmitriy S; Arutyunyan, Natalia R; Grebenyukov, Vyacheslav V; Pozharov, Anatoly S; Obraztsova, Elena D

2016-05-20

We report on the stable picosecond and femtosecond pulse generation from the bidirectional erbium-doped all-fiber ring laser hybridly mode-locked with a coaction of a single-walled carbon nanotube-based saturable absorber and nonlinear polarization evolution that was introduced through the insertion of the short-segment polarizing fiber. Depending on the total intracavity dispersion value, the laser emits conservative solitons, transform-limited Gaussian pulses, or highly chirped stretched pulses with almost 20 nm wide parabolic spectrum in both clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions of the ring. Owing to the polarizing action in the cavity, we have demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, an efficient tuning of soliton pulse characteristics for both CW and CCW channels via an appropriate polarization control. We believe that the bidirectional laser presented may be highly promising for gyroscopic and other dual-channel applications.

Tungsten diselenide for mode-locked erbium-doped fiber lasers with short pulse duration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Wenjun; Liu, Mengli; OuYang, Yuyi; Hou, Huanran; Ma, Guoli; Lei, Ming; Wei, Zhiyi

2018-04-01

In this paper, a WSe2 film prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is transferred onto a tapered fiber, and a WSe2 saturable absorber (SA) is fabricated. In order to measure the third-order optical nonlinearity of the WSe2, the Z-scan technique is applied. The modulation depth of the WSe2 SA is measured as being 21.89%. Taking advantage of the remarkable nonlinear absorption characteristic of the WSe2 SA, a mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser is demonstrated at 1557.4 nm with a bandwidth of 25.8 nm and signal to noise ratio of 96 dB. To the best of our knowledge, the pulse duration of 163.5 fs is confirmed to be the shortest compared with previous mode-locked fiber lasers based on transition-metal dichalcogenides SAs. These results indicate that WSe2 is a powerful competitor in the application of ultrashort pulse lasers.

Switchable single-longitudinal-mode dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on one polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating incorporating saturable absorber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Feng, Suchun; Xu, Ou; Lu, Shaohua; Chen, Ming; Jian, Shuisheng

2009-08-01

Switchable single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) dual-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser at room temperature is demonstrated. One fiber Bragg grating (FBG) directly written in a polarization-maintaining and photosensitive erbiumdoped fiber (PMPEDF) as the wavelength-selective component is used in a linear laser cavity. Due to the polarization hole burning (PHB) enhanced by the polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PMFBG), the laser can be designed to operate in stable dual-wavelength or wavelength-switching modes with a wavelength spacing of 0.202 nm by adjusting a polarization controller (PC). The stable SLM operation is guaranteed by a saturable absorber (SA). The optical signal-tonoise ratio (OSNR) of the laser is over 40 dB. The amplitude variation in nearly one and half an hour is less than 0.5 dB for both wavelengths.

Stable and wavelength-tunable silicon-micro-ring-resonator based erbium-doped fiber laser.

PubMed

Yang, L G; Yeh, C H; Wong, C Y; Chow, C W; Tseng, F G; Tsang, H K

2013-02-11

In this work, we propose and demonstrate a stable and wavelength-tunable erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser. Here, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-based silicon-micro-ring-resonator (SMRR) is used as the wavelength selective element inside the fiber ring cavity. A uniform period grating coupler (GC) is used to couple between the SMRR and single mode fiber (SMF) and serves also as a polarization dependent element in the cavity. The output lasing wavelength of the proposed fiber laser can be tuned at a tuning step of 2 nm (defined by the free spectral range (FSR) of the SMRR) in a bandwidth of 35.2 nm (1532.00 to 1567.20 nm), which is defined by the gain of the EDF. The optical-signal-to-noise-ratio (OSNR) of each lasing wavelength is larger than 42.0 dB. In addition, the output stabilities of power and wavelength are also discussed.

Quantum storage of entangled telecom-wavelength photons in an erbium-doped optical fibre

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saglamyurek, Erhan; Jin, Jeongwan; Verma, Varun B.; Shaw, Matthew D.; Marsili, Francesco; Nam, Sae Woo; Oblak, Daniel; Tittel, Wolfgang

2015-02-01

The realization of a future quantum Internet requires the processing and storage of quantum information at local nodes and interconnecting distant nodes using free-space and fibre-optic links. Quantum memories for light are key elements of such quantum networks. However, to date, neither an atomic quantum memory for non-classical states of light operating at a wavelength compatible with standard telecom fibre infrastructure, nor a fibre-based implementation of a quantum memory, has been reported. Here, we demonstrate the storage and faithful recall of the state of a 1,532 nm wavelength photon entangled with a 795 nm photon, in an ensemble of cryogenically cooled erbium ions doped into a 20-m-long silica fibre, using a photon-echo quantum memory protocol. Despite its currently limited efficiency and storage time, our broadband light-matter interface brings fibre-based quantum networks one step closer to reality.

Tunable Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser based on metal transition oxide saturable absorber and refractive index characteristic of multimode interference effects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mohammed, D. Z.; Khaleel, Wurood Abdulkhaleq; Al-Janabi, A. H.

2017-12-01

Ferro-oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were used as a saturable absorber (SA) for a passively Q-switched erbium doped fiber laser (EDFL) with ring cavity. The Q-switching operation was achieved at a pump threshold of 80 mW. The proposed fiber laser produces stable pulses train of repetition rate ranging from 25 kHz to 80 kHz as the pump power increases from threshold to 342 mW. The minimum recorded pulse width was 2.7 μs at 342 mW. The C-band tunability operation was performed using single mode-multimode-single mode fiber (SM-MM-SM) structure. The laser exhibited a total tuning range of 7 nm, maximum sensitivity of 106.9 nm, optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of 38 dB and 3-dB linewidth of 0.06 nm.

Laser restorative dentistry in children and adolescents.

PubMed

Olivi, G; Genovese, M D

2011-04-01

The idea of substituting a drill with a laser light, has led to its introduction in dentistry. Besides being more accepted to patients, in paediatric dentistry the laser has demonstrated safety compared with rotating instruments. A review of the past 20 years of the dental literature concerning laser use in dentistry, including paediatric dentistry was completed. The findings of that review are presented. The various types of lasers and their uses for caries detection, tooth sealing and caries removal are described. Laser caries detection demonstrated a good reproducibility, reliability and predictability to monitor the caries process over time. Erbium lasers have been found to be efficient for caries removal, tooth cleaning and decontamination. The laser erbium technology represents a safe device to effectively and selectively remove carious tissues from decayed teeth. For children, all the recognized advantages of this technique play a decisive role in the successful day-to-day treatment of dental caries.

Suppression of thermal frequency noise in erbium-doped fiber random lasers.

PubMed

Saxena, Bhavaye; Bao, Xiaoyi; Chen, Liang

2014-02-15

Frequency and intensity noise are characterized for erbium-doped fiber (EDF) random lasers based on Rayleigh distributed feedback mechanism. We propose a theoretical model for the frequency noise of such random lasers using the property of random phase modulations from multiple scattering points in ultralong fibers. We find that the Rayleigh feedback suppresses the noise at higher frequencies by introducing a Lorentzian envelope over the thermal frequency noise of a long fiber cavity. The theoretical model and measured frequency noise agree quantitatively with two fitting parameters. The random laser exhibits a noise level of 6  Hz²/Hz at 2 kHz, which is lower than what is found in conventional narrow-linewidth EDF fiber lasers and nonplanar ring laser oscillators (NPROs) by a factor of 166 and 2, respectively. The frequency noise has a minimum value for an optimum length of the Rayleigh scattering fiber.

An L-band multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser with switchable frequency spacing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Xuefang; Hu, Kongwen; Wei, Yizhen; Bi, Meihua; Yang, Guowei

2017-01-01

In this paper, a novel L-band multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser consisting of two ring cavities is proposed and demonstrated. The frequency spacing can be switched, corresponding to the single and double Brillouin frequency shifts, by toggling the optical switch. Under a 980 nm pump power of 600 mw, and a Brillouin pump power of 4 mW and wavelength of 1599.4 nm, up to 16 Stokes signals with a frequency spacing of 0.089 nm and 5 Stokes signals with double spacing of 0.178 nm are generated. A wavelength tunability of 15 nm (1593 nm  -  1608 nm) is realized for both frequency spacings. The fluctuation of Stokes signals for both single and double Brillouin spacing regimes in the proposed setup is less than 1.5 dB throughout a 30 min time span.

Organo-erbium systems for optical amplification at telecommunications wavelengths.

PubMed

Ye, H Q; Li, Z; Peng, Y; Wang, C C; Li, T Y; Zheng, Y X; Sapelkin, A; Adamopoulos, G; Hernández, I; Wyatt, P B; Gillin, W P

2014-04-01

Modern telecommunications rely on the transmission and manipulation of optical signals. Optical amplification plays a vital part in this technology, as all components in a real telecommunications system produce some loss. The two main issues with present amplifiers, which rely on erbium ions in a glass matrix, are the difficulty in integration onto a single substrate and the need of high pump power densities to produce gain. Here we show a potential organic optical amplifier material that demonstrates population inversion when pumped from above using low-power visible light. This system is integrated into an organic light-emitting diode demonstrating that electrical pumping can be achieved. This opens the possibility of direct electrically driven optical amplifiers and optical circuits. Our results provide an alternative approach to producing low-cost integrated optics that is compatible with existing silicon photonics and a different route to an effective integrated optics technology.

Polarization independent thermally tunable erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain equalizer using a cascaded Mach-Zehnder coupler.

PubMed

Sahu, P P

2008-02-10

A thermally tunable erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain equalizer filter based on compact point symmetric cascaded Mach-Zehnder (CMZ) coupler is presented with its mathematical model and is found to be polarization dependent due to stress anisotropy caused by local heating for thermo-optic phase change from its mathematical analysis. A thermo-optic delay line structure with a stress releasing groove is proposed and designed for the reduction of polarization dependent characteristics of the high index contrast point symmetric delay line structure of the device. It is found from thermal analysis by using an implicit finite difference method that temperature gradients of the proposed structure, which mainly causes the release of stress anisotropy, is approximately nine times more than that of the conventional structure. It is also seen that the EDFA gain equalized spectrum by using the point symmetric CMZ device based on the proposed structure is almost polarization independent.

Tunable self-seeded multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser based on few-mode fiber filter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zou, Hui; Ma, Lei; Xiong, Hui; Zhang, Yun-shan; Liu, Chun-xiao

2017-11-01

A tunable self-seeded multi-wavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser (BEFL) is proposed and demonstrated based on a few-mode fiber filter (FMFF) with varying temperature. The FMFF configuration is a section of uncoated few-mode fiber (FMF) sandwiched between two up-tapers. As the temperature varies from 25 °C to 125 °C, the transmission spectrum of FMFF moves towards the longer wavelength. The self-excited Brillouin pump is internally achieved by cascaded stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the single mode fiber (SMF). Then employing the FMFF temperature variation characteristics in the ring cavity fiber laser, the multi-wavelength of the output laser can be tuned, and the tunable range is about 8.0 nm. The generation of up to 15 Brillouin Stokes wavelengths with 16 dB optical signal- to-noise ratio ( OSNR) is realized.

Dynamics of Peregrine combs and Peregrine walls in an inhomogeneous Hirota and Maxwell-Bloch system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Lei; Wang, Zi-Qi; Sun, Wen-Rong; Shi, Yu-Ying; Li, Min; Xu, Min

2017-06-01

Under investigation in this paper is an inhomogeneous Hirota-Maxwell-Bloch (IHMB) system which can describe the propagation of optical solitons in an erbium-doped optical fiber. The breather multiple births (BMBs) are derived with periodically varying group velocity dispersion (GVD) coefficients. Under large periodic modulations in the GVD coefficient of IHMB system, the Peregrine comb (PC) solution is produced, which can be viewed as the limiting case of the BMBs. When the amplitude of the modulation satisfies a special condition, the Peregrine wall (PW) that can be regarded as an intermediate state between rogue wave and PC is obtained. The effects of the third-order dispersion on the spatiotemporal characteristics of PCs and PWs are studied. Our results may be useful for the experimental control and manipulation of the formation of generalized Peregrine rogue waves in inhomogeneous erbium-doped optical fiber.

Dual-wavelength, mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser employing a graphene/polymethyl-methacrylate saturable absorber.

PubMed

Lau, K Y; Abu Bakar, M H; Muhammad, F D; Latif, A A; Omar, M F; Yusoff, Z; Mahdi, M A

2018-05-14

Mode-locked fiber laser incorporating a saturable absorber is an attractive configuration due to its stability and simple structure. In this work, we demonstrate a dual-wavelength passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser employing a graphene/polymethyl-methacrylate saturable absorber. A laser resonator is developed based on dual cavity architecture with unidirectional signal oscillation, which is connected by a fiber branch sharing a common gain medium and saturable absorber. Dual wavelength mode-locked fiber lasers are observed at approximately 1530 and 1560 nm with 22.6 mW pump power threshold. Soliton pulse circulates in the laser cavity with pulse duration of 900 and 940 fs at shorter and longer wavelengths, respectively. This work presents a viable option in developing a low threshold mode-locked laser source with closely spaced dual wavelength femtosecond pulses in the C-band wavelength region.

Non-ablative fractional resurfacing of surgical and post-traumatic scars.

PubMed

Vasily, David B; Cerino, Mary E; Ziselman, Ethel M; Zeina, S Tannous

2009-11-01

Non-ablative, fractional lasers generate microscopic columns of coagulated tissue through the epidermis and dermis to evoke a wound healing response. In this study, the authors examined the efficacy and safety of the non-ablative 1540 nm erbium:glass fractional laser in the treatment of surgical and post-traumatic scars. Clinical studies were conducted on a range of surgical and post-traumatic scars with a 1540 nm erbium:glass fractional laser varying energy, pulse widths, treatment passes, and number of treatments. A histological study was conducted on a postsurgical scar to follow the time course of healing post-treatment and the impact of the fractional treatment on normalization of scar tissue, as compared to baseline histology of the scar. Histologic findings demonstrated rapid re-epithelialization of the epidermis within 72 hours of treatment. Remodeling of scar tissue with renewal and reorganization of collagen fibers in the dermis was noted two weeks post-treatment. Clinical subjects, with Fitzpatrick skin types II-V, received three to seven treatments with microbeam energies up to 60 mJ/pb and five passes. Relative to baseline, 73% of treated scars improved 50% or more and 43% improved 75% or more. Side effects included mild swelling (95% of subjects), erythema (94%) and purpura (5%), which all resolved within two to three days. Downtime was minimal-to-none for all subjects. These data illustrate the safety and efficacy of the 1540 nm erbium:glass fractional laser in the treatment of surgical and post-traumatic scars. Practitioners can vary energy and microbeam density in order to tailor the treatment to reflect the individual scar characteristics.

Non-ablative fractionated laser skin resurfacing for the treatment of aged neck skin.

PubMed

Bencini, Pier Luca; Tourlaki, Athanasia; Galimberti, Michela; Pellacani, Giovanni

2015-06-01

Aging of the neck skin includes poikiloderma of Civatte, skin laxity and wrinkles. While the vascular alterations of poikiloderma of Civatte can be effectively treated with lasers or intense pulsed light, a successful treatment of dyschromia, skin laxity and wrinkles is still difficult to achieve. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of non-ablative fractional 1540 erbium glass laser for the treatment of aged neck skin, also by means of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). A prospective study for neck resurfacing in 18 women with aged neck skin. Six laser treatments were performed in 4-week intervals with a 1540-nm erbium-glass fiber laser. By using a 6-point grading scale, the mean score (±SD; range) at baseline was 3.6 (±1.5; 1-6) for skin dyschromia, 2.9 (±1.4; 1-6) for laxity and 3.3 (±1.3; 1-5) for wrinkles. Three months after the last laser session, we found a significant clinical improvement of dyschromia (p = 0.0002; Wilcoxon test), and wrinkles (p = 0.0004; Wilcoxon test), with a mean (±SD) reduction of 2.5 (±1.0) and 1.9 (±1.1) points in the 6-point grading scale, respectively. No change was observed in laxity. These results were also supported by structural changes documented by RCM. Non-ablative fractional 1540 erbium glass laser was both safe and effective for the treatment of dyschromia and wrinkles, but not effective for the laxity of the neck skin.

Dynamics of laser-induced channel formation in water and influence of pulse duration on the ablation of biotissue under water with pulsed erbium-laser radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ith, M.; Pratisto, H.; Altermatt, H. J.; Frenz, M.; Weber, H. P.

1994-12-01

The ability to use fiber-delivered erbium-laser radiation for non-contact arthroscopic meniscectomy in a liquid environment was studied. The laser radiation is transmitted through a water-vapor channel created by the leading part of the laser pulse. The dynamics of the channel formation around a submerged fiber tip was investigated with time-resolved flash photography. Strong pressure transients with amplitudes up to a few hundreds of bars measured with a needle hydrophone were found to accompany the channel formation process. Additional pressure transients in the range of kbars were observed after the laser pulse associated with the collapse of the vapor channel. Transmission measurements revealed that the duration the laser-induced channel stays open, and therefore the energy transmittable through it, is substantially determined by the laser pulse duration. The optimum pulse duration was found to be in the range between 250 and 350 µS. This was confirmed by histological evaluations of the laser incisions in meniscus: Increasing the pulse duration from 300 to 800 µs leads to a decrease in the crater depth from 1600 to 300 µm. A comparison of the histological examination after laser treatment through air and through water gave information on the influence of the vapor channel on the ablation efficiency, the cutting quality and the induced thermal damage in the adjacent tissue. The study shows that the erbium laser combined with an adequate fiber delivery system represents an effective surgical instrument liable to become increasingly accepted in orthopedic surgery.

Control of pulse format in high energy per pulse all-fiber erbium/ytterbium laser systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klopfer, Michael; Block, Matthew K.; Deffenbaugh, James; Fitzpatrick, Zak G.; Urioste, Michael T.; Henry, Leanne J.; Jain, Ravinder

2017-02-01

A multi-stage linearly polarized (PM) (15 dB) pulsed fiber laser system at 1550 nm capable of operating at repetition rates between 3 and 20 kHz was investigated. A narrow linewidth seed source was linewidth broadened to approximately 20 GHz and pulses were created and shaped via an electro-optic modulator (EOM) in conjunction with a home built arbitrary waveform generator. As expected, a high repetition rate pulse train with a near diffraction limited beam quality (M2 1.12) was achieved. However, the ability to store energy was limited by the number of active ions within the erbium/ytterbium doped gain fiber within the various stages. As a result, the maximum energy per pulse achievable from the system was approximately 0.3 and 0.38 mJ for 300 ns and 1 μs pulses, respectively, at 3 kHz. Because the system was operated at high inversion, the erbium/ytterbium doped optical fiber preferred to lase at 1535 nm versus 1550 nm resulting in amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) both intra- and inter-pulse. For the lower power stages, the ASE was controllable via a EOM whose function was to block the energy between pulses as well as ASE filters whose purpose was to block spectral components outside of the 1550 nm passband. For the higher power stages, the pump diodes were pulsed to enable strategic placement of an inversion resulting in higher intrapulse energies as well as an improved spectrum of the signal. When optimized, this system will be used to seed higher power solid state amplifier stages.

Ultra-narrow-linewidth erbium-doped lasers on a silicon photonics platform

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Nanxi; Purnawirman, Purnawirman; Magden, E. Salih; Singh, Gurpreet; Singh, Neetesh; Baldycheva, Anna; Hosseini, Ehsan S.; Sun, Jie; Moresco, Michele; Adam, Thomas N.; Leake, Gerald; Coolbaugh, Douglas; Bradley, Jonathan D. B.; Watts, Michael R.

2018-02-01

We report ultra-narrow-linewidth erbium-doped aluminum oxide (Al2O3:Er3+) distributed feedback (DFB) lasers with a wavelength-insensitive silicon-compatible waveguide design. The waveguide consists of five silicon nitride (SiNx) segments buried under silicon dioxide (SiO2) with a layer Al2O3:Er3+ deposited on top. This design has a high confinement factor (> 85%) and a near perfect (> 98%) intensity overlap for an octave-spanning range across near infrared wavelengths (950-2000 nm). We compare the performance of DFB lasers in discrete quarter phase shifted (QPS) cavity and distributed phase shifted (DPS) cavity. Using QPS-DFB configuration, we obtain maximum output powers of 0.41 mW, 0.76 mW, and 0.47 mW at widely spaced wavelengths within both the C and L bands of the erbium gain spectrum (1536 nm, 1566 nm, and 1596 nm). In a DPS cavity, we achieve an order of magnitude improvement in maximum output power (5.43 mW) and a side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of > 59.4 dB at an emission wavelength of 1565 nm. We observe an ultra-narrow linewidth of ΔνDPS = 5.3 +/- 0.3 kHz for the DPS-DFB laser, as compared to ΔγQPS = 30.4 +/- 1.1 kHz for the QPS-DFB laser, measured by a recirculating self-heterodyne delayed interferometer (RSHDI). Even narrower linewidth can be achieved by mechanical stabilization of the setup, increasing the pump absorption efficiency, increasing the output power, or enhancing the cavity Q.

Laser Sounder Approach for Measuring Atmospheric CO2 from Orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krainak, Michael A.; Andrews, Arlyn E.; Allan, Graham R.; Burris, John F.; Collatz, G. James; Riris, Harris; Stephen, Mark A.; Sun, Xiao-Li; Abshire, James B.

2004-01-01

We report on an active remote sensing approach using an erbium fiber amplifier based transmitter for atmospheric CO2 measurements in an overtone band near 1.57 microns and initial horizontal path measurements to less than 1% precision.

25 CFR 151.15 - Information collection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

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Influence of Laser Activated Irrigation with two Erbium Lasers on Bond Strength of Inidividually Formed Fiber Reinforced Composite Posts to Root Canal Dentin.

PubMed

Parčina, Ivana; Amižić; Miletić, Ivana; Ionescu, Andrei C; Brambilla, Eugenio; Gabrić, Dragana; Baraba, Anja

2016-12-01

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of laser activated irrigation (LAI) using two erbium lasers on bond strength of individually formed fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts to root canal dentin. Twenty-seven single-rooted human teeth were endodontically treated and after post space preparation divided into three groups (n=9 per group), according to the pre-treatment of post space preparation: 1) Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) and saline; 2) Er.YAG photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) technique and saline; 3) Er,Cr:YSGG activated irrigation with RFT2 tip. Two specimens from each group were used for SEM analysis. The remaining specimens (n=7 per group) received individually formed FRC post, everStick POST, luted with self-adhesive cement, G-CEM LinkAce. After cementation, the roots were perpendicularly sectioned into 1 mm thin sections and a push-out test was carried out (0.5 mm/min). The data were calculated as megapascals and were log transformed and statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA at the level of significance set at 5%. In the control group, the smear layer was still present. In the Er:YAG group, the smear layer was removed. In the Er,Cr:YSGG group, the smear layer was partially removed. The Er,Cr:YSGG group achieved the highest bond strength values, followed by the control group and then the Er:YAG group, but no statistically significant difference was found in bond strength values in the tested group of post space pretreatment (p=0.564). LAI using two erbium lasers, with PIPS or RFT2 tip, did not affect the bond strength of individually formed FRC posts to root canal dentin.

Investigating the evolution of local structure around Er and Yb in ZnO:Er and ZnO:Er, Yb on annealing using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Anjana, R.; Jayaraj, M. K.; Yadav, A. K.; Jha, S. N.; Bhattacharyya, D.

2018-04-01

The local structure around Er and Yb centre in ZnO favouring upconversion luminescence was studied using EXAFS (Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy). Due to the ionic radii difference between Zn and Er, Yb ions, the dopants cannot replace Zn in the ZnO lattice properly. Er2O3 and Yb2O3 impurity phases are formed at the grain boundaries of ZnO. It is found that the local structure around the Er centre in ZnO is modified on annealing in air. The symmetry around both erbium and ytterbium reduces with increase in annealing temperature. Symmetry reduction will favour the intra-4f transition and the energy transitions causing upconversion luminescence. By fitting the EXAFS data with theoretically simulated data, it is found that the Er centre forms a local structure similar to C4ν symmetry which is a distorted octahedron. On annealing the sample to 1200 °C, all the erbium centres are transformed to C4ν symmetry causing enhanced upconversion emission. Yb centre has also been modified on annealing. The decrease in co-ordination number with annealing temperature will decrease the symmetry and increase the near infrared absorption cross section. The decrease in symmetry around both the erbium and ytterbium centre and formation of C4ν symmetry around Er centre is the reason behind the activation of upconversion luminescence with high temperature annealing in both Er doped and Er, Yb co-doped ZnO samples. The study will be useful for the synthesis of high efficiency upconversion materials.

Influence of lasing parameters on the cleaning efficacy of laser-activated irrigation with pulsed erbium lasers.

PubMed

Meire, Maarten A; Havelaerts, Sophie; De Moor, Roeland J

2016-05-01

Laser-activated irrigation (LAI) using erbium lasers is an irrigant agitation technique with great potential for improved cleaning of the root canal system, as shown in many in vitro studies. However, lasing parameters for LAI vary considerably and their influence remains unclear. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the influence of pulse energy, pulse frequency, pulse length, irradiation time and fibre tip shape, position and diameter on the cleaning efficacy of LAI. Transparent resin blocks containing standardized root canals (apical diameter of 0.4 mm, 6% taper, 15 mm long, with a coronal reservoir) were used as the test model. A standardized groove in the apical part of each canal wall was packed with stained dentin debris. The canals were filled with irrigant, which was activated by an erbium: yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser (2940 nm, AT Fidelis, Fotona, Ljubljana, Slovenia). In each experiment, one laser parameter was varied, while the others remained constant. In this way, the influence of pulse energy (10-40 mJ), pulse length (50-1000 μs), frequency (5-30 Hz), irradiation time (5-40 s) and fibre tip shape (flat or conical), position (pulp chamber, canal entrance, next to groove) and diameter (300-600 μm) was determined by treating 20 canals per parameter. The amount of debris remaining in the groove after each LAI procedure was scored and compared among the different treatments. The parameters significantly (P < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis) affecting debris removal from the groove were fibre tip position, pulse length, pulse energy, irradiation time and frequency. Fibre tip shape and diameter had no significant influence on the cleaning efficacy.

Preparation and characterization of visible-light-driven TiO2 photocatalyst Co-doped with nitrogen and erbium.

PubMed

Chen, Guihua; Wang, Yong; Zhang, Juihui; Wu, Chenglin; Liang, Huading; Yang, Hui

2012-05-01

A series of nitrogen and erbium co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst was prepared by sol-hydrothermal method. The structure and properties of the photocatalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The XRD and BET results showed that co-doping inhibited the increase of crystallite size and enlarged specific surface areas. XPS spectroscopy indicated nitrogen atoms were incorporated into TiO2 lattice, and erbium atoms mostly existed in the forms of Er2O3. A shift of the absorption edge to the lower energy and four absorption bands located at 654, 544, 524 and 489 nm attributed to the 4f transitions of 4I15/2 --> 4F2/9, 4I15/2 --> 4S3/2, 4I15/2 --> 2H11/2, 4I15/2 --> 4F7/2 of Er3+ were observed using DRS spectroscopy. The catalytic efficency was evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the photocatalytic performance of the co-doped TiO2 was related with the hydrothermal temperature and the molar ratio of N/Ti, and they showed higher acitivites than pure TiO2. Results determined by fluorescence technique revealed that irradiation (lambda > 400 nm) of TiO2 photocatalyst dispersed in MO solution induces the generation of the highly active hydroxyl radicals (OH). It indicated the photocatalytic activities of TiO2 photocatalyst were correlation with the formation rate of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and other active oxygen species.

Construction and Passive Q-Switching of a Ring-Cavity Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser Using Carbon Nanotubes as a Saturable Absorber

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scott, Austin Murphy

The purpose of this thesis is to design, build, test, and achieve pulsed operation of a ring-cavity erbium-doped fiber laser using carbon nanotubes as a saturable absorber. The erbium-doped fiber is characterized first, cross-sections are calculated, and the gain value is determined. Subsequently, the ring cavity is constructed and the laser is operated in the continuous wave regime. Much time is then spent trying to characterize and utilize the carbon nanotubes successfully. Many dispersions are made using multiple solvents and dispersing media, various images are taken with both scanning electron and Raman microscopy, and attempts at purification are made. Saturable absorbers are then created both by coating the end facet of a fiber with a dispersion containing carbon nanotubes and by inserting a fabricated poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) polymer composite film between two fiber end facets. Once inserted into the cavity, the saturable absorbers passively Q-switch the laser in three distinct cases. A fiber end facet coating of SWCNTs dispersed into isopropanol produced pulses with duration of 17.45 +/- 0.11 micros and 2.74 +/- 0.14 micros, with repetition rates of 25.36 +/- 0.53 kHz and 37.77 +/- 0.33 kHz, respectively. A second fiber end facet coating of SWCNTs dispersed into dimethylformamide (DMF) produced pulses with duration of 12.28 +/- 1.08 micros and 3.58 +/- 0.12 micros, with repetition rates of 25.13 +/- 0.63 kHz and 26.46 +/- 0.13 kHz, respectively. The PMMA plus SWCNT polymer composite film produced pulses of 0.716 +/- 0.007 micros duration and 142.8 +/- 1 kHz repetition rate.

14 CFR Appendix G to Part 151 - Appendix G to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Appendix G to Part 151 G Appendix G to Part 151 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Pt. 151, App. G Appendix G to Part 151 There is set forth below an...

14 CFR Appendix G to Part 151 - Appendix G to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Appendix G to Part 151 G Appendix G to Part 151 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Pt. 151, App. G Appendix G to Part 151 There is set forth below an...

14 CFR Appendix G to Part 151 - Appendix G to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Appendix G to Part 151 G Appendix G to Part 151 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Pt. 151, App. G Appendix G to Part 151 There is set forth below an...

14 CFR Appendix G to Part 151 - Appendix G to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Appendix G to Part 151 G Appendix G to Part 151 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Pt. 151, App. G Appendix G to Part 151 There is set forth below an...

Internal gain in Er-doped As₂S₃ chalcogenide planar waveguides.

PubMed

Yan, Kunlun; Vu, Khu; Madden, Steve

2015-03-01

Low-loss erbium-doped As₂S₃ planar waveguides are fabricated by cothermal evaporation and plasma etching. Internal gain in the telecommunications band is demonstrated for the first time in any chalcogenide glass and additionally in a thin film planar waveguide amplifier configuration.

Erbium Doped GaN Lasers by Optical Pumping

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-13

obtained via growth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) in conjunction with a laser-lift-off (LLO) process. An Er doping level of 1.4 × 10^20 atoms/cm3... conjunction with a laser-lift-off (LLO) 2 process. An Er doping level

Magnetic phase diagrams of erbium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frazer, B. H.; Gebhardt, J. R.; Ali, N.

1999-04-01

The magnetic phase diagrams of erbium in the magnetic field-temperature plane have been constructed for applied magnetic fields along the a and b axes. For an a-axis applied field our H-T phase diagrams determined from magnetization and magnetoresistance data are in good agreement and consistent with that of Jehan et al. for temperatures below 50 K. A splitting of the basal plane Néel temperature (TN⊥) above 3.75 T introduces two new magnetic phases. Also a transition from a fan to a canted fan phase as suggested by Jehan et al. is observed in an increasing field below TC. Our phase diagram for a b-axis applied field constructed from magnetization data is very similar to the phase diagram of Watson and Ali using magnetoresistance measurements. However, the anomaly at 42 K reported by Watson and Ali is not observed in the present study. No splitting of the TN⊥ transition is observed in either work for a field applied along the b axis.

Rare-earth doped transparent nano-glass-ceramics: a new generation of photonic integrated devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rodríguez-Armas, Vicente Daniel; Tikhomirov, Victor K.; Méndez-Ramos, Jorge; Yanes, Angel C.; Del-Castillo, Javier; Furniss, David; Seddon, Angela B.

2007-05-01

We report on optical properties and prospect applications on rare-earth doped oxyfluoride precursor glass and ensuing nano-glass-ceramics. We find out the spectral optical gain of the nano-glass-ceramics and show that its flatness and breadth are advantageous as compared to contemporary used erbium doped optical amplifiers. We present the possibility of flat gain cross-section erbium doped waveguide amplifiers as short 'chip', all-optical, devices capable of dense wavelength division multiplexing, including the potential for direct writing of these devices inside bulk glasses for three-dimensional photonic integration. We carried out a comparative study of the up-conversion luminescence in Er 3+-doped and Yb 3+-Er 3+-Tm 3+ co-doped samples, which indicates that these materials can be used as green/red tuneable up-conversion phosphors and white light simulation respectively. Observed changes in the spectra of the up-conversion luminescence provide a tool for tuning the colour opening the way for producing 3-dimensional optical recording.

Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of the Effects of Erbium, Chromium:Yattrium-Scandium-Gallium-Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) Laser Irradiation on Bone Mineral and Organic Components.

PubMed

Benetti, Carolina; Ana, Patricia Aparecida; Bachmann, Luciano; Zezell, Denise Maria

2015-12-01

The effects of varying the energy density of a high-intensity erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser on the mineral and organic components of bone tissue were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Bone samples obtained from the tibias of rabbits were irradiated with five energy densities (3, 6, 8, 12, and 15 J/cm(2)), and the effects on the carbonate to phosphate ratio and in the organic components were compared with those of nonirradiated samples. The increased temperature during the laser irradiation was also measured using infrared thermography to relate the observed spectral changes to the laser thermal effects. The analyses of the infrared spectra suggests that the irradiation with Er,Cr:YSGG promoted changes in bone tissue in both the mineral and organic components that depend on the laser energy density, pointing to the importance of using the proper energy density in clinical procedures.

Assessment of commercial optical amplifiers for potential use in space applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Barbero, Juan; Sotom, Michel; Benazet, Benoit; Esquivias, Ignacio; López Hernández, Francisco José

2017-11-01

This paper describes the activities and results of an ESA-funded project concerned with the assessment of optical amplifier technologies and products for applications in fiber optic subsystems of future satellite payloads. On-board applications are briefly introduced, together with associated system-level requirements. Optical amplifier technologies, research achievements and products are reviewed. They are compared in terms of current performance, perspectives and suitability for the target space applications. Optical fibre amplifiers, not limited to Erbium-doped amplifiers, Erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers are covered. The review includes analysis and trade-off of all performance parameters including saturation output power, noise figure, polarisation maintaining capability, wall-plug efficiency, and mass and size. A selection of optical amplifier products for further evaluation and testing is presented. Results of extensive testing covering both functional performance and environmental behaviour (mechanical, thermal vacuum, radiations) aspects are reported. Most of the work has been completed, but an extension has been proposed for checking and comparing the behaviour of doped fibers under gamma radiation.

Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation numérique des propriétés spectroscopiques d'absorbants saturables pour le déclenchement passif de laser verre erbium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Girard, S.; Shcherbitsky, V.; Fromager, M.; Aït Ameur, K.; Moncorgé, R.; Ferrand, B.; Montagne, J.

2002-06-01

Une comparaison entre différents absorbants saturables (LMA, MALO, ZnS et ZnSe dopés Col^+ et ZnSe dopé Cr^{2+}) utilisables comme interrupteur optique passif pour déclencher les sources lasers verre erbium à 1.53 μm est présentée. Des expériences de saturation en simple passage sont interprétées en tenant compte de la distribution spatiale et temporelle du laser de pompe. Cette technique permet d'obtenir des sections efficaces de saturation effectives fiables et indépendantes des conditions de mesure sans introduire artificiellement d'absorption dans l'état excité qui, en principe, n'existe pas dans ce type de système contrairement aux études effectuées jusqu'ici sur ces matériaux.

A single dopant atom in silicon sees the light

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rogge, Sven

2014-03-01

Optical access to a single qubit is very attractive since it allows for readout with unprecedented high spectral resolution and long distance coupling. Substantial progress has been demonstrated for nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond (Bernien, Nature, 2013). Optical access to qubits in silicon been an important goal but has to date only been achieved in the ensemble limit (Steger, Science, 2012). Here, we present the photoionization of an individual erbium dopant in silicon (Yin, Nature, 2013). A single-electron transistor is used as a single-shot charge detector to observe the resonant ionization of a single atom as a function of photon energy. This allows for optical addressing and electrical detection of individual erbium dopants with exceptionally narrow line width. The hyperfine coupling is clearly resolved which paves the way to single shot readout of the nuclear spin. This hybrid approach is a first step towards an optical interface to dopants in silicon. in collaboration with Chunming Yin, Milos Rancic, Gabriele G. de Boo, Nikolas Stavrias, Jeffrey C. McCallum, Matthew J. Sellars.

Novel methotrexate soft nanocarrier/fractional erbium YAG laser combination for clinical treatment of plaque psoriasis.

PubMed

Ramez, Shahenda A; Soliman, Mona M; Fadel, Maha; Nour El-Deen, Faisal; Nasr, Maha; Youness, Eman R; Aboel-Fadl, Dalea M

2018-02-15

Psoriasis is a commonly encountered chronic dermatological disease, presenting with inflammatory symptoms in patients. Systemic treatment of psoriasis is associated with several adverse effects, therefore the development of a customized topical treatment modality for psoriasis would be an interesting alternative to systemic delivery. The therapeutic modality explored in this article was the comparative treatment of psoriatic patients using nanoparticulated methotrexate in the form of jojoba oil-based microemulsion with or without fractional erbium YAG laser. Assessment parameters included follow-up photography for up to 8 weeks of treatment, estimation of the psoriasis severity [TES (thickness, erythema, scales)] score, and histopathological skin evaluation. The prepared methotrexate microemulsion was clinically beneficial and safe in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. The concomitant use of the fractional laser provided improvement in the psoriatic plaques within shorter time duration (3 weeks compared to 8 weeks of treatment), presenting an alternative topical treatment modality for psoriasis vulgaris.

Visible cathodoluminescence of Er ions in β-Ga(2)O(3) nanowires and microwires.

PubMed

Nogales, E; Méndez, B; Piqueras, J

2008-01-23

Erbium doped β-Ga(2)O(3) nanowires and microwires have been obtained by a vapour-solid process from an initial mixture of Ga(2)O(3) and Er(2)O(3) powders. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the presence of erbium gallium garnet as well as β-Ga(2)O(3) phases in the microwires. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the larger microwires have a nearly rectangular cross-section. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) analysis show good crystal quality of the β-Ga(2)O(3) nanowires. The nanostructures have been studied by means of the cathodoluminescence technique in the scanning electron microscope. Er intraionic blue, green and red emission lines are observed in luminescence spectra even at room temperature, which confirms the optical activity of the rare earth ions in the grown structures. Mapping of the main 555 nm emission intensity shows a non-homogeneous distribution of Er ions in the microstructures.

Dark solitons in erbium-doped fiber lasers based on indium tin oxide as saturable absorbers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Jia; Zhang, Huanian; Li, Zhen; Sheng, Yingqiang; Guo, Quanxin; Han, Xile; Liu, Yanjun; Man, Baoyuan; Ning, Tingyin; Jiang, Shouzhen

2018-04-01

Dark solitons, which have good stability, long transmission distance and strong anti-interference ability. By using a coprecipitation method, the high quality indium tin oxide (ITO) were prepared with an average diameter of 34.1 nm. We used a typical Z-scan scheme involving a balanced twin-detector measurement system to investigated nonlinear optical properties of the ITO nanoparticles. The saturation intensity and modulation depths are 13.21 MW/cm2 and 0.48%, respectively. In an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) lasers, we using the ITO nanoparticles as saturable absorber (SA), and the formation of dark soliton is experimentally demonstrated. The generated dark solitons are centered at the wavelength of 1561.1 nm with a repetition rate of 22.06 MHz. Besides, the pulse width and pulse-to-pulse interval of the dark solitons is ∼1.33ns and 45.11 ns, respectively. These results indicate that the ITO nanoparticles is a promising nanomaterial for ultrafast photonics.

Temperature Effects on the Optical Parameters of a Passively Q-Switched Diode-Side Pumped Yb,Er-Laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bogdanovich, M. V.; Izyneev, A. A.; Lantsov, K. I.; Lepchenkov, K. V.; Ryabtsev, A. G.; Pavlovskii, V. N.; Sadovskii, P. I.; Svitenkov, I. E.; Shchemelev, M. A.

2018-03-01

Temperature effects on photoluminescence and absorption spectra of the active medium (LGS-DE erbium phosphate glass) and passive Q-switch (MgAl2O4:Co2+ crystal) of a diode-side pumped Yb,Er-laser are studied. The obtained data are applied to an analysis of the spectral and energetic characteristics of compact erbium emitters. It is established that the dominant generation channel in the temperature range 233-328 K is the optical transition between lower Stark sublevels of Er3+ states 4I13/2 and 4I15/2 (λ = 1532.0-1533.9 nm). A rate-equation system taking into account thermal population of Stark sublevels of states 4I13/2 and 4I15/2 is proposed to describe the experimental temperature dependence of the threshold absorbed power of the pumping radiation. This system and the lasing threshold enable modeling of Yb,Er-emitter output energetic and temporal characteristics.

Dynamic behavior of pump light radiation induced photo-bleaching effect on BAC-Si in bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fibers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Mingjie; Luo, Yanhua; Wen, Jianxiang; Peng, Gang-Ding

2018-02-01

Ultra-wide emission in bismuth doped optical fiber has been extremely studied for the development of the laser and amplifier working at near infrared band. In our homemade bismuth/erbium co-doped optical fiber, bismuth active center associated with silica (BAC-Si) has been found that when pumping at its resonant wavelength at 830 nm the NIR emission could be partially bleached. In addition, a self-recovery process has been observed at room temperature. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. In this work, we have investigated the photo-bleaching effect on the BAC-Si via the pump power, pump wavelength and temperature dependence. Based on analyzing the result using stretched exponential function, it shows that the bleaching effect on BAC-Si has a strong link with the excitation process of Bi ion in BAC-Si. A potential energy curve model is used to illustrate the BAC-Si photo-bleaching process.

Realisation et Applications D'un Laser a Fibre a L'erbium Monofrequence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Larose, Robert

L'incorporation d'ions de terres rares a l'interieur de la matrice de verre d'une fibre optique a permis l'emergence de composants amplificateurs tout-fibre. Le but de cette these consiste d'une part a analyser et a modeliser un tel dispositif et d'autre part, a fabriquer puis a caracteriser un amplificateur et un oscillateur a fibre. A l'aide d'une fibre fortement dopee a l'erbium fabriquee sur demande, on realise un laser a fibre syntonisable qui fonctionne en regime multimodes longitudinaux avec une largeur de raie de 1.5 GHz et egalement comme source monofrequencielle de largeur de raie de 70 kHz. Le laser sert ensuite a caracteriser un reseau de Bragg ecrit par photosensibilite dans une fibre optique. La technique de syntonisation permet aussi l'asservissement au fond d'une resonance de l'acetylene. Le laser garde alors la position centrale de la raie avec une erreur de moins de 1 MHz corrigeant ainsi les derives mecaniques de la cavite.

Effects of an erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser on mucocutanous soft tissues.

PubMed

Rizoiu, I M; Eversole, L R; Kimmel, A I

1996-10-01

Lasers are effective tools for soft tissue surgery. The erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet laser is a new system that incorporates an air-water spray. This study evaluates the cutting margins of this laser and compares healing with laser and conventional scalpel and punch biopsy-induced wounds. New Zealand white rabbits were divided into serial sacrifice groups; the tissues were grossly and microscopically analyzed after laser and convential steel surgical wounding. Wound margins were found to show minimal edge coagulation artifact and were 20 to 40 mm in width. Laser wounds showed minimal to no hemorrhage and re-epithelialization and collagenization were found to occur by day 7 in both laser and conventional groups. The new laser system is an effective soft tissue surgical device; wound healing is comparable to that associated with surgical steel wounds. The minimal edge artifact observed with this laser system should allow for the procurement of diagnostic biopsy specimens.

Microtensile bond strength of composite resin to human enamel prepared using erbium: Yttrium aluminum garnet laser.

PubMed

Delfino, Carina Sinclér; Souza-Zaroni, Wanessa Christine; Corona, Silmara Aparecida Milori; Palma-Dibb, Regina Guenka

2007-02-01

The Erbium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) laser used for preparation of cavity can alter the substrate and it could influence the bond strength of enamel. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of Er:YAG laser's energy using microtensile bond test. Three groups were obtained (cavity preparation) and each group was divided into two subgroups (adhesive system). After that the adhesive protocol was performed, sections with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 (+/-0.2 mm2) were obtained. The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Statistical analysis showed a decrease in bond strength for lased groups (p < 0.01) and when the total-etching adhesive system was used the laser 300 mJ subgroup showed higher bond strength compared to the laser 250 mJ (p < 0.01). It was concluded that the cavities prepared using laser appear less receptive to adhesive procedures than conventional bur-cut cavities. Copyright 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Efficient, High-Power Mid-Infrared Laser for National Securityand Scientific Applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kiani, Leily S.

The LLNL fiber laser group developed a unique short-wave-infrared, high-pulse energy, highaverage- power fiber based laser. This unique laser source has been used in combination with a nonlinear frequency converter to generate wavelengths, useful for remote sensing and other applications in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR). Sources with high average power and high efficiency in this MWIR wavelength region are not yet available with the size, weight, and power requirements or energy efficiency necessary for future deployment. The LLNL developed Fiber Laser Pulsed Source (FiLPS) design was adapted to Erbium doped silica fibers for 1.55 μm pumping of Cadmium Silicon Phosphidemore » (CSP). We have demonstrated, for the first time optical parametric amplification of 2.4 μm light via difference frequency generation using CSP with an Erbium doped fiber source. In addition, for efficiency comparison purposes, we also demonstrated direct optical parametric generation (OPG) as well as optical parametric oscillation (OPO).« less

Observation of low voltage driven green emission from erbium doped Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} light-emitting devices

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chen, Zhengwei; Wang, Xu; Zhang, Fabi

Erbium doped Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} thin films were deposited on Si substrate by pulsed laser deposition method. Bright green emission (∼548 nm) can be observed by naked eye from Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3}:Er/Si light-emitting devices (LEDs). The driven voltage of this LEDs is 6.2 V which is lower than that of ZnO:Er/Si or GaN:Er/Si devices. Since the wide bandgap of Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} contain more defect-related level which will enhance the effects of recombination between electrons in the defect-related level and the holes in the valence band, resulting in the improvement of the energy transfer to Er ions. We believe that this workmore » paves the way for the development of Si-based green LEDs by using wide bandgap Ga{sub 2}O{sub 3} as the host materials for Er{sup 3+} ions.« less

Generation of dual-wavelength square pulse in a figure-eight erbium-doped fiber laser with ultra-large net-anomalous dispersion.

PubMed

Shao, Zhihua; Qiao, Xueguang; Rong, Qiangzhou; Su, Dan

2015-08-01

A type of wave-breaking-free mode-locked dual-wavelength square pulse was experimentally observed in a figure-eight erbium-doped fiber laser with ultra-large net-anomalous dispersion. A 2.7 km long single-mode fiber (SMF) was incorporated as a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) and provided largely nonlinear phase accumulation and anomalous dispersion, which enhanced the four-wave-mixing effect to improve the stability of the dual-wavelength operation. In the NOLM, the long SMF with small birefringence supported the Sagnac interference as a filter to manage the dual-wavelength lasing. The dual-wavelength operation was made switchable by adjusting the intra-cavity polarization loss and phase delay corresponding to two square pulses. When the pump power was increased, the duration of the square pulse increased continuously while the peak pulse power gradually decreased. This square-type pulse can potentially be utilized for signal transmission and sensing.

High-efficiency ytterbium-free erbium-doped all-glass double cladding silicate glass fiber for resonantly-pumped fiber lasers.

PubMed

Qiang, Zexuan; Geng, Jihong; Luo, Tao; Zhang, Jun; Jiang, Shibin

2014-02-01

A highly efficient ytterbium-free erbium-doped silicate glass fiber has been developed for high-power fiber laser applications at an eye-safe wavelength near 1.55 μm. Our preliminary experiments show that high laser efficiency can be obtained from a relatively short length of the gain fiber when resonantly pumped at 1535 nm in both core- and cladding-pumping configurations. With a core-pumping configuration as high as 75%, optical-to-optical efficiency and 4 W output power were obtained at 1560 nm from a 1 m long gain fiber. When using a cladding-pumping configuration, approximately 13 W output power with 67.7% slope efficiency was demonstrated from a piece of 2 m long fiber. The lengths of silicate-based gain fiber are much shorter than their silica-based counterparts used in other experiments, which is significantly important for high-power narrow-band and/or pulsed laser applications.

Water flow on erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser irradiation: effects on dental tissues.

PubMed

Colucci, Vivian; do Amaral, Flávia Lucisano Botelho; Pécora, Jesus Djalma; Palma-Dibb, Regina Guenka; Corona, Silmara Aparecida Milori

2009-09-01

Since lasers were introduced in dentistry, there has been considerable advancement in technology. Several wavelengths have been investigated as substitutes for high-speed air turbine. Owing to its high absorbability in water and hydroxyapatite, the erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser has been of great interest among dental practitioners and scientists. In spite of its great potential for hard tissue ablation, Er:YAG laser effectiveness and safety is directly related to an adequate setting of the working patterns. It is assumed that the ablation rate is influenced by certain conditions, such as water content of the target tissue, and laser parameters. It has been shown that Er:YAG irradiation with water coolant attenuates temperature rise and, hence, minimizes the risk of thermally induced pulp injury. It also increases ablation efficiency and enhances adhesion to the lased dental tissue. The aim of this review was to obtain insights into the ablation process and to discuss the effects of water flow on dental tissue ablation using Er:YAG laser.

Research on fiber-optic cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for trace gas detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Ke; Zhou, Xinlei; Gong, Zhenfeng; Yu, Shaochen; Qu, Chao; Guo, Min; Yu, Qingxu

2018-01-01

We demonstrate a new scheme of cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy, combining a sensitivity-improved fiber-optic cantilever acoustic sensor with a tunable high-power fiber laser, for trace gas detection. The Fabry-Perot interferometer based cantilever acoustic sensor has advantages such as high sensitivity, small size, easy to install and immune to electromagnetic. Tunable erbium-doped fiber ring laser with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier is used as the light source for acoustic excitation. In order to improve the sensitivity for photoacoustic signal detection, a first-order longitudinal resonant photoacoustic cell with the resonant frequency of 1624 Hz and a large size cantilever with the first resonant frequency of 1687 Hz are designed. The size of the cantilever is 2.1 mm×1 mm, and the thickness is 10 μm. With the wavelength modulation spectrum and second-harmonic detection methods, trace ammonia (NH3) has been measured. The gas detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 1) near the wavelength of 1522.5 nm is achieved to be 3 ppb.

Structural Insights into HIV Reverse Transcriptase Mutations Q151M and Q151M Complex That Confer Multinucleoside Drug Resistance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Das, Kalyan; Martinez, Sergio E.; Arnold, Eddy

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is targeted by multiple drugs. RT mutations that confer resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) emerge during clinical use. Q151M and four associated mutations, A62V, V75I, F77L, and F116Y, were detected in patients failing therapies with dideoxynucleosides (didanosine [ddI], zalcitabine [ddC]) and/or zidovudine (AZT). The cluster of the five mutations is referred to as the Q151M complex (Q151Mc), and an RT or virus containing Q151Mc exhibits resistance to multiple NRTIs. To understand the structural basis for Q151M and Q151Mc resistance, we systematically determined the crystal structures of the wild-type RT/double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)/dATP (complex I), wild-type RT/dsDNA/ddATPmore » (complex II), Q151M RT/dsDNA/dATP (complex III), Q151Mc RT/dsDNA/dATP (complex IV), and Q151Mc RT/dsDNA/ddATP (complex V) ternary complexes. The structures revealed that the deoxyribose rings of dATP and ddATP have 3'-endo and 3'-exo conformations, respectively. The single mutation Q151M introduces conformational perturbation at the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP)-binding pocket, and the mutated pocket may exist in multiple conformations. The compensatory set of mutations in Q151Mc, particularly F116Y, restricts the side chain flexibility of M151 and helps restore the DNA polymerization efficiency of the enzyme. The altered dNTP-binding pocket in Q151Mc RT has the Q151-R72 hydrogen bond removed and has a switched conformation for the key conserved residue R72 compared to that in wild-type RT. On the basis of a modeled structure of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase, the residues R72, Y116, M151, and M184 in Q151Mc HIV-1 RT are conserved in wild-type HBV polymerase as residues R41, Y89, M171, and M204, respectively; functionally, both Q151Mc HIV-1 and wild-type HBV are resistant to dideoxynucleoside analogs.« less

Spectroscopic Properties of Neodymium and Erbium-Doped Magnesium Oxide Ceramics

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-01

may contribute to the difference between the measured and expected values (such as varied hydration levels in the starting materials), there has...believe that such impurities forms from the thermal decomposition of the organic binders and dispersants used in the processing. We believe the

Durability of resin cement bond to aluminium oxide and zirconia ceramics after air abrasion and laser treatment.

PubMed

Foxton, Richard M; Cavalcanti, Andrea N; Nakajima, Masatoshi; Pilecki, Peter; Sherriff, Martyn; Melo, Luciana; Watson, Timothy F

2011-02-01

The erbium laser has been introduced for cutting enamel and dentin and may have an application in the surface modification of high-strength aluminum oxide and zirconia ceramics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the durability of the bond of conventional dual-cured resin cements to Procera Al(2)O(3) and zirconium oxide ceramics after surface treatment with air abrasion and erbium laser. One hundred twenty Al(2)O(3) and 120 zirconia specimens measuring 3 × 3 × 0.7 mm(3) were divided equally into three groups, and their surfaces treated as follows: either untreated (controls), air abraded with Al(2)O(3) particles, or erbium-laser-treated at a power setting of 200 mJ. The surface of each specimen was then primed and bonded with one of two dual-cured resin cements (either SCP-100 Ceramic Primer and NAC-100 or Monobond S and Variolink II) using a 1-mm thick Tygon tube mold with a 0.75-mm internal bore diameter. After 24 hours and 6 months of water storage at 37°C, a microshear bond strength test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Surface morphology was examined using a confocal microscope, and failure modes were observed using an optical microscope. The data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier nonparametric survival analysis. In the case of zirconia, air abrasion and Erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser treatment of the ceramic surface resulted in a significant reduction in the bond strengths of both resin cements after 6 months water storage; however, when the zirconia surface was left untreated, the SCP-100/NAC-100 group did not significantly reduce in bond strength. In the case of alumina, no treatment, air abrasion and Er:YAG laser treatment of the surface led to no significant reduction in the bond strengths of the three SCP-100/NAC-100 groups after 6 months water storage, whereas all three Monobond S/Variolink II groups showed a significant reduction. Er:YAG laser treatment of the zirconia surface did not result in a durable resin cement/ceramic bond; however, a durable bond between a conventional dual-cured resin cement and Procera All Ceram and Procera All Zirkon was formed using a ceramic primer containing the phosphate monomer, MDP, without any additional surface treatment. © 2011 by The American College of Prosthodontists.

46 CFR 151.56-1 - Prohibited materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Prohibited materials. 151.56-1 Section 151.56-1 Shipping... BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Prohibited Materials of Construction § 151.56-1 Prohibited materials. When one of the following paragraphs of this section is referenced in table 151.05, the materials...

46 CFR 151.56-1 - Prohibited materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Prohibited materials. 151.56-1 Section 151.56-1 Shipping... BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Prohibited Materials of Construction § 151.56-1 Prohibited materials. When one of the following paragraphs of this section is referenced in table 151.05, the materials...

46 CFR 151.56-1 - Prohibited materials.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Prohibited materials. 151.56-1 Section 151.56-1 Shipping... BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Prohibited Materials of Construction § 151.56-1 Prohibited materials. When one of the following paragraphs of this section is referenced in table 151.05, the materials...

19 CFR 151.54 - Testing by Customs laboratory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Testing by Customs laboratory. 151.54 Section 151... Other Metal-Bearing Materials § 151.54 Testing by Customs laboratory. Samples taken in accordance with § 151.52 shall be promptly forwarded to the appropriate Customs laboratory for testing in accordance...

14 CFR 151.127 - Accounting and audit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Accounting and audit. 151.127 Section 151...) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Rules and Procedures for Advance Planning and Engineering Proposals § 151.127 Accounting and audit. The requirements of § 151.55 relating to accounting and audit of project...

46 CFR 151.15-1 - Tank types.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tank types. 151.15-1 Section 151.15-1 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Tanks § 151.15-1 Tank types. This section lists the definitions of the various tank types required for cargo containment by Table 151.05. (a) Integral. A cargo containment...

46 CFR 151.15-1 - Tank types.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tank types. 151.15-1 Section 151.15-1 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Tanks § 151.15-1 Tank types. This section lists the definitions of the various tank types required for cargo containment by Table 151.05. (a) Integral. A cargo containment...

46 CFR 151.50-81 - Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. 151.50-81 Section 151.50-81 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.50-81 Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. When table 151.05 refers to this...

46 CFR 151.50-81 - Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. 151.50-81 Section 151.50-81 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.50-81 Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. When table 151.05 refers to this...

46 CFR 151.50-81 - Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. 151.50-81 Section 151.50-81 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.50-81 Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. When table 151.05 refers to this...

46 CFR 151.50-81 - Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. 151.50-81 Section 151.50-81 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.50-81 Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. When table 151.05 refers to this...

46 CFR 151.50-81 - Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. 151.50-81 Section 151.50-81 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.50-81 Special operating requirements for heat sensitive cargoes. When table 151.05 refers to this...

Investigation on the applications of fiber grating lasers in industrial sensing and pollution monitoring

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Yuanzhong

The main objective of the project was to develop ``eye-safe'' fiber-grating lasers for pollution measurement and monitoring. Fiber grating lasers have a number of advantages such as narrow linewidth and precise wavelength control over the semiconductor counterparts. Three types of Erbium doped fiber grating lasers emitting in 1.5 μm band were developed and characterized in this work. We first used an entirely original approach to develop tunable dual-wavelength switchable fiber grating laser for differential absorption spectroscopy. The lam can switch between two wavelengths with each wavelength being independently tunable. It's characterized by >6-mW output power, <2% intensity fluctuation, 100s Hz switching speed and 1:100,000 wavelength extinction ratio. The outstanding advantage of this approach is the simplicity in laser configuration as well as in detection system for dual wavelength laser, because it uses only an overlapped gain medium and one detector for both wavelengths. Main drawbacks of the prototype laser are slow switching speed (100s Hz) and multimode operation, which could be overcome by cavity dampening and modification in laser configuration. Short cavity erbium-doped fiber grating lasers using high Erbium concentration were also studied. A 6-cm long fiber-grating laser pumped by a 980-nm laser diode was constructed. The linewidth of the laser is very narrow (~100s kHz) but its output slope efficiency is relatively low (~1%). Furthermore, the ion clustering effect arising from high Er concentration tends to cause self-pulsation and thus instability to the laser. By replacing the Erbium doped fiber with Er/Yb codoped one, the fiber grating laser was made more stable and efficient. The ion clustering effect disappears in the laser output due to the low Erbium concentration in Er/Yb codoped fiber, while the Er/Yb codoped fiber's two orders higher pump absorption at 980 nm results in as large as 10 ~ 30% output slope efficiency in about 2 cm long laser. On the other hand, strong pump absorption in Er/Yb fiber was found to cause significant thermal effects in Er/Yb fiber grating lasers, which can be eliminated by ensuring proper thermal dissipation. Because of fiber laser's long lifetime at the upper laser level, its wavelength cannot be directly modulated at high speed. The widely used wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) method is thus not suitable when using fiber laser sources in gas detection. The wavelength sweep scheme was thus employed as an alternative. Laser wavelength/frequency requirement and noise cancellation in this scheme are discussed. For a demonstration of fiber grating laser's application to pollutant monitoring and industrial sensing, laser spectroscopy of C2H 2 gas was undertaken with the Er/Yb codoped fiber-grating laser. A 10 -4 detection sensitivity was achieved. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a single frequency fiber-grating laser was used in rapid laser spectroscopy. The investigation has shown that the fiber grating lasers are high performance as well as low cost, rugged and portable laser sources, very suitable for industrial sensing and pollution monitoring. A number of important pollutants, such as CO, CO2, H2S and C2H2 have absorption peaks around 1.55-μm wavelength and thus can be sensed with these lasers. Although the fiber lasers investigated here operate in the 1.5-μm window, the results are also very useful for fiber lasers that use the same operation principle in other wavelength regions.

12 CFR 151.150 - How do my officers and employees file reports of personal securities trading transactions?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... of personal securities trading transactions? 151.150 Section 151.150 Banks and Banking COMPTROLLER OF... TRANSACTIONS Securities Trading Policies and Procedures § 151.150 How do my officers and employees file reports of personal securities trading transactions? An officer or employee described in § 151.140(d) must...

Pericellular activation of proMMP-7 (promatrilysin-1) through interaction with CD151.

PubMed

Shiomi, Takayuki; Inoki, Isao; Kataoka, Fumio; Ohtsuka, Takashi; Hashimoto, Gakuji; Nemori, Ryoichi; Okada, Yasunori

2005-12-01

Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) (also known as matrilysin-1) is secreted as a proenzyme (proMMP-7) and plays a key role in the degradation of various extracellular matrix (ECM) and non-ECM molecules after activation. To identify the binding proteins related to proMMP-7 activation, a human lung cDNA library was screened by yeast two-hybrid system using proMMP-7 as bait. We identified a candidate molecule CD151, which is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily. Complex formation of proMMP-7 with CD151 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the molecules from CaR-1 cells, a human rectal carcinoma cell line, expressing both proMMP-7 and CD151, and CD151 stable transfectants incubated with proMMP-7. Yeast two-hybrid assays using deletion mutants of proMMP-7 and CD151 suggested an interaction between the propeptide of proMMP-7 and the COOH-terminal extracellular loop of CD151. The binding activity of (125)I-labeled proMMP-7 to CD151 on the cell membranes was shown with CD151 stable transfectants. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy demonstrated that proMMP-7 colocalizes with CD151 on the cell membranes of CD151 stable transfectants and CaR-1 cells. In situ zymography using crosslinked carboxymethylated transferrin, a substrate of MMP-7, demonstrated proteinase activity on and around CD151 stable transfectants and CaR-1 cells, while the activity was abolished by their treatment with MMP inhibitors, anti-MMP-7 antibody or anti-CD151 antibody. In human lung adenocarcinoma tissues, colocalization of MMP-7 and CD151 was demonstrated on the carcinoma cells. Metalloproteinase activity was present in these tissues and could be inhibited by antibodies to MMP-7 or CD151. These data demonstrate for the first time that proMMP-7 is captured and activated on the cell membranes through interaction with CD151, and suggest the possibility that similar to the MT1-MMP/MMP-2 system, MMP-7 is involved in the pericellular activation mechanism mediated by CD151, a crucial step in proteolysis on the cell membranes under various pathophysiological conditions including cancer invasion and metastasis.

Etude des interdiffusions en phase solide dans le contact Er/GaAs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Députier, S.; Guivarc'h, A.; Caulet, J.; Minier, M.; Guérin, R.

1994-05-01

Solid state interdiffusions between a thin film of erbium deposited under vacuum conditions and (001) and (111) GaAs substrates were investigated in the temperature range 350-800 ^{circ}C. Complementary analysis methods (RBS, X-ray diffraction) allow us to point out, according to annealing temperatures, successives steps of the interaction corresponding to different mixtures of phases, essentially binaries. These steps are strongly depending on the GaAs substrate orientation, especially the final step of the interdiffusions. On (001) GaAs, only two steps have been observed : no visible interaction is noticed between erbium and GaAs before 600 ^{circ}C ; the interaction begins at 600 ^{circ}C, evolves slightly and leads at 800 ^{circ}C to the nominal composition " Er{10}GaAs " which corresponds to a mixture of several phases Er5Ga3, Er and ErAs. On (111) GaAs, several steps of interaction have been found ; first of all, erbium reacts with the substrate at 400 ^{circ}C (Er5Ga3 + Er mixture), then the reaction is continuing at 600 ^{circ}C (Er5Ga3 + Er + ErAs mixture) before reaching at 800 ^{circ}C the nominal composition " Er{1,5}GaAs ", which is in fact a mixture of the three binaries ErAs + ErGa2 + Er3Ga5. It can be noticed that the 800 ^{circ}C annealing is not sufficient to reach the mixture of the phases ErAs + Ga which, according to the ternary phase diagram, should be the final stage of the interaction Er/GaAs. The analysis of the Er/GaAs interdiffusions shows that ErAs is the " key " compound around which the interaction progresses. This compound appears as an ideal candidate to realize epitaxial ErAs/GaAs heterostructures. Les interdiffusions en phase solide entre une couche mince d'erbium déposée dans des conditions d'ultra-vide et des substrats de GaAs orientés (001) et (111) ont été étudiées après des traitements thermiques d'une heure entre 350 et 800 ^{circ}C. L'utilisation de techniques complémentaires d'analyse (RBS, diffraction X) a permis de mettre en évidence, en fonction de la température de recuit, plusieurs étapes successives d'interaction correspondant à des mélanges de phases, essentiellement des binaires. Elles dépendent fortement de l'orientation du substrat de GaAs, en particulier l'étape finale des interactions. Sur GaAs (001), seules deux étapes ont été observées : avant 600 ^{circ}C, il n'y a pas d'interaction visible de l'erbium avec le substrat ; celle-ci ne s'amorce qu'à 600 ^{circ}C pour n'évoluer ensuite que faiblement et conduire, à 800 ^{circ}C, à une composition nominale " Er{10}GaAs ", mélange des phases Er5Ga3 + Er + ErAs. Sur GaAs (111), plusieurs étapes d'interaction sont observées : l'erbium réagit avec le substrat dès 400 ^{circ}C (mélange des phases Er5Ga3 + Er), puis l'interaction se poursuit à 600 ^{circ}C (mélange Er5Ga3 + Er + ErAs) avant d'atteindre à 800 ^{circ}C la composition nominale " Er{1,5}GaAs ", constituée d'un mélange de grains des trois binaires ErAs + ErGa2 + Er3Ga5. Il faut noter que le recuit à 800 ^{circ}C n'est pas suffisant pour atteindre le mélange de phases Ga + ErAs qui, selon le diagramme ternaire, devrait être le stade ultime de l'interaction Er/GaAs. L'analyse des interdiffusions Er/GaAs montre que ErAs est le composé " clé " autour duquel pivote l'interaction Er/GaAs. Ce composé apparaît comme un candidat idéal pour la réalisation d'hétérostructures épitaxiées ErAs/GaAs.

14 CFR Appendix C to Part 151 - Appendix C to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Appendix C to Part 151 C Appendix C to Part...) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Pt. 151, App. C Appendix C to Part 151 There is set forth below an... Items 1. Maintenance-type work, including: (a) Seal coats. (b) Crack filling. (c) Resealing joints. (d...

14 CFR Appendix H to Part 151 - Appendix H to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Appendix H to Part 151 H Appendix H to Part...) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Pt. 151, App. H Appendix H to Part 151 There is set forth below the...)). H. Withholding for unpaid wages and liquidated damages, and priority of payment (1) The FAA may...

CD151-mediated adhesion is crucial to osteosarcoma pulmonary metastasis

PubMed Central

Sun, Mengxiong; Zhou, Chenghao; Chen, Jian; Yin, Fei; Wang, Hongsheng; Lin, Binhui; Zuo, Dongqing; Li, Suoyuan; Feng, Lijin; Duan, Zhenfeng; Cai, Zhengdong; Hua, Yingqi

2016-01-01

CD151, a tetraspanin family protein involved in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction, is differentially expressed in osteosarcoma cell membranes. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of CD151 in osteosarcoma metastasis. We analyzed CD151 expression in patient tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. CD151 expression was also silenced with shRNA in osteosarcoma cells of high metastatic potential, and cell adhesion, migration and invasion were evaluated in vitro and pulmonary metastasis was investigated in vivo. Mediators of cell signaling pathways were also examined following suppression of CD151 expression. Overall survival for patients with low versus high CD151 expression level was 94 vs. 41 months (p=0.0451). CD151 expression in osteosarcoma cells with high metastatic potential was significantly higher than in those with low metastatic potential (p<0.001). shRNA-mediated silencing of CD151 did not influence cell viability or proliferation; however, cell adhesion, migration and invasion were all inhibited (all p<0.001). In mice inoculated with shRNA-transduced osteosarcoma cells, the number and size of lung metastatic lesions were reduced compared to the mice inoculated with control-shRNA transduced cells (p<0.001). In addition, CD151 knockdown significantly reduced Akt, p38, and p65 phosphorylation as well as focal adhesion kinase, integrin β1, p70s6, and p-mTOR levels. Taken together, CD151 induced osteosarcoma metastasis likely by regulating cell function through adhesion signaling. Further studies are necessary to fully explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of determining CD151 expression in osteosarcoma patients. PMID:27556355

Multi-core fiber amplifier arrays for intra-satellite links

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kechagias, Marios; Crabb, Jonathan; Stampoulidis, Leontios; Farzana, Jihan; Kehayas, Efstratios; Filipowicz, Marta; Napierala, Marek; Murawski, Michal; Nasilowski, Tomasz; Barbero, Juan

2017-09-01

In this paper we present erbium doped fibre (EDF) aimed at signal amplification within satellite photonic payload systems operating in C telecommunication band. In such volume-hungry applications, the use of advanced optical transmission techniques such as space division multiplexing (SDM) can be advantageous to reduce the component and cable count.

Tunable and switchable dual-wavelength single polarization narrow linewidth SLM erbium-doped fiber laser based on a PM-CMFBG filter.

PubMed

Yin, Bin; Feng, Suchun; Liu, Zhibo; Bai, Yunlong; Jian, Shuisheng

2014-09-22

A tunable and switchable dual-wavelength single polarization narrow linewidth single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) erbium-doped fiber (EDF) ring laser based on polarization-maintaining chirped moiré fiber Bragg grating (PM-CMFBG) filter is proposed and demonstrated. For the first time as we know, the CMFBG inscribed on the PM fiber is applied for the wavelength-tunable and-switchable dual-wavelength laser. The PM-CMFBG filter with ultra-narrow transmission band (0.1 pm) and a uniform polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating (PM-FBG) are used to select the laser longitudinal mode. The stable single polarization SLM operation is guaranteed by the PM-CMFBG filter and polarization controller. A tuning range of about 0.25 nm with about 0.075 nm step is achieved by stretching the uniform PM-FBG. Meanwhile, the linewidth of the fiber laser for each wavelength is approximate 6.5 and 7.1 kHz with a 20 dB linewidth, which indicates the laser linewidth is approximate 325 Hz and 355 Hz FWHM.

Tunable, stable source of femtosecond pulses near 2 μm via supercontinuum of an Erbium mode-locked laser.

PubMed

Klose, Andrew; Ycas, Gabriel; Maser, Daniel L; Diddams, Scott A

2014-11-17

A source of ultrashort pulses of light in the 2 μm region was constructed using supercontinuum broadening from an erbium mode-locked laser. The output spectrum spanned 1000 nm to 2200 nm with an average power of 250 mW. A pulse width of 39 fs for part of the spectrum in the 2000 nm region, corresponding to less than six optical cycles, was achieved. A heterodyne measurement of the free-running mode-locked laser with a narrow-linewidth continuous wave laser resulted in a near shot noise-limited beat note with a signal-to-noise ratio of 45 dB in a 10 kHz resolution bandwidth. The relative intensity noise of the broadband system was investigated over the entire supercontinuum, and the integrated relative intensity noise of the 2000 nm portion of the spectrum was 1.7 × 10(-3). The long-term stability of the system was characterized, and intensity fluctuations in the spectrum were found to be highly correlated throughout the supercontinuum. Spectroscopic limitations due to the laser noise characteristics are discussed.

Wavelength-switchable C-band erbium-doped fibre laser incorporating all-fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer fabricated by chemical etching

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Wei; Zhu, Lianqing; Dong, Mingli; Lou, Xiaoping; Luo, Fei

2018-04-01

A switchable and stable triple-wavelength, ring-cavity, erbium-doped fibre laser incorporating an all-fibre Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is designed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed fibre laser, the all-fibre FPI is fabricated using the chemical etching method and is used to generate the filter effect. The laser threshold is 88 mW. Switchable single-wavelength lasing at 1529.9, 1545.1 and 1560.2 nm can be realized with a power fluctuation less than 0.64 dB under 20 min of scanning time at room temperature. In addition, the wavelength-switchable dual-wavelength lasers can be tuned by changing the polarization state in the experiment, and the maximum power fluctuations for the 1545.1 and 1560.2 nm lasers are less than 1.19 and 1.57 dB at 26 °C, respectively. Furthermore, a triple-wavelength laser is obtained by adjusting the polarization controller. The results demonstrate that switchable single-, dual-, or triple-wavelength lasers can be generated through the proposed fibre laser.

Switchable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on a tapered in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Yuxin; Wang, Xin; Tang, Zijuan; Lou, Shuqin

2018-05-01

In this paper, a switchable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on a tapered in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer is proposed. The in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer is fabricated by splicing a large-core fiber between two segments of single mode fibers, in which the first splicing point is tapered and the second splicing point is connected directly. By carefully rotating the polarization controller, switchable single-, dual-, triple- and quad-wavelength lasing outputs can be obtained with a side mode suppression ratio higher than 50 dB. The maximal peak power difference of multi-wavelength lasing is 3.67 dB, demonstrating a good power equalization performance. Furthermore, the proposed laser is proven to be very stable at room temperature. The wavelength shifts and peak power fluctuations are less than 0.02 nm and 1.3 dB over half an hour. In addition, stable quintuple-wavelength lasing with a side mode suppression ratio higher than 50 dB can also be realized when the filter length is changed.

40nm tunable multi-wavelength fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jia, Qingsong; Wang, Tianshu; Zhang, Peng; Dong, Keyan; Jiang, Huilin

2014-12-01

A Brillouin-Erbium multi-wavelength tunable fiber laser at C-band is demostrated. A 10 km long singlemode fiber(SMF), a 6 m long Erbium-doped fiber, two couplers, a wavelength division multiplexer, a isolator, an optical circulator, a 980nm pump laser and a narrow linewidth tunable laser are included in the structure. A segment of 10 km-long single-mode fiber (SMF) between the two ports of a 1×2 coupler is used as Brillouin gain. Ebiumdoped fiber amplifier (EDFA) consists of a segment of 6m er-doped fiber pumped by 980nm laser dioder . A narrow linewidth tunable laser from 1527 to 1607 nm as Brillouin bump, At the Brillouin pump power of 8mW and the 980 nm pump power of 400 mw, 16 output channels with 0.08 nm spacing and tuning range of 40 nm from 1527 nm to 1567 nm are achieved. We realize the tunable output of wavelength by adjusting the 980 nm pump power and the Brillouin pump wavelength. Stability of the multiwavelength fiber laser is also observed.

Pure antimony film as saturable absorber for Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahman, M. F. A.; Zhalilah, M. Z.; Latiff, A. A.; Rosol, A. H. A.; Lokman, M. Q.; Bushroa, A. R.; Dimyati, K.; Harun, S. W.

2018-04-01

This paper reports on the use of Antimony (Sb) polymer film to generate stable Q-switching pulses in Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) cavity. The SA is fabricated by coating a thin layer of Sb on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film through physical vapour deposition (PVD) process. A 1 × 1 mm area of the film SA is cut and integrated into between two fiber ferrules inside the laser cavity for intra-cavity loss modulation. Self-starting and stable Q-switched pulses are obtained within a pump power range from 60 to 142 mW. Within this range, the repetition rate increases from 70.82 to 98.04 kHz, while pulse width decreases from 7.42 to 5.36 μs. The fundamental frequency signal-to-noise ratio of the pulse signal is 74 dB, which indicates the excellent stability of the pulses. The maximum output power and pulse energy are 8.45 mW and 86.19 nJ, respectively. Our demonstration shows that Sb film SA capable of generating stable pulses train operating at 1.55-micron region.

46 CFR 151.03-38 - Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-38 Nondestructive testing. Nondestructive testing includes ultrasonic examination, liquid penetrant examination, magnetic particle... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Nondestructive testing. 151.03-38 Section 151.03-38...

14 CFR Appendix E to Part 151 - Appendix E to Part 151

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...: Typical Eligible Items 1. Basic types of pavement listed as eligible under § 151.77. 2. Loading ramps. 3... of pavement listed as ineligible under § 151.77. 2. Aprons serving installations for nonpublic use. 3...

1 CFR 15.1 - Cooperation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Cooperation. 15.1 Section 15.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS SERVICES TO FEDERAL AGENCIES General § 15.1 Cooperation. The Director of the Federal Register...

1 CFR 15.1 - Cooperation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Cooperation. 15.1 Section 15.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS SERVICES TO FEDERAL AGENCIES General § 15.1 Cooperation. The Director of the Federal Register...

42 CFR 456.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 456.151 Section 456.151 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS UTILIZATION CONTROL Utilization Control: Mental Hospitals § 456.151 Definitions. As used...

28 CFR 115.151 - Detainee reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Detainee reporting. 115.151 Section 115.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT NATIONAL STANDARDS Standards for Lockups Reporting § 115.151 Detainee reporting. (a) The agency shall provide...

28 CFR 115.151 - Detainee reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Detainee reporting. 115.151 Section 115.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT NATIONAL STANDARDS Standards for Lockups Reporting § 115.151 Detainee reporting. (a) The agency shall provide...

28 CFR 115.151 - Detainee reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Detainee reporting. 115.151 Section 115.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT NATIONAL STANDARDS Standards for Lockups Reporting § 115.151 Detainee reporting. (a) The agency shall provide...

33 CFR 151.2060 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reporting requirements. 151.2060 Section 151.2060 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.2060 Reporting requirements. (a) Ballast water reporting requirements exist for each vessel...

33 CFR 151.2060 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reporting requirements. 151.2060 Section 151.2060 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.2060 Reporting requirements. (a) Ballast water reporting requirements exist for each vessel...

33 CFR 151.2060 - Reporting requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reporting requirements. 151.2060 Section 151.2060 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... § 151.2060 Reporting requirements. (a) Ballast water reporting requirements exist for each vessel...

14 CFR 151.81 - Taxiway paving.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Taxiway paving. 151.81 Section 151.81 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.81 Taxiway paving. (a) The construction...

14 CFR 151.83 - Aprons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Aprons. 151.83 Section 151.83 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.83 Aprons. (a) The construction, alteration, and...

14 CFR 151.83 - Aprons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Aprons. 151.83 Section 151.83 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.83 Aprons. (a) The construction, alteration, and...

14 CFR 151.81 - Taxiway paving.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Taxiway paving. 151.81 Section 151.81 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.81 Taxiway paving. (a) The construction...

14 CFR 151.83 - Aprons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Aprons. 151.83 Section 151.83 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.83 Aprons. (a) The construction, alteration, and...

14 CFR 151.89 - Roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Roads. 151.89 Section 151.89 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.89 Roads. (a) Federal-aid Airport Program funds...

14 CFR 151.81 - Taxiway paving.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Taxiway paving. 151.81 Section 151.81 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.81 Taxiway paving. (a) The construction...

14 CFR 151.89 - Roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Roads. 151.89 Section 151.89 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.89 Roads. (a) Federal-aid Airport Program funds...

40 CFR 60.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Definitions. 60.151 Section 60.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Sewage Treatment Plants § 60.151...

47 CFR 87.151 - Special requirements for differential GPS receivers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Special requirements for differential GPS receivers. 87.151 Section 87.151 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) SAFETY AND SPECIAL RADIO SERVICES AVIATION SERVICES Technical Requirements § 87.151 Special requirements for...

40 CFR 60.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definitions. 60.151 Section 60.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Sewage Treatment Plants § 60.151...

14 CFR 27.151 - Flight controls.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flight controls. 27.151 Section 27.151... STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Flight Flight Characteristics § 27.151 Flight controls. (a) Longitudinal, lateral, directional, and collective controls may not exhibit excessive breakout force, friction...

14 CFR 29.151 - Flight controls.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flight controls. 29.151 Section 29.151... STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY ROTORCRAFT Flight Flight Characteristics § 29.151 Flight controls. (a) Longitudinal, lateral, directional, and collective controls may not exhibit excessive breakout force, friction...

14 CFR 151.81 - Taxiway paving.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Taxiway paving. 151.81 Section 151.81 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.81 Taxiway paving. (a) The construction...

14 CFR 151.83 - Aprons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Aprons. 151.83 Section 151.83 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.83 Aprons. (a) The construction, alteration, and...

1 CFR 15.1 - Cooperation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Cooperation. 15.1 Section 15.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS SERVICES TO FEDERAL AGENCIES General § 15.1 Cooperation. The Director of the Federal Register...

1 CFR 15.1 - Cooperation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true Cooperation. 15.1 Section 15.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS SERVICES TO FEDERAL AGENCIES General § 15.1 Cooperation. The Director of the Federal Register...

1 CFR 15.1 - Cooperation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 1 General Provisions 1 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Cooperation. 15.1 Section 15.1 General Provisions ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER PREPARATION, TRANSMITTAL, AND PROCESSING OF DOCUMENTS SERVICES TO FEDERAL AGENCIES General § 15.1 Cooperation. The Director of the Federal Register...

14 CFR 151.89 - Roads.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Roads. 151.89 Section 151.89 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.89 Roads. (a) Federal-aid Airport Program funds...

14 CFR 151.83 - Aprons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Aprons. 151.83 Section 151.83 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.83 Aprons. (a) The construction, alteration, and...

14 CFR 151.81 - Taxiway paving.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Taxiway paving. 151.81 Section 151.81 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.81 Taxiway paving. (a) The construction...

40 CFR 98.151 - Reporting threshold.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 22 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Reporting threshold. 98.151 Section 98.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING HCFC-22 Production and HFC-23 Destruction § 98.151 Reporting threshold...

40 CFR 98.151 - Reporting threshold.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Reporting threshold. 98.151 Section 98.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING HCFC-22 Production and HFC-23 Destruction § 98.151 Reporting threshold...

Treatment of port wine stains using Pulsed Dye Laser, Erbium YAG Laser, and topical rapamycin (sirolimus)-A randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Greveling, Karin; Prens, Errol P; van Doorn, Martijn B

2017-01-01

Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL) is currently the gold standard treatment for port wine stains (PWS), although the degree of lesion blanching is variable and often unpredictable. This appears to be due to reformation and reperfusion of blood vessels. Rapamycin has shown potential as an antiangiogenic agent and may prevent the revascularization after PDL treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant use of (commercially available) topical rapamycin after PDL treatment in patients with PWS. We conducted a prospective, intra-patient, randomized controlled trial. Four treatment areas of 1 cm 2 were created in each PWS. PDL-only treatment was compared to the following three treatments: PDL + rapamycin, PDL + Erbium YAG laser ablation of the stratum corneum + rapamycin, and rapamycin monotherapy. We also compared PDL + Erbium YAG + rapamycin with PDL + rapamycin. The primary endpoint was the percentage clearance assessed colorimetrically at 6 months follow-up. Secondary outcomes were photographic evaluation by an expert panel, patient satisfaction, treatment related pain, and safety. Fourteen patients completed the treatment protocol. The highest percentage clearance was achieved with PDL-only treatment (mean [SD] 16% [34]), but there were no statistically significant differences between treatments. The best photographic evaluation and highest patient satisfaction were also achieved with PDL-only treatment, but only the difference between PDL-only and rapamycin monotherapy was statistically significant. The treatment related pain was well tolerated. Application-site pruritus was a frequent occurring adverse event. Allergic contact dermatitis to rapamycin occurred in one patient. There were no serious adverse events. Topical application of the commercially available solution of rapamycin (Rapamune ® 0.1%) as an adjuvant to PDL treatment does not appear to improve PWS blanching. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:104-109, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Physical and optical properties of calcium sulfate ultra-phosphate glass-doped Er2O3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aliyu, Aliyu Mohammed; Hussin, R.; Deraman, Karim; Ahmad, N. E.; Danmadami, Amina M.; Yamusa, Y. A.

2018-03-01

The influence of erbium on physical and optical properties of calcium sulfate ultra-phosphate glass was investigated using conventional melt quench process. Selected samples of composition 20CaSO4 (80 - x) P2O5- xEr2O3 with 0.1 ≤x ≤ 0.9 mol.% were prepared and assessed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to confirm the amorphous nature of the said samples. The structural units of phosphate-based glass were assessed from Raman spectra as ultra-(Q3), meta-(Q2), pyro-(Q1) and orthophosphate (Q0) units. Depolymerization process of the glasses was testified for higher calcium oxide content and UV-visible for optical measurement. Thermal analysis have been investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The results show the decomposition of materials in the temperature range of 25∘C-1000∘C. Er3+ absorption spectra were measured in the range of 400-1800nm. PL measurement was carried out in order to obtain the excitation and emission spectra of the samples. The emission spectra excited at 779nm comprises of 518nm, 550nm and 649nm of transition 4F9/2, 4S3/2 and 2H11/2 excited states to 4I15/2 ground state. In physical properties, the density calculated using Archimedes method is inversely proportional to molar volume with increase in Er3+ ions. Optical bandgap (Eg) were determined using Tauc’s plots for direct transitions where Eg (direct) decreases with increase in erbium content. The refractive index increases with decreasing molar volume; this may have a tendency for larger optical bandgap. The result obtained from the glass matrix indicates that erbium oxide-doped calcium sulfate ultra-phosphate may give important information for wider development of functional glasses.

Experimental erbium: YAG laser photoablation of trabecular meshwork in rabbits: an in-vivo study.

PubMed

Dietlein, T S; Jacobi, P C; Schröder, R; Krieglstein, G K

1997-05-01

Photoablative laser trabecular surgery has been proposed as an outflow-enhancing treatment for open-angle glaucoma. The aim of the study was to investigate the time course of repair response following low-thermal Erbium: YAG laser trabecular ablation. In 20 anaesthetized rabbits gonioscopically controlled ab-interno photoablation of the ligamenta pectinata and underlying trabecular meshwork (TM) was performed with a single-pulsed (200 microseconds) Erbium: YAG (2.94 microns) laser. The right eye received 12-15 single laser pulses (2 mJ) delivered through an articulated zirconium fluoride fiberoptic and a 200 microns (core diameter) quartz fiber tip, the left unoperated eye served as control. At time intervals of 30 minutes, 2, 10, 30, and 60 days after laser treatment, eyes were processed for light- and scanning electron microscopy. The applied energy density of 6-4 J cm-2 resulted in visible dissection of the ligamenta pectinata and reproducible microperforations of the TM exposing scleral tissue accompanied by blood reflux from the aqueous plexus. The initial ablation zones measured 154 +/- 36 microns in depth and 45 +/- 6 microns in width. Collateral thermal damage zones were 22 +/- 8 microns. At two days post-operative, ablation craters were still blood- and fibrin-filled. The inner surface of the craters were covered with granulocytes. No cellular infiltration of the collateral thermal damage zone was observed. At 10 days post-operative, progressive fibroblastic proliferation was observed, resulting in dense scar tissue formation with anterior synechiae, proliferating capillaries and loss of intertrabecular spaces inside the range of former laser treatment at 60 days post-operative. Trabecular microperforations were closed 60 days after laser treatment in all rabbits. IOP in treated and contralateral eyes did not significantly change its level during whole period of observation. Low-thermal infrared laser energy with minimal thermal damage to collateral structures could not effectively prevent early scarring of trabecular surgery in rabbits.

37 CFR 2.151 - Certificate.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 37 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Certificate. 2.151 Section 2.151 Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE RULES OF PRACTICE IN TRADEMARK CASES Certificate § 2.151 Certificate. When the Office determines...

19 CFR 151.52 - Sampling procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Sampling procedures. 151.52 Section 151.52 Customs... (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Materials § 151.52 Sampling procedures. (a) Commercial samples taken under Customs supervision...

19 CFR 151.52 - Sampling procedures.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sampling procedures. 151.52 Section 151.52 Customs... (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Materials § 151.52 Sampling procedures. (a) Commercial samples taken under Customs supervision...

32 CFR 15.1 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Purpose. 15.1 Section 15.1 National Defense Department of Defense OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE MILITARY COMMISSIONS REPORTING RELATIONSHIPS FOR MILITARY COMMISSION PERSONNEL § 15.1 Purpose. This part establishes supervisory and performance evaluation...

16 CFR 1034.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... alterations. 1034.151 Section 1034.151 Commercial Practices CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION GENERAL... PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION § 1034.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. Each... handicapped persons. The definitions, requirements, and standards of the Architectural Barriers Act (42 U.S.C...

46 CFR 160.151-43 - Conditions at servicing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Conditions at servicing facilities. 160.151-43 Section 160.151-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Inflatable Liferafts (SOLAS) § 160.151...

75 FR 57477 - Accreditation and Approval of Inspectorate America Corporation, as a Commercial Gauger and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-21

... to 19 CFR 151.12 and 19 CFR 151.13, Inspectorate America Corporation, 3904 Corporex Park Drive Suite... products for customs purposes, in accordance with the provisions of 19 CFR 151.12 and 19 CFR 151.13. Anyone...

7 CFR 457.151 - Forage seeding crop insurance provisions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Forage seeding crop insurance provisions. 457.151 Section 457.151 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FEDERAL CROP INSURANCE CORPORATION, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COMMON CROP INSURANCE REGULATIONS § 457.151 Forage seeding...

7 CFR 762.151-762.158 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false [Reserved] 762.151-762.158 Section 762.151-762.158 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) FARM SERVICE AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS GUARANTEED FARM LOANS §§ 762.151-762.158 [Reserved] ...

22 CFR 1600.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2013-04-01 2009-04-01 true Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 1600.151 Section 1600.151 Foreign Relations JAPAN-UNITED STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT... STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION § 1600.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. Each...

22 CFR 1600.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 1600.151 Section 1600.151 Foreign Relations JAPAN-UNITED STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT... STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION § 1600.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. Each...

22 CFR 1600.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2012-04-01 2009-04-01 true Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 1600.151 Section 1600.151 Foreign Relations JAPAN-UNITED STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT... STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION § 1600.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. Each...

22 CFR 1600.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 2 2011-04-01 2009-04-01 true Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 1600.151 Section 1600.151 Foreign Relations JAPAN-UNITED STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION ENFORCEMENT... STATES FRIENDSHIP COMMISSION § 1600.151 Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. Each...

14 CFR 151.91 - Removal of obstructions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Removal of obstructions. 151.91 Section 151.91 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.91 Removal of obstructions. (a) The...

14 CFR 151.73 - Land acquisition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Land acquisition. 151.73 Section 151.73 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.73 Land acquisition. (a) The acquisition of...

14 CFR 151.73 - Land acquisition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Land acquisition. 151.73 Section 151.73 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.73 Land acquisition. (a) The acquisition of...

14 CFR 151.91 - Removal of obstructions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Removal of obstructions. 151.91 Section 151.91 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.91 Removal of obstructions. (a) The...

14 CFR 151.73 - Land acquisition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Land acquisition. 151.73 Section 151.73 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.73 Land acquisition. (a) The acquisition of...

19 CFR 151.31 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false [Reserved] 151.31 Section 151.31 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Sugars, Sirups, and Molasses § 151.31 [Reserved] ...

19 CFR 151.21 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Definitions. 151.21 Section 151.21 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Sugars, Sirups, and Molasses § 151.21...

19 CFR 151.31 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false [Reserved] 151.31 Section 151.31 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Sugars, Sirups, and Molasses § 151.31 [Reserved] ...

19 CFR 151.21 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Definitions. 151.21 Section 151.21 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Sugars, Sirups, and Molasses § 151.21...

45 CFR 2490.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... alterations. 2490.151 Section 2490.151 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION § 2490.151 Program...

45 CFR 2490.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... alterations. 2490.151 Section 2490.151 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION § 2490.151 Program...

45 CFR 2490.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... alterations. 2490.151 Section 2490.151 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION § 2490.151 Program...

45 CFR 2490.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... alterations. 2490.151 Section 2490.151 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION § 2490.151 Program...

33 CFR 151.51 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicability. 151.51 Section 151.51 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION... Pertains to Pollution from Ships Garbage Pollution and Sewage § 151.51 Applicability. (a) Except as...

33 CFR 151.51 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Applicability. 151.51 Section 151.51 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION... Pertains to Pollution from Ships Garbage Pollution and Sewage § 151.51 Applicability. (a) Except as...

33 CFR 151.07 - Delegations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Delegations. 151.07 Section 151.07 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION... Pertains to Pollution from Ships General § 151.07 Delegations. Each Coast Guard official designated as a...

33 CFR 151.07 - Delegations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Delegations. 151.07 Section 151.07 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION... Pertains to Pollution from Ships General § 151.07 Delegations. Each Coast Guard official designated as a...

49 CFR 237.151 - Audits; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Audits; general. 237.151 Section 237.151..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION BRIDGE SAFETY STANDARDS Documentation, Records, and Audits of Bridge Management Programs § 237.151 Audits; general. Each program adopted to comply with this part shall include provisions...

14 CFR 151.85 - Special treatment areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Special treatment areas. 151.85 Section 151.85 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.85 Special treatment areas. The...

14 CFR 151.73 - Land acquisition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Land acquisition. 151.73 Section 151.73 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.73 Land acquisition. (a) The acquisition of...

14 CFR 151.91 - Removal of obstructions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Removal of obstructions. 151.91 Section 151.91 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.91 Removal of obstructions. (a) The...

44 CFR 151.03 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Definitions. 151.03 Section 151.03 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.03 Definitions. (a) The Act means the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act...

44 CFR 151.03 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Definitions. 151.03 Section 151.03 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.03 Definitions. (a) The Act means the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act...

44 CFR 151.03 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Definitions. 151.03 Section 151.03 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.03 Definitions. (a) The Act means the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act...

44 CFR 151.01 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Purpose. 151.01 Section 151.01 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.01 Purpose. Section 11 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974...

44 CFR 151.03 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Definitions. 151.03 Section 151.03 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.03 Definitions. (a) The Act means the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act...

44 CFR 151.01 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Purpose. 151.01 Section 151.01 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.01 Purpose. Section 11 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974...

44 CFR 151.01 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Purpose. 151.01 Section 151.01 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.01 Purpose. Section 11 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974...

44 CFR 151.03 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 151.03 Section 151.03 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.03 Definitions. (a) The Act means the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act...

44 CFR 151.01 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Purpose. 151.01 Section 151.01 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND..., Scope, Definitions § 151.01 Purpose. Section 11 of the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1974...

14 CFR 151.23 - Procedures: Application; funding information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Procedures: Application; funding information. 151.23 Section 151.23 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... § 151.23 Procedures: Application; funding information. Each sponsor must state in its application that...

14 CFR 151.73 - Land acquisition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Land acquisition. 151.73 Section 151.73 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.73 Land acquisition. (a) The acquisition of...

14 CFR 151.85 - Special treatment areas.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Special treatment areas. 151.85 Section 151.85 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.85 Special treatment areas. The...

14 CFR 151.91 - Removal of obstructions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Removal of obstructions. 151.91 Section 151.91 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.91 Removal of obstructions. (a) The...

45 CFR 2490.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... alterations. 2490.151 Section 2490.151 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION ENFORCEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE JAMES MADISON MEMORIAL FELLOWSHIP FOUNDATION § 2490.151 Program...

CD151 supports VCAM-1-mediated lymphocyte adhesion to liver endothelium and is upregulated in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

PubMed Central

Wadkin, James C. R.; Patten, Daniel A.; Kamarajah, Sivesh K.; Shepherd, Emma L.; Novitskaya, Vera; Berditchevski, Fedor; Adams, David H.; Weston, Chris J.

2017-01-01

CD151, a member of the tetraspanin family of receptors, is a lateral organizer and modulator of activity of several families of transmembrane proteins. It has been implicated in the development and progression of several cancers, but its role in chronic inflammatory disease is less well understood. Here we show that CD151 is upregulated by distinct microenvironmental signals in a range of chronic inflammatory liver diseases and in primary liver cancer, in which it supports lymphocyte recruitment. CD151 was highly expressed in endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids and neovessels developing in fibrotic septa and tumor margins. Primary cultures of human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) expressed CD151 at the cell membrane and in intracellular vesicles. CD151 was upregulated by VEGF and HepG2 conditioned media but not by proinflammatory cytokines. Confocal microscopy confirmed that CD151 colocalized with the endothelial adhesion molecule/immunoglobulin superfamily member, VCAM-1. Functional flow-based adhesion assays with primary human lymphocytes and HSECs demonstrated a 40% reduction of lymphocyte adhesion with CD151 blockade. Inhibition of lymphocyte adhesion was similar between VCAM-1 blockade and a combination of CD151/VCAM-1 blockade, suggesting a collaborative role between the two receptors. These studies demonstrate that CD151 is upregulated within the liver during chronic inflammation, where it supports lymphocyte recruitment via liver endothelium. We propose that CD151 regulates the activity of VCAM-1 during lymphocyte recruitment to the human liver and could be a novel anti-inflammatory target in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular cancer prevention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic hepatitis is characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in liver tissue, which drives fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the tetraspanin CD151 supports lymphocyte adhesion to liver endothelium. We show that CD151 is upregulated in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is regulated on endothelium by tissue remodeling and procarcinogenic factors. These regulatory and functional studies identify CD151 as a potential therapeutic target to treat liver fibrosis and HCC. PMID:28473332

CD151 supports VCAM-1-mediated lymphocyte adhesion to liver endothelium and is upregulated in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.

PubMed

Wadkin, James C R; Patten, Daniel A; Kamarajah, Sivesh K; Shepherd, Emma L; Novitskaya, Vera; Berditchevski, Fedor; Adams, David H; Weston, Chris J; Shetty, Shishir

2017-08-01

CD151, a member of the tetraspanin family of receptors, is a lateral organizer and modulator of activity of several families of transmembrane proteins. It has been implicated in the development and progression of several cancers, but its role in chronic inflammatory disease is less well understood. Here we show that CD151 is upregulated by distinct microenvironmental signals in a range of chronic inflammatory liver diseases and in primary liver cancer, in which it supports lymphocyte recruitment. CD151 was highly expressed in endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoids and neovessels developing in fibrotic septa and tumor margins. Primary cultures of human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs) expressed CD151 at the cell membrane and in intracellular vesicles. CD151 was upregulated by VEGF and HepG2 conditioned media but not by proinflammatory cytokines. Confocal microscopy confirmed that CD151 colocalized with the endothelial adhesion molecule/immunoglobulin superfamily member, VCAM-1. Functional flow-based adhesion assays with primary human lymphocytes and HSECs demonstrated a 40% reduction of lymphocyte adhesion with CD151 blockade. Inhibition of lymphocyte adhesion was similar between VCAM-1 blockade and a combination of CD151/VCAM-1 blockade, suggesting a collaborative role between the two receptors. These studies demonstrate that CD151 is upregulated within the liver during chronic inflammation, where it supports lymphocyte recruitment via liver endothelium. We propose that CD151 regulates the activity of VCAM-1 during lymphocyte recruitment to the human liver and could be a novel anti-inflammatory target in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular cancer prevention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic hepatitis is characterized by lymphocyte accumulation in liver tissue, which drives fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the tetraspanin CD151 supports lymphocyte adhesion to liver endothelium. We show that CD151 is upregulated in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is regulated on endothelium by tissue remodeling and procarcinogenic factors. These regulatory and functional studies identify CD151 as a potential therapeutic target to treat liver fibrosis and HCC. Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society.

Bioavailable concentrations of germanium and rare earth elements in soil as affected by low molecular weight organic acids and root exudates

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wiche, Oliver; Székely, Balázs; Kummer, Nicolai-Alexeji; Heinemann, Ute; Tesch, Silke; Heilmeier, Hermann

2014-05-01

Availability of elements in soil to plant is generally dependent on the solubility and mobility of elements in soil solution which is controlled by soil, elemental properties and plant-soil interactions. Low molecular organic acids or other root exudates may increase mobility and availability of certain elements for plants as an effect of lowering pH in the rhizosphere and complexation. However, these processes take place in a larger volume in soil, therefore to understand their nature, it is also important to know in which layers of the soil what factors modify these processes. In this work the influence of citric acid and root exudates of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) on bioavailable concentrations of germanium, lanthan, neodymium, gadolinium and erbium in soil solution and uptake in root and shoot of rape (Brassica napus L.), comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.), common millet (Panicum milliaceum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) was investigated. Two different pot experiments were conducted: (1) the mentioned plant species were treated with nutrient solutions containing various amount of citric acid; (2) white lupin was cultivated in mixed culture (0 % lupin, 33 % lupin) with oat (Avena sativa L.) and soil solution was obtained by plastic suction cups placed at various depths. As a result, addition of citric acid significantly increased germanium concentrations in plant tissue of comfrey and rape and increased translocation of germanium, lanthan, neodymium, gadolinium and erbium from root to shoot. The cultivation of white lupin in mixed culture with oat led to significantly higher concentrations of germanium and increasing concentrations of lanthan, neodymium, gadolinium and erbium in soil solution and aboveground plant tissue. In these pots concentrations of citric acid in soil solution were significantly higher than in the control. The results show, that low molecular organic acids exuded by plant roots are of great importance for the mobilization of germanium, lanthan, neodymium, gadolinium and erbium in the rhizosphere and therefore the enhancement of bioavailability of the mentioned elements to plants. Based on the suction cup experiment we conclude that in vertical soil profile the bioavailable germanium is heavily affected by the activity of exudates, as the complexation processes of germanium take place at the root zone and below affected by the interplay of the infiltration of citric acid solutions and the actually produced exudates. These studies have been carried out in the framework of the PhytoGerm project, financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany. BS contributed as an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellow. The authors are grateful to students and laboratory assistants contributing in the field work and sample preparation.

19 CFR 151.51 - Sampling requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sampling requirements. 151.51 Section 151.51... TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Materials § 151.51 Sampling requirements. (a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this...

19 CFR 151.51 - Sampling requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Sampling requirements. 151.51 Section 151.51... TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Materials § 151.51 Sampling requirements. (a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this...

19 CFR 151.10 - Sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Sampling. 151.10 Section 151.10 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE General § 151.10 Sampling. When necessary, the port director...

19 CFR 151.10 - Sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sampling. 151.10 Section 151.10 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE General § 151.10 Sampling. When necessary, the port director...

46 CFR 151.50-73 - Chemical protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Chemical protective clothing. 151.50-73 Section 151.50... BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Special Requirements § 151.50-73 Chemical... of cargo handling operations shall ensure that the following chemical protective clothing constructed...

46 CFR 151.50-73 - Chemical protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Chemical protective clothing. 151.50-73 Section 151.50... BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Special Requirements § 151.50-73 Chemical... of cargo handling operations shall ensure that the following chemical protective clothing constructed...

46 CFR 151.03-51 - Tank barge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Tank barge. 151.03-51 Section 151.03-51 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-51 Tank barge. A non-self-propelled vessel especially constructed or converted to carry bulk liquid cargo in tanks. ...

46 CFR 151.03-51 - Tank barge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Tank barge. 151.03-51 Section 151.03-51 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-51 Tank barge. A non-self-propelled vessel especially constructed or converted to carry bulk liquid cargo in tanks. ...

46 CFR 151.03-51 - Tank barge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Tank barge. 151.03-51 Section 151.03-51 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-51 Tank barge. A non-self-propelled vessel especially constructed or converted to carry bulk liquid cargo in tanks. ...

46 CFR 151.03-51 - Tank barge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Tank barge. 151.03-51 Section 151.03-51 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-51 Tank barge. A non-self-propelled vessel especially constructed or converted to carry bulk liquid cargo in tanks. ...

46 CFR 151.03-51 - Tank barge.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tank barge. 151.03-51 Section 151.03-51 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-51 Tank barge. A non-self-propelled vessel especially constructed or converted to carry bulk liquid cargo in tanks. ...

46 CFR 160.151-41 - Approval of servicing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Approval of servicing facilities. 160.151-41 Section 160.151-41 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Inflatable Liferafts (SOLAS) § 160.151-41...

46 CFR 160.151-47 - Requirements for owners or operators of servicing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... facilities. 160.151-47 Section 160.151-47 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MATERIALS: SPECIFICATIONS AND APPROVAL LIFESAVING EQUIPMENT Inflatable Liferafts (SOLAS) § 160.151-47 Requirements for owners or operators of servicing facilities. To maintain...

47 CFR 74.151 - Equipment changes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Equipment changes. 74.151 Section 74.151....151 Equipment changes. The licensee of an experimental broadcast station may make any changes in the equipment that are deemed desirable or necessary provided: (a) That the operating frequency is not permitted...

22 CFR 151.6 - Authorized insurer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Authorized insurer. 151.6 Section 151.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.6 Authorized insurer. The insurance must be issued by an insurer...

22 CFR 151.6 - Authorized insurer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Authorized insurer. 151.6 Section 151.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.6 Authorized insurer. The insurance must be issued by an insurer...

22 CFR 151.6 - Authorized insurer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Authorized insurer. 151.6 Section 151.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.6 Authorized insurer. The insurance must be issued by an insurer...

22 CFR 151.6 - Authorized insurer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Authorized insurer. 151.6 Section 151.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.6 Authorized insurer. The insurance must be issued by an insurer...

22 CFR 151.6 - Authorized insurer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Authorized insurer. 151.6 Section 151.6 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.6 Authorized insurer. The insurance must be issued by an insurer...

76 FR 20363 - Accreditation and Approval of Camin Cargo Control, Inc., as a Commercial Gauger and Laboratory

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-12

... CFR 151.12 and 19 CFR 151.13, Camin Cargo Control, Inc., 1550 Industrial Park Drive, Nederland, TX... purposes, in accordance with the provisions of 19 CFR 151.12 and 19 CFR 151.13. Anyone wishing to employ...

15 CFR 922.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Definitions. 922.151 Section 922.151... MARINE SANCTUARY PROGRAM REGULATIONS Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary § 922.151 Definitions. In addition to those definitions found at § 922.3, the following definitions apply to this subpart: Clean...

15 CFR 922.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Definitions. 922.151 Section 922.151... MARINE SANCTUARY PROGRAM REGULATIONS Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary § 922.151 Definitions. In addition to those definitions found at § 922.3, the following definitions apply to this subpart: Clean...

15 CFR 922.151 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Definitions. 922.151 Section 922.151... MARINE SANCTUARY PROGRAM REGULATIONS Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary § 922.151 Definitions. In addition to those definitions found at § 922.3, the following definitions apply to this subpart: Clean...

36 CFR 909.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 909.151 Section 909.151 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE... CONDUCTED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION § 909.151 Program accessibility: New...

11 CFR 100.151 - Recounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 11 Federal Elections 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Recounts. 100.151 Section 100.151 Federal Elections FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION GENERAL SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS (2 U.S.C. 431) Exceptions to Expenditures § 100.151 Recounts. A purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, or deposit of money or...

11 CFR 100.151 - Recounts.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 11 Federal Elections 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Recounts. 100.151 Section 100.151 Federal Elections FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION GENERAL SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS (2 U.S.C. 431) Exceptions to Expenditures § 100.151 Recounts. A purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, or deposit of money or...

40 CFR 68.151 - Assertion of claims of confidential business information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Assertion of claims of confidential business information. 68.151 Section 68.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Risk Management Plan § 68.151...

46 CFR 151.40-5 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Construction. 151.40-5 Section 151.40-5 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Temperature or Pressure Control Installations § 151.40-5 Construction. Construction of machinery or equipment, such as heat exchangers, condensers, piping, etc., associated with...

46 CFR 151.40-5 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Construction. 151.40-5 Section 151.40-5 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Temperature or Pressure Control Installations § 151.40-5 Construction. Construction of machinery or equipment, such as heat exchangers, condensers, piping, etc., associated with...

46 CFR 151.40-5 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Construction. 151.40-5 Section 151.40-5 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Temperature or Pressure Control Installations § 151.40-5 Construction. Construction of machinery or equipment, such as heat exchangers, condensers, piping, etc., associated with...

46 CFR 151.40-5 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Construction. 151.40-5 Section 151.40-5 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Temperature or Pressure Control Installations § 151.40-5 Construction. Construction of machinery or equipment, such as heat exchangers, condensers, piping, etc., associated with...

46 CFR 151.40-5 - Construction.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Construction. 151.40-5 Section 151.40-5 Shipping COAST... LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Temperature or Pressure Control Installations § 151.40-5 Construction. Construction of machinery or equipment, such as heat exchangers, condensers, piping, etc., associated with...

28 CFR 0.151 - Administering oath of office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Administering oath of office. 0.151 Section 0.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Authorizations With Respect to Personnel and Certain Administrative Matters § 0.151 Administering oath of office...

28 CFR 0.151 - Administering oath of office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Administering oath of office. 0.151 Section 0.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Authorizations With Respect to Personnel and Certain Administrative Matters § 0.151 Administering oath of office...

28 CFR 0.151 - Administering oath of office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Administering oath of office. 0.151 Section 0.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Authorizations With Respect to Personnel and Certain Administrative Matters § 0.151 Administering oath of office...

28 CFR 0.151 - Administering oath of office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Administering oath of office. 0.151 Section 0.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Authorizations With Respect to Personnel and Certain Administrative Matters § 0.151 Administering oath of office...

46 CFR 151.50-73 - Chemical protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Chemical protective clothing. 151.50-73 Section 151.50... BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Special Requirements § 151.50-73 Chemical... of cargo handling operations shall ensure that the following chemical protective clothing constructed...

46 CFR 151.50-73 - Chemical protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Chemical protective clothing. 151.50-73 Section 151.50... BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Special Requirements § 151.50-73 Chemical... of cargo handling operations shall ensure that the following chemical protective clothing constructed...

46 CFR 151.50-73 - Chemical protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Chemical protective clothing. 151.50-73 Section 151.50... BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Special Requirements § 151.50-73 Chemical... of cargo handling operations shall ensure that the following chemical protective clothing constructed...

46 CFR 151.03-43 - Pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Pressure. 151.03-43 Section 151.03-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-43 Pressure. Terminology used in this part are...

46 CFR 151.03-43 - Pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Pressure. 151.03-43 Section 151.03-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-43 Pressure. Terminology used in this part are...

46 CFR 151.03-43 - Pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Pressure. 151.03-43 Section 151.03-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-43 Pressure. Terminology used in this part are...

46 CFR 151.03-43 - Pressure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Pressure. 151.03-43 Section 151.03-43 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-43 Pressure. Terminology used in this part are...

33 CFR 151.51 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... to the jurisdiction of the United States. Note to § 151.51: The Exclusive Economic Zone extends from... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Applicability. 151.51 Section 151.51 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION...

33 CFR 151.51 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... to the jurisdiction of the United States. Note to § 151.51: The Exclusive Economic Zone extends from... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Applicability. 151.51 Section 151.51 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) POLLUTION...

28 CFR 0.151 - Administering oath of office.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Administering oath of office. 0.151 Section 0.151 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Authorizations With Respect to Personnel and Certain Administrative Matters § 0.151 Administering oath of office...

47 CFR 61.151 - Scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 47 Telecommunication 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Scope. 61.151 Section 61.151 Telecommunication FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION (CONTINUED) COMMON CARRIER SERVICES (CONTINUED) TARIFFS Applications for Special Permission § 61.151 Scope. Sections 61.152 and 61.153 set forth the procedures to be followed by a...

33 CFR 151.77 - Exceptions for emergencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION VESSELS CARRYING OIL, NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES, GARBAGE, MUNICIPAL OR COMMERCIAL WASTE... Antarctic Treaty as it Pertains to Pollution from Ships Garbage Pollution and Sewage § 151.77 Exceptions for... (33 CFR 151.71) Fixed or Floating Platforms & Assoc. Vessels 3 (33 CFR 151.73) Plastics—includes...

33 CFR 151.77 - Exceptions for emergencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION VESSELS CARRYING OIL, NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES, GARBAGE, MUNICIPAL OR COMMERCIAL WASTE... Antarctic Treaty as it Pertains to Pollution from Ships Garbage Pollution and Sewage § 151.77 Exceptions for... (33 CFR 151.71) Fixed or Floating Platforms & Assoc. Vessels 3 (33 CFR 151.73) Plastics—includes...

10 CFR 431.151 - Purpose and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Purpose and scope. 431.151 Section 431.151 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Commercial Clothers Washers § 431.151 Purpose and scope. This subpart contains energy conservation...

9 CFR 151.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Definitions. 151.1 Section 151.1 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Definitions § 151.1 Definitions...

9 CFR 151.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Definitions. 151.1 Section 151.1 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Definitions § 151.1 Definitions...

9 CFR 151.1 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 9 Animals and Animal Products 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Definitions. 151.1 Section 151.1 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Definitions § 151.1 Definitions...

46 CFR 151.03-38 - Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... examination, radiographic examination, eddy current, and acoustic emission. [CGD 85-061, 54 FR 50965, Dec. 11... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Nondestructive testing. 151.03-38 Section 151.03-38... CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-38 Nondestructive testing...

46 CFR 151.03-38 - Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... examination, radiographic examination, eddy current, and acoustic emission. [CGD 85-061, 54 FR 50965, Dec. 11... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Nondestructive testing. 151.03-38 Section 151.03-38... CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-38 Nondestructive testing...

46 CFR 151.03-38 - Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... examination, radiographic examination, eddy current, and acoustic emission. [CGD 85-061, 54 FR 50965, Dec. 11... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Nondestructive testing. 151.03-38 Section 151.03-38... CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-38 Nondestructive testing...

46 CFR 151.03-38 - Nondestructive testing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... examination, radiographic examination, eddy current, and acoustic emission. [CGD 85-061, 54 FR 50965, Dec. 11... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Nondestructive testing. 151.03-38 Section 151.03-38... CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-38 Nondestructive testing...

33 CFR 151.1516 - Compliance monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Compliance monitoring. 151.1516 Section 151.1516 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED... River § 151.1516 Compliance monitoring. (a) The master of each vessel equipped with ballast tanks shall...

7 CFR 1726.151-1726.174 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 11 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false [Reserved] 1726.151-1726.174 Section 1726.151-1726.174 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL UTILITIES SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ELECTRIC SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Buildings §§ 1726.151-1726.174...

33 CFR 151.77 - Exceptions for emergencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) POLLUTION VESSELS CARRYING OIL, NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES, GARBAGE, MUNICIPAL OR COMMERCIAL WASTE... Antarctic Treaty as it Pertains to Pollution from Ships Garbage Pollution and Sewage § 151.77 Exceptions for... (33 CFR 151.71) Fixed or floatingplatforms & assoc. vessels 3 (33 CFR 151.73) Plastics—includes...

46 CFR 151.03-19 - Environment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Environment. 151.03-19 Section 151.03-19 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-19 Environment. This term refers to the atmosphere...

14 CFR 151.75 - Preparation of site.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Preparation of site. 151.75 Section 151.75 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.75 Preparation of site. (a) Grading, drainage...

14 CFR 151.86 - Lighting and electrical work: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Lighting and electrical work: General. 151.86 Section 151.86 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.86 Lighting and electrical...

14 CFR 151.93 - Buildings; utilities; sidewalks; parking areas; and landscaping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Buildings; utilities; sidewalks; parking areas; and landscaping. 151.93 Section 151.93 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151...

7 CFR 906.151 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Reports. 906.151 Section 906.151 Agriculture... RIO GRANDE VALLEY IN TEXAS Rules and Regulations § 906.151 Reports. (a) During each fiscal period... the request an accurate report showing the total quantity or oranges and the total quantity of...

7 CFR 906.151 - Reports.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Reports. 906.151 Section 906.151 Agriculture... RIO GRANDE VALLEY IN TEXAS Rules and Regulations § 906.151 Reports. (a) During each fiscal period... the request an accurate report showing the total quantity or oranges and the total quantity of...

14 CFR 151.3 - National Airport Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false National Airport Plan. 151.3 Section 151.3 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS General Requirements § 151.3 National Airport Plan. (a) Under the Federal Airport...

14 CFR 151.3 - National Airport Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false National Airport Plan. 151.3 Section 151.3 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS General Requirements § 151.3 National Airport Plan. (a) Under the Federal Airport...

14 CFR 151.86 - Lighting and electrical work: General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Lighting and electrical work: General. 151.86 Section 151.86 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151.86 Lighting and electrical...

14 CFR 151.93 - Buildings; utilities; sidewalks; parking areas; and landscaping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Buildings; utilities; sidewalks; parking areas; and landscaping. 151.93 Section 151.93 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) AIRPORTS FEDERAL AID TO AIRPORTS Project Programming Standards § 151...

40 CFR 68.151 - Assertion of claims of confidential business information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 15 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Assertion of claims of confidential business information. 68.151 Section 68.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CHEMICAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROVISIONS Risk Management Plan § 68.151...

[Over-expression of miR-151a-3p inhibits proliferation and migration of PC-3 prostate cancer cells].

PubMed

Zhang, Yi; Hao, Tongtong; Zhang, Han; Wei, Pengtao; Li, Xiaohui

2018-03-01

Objective To observe the effect of microRNA-151a-3p (miR-151a-3p) up-regulation on the proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells and explore the possible molecular mechanism. Methods The expression of miR-151a-3p in PC-3M, C4-2B, 22RV1, DU-145, PC-3, LNCap human prostate cancer cells and RWPE-1 human normal prostate epithelial cells was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. PC-3 cells with the lowest expression of miR-151a-3p were used for subsequent experiments. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to predict and test potential target genes of miR-151a-3p. The miR-151a-3p mimics or negative control microRNAs (miR-NCs) were transfected into PC-3 cells. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-151a-3p and potential target gene mRNA. The protein expressions of target genes and downstream signaling pathway proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. The proliferation of PC-3 cells was examined by MTT assay, and the migration of PC-3 cells was detected by Transwell TM assay. Results The expression level of miR-151a-3p in the prostate cancer cells was significantly lower than that in RWPE-1 normal human prostate epithelial cells. PC-3 cells had the lowest expression level of miR-151a-3p. The bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that NEK2 was the potential target gene for miR-151a-3p. After transfection with miR-151a-3p mimics, the expression of miR-151a-3p in PC-3 cells significantly increased and the expression of NEK2 mRNA significantly decreased. The protein expressions of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway were also reduced. Up-regulation of miR-151a-3p significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PC-3 cells. Conclusion The expression of miR-151a-3p is reduced in prostate cancer cells. Up-regulation of miR-151a-3p can inhibit the proliferation and migration of P-3 in prostate cancer by decreasing the expression of NEK2 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway proteins.

Wound Healing Is Defective in Mice Lacking Tetraspanin CD151

PubMed Central

Cowin, Allison J.; Adams, Damian; Geary, Sean M.; Wright, Mark D.; Jones, Jonathan C.R.; Ashman, Leonie K.

2010-01-01

The tetraspanin CD151 forms complexes in epithelial cell membranes with laminin-binding integrins α6 β4, α3 β1, and α6 β1, and modifies integrin-mediated cell migration in vitro. We demonstrate in this study that CD151 expression is upregulated in a distinct temporal and spatial pattern during wound healing, particularly in the migrating epidermal tongue at the wound edge, suggesting a role for CD151 in keratinocyte migration. We show that healing is significantly impaired in CD151-null mice, with wounds gaping wider at 7 days post-injury. The rate of re-epithelialization of the CD151-null wounds is adversely affected, with significantly less wound area being covered by migrating epidermal cells. Our studies reveal that although laminin levels are similar in wild-type and CD151-null wounds, the organization of the laminin in the basement membrane is impaired. Furthermore, upregulation of α6 and β4 integrin expression is adversely affected in CD151-null mice wounds. In contrast, we find no significant effect of CD151 gene knockout on α3 and β1 integrin expression in wound repair. We suggest that mice lacking the CD151 gene are defective in wound healing, primarily owing to impairment of the re-epithelialization process. This may be due to defective basement membrane formation and epithelial cell adhesion and migration. PMID:16410781

1H NMR-based metabolomics study of liver damage induced by ginkgolic acid (15:1) in mice.

PubMed

Jiang, Lei; Si, Zhi-Hong; Li, Ming-Hui; Zhao, He; Fu, Yong-Hong; Xing, Yue-Xiao; Hong, Wei; Ruan, Ling-Yu; Li, Pu-Min; Wang, Jun-Song

2017-03-20

Ginkgolic acid (15:1) is a major toxic component in extracts obtained from Ginkgo biloba (EGb) that has allergic and genotoxic effects. This study is the first to explore the hepatotoxicity of ginkgolic acid (15:1) using a NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)-based metabolomics approach in combination with biochemistry assays. Mice were orally administered two doses of ginkgolic acid (15:1), and mouse livers and serum were then collected for NMR recordings and biochemical assays. The levels of activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glutamic aspartate transaminase (AST) observed in the ginkgolic acid (15:1)-treated mice suggested that it had induced severe liver damage. An orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OSC-PLSDA) performed to determine the metabolomic profile of mouse liver tissues indicated that many metabolic disturbances, especially oxidative stress and purine metabolism, were induced by ginkgolic acid (15:1). A correlation network analysis combined with information related to structural similarities further confirmed that purine metabolism was disturbed by ginkgolic acid (15:1). This mechanism might represent the link between the antitumour activity and the liver injury-inducing effect of ginkgolic acid (15:1). A SUS (Shared and Unique Structure) plot suggested that a two-dose treatment of ginkgolic acid (15:1) had generally the same effect on metabolic variations but that its effects were dose-dependent, revealing some of the common features of ginkgolic acid (15:1) dosing. This integrated metabolomics approach helped us to characterise ginkgolic acid (15:1)-induced liver damage in mice. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

19 CFR 151.83 - Method of sampling.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Method of sampling. 151.83 Section 151.83 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Cotton § 151.83 Method of sampling. For...

19 CFR 151.67 - Sampling by importer.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sampling by importer. 151.67 Section 151.67 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED) EXAMINATION, SAMPLING, AND TESTING OF MERCHANDISE Wool and Hair § 151.67 Sampling by...

46 CFR 151.01-15 - Dangerous cargoes not specifically named.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Dangerous cargoes not specifically named. 151.01-15 Section 151.01-15 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES General § 151.01-15 Dangerous cargoes not...

46 CFR 151.01-15 - Dangerous cargoes not specifically named.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Dangerous cargoes not specifically named. 151.01-15 Section 151.01-15 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES General § 151.01-15 Dangerous cargoes not...

46 CFR 151.01-15 - Dangerous cargoes not specifically named.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Dangerous cargoes not specifically named. 151.01-15 Section 151.01-15 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES General § 151.01-15 Dangerous cargoes not...

46 CFR 151.01-15 - Dangerous cargoes not specifically named.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Dangerous cargoes not specifically named. 151.01-15 Section 151.01-15 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES General § 151.01-15 Dangerous cargoes not...

46 CFR 151.01-15 - Dangerous cargoes not specifically named.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Dangerous cargoes not specifically named. 151.01-15 Section 151.01-15 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES General § 151.01-15 Dangerous cargoes not...

29 CFR 102.151 - Settlement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Settlement. 102.151 Section 102.151 Labor Regulations... Expenses § 102.151 Settlement. The applicant and the General Counsel may agree on a proposed settlement of... on a proposed settlement of an award before an application has been filed, the proposed settlement...

14 CFR 151.51 - Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. 151.51 Section 151.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Development Projects § 151.51 Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. (a) Before undertaking...

14 CFR 151.51 - Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. 151.51 Section 151.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Development Projects § 151.51 Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. (a) Before undertaking...

14 CFR 151.51 - Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. 151.51 Section 151.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Development Projects § 151.51 Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. (a) Before undertaking...

14 CFR 151.51 - Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. 151.51 Section 151.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Development Projects § 151.51 Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. (a) Before undertaking...

14 CFR 151.51 - Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. 151.51 Section 151.51 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT... Development Projects § 151.51 Performance of construction work: Sponsor force account. (a) Before undertaking...

10 CFR 455.151 - Notice requesting administrative review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Notice requesting administrative review. 455.151 Section 455.151 Energy DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ENERGY CONSERVATION GRANT PROGRAMS FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS AND BUILDINGS OWNED BY UNITS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC CARE INSTITUTIONS Administrative Review § 455.151...

24 CFR 943.151 - What procurement standards apply to a joint venture itself?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... a joint venture itself? 943.151 Section 943.151 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating... HOUSING, DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC HOUSING AGENCY CONSORTIA AND JOINT VENTURES Subsidiaries, Affiliates, Joint Ventures in Public Housing § 943.151 What procurement standards apply to a...

46 CFR 160.151-45 - Equipment required for servicing facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Equipment required for servicing facilities. 160.151-45 Section 160.151-45 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) EQUIPMENT...) § 160.151-45 Equipment required for servicing facilities. Each servicing facility approved by the Coast...

22 CFR 151.8 - Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles. 151.8 Section 151.8 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.8 Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles...

22 CFR 151.7 - Policy terms consistent with the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Policy terms consistent with the Act. 151.7 Section 151.7 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.7 Policy terms consistent with the Act. (a...

22 CFR 151.3 - Types of insurance coverage required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Types of insurance coverage required. 151.3 Section 151.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.3 Types of insurance coverage required. (a...

22 CFR 151.3 - Types of insurance coverage required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Types of insurance coverage required. 151.3 Section 151.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.3 Types of insurance coverage required. (a...

22 CFR 151.7 - Policy terms consistent with the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Policy terms consistent with the Act. 151.7 Section 151.7 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.7 Policy terms consistent with the Act. (a...

22 CFR 151.8 - Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles. 151.8 Section 151.8 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.8 Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles...

22 CFR 151.7 - Policy terms consistent with the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Policy terms consistent with the Act. 151.7 Section 151.7 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.7 Policy terms consistent with the Act. (a...

22 CFR 151.4 - Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance. 151.4 Section 151.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.4 Minimum limits for motor vehicle...

22 CFR 151.7 - Policy terms consistent with the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Policy terms consistent with the Act. 151.7 Section 151.7 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.7 Policy terms consistent with the Act. (a...

22 CFR 151.3 - Types of insurance coverage required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Types of insurance coverage required. 151.3 Section 151.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.3 Types of insurance coverage required. (a...

22 CFR 151.8 - Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles. 151.8 Section 151.8 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.8 Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles...

22 CFR 151.4 - Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance. 151.4 Section 151.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.4 Minimum limits for motor vehicle...

22 CFR 151.3 - Types of insurance coverage required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Types of insurance coverage required. 151.3 Section 151.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.3 Types of insurance coverage required. (a...

22 CFR 151.3 - Types of insurance coverage required.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Types of insurance coverage required. 151.3 Section 151.3 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.3 Types of insurance coverage required. (a...

22 CFR 151.8 - Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles. 151.8 Section 151.8 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.8 Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles...

22 CFR 151.8 - Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles. 151.8 Section 151.8 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.8 Evidence of insurance for motor vehicles...

22 CFR 151.4 - Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance. 151.4 Section 151.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.4 Minimum limits for motor vehicle...

22 CFR 151.7 - Policy terms consistent with the Act.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Policy terms consistent with the Act. 151.7 Section 151.7 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.7 Policy terms consistent with the Act. (a...

22 CFR 151.4 - Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance. 151.4 Section 151.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.4 Minimum limits for motor vehicle...

22 CFR 151.4 - Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Minimum limits for motor vehicle insurance. 151.4 Section 151.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES COMPULSORY LIABILITY INSURANCE FOR DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND PERSONNEL § 151.4 Minimum limits for motor vehicle...

75 FR 57477 - Accreditation and Approval of Camin Cargo Control, Inc., as a Commercial Gauger and Laboratory

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-21

..., pursuant to 19 CFR 151.12 and 19 CFR 151.13, Camin Cargo Control, Inc., 1800 Dabney Drive, Pasadena, TX... purposes, in accordance with the provisions of 19 CFR 151.12 and 19 CFR 151.13. Anyone wishing to employ...

9 CFR 151.2 - Issuance of a certificate of pure breeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... breeding. 151.2 Section 151.2 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Certification of Purebred Animals § 151.2 Issuance of a certificate of pure breeding. The Administrator will...

9 CFR 151.3 - Application for certificate of pure breeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... breeding. 151.3 Section 151.3 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Certification of Purebred Animals § 151.3 Application for certificate of pure breeding. An application for a...

9 CFR 151.2 - Issuance of a certificate of pure breeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... breeding. 151.2 Section 151.2 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Certification of Purebred Animals § 151.2 Issuance of a certificate of pure breeding. The Administrator will...

9 CFR 151.3 - Application for certificate of pure breeding.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... breeding. 151.3 Section 151.3 Animals and Animal Products ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL BREEDS RECOGNITION OF BREEDS AND BOOKS OF RECORD OF PUREBRED ANIMALS Certification of Purebred Animals § 151.3 Application for certificate of pure breeding. An application for a...

14 CFR 151.49 - Performance of construction work: Contract requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... requirements. 151.49 Section 151.49 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR part 151), pursuant to which the United States has agreed.... Whether or not payments or advances to the [insert sponsor's name] are withheld or suspended by the FAA...

14 CFR 151.49 - Performance of construction work: Contract requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... requirements. 151.49 Section 151.49 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR part 151), pursuant to which the United States has agreed.... Whether or not payments or advances to the [insert sponsor's name] are withheld or suspended by the FAA...

14 CFR 151.49 - Performance of construction work: Contract requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... requirements. 151.49 Section 151.49 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR part 151), pursuant to which the United States has agreed.... Whether or not payments or advances to the [insert sponsor's name] are withheld or suspended by the FAA...

14 CFR 151.49 - Performance of construction work: Contract requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... requirements. 151.49 Section 151.49 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF... of the Federal Aviation Regulations (14 CFR part 151), pursuant to which the United States has agreed.... Whether or not payments or advances to the [insert sponsor's name] are withheld or suspended by the FAA...

46 CFR 151.45-8 - Illness, alcohol, drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Illness, alcohol, drugs. 151.45-8 Section 151.45-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Operations § 151.45-8 Illness, alcohol, drugs. A person who...

46 CFR 151.45-8 - Illness, alcohol, drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Illness, alcohol, drugs. 151.45-8 Section 151.45-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Operations § 151.45-8 Illness, alcohol, drugs. A person who...

46 CFR 151.45-8 - Illness, alcohol, drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Illness, alcohol, drugs. 151.45-8 Section 151.45-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Operations § 151.45-8 Illness, alcohol, drugs. A person who...

46 CFR 151.45-8 - Illness, alcohol, drugs.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Illness, alcohol, drugs. 151.45-8 Section 151.45-8 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) CERTAIN BULK DANGEROUS CARGOES BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Operations § 151.45-8 Illness, alcohol, drugs. A person who...

19 CFR 151.53 - Sample lockers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Sample lockers. 151.53 Section 151.53 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... Materials § 151.53 Sample lockers. A suitable place or containers shall be provided for the safekeeping of...

19 CFR 151.53 - Sample lockers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Sample lockers. 151.53 Section 151.53 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... Materials § 151.53 Sample lockers. A suitable place or containers shall be provided for the safekeeping of...

19 CFR 151.53 - Sample lockers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Sample lockers. 151.53 Section 151.53 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... Materials § 151.53 Sample lockers. A suitable place or containers shall be provided for the safekeeping of...

19 CFR 151.53 - Sample lockers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Sample lockers. 151.53 Section 151.53 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... Materials § 151.53 Sample lockers. A suitable place or containers shall be provided for the safekeeping of...

19 CFR 151.53 - Sample lockers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Sample lockers. 151.53 Section 151.53 Customs Duties U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY; DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY... Materials § 151.53 Sample lockers. A suitable place or containers shall be provided for the safekeeping of...

46 CFR 151.03-39 - Ocean.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Ocean. 151.03-39 Section 151.03-39 Shipping COAST GUARD... HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-39 Ocean. A designation for all vessels normally navigating the waters of any ocean or the Gulf of Mexico more than 20 nautical miles offshore. ...

46 CFR 151.03-39 - Ocean.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Ocean. 151.03-39 Section 151.03-39 Shipping COAST GUARD... HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-39 Ocean. A designation for all vessels normally navigating the waters of any ocean or the Gulf of Mexico more than 20 nautical miles offshore. ...

46 CFR 151.03-39 - Ocean.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Ocean. 151.03-39 Section 151.03-39 Shipping COAST GUARD... HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-39 Ocean. A designation for all vessels normally navigating the waters of any ocean or the Gulf of Mexico more than 20 nautical miles offshore. ...

46 CFR 151.03-39 - Ocean.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Ocean. 151.03-39 Section 151.03-39 Shipping COAST GUARD... HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-39 Ocean. A designation for all vessels normally navigating the waters of any ocean or the Gulf of Mexico more than 20 nautical miles offshore. ...

46 CFR 151.03-39 - Ocean.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Ocean. 151.03-39 Section 151.03-39 Shipping COAST GUARD... HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES Definitions § 151.03-39 Ocean. A designation for all vessels normally navigating the waters of any ocean or the Gulf of Mexico more than 20 nautical miles offshore. ...

40 CFR 261.151 - Wording of the instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Wording of the instruments. 261.151 Section 261.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Financial Requirements for Management of Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials § 261.151...

40 CFR 264.151 - Wording of the instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Wording of the instruments. 264.151 Section 264.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS FOR OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT, STORAGE, AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES Financial Requirements § 264.151 Wording o...

40 CFR 261.151 - Wording of the instruments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Wording of the instruments. 261.151 Section 261.151 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Financial Requirements for Management of Excluded Hazardous Secondary Materials § 261.151...

19 CFR 201.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 201.151 Section 201.151 Customs Duties UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES... Activities Conducted by the U.S. International Trade Commission § 201.151 Program accessibility: New...

19 CFR 201.151 - Program accessibility: New construction and alterations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 19 Customs Duties 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Program accessibility: New construction and alterations. 201.151 Section 201.151 Customs Duties UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION GENERAL RULES... Activities Conducted by the U.S. International Trade Commission § 201.151 Program accessibility: New...